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Jules-Jean-<mask> (1 February 1872 – 20 April 1960) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist movement. At the age of 18, reacting against the Naturalistic theatre, <mask> founded the Théâtre d'Art (1890–93). He also founded and edited the literary reviews Livre d'Art with Alfred Jarry and Vers et Prose (1905–14) with poet Guillaume Apollinaire, which published the work of <mask> and other important Symbolist writers. <mask> is notable for his enormous volume of poetry, having published more than thirty volumes of ballads and, according to Amy Lowell, for creating the polyphonic prose form in his 'Ballades francaises'. Life and career
<mask> was born in Reims, Marne département, France in 1872. His father, an insurance agent, moved the family to Paris in 1878. While attending secondary school at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, he became a noted part of the artistic community of Montparnasse.He sought out the company of avant-garde artists and befriended André Gide and Pierre Louÿs. His work in the independent theatre movement spanned 1890 through 1892. <mask> then devoted himself to poetry, publication, and advancing new writers. By 1912, his accomplishments and influence were such that he was given the title "Prince of the Poets" (honorific title given in France to poets, such as Verlaine and Mallarmé, after the death of their predecessor). One of his works, "La Ronde", has become famous worldwide as a plea for world friendship. <mask> died on 20 April 1960, in Montlhéry, a suburb south of Paris where he had lived since 1921, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montlhéry. Theater experience

At 17, <mask> frequented the Left Bank hangout of the Symbolist Poets, the Café Voltaire (1, Place de l'Odéon), where the discussion included contemporary theatre.His activity there would soon cause his expulsion from high school. The group aimed to break with the reigning Naturalistic scene, including the Théâtre Libre created in 1887 by André Antoine, even though <mask> admired Antoine and hoped to create a new theatre that would bring together the best of all theater forms, including naturalistic drama. Indeed, the theater <mask> founded, The Mixed Theater (Le Théâtre Mixte), which debuted on 23 June 1890, announced an eclectic program of varying styles in both new works and long forgotten plays. Combining forces with Louis Germain's Idealist Theatre (Le Théâtre Idéaliste), they presented four more plays on 5 and 12 October. These inaugural works included not only efforts by <mask> and Germain but also Marc Legrand, le Sr de Chanmêlé, Charles Grandmougin, and Joseph Gayda. The critics, however, failed to find the plays in either program artistically revolutionary. <mask> and Germain parted ways, leaving <mask> to rename his company The Art Theatre (Le Théâtre d'Art) and to set up an office at 155, rue Montmartre.<mask>'s two theatre ventures never had a single theatre home; instead, their programs circulated among eight rental performance spaces, mostly on the Right Bank. He engaged the leading Symbolist painters of the era to design and paint the sets and backdrops, particularly the "Prophets" of the Nabis group (<mask>, Emile Bernard, Maurice Denis, <mask>, <mask>, Eduard Vuillard, and Henry Gabriel Ibels). <mask> had appeared as an actor in the June program; Germain, the October. But an important discovery also debuted in the second program: Georgette Camée (d. 1957), a Paris Conservatory student, who became a seminal actor in the nascent avant-garde theatre movement, and would appear in 22 plays with the Théâtre d'Art. Among her rôles was Mephistopheles—a dandy with a monocle and in a smoking jacket—in their 1892 French adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus. Although she won admiration as Geneviève in Pelléas et Mélisande, the 1893 opening event of the new Théâtre de l'Œuvre, it would be her only performance for the venture. She earned further acclaim in 1894 as Sara in the long-awaited stage presentation of Auguste de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam's 1890 Symbolist drama Axël.She eventually married writer Maurice Pottecher and joined him in his own regional theatre endeavor, the Théâtre du Peuple, in Bussang, France. A former actor for Antoine's Théâtre Libre, Aurélien Lugné-Poe, who had returned from an abbreviated military service, joined the Théâtre d'Art in spring 1891, first appearing in Maurice Maeterlinck's L'Intruse. For the next two years, he moved regularly between acting for the Théâtre d'Art and directing for the amateur company Le Cercle des Escholiers. Lugné-Poe performed in ten plays altogether for Fort, interpreting, most notably, the Maeterlinck rôles of the Old Man in L'Intruse (1891) and the First Blind Man in Les Aveugles (1891), as well as Satan in Jules Bois' Les Noces de Sathan (1892). He, along with Georgette Camée, forged the signature Symbolist acting style that conveys a religious reverie, with its hieratic poses and gestures, matched with solemn, psalmodized line readings. Under the two and a half years of Fort's leadership, the Théâtre d'Art presented poetry recitations, older, little-seen dramatic work by Marlowe, Shelley, and Hugo, as well as new plays by Rachilde (La Voix du Sang, 1890; Madame la Mort, 1891), Théodore de Banville (Phyllis, 1891), Catulle Mendès (Le Soleil de Minuit, 1891), <mask> (Les Uns et les Autres, 1891), Remy de Gourmont (Théodat, 1891), and especially Maurice Maeterlinck (L'Intruse and Les Aveugles, both 1891) and Charles van Lerberghe's Les Flaireurs (1892). As an artistic director, however, he proved himself ambitious but in over his head; he was often over budget, unable to deal with his creditors, and straining technically to produce difficult, opaque dramatic material.By 1892, with the Parisian critics begging him to make better choices, <mask> sought in vain to produce Villiers de L'Isle-Adam's Axël as the way to reinstate the company's reputation. When it fell through, he tried to shepherd the Paris premiere of Maeterlinck's Pelléas et Mélisande for March 1893, but Maeterlinck and co-producer Tola Dorian appear to have lost faith in him and the production was abruptly cancelled. This defeat prompted <mask> to give up control of the enterprise altogether and turn his focus to poetry. Lugné-Poe took over the Pelléas and Mélisande project for its premiere in May 1893, which became the first step in launching his own Théâtre de l'Œuvre. In a relatively short time, the Théâtre d'Art had made its mark in the burgeoning avant-garde European theatre. As theatre historian Jacques Robichez has concluded, "In brief, the history of the Théâtre d'Art is that of a failed but fertile experiment, and its principal—and perhaps only—merit is having engendered the Théâtre de l'Œuvre." Poet

Post-war creation

Following the theatrical adventure he had achieved, he dedicated his life to poetry.He gave his first poems to the Mercure de France in 1896. Those poems consisted the debut of the Ballades françaises (17 volumes written entering 1922 and 1958). He begins to publish into the Le Livre d'art magazine in 1892 where it was relaunched in 1896 with Maurice Dumont. With the latter, he edited L'épreuve, Journal-Album d'art in 1894. By 1903 he organized and held Tuesday poetic lectures at the Closerie des Lilas. In 1905, he began publishing the magazine Vers et prose with Moréas and Salmon, who notably edited the works Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Pierre Louÿs. He edited it together with <mask>.Pierre Louÿs, who wrote the prelude to the first volume of the Ballades, defines them as small poems in polymorphous form or in familiar alexandrins, but which bend towards the normal prose form, requiring the rules of rhythmic prose rather than those of verse diction. Given the title “commandeur de la Légion d'honneur”, he helped to give the quartier du Montparnasse in Paris its artistic reputation. A poll of five literary magazines (Gil Blas, Comoedia, La Phalange, Les Loups and Les Nouvelles) gave him the title "Prince of Poets" in 1912. Then, 350 authors voted him as the true heir to Verlaine, Mallarmé and Léon Dierx. In August 1913, his sixteen-year-old daughter Jeanne married futurist painter Gino Severini. <mask> lead the ceremonies, Severini had as witnesses Guillaume Apollinaire, and Filippo Marinetti, the author of the Futurist Manifesto. Apollinaire wrote to Madeleine Pagès two years later: “I received the idiotic lyrical report of <mask>, the highfalutin prince of poets, who sings to battles in far away lands in a truly foolish language.”

Poet Laureate of the Third Republic

<mask> was a leading jury member of the Prix Jeunesse that was created in 1934.Running in 1943 for the Académie Goncourt seat left vacant by the death of Pierre Champion a year earlier, <mask> lost to André Billy, though Billy was confirmed to the seat only after the Libération. His work was banned by the CNE (National Writers' Committee of the intellectual resistance) at the end of war, but the interdiction was rescinded in a second list published in the Les Lettres françaises of 21 October 1944. But he officially recovered when introducing an exhibition dedicated to him in 1954 at the Reims Carnegie Library. In 1956, <mask> married Germaine Pouget. His nephew married the daughter of Alfred Vallette (1858–1935), director of Mercure de France, and Marguerite Eymery (1860–1953), who wrote under the nom de plume Rachilde. <mask> was buried at Montlhery on his own property, called Argenlieu. Legacy
Fort is mentioned by Ernest Hemingway as a customer of , in A Moveable Feast.Dutch composer Marjo Tal set several of <mask>’s works to music, as did British composer Eva Ruth Spalding. <mask> Nin (Volume II: (1934-1939)), in the entry for Octobre 1936, where Nin recounts the evening when they met at a party. References

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 Poems by <mask>

1872 births
1960 deaths
People from Reims
19th-century French poets
20th-century French poets
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
Symbolist poets
Prince des poètes
French male poets
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
20th-century French male writers

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<mask> (born 5 October 1972) is a British-Australian film and television director and producer. <mask> began making short films as a teenager and had his first professional short, Painted Faces, broadcast on Channel 4 in 1992. At Oxford University, <mask> directed plays and television commercials. After graduating, he directed episodes of Quayside, Byker Grove, EastEnders, and Cold Feet on British television. In the 2000s, <mask> directed the major BBC costume dramas Love in a Cold Climate (2001) and Daniel Deronda (2002), and he was selected to direct the 2003 revival of ITV's Prime Suspect series, starring Helen Mirren. <mask> made his feature film debut with Red Dust (2004), a British drama starring Hilary Swank and Chiwetel Ejiofor, before directing Helen Mirren again in the Company Pictures/HBO Films historical drama Elizabeth I (2005). He continued working for HBO on the television film Longford (2006) and in John Adams (2008), a seven-part serial on the life of the American president.<mask> returned to features with The Damned United (2009), a fact-based film about the English football manager Brian Clough (played by Michael Sheen). The following year saw the release of the historical drama The King's Speech (2010), starring Colin Firth and Geoffrey Rush, which was met with critical acclaim. <mask>'s next film was Les Misérables (2012), which featured an all-star cast led by Hugh Jackman. His 2015 film, The Danish Girl, was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. Recently, <mask> has directed two episodes of His Dark Materials and a live-action adaptation of the musical Cats, for which he won two Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Director and Worst Screenplay. <mask>'s work was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for Prime Suspect and John Adams, won one for Elizabeth I, and was nominated for the British Academy (BAFTA) TV Craft Award for Best Director for Longford. The King's Speech won multiple awards, including Best Director wins for <mask> from the Directors Guild of America and the Academy Awards and a Best Director nomination from BAFTA.Early life
<mask> was born in 1972 in London, England, the son of Meredith Jean (Rooney) and <mask>. Meredith is an Australian author and academic and Richard is an English media businessman. <mask> was educated at Highgate School and Westminster School. His initial interest in drama was triggered by his English and drama teacher at Highgate, former Royal Shakespeare Company actor Roger Mortimer, who produced an annual school play. At the age of 12, <mask> read a book entitled How to Make Film and Television and decided he wanted to become a director. For the next year <mask> researched filmmaking from publications such as On Camera by Harris Watts. Aged 13, he made his first film, entitled Runaway Dog, using a clockwork 16mm Bolex camera his uncle had given to him.<mask> said: "The clockwork would run out after thirty seconds, so the maximum shot length was thirty seconds. I could only afford a hundred feet of Kodachrome reversal film, which cost about twenty-five [pounds], and you had to send off for two weeks to be processed. I could only make silent movies, because sound was too expensive and complicated." He slowed down the frame rate of the camera so he could maximise what little film stock he had. <mask> classified the short, about a dog which kept running away from its owner, as a comedy, and filmed it on location in Oxfordshire. When <mask> was 14, his film Bomber Jacket came runner-up in a BBC younger filmmakers' competition. The short starred <mask>'s brother as a boy who discovers a bomber jacket and a photograph hidden in a cupboard and learns his grandfather died in World War II.Another of <mask>'s short films, entitled Countryside, depicts a nuclear holocaust. <mask> finished school aged 16, then wrote the script for his first professional short film, entitled Painted Faces. He spent the next two years raising capital for the short by courting advertisement directors, whose financial dominance during the late 1980s was noticed by <mask>. Director Paul Weiland invested in the short, which provided <mask> with the equipment he needed. After two years of financing and production, Painted Faces was completed. <mask> wrote, produced, directed and edited it. It was sold to Channel 4 and broadcast on the channel's First Frame strand in 1992, had a screening at the 35th London Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release.After taking a gap year to finance Painted Faces, <mask> read English at University College, Oxford. He joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society, where he directed Kate Beckinsale in A View from the Bridge and Emily Mortimer in The Trial. <mask> also had his first paid directing work, earning £200 for a corporate Christmas video, and he directed his first television advertisements, including one for Sonic the Hedgehog 3 featuring Right Said Fred. He continues to direct advertisements alongside television and film projects. In 1996 he joined the commercial production company John S. Clarke Productions and in 2001 he signed with Infinity Productions. <mask> has also directed commercials including an ad for Jaguar with <mask>, Ben Kingsley, and Mark Strong, which aired during Super Bowl XLV. His commercial work is produced through international production company SMUGGLER.Career

BBC and ITV productions
After graduating from Oxford, <mask> directed further television commercials, intending to break into the film industry the same way Ridley Scott, Tony Scott and Hugh Hudson did. He was introduced by his father to the television producer Matthew Robinson, who mentored <mask> and gave him his first television directing work. For Robinson, <mask> directed episodes of the short-lived Tyne Tees Television soap opera Quayside in 1997, four episodes of the Children's BBC television series Byker Grove in the same year, and his first episodes of the BBC One soap opera EastEnders in 1998. <mask> directed several EastEnders episodes between 1998 and 2000, two of which were hour-long specials that represented the soap when it won the British Academy Television Award for Best Soap Opera in 2000 and 2001; the first was the episode in which Carol Jackson (Lindsey Coulson) learns her daughter Bianca (Patsy Palmer) had an affair with her fiancé Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass). The Jackson episode marked the beginning of a week of episodes that lead to Palmer's departure from the soap, and Robinson had hired <mask> to direct the key episodes of that storyline. <mask> worked 10-hour days on EastEnders, and learned to direct with speed. He was influenced in his early career by the cinematic style of American TV series such as ER, NYPD Blue and Homicide: Life on the Street and tried to work that style into his EastEnders episodes; one scene featuring Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) involved a crane shot, which <mask> believes made him infamous among the EastEnders production crew.In 1999, <mask> directed two episodes of Granada Television's comedy-drama television series Cold Feet, which marked his move to bigger-budget productions. There was initially concern at Granada that <mask> might be an unsuitable director for the series given his background in drama. In 2001, <mask> directed his first of two costume dramas for the BBC; Love in a Cold Climate was based on Nancy Mitford's novels The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate. <mask>, the writer Deborah Moggach, and the producer Kate Harwood researched the period details of the production by interviewing Nancy's sister Deborah. In 2002, <mask> directed Daniel Deronda, adapted from George Eliot's novel. The Guardians Mark Lawson said of <mask>'s two costume dramas, "he brought verve and intelligence to television's most conservative form". <mask> returned to Granada the next year to direct the revival of Prime Suspect, entitled The Last Witness.The two-part serial was the first Prime Suspect instalment to be made since 1995, when star Helen Mirren quit. <mask> initially declined to direct the production because he believed the series was tired. Granada's head of drama Andy Harries introduced <mask> to Mirren, who persuaded him to take the job by promising that he could make the serial his own way. The two-part serial was broadcast on the ITV network in November 2003. <mask>'s direction received praise from Andrew Billen in the New Statesman: "<mask> proved an outstanding director, imposing a bleak, overlit hyper-realism on the search for a killer in a hospital, isolating Mirren in rows of empty chairs and playing on the eyewitness/optical visual metaphors." The serial was also broadcast on PBS in the United States. <mask> received nominations for the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Serial and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special for his work on Prime Suspect.Film debut and HBO works

<mask> made his debut as a feature film director with the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission drama Red Dust (2004), which stars Hilary Swank, Chiwetel Ejiofor and Jamie Bartlett. The film was not widely seen, which <mask> attributed to media coverage of torture during the Iraq War: "When I started making it you could watch the movie with a wonderful sense of 'we'd never do it in our own country…they're the horrible people but it's not us.' By the time the film came out (there were) these revelations that the Americans were torturing, the British were torturing. The film became a lot more uncomfortable for the very audiences it was designed to target. I have learned that sadly the theatrical audience does not run to see films that are openly issue led." The premiere of the film in the United Kingdom came on BBC Two in 2005, making it eligible for the BAFTA Television Awards; it was nominated in the Best Single Drama category at the 2006 ceremony. In 2005, <mask> was asked by Helen Mirren to direct the Company Pictures/HBO Films two-part serial Elizabeth I, in which she was starring.The serial won <mask> his first Emmy Award, for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special. In January 2006, <mask> commenced filming the Granada/HBO television film Longford. The film dramatises the failed efforts of Lord Longford (played by Jim Broadbent) to secure the release from prison of Moors murderer Myra Hindley (played by Samantha Morton). The film was broadcast on Channel 4 in October 2006. Seb Morton-Clark for the Financial Times called Longford one of the most accomplished television dramas of 2006, and praised the writer and director: "Morgan and director <mask> wove a seamless narrative about obsession – and not just that of the misguided philanthropist for the incarcerated Hindley or even that that existed between the sadistic lovers themselves. More significantly, by using chunks of original television footage, they painted a stark picture of the zealotry of a vengeful nation and its press over the supposed embodiment of evil." <mask>'s continued successes led him to be ranked at number four in the Directors category of Broadcast magazine's annual Hot 100.The following year he was nominated for the British Academy Television Craft Award for Best Director for Longford. Elizabeth I and Longford led directly to <mask> being selected by <mask> to direct the epic miniseries John Adams for Playtone and HBO. <mask> had been working on a biographical film with Joan Didion about Katharine Graham, publisher of The Washington Post, since 2006 when he was asked by Hanks to helm the programme. The miniseries, starring Paul Giamatti as

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 John Adams, was based on David McCullough's Adams biography and was <mask>'s first wholly American production. He was surprised to learn that the American Revolutionary War was not a well-documented period in film and television; Abigail Adams actress Laura Linney told him that, for her generation, the musical 1776 was the most well-known depiction of the era. He worked on the miniseries for a total of 16 months; principal photography lasted 110 days on locations in the United States, France, England and Hungary and he controlled a $100 million budget. The Boston Globes Matthew Gilbert complimented <mask>'s style of direction in the first two episodes "Join or Die" and "Independence":

Director <mask> lets his actors shine, as he did so marvelously in Helen Mirren's Elizabeth I and the child-killer drama Longford, but he complements them, too, with this kind of immediate point of view.And when he does give us panoramic shots from afar – of the Adams farm in Braintree, for example – they're askew, to keep us out of the classroom mode. At the end of episode 2 [...] <mask> showcases all his directorial strength with one bold choice. When the long-fretting Congress finally decides to break with Britain, he refrains from using any visual or aural tweaks. Upon the announcement, "The resolution carries," the scene remains perfectly silent for one long moment. The terror of responsibility hangs heavily in the room, while a victorious soundtrack surely would have chased it away. John Adams received 23 Emmy Award nominations, including another Outstanding Direction nomination for <mask>, and won 13, the highest number for any nominee in a single year. He was also nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement.At the beginning of 2009, he was profiled for The Observers film Hotlist. Independent feature films

The wake of John Adams' Emmy wins brought offers to <mask> from studios to direct spy and comic book films, which he declined. In November 2007, he signed on to direct The Damned United, reuniting him with Peter Morgan and Andy Harries. The film was an adaptation of David Peace's novel The Damned Utd, a fictional version of the 44 turbulent days English football manager Brian Clough spent as manager of Leeds United. It was originally developed by Stephen Frears for Michael Sheen to play Clough. Frears quit the project after he was unable to translate the book to film. <mask> received a copy of the script while shooting John Adams in Hungary and noticed a similarity between the "egotistical, flawed, brilliant" Adams and the "egotistical, flawed, brilliant" Clough.He was not put off by joining the project later, as Morgan's script was in only its first draft. During pre-production, <mask> engaged in meticulous research, particularly on the locations and the football grounds of the era. He cast Timothy Spall as Clough's assistant Peter Taylor, Colm Meaney as Don Revie and Jim Broadbent as Derby County chairman Sam Longson. During editing, it was decided to make the tone of the film lighter to attract audiences and to appease the real people depicted in the film. The Damned United was released in 2009. Work on <mask>'s next film, The King's Speech, began in the same year. <mask> explained: "It was a stage play, and my mother who's Australian was invited to a fringe [theatre] reading in London because she's part of the Australian community.The play's about the relationship between King George the Sixth and his Australian speech therapist. She came back and said 'you've got to read this play,' and I read it and it was brilliant ...". <mask> cast Colin Firth as George VI and Geoffrey Rush as Lionel Logue and spent three weeks with the actors reading the script and rehearsing. Principal photography took place on location around the UK from November 2009 to January 2010. During editing, <mask> continued to consult with Firth and Rush by sending them cuts of the film and listening to their feedback. <mask> completed the final cut of the film at the end of August 2010 and presented it a few days later at the Telluride Film Festival. The film won the People's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival and <mask> won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures.In February 2011, he was presented with the Academy Award for Best Director, though lost the BAFTA Award for Best Direction to David Fincher. In comparing the two films, Varietys Adam Dawtrey wrote, "<mask>'s 2009 film The Damned United didn't register among awards selectors, but King's Speech is a much more personal project. His Anglo-Australian parentage reflects the culture clash at the heart of the movie, and it pays off with beautifully crafted, crowd-pleasing drama." Studio films
Following the success of The King's Speech during the awards season, <mask> joined the 15-person board of governors at the British Film Institute, was invited to join the directors branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and was ranked at number 19 in The Times British Film Power 100. In March 2009, <mask> met with Nelson Mandela in preparation for directing a film adaptation of Mandela's autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. By 2012, however, he had left the project. He was offered the chance to direct Iron Man 3 for Marvel Studios but declined and instead signed on to direct Les Misérables for Working Title Films, which he had first heard about while discussing a different project with screenwriter William Nicholson in 2010.<mask> had not seen the musical, so watched a performance of it in London's West End. Adapted from the musical, the film starred Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried, Helena Bonham Carter, Sacha Baron Cohen, and Eddie Redmayne. As the film required the actors to sing and dance, they were auditioned in front of <mask>, producers and composers. The role of Fantine was hugely contested; <mask> said, "It was like half a dozen of the biggest female movie stars on the planet wanted to play the role". <mask> investigated filming the feature in 3D, and performed some camera tests before deciding to film it with traditional 2D methods. He stated "[...] I slightly worry with 3D that some people will physically struggle with it. If you have a certain type of eyesight it can be more demanding than watching a normal movie."Unlike other musical films, Les Misérables features the actors singing live on camera, rather than miming to backing vocals. <mask> told Los Angeles Times that he thought there was a "slightly strange falseness" when he saw musical films where the actors sang to recordings. The actors wore wireless earpieces on set so they could sing to accompanying piano music. <mask> believed this method allowed the actors to have emotional control over their songs: "When Annie [Hathaway, who plays Fantine] is singing 'I Dreamed a Dream', if she needs to take a tenth of a second to have a thought before she sings it, or to have an emotion before she sings a line, she can take it." The actors also performed their songs in recitative style, which <mask> likened to being immersed in a 3D film. Les Miserables was released in North America on 25 December 2012, and received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. <mask>'s fifth feature film, The Danish Girl, was released in late 2015.It loosely tells the story of Lili Elbe, one of the first people to undergo sex reassignment surgery, and wife Gerda Wegener. It stars Eddie Redmayne and Alicia Vikander, both of whom received Academy Award nominations. Critics were generally positive about the film. In May 2016, it was announced that he would direct an adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical, Cats, which is in turn, based on T. S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats. Filming commenced in November 2018 and the film, which stars Jennifer Hudson, Ian McKellen, Judi Dench, James Corden, Idris Elba and Taylor Swift, was released on 20 December 2019 but was a critical and commercial failure. <mask> co-produced the original song "Beautiful Ghosts" with Lloyd Webber and Greg Wells, written by Swift and Lloyd Webber. Directorial style

<mask> uses camera styles "that encode the DNA of the storytelling in some way" and will reuse and develop filming styles in successive productions.<mask> identifies research as being key to his process of directing period dramas such as John Adams to make the scenes authentic. For The Damned United, <mask> and director of photography Ben Smithard researched the look of the late 1960s and early 1970s through football photography books. <mask> has also been influenced by cinematographer Larry Smith, who worked with Stanley Kubrick and advised <mask> of techniques used by Kubrick. <mask> and Smith have worked together on Cold Feet, Love in a Cold Climate, Prime Suspect, Red Dust and Elizabeth I.

<mask> also uses uncommon framing techniques to emphasise story; in John Adams, he wanted to imply American independence seemed unlikely during the Revolutionary War, so he used "a very rough camera style—almost all hand held, wide lenses close to the actors, lots of movement, many cameras shooting at once so there was often not a settled master "point of view", and lots of unmatching dutch tilts so the horizon lines of the frame were often being thrown off." The America-set scenes were contrasted by the scenes set in France, in which more traditional filming techniques were employed to evoke a feel of entrenched values. Similarly, in The Damned United, <mask> began to experiment with using wide-angle lenses and putting actors in the extreme edges of the frame. He was influenced by the unusual framing from social photography of the 1970s, and he and Ben Smithard decided to adopt the framing style while scouting locations.<mask> used the same style in The King's Speech, particularly in the scene where Bertie and Logue meet in Logue's consulting room; Colin Firth is framed to the extreme left of the picture, leaving most of the shot dominated by the rough wall behind Firth. Another frequently used technique is <mask>'s tendency to use a variety of focal length camera lenses to distort the resulting picture. In The Damned United he used a 10mm lens, notably in the scene where Clough stays inside during the Derby–Leeds match. <mask> operated the camera in this scene himself. In The King's Speech, <mask> used "typically 14mm, 18mm, 21mm, 25mm and 27mm" lenses and put the camera close to the actors' faces. <mask> said the use of this method in the first consulting room scene served to "suggest the awkwardness and tension of Logue and Bertie's first meeting". Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

Directed Academy Award performances

<mask> has directed multiple Academy Award-nominated performances, three of which have won.See also
List of directorial debuts
List of EastEnders crew members
List of English Academy Award nominees and winners
List of University of Oxford people

Notes

References

External links

<mask>'s Academy Award for Best Director acceptance speech (video)

1972 births
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Best Directing Academy Award winners
English people of Australian descent
English television directors
Living people
People educated at Westminster School, London
Film directors from London
Primetime Emmy Award winners
People educated at Highgate School
Directors Guild of America Award winners
English-language film directors
Australian people of English descent
Australian television directors
Australian film directors
Golden Raspberry Award

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<mask> is an English fashion designer best known for evening wear and suits, and for being as much an "image-maker" as a designer. He has collaborated with a number of high-profile musicians, including David Bowie, Robert Palmer, Iva Davies, Steve Strange, and Duran Duran, but especially Bryan Ferry and Roxy Music, whose look was defined by <mask>'s designs. The manner in which <mask> dressed – or in many cases, undressed – the "Roxy girls" on the covers of their albums helped to define the band's pop retro-futurism. More recently, <mask> has been noted for dressing celebrities such as Tara Palmer-Tomkinson, Patsy Kensit, Anjelica Huston, Jerry Hall, Camilla Parker Bowles. Diana Ross, Melanie Griffith, Yasmin Le Bon and burlesque performer Dita Von Teese. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Keighley, Yorkshire, England in 1945, and grew up Selside in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, later moving to Oxenhope. He was educated at Eshton Hall School for Boys in Gargrave, Yorkshire.In 1961, At the age of 16, he gained entrance to the Bradford School of Art – now the Bradford School of Arts and Media Studies – completing a one-year General Art and Design course, followed by specialising for three years in Womenswear Fashion. In 1965 he entered the Royal College of Art's Fashion School in London where he completed a three-year course – two years in Womenswear Fashion, and the final year and degree show in Menswear Fashion. <mask> credits his time at the Bradford School as invaluable in preparing him for the Royal College, saying: "I arrived at the Royal College of Art with a total headstart and was able to whip my own show together." Early career
Directly out of college, in 1968, <mask> began working for the new Stirling Cooper shop, designing men's trousers, coats and waistcoats which drew on sexual fetishism for their impact. Stirling Cooper was situated in London's Wigmore Street, and had a noted oriental interior designed by <mask> and Jane Whiteside. With Juliet Mann, <mask> also designed the next shop he designed for, from 1969–1974, Che Guevara on Kensington High Street. Prudence Glynn, fashion editor for The Times tipped him as a major new fashion talent in 'Trendsetters', giving him the main picture and writing that '<mask> is a sensational cutter and he puts a lot of work and thought into the shaping of even the most casual clothes.His range of little bare tops in crepe and cotton, for example, are technical feats, for they all have bra sections cut into the pattern ... he is undoubtedly a trendsetter and in advance of his time ... his clothes have great wit and gaiety and he is certainly a name to be watched in the future'. He next designed for Plaza, and then, in 1979, started his own label, with shops in South Molton Street and on the King's Road. He also operated a shop called 'Ebony' in the 1980s. <mask>'s button trousers for Stirling Cooper were worn by Mick Jagger for The Rolling Stones' 1969 American Gimme Shelter Tour. In addition, his bridge-crutch trousers were feat of technical skill, inventing a new construction that highlighted the male crotch and buttocks. He was the stylist for Roxy Music's first eight albums, as well as for the back cover for Lou Reed's  1972 Transformer album. His self-declared trademark design is a spiral-zipped dress in ciré satin, first seen worn by Amanda Lear in Nova's cover story for its May 1970 issue, 'How To Undress for Your Husband' and later featured as one of 'Princess Zonda's archetypal outfits in the advertisements <mask> drew himself for Plaza in the late seventies.The Lear pictures appeared in Peter York's feature on <mask> in Harper's and Queen's April 1979 issue. Lear was also the Price-dressed covergirl for Roxy Music's 1973 album For Your Pleasure. In 1982, <mask> collaborated with the British band Duran Duran, designing electric silk tonic suits for the "Rio" video. In 1983, <mask> staged a 'Fashion Extravaganza' at the London's Camden Palace. A year later, in 1984, <mask> staged another 'Fashion Extravaganza' at the London's Hippodrome, combining fashion and rock music. "I'm partly responsible for the marriage of rock and fashion," <mask> said in 1998, "When I started out, rock people thought fashion people were snobby and fashion people though the music industry grubby and dirty." Stylist David Thomas says about <mask>'s influence:

He reinvented the suit so that it was no longer about going to the office.He made it rock'n'roll. He started at a time when British fashion didn't have sponsors. It was the era before the superstar designer. They all came after him. Yet he was a visionary. He created that military, dandy, sexy, eclectic men's look. He created rock'n'roll fashion.<mask> has declared that 'I'm not a fashion designer ... I'm in the theatrical business,' and for Fashion Aid at Albert Hall in 1985 he conceived of a presentation of model, client and long-standing friend Jerry Hall emerging from a black velvet box. The outfit consisted of a bolero and dress with lampshade peplum in metallic and red French silk lace over lamé. <mask> has said of this outfit 'It wasn't the chicest or most subtle garment, but when Jerry moved under the lights she looked like a Siamese fighting fish in a vast blue tank.' <mask> received the 'Evening Glamour Award' from the British Fashion Council in 1989, and the following year British Vogue published a profile on <mask> written by Sarah Mower. He described his approach to designing women's clothing in an interview in 1994:

My clothes are men's idea of what women should wear, and for that they'll pay good money. ... Men are looking for the sex robot from Lang's Metropolis with the perfect body offering endless fantasy sex.They're obsessed by the size of sexual protuberances – their own as well as women's – and I'm an illusionist. My job is to give them what they want. Recent career
<mask> was widely considered to be a frontrunner in the search to replace Gianni Versace in 1998, after that designer's untimely death. In 2000, <mask> opened his own showroom again in Chelsea, London under the financial backing and Directorship of Dean Aslett, who had previously worked with <mask> in the late 1980s at the Nick Rhodes-backed Antony Price Boutique in Brook Street, Mayfair. <mask> also created evening gowns constructed of carpet to feature in the advertising campaigns of British carpet manufacturer Brintons, a commission previously undertaken by Vivienne Westwood. In 2000 he created clothing for Glenalmond Tweed, along with 25 other British designers including Westwood, Alexander McQueen and Margaret Howell, and in 2003 he was among a number of British designers who created gowns for Pamela Anderson when she hosted the British Fashion Awards that year. <mask> was nominated for the British Fashion Council's 'Red Carpet Designer Award' at the 2006 British Fashion Awards, and a small range of his clothes sell in London boutique 'A La Mode'.He was featured in the fashion magazines Pop and Butt in spring 2005. In December 2006, <mask> was photographed by David Bailey for British Vogue alongside Christopher Kane. <mask> has worked with Daphne Guinness in developing a range of key shirt and tailoring designs for her eponymous clothing line, which is currently sold in London's Dover Street Market. He also launched a line of menswear for Topman in November 2008. <mask> continues to design clothing for the elite, including the Duchess of Cornwall. In May 2012, he dressed actress Tilda Swinton for his appearance in drag for the cover of Candy magazine, described as "the first fashion magazine completely dedicated to celebrating transvestism, transsexuality, crossdressing and androgyny in all their glory." In 2013, <mask> resumed his association with Steve Strange (whom previously he had designed outfits for during the Visage – The Anvil period in 1982) and designed an outfit for the relaunch of Steve Strange's Visage project, which he wore for the David Bowie V&A Exhibition Private View Gala Night.See also
Glam rock

References
Notes

Bibliography
Bracewell, Michael. Re-make / Re-model: Art, Pop, Fashion and the Making of Roxy Music, 1953–1972. London, Faber & Faber, 2007. External links
Official website

English fashion designers
1945 births
Living people

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<mask> (14 June 1916 – 15 March 1944) was a Luftwaffe flying ace of World War II. He was one of the most successful pilots on the Eastern Front; being credited with 108 aerial victories. He claimed 104 over the Eastern Front and four four-engine bombers over the Western Front. He may have been the pilot that shot down Soviet female ace Yekaterina Budanova. <mask> was killed in action against United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) fighters on 15 March 1944. World War II
World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. In July 1941, <mask> served with III.Gruppe (3rd group) of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3–3rd Fighter Wing), based on the Eastern Front and under the command of Walter Oesau. The Wehrmacht had launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941. III. Gruppe supported Army Group South in its strategic goal towards the heavily populated and agricultural heartland of Ukraine, taking Kiev before continuing eastward over the steppes of southern USSR to the Volga with the aim of controlling the oil-rich Caucasus. Operating from an airfield at Lutsk, <mask> claimed his first victory on 2 July over an Ilyushin Il-2. He had a total of five victories by the end of the year. He claimed two Russian Yak-4 twin-engine fighters which were shot down on 24 June 1942 to claim his 9th and 10th victories.In July, he claimed 15 victories, including his 20th 'kill' which he shot down on 13 July. <mask> recorded 18 victories in August, including his 30th victim shot down on 16 August; his score had risen to 40 on 28 August. On 4 September 1942, Oberleutnant <mask> was shot down by anti aircraft artillery northwest of Stalingrad. He bailed out of his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 (Werknummer 13325—factory number) and landed safely but suffered light injuries in the incident. He later returned to combat duty and continued flying. <mask> recorded his 50th victory on 19 March 1943 three km South of Stary. On 1 June 1943, <mask> succeeded Oberleunant Franz Beyer who was transferred to IV.Gruppe as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 8./JG 3. In July, Oberleutnant <mask> claimed 29 aerial victories. On 5 July, he became an "ace-in-a-day". On 19 July he shot a Yakovlev Yak-1 down on the Mius front, possibly flown by Soviet female ace Yekaterina Budanova. He recorded his 100th victory on 21 July 1943 over a Lavochkin La-5. He was the 46th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. III.Gruppe flew its last combat missions on the Eastern Front on 1 August 1943. The next day, the Gruppe was ordered to Tschassof-Jar and then back to Germany where it was based at Münster-Handorf Airfield. Defense of the Reich and death

III. Gruppe arrived in Münster-Handorf on 3 August where it was placed under the command of Major Walther Dahl. Dahl had been appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) on 20 July 1943. The Gruppe immediately began preparations for Defense of the Reich () missions and was subordinated to Fighter Leader for the Holland area (). <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 29 August after 104 victories claimed on the Eastern Front.On 25 August, III. Gruppe was ordered to relocate to Bad Wörishofen in southern Germany. On 1 October, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) attacked German aircraft production, approaching from the south, targeting the Wiener Neustadt Flugzeugwerke (WNF) in Wiener Neustadt and other targets at Friedrichshafen. At 12:30, III. Gruppe was scrambled. Approximately one hour later, the Gruppe intercepted the flight of 50 to 60 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers and 25 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. In aerial combat which in parts was fought in Swiss airspace, III.Gruppe, without loss, claimed four aerial victories and three Herausschüsse (separation shots–a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from its combat box and which the Luftwaffe counted as an aerial victory). In this engagement, Bitsch claimed the destruction of a B-17 which was shot down at 13:44. On 14 October, the USAAF Eighth Air Force (USAAF) launched the second Schweinfurt raid, attacking the vital ball bearing factories at Schweinfurt. In total, 291 B-17s from the 1st and 3rd Air Division, escorted by two fighter groups, were sent on the mission. The USAAF suffered heavy losses that day. III. Gruppe claimed eighteen aerial victories and Herausschüsse that day.A B-17 destroyed at 14:45 was credited to <mask>. On 19 December, the Fifteenth Air Force targeted the railroad transportation infrastructure at Insbruck as well as Messerschmitt aircraft manufacturing sites at Augsburg. III. Gruppe intercepted the bombers near Insbruck and claimed eight aerial victories, among them, a B-17 shot down by <mask>. Because the weather conditions at Bad Wörishofen rendered the airfield unserviceable, III. Gruppe was ordered to relocate to Leipheim on 18 February 1944. <mask> claimed his 108th and last aerial victory on 23 February during the USAAF "Big Week" operation.On 15 March 1944, 344 heavy bombers of 2nd and 3rd Air Division, escorted by 588 fighter aircraft, attacked German aircraft manufacturing at Braunschweig. At 10:57, 20 aircraft from III. Gruppe took off at Leipheim and were initially ordered to Wiesbaden-Erbenheim. While the flight was still airborne, the Gruppe received further instructions and were vectored to intercept the USAAF bombers on their return from the target area. In the vicinity of Volkel in North Brabant, Netherlands, III. Gruppe came under attack of approximately 20 to 30 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters. In this engagement, III.Gruppe lost six Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 fighters for one aerial victory claimed. That day, <mask> was shot down and killed in action by a P-47 of the 352d Fighter Group in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 161139)  west of Schijndel. Post-war

<mask> is buried at the German war cemetery at Ysselsteyn (in the Netherlands). The crash site was rediscovered in 1994 by Thijs Hellings, a researcher of the World War II airwar from Schijndel. With help from the landowner, remains of the plane were recovered including the radio, armored glass, the compass and many other small items. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, <mask> was credited with 108 aerial victories. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 106 aerial victory claims.This figure includes 105 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and one four-engined bomber on the Western Front. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 34 Ost 7546". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
 Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 31 August 1942 as Leutnant and pilot
 German Cross in Gold on 19 October 1942 as a Leutnant in the I./Jagdgeschwader 3
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 August 1943 as an Oberleutnant (war officer) and Staffelkapitän of the 8./Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet"

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1916 births
1944 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
German military personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Burials at Ysselsteyn German war cemetery

masks:
Emil Bitsch
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Admiral Sir <mask> (28 January 179122 April 1865) was a Scottish naval officer and colonial administrator. His enthusiasm and persistence persuaded the British Government to establish the Swan River Colony and he became the first Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Western Australia. In 1854, when Commander-in-Chief, East Indies and China Station, <mask> on his own initiative signed Britain's first Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty. Throughout his career <mask> showed considerable diplomatic skill and was selected for a number of sensitive missions. Paradoxically, this was not reflected in his personal dealings with officialdom and his hopes for preferment received many rebuffs. <mask> also personally led the attack in Western Australia on a group of approximately seventy Bindjareb men, women and children now known as the Pinjarra massacre. <mask> entered the Royal Navy at age 12 and as a midshipman saw action in the Napoleonic Wars.Rapid promotion followed and when he was 21 he received his first command, the 28-gun sloop , and, in the War of 1812 between the US and the UK, seized two prizes. The Brazen carried the news of the end of that war to Fort Bowyer and took part in carrying to England the British troops that had captured the fort. On return to the West Indies, <mask> made two surveys of the Venezuelan coast and reported on the strengths, attitudes and dispositions of the Spanish government and various revolutionary factions, later playing a role in the British negotiations with these groups. In his second command, , he carried supplies and coinage to Australia, but with a covert mission to assess other nations' interest in the region and explore opportunities for British settlements. He is chiefly remembered for his exploration of the Swan River, followed by his eventual success in lobbying the British Government to establish a settlement there. On 30 December 1828, he was made Lieutenant-Governor of the colony-to-be. He formally founded the city of Perth and the port of Fremantle and oversaw the development of the surrounding area and on 4 March 1831 he was confirmed as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the new territory, Western Australia, in which post he remained until in 1838 he resumed his naval career.In October 1834 <mask> personally led a group of twenty-five police, soldiers and settlers in a punitive expedition against approximately seventy Bindjareb men, women and children camped on the Murray River partly in retaliation for several murders and thefts. This bloody attack involving rifles and bayonets against spears is known as the Pinjarra Massacreand sometimes still; the Battle of Pinjarra. An uncertain number of Aboriginal men, women and children were killed during this encounter; <mask> reported 15 males killed, John Septimus Roe 15–20, and an unidentified eyewitness 25–30 including 1 woman and several children with probably more floating down with the stream. One of <mask>'s party was injured and one was injured and died about two weeks later, although it is uncertain if from existing injuries, injuries suffered during the massacre, poor medical treatment after the massacre, or a combination thereof. An uncertain number of Bindjareb were injured, and an uncertain number died of their injuries. From 1840 to 1844, in command of the 80-gun , he patrolled the Mediterranean with instructions to 'show the flag' and keep an eye on the French. In 1847, he was given command of the 120-gun first rate ship of the line  and his first commission was to conduct Her Majesty, the Dowager Queen Adelaide on trips to Lisbon and Madeira and then back to Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.After that, the Howe was assigned to the eastern Mediterranean, where she reinforced the squadron led by Vice Admiral Parker using gunboat diplomacy to secure an uneasy peace in the region. <mask>'s fifth and final command was as Commander in Chief, China and the East Indies Station, and his flag, as Rear Admiral of the White, was hoisted on  on 11 May 1854. Shortly afterwards news arrived that war had been declared on Russia. <mask> was anxious to prevent Russian ships from sheltering in Japanese ports and menacing allied shipping and, after lengthy negotiations through the Nagasaki Magistrate, concluded a Treaty of Friendship with the Japanese. The treaty was endorsed by the British Government, but <mask> was criticised in the popular press for not finding and engaging with the Russian fleet. Family background
<mask> was the fifth of eight sons, ninth of the sixteen children, of <mask>, Esq. of Drumpellier near Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, and his father's second cousin, <mask>.The Glaswegian <mask> family was made enormously wealthy by the slave trade in Britain, and <mask>'s father in law <mask> was a wealthy Atlantic ocean slaver. The <mask> family were also well-known and celebrated in the naval annals of the 18th century. His maternal grandfather was Admiral Sir <mask> and his uncle was Admiral Sir <mask>. With such a family background, it was natural for <mask> to enter the Royal Navy. His education at Westminster School was interleaved with periods of training on board British warships, and on 14 January 1804, at the age of 12, he entered the navy as a First-Class Volunteer, embarking on the storeship HMS Camel for the West Indies. Thus he began a distinguished career. Early career

Period as a midshipman

<mask> trained for midshipman on board  and also served for a period on  under the flag of Admiral Sir John Duckworth, Commander-in-Chief, Jamaica Squadron.He passed his midshipman tests on 20 January 1805 and shortly afterwards was posted to , but on 27 June, at the request of his uncle, Rear-Admiral <mask>, he joined his uncle's flagship, the 98-gun . The following month, at age 14, he was to see his first naval action. The Glory was in the fleet, commanded by Vice-Admiral Robert Calder, which in July that year engaged against the combined French and Spanish fleets off Cape Finisterre during the Napoleonic Wars. The Glory sustained a damaged foremast spar and sails "much torn". After the battle, the Squadron returned to England with two captured Spanish ships as prizes. In July 1806 his uncle was given a new ship, , and orders to convoy General Samuel Auchmuty and his troops to the Río de la Plata and take over command of the squadron there from Admiral Sir Home Popham on the flagship . <mask> accompanied his uncle and saw the fall of Montevideo to General Auchmuty's forces and the capture of twenty-five warships and more than 10,000 tons of merchant shipping.In August 1807 the <mask>s crossed the South Atlantic for a stay of five months at the Cape of Good Hope and at the end of February 1808 the Diadem returned to England via a short period in Rio de Janeiro. On arrival in England in April, Midshipman <mask> was posted to  under Captain Henry Blackwood. At this time he was preparing for his examinations to become a lieutenant, and Blackwood arranged for him to have short stints as Acting Lieutenant on other vessels in the Channel Fleet. He started his examinations at Somerset House on 1 August 1809 and on 12 August rejoined the Warspite as a full Lieutenant. West Indies
On 1 April 1810 <mask> was transferred from the Warspite to  under Captain R.D. Drum and moved with Drum when the Captain was transferred to  in November. A year later, on 20 November 1811, he received a significant elevation to flag lieutenant on , the flagship of his uncle, now vice-admiral and commander-in-chief of the Jamaica Station.On 3 March 1812, he was appointed acting commander of the sloop  and three months later, at age 21, he was promoted to the rank of commander. Soon after that he was given command of the 28-gun sloop , built in 1808, in which he was to serve for six years. In the War of 1812 between the United States of America and Britain, the role assigned to the ships of the Jamaica Station was to attack the US coast and ports on the Gulf of Mexico and to destroy their ships and stores. On 11 July 1812 Brazen weighed anchor on <mask>'s first mission, which was to be against New Orleans and the Mississippi delta. However, the Brazen was severely damaged by a hurricane and had to abandon the mission and enter the Spanish port of Pensacola to carry out repairs. Despite this, <mask> was able to make a valuable survey of Mobile Bay and the Spanish-held Florida coastline and capture an American ship, which he took back to Jamaica as a prize on 20 November. He had no immediate opportunity to revisit the Gulf of Mexico, as the Brazen was ordered to return to England for a maintenance survey.After docking in Sheerness for four months, the ship escorted a convoy carrying settlers and stores to Hudson Bay. On his return to the Strait of Dover at the end of December 1813, <mask> received confidential orders for an important mission, to carry the Duke of Brunswick to Holland. After that, during most of 1814, the Brazen patrolled the Irish Sea and the Hebrides in search of French or American ships until, at the end of the year, <mask> received orders to return to the West Indies, to the Windward Islands Station at Barbados, where Admiral Duckworth was now Commander-in-Chief. There were now two stations in the West Indies, at Barbados and Jamaica, and for a while the Brazen shuttled between the two, carrying communications between the two admirals. On one such trip <mask> was introduced to Simón Bolívar, who was in Jamaica following a defeat on the South American mainland. Soon after that he was given a mission to carry the news of the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812, to the British troops under the command of General John Lambert, near New Orleans, and to assist in their return to England. His reconnaissance of Mobile Bay and the coast of Florida three years earlier now stood him in good stead.The troops, who had captured Fort Bowyer, were recovered and some of them, under the command of Lieutenant Harry Smith, were taken to England on the Brazen after surviving a severe gale in the Gulf of Florida. Smith was impressed with <mask>'s seamanship and became a long-standing friend. The Treaty of Paris, signed by France, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia on 20 Nov 1815, ended the Napoleonic Wars and a large fleet was no longer needed. The Admiralty set about decommissioning ships and retiring officers. However, <mask> and the Brazen received a stay of execution, as they were needed again in the West Indies. Spain was losing its grip on the north of South America and rival factions were struggling for power. So close to the West Indies, Britain had an interest in the establishment of secure government on the mainland, but needed to be careful to avoid offending Spain, now an ally.The Brazen arrived at Barbados in June 1816 and on 20 July <mask> and the Barbados Harbourmaster were sent to survey the coast of Venezuela and gain intelligence regarding the attitudes of the population and the disposition of the various revolutionary factions. After making his report <mask> went back to patrolling the Caribbean with orders to prevent piracy and the contraband trade. Late in September he seized the . This action turned out to be unwise. The Hércules, not to be confused with Hercule on which <mask> had served in 1804, was nicknamed the Black Frigate and had at one time been the flagship of the Argentine Navy. When taken by <mask>, she was a privateer with 22 guns carrying a valuable cargo plundered from Spanish American cities and ships. She was under the command of William Brown, who had been an admiral in the Argentine Navy and was in command of the revolutionary fleet fighting the Spaniards.Her capture compromised the cautious line taken by the British between the Spanish and the revolutionaries. The Governor of Barbados ordered her release, but, when she had left Barbados, <mask> recaptured her and took her to Antigua as a prize. After long drawn-out proceedings, the High Court of the Admiralty ruled in Brown's favour, but he lost the frigate and her cargo. <mask> continued to receive demands for payment of damages for many years. At the end of 1816 <mask> was commissioned to make a further detailed inspection of the conditions in Venezuela. From Güiria in the Paria Peninsula he sailed west to Caracas and the port of La Guaira and returned eastward by an inland route, in order to study the conditions in the interior of the country. In February 1817 he submitted a detailed report to the Commander-in-Chief, Admiral John Harvey.In it he blamed Spanish neglect for the devastation and decay he found in the interior. He described the insurgent 'Patriots' as determined and disciplined, but the Loyalists were indisciplined and lazy. Following this, <mask> was given a number of covert missions in connection with Venezuela. The exact orders he received are not known, as the period from January to June 1817 has been removed from the Brazen's log in Admiralty files. In May, the Executive Committee of the Patriots prepared a draft Constitution for the Republic of Venezuela which was given to <mask> for transmission to the West Indies Stations and thence to England. However this draft was subsequently rejected by Bolívar. Another source reports that a secret agreement, between the British and the Republicans, was signed later on board the Brazen, in which the British would assist Bolívar in exchange for preferential trading rights when the Republic came into being.In the second half of 1817 <mask> returned once again to patrolling the Caribbean with orders to seize any vessels suspected of piracy, orders which he carried out with alacrity because of the prize money. By June 1818 the Brazen was in need of repair and he returned with her to England, where the ship was taken out of commission and <mask> received the dread news that he was to be placed on half pay. However, Admiral Harvey

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James Stirling
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Andrew Stirling
Anne Stirling
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 had sent the Lords of the Admiralty a letter strongly commending 'the zeal and alacrity of this intelligent and excellent officer', which may have influenced their decision to promote him to Post Captain on 7 December 1818. Surrey

Although at the end of 1817 he was not to know it, <mask> was to be without a command for eight years. Between 1818 and 1822 his father, Andrew, was a tenant at Henley Park in Surrey,
and <mask> made use of his enforced leave to visit his parents and other members of his scattered family. He also made several visits to the Continent of Europe. On one such visit to France he met and befriended Captain <mask>, RN, who was also on half pay.Mangles was returning from a tour of North Africa and Asia Minor and was among the first Europeans to have visited Petra. His uncle had an estate at Woodbridge Park, about ten miles from the <mask>s at Henley Park and had extensive interests in the East Indies, had been High Sheriff for Surrey in 1808 and was a director of the British East India Company. Captain Mangles invited <mask> to visit Woodbridge, where he met for the first time the, then, 13-year-old Ellen Mangles, his future wife. The two families got on well together and the parents were delighted two years later when, according to the etiquette of that era, <mask> formally asked the uncle's permission to propose marriage to his daughter. The permission was granted on the condition that <mask> should not make the proposal until Ellen completed her schooling. The couple were married at Stoke Church, Guildford on 3 September 1823, on Ellen's 16th birthday,
and went on a nine-month honeymoon and grand tour. On their return, Ellen gave birth to their first child, Andrew, at Woodbridge on 24 October 1824.During the next eighteen months <mask> put forward several ideas to the Admiralty, including a means of assessing compass declinations at sea and a proposal for improving stowage in warships. He was keen to keep his name in front of those in the Admiralty who could post him to active service. He had returned from the grand tour short of funds, his father had died in 1823, the family businesses were not prospering and he himself had to make payments to the court in connection with the Hércules case. The competition for preferment from other officers on half pay was intense, so he was fortunate that on 23 January 1826 he was recommissioned and given command of the newly built HMS Success. Australia
In 1826 the western side of Australia was still called New Holland, however the Dutch appeared to have no interest in its development. For the British, a port on the west or north coast might be a useful stage for trade with their settlements in the Cape of Good Hope, India and Singapore. However, the French were known to have an intense interest and French ships were exploring the Australian coasts.The British needed to assess further the potential of the region and find out the extent of the French interest without creating a diplomatic incident. For this task, <mask>, with his record of exploration, diplomacy and covert missions, was a natural choice. New South Wales was running short of currency and the settlement on Melville Island was short of food and scurvy was rife. A supply mission to these would be excellent cover for intelligence gathering activities. The Success sailed on 9 July 1826, carrying cases of coins and a distinguished passenger, Admiral Sir <mask>, Knight Companion of the Bath, a hero of the Napoleonic Wars. Ellen and one year old Andrew remained at home at Woodbridge. One of <mask>'s officers was 3rd Lieutenant William Preston, who would marry Ellen's sister Hamilla seven years later.The Success arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 2 September, discharged its passenger, took on provisions and set sail again, arriving at Sydney Heads on 28 November. Captain Jules d'Urville arrived in Sydney Harbour on 2 December on the French corvette L'Astrolabe. The L'Astrolabe was on a voyage of exploration, which gave Stirling an opportunity to assess French interest in the region. <mask> and d'Urville dined together several times and <mask> discovered that the Astrolabe had a detailed chart of the Swan River. Before leaving England, <mask> had studied the available charts of the west coast of Australia and had concluded that the Swan was a possible site for a harbour and settlement and had hoped to be the first European to explore and chart it. However, d'Urville indicated that the French did not consider that the Swan would be a suitable site for a harbour, because of the difficulty of access and lack of fresh water. This gave <mask> a free hand.A ship arrived from Melville Island on the same day as the L'Astrolabe, bringing reassuring news that scurvy was under control and the settlement was progressing more satisfactorily. The Governor, Major General Ralph Darling, advised <mask> to delay his visit to Melville until later in the year. <mask> then made a report to Darling, setting out detailed arguments for a mission to the Swan River. Darling gave his approval and, on 17 January 1827, the Success sailed from Sydney for the Swan, via Hobart in Van Diemen's Land, where several cases of coins were delivered. On board the Success were the Colonial Botanist Charles Frazer, the surgeon Frederick Clause and the landscape artist Frederick Garling. Swan River exploration
The Nyoongar people called the river Derbarl Yerrigan. On 10 January 1697, the Dutch sea captain Willem De Vlamingh  renamed it to the Swan River (Zwaanenrivier in Dutch) after the large number of black swans they observed there.One hundred and thirty years later, the British ship 'Success arrived off the west coast of Australia on 5 March 1827 and anchored near the north east corner of Rottnest Island. The following day, the ship moved cautiously towards the coast and anchored about a mile from the mouth of the Swan. Lieutenant Carnac and the ship's Master, Millroy, were left to take soundings and look for channels and possible landing places. Meanwhile, <mask>, Frazer and Lieutenant Preston made a preliminary reconnaissance up the river in the gig. They sailed about five miles upstream, reaching a wide section which <mask> named Melville Water. Other features were named after <mask>'s brother Walter and Lieutenant Preston. During the next day more soundings were taken, and Isle Berthelot and Isle Bauche were renamed Carnac Island and Garden Island.<mask> gave the name Cockburn Sound to the "Magnificent Sound between that Island and the Main possessing great attractions for a Sailor in search of a Port". At mid-day on 8 March the exploration party - <mask>, Frazer, Garling, Clause, Lieutenant Belches,  Midshipman Heathcote, the ship's clerk Augustus Gilbert, 7 seamen and 4 marines - left the Success in the cutter and the gig and sailed to Point Belches. There the boats grounded and, as the party was unable to find a channel, the boats were unloaded and dragged across the shallows until nightfall. While this was being done, <mask>, Frazer and Garling climbed the commanding hill on the west bank, which <mask> named Mount Eliza in honour of Eliza Darling, the New South Wales Governor's wife. While there, Garling painted a watercolour landscape view showing the entrance to the river on the opposite side of Melville Water. <mask> later named this Canning River after the British Prime Minister at that time. The next day, dragging across the shallows started at daybreak and continued until nightfall.Frazer, exploring on land, found a freshwater brook and <mask> named the nearby point of land Point Frazer. Frazer also found a lagoon of fresh water and the party moved camp to beside it. On the following morning three armed Aboriginal warriors demonstrated their anger at the 'invasion' (<mask>'s word) of their territory with violent gestures, but eventually retired. During the day, the boats reached the Heirisson Islands and in the channel above them progress was much easier, but still slow, due to the winding of the river. On 11 March the boats passed through a long narrow stretch and encountered more Aboriginal people who threatened the boats with their spears from higher ground. When the boats reached more level terrain, gestures of goodwill defused the situation and the  Aboriginals moved on. On 12 March the boats reached a place where a tributary, later named Helena River, joined the Swan from the east.The party also found another fresh water stream, which they named Success, on the west side of the Swan. From this point on, the Swan narrowed and there were many obstructions. The next day, the cutter was holed and had to be repaired, after which the party reached a creek which <mask> named Ellen Brook, after his young wife. The Swan was not navigable any further and <mask> and Garling set off on foot for the hills to the east, arriving at about sunset. On their return to camp they lost their way in the dark, but Frazer sent out search parties to guide them back. On 14 March the party split into three groups. Frazer went east and Belches and Heathcote north.<mask> and Clause went west and discovered a freshwater lagoon, some Aboriginal huts and a fertile region which so pleased <mask> that he named it Henley Park after his Surrey home. The return journey was much quicker, being downstream and through previously charted areas. On arrival at Melville Water, Belches was sent to explore the Canning River. The rest of the party returned to the Success and spent the next four days surveying the surrounding islands and finding a safe channel into Cockburn Sound. On 21 March the Success weighed anchor and three days later arrived at Geographe Bay, in order to carry out Governor Darling's instructions to explore and report on the region. Geographe Bay was named in May 1801 by French explorer Nicolas Baudin. The Success then sailed to King George Sound, to pick up Major Edmund Lockyer and unload provisions for the settlement there, after which the ship returned to New South Wales, anchoring off Sydney Heads on 16 April.<mask>'s report to Darling and Frazer's report on the quality of the land were enclosed with Darlings report of 21 April 1827 to the Colonial Office in the United Kingdom. <mask>'s report consisted of a diary Narrative of Operations and a section Observations on the Territory, which included a report by Clause on the healthiness of the climate. Later events showed that all three reports were over enthusiastic, the party having explored only the strip of soil in the vicinity of the Swan. Frazer was heavily criticised for this later. However, in their defence, both Clause and Frazer were subject to <mask>'s intense enthusiasm for the project and may have been unduly influenced by it. <mask> wrote a second report on the Swan River on 31 August. This was addressed to the Admiralty and was shorter, placing more emphasis on naval concerns and the strategic value of the area.Melville Island and North Australia
<mask>'s original mission included a task to carry supplies to Melville Island. However, Darling had received further instructions to investigate the formation of a new settlement on the coast to the east of Melville Island. Accordingly, the Success left Sydney on 19 May 1827 carrying an establishment force for a new settlement and accompanied by the brig Mary Elizabeth. The two ships separated. The Mary Elizabeth sailed to Melville Island and on 15 June the Success anchored in Palm Bay, on the western side of Croker Island. <mask> quickly established that the island was unsuitable for settlement and sent a boat across to the mainland to explore Raffles Bay. The report being favourable, <mask> looked no further and on 18 June he went ashore with his officers to take possession of Raffles Bay and the surrounding territory in His Majesty's name.The establishment force and supplies were landed and <mask> named the settlement Fort Wellington. A month later, believing all to be well, <mask> set sail for Melville island. The Success arrived at Fort Dundas on Melville Island on 25 July and set sail again four days later for Madras, and then to Penang, to report to Admiral Gage, Commander of the Eastern Station. <mask> was keen to return home to see his family and to further his case for a settlement at the Swan River. However, Gage instructed him to base the Success in Trincomalee Harbour, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), where he arrived on 4 January 1828. There he succumbed rapidly to the tropical climate and on 21 February three Royal Navy surgeons certified that he was so ill he should return immediately to England. The settlements at Fort Dundas and Fort Wellington rapidly got into difficulties with outbreaks of scurvy and fever, supply shortages and communication failures.The Melville Island outpost was abandoned in November 1828 and the Raffles Bay settlement was broken up in July 1829. Western Australia

On returning to London in 1828, <mask> lobbied the Foreign Office and the Admiralty for support for a settlement in the vicinity of the Swan River, describing it as ideal for a permanent establishment. He emphasised the defensive prospects of Mount Eliza, the large hill on which Kings Park is now situated, "as it is near the narrows of the Swan River, which would make defending the colony from gunships easy, with just a few cannons." On 21 August 1828, <mask> and his friend Thomas Moody wrote a letter to Under-Secretary Robert Hay in which they offered to form an association of private capitalists who would settle Australia using their own money, observing the 'principles' that had been observed by William Penn in the settlement of Pennsylvania. Moody had the fervent support of Tories in Parliament, who had recently responded to his report to Parliament on slavery in the West Indies, by commending his 'great experience in the control of labour, both slave and free, both African and European,

masks:
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James Mangles
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James Saumarez
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 in garrison, and in the field'. He had previously offered advice to <mask> regarding the settlement of the Swan River Colony at minimal cost to the British Government. Parliament initially rejected the proposal of <mask> and Moody, but rumours of renewed French interest in the region led Sir George Murray, on 5 November, to request that the Admiralty send a ship-of-war "to proceed to the Western Coast of New Holland and take possession of the whole territory in His Majesty's name."This task was given to HMS Challenger under the command of Captain Charles Fremantle and, a week later, a further order was issued to prepare  to carry a detachment of troops to the Swan River. On 31 December Murray wrote to <mask> confirming his title as Lieutenant-Governor of the new colony and on the same day his Under-Secretary, Robert Hay, confirmed the appointment of the members of the civil establishment including Colonial Secretary Peter Brown, Surveyor-General John Septimus Roe, Harbourmaster Mark John Currie, naturalist <mask>, a surgeon, a storekeeper, a cooper, a blacksmith and a boatbuilder. After hectic preparations, on 6 February 1829 these pioneers, with their assistants, families, servants and livestock, departed Plymouth in the Parmelia under Captain J H Luscombe out of Spithead in company with the Sulphur, carrying 100 men of the 63rd Regiment of Foot, under the command of Major Frederick Irwin, and three years' of army stores, 10,000 bricks and £1,000 to meet all expenses of government. On arrival on 31 May at Garden Island, at what became known as the Swan River Colony, they re-erected a wooden house that had first been assembled at Lieutenant Preston's home in Sutton Green, Surrey, that would become the Governor's home. These pioneers were responsible for laying the foundations of Perth, Fremantle and the market-town named Guildford that is now a suburb of Perth. <mask> administered the Swan River settlement from June 1829 until 11 August 1832, when he left on an extended visit to England where he was knighted, and again from August 1834 until December 1838. However, he was commissioned as Governor of Western Australia only from 6 February 1832, rectifying the absence of a legal instrument providing the authority detailed in <mask>'s Instructions of 30 December 1828.<mask> had said I believe I am the first Governor who ever formed a settlement without Commission, Laws, Instructions and Salary. With the creation of the Western Australian Legislative Council in 1830, <mask> automatically became an official member. In October 1834 <mask> led a detachment of 25 armed troopers and settlers including Septimus Roe and Thomas Peel that attacked an encampment of 60-80 Pindjarep Aboriginal people. The Pindjarep fled into the bush and were later encircled near a crossing on the Murray River at Pinjarra, <mask> referred to this as the Battle of Pinjarra. Settlers accounts claim between 10-80 aboriginals died compared to aboriginal oral history which claim 150 people died. <mask> remained entirely unsympathetic to the needs of Aboriginal people in Western Australia, and never recognised their prior ownership of the land despite the fact that the Buxton Committee of the British House of Commons informed him that this was a mistake for which the new colony would suffer. <mask> mentioned in dispatches that the Aborigines "must gradually disappear" and the "most anxious and judicious measures of the local government [could] prevent the ulterior extinction of the race".As recognition of his service in establishing the colony <mask> was granted land near Beverley, Western Australia. This land, along with neighbouring properties was re-acquired by the Western Australian Government, who later subdivided the land into farmlets for returning soldiers. The remaining land was later used to establish the Avondale Agricultural Research Station, which includes <mask>'s restored homestead. Harvey
In 1829 <mask> selected  of land in Harvey and called it the "Harvey River Settlement". However, the only improvement made was a convict built cottage on the banks of the Harvey River. The cottage featured a shingled roof and pit-sawn jarrah walls with hexagonal-shaped paving blocks fitted together to form firm flooring. A replica cottage known as <mask>'s Cottage has been built on the site and includes one of the original paving blocks in its history room.Mediterranean and west coast of Europe

HMS Indus
In 1840 <mask> was given command of  and instructions to join the Mediterranean Fleet. The British Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, considered it was necessary to show a strong British naval presence in the Mediterranean. Muhammad Ali Pasha had triggered the Oriental Crisis of 1840 by declaring himself Khedive of Egypt, which had been until then a province of the Ottoman Empire. Also King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Naples, had been persuaded by a British naval blockade of Naples to restore to a British company the monopoly for Sicilian sulphur, an essential ingredient of gunpowder. The Indus reached Gibraltar in August 1841 and made herself felt along the Algerian coast on her way to the Mediterranean station at Malta. For a few months she was deployed around Sicily and the boot of Italy, but in November <mask> received new instructions to show a presence and monitor the situation at Lisbon. Portugal had been in turmoil for several years and the British Admiralty had received intelligence that Lisbon was threatened by a 5,000 strong revolutionary army and the Portuguese Government was preparing for conflict.<mask> was directed not to take part in any action, but to safeguard British subjects and the Portuguese royal family. In the event, the conflict was resolved peacefully. In June the Indus was ordered back to Malta and then to Smyrna, where there had been an insurrection and British subjects and property in the region were thought to be at risk. This threat also failed to materialise and after three months at Piraeus in Greece the Indus  sailed to Naples to take part in the farewell celebrations sending the Princess Teresa Cristina on her way to marry the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. This was a major diplomatic event and <mask> entertained the British Ambassador and British Consul on board and was received by King Ferdinand. The harbour was filled with vessels of the Neapolitan, Brazilian and British navies as well as an American warship and <mask> sent a detailed report on the foreign warships to the Admiralty. A brief spell at Gibraltar was followed by a visit to Cadiz to prevent a planned blockade of the harbour by rebel troops.Then, in September 1843, Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Owen, Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, received an urgent request for assistance from Sir Edmund Lyons, the British Consul in Athens. King Otto of Greece had rejected a proposed new constitutional government for Greece and was facing an armed rebellion. <mask> was to join , under the command of Sir Charles Sullivan, place himself at the disposal of Sir Edmund and arrange for the protection of British subjects. <mask>'s charm and diplomatic skill, combined with the presence of three British warships in the harbour, calmed the situation and, despite the King's reluctance to adopt the new constitution, Sullivan and <mask> persuaded him that acceptance was the wisest course. In gratitude for their help in quelling the rebellion and negotiating with his ministers, the King bestowed on Sullivan and Stirling Greece's high honour, Knight Commander of the Order of the Redeemer. Following this, <mask> returned to England, where the Indus was paid off on 13 June 1844. HMS Howe
Stirling received his fourth command, the 120-gun first rate ship of the line  in May 1847 and joined the Channel Fleet under the command of the newly appointed Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Napier on .In September he received special orders. He was to conduct Her Majesty, the Dowager Queen Adelaide, Queen Victoria's aunt, on trips to Lisbon and Madeira and then back to Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Flying the Royal Standard at the main, the Howe entered the River Tagus on 22 October. Sir Charles Napier immediately boarded to pay his respects, followed shortly afterwards by Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, King of Portugal, and two princes. The next day, all the captains in the squadron donned full dress and white trousers and were formally presented to the Dowager Queen, after which Napier and <mask> escorted her to the royal Palace of Necessidades, where they were received by Queen Maria II. After five days of sightseeing, the party set sail for Madeira. Leaving the Tagus, the Howe was struck by a large wave and the Queen slipped and nearly fell overboard, but was saved by <mask>, who in so doing lost his ceremonial sword overboard.The grateful Queen later presented him with a magnificent replacement, a fine gold plated dress sword and scabbard which had been specially made for her. She also presented him with a silver snuff box with an inscription thanking him for his presence of mind on the occasion. After delivering the Queen in Madeira, the Howe returned to Lisbon and took part in various exercises and manoeuvres before leaving again to collect her for the return voyage. She arrived at Osborne House on 27 April and <mask> learned a year later that she had honoured him by appointing him as her naval aide-de-camp. He now had a few weeks with his family before receiving orders to report at Malta to Vice-Admiral Sir William Parker, Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, who had succeeded Sir Edward Owen. During the next few years, the presence of the British and French fleets encouraged an uneasy peace in the eastern Mediterranean. In 1849 the Howe was recalled.She reached England on 2 July and two weeks later the ship's company was paid off. Far East
In July 1851, <mask> was promoted to rear admiral and in the following year served as Third Naval Lord at the Admiralty. From January 1854 to February 1856 <mask> was commander in chief of the East Indies and China Station. Using gunboat diplomacy he signed the first British treaty with Japan (the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty) on 14 October 1854. In November 1854, with Hong Kong Governor John Bowring, he led a fleet up the Pearl River to Canton to support the Viceroy of Liangguang (modern day Guangdong and Guangxi) Ye Mingchen and his forces besieged by the Tiandihui army. The fleet carried weapons and ammunition, food and Qing reinforcements. Retirement
<mask> was promoted vice admiral in August 1857.He became an admiral in November 1862 and died in comfortable retirement at his home in Woodbridge Park, near Guildford in Surrey, on 22 April 1865 aged 74. There is a memorial tablet within St Marks Church, Wyke. Ellen survived him by nine years. <mask> and his wife were buried in the extension to the graveyard of St John's Church on Stoke Road, near Guildford where they had been married. Honours
The plant genus <mask>ia, was named in his honour by Stephan Endlicher in 1838. A variety of Pittosporum is also named in his honour. In England, Stoke Church's social centre and hall is named The Stirling Centre.In Western Australia the suburb of Stirling is named after him, as is a seat in the lower House of the federal Parliament and Governor Stirling Senior High School. The Royal Australian Navy's Indian Ocean Fleet is based at HMAS Stirling, near Rockingham. Stirling Highway (which links Perth and Fremantle) was named so in his honour. There are also many buildings and businesses named after him throughout Perth and Fremantle. Dishonours
Following the well-conceived ambush leading to a massacre lasting at least one hour and now known as the Pinjarra Massacre that <mask> led personally, <mask> threatened the Noongar people with genocide should they continue to resist colonisation. Given historical records of his involvement,

In 2020 a statue of <mask> on Hay Street in Perth's central business district was defaced amid Black Lives Matter protests. The statue had its neck and hands painted red, and the Australian Aboriginal Flag was painted over the plaque on the ground in front of the statue.Increasingly there are efforts to remove Stirling's name from Western Australian landmarks. In 2019, a petition to rename Stirling Highway received little support. In 2021, "residents at a [City of] Stirling council electors meeting voted in favour of changing their local government's name", although the city "eventually passed a motion that made no mention of any name change", with one councillor saying "while nobody condoned historical atrocities, a name change would cost 'millions of dollars', would set a dangerous precedent and should be 'nipped in the bud." However, shortly afterwards, Western Australian senators called for a broader review of Western Australian "place names, such as Stirling Range, linked to colonial figures with known racist histories ... such as William Dampier, John Forrest and John Septimus Roe." See also

 History of Western AustraliaHistorical Records of Australia Anglo-Japanese relations

References

Further reading
 Hasluck, <mask> <mask>. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 1963.Statham-Drew, Pamela. <mask> : Admiral and Founding Governor of Western Australia'' : University of Western Australia Press, Crawley W.A., 2003. External links

 Celebrate W.A. site

 <mask> by Christopher John Pettitt for Normandy Historians

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1791 births
1865 deaths
People from North Lanarkshire
Explorers of Australia
Governors of Western Australia
Lords of the Admiralty
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
Royal Navy admirals
Scottish politicians
Japan–United Kingdom relations
Settlers of Western Australia
People associated with massacres of Indigenous Australians
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Coatbridge
19th-century Australian

masks:
James Mangles
Stirling
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James Drummond
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Alexandra James
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James Stirling
James Stirling