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<mask> (born <mask>; 7 March 1934 – 25 July 2021) was a Beninese politician. <mask> served as First Lady of Benin from 1991 to 1996 during the presidency of her husband, <mask>. She is considered the first First Lady of the democratic era following Benin's transition to a multi-party democracy. In 1992, <mask> founded the Benin Rebirth Party (RB), becoming the first Beninese woman to establish a new political party. She served as a member of the National Assembly of Benin, representing the 16th Constituency of Cotonou, for six consecutive terms from 1999 until her retirement in February 2019. She also served as a member of the Pan-African Parliament from 2004 to 2009. <mask> was affectionately nicknamed "Maman" by Beninese colleagues and politicians.Early life
<mask>, whose real name was Rose-Marie Honorine <mask>, was born on 7 March 1934 in Ouidah, French Dahomey, into a wealthy family from the city's Afro-Brazilian community. Her father was a railway executive and landowner who was able to send his four children – <mask> and her three brothers – to France for their education. In 1946, she moved to France to attend secondary school at Lycée de Jeunes Filles de Caen. She then studied law in college. After graduation, <mask> went into law, working as a bailiff from 1965 to 1968 and before becoming a lawyer. <mask> <mask> was multilingual and spoke fluent English, Fon, French, and Mina (also known as the Gen language). <mask> met Nicéphore <mask> in France in 1947 while both were students.The couple married on 2 July 1958, and had two sons. Their eldest son,  Léhady <mask> (born 1960), was a former national deputy and Mayor of Cotonou from 14 August 2015, until his dismissal on 2 August 2017 for alleged corruption. He went into exile in France in 2017 and was sentenced in absentia to ten years in prison by the Criet court. Their second son, Ganiou <mask> (born 1961), a former government minister and presidential candidate, was shot and wounded in an ambush on 5 February 2021. Career
While Nicéphore <mask> studied at the École nationale d'administration (ENA), <mask> <mask> <mask> chose to pursue her own studies in law in France. She worked as a bailiff from 1965 to 1968 during her husband's early political career. Meanwhile, Nicéphore <mask> was appointed Minister of Economy during the brief presidential rule of General <mask> in the early 1960s.In 1972, Major Mathieu Kérékou overthrew the country's government in the 1972 Dahomeyan coup d'état. Nicéphore and <mask> <mask> were forced to flee into exile following the coup and remained abroad for 18 years. The couple lived in Washington D.C. during the 1980s, where Nicéphore <mask> worked as director at the World Bank. They were finally allowed to returned to Benin to attend the national conference in Cotonou in February 1990, which marked the country's transition to democracy. <mask> became First Lady of Benin in August 1991 upon Nicéphore <mask>'s election as President during the country's democratic transition. In 1992, First Lady <mask> created the Benin Rebirth Party (RB), becoming the first Beninese woman to establish a political party. <mask> <mask> <mask> founded the Benin Rebirth Party to garner political support for her husband, who lacked widespread support from the country's political class.The following year, the political party La Renouveau issued a signed statement by <mask> to the media encouraging supporters of her husband to join the Benin Rebirth Party. <mask> <mask> <mask>'s new party won 20 of the 83 seats in the National Assembly in the 1995 Beninese parliamentary election. However, President Nicéphore <mask>, who was seeking re-election, was defeated by former President Mathieu Kérékou in the 1996 Beninese presidential election. In 1999, <mask> <mask> <mask> was elected to the National Assembly of Benin, representing the 16th Constituency of Cotonou. She held her assembly seat from 1999 until 2019, winning re-election to four consecutive terms. During her time as deputy, <mask> <mask> became a vocal critic of some major policies introduced by Presidents Mathieu Kérékou, Thomas Boni Yayi, and Patrice Talon. Most recently, <mask> was fiercely critical of President Patrice Talon.Additionally, <mask> served simultaneously as a Beninese member of the Pan-African Parliament from 2004 to 2009. In 2007, <mask> joined the Alliance for a Dynamic Democracy coalition with Antoine Idji Kolawolé and Bruno Amoussou. The ADD ran during the March 2007 parliamentary election and obtained 20 seats. Leading up to the April 2011 parliamentary election, <mask> was the head of the ADD. However, during the 2011 elections, she joined the Union Makes the Nation coalition and promised to improve the quality of Benin's government and habitability. In the April 2015 parliamentary election, <mask> was re-elected to the National Assembly as a Benin Renaissance candidate in the 16th constituency. Beginning on 19 May 2015, <mask> began presiding over debates as the Dean of the National Assembly, a role given to the oldest member of the legislature.As the oldest member and Dean of the National Assembly (doyenne d'âge), she presided over the initial proceedings of the National Assembly when it began meeting on 19 May 2015, prior to the election of the President of the National Assembly. In her final address to the National Assembly on 18 February 2019, <mask> <mask> announced her resignation and retirement from office due to the loss of her eyesight, joking that "The old woman goes away and tells you bye bye" in her speech. Outside of politics, <mask> <mask> <mask> established the Vidolé Association (l’association Vidolé), which provides support to women and families who have twins, triplets, and quadruplets. Later life
In 2019, Célestine Zanou, a politician and former presidential candidate, praised Soglo as "our national mother" and called her an "icon of Beninese politics." In late July 2021, <mask> <mask> was hospitalized for three days at the Mahouena Clinic in Cotonou for treatment of a cardiovascular illness. Her condition initially improved with treatment, but her health rapidly deteriorated on the morning of Sunday, 25 July. She requested to return to her home at la Haie Vive in Cotonou, where she died at approximately 4 p.m. on 25 July 2021, at the age of 87.She was survived by her husband, former President Nicéphore <mask>, who was abroad in Paris for medical treatment at the time of her death, and their two sons. In a statement, <mask> paid tribute to his late wife saying, "It is this woman who has allowed me to be so strong." Her eldest son, former Cotonou mayor Léhady <mask>, announced that he would return from exile in France for the first time since 2017 to attend his mother's funeral. She was also survived by her second son, Ganiou <mask>, who survived a shooting in February 2021. Tributes poured in from figures across Beninese politics, including President Patrice Talon, a frequent political nemesis, who called her "a brave and exceptional woman" in a Facebook post. Others paying tribute to Soglo included former President Thomas Boni Yayi and the President of the Beninese Parliament, Louis Vlavonou, who called her, "a woman of exception and conviction whose participation in six successive legislatures inevitably leaves an indelible imprint on the parliamentary institution and the country as a whole." Opposition leader Paul Hounkpè also stated, "the death of <mask> <mask>, an emblematic figure in Benin's politics since the historic national conference of February 1990, is a great loss for our country and our democracy...She is an intrepid fighter for peace, freedom and democracy in Benin."See also
 List of members of the Pan-African Parliament

References

1934 births
2021 deaths
First Ladies of Benin
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Benin
Members of the National Assembly (Benin)
Women members of the Pan-African Parliament
Beninese women in politics
Beninese lawyers
Benin Rebirth Party politicians
20th-century women politicians
21st-century women politicians
Beninese people of Brazilian descent
Beninese expatriates in the United States
People from Ouidah
People from Cotonou

masks:
Rosine Honorine Vieyra Soglo
Rose Marie Honorine Vieyra
Soglo
Nicéphore Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Vieyra
Rosine
Soglo
Vieyra
Soglo
Vieyra
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Rosine
Vieyra
Soglo
Soglo
Christophe Soglo
Rosine
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Rosine
Vieyra
Soglo
Soglo
Rosine
Vieyra
Soglo
Soglo
Rosine
Vieyra
Soglo
Rosine
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Rosine
Soglo
Rosine
Vieyra
Soglo
Rosine
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Soglo
Rosine
Soglo


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<mask> (born 21 March 1977, Darmstadt) is a German composer and teacher. Life
Obermueller began her training at the Akademie für Tonkunst in Darmstadt. She studied composition with  of the Meistersinger-Konservatorium and the Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg, Theo Brandmüller of the Hochschule für Musik Saar, and Adriana Hölszky of the Mozarteum Salzburg. In 2010, she completed a doctorate at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where she studied with Mario Davidovsky, Bernard Rands, Julian Anderson, Chaya Czernowin, Magnus Lindberg, and Harrison Birtwistle. She has taught at Wellesley College and the Young Composers Program at the Cleveland Institute of Music. Since 2010, <mask> has been one of the directors of the composition program at the University of New Mexico. A portrait CD of hers was released as part of the WERGO Contemporary Music Edition by the German Music Council.She has received the Darmstädter Musikpreis and the Bayerischer Jugendpreis des Indien-Instituts München, as well as awards and commissions from the Fromm Foundation commission, the ASCAP Morton Gould Awards, and the Bohemians New York Musicians Club. She did a residency at the Deutsches Studienzentrum in Venedig. Obermueller frequently collaborates with her husband, American composer, Peter Gilbert. In addition to two operas, they have created an interactive installation piece called An Overlapping of Spaces, which combined a series of hanging surround-sound speaker arrays with unique iPod-based audience-interactivity. The work was featured as a centerpiece of the Perceiving Space in Art Gallery at the Davis Museum and Cultural Center between 2008 and 2010, which had previously chosen it as an Artwork of the Month. Their most recent collaboration, Listening to Mountains, was presented in Germany and Australia. <mask> and Gilbert teach together at the University of New Mexico and have two children.Operas
<mask>'s first opera, Dunkelrot ("Dark Red"), was written for the opera in Nürnberg after an original libretto by Gabriele Strassmann. The opera tells the tale of an African woman seeking asylum in Germany who gets lost in the German immigration system. Her second opera, Helges Leben ("Helge's Life"), was an adaptation of the eponymous play by Sibylle Berg, and was written with composer Mark Moebius. In 2009, the opera had its well-received premiere by the Theater Bielefeld, in cooperation with the  and the . Gilbert and Obermueller have collaborated on two operas. Their multi-media, electronic chamber opera, Dreimaldrei gleich unendlich ("Three times three equals eternity"), has been performed in Germany and the United States, including a premiere as part of the Musik der Jahrhunderte festival in Stuttgart. A prize-winner at the National Opera Association awards, their opera was included in an exhibition celebrating the 20th anniversary of the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe.They also worked together on Robert S., an opera performed with Theater Bonn, with the composers Georg Katzer, Annette Schlünz, Peter Gilbert, and Sergej Newski. The complete opera is published by Ricordi. Merke Rolle. (Nothing Fat nothing Sweet.) 3
 2020 Music for English Horn Alone

Video
Trailer for Dreimaldrei Gleich Unendlich
DW-TV
Listening to Mountains demo

Books
Charlotte Martin: …denn Kunst meint ja immer ein Sich-Preisgeben. Drei Portraits. Darmstadt 2006.Sources
The University of New Mexico – Karola Obermueller

References

External links

1977 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
21st-century classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
German women classical composers
Harvard University alumni
Hochschule für Musik Saar alumni
Living people
University of New Mexico faculty
20th-century German composers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
21st-century German composers
21st-century American women musicians
German classical composers
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
American women academics
20th-century German women
21st-century German women

masks:
Karola Obermueller
Obermueller
Obermueller
Obermueller


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<mask> (October 31, 1922 – July 7, 1988) was a Central Intelligence Agency officer of 25 years and a recipient of the Career Intelligence Medal. <mask> rose to become the CIA's chief of operations for the Western hemisphere. In 1975 he founded the Association of Former Intelligence Officers (AFIO), an alumni association comprising intelligence officers from all services. <mask> was repeatedly accused of involvement in the JFK assassination, named by both investigators and Agency family members. Implications of his guilt stemming from both the mid-1970s House Select Committee on Assassinations and a pair of assassination exposes originally proved inconclusive, but since a 2014 reversal of crucial exonerating House Committee testimony point at his complicity. Early life and military career
<mask> was born in Fort Worth, Texas and attended The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia and Texas Christian University in Fort Worth. <mask> was an actor prior to World War II.During the war, he served as a nose gunner in the United States Army Air Forces. He was shot down over Austria and captured by the Germans, but was able to escape and make it back to Allied lines. CIA career
<mask> joined the CIA as a part-time agent in 1950 in Chile, where he owned and edited "The South Pacific Mail", an English-language newspaper that circulated throughout South America and several islands in the Pacific. He became a full-time operative in 1954, and operated a major psychological warfare campaign in Guatemala during the US coup and its aftermath. He rose through the ranks to intelligence officer, chief of station and eventually chief of Western hemisphere operations, serving primarily in Latin America, including Cuba, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. <mask> retired from the agency in 1975 and founded the Association of Former Intelligence Officers in the same year. House Select Committee on Assassinations
While investigating Lee Harvey Oswald's possible ties to certain pro- and anti-Castro radical groups around the time of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the HSCA obtained statements from then virulently anti-Castro paramilitary organization Alpha 66 founder Antonio Veciana that Oswald had met on several occasions with a CIA operative known as "Maurice Bishop".After one former CIA case officer (who had been assigned to the JM/WAVE station in Miami) stated to investigators that <mask> had been known to use the alias, the commission attempted to see if Veciana could identify <mask> as being "Bishop". Veciana insisted that he was not the same person and moreover that he had never met <mask> before either. Some committee members (and also lead investigator Gaeton Fonzi) doubted Veciana, reasoning that he should have at least recognized <mask>, a high-profile officer so heavily involved in Cuban operations. In 2014, at a conference named The Warren Report and the JFK Assassination: Five Decades of Significant Disclosures, Veciana reversed his previous statements, asserting unequivocally that he believed that the agent he knew as Bishop had in fact been <mask> <mask>. Conspiracy allegations and lawsuit
In their 1980 book Death in Washington, authors Donald Freed and Fred Landis charged that the CIA was involved in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and the 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier. The authors specifically named <mask> as being involved in a cover-up of the assassination and reiterated Fonzi's claim that <mask> served as Oswald's case officer while using the alias "Maurice Bishop". In 1982, Freed, Landis, and their publisher were named in a $230 million libel suit by <mask> and the AFIO.A settlement was reached in 1986 with <mask> receiving a retraction and an unspecified amount of money. <mask> donated these proceeds to AFIO for the purpose of creating a legal defense fund for American intelligence officers who felt they were the victims of libel. After the death of former CIA agent and Watergate figure E. Howard Hunt in 2007, Saint John Hunt and <mask> revealed that their father had recorded several claims about himself and others being involved in a conspiracy to assassinate John F. Kennedy. In the April 5, 2007 issue of Rolling Stone, Saint John Hunt detailed a number of individuals implicated by his father including <mask>, as well as Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, <mask> Morales, Frank Sturgis, William Harvey and an assassin he termed "French gunman grassy knoll" who many presume was Lucien Sarti. The two sons alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges. Hunt's widow and other children told the Los Angeles Times that the two sons took advantage of Hunt's loss of lucidity by coaching and exploiting him for financial gain. The newspaper said it examined the materials offered by the sons to support the story and found them to be "inconclusive."Alpha 66 founder Antonio Veciana's 2014 recantation of his House Committee testimony, denying he knew Philips with an unequivocal statement that he believed that the agent he knew as Bishop had in fact been <mask> <mask>, reopened <mask>' possible central role in the JFK assassination. Later life
<mask> wrote and lectured frequently on intelligence matters. He authored five books, including his CIA memoir The Night Watch, Careers in Secret Operations: How to Be a Federal Intelligence Officer, The Terror Brigade, The Carlos Contract, and The Great Texas Murder Trials: A Compelling Account of the Sensational T. Cullen Davis Case. Personal life

<mask> was the brother of writer <mask> <mask> and the uncle of musician <mask>. In 1948, he married Helen Hausman Haasch. They had four children, then divorced in 1967. In 1969, he married Virginia Pederson Simmons who had three children from a previous marriage.The couple had one child together. <mask> died at his home in Bethesda, Maryland from complications of cancer on July 7, 1988 at the age of 65. Publications

Books
 The Night Watch: 25 Years of Peculiar Service. New York: Atheneum (1977). . . The Carlos Contract: A Novel of International Terrorism. New York: Macmillan (1978).. . The Great Texas Murder Trials: A Compelling Account of the Sensational T. Cullen Davis Case. New York: Macmillan (1979). . .
 Careers in Secret Operations: How to be a Federal Intelligence Officer. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America (1984). . . Writing for Pleasure and Profit in Retirement: How to Enjoy a Second Career as a Professional Writer.Bethesda, MD: Stone Trail Press (1986). . . The Terror Brigade (novel). New York: Berkeley Publishing Group (1989). . .

Legal proceedings
 Freed Donald v Phillips David Atlee. Civil Action No. 81-1407 & 81-2578.Deposition (Mar. 25, 1983)
 Deposition (Mar. 30, 1983)

See also
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Operation 40
Felix Rodriguez
Richard M. Bissell, Jr.
Guillermo Hernández-Cartaya
Porter Goss

References

Further reading
 Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives (Mar. 29, 1979)

External links
<mask> <mask> at Arlington Cemetery
 <mask> <mask> at Find-a-Grave
 <mask> <mask> at Spartacus Educational
 <mask> <mask> at The Weisberg Collection
 <mask> <mask> at WorldCat
 <mask>lee Phillips collection (part 1) (part 2) at the Harold Weisberg Archive via Internet Archive

1922 births
1988 deaths
American spies
United States Army Air Forces officers
People associated with the assassination of John F. Kennedy
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
CIA activities in Lebanon
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Shot-down aviators
American escapees
Escapees from German detention
American prisoners of war in World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany

masks:
David Atlee Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
David Atlee
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
David Hunt
Phillips
David Sánchez
David Atlee
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
James Atlee
Phillips
Shawn Phillips
Phillips
David Atlee
Phillips
David Atlee
Phillips
David Atlee
Phillips
David Atlee
Phillips
David Atlee
Phillips
David At


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Eng. <mask> () is a Qatari writer, businessman and art collector. He authored a book entitled “Arabic Calligraphy and Quran, A shared journey” in 2015. He also held several exhibitions regarding Arabic calligraphy, Islamic Art, and the life of Muhammad. Al Fakhro holds a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Qatar University, as well as a diploma in management. He started working at Kahramaa (Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation) and became the distribution manager of the company. He later joined Qatar Tourism Authority, then became Director of Qatar's Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and finally became the CEO of Barwa Al-Baraha.He is currently vice-chairman of the Middle East Facility Management Association. Education
Al Fakhro earned a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from Qatar University in 1986, and earned a diploma in management in 1991. Career
 Kahramaa: Al Fakhro started his career path in 2002 as the Distribution Manager at Kahramaa, which is a corporation founded in 2000 to regulate the supply of electricity and water to consumers and to secure the country's electricity and water needs. Qatar Tourism Authority: Al Fakhro later worked as a Senior Manager at Qatar Tourism Authority, a governmental authority concerning the tourism sector in Qatar, for two years. Qatar's Chamber of Commerce and Industry: Al Fakhro was appointed Director General of Qatar's Chamber of Commerce in 2004, where he played a prominent role in improving the rules and regulations regarding commerce, industry, and trade. Barwa: Al Fakhro was then appointed CEO for Barwa Al-Baraha and sister companies within Barwa Real Estate Company. During his time, the company scored many achievements, and earned three international real estate awards.In 2011, Barwa's assets reached 65 billion Qatari riyals. Art collection
<mask> Fakhro pointed out that his work at Qatar Tourism Authority had stimulated his passion towards collecting art. Al Fakhro's collection consists of a unique assortment of calligraphy masterpieces and ancient copies of the Quran. He also possesses a collection of Ottoman antiques as well as antiques from Makkah and some pertaining to the Ka'bah. Al Fakhro held several exhibitions in this regard, some of which are:

Mal Lawal Exhibition

Al Fakhro participated in Mal Lawal Exhibition, held at al-Riwaq Exhibition Hall near the Museum of Islamic Art in Qatar, and was awarded second place. Al Fakhro's collection included antiques and valuable pieces that portray the life during the Ottoman era. The exhibits vividly represented the different stages of the Ottoman history as well as the people's lifestyle in that era.Al Fakhro's display was distinctive in that it drew attention towards the antiquities that depict the political, military, cultural, and artistic aspects of life during the Ottoman era, complete with a thorough description of every piece on display. Al-Fakhro's section was the perfect opportunity for visitors to closely examine the antiques that tell the story of the Ottoman Empire across various times and places through precious pieces of art referring to the days of a prominent civilization in human history. His Excellence Mr. Amri Haqi, Turkey's Ambassador in Qatar, praised the distinguished efforts of <mask>-Fakhro in collecting antiques belonging to the Ottoman era, which portray the cultural, military, and artistic status of that wondrous time characterized by profound innovation and creativity. "The Arabic Calligraphy and Qur'an, a Shared Journey" Exhibition

The Arabic Calligraphy and Qur'an, a Shared Journey Exhibition, assembled by Engineer <mask> Fakhro, featured around 80 copies of the Quran from various eras, in addition to 30 artworks by renowned international calligraphers. Also in display was a collection of valuable pieces of art pertaining to Arabic calligraphy and the Qur'an as well as several original and copied manuscripts. During the exhibition hosted by Katara in Ramadan 1434 A.H.(2013 A.D.), Al Fakhro took the opportunity to explain the strong association between the evolution of Arabic calligraphy and the spread of the Quran. The exhibition showcased copies of the Qur'an that were several hundred years old.The exhibition started with displaying the birth of Arabic calligraphy, followed by the appearance of innovative scripts, the addition of artistic finishes and gilding, and finally, printing. The exhibition ended with Mushaf Qatar and a few of the most beautiful printed copies of the Qur'an. Al Fakhro indicated that through his exhibition Arabic Calligraphy and Qur'an, a Shared Journey, he was keen to showcase a diversity of concepts represented by each and every displayed piece. He said that he wanted to tell the visitors different stories through these pieces. The Arabic Script Exhibition

This exhibition was held at Qatar Foundation convention center in September 2014. It included a rare assortment of artistic masterpieces from Engineer <mask> Fakhro's personal collection that portray the beauty of Arabic script. The exhibition was staged in three main categories: the start of Arabic calligraphy, the evolution stage, and the modern stage.The exhibition shed the light on the diverse uses of the Arabic script, ranging from manuscripts and textiles to ceramics and coins. In display were coins dated back to the ninth and tenth centuries, including some that featured the works of prominent calligraphers such as Sheikh Hamdullah al-Amasi and Hâfiz Osman. Authored Books

Arabic Calligraphy and Qur'an, a Shared Journey
This book was published in 2015, followed up by the passionate art collector <mask>-Fakhro after his personal exhibition in Katara. It mainly outlines the history of Arabic Calligraphy through the personal view of the author. The objects and artworks exhibited in the book are part of his private collection, mostly composed of original Qurans, along with some facsimile Qurans that he has collected. <mask>-Fakhroo has researched his collection for proof and examples on how the development and improvement of Arabic Calligraphy are intrinsically connected with the publishing and diffusion of Quran, throughout history. Calligraphy in Qatar
This book presents a selection of modern models that highlight the state’s keenness to promote the movement of artistic creativity in general and Arabic calligraphy in particular, starting with a display of the calligraphic collection in the Museum of Islamic Art, and followed by showing breathtaking views of Arabic calligraphy at several spots in Qatar Foundation, Hamad International Airport, and the Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassem Museum, in addition to a further selection of calligraphic arts in various public locations in Qatar.References

1965 births
Living people
Qatari businesspeople
Qatari writers
Qatari art collectors
Qatar University alumni

masks:
Ibrahim Bin Yousuf Al Hasan Al Fakhro
Ibrahim Al
Ibrahim Al
Ibrahim Al
Ibrahim Al
Ibrahim Al
Ibrahim Al


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<mask> or <mask> (, ; 1 January 192331 March 2011) was a Soviet partisan during World War II, who was convicted by Latvian supreme court as a war criminal. He is the only former Soviet partisan convicted of crimes against humanity. <mask> was convicted for his role in three deaths in Mazie Bati, a Latvian village where local inhabitants had denounced alleged partisans who were then killed by German troops. A short time later <mask> led a unit, posing as German Wehrmacht personnel, into the village and killed nine civilians, including three women, one in the late stages of pregnancy who was burned alive. A Latvian court declared the killing of the three women a war crime. Mazie Bati
On 29 February 1944, Latvian villagers from Mazie Bati (Malye Baty) allowed 12 men from the Soviet reconnaissance-sabotage group to stay in their barns. The next day, at six in the morning, the Germans, who Kononov suspected the villagers of aiding, burned and machine-gunned the barns.All 12 partisans, including the leader Major Chugunov, his wife Antonina and their 7-month-old son, were killed. On 27 May 1944, a detachment of the Soviet First Latvian Partisan Battalion led by <mask> staged a "counter operation" against the village of Mazie Bati. In this operation, nine villagers were accused of being the "German auxiliaries" (the Latvian armed resistance against the Soviet occupation of Latvia sided with the German invaders in 1941) responsible for the prior incident. <mask>'s men were sent to capture the villagers pursuant to an ad-hoc Military Tribunal verdict. <mask> and his men conducted the operation wearing German Wehrmacht uniforms so as not to arouse the suspicion of the villagers. Nine villagers were killed, including three women, one in the late stages of pregnancy who was burned alive. Buildings were burned as well.War crime prosecution

Original conviction and dismissal
In July 1998, original proceedings against <mask> were commenced by the Latvian Principal Public Prosecutor's Office, whereby in August 1998 he was formally charged and ultimately indicted in December 1998. <mask> pleaded not guilty at the trial which began in January 1999. Ample evidence of guilt was found by the court where <mask> was in violation of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal ("IMT") Nuremberg, the Hague Convention (IV) 1907 and the Geneva Convention (IV) 1949. He was found guilty and sentenced to six years imprisonment. On 25 April 2000, the Criminal Affairs Division in Latvia overturned his conviction on the grounds that it was not clearly established whether Kononov was operating on occupied territory and whether he and his men could be considered combatants, as well as whether the villagers could be considered prisoners of war based on their armament by the Germans. On 27 June 2000, the Supreme Court of Latvia dismissed the prosecutor's appeal, ultimately setting <mask> free. Second investigation and conviction
On 17 May 2001, <mask> was once again charged by the prosecutor's office following a new investigation.The deaths of six men were deemed justifiable, but the deaths of the three women were deemed an act of banditry, in violation of the law, but ultimately barred by statute of limitations. The prosecution appealed and on 30 April 2004, the decision of the lower court was overturned and <mask> was found guilty of war crimes, and subsequently jailed. On 28 September 2004, the Supreme Court upheld the verdict of the court in dismissing <mask>'s appeal. Appeal to ECHR
On 19 June 2008, <mask>'s lawyer Mikhail Ioffe, announced that the European Court of Human Rights had overturned the Latvian court ruling. He also said that <mask> was seeking  in compensation for the two and a half years his client spent in a Latvian prison. A press release published by the ECHR on 24 July 2008 revealed the Court's decision, establishing, by four votes to three, that the <mask>'s case presented a violation of Article 7 (no retrospective punishment) of the European Convention on Human Rights. <mask> was awarded  in respect of non-pecuniary damage.On 14 October 2008, the government of Latvia decided to appeal the 24 July judgment. On 9 February 2009, the case <mask> v. Latvia was referred to the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights. In May 2009, Lithuania has joined Latvia using its right to participate in the case. Final ruling
In May 2010, the Grand Chamber ruled, by 14 votes to 3, that the case presented no violation of Article 7 ECHR. Under the Hague Regulations of 1907, the court determined <mask> could be punished for failing to meet the regulation criteria, specifically, wearing German Wehrmacht uniforms while carrying out the crimes. The court determined the execution of the villagers was in violation of established international law at the time, as <mask> was only entitled to arrest them, and his conviction was not barred by statute of limitations. Support from Russia
At various times throughout the period of his prosecution for alleged war crimes, <mask> has received official support from the Government of Russia.In April 2000, immediately before judgement was to be handed down in his appeal with the Supreme Court of Latvia, he was offered citizenship of the Russian Federation by President Vladimir Putin. <mask> accepted the offer, which entailed giving up his previously held Latvian citizenship. On the event of his 80th birthday in 2003, <mask> received personal greetings from the Russian President, delivered at a ceremony held in the Russian Embassy in Riga. In the hearings of his case at the ECHR, Russia acted as a third party. Sergey Mironov, speaker of the Federation Council of Russia, expressed hopes that President Dmitry Medvedev's Historical Truth Commission would also become involved in the <mask> case. Impact on Nuremberg legacy
<mask>'s defence team, along with Russia's representative to the ECHR, Deputy Justice Minister Georgi Matyushkin, warned the ruling poses grave dangers to the legal legacy of the Nuremberg tribunals from World War II. Matyushkin stated "there are signs of attempts to revise the results of the Nuremberg processes."William Schabas, Latvia's counsel at the ECtHR trial, on the contrary, considers that the dissenting minority held Nuremberg judgment to be contrary to the Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Skepticism
Kononov's former superior officer, later academician and Soviet functionary, Vilis Samsons, has questioned some of the First Latvian Partisan Battalion's wartime reports upon which the accusations against Kononov are based, alleging the description of the Mazie Bati operation was rife with factual errors and imprecisions. Death
Kononov died in Latvia on 31 March 2011 at the age of 88. In a telegram to Kononov's family, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated: "Vasily Kononov selflessly fought the Nazi invaders throughout the years of the Great Patriotic War. He remained loyal to the common bonds forged in battle and defended the truth about the events of those years throughout his entire life." Awards

In recognition of his wartime service, the Soviet Union awarded Kononov various honours, including:
 the Order of Lenin;
 the Order of the Patriotic War, first class;
 the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. See also
Occupation of Baltic states
European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States

References

External links

Judgements

 Senate of the Supreme Court of Latvia, Criminal Case Section, Judgement in Case No.86000198 against V<mask> for war crimes (28 September 2004)
 European Court of Human Rights, Third Section, Judgment in <mask> v. Latvia (24 July 2008). European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, Judgment in <mask> v. Latvia (17 May 2010). Press releases

Press coverage

1923 births
2011 deaths
People from Kārsava Municipality
Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Politics of Latvia
Russian people convicted of crimes against humanity
Soviet Latvian partisans
Overturned convictions
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Latvia
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Lithuania
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Russia
Deaths from cancer in Latvia
Latvian people of Russian descent

masks:
Vassili Makarovich Kononov
Vasiliy Makarovich Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
Kononov
. Kononov
Kononov
Kononov


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<mask> (born in Paris) is an author of a dozen literary books and essays, translated in different languages. She is also conceiving art installations based on her literary texts in prestigious museums. She was working for a long time as a journaliste for international renown magazines and collaborates, the last 20 years, closely with the French photographer Gérard Rancinan. Her philosophical texts and essays are inspiration for Rancinan's photographs. Her editorial works and his photographs are influencing each other reciprocally. Therefore they are working as an artistic couple and exhibiting together their works, photographs as well as texts and books. Together, they are conceiving projects, whereas <mask> curates  exhibition and is in charge of the editorial outlines.Furthermore she gives form to her texts by integrating them into a calligraphy installation. These installations became part of the group exhibitions with Rancinan. Biography

As an independent journalist, <mask> contributes to international publications including Paris-Match, The Sunday Times Magazine, Stern and Time, and runs her blog, The Zig-Zag, which was launched in 2013. Work

One of the early collaboration projects with Gerard Rancinan was her historical reviewing of the people surviving Hiroshima. The project Paroles d'hibakusha presents the survivors, the so called  hibakusha, and gives them the possibility to express themselves. <mask> was conducting interviews in order to present the individual history and destiny. A crucial projet in her work is also the book A Small Man in a Big World, she published in 2014, in which was translated in English and Chinese.She conducted an interview with the American political scientist and senior fellow professor at Stanford University, Francis Fukuyama. Their thoughts about political systems, relationship with Modernity, cultural heritage and social contradictions became the leitmotiv of the interview. The relationship between the system and Mankind gave birth to the photographical series of Gerard Rancinan Small Man.

masks:
Caroline Gaudriault
Gaudriault
Caroline Gaudriault
Caroline Gaudriault


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<mask> (born April 6, 1969) is a Belgian investment, real estate, and hospitality entrepreneur. He is founder and president of the international asset management firm Elevated Returns, which controls the Aspen St. Regis Resort in Aspen, Colorado and other commercial properties in the United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia. He is also the founder and owner of Chefs Club, a restaurant group that features a rotating residency of chefs from around the world at its three locations in Aspen and New York City. <mask> is a pioneer in blockchain-based real estate investing. Through his firm Elevated Returns, he facilitated the first major commercial real estate transaction using blockchain technology to sell ownership stakes in the Aspen St. Regis Resort. He was also formerly part-owner of OptAsia Capital, a Bangkok-based investment firm founded in 2008, until he divested in 2018. Background
<mask> was born and raised in Belgium.He holds a bachelor's degree in business management and a master's degree in management sciences, finance and marketing from the Solvay Business School of Management at the Université libre de Bruxelles. He began his career in Europe as an auditor with the European Community and spent many years as an investment banker based in Bangkok, Thailand. Business

Elevated Returns
De Baets is the founder and president of Elevated Returns, a hospitality-centric asset management company based in New York City. The firm's portfolio of Class A real estate investment assets, which include properties in the United States, Southeast Asia and Europe, are collectively valued at more than US$1 billion. The firm is a pioneer in digitizing traditional financial assets using blockchain-based technology. In 2018, Elevated Returns launched the first major digital tokenization of a commercial real estate asset with the St. Regis Aspen Resort. In February 2019, Elevated Returns announced plans to digitize its entire portfolio of real estate assets using the blockchain technology Tezos.The digital offerings will be made available to accredited investors on the Securitize platform. In March of 2019, <mask>ets acquired 33% of Seamico Securities ZMICO (BKK) and repositioned it as a fully integrated fintech play in South East Asia offering blockchain digital assets solutions to traditional finance. Following the repositioning, Seamico Securities is being renamed XSPRING Capital. <mask>ets also founded ERX , a fully regulated digital assets exchange in Thailand. Aspen St. Regis Resort
De Baets is a majority controller of the Aspen St. Regis Resort in Aspen, Colorado, through the single-asset trust Aspen Digital Inc., which operates as a subsidiary of Elevated Returns. He purchased the property through Elevated Returns in 2010. The resort is located at the base of Aspen Mountain.In 2018, it was announced that Aspen St. Regis would serve as the backing asset for a digital tokenization offering allowing accredited investors to take minority ownership stakes in the property through a blockchain-based technology. The offering was the first major digital tokenization of a commercial real estate asset. To facilitate the digital tokenization of the Aspen St. Regis Resort, <mask>ets established Aspen Digital Token, also known as AspenCoin, in 2018. This venture used the blockchain technology Ethereum to sell 18 million digital securitized tokens representing ownership stakes in the Aspen St. Regis Resort. Each of the 18 million tokens were valued at $1, together representing an 18.9 percent ownership stake in the Aspen St. Regis. Elevated Returns maintained control of the other 81.9 percent. The sale of the tokens was administered on the digital asset platform Templum Markets.Aspen Digital Token later migrated to the Securitize platform and was to start trading in October 2019 in multiple exchanges. The tokens effectively operate as shares in the property. <mask> has stated that the tokenization strategy allows for "the democratization of the investing process" by removing middlemen. Because it is based on blockchain technology, computers are able to independently verify ledgers and other transaction records associated with the sale of the tokens, which removes layers of intermediaries that would otherwise be paid in a transaction. The blockchain-based offering has also been heralded as a blueprint for future real estate transactions, as it holds the potential to reduce financial reliance on authoritative institutions like banks, courts or governments to referee transactions and property ownership. The Aspen St. Regis was the subject of a controversy regarding its cancellation policy. It received extensive publicity when it imposed a $2,000 charge on a points reservation for a guest whose arrival was delayed because of weather.Stories posted by travel bloggers with millions of followers reported that the Aspen St. Regis had not disclosed these fees at the time the reservation was made. Chefs Club
In 2012, <mask>ets launched the restaurant group Chefs Club inside the St. Regis Resort in Aspen, Colo. Chefs Club launched a second location in New York City in 2014, followed by a fast-casual location called Chefs Club Counter in 2017. The group has been called an innovator in the industry. At first, Chefs Club featured full nightly menus from a rotating cast of nearly 200 prominent chefs from around the world. In 2017, the restaurant group transitioned from its nightly menu and visiting chef format to a residency program, in which a different chef assumes complete creative control of the space and menu at one of its three locations for months at a time. The restaurant has been called "a showcase for culinary stars" and has been named to Time Magazine's list of 100 Best Restaurants.Visiting chefs have included Zaiyu Hasegawa, Alain Ducasse, Daniel Humm of Eleven Madison Park, Alvin Cailin of Eggslut, Matthew Lightner of Atera, Jonathon Sawyer of the Greenhouse Tavern and Noodlecat, Bao La of Le Garçon Saigon, Kevin Willmann of Farmhaus, Jenn Louis of Lincoln and Sunshine Tavern, Mathieu Pacaud of L'Ambroisie, Cyril Lignac of Le Quinzième, JJ Johnson of Minton's, Jeremiah Langhorne of The Dabney, Sota Atsumi of Clown Bar, Georges Mendes, Emeril Lagasse, Marcus Samuelsson, Jacques Pépin, Matthew Accarrino, and many more. <mask>ets has stated his desire to turn the Chefs Club concept into a global enterprise. A fourth location has opened in Taipei, Taiwan. Personal life
<mask> is married to hospitality executive Sabrina Huls. They live in New York City and have four children. <mask>ets speaks French, English, Dutch and Thai. References

1969 births
Living people
21st-century Belgian businesspeople
Université libre de Bruxelles alumni

masks:
Stephane De Baets
De Baets
De Baets
De Ba
De Ba
De Ba
De Baets
De Ba
De Ba
De Baets
De Ba


text_chunks: <mask> (born 23 October 1966) is an Icelandic composer and bass guitarist. He has worked with musicians Wadada Leo Smith, Derek Bailey, Lou Reed, Jon Hassel, David Sylvian, Arto Lindsay, and composers Ryuichi Sakamoto, Jóhann Jóhannsson, and Hildur Guðnadóttir. He is known for his work as artistic director for Ólöf Arnalds, recordings with Blonde Redhead, and as musical director for Laurie Anderson. Skúli released duo albums with Anthony Burr, Oskar Gudjonsson, and Hilmar Jensson. He has been a member of Pachora, Alas No Axis, the Allan Holdsworth group, and the Ben Monder group. His solo works include Seremonie in 1997 and Sería in 2006. Seria was chosen Best Album of the Year by the Icelandic Music Awards.Skúli plays dobro, double bass, and charango, in addition to bass guitar. He has composed music for the Icelandic Dance Company (Open Source), the National Theatre of Iceland (Volva), and films and installations such as Welcome and Music for Furniture with Olafur Thordason, Spatial Meditation with Claudia Hill, and When it was Blue with filmmaker Jennifer Reeves. Skúli founded Seria, an ensemble featuring Amedeo Pace, Ólöf Arnalds, David Thor Jonsson, Anthony Burr, Eyvind Kang, and Hildur Guðnadóttir in 2005. He released Seria in 2006 and Seria ll in 2010. Skúli has won five Icelandic Music Awards, including Icelandic Album of the Year for Seria in 2006. He has appeared on over one hundred recordings and has performed with Hildur Guðnadóttir, Hilmar Jensson, Jim Black, Chris Speed, Anthony Burr, Laurie Anderson, Allan Holdsworth, Ryuichi Sakamoto, David Sylvian, Blonde Redhead, Yungchen Lhamo, Jamshied Sharifi, Ólöf Arnalds, Pachora, and Alas No Axis. He was a part of Mo Boma with Jamshied Sharifi and Carsten Tiedemann, releasing four albums on Extreme; "Jijimuge", "Myths of the Near Future - Part One", "Myths of the Near Future - Part Two" and "Myths of the Near Future - Part Three".


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<mask> ( 312–321) was a Duan-Xianbei chieftain during the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the brother of his tribe's chieftain, <mask>an, and served as his general against the rival Han Zhao state. Although the Duan tribe and Han eventually made peace, <mask>, on his own accord, took over a revolt against Han in Jicheng and submitted to Jin. Pidi become Jin's Inspector of Youzhou, and by the late 310s, he was one of the state's strongest vassals in the north. However, a civil war between him and his cousin, <mask>i, and his execution of the popular Jin general Liu Kun saw his power quickly dwindled, eventually forcing him to flee to another Jin vassal named Shao Xu. <mask>'s forces were defeated by Later Zhao in 321, and though he was treated as a guest during his captivity, Pidi was later executed in fear that he would revolt. His name can be rendered as <mask>.Early life and career
<mask> <mask> was a member of the Xianbei Duan clan of Liaoxi. His father, <mask> Wuwuchen was the head of the clan between 303 and 311. At the start of the 4th century, the Duan clan allied with the Youzhou warlord, Wang Jun and played an important role in Wang's campaign against the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying, during the War of the Eight Princes. The Duan tribe and Wang Jun continued their association after the war, combining their efforts to stop the new and growing state of Han Zhao. Some time around 310, <mask>'s elder brother, <mask> Jilujuan, succeeded Wuwuchen as chieftain following his death. <mask> Pidi participated during Jilujuan's attack on Xiangguo in 312, as part of Wang Jun's plan to divert the Han general, Shi Le, away from the rebelling city of Yuanxiang (苑鄕, in present-day Hebei and Beijing). The Duan forces fought Shi Le at Xiangguo but their star general, Pidi's cousin, <mask> Mopei, was captured in battle.Despite being a prisoner, Mopei was treated with courtesy by Shi Le, which pleased Jilujuan. Because of this, the Duan tribe ceased their enmity with Shi Le and distanced themselves from Wang Jun. Wang Jun was eventually captured and executed by Shi Le in 314. After Wang's defeat, Shi Le appointed a man named Liu Han (劉翰) to be acting Inspector of Youzhou based in Jicheng. However, Liu Han instead fled to <mask> <mask>, who he offered control over Jicheng. Pidi accepted on his own accord before occupying the city and submitting himself to Sima Rui, the paramount leader of Jin in the south. For this, Sima Rui made Pidi Jin's new Inspector of Youzhou.Pidi also urged Shi Le's Administrator of Leling, Shao Xu, to submit to the Jin prince as well. Shao Xu did so, and Shi Le immediately responded by sending his army to besiege him. However, Pidi sent <mask> Wenyang to reinforce Shao Xu, so Shi Le called off his attack. As Inspector of Youzhou

Alliance with Liu Kun
In 316, Shi Le sent his nephew Shi Hu to attack the Administrator of Wei Commandery, Liu Yan (劉演). Pidi sent Wenyang to rescue Liu Yan, and while the commandery fell, Liu Yan was safely retrieved. Later that year, the Inspector of Bingzhou, Liu Kun lost his province to Shi Le. Liu Kun was left with nowhere to go, so Pidi sent a letter to invite him over to his base.Liu Kun took what was left of his army to meet with <mask> and the two men quickly befriended each other. Forming a brotherly bond, <mask> and Liu Kun arranged their relatives to marry one another to further cement their friendship. The next year, <mask> and Liu Kun swore an oath of alliance by smearing their lips with blood. Afterwards, they sent their respective envoys to deliver a joint petition urging Sima Rui to claim the imperial title. Liu Kun chose his nephew Wen Jiao to deliver the petition, while <mask> chose his Chief Clerk of the Left, Rong Shao (榮卲). After their envoys reached the southern capital, Pidi proclaimed Liu Kun as Grand Commander. He also later tried to get Jilujuan into joining forces with him in a campaign against Shi Le.However, <mask> Mopei advised Jilujuan against agreeing with Pidi, so Jilujuan did not respond, and Pidi had to cancel the campaign. Arrest and execution of Liu Kun
Jilujuan died in early 318 and was succeeded by his uncle, <mask> Shefuchen. <mask> left Jicheng to attend his funeral but without his knowledge, <mask> Mopei manipulated Shefuchen into believing that <mask> was about to usurp his power. At Zuobeiping, Shefuchen attacked Pidi but was then betrayed by Mopei who assassinated him while his and Pidi's forces were fighting. Mopei then took command of the assault and routed Pidi. During this, Mopei capturing Liu Kun's son Liu Qun (劉群), who was escorting Pidi to the funeral. Mopei treated Liu Qun well and considered supporting Liu Kun into becoming the new Inspector of Youzhou.He had Liu Qun write a letter to his father asking him to work as an agent within Pidi's camp, but his envoy was caught by Pidi's scouts along the way. Liu Kun knew nothing of the letter when Pidi confronted him with it. Pidi had no suspicion towards Liu Kun, and Liu Kun himself assured that he had no intentions to betray Pidi. <mask> let him off at first, but his younger brother, <mask> Shujun (段叔軍), was able to get his brother to heavily reconsider his actions. <mask> quickly had Liu Kun arrested. Liu Kun's son, Liu Zun (劉遵), upon hearing his father's arrest, mounted a defence in his camp but was defeated by Pidi. Two of Liu Kun's generals, Pilü Song (辟閭嵩) and Han Ju (韓據), also planned to retaliate, but Pidi had the conspirators executed after their plot leaked.On 22 June, through the consent of Sima Rui's commander, Wang Dun, Pidi claimed that he had received an imperial edict to arrest Liu Kun and subsequently executed him along with his four sons and nephews via strangulation. Although Liu Kun had long helped Jin in attempting to restore its authority in the north, Sima Rui refused to punish Pidi and forbid anyone from mourning Liu Kun, as Rui and most of the court thought of Pidi as a powerful and valuable asset. Despite Sima Rui's leniency, Pidi had underestimated Liu Kun's popularity, and the breaking of his oath caused many of the Han Chinese and tribal people to lose their trust in Pidi. Alliance with Shao Xu

Fleeing to Shao Xu
Seeing that support for Pidi was declining, <mask> Mopei took the opportunity to attack him. Pidi led his army away from battle and tried to flee to Shao Xu in Leling but was badly routed by Shi Le's general Shi Yue (石越; not to be confused with the Former Qin general of the same name, Shi Yue) at Mount Yan. Pidi retreated back to Jicheng while Mopei declared himself the new Inspector of Youzhou. Pidi remained in his city for a year, but by 319, his situation had worsened.Shi Le's general Kong Chang had taken all of Youzhou's commanderies while most of <mask>'s soldiers abandoned him due to depleting rations. <mask> planned to escape through Shanggu but the Prince of Dai, Tuoba Yulü, was waiting to attack him there. Desperate, <mask> abandoned his wife and children and made another attempt to flee to Shao Xu, this time successfully doing so. Defense of Yanci
In 320, <mask>'s army was once again harassed by Mopei. <mask> pleaded to Shao Xu to assist him in getting revenge on Mopei, so the two men headed out and routed Mopei. <mask> followed up his victory by attacking Jicheng together with <mask> Wenyang to reclaim his old base. This proved a fatal mistake as Shao Xu was left exposed to Shi Le.Shi Hu attacked Yanci (厭次, around present-day Dezhou, Shandong) and captured Shao Xu. News of Shao Xu's defeat reached Pidi, causing him to rush back to save the city. <mask> Wenyang helped the army fight their way back into the city, where Pidi commanded the defence together with Shao Xu's family. In the middle of the year, Wenyang defeated Kong Chang, but it was not enough to completely repel the Zhao army. Fighting continued into the next year in 321. Shi Hu attacked Pidi at Yanci again, while Kong Chang occupied the inner cities. <mask> Wenyang volunteered himself to lead a daring charge with his cavalries to drive back the invaders.Wenyang valiantly fought and killed dozens of Shi Hu's soldiers. Supposedly, even after his horse had collapsed, Wenyang fought back with his spear, and when his spear snapped, he fought with his blade. This lasted for a day but Wenyang was eventually captured Shi Hu. His capture lowered the morale of the city's defenders. Defeat and death
Faced with imminent defeat, <mask> planned to flee alone to the south to serve Sima Rui. However, Shao Xu's brother, Shao Ji (邵樂) detained him and handed over Sima Rui's envoy, Wang Ying (王英) to Shi Hu. Shortly after, Shao Ji and his sons bound themselves to coffins and went out to surrender.When <mask> met with Shi Hu, he said to him, "I have received the favor of Jin, and my ambition was to destroy you. It is unfortunate that things have come to this, but I cannot respect you." Shi Le and Shi Hu had always respected Pidi, so much so that after his capture, Shi Hu lifted him up in the air and had him saluted as a gesture of companionship. <mask> was made Champion General, while Wenyang was made General of the Household Gentlemen of the Left. Despite Shi Le's favour, Pidi remained loyal to Jin. Pidi often dressed himself in clothing used in the Jin court and held the imperial staff of authority that Sima Rui gave him. Shi Le was worried that Pidi's attitude foreboded a future revolt.After some time, Shi Le had Pidi put to death along with Wenyang and Shao Xu. References

 Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu). Sima, Guang  (1084). Zizhi Tongjian

Jin dynasty (266–420) generals
Executed Sixteen Kingdoms people
Duan tribe

masks:
Duan Pidi
Duan Jiluju
Pidi
Duan Mope
Pidihao Xu
Duan Pixi
Duan
Pidi
Duan
Pidi
Duan
Duan
Duan
Duan
Pidi
Duan
Pidi
Pidi
Pidi
Pidi
Duan
Duan
Pidi
Duan
Pidi
Pidi
Duan
Pidi
Duan
Pidi
Pidi
Pidi
Pidi
Pidi
Pidi
Duan
Duan
Duan
Pidi
Pidi
Pidi


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Brigadier Sir <mask>,  (3 May 190016 December 1988) was a senior Australian Army artillery officer during World War II and a post-war leader of the principal ex-service organisation in South Australia. He commanded the 2/7th Field Regiment during the First and Second Battles of El Alamein in the Western Desert campaign in North Africa in 1942, for which he was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. Upon return from the Middle East, he commanded the artillery of the 7th Division during the final stage of the Salamaua–Lae campaign and during the Markham, Ramu and Finisterre campaigns in New Guinea between August 1943 and April 1944. He commanded the artillery of the 9th Division during the Borneo campaign in 1945. <mask> was military governor of the Raj of Sarawak after taking the Japanese surrender at Kuching, and he was commander of the Headquarters Group of Central Command in South Australia from 1950 to 1953. He was the state president of the Returned Sailors', Soldiers' and Airmen's Imperial League of Australia (the Returned & Services League from 1965) between 1950 and 1954 and again from 1961 to 1972. He was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1953, and knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1970, for his volunteer work on behalf of ex-servicemen.Early life and career

Thomas Charles <mask> was born on 3 May 1900 at Hyde Park, South Australia, the eldest of six children of Charles William <mask>, who was a plumber, and his wife Agnes Ann  Scutt. Known as <mask>, <mask> attended Goodwood Public School, but his formal education ended at the age of 12 when he left school to care for his ill mother and his five younger siblings. His father was at that time struggling to support the family. Despite leaving school, <mask> remained active in the Boy Scout movement. He worked for a hardware company, Colton, Palmer & Preston Ltd, as a purchasing officer. It was during this time that he acquired managerial skills that he employed effectively in his later career. Having served four years in the compulsory senior cadets, in 1918 <mask> enlisted as a part-time soldier in the Australian Field Artillery of the Citizen Forces.He was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1922, and was posted to the 13th Field Brigade where he soon earned a reputation as an effective trainer of artillerymen. He was appointed as the commander of the 50th Battery of the brigade in 1924. On 31 October of the following year, <mask> married Ruby Sybil Bruce, a saleswoman and youngest daughter of Mrs A.H.Bruce, in the Baptist church at Richmond, and after a honeymoon at Port Noarlunga they lived in the northern part of Colonel Light Gardens known as Reade Park. The couple had five sons: Bruce, who was later the Leader of the Opposition from 1972 to 1975 and Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1979 to 1982; Keith, David, Geoff and Barry. <mask> was promoted to captain in 1926. His proficiency as an artillery officer was demonstrated by his involvement in two innovations: in 1926, he was the first Australian artillery officer to use survey procedures to accurately predict gun data to engage targets without ranging, and the following year a Royal Australian Air Force pilot adjusted the fire of Eastick's battery during field firing. Also in 1927, he took over the management of an engineering company in Adelaide.This led to him co-founding a small engineering business, Angas Engineering Co. (Pty Ltd) at premises in Moore Street, Adelaide, with a mechanic friend. The business venture went well until the Great Depression began around 1929, after which difficulties mounted. In 1930, <mask> was promoted to major in the recently renamed Militia. <mask> was appointed as a justice of the peace in 1935. In 1938 his battery won the Mount Schank Trophy as the most efficient Militia field battery in the country. The following year, <mask> was temporarily promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed as the commanding officer of the 13th Field Brigade. World War II

Service in the Middle East

In early 1940, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, <mask> put the 13th Field Brigade through a training program over a three-month period.In April his promotion to lieutenant colonel in the Militia was made substantive, and he was appointed at the same rank to raise and command the 2/7th Field Regiment, part of the Second Australian Imperial Force (Second AIF) which was being raised for overseas service. Initially consisting of the 13th Battery raised in South Australia, and the 14th Battery raised in Western Australia, its original members were mainly Militia artillerymen who had volunteered for the Second AIF. In October the regiment was allocated to the 9th Division and the following month the regimental headquarters and 13th Battery embarked on the troopship  at Port Adelaide, and picked up the 14th Battery at Fremantle en route to the Middle East. <mask>'s regiment arrived in the Middle East in December 1940, and was garrisoned at Qastina in Palestine where it conducted training with World War I vintage QF 18-pounder guns and QF 4.5-inch howitzers. In March 1941 the 9th Division was moved to Egypt, but due to lack of vehicles the 2/7th Field Regiment did not join them until the following month. Initially deployed to a staging area at Ikingi Maryut, and in late May it moved forward into defensive positions at Mersa Matruh. By the end of July, the regiment had received most of its entitlement of 24 Ordnance QF 25-pounder guns.In the same month, a troop of the regiment was sent to the Siwa Oasis on the edge of the Great Sand Sea. At the beginning of September, the rest of the regimentless another troop that remained at Mersa Matruh to calibrate its newly received gunsmoved forward to a position between the Axis-controlled Halfaya Pass and the Allied-held fortress of Sidi Barrani. <mask> took over the control of artillery in the coastal sector, which included anti-tank and light anti-aircraft batteries. The regiment remained there, harassing the enemy, until it was relieved on 22 September. The 2/7th Field Regiment moved to reserve positions, and <mask> was briefly in command of one of the reserve columns between 26 September and 1 October. In early October <mask> was advised that his regiment was to be withdrawn to rejoin the 9th Division, which had been withdrawn from Tobruk and was rebuilding in Palestine. As part of the withdrawal, the regiment was to be reorganised to include three batteries, the 13th, 14th and 57th.The regiment remained in the desert for a while longer, harassing the enemy. On 12 October <mask> went forward to watch a troop conduct counter-battery fire in support of a raid. During the withdrawal, <mask>'s vehicle was machine-gunned by German aircraft and he witnessed a British fighter pilot being shot while parachuting from his stricken aircraft. <mask> arranged a proper burial service and laid the pilot to rest where he fell. After a further successful operation coordinated with bombers against enemy camps, on 16 October the regiment drove eastwards, its fighting in the Middle East having come to an end. During his time as commanding officer, <mask> became known as "February <mask>", due to his proclivity to sentence disciplinary cases to 28 days' punishment. Instead of rejoining the division immediately, the 2/7th was transferred to become the depot regiment at the Royal Artillery-run Middle East School of Artillery near Cairo in Egypt for three months.This was an honour granted in recognition of the level of efficiency reached by the regiment under <mask>'s command. From February to June 1942, the regiment was deployed in defensive positions at Bsarma near Tripoli in Allied-occupied French Syria. In June, the 9th Division was deployed back to Egypt to bolster Allied defences at El Alamein. The division was allocated to the northern sector and the 2/7th Field Regiment was placed under the command of the division's 26th Brigade, taking up a position at Kilo 91, east of El Alamein, on 8 July. Two days later the 26th Brigade attacked German positions on the high ground of the Tel el Eisa, supported by the whole of the divisional artillery, as part of the First Battle of El Alamein. The Germans subsequently counter-attacked, and over a five-day period, the 2/7th Field Regiment fired 20,129 rounds. In September, the regiment supported Operation Bulimba, a diversionary attack launched by the 20th Brigade.The 2/7th Field Regiment again supported the 20th Brigade during the Second Battle of El Alamein in October and November 1942, by firing 65,594 rounds across the 13 days of fighting. The regiment also participated in the pursuit of the enemy as they withdrew, pushing forward as far forward as El Dabaa. Following this vital success, the 9th Division, including the 2/7th Field Regiment, returned to Australia to prepare for operations against the Japanese closer to home. On 15 December, <mask> was mentioned in despatches for "gallant and distinguished services in the Middle East during the period November 1941 to April 1942", which recognised the high level of efficiency reached by the 2/7th Field Regiment under <mask>'s command. The regiment arrived in Fremantle on 18 February 1943. On the same day, <mask> was made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in recognition of "gallant and distinguished services in the Middle East during the period May 1942 to October 1942", covering the period of both battles of El Alamein. The citation stated:

After dropping off its Western Australian members in Fremantle, the regiment disembarked in Melbourne a week later.In March, <mask> was awarded the Efficiency Decoration (ED) for twenty years' service in the Citizen Forces and Militia. The members of the regiment were given leave, and the regiment moved to Queensland in April for further training. Service in the Pacific

In June 1943, <mask> was appointed commander of the 7th Division artillery with the temporary rank of brigadier. He deployed to New Guinea with the division in August, and commanded the artillery assets of the division during the landing at Nadzab and advance to Lae in September as part of the closing phase of the Salamaua–Lae campaign, and then during the Markham, Ramu and Finisterre campaigns until April 1944 when the division returned to Australia. Two months later <mask> was appointed as commander of the 9th Division artillery. The 9th Division was at that time reforming and training on the Atherton Tablelands in North Queensland after fighting in the Salamaua–Lae and Huon Peninsula campaigns in New Guinea. Due to rapid developments in the war and strategic uncertainty over the role of Australian forces in the Pacific, the 9th Division remained in Australia for over a year before seeing action once more.While the Australian I Corps (of which the 9th Division was part) had originally been intended to participate in the liberation of the Philippines, these plans were dropped, and the Corps was instead tasked with the liberation of Borneo between 1 May and 15 August 1945. This was the division's final involvement in the war and its participation in the campaign was broken up into two primary operations: the Battle of Tarakan, a landing on Tarakan Island also known as Operation Oboe One; and Operation Oboe Six, which consisted of a landing at Brunei on the north Borneo coast, and a landing and subsequent battle on the island of Labuan. The 9th Division was responsible for administering the Japanese surrender in British Borneo, including Sarawak, Brunei and Labuan Island, and the Natuna Islands. This territory was divided into five zones, one of which was the Raj of Sarawak south of the mouth of the Rajang River. <mask> was appointed commander of Kuching Force, which was responsible for the latter zone, Kuching being the capital of the Raj of Sarawak. Kuching Force totalled around 2,000 men from the 2/4th Pioneer Battalion, 2/12th Commando Squadron, engineers from the 2/7th Field Company, and assorted other units. On 6 September, <mask> flew to Kuching in a Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat and gave instructions to Japanese officers regarding the surrender before departing.Two days later, he sailed back to Kuching aboard the  , and at 14:35 on 11 September he took the surrender from Major General Hiyoe Yamamura aboard Kapunda. Kuching Force disembarked that afternoon. <mask> was responsible for: accepting the surrender of the Japanese in his zone and interning them; releasing and evacuating around 2,017 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and internees, including 400 stretcher cases and 237 women and children; and establishing military control in the zone. This included liberating and repatriating Allied POWs held in the large Batu Lintang camp. By 14 September 858 POWs and internees had been evacuated. By the end of October, 6,124 Japanese troops and 1,770 Japanese civilians were interned in the Kuching Force zone. <mask> was military governor of Sarawak until December, when a British Indian Army garrison arrived to relieve Kuching Force.<mask> then administered command of the 9th Division until February 1946, and on 28 February he transferred to the Reserve of Officers with the honorary rank of brigadier. He was subsequently made a Companion of the Order of the Star of Sarawak, which he was later authorised to wear alongside his other medals. Post-war career

<mask> returned to civilian life and his business and became involved in ex-service organisations. He became a member of the Colonel Light Gardens sub-branch of the Returned Sailors’, Soldiers’ and Airmen’s Imperial League of Australia (RSSAILA) (the Returned & Services League (RSL) from 1965), the principal Australian veterans' organisation. He was recalled to service in January 1950 with the rank of brigadier, and was posted as the commander of the Headquarters Group of Central Command in Adelaide. During this posting he was also an honorary aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Australia, Sir William McKell. <mask> had a leading role in the development of A Call to the People of Australia, an exhortation to Australian citizens to "Fear God, Honour the King", which was launched on Remembrance Day 1951 and signed by church leaders and the chief justices of the states.From 1950 to 1954 he was the state president of RSSAILA, and in Queen Elizabeth II's 1953 Coronation Honours was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) for his work with the organisation. In 1953, <mask> was profiled in the Adelaide newspaper The News, which detailed some of his wide-ranging volunteer work and concluded that "he seems to have deserved that CMG". <mask> returned to the Reserve of Officers on 1 October 1953. From 1955 to 1960, <mask> was the colonel commandant of the Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery. He was again the state president of RSSAILA and then the RSL between 1961 and 1972. Early in his second stint as president, <mask> urged the state premier, Sir Thomas Playford, to investigate RSSAILA allegations about communists working within state government departments. Playford later tabled a report that detailed an investigation into suspected communists and commended the RSSAILA for bringing the issue to public notice.<mask> was a Freemason, and the federal president of the Australia Day Council from 1963 to 1965. He served in honorary roles in about 25 organisations, many of which were ex-service related. A knighthood in recognition of his work for the interests of ex-servicemen was announced in the 1970 New Year Honours. It was conferred on him in person by Queen Elizabeth II on 24 April 1970 at Government House, Canberra. In September 1972, following the discovery of a National Socialist Party of Australia training camp at Gawler, South Australia, <mask> said that there was "no room in Australia for anybody with subversive  thoughts like the Nazi Party". In 1974 several harness races at a Globe Derby Park charity race day were named in <mask>'s honour. <mask> continued to work at Angas Engineering until 1977, and was again federal president of the Australia Day Council from 1976 to 1980.His wife, now Ruby, Lady Eastick, died suddenly in 1980, and after a few years he moved to the Masonic Nursing Home in Somerton Park. He died there on 16 December 1988 and was cremated. <mask>'s entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography by David N. Brook states that:

Footnotes

References

Books

News and documents

Gazettes

Websites

1900 births
1988 deaths
Australian brigadiers
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian veterans' rights activists
Raj of Sarawak
People from Adelaide
Recipients of the Order of the Star of Sarawak
Australian Freemasons

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<mask>  (born November 18, 1939) is a Canadian poet, novelist, literary critic, essayist, teacher, environmental activist, and inventor. Since 1961, she has published 18 books of poetry, 18 novels, 11 books of non-fiction, nine collections of short fiction, eight children's books, and two graphic novels, and a number of small press editions of both poetry and fiction. <mask> has won numerous awards and honors for her writing, including two Booker Prizes, the Arthur C. Clarke Award, the Governor General's Award, the Franz Kafka Prize, Princess of Asturias Awards, and the National Book Critics and PEN Center USA Lifetime Achievement Awards. A number of her works have been adapted for film and television. <mask>'s works encompass a variety of themes including gender and identity, religion and myth, the power of language, climate change, and "power politics". Many of her poems are inspired by myths and fairy tales which interested her from a very early age. <mask> is a founder of the Griffin Poetry Prize and the Writers' Trust of Canada.She is also a Senior Fellow of Massey College, Toronto. She is the inventor of the LongPen device and associated technologies that facilitate remote robotic writing of documents. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, the second of three children of Carl Edmund <mask>, an entomologist, and <mask> (née Killam), a former dietitian and nutritionist from Woodville, Nova Scotia. Because of her father's research in forest entomology, <mask> spent much of her childhood in the backwoods of northern Quebec, and travelling back and forth between Ottawa, Sault Ste. Marie and Toronto. She did not attend school full-time until she was 12 years old. She became a voracious reader of literature, Dell pocketbook mysteries, Grimms' Fairy Tales, Canadian animal stories, and comic books.She attended Leaside High School in Leaside, Toronto, and graduated in 1957. <mask> began writing plays and poems at the age of 6. As a child, she also participated in the Brownie program of Girl Guides of Canada. <mask> has written about her experiences in Girl Guides in several of her publications. Atwood realized she wanted to write professionally when she was 16. In 1957, she began studying at Victoria College in the University of Toronto, where she published poems and articles in Acta Victoriana, the college literary journal, and participated in the sophomore theatrical tradition of The Bob Comedy Revue. Her professors included Jay Macpherson and Northrop Frye.She graduated in 1961 with a Bachelor of Arts in English (honours) and minors in philosophy and French. In 1961, <mask> began graduate studies at Radcliffe College of Harvard University, with a Woodrow Wilson fellowship. She obtained a master's degree (MA) from Radcliffe in 1962 and pursued doctoral studies for two years, but did not finish her dissertation, The English Metaphysical Romance. Personal life
<mask> has a sister, <mask>, born in 1951, and a brother who is two years older, Harold Leslie <mask>. She claimed 17th century witchcraft-lynching survivor Mary Webster to be her ancestor. Webster is the subject of <mask>'s poem "Half-Hanged Mary", as well as the subject of <mask>'s dedication in her novel The Handmaid's Tale (1985). <mask> married Jim Polk, an American writer, in 1968, but later divorced in 1973.She formed a relationship with fellow novelist Graeme Gibson soon afterward and moved to a farm near Alliston, Ontario, where their daughter, Eleanor Jess <mask> Gibson, was born in 1976. The family returned to Toronto in 1980. <mask> and Gibson were together until September 18, 2019, when Gibson died after suffering from dementia. She wrote about Gibson in the poem Dearly and in an accompanying essay on grief and poetry published in The Guardian in 2020. <mask> said about Gibson "He wasn't an egotist, so he wasn't threatened by anything I was doing. He said to our daughter towards the end of his life, 'Your mum would still have been a writer if she hadn't met me, but she wouldn't have had as much fun'". Although she is an accomplished writer, Atwood says that she is "a terrible speller" who writes both on a computer and by hand.Career

1960s
<mask>'s first book of poetry, Double Persephone, was published as a pamphlet by Hawkshead Press in 1961, winning the E.J. Pratt Medal. While continuing to write, <mask> was a lecturer in English at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, from 1964 to 1965, Instructor in English at the Sir George Williams University in Montreal from 1967 to 1968, and taught at the University of Alberta from 1969 to 1970. In 1966, The Circle Game was published, winning the Governor General's Award. This collection was followed by three other small press collections of poetry: Kaleidoscopes Baroque: a poem, Cranbrook Academy of Art (1965); Talismans for Children, Cranbrook Academy of Art (1965); and Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein, Cranbrook Academy of Art (1966); as well as, The Animals in That Country (1968). <mask>'s first novel, The Edible Woman, was published in 1969. As a social satire of North American consumerism, many critics have often cited the novel as an early example of the feminist concerns found in many of <mask>'s works.1970s
Atwood taught at York University in Toronto from 1971 to 1972 and was a writer in residence at the University of Toronto during the 1972/1973 academic year. Atwood published six collections of poetry over the course of the decade: The Journals of Susanna Moodie (1970), Procedures for Underground (1970), Power Politics (1971), You Are Happy (1974), Selected Poems 1965–1975 (1976), and Two-Headed Poems (1978). Atwood also published three novels during this time: Surfacing (1972); Lady Oracle (1976); and Life Before Man (1979), which was a finalist for the Governor General's Award. Surfacing, Lady Oracle, and Life Before Man, like The Edible Woman, explore identity and social constructions of gender as they relate to topics such as nationhood and sexual politics. In particular, Surfacing, along with her first non-fiction monograph, Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature (1972), helped establish Atwood as an important and emerging voice in Canadian literature. In 1977 Atwood published her first short story collection, Dancing Girls, which was the winner of the St. Lawrence Award for Fiction and the award of The Periodical Distributors of Canada for Short Fiction. By 1976, there was such interest in Atwood, her works, and her life that Maclean's declared her to be "Canada's most gossiped-about writer."1980s
<mask>'s literary reputation continued to rise in the 1980s with the publication of Bodily Harm (1981); The Handmaid's Tale (1985), winner of the Arthur C. Clarke Award and 1985 Governor General's Award and finalist for the 1986 Booker Prize; and Cat's Eye (1988), finalist for both the 1988 Governor General's Award and the 1989 Booker Prize. Despite her distaste for literary labels, <mask> has since conceded to referring to The Handmaid's Tale as a work of science fiction or, more accurately, speculative fiction. As she has repeatedly noted, "There's a precedent in real life for everything in the book. I decided not to put anything in that somebody somewhere hadn't already done." While reviewers and critics have been tempted to read autobiographical elements of <mask>'s life in her work, particularly Cat's Eye, in general <mask> resists the desire of critics to read too closely for an author's life in their writing. Filmmaker Michael Rubbo's <mask>: Once in August (1984) details the filmmaker's frustration in uncovering autobiographical evidence and inspiration in <mask>'s works. During the 1980s, <mask> continued to teach, serving as the MFA Honorary Chair the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, 1985; the Berg Professor of English, New York University, 1986; Writer-in-Residence, Macquarie University, Australia, 1987; and Writer-in-Residence, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, 1989.Regarding her stints with teaching, she has noted, "Success for me meant no longer having to teach at university." 1990s
<mask>'s reputation as a writer continued to grow with the publication of the novels The Robber Bride (1993), finalist for the 1994 Governor General's Award and shortlisted for the James Tiptree Jr. Award, and Alias Grace (1996), winner of the 1996 Giller Prize, finalist for the 1996 Booker Prize, finalist for the 1996 Governor General's Award, and shortlisted for the 1997 Orange Prize for Fiction. Although vastly different in context and form, both novels use female characters to question good and evil and morality through their portrayal of female villains. As <mask> noted about The Robber Bride, "I'm not making a case for evil behavior, but unless you have some women characters portrayed as evil characters, you're not playing with a full range." The Robber Bride takes place in contemporary Toronto, while Alias Grace is a work of historical fiction detailing the 1843 murders of Thomas Kinnear and his housekeeper Nancy Montgomery. <mask> had previously written the 1974 CBC made-for-TV film The Servant Girl, about the life of Grace Marks, the young servant who, along with James McDermott, was convicted of the crime. 2000s

Novels

In 2000, <mask> published her tenth novel, The Blind Assassin, to critical acclaim, winning both the Booker Prize and the Hammett Prize in 2000.The Blind Assassin was also nominated for the Governor General's Award in 2000, Orange Prize for Fiction, and the International Dublin Literary Award in 2002. In 2001, <mask> was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. <mask> followed this success with the publication of Oryx and Crake in 2003, the first novel in a series that also includes The Year of the Flood (2009) and MaddAddam (2013), which would collectively come to be known as the MaddAddam Trilogy. The apocalyptic vision in the MaddAddam Trilogy engages themes of genetic modification, pharmaceutical and corporate control, and man-made disaster. As a work of speculative fiction, <mask> notes of the technology in Oryx and Crake, "I think, for the first time in human history, we see where we might go. We can see far enough into the future to know that we can't go on the way we've been going forever without inventing, possibly, a lot of new and different things." She later cautions in the acknowledgements to MaddAddam, "Although MaddAddam is a work of fiction, it does not include any technologies or bio-beings that do not already exist, are not under construction or are not possible in theory."In 2005, <mask> published the novella The Penelopiad as part of the Canongate Myth Series. The story is a retelling of The Odyssey from the perspective of Penelope and a chorus of the twelve maids murdered at the end of the original tale. The Penelopiad was given a theatrical production in 2007. In 2016, <mask> published the novel Hag-Seed, a modern-day retelling of Shakespeare's The Tempest, as part of Penguin Random House's Hogarth Shakespeare Series. On November 28, 2018, <mask> announced that she would publish The Testaments, a sequel to The Handmaid's Tale, in September 2019. The novel features three female narrators and takes place fifteen years after the character Offred's final scene in The Handmaid's Tale. The book was announced as the joint winner of the 2019 Booker Prize on October 14, 2019.Non-fiction
In 2008, Atwood published Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth, a collection of five lectures delivered as part of the Massey Lectures from October 12 to November 1, 2008. The book was released in anticipation of the lectures, which were also recorded and broadcast on CBC Radio One's Ideas. Chamber opera
In March 2008, Atwood accepted a chamber opera commission. Commissioned by City Opera of Vancouver, Pauline is set in Vancouver in March 1913 during the final days of the life of Canadian writer and performer Pauline Johnson. Pauline, composed by Tobin Stokes with libretto by <mask>, premiered on May 23, 2014, at Vancouver's York Theatre. Graphic fiction
In 2016, Atwood began writing the superhero comic book series Angel Catbird, with co-creator and illustrator Johnnie Christmas. The series protagonist, scientist Strig Feleedus, is victim of an accidental mutation that leaves him with the body parts and powers of both a cat and a bird.As with her other works, <mask> notes of the series, "The kind of speculative fiction about the future that I write is always based on things that are in process right now. So it's not that I imagine them, it's that I notice that people are working on them and I take it a few steps further down the road. So it doesn't come out of nowhere, it comes out of real life." Future Library project
With her novel Scribbler Moon, <mask> is the first contributor to the Future Library project. The work, completed in 2015, was ceremonially handed over to the project on May 27 of the same year. The book will be held by the project until its eventual publishing in 2114. She thinks that readers will probably need a paleo-anthropologist to translate some parts of her story.In an interview with the Guardian newspaper, <mask> said, "There's something magical about it. It's like Sleeping Beauty. The texts are going to slumber for 100 years and then they'll wake up, come to life again. It's a fairytale length of time. She slept for 100 years." Invention of the LongPen
In early 2004, while on the paperback tour in Denver for her novel Oryx and Crake, <mask> conceived the concept of a remote robotic writing technology, what would later be known as the LongPen, that would enable a person to remotely write in ink anywhere in the world via tablet PC and the Internet, thus allowing her to conduct her book tours without being physically present. She quickly founded a company, Unotchit Inc., to develop, produce and distribute this technology.By 2011, the company shifted its market focus into business and legal transactions and was producing a range of products, for a variety of remote writing applications, based on the LongPen technologies. In 2013, the company renamed itself to Syngrafii Inc. In 2021, it is cloud based and offers Electronic signature-technology. As of May 2021, Atwood is still co-founder and a director of Syngrafii Inc. and holder of various patents related to the LongPen and related technology. Poetry
In November 2020 Atwood published Dearly, a collection of poems exploring absences and endings, ageing and retrospection, and gifts and renewals. The central poem, Dearly, was also published in The Guardian newspaper along with an essay exploring the passing of time, grief, and how a poem belongs to the reader; this is accompanied by an audio recording of <mask> reading the poem on the newspaper's website. Recurring themes and cultural contexts

Theory of Canadian identity
Atwood's contributions to the theorizing of Canadian identity have garnered attention both in Canada and internationally.Her principal work of literary criticism, Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature, is considered somewhat outdated, but remains a standard introduction to Canadian literature in Canadian studies programs internationally. The continued reprinting of Survival by Anansi Press has been criticized as a view-narrowing disservice to students of Canadian literature by some critics, including Joseph Pivato. In Survival, Atwood postulates that Canadian literature, and by extension Canadian identity, is characterized by the symbol of survival. This symbol is expressed in the omnipresent use of "victim positions" in Canadian literature. These positions represent a scale of self-consciousness and self-actualization for the victim in the "victor/victim" relationship. The "victor" in these scenarios may be other humans, nature, the wilderness or other external and internal factors which oppress the victim. Atwood's Survival bears the influence of Northrop Frye's theory of garrison mentality; Atwood uses Frye's concept of Canada's desire to wall itself off from outside influence as a critical tool to analyze Canadian literature.According to her theories in works such as Survival and her exploration of similar themes in her fiction, <mask> considers Canadian literature as the expression of Canadian identity. According to this literature, Canadian identity has been defined by a fear of nature, by settler history, and by unquestioned adherence to the community. In an interview with the Scottish critic Bill Findlay in 1979, <mask> discussed the relationship of Canadian writers and writing to the 'Imperial Cultures' of America and Britain.<ref>Findlay, Bill (1979), Interview with <mask>', in Bold, Christine (ed. ), Cencrastus No. 1, Autumn 1979, pp. 2 - 6.</ref>

<mask>'s contribution to the theorizing of Canada is not limited to her non-fiction works. Several of her works, including The Journals of Susanna Moodie, Alias Grace, The Blind Assassin and Surfacing, are examples of what postmodern literary theorist Linda Hutcheon calls "historiographic metafiction".In such works, <mask> explicitly explores the relation of

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