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<mask> (June 24, 1797 – January 3, 1864) was an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. He was the fourth Bishop and first Archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York, serving between 1842 and his death in 1864. In 1841, he founded St. John's College, which would later become Fordham University. A native of Ireland, <mask> was born and raised in the south of County Tyrone. He emigrated to the United States in 1817, and became a priest in 1826 and a bishop in 1838. A figure of national prominence, he exercised great moral and social influence, and presided over a period of explosive growth for Catholicism in New York. He was regarded as "the best known, if not exactly the best loved, Catholic bishop in the country."He became known as "Dagger <mask>," both for his following the Catholic practice wherein a bishop precedes his signature with a cross, as well as for his aggressive personality. Early life
<mask> was born in the hamlet of Annaloghan, near Augher, in County Tyrone, part of the Province of Ulster in the north of Ireland. He was the third of seven children of Patrick and Margaret (née McKenna) <mask>. In reference to the anti-Catholic penal laws of Ireland, he later observed that, prior to his baptism, he had lived the first five days of his life on terms of "social and civil equality with the most favored subjects of the British Empire." He and his family suffered religious persecution in their native land; his late sister was denied a Catholic burial conducted by a priest, and <mask> himself was nearly attacked by a group of Orangemen when he was about 15. He was sent with his elder brothers to a day school in the nearby village of Augher, and afterwards attended a grammar school in Aughnacloy. <mask>, a poor but respectable tenant farmer, was forced to withdraw <mask> from school and sent him to work one of his farms.However, being disinclined to farm life, he was placed as an apprentice to Roger Toland, the gardener at Favour Royal Manor, to study horticulture. His family emigrated to the United States in 1816 and settled in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. <mask> joined them there the following year. He made several unsuccessful applications to Mount St. Mary's College in Emmitsburg, Maryland, where he was eventually hired by its Rector, the Abbé <mask>, S.S., as a gardener. During this time he befriended Mother Elizabeth Ann Seton, who was favorably impressed by <mask> and persuaded Dubois to reconsider his admission. <mask> was subsequently admitted as a regular student of Mount St. Mary's in September 1820. In addition to his studies, he continued to supervise the garden, and served as a tutor in Latin and mathematics as well as prefect over the other students.At that time, the president of Mount St. Mary's was the brilliant Simon Bruté, who also lectured on Sacred Scripture and taught Theology and Moral Philosophy. (Bruté would later become the first bishop of the Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana.) <mask> would on numerous occasions consult with his former teacher for advice long after he had left Emmitsburg. Priesthood
As a seminarian, <mask> resolved to serve his home Diocese of Philadelphia, then governed by Bishop Henry Conwell. The bishop, while performing a canonical visitation of his diocese, met <mask> at his parents' home in Chambersburg and invited him to accompany him on the remainder of his visitation. On October 15, 1826, <mask> was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Conwell at Old St. Joseph's Church in Philadelphia. <mask>' first assignment was as a curate at St. Augustine's Church in Philadelphia, where he assisted its pastor, the Rev.Father Michael Hurley, O.E.S.A., by celebrating Mass, hearing confessions, preaching sermons, and other duties in the parish. Later that year he was sent to serve as a missionary in Bedford, where he secured the conversions of several Protestants. In January 1827, he was recalled to Philadelphia and named pastor of St. Joseph's Church. He laboured afterwards at St. Mary's Church, whose trustees were in open revolt against the bishop, and were subdued by <mask> only when he built St. John the Evangelist Church in 1832, then considered one of the finest in the country. Previous to this, in 1829, he founded St. John's Orphan Asylum. About this time <mask> became engaged in a public controversy over Catholic beliefs with the Rev. <mask>. Breckinridge, a distinguished Presbyterian clergyman and son of the former Attorney General in the Jefferson Administration.Several debates ensued between the two concerning whether Catholicism was compatible with American republicanism and liberty. Though it was predicted that the Irish immigrant would be outclassed by his better educated Protestant adversary, <mask> acquitted himself very well against his opponent's attacks on his religion. The debates resulted in the pugnacious <mask>' emergence as a vigorous defender of Catholicism in America. His name was mentioned for the vacant see of Cincinnati and as a coadjutor for Philadelphia. Episcopacy

Coadjutor bishop
<mask> was chosen by Pope Gregory XVI as the coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of New York on August 7, 1837. He was consecrated bishop at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral on January 7, 1838, with the title of the titular see of Basilinopolis, by the Bishop of New York, <mask>, S.S., his former Rector. Although wishing <mask> no ill, many of the priests in the diocese had favored the popular Rev <mask>, Vicar-General.Power had been overlooked for the position in 1826 when Dubois won the appointment as bishop. The clergy demonstrated their disappointment by not attending the consecration. Trusteeism
One challenge <mask> took on upon arriving in New York was the dispute between the trustees of various parishes in the city, who held the control of these institutions. This practice was known as trusteeism, and the bishop challenged both the practicality and the legitimacy of it. <mask> drew upon his experience with this situation in Philadelphia and was able to get a referendum passed by the Catholics of the city in 1841 supporting the authority of the bishop. Education
<mask> also campaigned actively on behalf of Irish immigrants, and attempted to secure state support for parochial schools; the effort failed. He protested against the standard use of the King James Bible in public schools by the Public School Society, a private organization which operated the schools of New York City.He claimed that it was an attack on Catholic constitutional rights of double taxation, because Catholics would need to pay taxes for public school and also pay for the parochial school to send their children, to avoid having their children indoctrinated by teachers following the Protestant teachings footnoted in that translation of the Bible. However, there are no footnotes in the King James Bible; nonetheless the translation itself favoured a Protestant doctrine over a Catholic one, in addition to being a translation from the Textus Receptus rather than the Catholic Latin Vulgate. When he failed to secure state support, he founded an independent Catholic school system in New York, as did other Catholic centers. The resulting parochial school systems which became an integral part of the Catholic Church's structure two decades after <mask> died, at the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (1884). It mandated that all parishes nationwide have a school and that all Catholic children be sent to those schools. Bishop of New York
<mask> was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the diocese the following year, due to Dubois' failing health. As coadjutor, he automatically succeeded Dubois upon the bishop's death on December 20, 1842.He took over a diocese which covered the entire State of New York and northern New Jersey, having only some 40 priests to serve a Catholic population estimated to be about 200,000 at the time. In 1844 anti-Catholic riots instigated by Nativist agitators threatened to spread to New York from Philadelphia, where two churches had been burned and twelve people had died. <mask> put armed guards at Catholic churches and, after learning a Nativist rally was scheduled to take place in New York, famously told the Nativist sympathizing mayor that "if a single Catholic Church were burned in New York, the city would become a second Moscow" – a reference to the Fire of Moscow. City leaders took him at his word, and the anti-Catholic faction was not allowed to conduct its rally. <mask> founded the Ultramontane newspaper the New York Freeman to express his ideas. In 1850 he delivered an address entitled "The Decline of Protestantism and Its Causes," in which he announced as the ambition of Catholicism "to convert all Pagan nations, and all Protestant nations. . . . Our mission [is] to convert the world –including the inhabitants of the United States – the people of the cities, and the people of the country, . . . the Legislatures, the Senate, the Cabinet, the President, and all!"<mask> held a "strong commitment to the cause of Irish freedom" but also felt that immigrants, particularly his fellow Irish immigrants, "should demonstrate their unswerving loyalty to their adopted land." Archbishop
<mask> became an archbishop on July 19, 1850, when the diocese was elevated to the status of archdiocese by Pope Pius IX. As archbishop, <mask> became the metropolitan for the Catholic bishops serving all the dioceses established in the entire Northeastern United States. He convened the first meeting of the Ecclesiastical Province of New York in September 1854. After this he traveled to Rome, where he was present at the proclamation of the Immaculate Conception as a dogma of the Catholic Church by Pope Pius. <mask> served as President Lincoln's semiofficial envoy to the Vatican and to France in later 1861 and early 1862. Lincoln also sought <mask>' advice on the appointment of hospital chaplains.In an address in March 1852, <mask> lionized what he referred to as the "spirit of the constitution," expressed hope that the "parties" of the republic would be completely "penetrated" by that spirit, and stated that the founders' achievements in the realm of religious freedom were "original" in history and that the constitution's "negation of all power to legislate" on "rights of conscience" made American law on that topic superior to that of other countries which had secured these rights "by some positive statute." In the same address, <mask> also expressed sentiments of religious toleration, stating that "we are indebted" to the "liberality of Protestantism," in light of the fact that the framers of the Constitution "were almost, if not altogether, exclusively Protestants," while averring that the strong leadership of Washington and the variety of opposing Protestant views were likely more influential to the framers' stance on religious freedom than Protestantism itself. <mask> also stated that "the great men who framed the Constitution saw, with keen and delicate perception, that the right to tolerate implied the equal right to refuse toleration, and on behalf of the United States, as a civil government, they denied all right to legislate in the premises, one way or the other." He affirmed the role of Catholic soldiers in American wars, declaring, "I think I shall be safe in saying that there has not been one important campaign or engagement in which Catholics have not bivouacked, fought, and fallen by the side of Protestants, in maintaining the rights and honor of their common country." <mask> also said that "It is... out of place, and altogether untrue, to assert or assume that this is a Protestant country or a Catholic country. It is neither. It is a land of religious freedom and equality; and I hope that, in this respect, it shall remain just what it now is to the latest posterity," and also that "Catholics, as such, are by no means strangers and foreigners in this land....The Catholics have been here from the earliest dawn of the morning." Slavery, and <mask>el
While <mask> did not endorse slavery, he suggested that the conditions of the "starving laborers" in the Northern states were often worse than that of those held in bondage in the South. He believed the Abolitionist movement veered towards ideological excess. In 1842 <mask> had cautioned his flock against signing O'Connell's abolitionist petition ("An Address of the People of Ireland to their Countrymen and Countrywomen in America") which he regarded as unnecessarily provocative. Against what he saw as the Protestant republican agenda promoted by the Young Irelander exile <mask> and his journal the Citizen, <mask>, nonetheless, took a stand on the issue. Mitchel was uncompromising in defence of slavery, denying it was a crime, "or even a peccadillo to hold slaves, to buy slaves, to keep slaves to their work by flogging or other needful correction". He, himself, might wish for "a good plantation well-stocked with healthy negroes in Alabama."At Mitchel saw it, <mask> copied the abolition press "to cast an Alabama plantation" in his "teeth”. Death

<mask> served as archbishop until his death. He was originally buried in the old St. Patrick's Cathedral, but his remains were exhumed in 1882 and reinterred in the crypt under the altar of the new St. Patrick's Cathedral which he had undertaken to build. Character
Monsignor Thomas Shelley in his study on <mask> described him as a very "complex character," with one side that was "impetuous and authoritarian, a poor administrator and worse financial manager, indifferent to the non-Irish members of his flock, and prone to invent reality when it suited the purposes of his rhetoric." But Shelley finds this did not detract from the effectiveness of <mask>, who established 61 new parishes along with many other institutions. Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes that <mask> "labored to bring a largely working-class Irish community into a meaningful relationship with Catholic Christianity" while at the same time working "to conciliate middle-class Catholics and Protestant well-wishers whose financial support he needed for his amazingly ambitious program of building." Howe continues, "Although no theologian, <mask> ranks high for political judgment and in the significance of his accomplishments among nineteenth century American statesmen, civil as well as ecclesiastical.He successfully coped with fierce party competition in New York, bitter battles over the public school system, revolutions in Europe, the rise of nativism across the United States, and soaring rates of immigration after the Great Famine of Ireland. He encouraged his people to hard work, personal discipline, and upward social mobility." "Crucially, he combined his staunch American patriotism with staunch devotion to a nineteenth-century papacy deeply suspicious of all liberalism, especially American." <mask> "succeeded in fostering a strong Irish American identity, one centered on the Catholic faith rather than on the secular radicalism of the Irish nationalists who competed with him for community leadership." This achievement, however, came "at the cost of losing to the Irish-American community the Irish Protestant immigrants." According to his later successor, Patrick Cardinal Hayes, named archbishop of New York in 1919, Archbishop <mask> was severe of manner, and kindly of heart, but was not aggressive until assailed. Legacy
In New York, <mask> founded St. John's College (now Fordham University) and, under his administration, invited many religious congregations to staff and administrate schools in New York, among them members of the Society of Jesus (to whom he entrusted the care of St. John's), who also established Fordham Prep and Xavier High School; the Brothers of the Christian Schools who founded Manhattan College; and he established as an autonomous congregation the Sisters of Charity of New York, in which his sister Angela was a member, who founded the Academy of Mount St. Vincent (now College of Mount Saint Vincent).All of these institutions remain active to this day. "<mask> Hall," the first purpose-built home of Fordham Prep, was named for the archbishop in 1935. The building currently houses Fordham University's Gabelli School of Business on its Rose Hill campus. There is also a dining space on the Rose Hill campus named  "Dagger John's" in honor of <mask>. In addition, each year, Fordham recognizes a graduating senior who has demonstrated achievement in the study of philosophy with an award named in honor of <mask>. To the dismay of many in New York's Protestant upper-class, <mask> foresaw the uptown expansion of the city and began construction of the current St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Street, laying its cornerstone on August 15, 1858. It was not completed until after his death.At the time, due to its remote location in a still-rural part of Manhattan, the new cathedral was initially dubbed "<mask>' Folly" by the press for many years. Ultimately, <mask>' foresight proved providential, as the rapid urban growth uptown would soon place the new cathedral in the emerging urban center of midtown Manhattan. References

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1797 births
1864 deaths
People from County Tyrone
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
Mount St. Mary's University alumni
19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
Roman Catholic archbishops of New York
Fordham University faculty
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Burials at St. Patrick's Old Cathedral
Burials at St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)
University and college founders

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Zimri (Hebrew: , Zīmrī, lit. "praiseworthy", also transliterated as Zambri due to a Greek corruption of Omri), was the fifth king of Israel. His reign lasted only seven days. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 876 BCE, while E. R. Thiele offers the date 885 BCE. His story is told in 1 Kings, Chapter 16. Ancestry

According to Louis Ginzberg, Zimri was the only monarch born from the Tribe of Simeon. Reportedly, this Tribe never received a blessing from Moses,  and did not have an impact in the royal successions of Israel.In Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright (1902), J. H. Allen suggested that <mask> was a descendant of Zerah. Zerah is a character in the Book of Genesis, one of the twin sons of Judah and Tamar. Zerah was the twin brother Perez, and one of the founding members of the Tribe of Judah. Allen's speculation was based on the Books of Chronicles. In 1 Chronicles 2:6, another character called "<mask>" is listed among the five sons of Zerah:

Allen thought it likely that <mask>, son of Zerah was a namesake ancestor of King <mask>. Tomoo Ishida suggested instead that the narrative of dynastic instability in the Kingdom of Israel suggests an underlying rivalry among tribes for its throne. In the biblical narrative, the House of Jeroboam was from the Tribe of Ephraim, while the House of Baasha was from the Tribe of Issachar.The Omrides are connected in this narrative with the city of Jezreel, where they maintained a second palace. According to the Book of Joshua, Jezreel was controlled by the Tribe of Issachar. Ishida views the narrative as suggesting that the Omrides themselves were members of the Tribe of Issachar. The assassinated king Elah and Omri thus shared a "common tribal origin", and were possibly kinsmen. Omri and the Tribe of Issachar's opposition to <mask> indicates that Zimri was not a member of their tribe. Ishida views both <mask> and his successor Tibni as likely members of the Tribe of Ephraim, its candidates in an attempt to reclaim the throne. But he also suggests another hypothesis, that Tibni originated from the city of Gina (also known as Beth-haggan) mentioned in the Amarna letters (14th century BC).In the Biblical narrative, this city was under the control of the Tribe of Manasseh. So Tibni could instead be the Tribe of Manasseh's candidate for the throne. Similarly, genealogist David Hughes speculated that <mask> and Tibni were members of the Tribe of Ephraim, and siblings to each other. He further speculated that they were descendants of Hoshea, son of Azaziah, one of the rulers of the Tribe of Ephraim. Hoshea and Azaziah are characters briefly mentioned in the Books of Chronicles (I Chronicles 27:20), where Hoshea is a contemporary of David:

Reign

He was the chariot commander who murdered king Elah and all his family members at Tirzah, as Elah was drinking in the house of Arza, his steward. <mask> succeeded Elah as king. However, <mask> reigned only seven days, because the army elected Omri as king.With their support, Omri laid siege to Tirzah. Finding his position untenable, <mask> set fire to the palace, killing himself. Omri solidified his reign only after four years of war with Tibni, another claimant to the throne. Analysis

In the biblical text, <mask> is introduced as the military commander who leads half of the chariotry in the army of Elah, King of Israel. The text offers no background information on <mask>, focusing entirely on the assassination of Elah by <mask>, and the subsequent extermination of the House of Baasha which <mask> orchestrated. According to Marvin A. Sweeney, this lack of detail is a consequence of the ephemerality of <mask>a, Zimri apparently had no historical impact.The motivation behind <mask>'s coup d'état is not stated in the biblical text, though it is "readily intelligible" from its context in the narrative. in the late years of his reign, Baasha of Israel had faced a military alliance against him, formed by the Kingdom of Judah and the Arameans. The northernmost areas of the Kingdom of Israel were under the threat of an Aramean invasion, and Baasha had been forced to abandon his control over the city of Ramah in Benjamin. In other words, Israel was facing a military and political disaster, which likely undermined the political support for the reigning House of Baasha. According to the biblical text, Elah was assassinated in the city of Tirzah. <mask> attacked him within the residence of Arza, who was apparently the royal steward. The sparse narrative offers no other information on Arza.The narrative does mention that Elah was suffering from alcohol intoxication at the time of the assassination. During his short reign, <mask> reportedly managed to exterminate the entire House of Baasha, along with their kinspeople and their supporters. The narrative claims that <mask> was following an oracle, given by a diviner called Jehu. Zimri reportedly left the corpses of his victims, the members of the House of Baasha, unburied. The corpses were used as food by the local dogs and birds. The biblical text then mentions that the army of Israel was far from Tirzah at the time of the assassination. The army was besieging Gibbethon, a city controlled by the Philistines.The implication here is that <mask> was free to act, because the absent army could not defend king Elah. Presumably <mask> hoped that he could secure his place on the throne before the army could react to his coup. In the Biblical narrative, the army of Israel refuses to accept <mask> as a legitimate king, and instead elects its commander Omri as a rival candidate for the throne, an anti-king. The text implies that <mask> used to be subordinate to Omri in the command hierarchy of the army, and still had more influence on the troops than <mask>. The narrative continues with Omri and his army rapidly marching towards Tirzah, and besieging the city. <mask> apparently did not expect such a rapid response to his coup, and did not have enough time to organize the defense of the city. The city fell after a brief siege.<mask> set the royal palace on fire and died in the flames, choosing suicide by self-immolation over surrendering to Omri. Following <mask>'s death, the narrative continues with a civil war between the rival kings Omri and Tibni. The sparse text leaves it unclear whether Tibni was a supporter of <mask> who took over the leadership of <mask>'s political faction, or whether he was an opportunist who was merely attempting to take advantage of the power vacuum created by <mask>. William H. Barnes interprets the phrase "half the king's chariot" to mean that there were two chariot military formations in the army of Israel. <mask> apparently led a chariot formation stationed at the city of Tirzah itself, from where it could easily respond to military attacks by the Kingdom of Judah. The other formation, which is not mentioned in the text, was likely stationed at the city of Megiddo. Barnes suggests that Elah was attending a private party at the time of his assassination.The writers of the Books of Kings used this occasion to express their disapproval of political or military leaders drinking to excess. Not directly stated is that <mask> took advantage of the party, to strike at Elah while his guard was down. The host of the party, Arza, was the supervisor of the palace. Making his position equivalent to that of a majordomo or prime minister. Zimri's elimination of all members of the previous reigning family was a then-"typical procedure", in order to avoid reprisals from Elah's heirs. Despite holding a high-ranking position in the military, <mask> never receives a patronymic in the biblical narrative. This likely indicates that this monarch's ancestry was humble or obscure.The name 'Zimri" has been suggested to derive from the Aramaic language. Another possible explanation is that it was a theophoric name, a shortening of the phrase "strength of Yahweh". If so, Yahweh was Zimri's tutelary deity. Barnes calls attention to the siege of Gibbethon in the narrative of <mask>'s reign. A previous siege of Gibbethon is mentioned in the First Books of Kings, taking place in the last year of the reign of Nadab of Israel, 24 years before <mask>'s rise to the throne. Several writers have suggested that the implication in the text is the army of Israel had been intermittently besieging this city for 24 years, without ever managing to capture it. A testament to the military weakness of Israel under the rule of the House of Baasha.The biblical narrative views <mask>'s death in the flames as a "tragically heroic" manner of dying, indicating that suicide was not seen as a cowardly way to die. <mask>'s suicide has similarities to Samson's suicide in the Book of Judges. The text describing the fire is vague enough to allow the possibility that Omri's army had set the palace on fire, instead of <mask> himself. However, the text otherwise indicates that <mask> chose the manner of his death. The writers of the Books of Kings accuse <mask> of repeating the sins of his distant predecessor, Jeroboam. This is a standard condemnation, used in the narrative to vilify every king of Israel. <mask> did not reign long enough to emulate Jeroboam's policies, or to commit the other sins typically indicated.While a reign of seven days is usually attributed to <mask>, there is a divergent account in the Greek-language text of the Codex Vaticanus. This variant attributes a reign of seven years to <mask>. The difference likely derives from the Hebrew term "Yamim" and how it was interpreted. It is variously translated as "days" or "years", and specifically translates to "years" in passages from the Books of Samuel. Barnes notes that there is a discrepancy in the way the narrative depicts <mask>. He is castigated as a usurper and a traitor in nearly every passage of the narrative, yet treated as a tragic hero in the narrative of his death. <mask>'s suicide by self-immolation is not unique in ancient narratives.The legendary king Sardanapalus of Assyria supposedly died in this manner, and there are similar accounts on the deaths of the historical kings Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon (reigned 667-648 BC) and Sinsharishkun of Assyria (reigned c. 627-612 BC). Barnes notes that <mask> was the last king of Israel to use Tirzah as his capital city. His successor Omri transferred the capital to the city of Samaria. Hillel I. Millgram draws a number of inferences, based on the available information in the sparse text. First, <mask>'s coup was probably the result of "meticulous planning", and prepared in advance. Within a few days, <mask> and his unnamed supporters managed to hunt down and execute the extended royal family, along with its friends and its supporters. This suggests that the entire ruling circle of the Kingdom was swiftly executed.In Millgram's views, this suggests that <mask> had prepared a hit list which identified the intended victims. The executions were likely carried out by death squads employed by <mask>. <mask>'s swift executions seem to have had a clear purpose, to prevent the formation of a counter-revolution which would oppose his regime. He probably expected the rest of the kingdom to accept the regime change as fait accompli, miscalculating his own influence over the royal army. The news of the assassinations may have caught Omri by surprise, but likely inspired the ambitious general to claim the throne for himself. <mask>'s purge likely inspired resentment among the troops, which Omri managed to use for his own purposes. Millgram estimates a distance of  between Zimri's headquarters in Tirzah, and Omri's headquarters outside the walls of Gibbethon.A distance which an army could cover within two days of loaded marching. The fall of Tirzah after a surprisingly short siege, allows insight into the flaws of Zimri's planning. The capital city lacked the provisions to endure a longer siege. <mask> may have found preparations for a siege unnecessary, or he devoted most of his attention to the purge instead of the defensive measures needed. The general population of the city would be unlikely to take risk in defense of the new regime, as this regime had been dedicated to killing part of the city's residents. The city probably fell with minimal resistance, and <mask>'s suicide indicates that <mask> himself accepted the defeat of his forces. His main concern was to escape captivity at the hands of his enemies.The narrative of his brief reign suggests that <mask> never left Tirzah. Consequently, he did not have the time to make a pilgrimage to the holy site of Bethel, which was a religious duty for the kings of Israel. Millgram makes the observation that the narrative in the Books of Kings presents <mask> as more ruthless and bloodthirsty than the previous usurpers of the king. Jeroboam had usurped the throne from the legitimate king Rehoboam, but did not actually kill Rehoboam. Jeroboam's supporters merely killed Adoniram, one of Rehoboam's subordinate officials. Baasha had usurped the throne from the legitimate king Nadab, by killing both Nadab and the extended royal family of the House of Jeroboam. But Baasha is not mentioned killing Nadab's other supporters.<mask> killed Elah the extended royal family of the House of Baasha, and their supporters. In this narrative of successive usurpations, <mask>'s reign thus represents an event of conflict escalation. The suicide of <mask> plays a role in the narrative concerning the succession. It absolves Omri from accusations of regicide. Following Jeroboam and Nadab, Omri becomes the third king of Israel who has neither committed regicide (unlike Baasha and <mask>), nor is the son of a regicide (unlike Elah). According to Edward F. Campbell, there is one distinctive feature of the biblical narrative concerning the kings <mask> and Omri. The military of Israel itself is the instigator of the action in this narrative, assisting in the elevation of both kings in power.No prophet is depicted in this narrative, there is neither divine intervention, nor any hint of divine approval or disapproval for any action in this narrative. The narrative does not depict any deity, and any representative of a deity. The transition in government is thus not explained through an appeal to divine authority, unlike other narratives in the Books of Kings. Robin Gallaher Branch has observed that the Biblical text uses the term "'ebed" (slave, servant) in reference to <mask>'s social position before rising to the throne, rather than the term "mesharet" (free servant) which was often used for military officials serving the Hebrew monarchs. In his view, this suggests that <mask> may have been a literal slave who was entrusted with a military position. <mask>'s relatively high-ranking military position suggests that he had sufficient "brawn, brute force, and technical skill" to serve in this position. In the biblical narrative, Elah behaves similarly to his distant predecessor David.David remained in his capital Jerusalem during wartime operations, choosing to stay away from the front lines. David entrusted the leadership of his army to Joab and devoted his own time to committing adultery with a married woman, Bathsheba. Following David's precedent, Elah entrusted the leadership of his army to Omri, and stayed away from the front lines. He devoted his own time to alcohol drinking and attending parties. The behavior seems intended to prevent the kings from risking their own lives in war, and to use their soldiers to handle life-threatening situations. Yet, this behavior gave <mask> the opportunity to assassinate Elah, in the absence of most of the royal army. <mask> was not the only Biblical character to commit suicide.The group of other Biblical suicide victims includes Saul, Ahitophel, and Judas Iscariot. While the Biblical narrative depicts <mask>'s boldness and willingness to take decisive action, his short reign exhibits only one outstanding skill of this monarch: <mask> was a "proficient killer". Branch observes that the narrative implies that <mask> lacked administrative skills. He connects Zimri to a passage of the Book of Proverbs (30:21–22) which disparages servants who become kings, apparently because their powerful position makes them "excessively pretentious, arrogant, and disagreeable". Such behaviour by Zimri could explain why he lacked sufficient popular support in his conflict with Omri. Legacy
The name <mask> became a byword for a traitor who murdered his master. When Jehu led a bloody military revolt to seize the throne of Israel, killed both Jehoram king of Israel and Ahaziah king of Judah, and entered the citadel of Jezreel to execute Queen Jezebel, she greeted him with the words: "Is it peace, Zimri, you murderer of your master?"(). In John Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, the character of <mask> stands for the Duke of Buckingham. References

Further reading

9th-century BC Kings of Israel
880s BC deaths
Regicides
Biblical murderers
Suicides by self-immolation
Ancient people who committed suicide
House of Zimri
Tribe of Simeon
Dethroned monarchs

masks: Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimriash Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri Zimri


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<mask> (February 3, 1927 – December 14, 2003) was a Filipino journalist and politician who held several high-ranking positions in the executive and legislative branches of the Philippine government, including as Senate President from 1999 to 2000, and as Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 2002 until his death. Perceived as a leftist-nationalist at the onset of his career in public service, <mask> was, in his final years, a vocal supporter for allowing a limited United States military presence in the Philippines, and for American initiatives in the War on Terror including the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq. <mask>'s most enduring role was his nineteen years as Secretary (later Minister) of Labor and Employment during the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, when Philippine labor laws were overhauled through the enactment of the Labor Code of the Philippines that he had helped author. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Hagonoy, Bulacan on February 3, 1927, to <mask>, a craftsman who repaired boats, and his wife Segundina Fajardo. He graduated valedictorian of his grade school class at the Hagonoy Elementary School in 1941. Upon the invasion of the Philippines by Japan during World War II, he also had been to Hagonoy Institute during his secondary schooling, the teenage <mask> joined the guerilla movement and fought under the Del Pilar Regiment and the Buenavista Regiment of the Bulacan Military Area founded by Alejo Santos. In 1948, he finished his high school studies at the Far Eastern University High School in Manila.He worked towards a degree in liberal arts at the Educational Center of Asia (formerly Quezon College) in Manila. After graduation, <mask> pursued a career in journalism. He became a desk editor at the Daily Mirror and the author of its Jeepney Tales column. Still in his twenties, <mask> was one of the youngest newspaper columnists of that era. <mask> also established a public relations consulting firm. He soon became known for his nationalist views. He co-founded the Kilusang Makabansa (National Progress Movement), an organization which frequently spoke out on issues of nationalism and social justice in the 1950s.In 1953, he joined the Magsaysay-for-President Movement, a volunteer group supporting the presidential campaign of Ramon Magsaysay, heading its Executive Planning Committee and working as a speechwriter for candidates of the Nacionalista Party. After Magsaysay's election, he joined the government as special assistant to the Secretary of Labor and technical assistant on labor and agrarian affairs. Secretary of Labor
In 1965, <mask> was appointed as Social Security Commissioner by President Ferdinand E. Marcos. In 1967, he was appointed Secretary of Labor and Employment (in 1978 the position was renamed Minister of Labor and Employment). He resigned briefly in 1971 to run an unsuccessful campaign for election to the Philippine Senate, but was re-appointed to his post in 1972, retaining the position until 1986. At the time of his appointment, <mask> was perceived as a "leftist Nationalist". His leftist credentials were enhanced when he co-founded, in 1972, the Philippine-Soviet Friendship Society.As Labor Secretary <mask> was instrumental in the framing of the Labor Code of the Philippines, which codified the labor laws of the country and introduced innovations such as prohibiting the termination of workers without legal cause. <mask> instituted labor policies institutionalizing the technical education of workers. In 1976, <mask> initiated a program for the overseas employment of Filipino workers. It was during his tenure at Labor that the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration and the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration were created. <mask> obtained recognition from the International Labour Organization during his stint as Labor Minister. In 1975, he was elected president of the 60th International Labour Conference of the ILO, the first Filipino to hold that post. In 1983, that organization awarded <mask> a Gold Medal of Appreciation.He was a close adviser of President Marcos, though he was not later to be associated with the corruption of the Marcos' government and was  perceived as "not corrupt". He created international headlines in December 1984 when he admitted to the press that the lupus-stricken Marcos was incapacitated to the point of being unable "to take major initiatives", and that the President's illness had placed the Philippines in "a kind of interregnum". Marcos responded a few days later by baring his chest to his Cabinet before television cameras to dispel rumors that he was seriously ill or had undergone surgery. In 1978, <mask> was elected an Assemblyman of the Interim Batasang Pambansa representing Central Luzon, and  reelected in 1984. During the 1986 presidential elections, <mask> served as a political campaign manager of President Marcos, who was running against Corazon Aquino. Shortly before the outbreak of the 1986 People Power Revolution, Marcos dispatched <mask> to Washington, D.C. to lobby the American government on behalf of the President. <mask> was in Washington D.C. upon the outbreak of the revolt, and was advised  by U.S. Secretary of State, George P. Shultz, to call on Marcos to resign.<mask> publicly reiterated his support for Marcos in the American media in such fora as on This Week with David Brinkley. 1986 Constitutional Commission Member
Following the success of the People Power Revolution and the installation to the presidency of Corazon Aquino, <mask> was relieved of his Cabinet post. <mask> returned to the Philippines and immediately attempted to position himself as the leader of the political opposition against Aquino. Nonetheless in May 1986, <mask> accepted an offer by President Aquino to serve in the Constitutional Commission that drafted a new Philippine Constitution. In the 1987 congressional elections, <mask> ran a second time for the Philippine Senate, under the banner of the nationalist-led Grand Alliance for Democracy coalition. He was defeated in this attempt, and returned to private life, serving as chairman of the Institute for Public Policy (IPP), a policy research institute. Senator of the Philippines

In 1992, he ran again for the Senate under the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino.He was elected to a six-year term. In the Senate, <mask> served as Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee and on the Commission of Appointments. He became Senate President Pro-Tempore in 1998. <mask> won a re-election for the senate in 1998, under the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino. In 1999, upon the resignation of the terminally-ill Marcelo Fernan, <mask> became the President of the Senate. In that capacity, he was a key proponent of the 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement between the Philippines and the United States, which allowed American forces to enter the Philippines for short-term training exercises. He yielded the Senate presidency in 2000 to Franklin Drilon.Later that year, he sat as one of the senator-judges in the impeachment trial of his ally, President Joseph Estrada. He was one of the eleven votes during the trial that successfully voted to block the opening of an envelope that was believed to contain proof of the corruption charges against Estrada. Public anger over the Senate vote triggered the EDSA Revolution of 2001, leading to the ouster of Estrada and the accession of Vice-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to the presidency. Secretary of Foreign Affairs
In July 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo appointed <mask>, a member of the political opposition in the Senate, as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in her cabinet. The appointment was with some controversy. Weeks earlier, Arroyo's hand-picked Vice-President Teofisto Guingona had resigned as Foreign Affairs Secretary after voicing disagreement with the plan of the Philippine and United States governments to allow American troops to help combat Islamic terrorist groups such as the Abu Sayyaf as part of the post-9/11 "War on Terror". <mask>, who had earlier been a vocal supporter of the 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement, was perceived to be more amenable to the plan.In addition, left-wing labor activists denounced the appointment of <mask>, citing his Marcos-era role in promoting overseas employment of Filipino workers which, they said, had resulted in abuses inflicted on Filipino workers abroad. During his stint as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, <mask> was at the forefront of the negotiations that led to the deployment of American military forces inside the Philippines, though he insisted that the American troops would not participate in combat missions. Under his watch, the American and Filipino governments signed an agreement that provided immunity to each other's citizens facing charges before international tribunals such as the International Criminal Court. <mask> was also a vocal supporter of the Iraq War, and pushed for the deployment of a small Filipino contingent in Iraq. He predicted in November 2003, "Baghdad will be transformed from a symbol of brutal despotism to a new, shining symbol of human freedom. The sacrifices invested in the liberation of Iraq, to which Filipinos made a significant contribution, will be fully vindicated and cherished for all time." Death and legacy

In the months prior to his death, <mask>, a longtime chain smoker, had suffered from ill health and often attended international conferences in a wheelchair.On the night of December 13, 2003, <mask> had difficulty breathing and lost consciousness while aboard a Japan Asia Airways flight from Bangkok to Tokyo. The flight was diverted to Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taoyuan County, Taiwan (now Taoyuan City), and <mask> was rushed to a nearby hospital where he was initially pronounced dead on arrival, but given medical treatment nonetheless. Efforts to revive him were futile, and his death on Sunday, December 14, 2003, was announced by his family. President Arroyo mourned <mask> as "an architect of Philippine foreign policy in the finest tradition of enlightened and pragmatic diplomacy", while U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell hailed him as "one of the pivotal figures of the late Twentieth Century for Philippine history". More critical of <mask>, Teddy Casiño, secretary-general of the leftist coalition BAYAN, called him a "political chameleon" who "tried to pass himself off as a nationalist but [was] most pro-American". Nonetheless, Casiño acknowledged that <mask> was "a consistent, brilliant and very astute politician". <mask> was eulogized in Time magazine, which recalled his erudition, his skill at political survival, and his trademark "extraordinary baritone".The eulogy also said that at the height of the People Power Revolution, <mask> in Washington, D.C. had reported to Marcos in Manila that the President's support within the Reagan administration was falling. Marcos responded by asking <mask> to reach out to his contacts in the Soviet government. Ople rebuffed Marcos, and as Time noted, declined "to help make the Philippines a Soviet colony three years before the Berlin Wall fell". <mask> is buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani. In 2004, President Arroyo named <mask>'s daughter, <mask>, as Undersecretary of the Department of Labor and Employment. The building housing the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration at the corner of EDSA and Ortigas Avenue was renamed Blas F. Ople Building in his honor on February 4, 2004. References

External links

Senate of the Philippines – Biography of Blas Ople
Blas F. Ople Policy Center and Training Institute

1927 births
2003 deaths
20th-century journalists
Arroyo Administration cabinet members
Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
Filipino columnists
Filipino diplomats
Filipino journalists
Filipino Roman Catholics
Grand Crosses of the Order of Lakandula
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan politicians
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino politicians
Manuel L. Quezon University alumni
Marcos Administration cabinet members
Members of the Batasang Pambansa
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Bulacan
Paramilitary Filipinos
People from Bulacan
Presidents pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines
Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines
Secretaries of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines
Secretaries of Labor and Employment of the Philippines
Senators of the 9th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 10th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 11th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 12th Congress of the Philippines

masks:
Blas Fajardo Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Felix Antonio Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
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Ople
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Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Ople
Susan Ople


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<mask> (born 30 October 1989) is an English footballer who plays for League Two club Northampton Town. He is the younger brother of former teammate <mask> and can play at either left back or left midfield. Career

Southampton
Born in Swindon, England, <mask> started his football career at Aston Villa's academy before opting to move to Southampton in August 2006. At Southampton, alongside his brother Matthew, he progressed through the academy and reserve sides before being promoted to the first team ahead of the 2008–09 season. He made his Southampton first team debut as substitute in a League Cup match against Birmingham City on 26 August 2008. He made his league debut at home against Barnsley on 20 September 2008. After making a handful of appearances for Southampton, on 23 February 2009, he joined Scunthorpe United on an emergency loan for one month.<mask> made his Scunthorpe United debut on 24 February 2009, where he made his first start, in a 2–0 loss against Southend United. On 24 March, the loan was extended to the end of the 2008–09 season. Although <mask> played regularly as Scunthorpe finished in 6th Place, he tore a hamstring in the final match of the league season and missed the play-offs in which Scunthorpe secured promotion to the Championship. After returning from a loan spell at Scunthorpe United, <mask> signed a new three-year contract in August 2009 after some good pre-season performances, featuring sporadically during the 2009–10 season. However, <mask> did play in Southampton's victorious Football League Trophy final against Carlisle United. In the 2010–11 season, <mask> lost his first team place under the management of Nigel Adkins and joined Doncaster Rovers on a one-month emergency loan deal on 19 October 2010, making his debut the same day in a 3–2 defeat by Derby County. This loan deal was then extended to 19 January 2011.<mask> scored his first professional goal for Doncaster in a 3–0 victory over former loan club Scunthorpe United on 1 January 2011. Weeks later, on 15 January 2011, <mask> was injured in Doncaster's 3–0 defeat to Reading and this may have been his last action for Doncaster. On 31 January 2011, the loan deal was extended until the end of the season. <mask> then scored his second goal for the club on 1 March 2011, in a 3–1 win over Derby County. <mask> later finished the season, making eighteen appearances and scoring two times. In July 2011, he joined Preston North End on trial. Around the same time, <mask> was a subject of a move to Doncaster Rovers on a permanent basis.His future at Southampton become increasingly in doubt after being left out of the squad for the pre-season tour in Switerzland. Reading
On 22 August 2011, he joined Reading for an undisclosed fee, signing a one-year contract with the option of another year. Upon joining the club, <mask> revealed his brother, Matthew, played a role that led him to join Reading, a club he left for Leicester City before <mask> arrived. He made his first start for the Royals in a 2–1 defeat by Charlton Athletic, in the League Cup first round on 23 August 2011, coming off the bench for Ian Harte in the 62nd minute. Four days later, <mask> made his league debut for Reading, in a 1–0 loss against Hull City. On 6 November 2011, <mask> was announced as Man of the Match after Reading defeated Birmingham City 1–0 thanks to a Noel Hunt winner. <mask> signed a contract extension on 8 February 2012 keeping him at Reading until the end of the 2014 season.However, <mask> suffered injuries that kept him out for the most of the season. In his first season at Reading, <mask> made fifteen appearances for the club. Burnley
On 17 July 2012, <mask> joined Burnley on a season long loan after falling down the pecking order at Reading. He made his Burnley debut in the League Cup first round win over Port Vale and then made his first league appearance the following weekend in the 2–0 win against Bolton Wanderers. He went on to make 10 league appearances during the 2012–13 season, before joining Burnley permanently in the summer of 2013, signing a two-year contract. Loan spells
On 16 August 2013, he joined League One side Oldham Athletic on a one-month loan deal. <mask> made his Oldham Athletic debut the next day, in a 2–1 loss against Peterborough United.<mask> soon extended his loan spell for the second and third time. Despite suffering from an injury, <mask> went on to make eleven appearances for the club and returned to his parent club on 22 November 2013. On 31 January 2014, <mask> joined Shrewsbury Town on loan for the remainder of the 2013–14 season. <mask> made his Shrewsbury Town debut the next day, coming on as a substitute for Paul Parry in the 82nd minute, in a 1–1 draw against Brentford. On 29 March 2014, <mask> received a straight red card after a foul on James Chambers, in a 1–0 loss against Walsall. After an unsuccessful appeal over his suspension, <mask> returned to the first team and made the total of thirteen appearances for the club. Oldham Athletic
On 4 June 2014, <mask> signed for Oldham Athletic where he had spent a loan spell the previous season.He signed a two-year contract with the option of a third and was the Latics first summer signing. Upon joining the club, Manager Lee Johnson said of the signing "It's a great signing. He's young, hungry and got a lot of potential. We'll give him an identity and a bit of love and I feel he can be a really good player for us." Upon signing for the club, <mask> was given number three shirt ahead of a new season. <mask>' first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came in the opening game of the season on 9 August 2014, where he played 90 minutes, in a 2–2 draw against Colchester United. On 16 September 2014, <mask> then provided assist for James Dayton to score the first goal of the game, in a 2–2 draw against Swindon Town.<mask>' performance was praised by Oldham Athletic supporters and was rewarded with October's Player of the Month and December's Player of the Month by supporters. However, <mask> was soon sent-off in the 75th minute after making a tackle, in a 2–2 draw against Doncaster Rovers on 10 January 2015. Soon after, <mask> was later sidelined injuries twice towards the end of the season. Despite this, <mask> went on to make thirty appearances for the club. In his second season at Oldham Athletic saw <mask> regained his fitness and re-established himself in the first team. <mask> scored his first Oldham Athletic goal on 5 September 2015, in a 2–1 loss against Bradford City. After suffering from ankle injury, <mask> made his first team return on 31 October 2015, in a 1–0 loss against Burton Albion.<mask> was expected to leave the club in January, but stayed at the club at the end of the season. <mask> appeared in the handful of first team until he spent the rest of the season on the substitute bench, having his first team place and made fifteen appearances for the club. At the end of the 2015–16 season, <mask> was released by the club. Perth Glory
On 18 May 2016, it was announced that <mask> had signed for A-League side Perth Glory. Upon joining the club, he said moving to Australia was an opportunity he couldn't turn down. Following two years with Perth Glory, making 44 appearances with one goal, <mask> left at the end of the 2017–18 season. Forest Green Rovers
On 8 June 2018, <mask> returned to English football when he signed for Forest Green Rovers on a two-year contract.Northampton Town
<mask> joined Northampton Town in August 2020. He scored his first goal for the club in an EFL Trophy tie against Milton Keynes Dons on 8 September 2020. On 28 August 2021, in a 0–0 draw at  Crawley, he was carried off the pitch with an ankle injury that was expected to prevent him playing for several months. On 26 January 2022, manager Jon Brady stated that <mask>' return had been delayed following a setback. International career
<mask> previously represented England U17 and England U18. Career statistics

Personal life
<mask> is the younger brother of former Bolton Wanderers defender <mask> and was given a nickname 'Fish'. <mask> is interested in cookery.In early 2016, <mask> became a father when his partner gave birth to a girl. Honours
Southampton
Football League Trophy: 2010

Reading
 Football League Championship: 2011–12

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Swindon
English footballers
Association football defenders
Southampton F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
A-League Men players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C.players
Perth Glory FC players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
English Football League players
England youth international footballers

masks:
Joseph Nathan Mills
Matt Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Joseph
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Mills
Matthew Mills
Mills
Mills


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<mask> (born January 23, 1949) is the Associate Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), a NASA astronaut (currently as a non-flight eligible management astronaut), and a veteran of four Space Shuttle flights. He served as Chief of the Astronaut Office from 1994 to 1997 and as director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center from 2008 to 2021. He is also a former naval flight officer and naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps. Personal
He was born January 23, 1949, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Ted and <mask>. Ted has since moved to Salt Lake City. <mask> is the older of two sons. His younger brother is <mask>, and he is married to the former Nancy Joan Shimer of Cortland, New York.He has three children: Jeffrey, Christopher and Sarah. Education
He graduated from Washburn High School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1967. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, in 1971. Military career
After graduation from the United States Naval Academy, Cabana attended The Basic School at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, and completed Naval Flight Officer training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, in 1972. He served as an A-6 Intruder bombardier/navigator with squadrons in the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW) at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan. He returned to NAS Pensacola in 1975 for pilot training and was redesignated as a naval aviator in September 1976. He was then assigned to the 2nd MAW at MCAS Cherry Point, where he flew A-6 Intruders.He graduated from the United States Naval Test Pilot School in 1981, and served at the Naval Air Test Center at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, as the A-6 program manager, X-29 advanced technology demonstrator project officer, and as a test pilot for flight systems and ordnance separation testing on A-6 Intruder and A-4 Skyhawk series aircraft. Prior to his selection as an astronaut candidate, he was serving as the assistant operations officer of Marine Aircraft Group 12 at MCAS Iwakuni, Japan. <mask> retired from the Marine Corps in August 2000 in the rank of colonel. He has logged over 7,000 hours in 34 different kinds of aircraft. NASA career

Selected by NASA as an astronaut candidate in June 1985, <mask> completed initial astronaut training in July 1986, qualifying for assignment as a pilot on future Space Shuttle flight crews. His initial assignment was as the Astronaut Office Space Shuttle flight software coordinator until November 1986. At that time he was assigned as the deputy chief of aircraft operations for the Johnson Space Center where he served for  years.He then served as the lead astronaut in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) where the Orbiter's flight software is tested prior to flight. <mask> has served as a spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) in Mission Control during Space Shuttle missions, and as chief of astronaut appearances. Prior to his assignment to command STS-88, <mask> served three years as NASA's Chief of the Astronaut Office. Following STS-88, <mask> served as the deputy director of flight crew operations. After joining the ISS Program in October 1999, <mask> served as manager for international operations. From August 2001 to September 2002, he served as director of Human Space Flight Programs, Russia. As NASA's lead representative to the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (Rosaviakosmos) and its contractors, he provided oversight of all human space flight operations, logistics, and technical functions, including NASA's mission operations in Korolev and crew training at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia.Upon his return to Houston, <mask> was assigned briefly as the deputy manager of International Space Station (ISS) Program. From November 2002 to March 2004, he served as director of Flight Crew Operations Directorate, responsible for directing the day-to-day activities of the directorate, including the NASA Astronaut Corps and aircraft operations at Ellington Field. He was then assigned as deputy director of the Johnson Space Center, where he served for three and a half years. From October 2007 through October 2008, <mask> served as director of John C. Stennis Space Center. In October 2008 he was reassigned as director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center, and served as director for over a decade. As a former "active" (eligible for space missions) astronaut still working for NASA, <mask> remains a member of the NASA Astronaut Corps, as one of sixteen (as of May 2021) management astronauts. In May 2021, <mask> was appointed as the Associate Administrator of NASA.Spaceflight experience
STS-41 Discovery launched on October 6, 1990, from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 10, 1990. During 66 orbits of the Earth, the five-man crew successfully deployed the Ulysses spacecraft, starting the interplanetary probe on its four-year journey, via Jupiter, to investigate the polar regions of the Sun; operated the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet instrument (SSBUV) to map atmospheric ozone levels; activated a controlled "fire in space" experiment (the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment, or SSCE); and conducted numerous other middeck experiments involving radiation measurements, polymer membrane production, and microgravity effects on plants. STS-53 Discovery launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on December 2, 1992. The crew of five deployed the classified Department of Defense payload DOD-1 and then performed several Military-Man-in-Space and NASA experiments. After completing 115 orbits of the Earth in 175 hours, Discovery landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 9, 1992. STS-65 Columbia launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on July 8, 1994, returning to Florida on July 23, 1994. The crew conducted the second International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2) mission utilizing the long Spacelab module in the payload bay.The flight consisted of 82 experiments from 15 countries and six space agencies from around the world. During the record-setting 15-day flight, the crew conducted experiments that focused on materials and life sciences research in a microgravity environment paving the way for future operations and cooperation aboard International Space Station. The mission was accomplished in 236 orbits of the Earth in 353 hours and 55 minutes. STS-88 Endeavour (December 4–15, 1998) was the first International Space Station assembly mission. During the 12-day mission, Unity, the U.S. built node, was attached to Zarya, the Russian built Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Two crewmembers performed three spacewalks to connect umbilicals and attach tools/hardware in the assembly and outfitting of the station. Additionally, the crew performed the initial activation and first ingress of the International Space Station preparing it for future assembly missions and full-time occupation.The crew also performed IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC) operations, and deployed two satellites, Mighty Sat 1 built by the U.S. Air Force's Phillips Laboratory, and SAC-A, the first successful launch of an Argentine satellite. The mission was accomplished in 185 orbits of the Earth in 283 hours and 18 minutes. Cabana has logged over 1,010 hours in space. Organizations
 Member of the Association of Space Explorers
 Associate Fellow in the Society of Experimental Test Pilots

Awards and honors
 Defense Superior Service Medal
 Distinguished Flying Cross
 Defense Meritorious Service Medal
 Meritorious Service Medal
 National Intelligence Medal of Achievement
 NASA Distinguished Service Medal
 two NASA Outstanding Leadership Medals
 two NASA Exceptional Service Medals
 four NASA Space Flight Medals
 Recipient of The Daughters of the American Revolution Award for the top Marine to complete naval flight training (1976)
 Distinguished Graduate, U.S. Naval Test Pilot School
 De la Vaulx Medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (1994)
 Astronaut Hall of Fame (May 2008). Footnotes

External links

 Spacefacts biography of Cabana

 <mask> on Twitter

1949 births
Living people
United States Marine Corps astronauts
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
Center Directors of NASA
Military personnel from Minneapolis
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni
United States Marine Corps colonels
United States Naval Aviators
United States Naval Flight Officers
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal
Space Shuttle program astronauts

masks:
Robert Donald Cabana
Annabell Cabana
Robert
Gary Cabana
Cabana
Cabana
Cabana
Cabana
Cabana
Cabana
Cabana
Cabana
Cabana
Cabana
Robert Cabana


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<mask> (Cyrillic; Марко Ћeткoвић; born 10 July 1986) is a Montenegrin professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Montenegrin club FK Mornar. He also played for the Montenegrin national team. Club career

<mask> began his career with Crvena Stijena and Mladost Podgorica. When he left Mladost, he played in the Montenegrin Second League, at the time one of two third-tier leagues in Serbia and Montenegro's football pyramid. <mask> made his top-flight debut with Zeta in the 2006-07 season, the first season after Montenegro split from Serbia. After Zeta won the league, he left a strong impression in the qualifying rounds of the Champions League that season. He scored a goal against FBK Kaunas, after which he played both legs against Rangers.Although Zeta was eliminated, the Rangers' website published a post-match report recognizing <mask> as "by far and away the stand out player" of his team. Partizan
On 31 August 2007, <mask> signed a four-year contract with Serbian team Partizan. On 5 December 2007, he played in the final of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in a 2–0 loss against Real Madrid, coming on as a substitute for Zoran Tošić in the 58th minute. Initially, <mask> saw more playing time under coach Miroslav Đukić, but fell out of favor with the subsequent coach, Slaviša Jokanović. After leaving Partizan in July 2008, he told a journalist that the move to Partizan was a mistake in his career. Mogren
In August 2008, <mask> signed for Mogren. At the time of <mask>'s transfer, Mogren was coached by Dejan Vukićević and had a respected generation of players from the Montenegrin national team involving the likes of Radoslav Batak, Ivan Janjušević, Petar Grbić, Janko Simović, and Draško Božović.<mask> played regularly for Mogren when they won the Montenegrin First League in 2009, and also scored the winning goal against Budućnost, the previous season's champion. Jagiellonia
In July 2011, he joined Polish team Jagiellonia Białystok on a three-year contract. He spent two half-seasons out on loan; first in Thailand with Buriram United F.C. and then with Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała. Overall, <mask> played a total of 19 league games for Jagiellonia. Budućnost
After spending two seasons in Poland, <mask> returned to his homeland and signed for Budućnost in July 2013. He started his 2013–14 season by scoring 6 goals in 27 games for Budućnost.At the end of the 2014 season, <mask> was recognized as one of the three best midfielders of Montenegrin First League that season by the Trade Union of Professional Football Players of Montenegro. Laçi
On 16 August 2014, <mask> officially signed with Albanian Superliga side Laçi on a one-year deal, taking the vacant number 20 for the upcoming 2014–15 season. It was also reported that the team's goalkeeper Miroslav Vujadinović had his part on <mask>'s transfer, convincing the player to join the team. He made his official debut with the club on 24 August in team's opening league match of the season against Partizani Tirana at home, coming on as a second-half substitute. <mask> scored his first goal of the season in the matchday 5 against Tirana, netting the opening goal of the 2–0 home win, and was selected Man of the Match. Two week later, <mask> was again in the scoresheet where he converted a penalty-kick to help Laçi conquer Vllaznia Shkodër 3–0 at home. On 21 July 2015, during the preparations for the new season, <mask> underwent surgery in his right ankle in a hospital in Zagreb that kept him out until November 2015.The constant pain in his leg had concerned him for months, and the surgery was unavoidable. Due to the surgery, <mask> missed the European campaign and the start of the season. After an impressive first season in Albanian football he was subject to interest and formal offers from Skënderbeu Korçë, Kukësi, Partizani Tirana and Tirana, but he extended his contract with KF Laçi for another year. In April 2016, <mask> scored his team's both goals in the 2015–16 Albanian Cup semi-final tie against Skënderbeu Korçë, as Laçi progressed to the final thanks to the away goal rule. However, in the final, Laçi was defeated 5–3 on penalties after the regular and extra time finished in a 1–1; <mask> himself scored his team's second penalty shootout attempt. He left the team in June. Sarajevo
On 14 June 2016, <mask> signed with Sarajevo from Bosnia and Herzegovina.On 6 August 2016 he scored a goal in a 1–1 tie against Čelik Zenica. On 10 January 2017, it was announced that he terminated his contract with Sarajevo. Partizani Tirana
On 12 January 2017, <mask> returned in Albanian Superliga by signing a six-month contract with Partizani Tirana, taking squad number 21 for the second part of 2016–17 season. He made his first appearance for the club came on 28 January in the matchday 19, starting in a 2–0 defeat at Luftëtari Gjirokastër. His first and only goal of the season would come on penultimate week of the season where Partizani defeated Korabi Peshkopi 3–0. He played 16 league matches until the end of the season as Partizani were runner-up in the Albanian Superliga, losing the championship to Kukësi for only three points. On 12 June 2017, <mask> left Partizani after deciding not to extend his contract, returning in Montenegro after 10 years.Return to Mladost Podgorica
Only one day later, <mask> returned to his birth country to sign with Mladost Podgorica, returning to the club after 12 years. Sutjeska Nikšić
On 13 June 2018 <mask> signed a one-year contract with Sutjeska Nikšić. At the end of the 2018-19 season, he was nominated as one of the three best midfielders in the league by the Trade Union of Professional Football Players of Montenegro. Mornar Bar
On 12 June 2021 Cetkovic signed a contract with Mornar, new club in Montenegro first football league. International career

<mask>'s first international appearance was for Serbia and Montenegro U17; he debuted on 24 March 2003 against Finland for the second qualifying round of the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, which finished in a 1–1 draw. Following that, <mask> made another two appearances, scoring once in the process. <mask> continued to play for Montenegro U21, making nine appearances from when Montenegro declared independence from Serbia.Senior
On 17 November 2010, <mask> made his debut with the senior side during the friendly match against Azerbaijan, appearing in the last 15 minutes of the 2–0 home win. He made his competitive debut for Montenegro on 11 October 2011 in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match against Switzerland, playing full-90 minutes in a 2–0 away loss. <mask> was called up again in the senior side by its new coach Branko Brnović for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying play-off tie against Czech Republic. In the first leg at Generali Arena on 11 November 2011, <mask> was even in the bench with the match finishing in a 2–0 loss for <mask>'s side. In the returning leg four days later, he was on the bench but still unable to make his debut with Montenegro who was defeated 1–0 at home and was kicked out with the aggregate 3–0. On 17 November 2013, he scored his first goal for the Montenegrin national team in a friendly against Luxembourg. Personal life
His brother Đorđije is also a Montenegro international who has been capped 7 times by the national team, and his uncle is former Yugoslavia international footballer Predrag Mijatović.He once stated that he loved basketball and that he would have loved to play basketball if he were taller. Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
As of match played 14 June 2016. Montenegro score listed first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal.

masks:
Marko Ćetković
Youth Ćetković
Zeta Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Youth Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković
Ćetković


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<mask> (15 March 1863 – 27 March 1928) born Thomas Augustine Barrett was an English composer of Edwardian musical comedy, best known for the hit show Florodora (1899) and many popular songs. He began in Manchester as a church organist, for 14 years, and taught music while beginning to compose church music and secular songs in the late 1870s. In the 1880s, he began to promote and conduct orchestral and vocal concerts of popular and theatre music as "Mr. T. A. Barrett's Concerts". He began to focus his composition on music hall, including songs for blackface performers, such as "Lily of Laguna"; songs for musical theatre, such as pantomimes and London shows touring through Manchester; and ballads such as "Soldiers of the King". <mask> later campaigned against the interpolation of new songs into musical theatre scores and for better enforcement of musical copyrights. In 1895, <mask> began to write songs for George Edwardes's London shows at the Gaiety Theatre and Daly's Theatre. His first full musical comedy score was Florodora in 1899.The show became an international hit, and its song "Tell me, pretty maiden", became a vaudeville standard. Other musical comedy successes followed, including The School Girl (1903), The Belle of Mayfair (1906) and Havana (1908). Of his later shows, only Peggy made much of an impact. By 1911, <mask>'s gambling debts sent him into bankruptcy. Unable to adapt to changing musical tastes, he was no longer in demand as a composer, although he had some success as a piano sketch artist in variety theatre. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in Southport, on the Lancashire coast. He was the younger son of Thomas Barrett, a cabinet-maker, and his wife, Mary Ann Burke, née Lester, who were both from western Ireland.He grew up in Liverpool, where he attended St Francis Xavier's College. His family moved to Manchester in 1873. <mask> began his career aged 15 as organist at Salford Cathedral. He held the post for seven years, and then moved to be organist at the Church of the Holy Name, Manchester, where he remained for another seven years. To augment his salary he composed church music and taught. <mask> also promoted and conducted orchestral and vocal concerts. In the 1880s and 1890s he presented "Mr T. A. Barrett's Concerts" at the Free Trade Hall, Manchester, and later at the larger St James's Hall.These concerts featured popular orchestral music and selections from comic operas by such composers as Sullivan and Cellier, and excerpts from English grand operas by Balfe and Wallace. Singers included Zélie de Lussan, Marie Roze, Ben Davies, David Ffrangcon-Davies, Durward Lely and Charles Manners. Instrumental soloists included Ignacy Jan Paderewski and Eugène Ysaÿe. Thomas Barrett had been property master at the Amphitheatre, Liverpool, and both his sons had quickly gained a taste for the theatre. <mask>'s elder brother, Stephen (1855–1924), became a music-hall performer, appearing under the stage name Lester Barrett. Gradually the music <mask> composed for local shows, and his popular ballads and music-hall songs began to supersede the composition of serious and religious music. He composed music hall songs as "T. A. Barrett" and under the pseudonyms "<mask>", "Lester Barrett" and, most notably, "<mask>".He wrote many popular songs for the blackface performer Eugene Stratton, including perhaps his best-remembered music hall song, "Lily of Laguna" (1898), and "Little Dolly Daydream." He also wrote the patriotic ballad "Soldiers of the King" (1894, now sung as "Soldiers of the Queen"). In 1886, <mask> married Mary Catherine Fox, a schoolteacher (died 1941). <mask>'s earliest theatrical composing and writing was also for the Manchester theatre. Here he provided songs and incidental music for, in particular, the local pantomimes, which boasted famous names in their casts. <mask> made a name in the 1890s by writing popular individual numbers that were interpolated into several West End and touring musicals by other composers. Later in his career, he would actively oppose this practice.The first of these songs was "Lousiana Lou". This had already been published and performed in music hall before being picked up by Ellaline Terriss and inserted, along with "The Little Mademoiselle", into the original production of The Shop Girl (1894), at the Gaiety Theatre. During the run of George Edwardes's An Artist's Model (1895), <mask> wrote several numbers that were interpolated (including "The Soldiers of the Queen", which was later famous as "Soldiers of the King"), and both wrote the lyric and composed "Trilby Will Be True" for Maurice Farkoa to perform at Daly's Theatre. Subsequently he had songs used in Baron Golosh, The Circus Girl (1896), the London production of the American musical A Day in Paris (1897), Carl Kiefert's The Ballet Girl (1897) and The Yashmak (1897). <mask> composed some 65 songs including, in addition to those mentioned above, "The Bandolero", and "Little Dolly Daydream." His instrumental pieces included at least one Cakewalk. As a songwriter, <mask> suffered so much from the effects of copyright infringement that it can be speculated that his move to the musical theatre was an attempt to avoid the loss of royalty income from the publication of sheet music and performances.Peak years

<mask>'s greatest acclaim came in 1899 with Florodora, his first full musical comedy score, with a book by Owen Hall. With traditional slow love ballads as well as waltzes and more rhythmic and playful concerted numbers, the score and show became a worldwide hit. The double sextet from that show, "Tell me, pretty maiden", became a vaudeville standard. The music critic Neville Cardus wrote about the "beautiful and unexpected phrasing and transitions" in the number, continuing, "it begins with a long phrase, rather like the opening bars of a Brahms symphony. It is extraordinary to find music such as this in a musical comedy". He ended by writing that in its own way it was "just as perfect a composition … as is the quintet in Meistersinger". Florodora was followed by The Silver Slipper (1901), The School Girl (1903), The Belle of Mayfair (1906), and Havana (1908).All these shows were successful and were produced internationally. <mask> was an active campaigner for intellectual property rights and called for tighter laws on both national and international copyright. Publishers and wealthy second-rate songwriters would pay producers, for the exposure, to insert their songs into a hit musical. With the strength of the fame of Florodora behind him, <mask> succeeded in stopping this practice in his next few pieces. Similarly, he had succeeded from time to time in parts of his fight in Britain and in America against unauthorized music distribution and on behalf of firmer national and international copyright laws. The success of <mask>'s shows led George Edwardes to hope that he would be able to replace the Caryll and Monckton writing partnership on their departure from the Gaiety Theatre. <mask>'s next show, Captain Kidd (1909), however, was not for the Gaiety, and it was a flop.The Observer praised the performances of Terriss, Seymour Hicks and Ivy St Helier, but said that <mask>'s music "had one striking and ingenious melody ... and two or three pretty tunes, and was adequate throughout without being remarkable." His next production, The Slim Princess (1910), made only a modest impact, though it was produced in New York as well as in London. Peggy was produced at the Gaiety in 1911 and had a reasonable but not outstanding run, from March to November in London, as well as a Broadway run. In the words of <mask>'s biographer Andrew Lamb, these pieces "failed to add to his reputation". Later years
By 1911, the lack of any new stage successes, coupled with gambling debts and the interest due on them, resulted in <mask>'s appearance before the bankruptcy courts. He was declared bankrupt in 1913 and not discharged until 1920. At the age of 48 he found that changing tastes in musical styles and the influence of modern dance rhythms meant his career as a composer was effectively over, although he did write a number of songs that were inserted, against his principles, in the shows of other composers and a musical, Bubbles (1914), that was produced only in the provinces on a small scale.<mask> retained an income, provided by continued revivals and performances of the popular Florodora, and supplemented this by appearing with success in variety theatre, where he performed his most famous songs accompanying himself on the piano. However, after the bankruptcy, he began to drink and have marital problems. <mask>'s last years were spent partly in trying to achieve production of his musical play Nina, also known as The Girl from Nyusa. The Shubert brothers took out an option to produce the work, but nothing materialised. In 1927, shortly before his death, <mask> wrote a series of fourteen short pieces for the Empire News, consisting of recollections and reminiscences. They were collected and republished in 2003 under the title My Bohemian Life. <mask> and his wife, Kitty, had five children who survived to adulthood, Mary "May" (1886–1956), Thomas "<mask>" (1888–1970), Marie "Dollie" (1891–1949), Stephen "Chap" (b.1894) and Constance "Lola" (b. 1896). <mask> died at his daughter May's home in Richmond, Surrey, in 1928, at the age of 65, and was buried in Richmond Cemetery. Reputation and legacy
The mid-20th century critic James Agate said that he had proved the quality of <mask>'s music: he took a <mask> song, halved the tempo, supplied German words – and serious musicians accepted without demur his assertion that it was a recently discovered cradle song by Brahms. In 2003 the critic Rodney Milnes called <mask> "the most gifted composer of musical comedy in Britain between Sullivan and Vivian Ellis". A 1941 biographical film entitled You Will Remember about <mask> starred Robert Morley as <mask>. It features several of <mask>'s songs.<mask>'s songs have been used in over a dozen other films. A bronzed plaster plaque of <mask>, made by John Cassidy, was placed in the Manchester Central Library in April 1939, inscribed "A son of Manchester who moved the nation to song". Notes

References

Further reading

Murray, Roderick: "Establishing a Performing Text for <mask>'s Havana" in The Gaiety Annual (2003) pp. 35–45
Staveacre, Terry: The Songwriters. BBC Books, 1980

External links

Profile of <mask>

 <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings

English songwriters
English musical theatre composers
English male composers
Musicians from Southport
1863 births
1928 deaths
Burials at Richmond Cemetery
British male songwriters

masks:
Leslie Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Leslie Thomas
Leslie Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Leslie
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Leslie Stuart
Stuart
Leslie Stuart


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<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask>,  (1 February  – 22 November 1660) was an English statesman during the colonisation of Ireland in the seventeenth century. He was a Member of Parliament for both the English and Irish houses, and was elevated to the Irish peerage as Baron Mountnorris, and later gain the  additional title  <mask>a. He is best remembered for his clash with the Lord Lieutenant, Thomas  Wentworth, who in order to render Annesley powerless had him sentenced to death on a spurious charge of mutiny, although it was clearly understood that the sentence would not be carried out. Biography

Rise to power
Annesley, descended from the ancient Nottinghamshire family of Annesley, was  the son of Robert Annesley, high constable of Newport, Buckinghamshire, and his wife Beatrice Cornwall,  daughter of John Cornwall of Moor Park, Hertfordshire, and was baptised 2 January 1586. As early as 1606 he had left England to reside at Dublin, and he took advantage of the frequent distributions of Irish land made to English colonists in the early part of the seventeenth century to acquire estates in various parts of Ireland. With Sir Arthur Chichester, who became Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1604, he lived on terms of intimacy, and several small offices of state, with a pension granted 5 November 1607, were bestowed on him in his youthful days. In the colonisation of Ulster, which began in 1608, Annesley played a leading part, and secured some of the spoils.In October 1609 he was charged with the conveyance of Sir Niall Garve O'Donnell and   other Ulster rebels to England for trial. On 13 March 1611–12 James I wrote to the Lord Deputy confirming his grant of the fort and land of Mountnorris to Annesley "in consideration of the good opinion he has conceived of the said <mask> from Sir Arthur's report of him". On 26 May 1612 Annesley was granted a reversion to the clerkship of the Checque of the Armies and Garrisons, to which he succeeded 9 December 1625. In 1614 County Armagh returned Annesley to the Irish parliament, and he supported the Protestants there in their quarrels with the Catholics. Meanwhile his sister Bridget Annesley, a lady of the bedchamber in the household of Anne of Denmark may have been able to promote his career. In 1616 he was sworn of the Irish Privy Council. On 16 July the King knighted him at Theobalds; in 1618 he was acting as Principal Secretary of State for Ireland, although he may not have been formally appointed; on 5 August 1620 received from the king an Irish baronetcy; and on 11 March 1620–1 received a reversionary grant to the viscounty of Valentia, which had recently been conferred on Sir Henry Power, a kinsman of Annesley, who had no  direct heir.In 1625 he was elected to represent the county of Carmarthen in the English parliament. Meanwhile, in 1622 Lord Falkland became Lord Deputy of Ireland. Dissensions between Annesley and the new governor in the council chamber were constant, and in March 1625 the Lord Deputy wrote to Conway, the English Secretary of State, that a minority of the councillors, "amongst whom Sir <mask> is not least violent nor the least impertinent", was thwarting him in every direction. But Annesley's friends at the English court contrived his promotion two months later to the important post of Vice-Treasurer and Receiver-General of Ireland, which gave him full control of Irish finance, and in 1628 Charles I raised him to the Irish peerage as Baron Mountnorris of Mountnorris. In October of the same year an opportunity was given Annesley, of which he readily took advantage, to make Falkland's continuance in office impossible. He was nominated on a committee of the Irish privy council appointed to investigate charges of injustice preferred against Falkland by the Byrne Clan, who  had held land in County Wicklow for centuries. The committee, relying on the testimony of corrupt witnesses, condemned Falkland's treatment of the Byrnes, and Falkland was  of necessity recalled on 10 August 1629.On 13 June 1632 the additional office of Treasurer at Wars was conferred on Mountnorris. Sir Thomas Wentworth
In 1633 the formidable  Sir Thomas Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford, became Lord Deputy, and Mountnorris soon discovered that he was determined to insist on the rights of his office  far more emphatically than Falkland. Although they were related by marriage,  Wentworth disliked Mountnorris from the first as a gay liver, and as having been long guilty, according to popular report, of corruption  in the conduct of official duties. In May 1634 Wentworth obtained an order from the English Privy Council forbidding his practice of taking percentages on the revenue to which he was not lawfully entitled; this order Mountnorris refused to obey. Fresh charges of malversation were brought against him in 1635, and, after threatening to resign office, he announced that all intercourse between the Lord Deputy and himself was at an end, and that he would take his case to the king personally. Mountnorris's relatives took up the quarrel. His younger brother at a military review  made an insulting gesture to Wentworth, who struck him with his cane in return,  and another kinsman deliberately dropped a stool in Dublin Castle on Wentworth's gouty foot.At a dinner (8 April 1635) at the house of Lord Loftus, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, one of his supporters, Mountnorris boasted of this last act as having been done in revenge of the Lord Deputy's conduct towards himself; he referred to his brother as being unwilling to take "such a revenge", and was understood to imply that some further insult to Wentworth was contemplated. Downfall

Wentworth was now resolved to crush Mountnorris, and on 31 July following obtained the consent of Charles I to inquire formally into the Vice-Treasurer's alleged malversation and to bring him before a court-martial for the words spoken at the dinner in April. At the end of November a committee of the Irish Privy Council undertook the first duty, and on 12 December Mountnorris was brought before a council of war at Dublin Castle and charged, as an officer in the army, with having spoken words disrespectful to his commander and likely to breed mutiny, an offence legally punishable by death. Mountnorris demanded as the privilege of peerage, a trial before the Irish House of Lords: he was told brusquely that a military court knew nothing of his privilege. Wentworth appeared as a suitor for justice; after he had stated his case, and counsel had been refused Mountnorris, the court briefly deliberated in Wentworth's presence, and pronounced sentence of death. The Lord Deputy informed Mountnorris that he would appeal to the king against the sentence, and added, rather  tactlessly: "I would rather lose my hand than you should lose your head." In England the sentence was condemned on all hands; in letters to friends, Wentworth attempted to justify it in the cause of discipline, and even at his trial he spoke of it as in no way reflecting upon himself.The only real justification for Wentworth's conduct, however, lies in the fact that he had obviously no desire to see the sentence executed; he felt it necessary, as he confessed two years later, to remove Mountnorris from office, and this was the most effective means he could take. Hume attempts to extenuate Strafford's conduct, but Hallam condemns the vindictive bitterness he here exhibited in strong terms; and although Mr. S. R. Gardiner has shown that law was technically on Wentworth's side, and his intention was merely to terrify Mountnorris, Hallam's verdict seems substantially just. In the result Mountnorris, after three days' imprisonment, was promised his freedom if he would admit the justice of the sentence, but this he refused to do. On the report of the privy council's committee of inquiry he was stripped of all his offices, but on 13 February 1635–6 a petition to Strafford from Lady Mountnorris, which was never answered, proves that he was still in prison. In the petition she pleaded eloquently with Strafford to remove his "heavy hand" from her dear husband, and appealed to the memory of his beloved second wife Arabella Holles,  who was her cousin. She later managed to gain entry to his house, and went on her knees to him: Wentworth treated her courteously but remained implacable. Later in the year Lady Mountnorris petitioned the king to permit her husband to return to England, and the request was granted.Life after Strafford
The rest of Mountnorris's life was passed in attempts to regain his lost offices. On 11 May 1641 he wrote to Strafford enumerating the wrongs he had done him, and desiring, on behalf of wife and children, a reconciliation with himself, and his aid in regaining the king's favour. But other agencies had already been set at work in his behalf. A committee of the Long Parliament had begun at the close of 1640 to examine his relations with Strafford, and on 9 September 1641 a vote of the commons declared his sentence, imprisonment, and deprivations unjust and illegal. The declaration was sent up to the  House of Lords, who made several orders between October and December 1641 for the attendance before them of witnesses to enable them to judge the questions at issue; but their final decision is not recorded in their journals. In 1642 Mountnorris succeeded by special remainder  to the viscounty of Valentia on  the death of his cousin Sir Henry Power. In 1643 the House of Commons granted him permission, after much delay, to go to Duncannon in Ireland.In 1646 he was for some time in London, but he lived, when not in Ireland, on an estate near his birthplace, at Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, which had been sold to him by Charles I in 1627. In 1648 Parliament restored him to the office of Clerk of the Signet in Ireland, and made him a grant of £500. Later he appears to have lived on friendly terms with Henry Cromwell, the Lord Deputy of Ireland during the Protectorate, and to have secured the office of Secretary of State at Dublin. In November 1656 he proposed to the English Government that he should resign these posts to his son Arthur. Henry Cromwell, writing to General Fleetwood, urges him to aid in carrying out this arrangement, and speaks in high terms of father and son. Lord Mountnorris died in 1660. Family

He married firstly Dorothea (died 1624), daughter of Sir John Philipps, 1st Baronet of Picton Castle, Pembrokeshire, and his first wife Anne, daughter of Sir John Perrot, and they had eleven children of whom three sons and several daughters reached adulthood.He married secondly Jane (died 1683/4), widow of Sir Peter Courten, 1st Baronet, of Aldington and daughter of Sir John Stanhope and his second wife Catherine Trentham, and half-sister of Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield, and they had nine children of whom at least one son and one daughter reached adulthood. Valentia died and was buried in Thorganby, Yorkshire, in November 1660. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Arthur, who was later created Lord Annesley and Earl of Anglesey. Arms

Notes

References

1585 births
1660 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Armagh constituencies
Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland
Peers of Ireland created by Charles I
Annesley, <mask>
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Francis
English MPs 1625
English MPs 1628–1629

masks:
Francis Annesley
Valentia
Viscount Valenti
Francis
Francis Annesley
Francis