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<mask> of Zweibrücken (14 February 1625 – 24 October 1687) was a countess palatine, a cousin and foster-sibling of Queen Christina of Sweden, and a sister of King Charles X of Sweden. She was also, after the accession of her brother Charles X on the throne (1654), a titular Royal Princess of Sweden. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born at Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland, to Count Palatine John Casimir of Zweibrücken and Princess Catherine of Sweden. In 1622, her family fled from Germany during the Thirty Years War and settled in the birth country of her mother, Sweden, where <mask>ne herself was born three years later. She spent her first years at Stegeborg Castle, the fief of her mother. In 1632, her mother was given the responsibility of her cousin, Queen Christina, and <mask>ne was from that moment brought up with her cousin the Queen: she and her siblings stayed at their court also after the death of their mother in 1638, while their father remained at Stegeborg. <mask>ne was given a very good education, being brought up with Christina, but she was eventually tutored separately, because Christina as a monarch was considered to require an education otherwise unsuitable for her sex.During the Reign of Christina
In 1643, she received a proposal from Count Henry of Nassau. According to a letter of Christina, Henry was a rich and beautiful Prince who was well liked by <mask>ne. She left the decision to her father, however: he was uncertain as to whether Henry could support her, and in 1645, after Christina stated that she was fully capable of arranging a marriage for the same status for her relative in Sweden, he denied Henry. On 15 March 1645, <mask>ne was engaged to the Queen's favorite Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, and on 7 March 1647, she married him in the Royal Chapel of Tre Kronor (castle) in Stockholm. The marriage was arranged by Christina. Traditional myth has regarded this as a triangle drama: Christina and <mask> were both believed to have been in love with Magnus Gabriel, and in the end, Christina gave up the plans of marrying him herself, and gave him to her cousin with the words: I give to you what I can not have myself. A famous play has been written about this drama.It is not known how much of this legendary triangle drama is true, however. According to <mask>ne herself, the purpose was to show them both her favor. Magnus Gabriel had, according to her own memoirs, fallen in love with her at the age of eighteen, and due to the love letters exchanged by them during their marriage, at least <mask>ne certainly had strong feelings of affection for him. The marriage has however not been described as happy. At the wedding, Christina granted her several states, among them her grandmother's favorite residence Höjentorp, which was also to be her favorite, as well as a great personal allowance, which was later confirmed by her brother upon his succession. In 1653, Magnus Gabriel lost his favor with Christina and was expelled from court, and she tried to act as a mediator. <mask>ne had a close relationship with her brother Charles, and did what she could to support his planned marriage with Christina.During the Reign of Charles X and Charles XI
At the coronation of her brother King Charles X Gustavus in 1654, <mask>ne was granted the rank and status of a Royal Princess of Sweden. This was opposed by some parts of the nobility. <mask>ne did not use the title of Countess, but was generally referred to as  Princess. <mask>ne visited both her spouse and her brother in warfare: she visited her spouse in Germany and, in 1656, in Riga in Swedish Livonia, from where she had to flee again with her courtiers after just two weeks when the Russians set fire to the city. During the Dano-Swedish War (1658-1660), she and her sister-in-law Queen Hedvig Eleonora lived at Kronborg in Denmark after it had been taken by the Swedish general Carl Gustaf Wrangel. In 1658, her brother King Charles told her that he wished to make her spouse Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, but she convinced him not to by saying that Magnus Gabriel was more suited for military work. In 1660, she was present at the death bed of her brother in Gothenburg.He promised her great estates in Denmark, pensions for her children, and told her that he had named her consort Lord High Chancellor of Sweden in his will against her wish. <mask>ne was very active as a mediator and a spokesperson for supplicants who wished to speak to her spouse or to her brother the King (and later her nephew the King) on their behalf. This matters were not only small things, they also concerned women asking her to use her contacts to acquire offices of great political importance for their male relatives. In the same fashion, she acted as a mediator between her consort and the royal house, especially when he was out of favor. At Karlberg Palace, she received her supplicants in a room with paintings of her royal brother and mother, with a door open to the room where her brother the King had slept when he was a guest in her house. Contemporary view was that her spouse had her to thank for his successful career. In 1676, Lisbeth Carlsdotter, a witness in a witch trial inspired by the famous Gävle-Boy, tried to implicate <mask> and her sister-in-law <mask> for sorcery.This accusations was not taken seriously, but instead discredited the credibility of Lisbeth Carlsdotter as a witness and eventually led to the whole trial being dissolved. In 1680, her spouse fell in favor of her nephew, the monarch, after the death of Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna. She was denied an audience with her nephew without witnesses and had no success in getting her spouse in favor. After she, by using her contacts, managed to get an audience in private with the King, however, she told him that she hoped Gyllenstierna was now in Hell, and the result was that her spouse was appointed Seneschal. During the great reduction of her nephew King Charles XI in the 1680s, a lot of the property of the family was confiscated by the crown. <mask> was not above using her status as the aunt of the King to avoid confiscation, but she was only moderately successful: in 1685, she was allowed to keep her own personal allowance and her favorite residence, Höjentorp Castle, Västergötland, but the confiscation of her husband's property continued undisturbed. <mask> became a widow in 1686.This was in the middle of the reduction. The King refused to pay for the funeral of her spouse, and to stop the creditors from inventorying her own personal possessions and jewelry as well. She died at Höjentorp. <mask>ne was described as religious. She had her German saying »Gott ist mir allés» carved at a wall at Läckö Castle, as well as at a medallion, and in 1681, she anonymously published the German language prayer book »Der geistlich-hungerigen seelen himmelisches manna». In 1682, she wrote her own autobiography. Family
<mask>ne married Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie on 7 March 1647.Of their eleven children, only three survived childhood, and only one (Hedvig Ebba), had issue; but her only child himself died childless. Issue
Gustaf Adolf De la Gardie (1647–1695), unmarried, no issue. Catharina Charlotta De la Gardie (1655-1697), married Count Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck, no issue. Hedvig Ebba De la Gardie (1657–1700 ), married Count Carl Gustaf Eriksson Oxenstierna af Södermöre, and had one son, who died childless. Ancestry

References

 Sven Axel Hallbäck - Läckö slott (Läckö palace)
  Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor, Wilhelmina Stålberg, P. G. Berg (Notes on Swedish women)
 Svenska Familj-Journalen (Swedish family journal)
 Norrhem, Svante (2007). Kvinnor vid maktens sida : 1632-1772. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.Libris 10428618. Svenska Familj-Journalen
 Riksarkivet SBL Maria Euphrosine De la Gardie

House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
Maria 1654
1625 births
1687 deaths
Countesses Palatine of Zweibrücken
Burials at Varnhem Abbey
17th-century Swedish writers
17th-century Swedish women writers
People of the Swedish Empire
De la Gardie family
Court of Christina, Queen of Sweden

masks:
Maria Euphrosyne
Maria Euphrosyne
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosyne
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosyne
Maria Sofia
Maria Euphrosyne
Maria Euphrosyne
Maria Euphrosy
Maria Euphrosy


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<mask>, 7th Earl of Arundel, 4th Baron Maltravers KG (14 February 140812 June 1435) was an English nobleman and military commander during the later phases of the Hundred Years' War. His father, <mask>, 3rd Baron Maltravers, fought a long battle to lay claim to the Arundel earldom, a battle that was not finally resolved until after the father's death, when <mask> the son was finally confirmed in the title in 1433. Already before this, in 1430, Fitzalan had departed for France, where he held a series of important command positions. He served under <mask>, Duke of Bedford, the uncle of the eight-year-old King Henry VI. Fitzalan was involved in recovering fortresses in the Île-de-France region, and in suppressing local rebellions. His military career ended, however, at the Battle of Gerbevoy in 1435. Refusing to retreat in the face of superior forces, Arundel was shot in the foot and captured.His leg was later amputated, and he died shortly afterwards from the injury. His final resting place was a matter of dispute until the mid-nineteenth century, when his tomb at Arundel Castle was revealed to contain a skeleton missing one leg. Arundel was considered a great soldier by his contemporaries. He had been a successful commander in France, in a period of decline for the English, and his death was a great loss to his country. He was succeeded by his son Humphrey, who did not live to adulthood. The title of Earl of Arundel then went to <mask>'s younger brother William. Family background

<mask> was born at Lytchett Matravers in Dorset on 14 February 1408.He was the son of <mask>, 3rd Baron Maltravers (1385–1421) and Eleanor (d. 1455), daughter of Sir <mask> of Beverstone, Gloucestershire. <mask> the elder, through his great-great-grandfather Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel, made a claim on the earldom of Arundel after the death of Thomas Fitzalan, 5th Earl of Arundel, in 1415. The claim was disputed, however, by Thomas's three sisters and their families, foremost among these Elizabeth FitzAlan, who had married Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. It is debatable whether Maltravers ever held the title of Earl of Arundel; he was summoned to parliament under this title once, in 1416, but never again. When he died in 1421, the dispute continued under his son, and it was not until in 1433 that the younger <mask> finally had his title confirmed in parliament, despite the Mowbrays disputing his claim. Four years earlier, in July 1429, he had received his late father's estates and title. As a child, <mask> was contracted to marry Constance, who was the daughter of <mask>, Baron Fanhope, and through her mother Elizabeth granddaughter of <mask> of Gaunt.The two may or may not have married, but Constance was dead by 1429, when <mask> married Maud, daughter of Robert Lovell. FitzAlan was knighted in 1426 along with the four-year-old King Henry VI, where he was referred to as "Dominus de Maultravers" ("Lord Maltravers"). In the summer of 1429 he was summoned to parliament, this time styled "Johanni Arundell' Chivaler", meaning he was now Lord Arundel. In 1430, however, in an indenture for service with the king in France, he was styled Earl of Arundel, a title he also used himself. When he was finally officially recognised in his title of Earl of Arundel in 1433, this was based on the recognition that the title went with the possession of Arundel Castle. In reality though, the grant was just as much a reward for the military services he had by that point rendered in France. Service in France

<mask> the father had been a prominent soldier in the Hundred Years' War under King Henry V, and the son followed in his father's footsteps.On 23 April 1430, the younger Fitzalan departed for France in the company of the Earl of Huntingdon. There he soon made a name for himself as a soldier, under the command of the king's uncle, <mask>, Duke of Bedford. In June he took part in the Siege of Compiègne, where <mask> Arc had recently been captured. Later, he raised the siege of Anglure with the help of the Burgundians. On 17 December 1431, he was present when Henry VI was crowned King of France in Paris, where he distinguished himself at the accompanying tournament. FitzAlan's military success led to several important appointments of command; in November 1431, he was made lieutenant of the Rouen garrison, and shortly after also captain of Vernon. In January 1432 he was appointed captain of Verneuil.On the night of 3 February he was taken by surprise while in bed at the Great Tower of Rouen Castle, when a band of French soldiers from nearby Ricarville managed to take the castle. Arundel was hoisted down the walls in a basket; and made his escape. The assailants could not hold the castle, because Marshall Boussac refused to garrison the town; Guillaume de Ricarville was forced to surrender twelve days later. In April 1432, FitzAlan was rewarded for his actions so far by initiation into the Order of the Garter. In a separate action from Rouen Arundel was sent to rescue Saint Lo. from an attack by the duke of Alençon's army, after the town's captain Raoul Tesson had been appointed to replace Suffolk, who was captured at the Battle of Jargeau. The French retreated to the fastness of Mont St Michel, from where they continued to raid Anglo-Norman towns, like Granville in 1433.From early 1432 onwards, Fitzalan held several regional commands in northern France. One of his tasks was recovering fortresses in the Île-de-France region, at which he was mostly successful. At Lagny-sur-Marne he blew up the bridge to prevent the citizens from reaching the castle, but still failed to take the fortification. In December he was appointed to a regional command in Upper Normandy, but had to defend the town of Sées from a siege. On 10 March 1433, he issued a pardon to the inhabitants when the town was retaken from the Armangnacs. In July <mask> was instead made lieutenant-general of Lower Normandy. The earl continued his work of recovering lost fortresses that belonged to Ambroise de Loré, Bonsmoulins was taken easily, but Loré's family had occupied Saint-Céneri.After three months of culverin bombardment the walls were breached and most of the garrison killed. The remainder were allowed to march out unharmed. In the County of Alençon, a young, tall and courageous earl led the campaign that probably took place in 1433, taking back Saint-Célerin, Sillé-le-Guillaume, where there was a short skirmish. The Armagnacs arrived, and demanded the return of the hostages in the castle; Arundel feigned to agree and departed. As soon as the Armangnacs rode off Arundel returned and took the castle by assault. and by 1434 Beaumont-le-Vicomte. In December 1433, Bedford again appointed him commander in Upper Normandy, as well as captain of Pont-de-l'Arche.By now the Earl of Arundel might have returned briefly to England in May 1434, when he was in the process of gathering troops for an English expedition to France. But <mask>, Duke of Bedford was forced to raise loans for the soldiers' pay in the Maine campaign. That Spring he was joined in Paris by Talbot with nearly 1000 reinforcements from England. Later in May he was replaced as lieutenant of Upper Normandy by <mask>, Earl of Shrewsbury, and instead received a command between the Seine and Loire rivers. This effectively meant that the two shared the command of Normandy, with Talbot east of the Seine and Arundel to the west. But they combined operations capturing Beaumont-sur-Oise, and then Creil, which was finally taken on 20 June 1434. In the summer Arundel captured the Mantes-Chartres regional fortresses; it appeared for a time at least the Armagnacs no longer posed a threat to Paris.On 8 September, <mask> was also made Duke of Touraine – an area held by the French. The grant was made as a reward for his good service, but also in the hope that he would campaign in the area. In October he was made captain of Saint-Lô, where he had to deal with a rebellion in the Bessin area. The Duke of Alençon was trying to exploit the revolt to take control of Avranches, but Arundel managed to prevent the French advance and ended the rebellion. But in early 1435 the area of western Normandy erupted in popular revolt. Arundel was summoned to call muster from Rouen in order to protect Caen. Arundel was joined by another lieutenant-general Lord Scales from his base at Domfront, commanded to relieve Avranches.Alençon intended to build a fortress at Savigny, but when the English found out, the bailli of Cotentin was required to demolish it. With 800 men, <mask> was sent to recover Rue where he learnt that La Hire was fortifying Gerberoy, only 37 miles east of Rouen. Talbot had previously cleared out the Picardy, but when <mask>les had already occupied the fortress. He was forced to give battle or besiege. Death and aftermath

On the night of 31 May/1 June 1435, <mask> was at Mantes-la-Jolie in the Île-de-France, when he was ordered to relocate north to Gournay-sur-Epte (now Gournay-en-Bray). When he was informed that the French had taken over the nearby fortress at Gerberoy, he moved quickly to attack it. The English met with a large French force at Gerberoy.Many withdrew to Gournay in panic, but <mask> remained to fight. In the ensuing battle, Arundel lost many of his men and was himself hit in the foot by a shot from a culverin, a primitive musket. Heavily wounded, he was taken to Beauvais as a captive of the French. According to the French historian Thomas Basin, <mask> was humiliated by his defeat and refused to receive medical treatment for the damage to his foot. The leg was eventually amputated, but <mask>'s life could not be saved; he died of his injuries on 12 June 1435, depriving the English of one of their youngest, most able and dedicated military leaders. Arundel was replaced in his command by Lord Scales. There was long uncertainty about what had happened to the earl's body.The French chronicler Jehan de Waurin claimed that Arundel had simply been buried in Beauvais. In the mid-nineteenth century, however, the chaplain of the Duke of Norfolk came upon the will of Arundel's squire, Fulk Eyton, when he died later in 1454. Eyton maintained therein that he had secured the earl's body and brought it back to England, for which he had been rewarded with a payment of 1400 Marks. The body was disinterred brought back to England, then entombed in the Fitzalan Chapel of Arundel Castle, as Arundel had expressly wished for in his own will. On 16 November 1857, the tomb in the Arundel chapel carrying the earl's effigy was opened. In it was found a skeleton measuring over six feet, with a missing leg. Arundel's military career coincided with a period of general decline for the English in France.He had been an unusually successful campaigner. His death was lamented in England and celebrated in France. He was referred to as the "English Achilles"; the historian Polydore Vergil called him "a man of singular valour, constancy, and gravity." With his wife, Maud, he had a son, Humphrey, who was born on 30 January 1429. Humphrey succeeded to his father's title, but died on 24 April 1438, while still a minor. <mask>'s younger brother, William, was next in line of succession. William was born in 1417 and was created Earl of Arundel in 1438 when he came of age.Fitzalan family tree
The following simplified family tree shows the background for the dispute over the Arundel title and inheritance. Solid lines denote children and dashed lines marriages. References

Sources

Secondary

 C de Beaurepaire, Les Etats d e Normandie sous la Domination Anglaise 1422-1435, Évreux 1859

 L Douet-D'Arcq, (ed. ), La Chronique d'Enguerran de Montsrelet, Paris, 1859–62, vols 3–6. A J R Pollard, <mask> and the War in France, 1427–1453, London and New Jersey, 1983
 Thomas Rymer, ed., Foedera, Conventiones, Litterae, London, 1726–35, 10 vols. J H Wylie, The History of England under Henry the Fifth (1896)

1408 births
1435 deaths
Knights of the Garter
14
04
Dukes of Touraine
Knights of the Bath
People of the Hundred Years' War
John

masks:
John Fitzalan
John Fitzalan
John Fitzalan
John
John
John Fitzalan
John Fitzalan
John Berkeley
John Fitzalan
John FitzAlan
John Fitzalan
John Cornwall
John
John
John Fitzalan
John
Joan of
Arundel
John
John Talbot
Arundel
Arundel
Arundelrail
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Arundel
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John FitzAlan
John Talbot


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<mask> (born January 29, 1977) is an American, former collegiate All-American, medal-winning Olympian, retired professional All-Star softball pitcher who is currently the head coach at UMass. <mask> was a starting pitcher for the UMass Minutewomen softball from 1996 to 1999. <mask> also played professionally in National Pro Fastpitch from 2004 to 2007, where she currently ranks top-10 in career strikeout ratio (6.8). Along with numerous school records, she is the Atlantic 10 Conference career leader in ERA, shutouts, perfect games (3) and WHIP. <mask> represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics and won a gold medal. Early life and education
Born in Huntington, New York, <mask> grew up in nearby Commack and graduated from Commack High School in 1995. College
In her freshman season of 1996, <mask> led the team in wins, ERA, shutouts and strikeouts.<mask> threw her first no-hitter in the NCAA play-in opener against Marist Red Foxes. In 1997 as a sophomore, <mask> would earn her first National Fastpitch Coaches Association All-American and Atlantic 10 Pitcher of Year awards, as well as tossing two no-hitters and breaking the UMass season records for strikeouts, innings pitched and strikeout ratio. Her wins and shutouts were at the time both second best in school history. For the year, <mask> won her first pitching Triple Crown for the conference best in wins, strikeouts and ERA, while ranked in the NCAA top-10 for both ERA and strikeout ratio. On April 26, 1997, <mask> struck out a then school and a career best 18 Fordham Rams in regulation, this was tied third all-time for an NCAA single game and now is tied fourth overall. The day prior on April 25, <mask> also began a 63 scoreless inning streak that endured until May 17 for a then career best. UMass qualified for the 1997 Women's College World Series.However, <mask> was selected to the All-Tournament Team. Throwing five no-hitters (NCAA top-5 season tying record and one perfect game vs. the Fordham Rams on March 29, 1998) earned her all-season honors from conference and the NFCA in her junior season of 1998, moving from third to the second Team. <mask> broke four school records with her wins, strikeouts, shutouts (still the record) and a strikeout ratio of nearly 12; along with her ERA, she won a second conference Triple Crown. In addition, she again cracked the top-10 NCAA Division I season records with her strikeouts (led the NCAA), shutouts and then second best all-time season strikeout ratio mark, which also led the NCAA that year. A return trip to the Women's College World Series ended by shutout as the Minutewomen lost their second game to Oklahoma State Cowgirls and would be <mask>'s last appearance in the series. In her senior season of 1999, <mask> posted six no-hitters (another top-five tying NCAA season record), two perfect games and repeated all-season honors, including a First Team All-American highlight and her third straight Atlantic 10 Pitcher of The Year and pitching Triple Crown. <mask> won 30 games, struck out a then school and conference record (total led the nation) and tied the best season ERA mark at UMass.She had a career best WHIP and her strikeout ratio of 13.9, set a new NCAA season mark that is now 6th all-time. Her 105 scoreless innings streak from March 16 − May 2, 1999 remains the NCAA record. <mask> closed her career at UMass with the best strikeouts, ERA, shutouts, wins, WHIP, innings pitched, strikeout ratio, perfect games and no-hitter numbers, of which she still owns the ERA, WHIP, perfect games and shutout crowns. She holds the same career records for the Atlantic 10. Finally, in the NCAA <mask> is tied 6th in no-hitters (14) and 5th in perfect games (3) all-time for a career. In May 1999, <mask> was awarded the Honda Sports Award as the best softball player in the country. After her playing career, <mask> served as a private pitching instructor and was an assistant coach with Ohio State and Stanford.She rejoined her alma mater UMass as associate head coach for the 2014 season and has been head coach at UMass Lowell since 2015. Professional softball career

2000 Olympics
<mask> began playing for Team USA the summer after she graduated in 1999. On July 29, 1999, <mask> threw a perfect game defeating Colombia 9–0 at the start of the Pan American Games. She competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney where she received a gold medal with the American team. Her only game was a 3–0 win over Cuba. National Pro Fastpitch
<mask> began playing with the rejuvenated National Pro Fastpitch in 2004 with the now defunct Arizona Heat. She debuted on June 1, throwing two innings in a loss.Beginning on June 7-July 31, <mask> won a career best 7 consecutive decisions in 12 games, 5 complete. She struck out 55 batters and surrendered 35 hits, 30 walks and 9 earned runs for a 1.05 ERA and 1.08 WHIP. With the New England Riptide on June 5, 2005, she tallied a career best 13 strikeouts in a 3-0 shutout victory. She currently ranks top-10 in career strikeout ratio at 6.8. In 2005, <mask> made the All-NPF East Team. Although she did not play, <mask> also won a NPF Cowles Cup Championship with the defunct New England Riptide on August 28, 2006. Coaching career
<mask> had two stints as an assistant coach at UMass, first from 2000 to 2003 then as associate head coach in 2014.In between these stints, <mask> worked as a private pitching instructor before returning to college softball as assistant coach at Ohio State from 2011 to 2012 and Stanford under John Rittman in 2013. On July 30, 2014, she was named head softball coach at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Honors
In 2001, while serving a second term as Assistant Coach, the University of Massachusetts-Amherst ceremoniously retired <mask>'s #44 jersey. In her last season with her the Minutewomen, <mask> was also inducted into the New England Women's Hall of Fame on September 24, 2002. On October 9, 2009, <mask> was honored with an invitation into the UMass Hall of Fame. Career Statistics

College

Professional

Head coaching record

See also
NCAA Division I softball career wins list
NCAA Division I softball career strikeouts list
NCAA Division I softball career -1.00 ERAs list

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
American softball coaches
UMass Minutewomen softball players
UMass Minutewomen softball coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes softball coaches
Stanford Cardinal softball coaches
Olympic softball players of the United States
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in softball
Softball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
People from Commack, New York
Softball players from New York (state)

masks:
Danielle Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
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<mask> (; , ; born October 1, 1969) is an American actor, comedian, musician, and writer. He appeared in Comedy Central Presents special and presented his show Late World with <mask> on VH1. <mask> has starred in films including The Hangover trilogy (2009–2013), Due Date (2010), The Campaign (2012), Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014) and Masterminds (2016). He has also voiced characters in animated films such as Puss in Boots (2011), The Lego Batman Movie (2017), Missing Link (2019), and Ron's Gone Wrong (2021). <mask> currently hosts the Funny or Die website talk show Between Two Ferns with <mask>. He starred in the FX series Baskets and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2017. Early life
<mask> was born in Wilkesboro, North Carolina, on October 1, 1969. the son of community arts center owner Mary Frances (née Cashion) and heating oil vendor <mask>.His mother is of Scottish-Irish and English descent, while his paternal grandparents were Greek immigrants from Crete. He was baptized in his father's Greek Orthodox faith. He has a younger sister, Merritt, and an older brother, Greg. His cousin is Washington Post cartoonist <mask>, while his uncle, also named <mask>, is a politician. <mask> attended Wilkes Central High School, and subsequently attended North Carolina State University, where he majored in communications. While in college, he worked at a public access station. He taught a waltz class in 1991 where he crossed paths with Mary J. Blige.Career

Early work
After his television debut Boston Common, <mask> joined Saturday Night Live for two weeks. He has stated "I worked on Saturday Night Live for two weeks, and Britney Spears was the host one week when I was doing it. Wrote a sketch, Will Ferrell was going to play a bodyguard to her belly button, and we were going to shrink Will down to fit into a belly button. ...she just stared at me after I explained it to her. And then she finally goes 'Yeah that's funny.'" <mask> co-starred in the film Out Cold, and had small roles in Corky Romano, Below, Bubble Boy, Heartbreakers, Into the Wild, Super High Me, Little Fish Strange Pond and Largo. In September 2001, he appeared in an episode of Comedy Central Presents.It included a stand-up routine, a segment with a piano, and a cappella group The Night Owls  (introduced as his "12 ex-girlfriends") singing "Eternal Flame" by The Bangles while he made jokes. In 2002, he hosted his own VH1 talk show called Late World with <mask>. It featured many of his friends and regular performers from the LA comedy and music venue Largo where he appeared frequently during this time period. One episode featured Largo regulars Jon Brion and Rhett Miller as musical guests. He played Davis in the Fox drama series Tru Calling. He appeared many times on Jimmy Kimmel Live! and played Frisbee in Reno 911!.<mask> played Alan Finger on the Comedy Central show Dog Bites Man, a fake news program that caught people during candid moments thinking they were being interviewed by a real news crew. He also guest-starred in the episode of the Comedy Central show The Sarah Silverman Program as Fred the Homeless Guy. He also had a recurring guest role as a doctor on the animated Adult Swim show Tom Goes to the Mayor and appeared in several episodes of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! in a recurring role as Tairy Greene. In 2006, <mask> appeared in Fiona Apple's music video for the song "Not About Love", where he is seen lip-syncing the lyrics to the song. A year later, Kanye West employed <mask> and indie rock musician Will Oldham for similar purposes in the second version of the video for his song "Can't Tell Me Nothing". In June 2006, <mask> released the single "Come On and Get It (Up in 'Dem Guts)", a comedic hip-hop dance song which features Apple's vocals.<mask>, Patton Oswalt, Brian Posehn and Maria Bamford, are the four Comedians of Comedy, a periodic packaged comedy tour in the style of The Original Kings of Comedy and the Blue Collar Comedy Tour. They chose to perform at live rock clubs as opposed to comedy clubs to try to reach a different audience. Much of the tour was taped and has been featured in both a short-lived TV series on Comedy Central and a full-length movie that has appeared at SXSW and on Showtime. On February 22, 2008, he made an appearance on the Jackassworld.com: 24 Hour Takeover. He interviewed various members of the Jackass cast. <mask> starred in first leading role in the independent film Visioneers which premiered in 2008. The film which was released on direct-to-DVD.That same year, <mask> appeared in a web video series of advertisements for Absolut vodka, along with Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim, creating a parody of the Golden Girls in which one has a deep anger issue, breaking the fourth wall in exasperation and outright violence on the set. He also completed the pilot Speed Freaks for Comedy Central. <mask>'s 2006 stand-up concert film <mask>kis Live at the Purple Onion was one of the first original programs from Netflix. Between Two Ferns with <mask>kis

<mask> has a series of videos on the Funny or Die website titled Between Two Ferns With <mask> where he conducts interviews with popular celebrities between two potted ferns. He has interviewed Jimmy Kimmel, Michael Cera, Jon Hamm, Natalie Portman, Charlize Theron, Bradley Cooper, Carrot Top, Conan O'Brien, Andy Richter, Andy Dick, Ben Stiller, Steve Carell, Sean Penn, Bruce Willis, Tila Tequila, Jennifer Aniston, Will Ferrell, Samuel L. Jackson, Tobey Maguire, Arcade Fire, Justin Bieber, Brie Larson, David Letterman, former President Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Brad Pitt. His interview style consists of typical interview questions, bizarre non sequiturs, awkward product endorsements and sometimes inappropriate sexual questions and comments. <mask> won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short-Format Live-Action Entertainment Program as a producer of the show at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.Mainstream performances
<mask> played Alan Garner in the hit comedy The Hangover and earned the MTV Movie Award for the Best Comedic Performance. He was also prominently advertised in subsequent films that featured him in supporting roles, such as G-Force, Youth in Revolt and Up in the Air. <mask> starred in the HBO series Bored to Death and hosted Saturday Night Live on March 6, 2010 during the show's 35th season, during which he shaved his beard mid-show for a sketch, and closed the show wearing a fake one. He hosted again on March 12, 2011 and shaved his head this time, in a Mr. T-like hairstyle, which was allegedly supposed to be used for a sketch that never aired due to time constraints. In 2010, he starred in several films, including Dinner for Schmucks, It's Kind of a Funny Story, and Due Date. On October 29, 2010, while debating marijuana legalization on the show HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher, <mask> appeared to have smoked marijuana on live television; host Bill Maher denied that it was real marijuana in an interview with Wolf Blitzer during an episode of The Situation Room. In 2011, he reprised his role for The Hangover Part II, which was set in Thailand and voiced Humpty Dumpty in Puss in Boots.<mask> starred alongside Will Ferrell in Jay Roach's 2012 political comedy The Campaign. He received critical praise for his performance in the 2014 film Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), in which he starred with Michael Keaton, Emma Stone and Edward Norton. In 2017, <mask> voiced The Joker in The Lego Batman Movie. Charity work
In January 2014, <mask> and his Night of a Thousand Vaginas co-star Sarah Silverman announced their intention to raise $20,000 to help fund the Texas Abortion Fund, part of a nationwide network of funds set up to assist women in obtaining abortions in states whose legislatures had placed restrictions on the practice. The fundraiser was set up in response to the passage of Texas H.B. 2, which established several restrictions that forced a majority of the state's abortion clinics to close. <mask> befriended Marie "Mimi" Haist, a homeless woman in her 80s who was living in a Santa Monica laundromat for 18 years, and bought her an apartment across the street from the laundromat.The story was revealed in the 2015 documentary Queen Mimi. Personal life
In August 2012, <mask> married Canadian charity worker Quinn Lundberg at the UBC Farm in Vancouver. They have two sons together: one born on September 7, 2013 (<mask> skipped the premiere of his film Are You Here to attend the birth) and another born on November 7, 2016. <mask> owns a farm in Sparta, North Carolina, and splits his time between the farm and his work. He said, "My farm is a place that I get to think clearly and pretend to know what I am doing." Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American comedians
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1969 births
American cannabis activists
American comedy musicians
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male web series actors
American people of Greek descent
American people of Scottish descent
American stand-up comedians
American television writers
Funny or Die
Zach
Late night television talk show hosts
Living people
Male actors from North Carolina
American male television writers
North Carolina Democrats
North Carolina State University alumni
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Alleghany County, North Carolina
People from Wilkesboro, North Carolina
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screenwriters from North Carolina
Streamy Award winners

masks:
Zachary Knight Galifianakis
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Harry Galifianakis
Nick Galifianakis
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Oluwatosin Ayoyinka Olumide "<mask>" <mask> (born January 7, 1983), is a Nigerian-American musician, best known as the founder and lead guitarist of the instrumental progressive metal band Animals as Leaders. He has recorded and released four albums with Animals as Leaders: a self-titled debut, Weightless, The Joy of Motion and their most recent album, The Madness of Many. A guitar virtuoso, Guitar World ranks <mask> at #97 on their list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of all time. Life and career

Background
<mask> was born in Washington D.C. to Nigerian immigrants to the United States. His brother, <mask>, is a former drill sergeant in the United States military and is currently a fashion designer. <mask> is a mainly self-taught guitarist. He first picked up a guitar at his friend's house, simply strumming it and making up basic licks on the spot.At this time he was being exposed to some music through learning the clarinet in elementary school. He later began to rent hair metal guitarists' instructional video tapes from his local music store, saying that some "were videos you did not want to be caught watching" due to racy material in certain tapes (e.g. women in bikinis). <mask> said that when he decided to learn the guitar, his father was "totally liberal about the whole thing and encouraging and proud" and in fact, bought him his first guitar. However his mother initially held a more conservative outlook. <mask> said in an interview, “My mom definitely represents more of the traditional immigrant mentality of education and conventional channels being way more important than a creative endeavor". Early career
He was the guitarist for the Silver Spring, Maryland-based metal band PSI before moving onto join the technical metalcore band Reflux in the early to mid-2000s.During a Reflux show, Prosthetic Records noticed his skill and offered him a record deal as a solo artist. At first, he refused, saying he didn't feel comfortable with his skill level to write his own record. Afterwards, <mask> enrolled at the Atlanta Institute of Music and Media, a for-profit college. After graduating, he contacted Prosthetic Records asking if the offer still held. He then formed his "solo" project, Animals as Leaders, the name loosely being derived from the book Ishmael. Success with Animals as Leaders and onward
In 2009, he recorded the first Animals as Leaders release with Misha Mansoor (of Periphery), who produced and recorded the album with Tosin, as well as programming the drums. Javier Reyes and Navene Koperweis were enlisted on rhythm guitar and drums, respectively, after the completion of the album, turning the project into a full touring band.He also toured with the band Born of Osiris as a stand-in guitarist for former member Matt Pantelis whilst they were auditioning for a permanent replacement. In 2011, <mask> started putting together material for a new band, T.R.A.M., consisting of his Animals As Leaders bandmate Javier Reyes, Suicidal Tendencies drummer Eric Moore, and former The Mars Volta wind instrumentalist Adrián Terrazas-González. "T.R.A.M." stands for Terrazas, Reyes, <mask>, Moore. In mid-March 2011, T.R.A.M. played their first show at South by Southwest, a multi-day music festival in Austin, Texas. <mask> explained that he formed T.R.A.M.as a trio consisting of himself, Javier and Adrian as an outlet for some ideas he had written which he felt did not fit with Animals as Leaders. Eric Moore was not added into the line-up until the recording phase of the album, and wrote and performed all the drums on the album within a few weeks. Animals as Leaders released their second album, Weightless, on November 8, 2011. <mask> was reportedly meeting with Misha Mansoor again in late 2012, and it was reported that a new Animals as Leaders album was in the works, due to be released in 2013. At NAMM 2013, <mask> <mask>'s signature guitar, the Ibanez TAM 100, was revealed. This guitar is based upon the Ibanez RG2228 model, which he had been using for some years, and contains his signature DiMarzio Ionizer pickups. On March 19, 2014, the Animals As Leaders album The Joy of Motion was made available for streaming, via YouTube.On March 24, 2014, the album was released in Europe, March 25 in North America and on March 28 in Australia and New Zealand by Sumerian Records. The album was met with widely positive reviews. In July 2014, <mask> appeared in the first episode of Guitar Power, a web-series sponsored by D'Addario String and Rolling Stone Magazine. As of March 2014, he was on tour with Animals As Leaders. In October 2014, it was revealed that <mask> would join Joe Satriani, Guthrie Govan, and Mike Keneally on the G4 tour in 2015. In April and May 2016, <mask> joined Nuno Bettencourt, Yngwie Malmsteen, Steve Vai, and Zakk Wylde, as part of the Generation Axe tour. The supergroup later reprised their tour in 2017 in Asia, and North America once more in 2018.In August 2020, it was revealed that <mask> was the musician behind the "air guitar" shredding in Bill & Ted Face the Music. Abasi Concepts
In 2017, after leaving Ibanez Guitars, <mask> wanted to expand on his design and include features such as locking tuners and 6 string options. As a result, <mask> founded Abasi Concepts which features a range of 6, 7 and 8 string instruments that feature his unique ergonomic design, locking tuners, signature Fishman pickups and unique wood combinations. <mask> started with Frank Falbo but had a public fallout with the builder over business issues. This led to Abasi Concepts switching to World Musical Instrument Co. Ltd as the manufacturer for their Legion Series, Dyna Gakki as the manufacturer for their JLarada Series and Grover Jackson Engineering as the manufacturer for their Master, Spartan and Space Telecaster series. Influences
His favoured guitarists, musicians and bands include Steve Vai, Allan Holdsworth, Fredrik Thordendal of Meshuggah, Thom Yorke of Radiohead, Aphex Twin, Squarepusher, Mike Einziger of Incubus, and Dream Theater. He is a Transcendental Meditation practitioner.Discography

PSI (Pounds Per Square Inch)
Virus (2001)

Reflux
Illusion of Democracy (2004)

Animals as Leaders
Animals as Leaders (2009)
"Wave of Babies (Digital Single)" (2010)
Weightless (2011)
The Joy of Motion (2014)
Animals as Leaders Encore Edition (2015)
The Madness of Many (2016)

T.R.A.M. Lingua Franca (Sumerian, 2012)

Tigran Hamasyan
The Call Within (Guitars in "Vortex") (Nonesuch Records, 2020)

References

1983 births
20th-century American guitarists
African-American guitarists
African-American male guitarists
African-American rock musicians
American people of Nigerian descent
American people of Yoruba descent
Eight-string guitarists
Guitarists from Washington, D.C.
Lead guitarists
Living people
Progressive metal guitarists
Yoruba musicians
21st-century American guitarists
Animals as Leaders members
Generation Axe members
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians

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<mask> (born March 14, 1965) is an American screenwriter, director, and producer. He is known for developing and writing the screenplay for slasher film Scream (1996)—which launched the Scream franchise—along with those for Scream 2 (1997) and Scream 4 (2011). He is also known for creating the WB teen drama series Dawson's Creek (1998–2003), the CW supernatural drama series The Vampire Diaries (2009–2017), the Fox crime thriller series The Following (2013–2015), the CBS crime drama series Stalker (2014–2015), and the CBS All Access thriller series Tell Me a Story (2018–2020). <mask> also wrote the screenplays for the films I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), The Faculty (1998), and Cursed (2005). He made his directorial debut with the black comedy film Teaching Mrs. Tingle (1999). Early life
<mask> was born in New Bern, North Carolina, the younger son of Faye and <mask>, a fisherman. He spent his early years in Aransas Pass, Texas, near Corpus Christi, Texas.<mask>'s family returned to North Carolina for his high school years. He then attended East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina, where he received a BFA in Theatre Arts. He told Entertainment Weekly interviewer Melissa Maerz, "When I was growing up, my mom and dad took me to the Poe museum in Richmond, Virginia. It was a little house downtown, and The Raven was written on the walls. You had to move from room to room to read the whole story. I thought it was the coolest thing in the world." Career

Early career (1990–1994)
After graduation, he moved to New York City to pursue an acting career.Though he landed a part on the soap opera Another World in 1990, he moved to Los Angeles the following year where he had small parts in In Living Color, a Roger Corman film, Hard Run, and in music videos. While taking classes on screenwriting at UCLA he wrote his first script, Killing Mrs. Tingle (later retitled Teaching Mrs. Tingle) which was bought by a production company in 1995 and put on the shelf. Mainstream breakthrough (1995–1998)

Scream
Inspired by the March 9, 1994, episode of the newsmagazine Turning Point on Danny Rolling, a serial killer in Gainesville, Florida, who preyed on college students, <mask> wrote a horror movie script, originally titled Scary Movie. Its characters had seen many classic horror movies (e.g. Halloween, A Nightmare on Elm Street) and knew all the clichés. Miramax bought the script for $400,000 for their new Dimension Films label in the spring of 1995. Directed by Wes Craven, the film was renamed Scream, and released in The United States on December 20, 1996.It became a commercial blockbuster and critical success—ultimately drawing $173 million in ticket sales worldwide. <mask> earned the Saturn Award for Best Writing in 1996 for his work on Scream. In 1997, Dimension Films released Scream 2, also written by <mask>. It, too, was a critical and box office hit and paved the way for two more installments, Scream 3 (2000) and Scream 4 (2011). The latter was written by <mask>. Dawson's Creek
Paul Stupin, an executive at Columbia TriStar Television, read Scream after the bidding war for the script and was convinced <mask> was just the man to create a television series for his company. The result was Dawson's Creek, a semi-autobiographical tale set in a small coastal community not unlike Oriental.<mask> was the model for the title character, Dawson Leery, a hopeless romantic who is obsessed with movies—especially those of Steven Spielberg. Joey Potter, the platonic girl-next-door, was based on a real life friend of <mask>'s when he was young. In December 1995, the show was pitched to the Fox Network, where Stupin had been an executive, but it was rejected. Then in 1996, Stupin and <mask> went to, and struck a deal with, The WB. <mask> said, "I pitched it as Some Kind of Wonderful, meets Pump Up the Volume, meets James at 15, meets My So-Called Life, meets Little House on the Prairie." Dawson's Creek premiered on The WB on January 20, 1998, and was an immediate hit that helped launch the newly created television network. In 1999, <mask> left the show to focus on other endeavors, among them ABC's Wasteland, which failed to attract a sizable audience and was canceled after its thirteen-episode first season.He later returned to Dawson's Creek to pen the two-part series finale in 2003. I Know What You Did Last Summer
In 1997, <mask> penned his next film, I Know What You Did Last Summer, based on a 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan. Centered on four high school friends who accidentally run over a man and dump his body in an attempt to go on with their lives, the plot focuses on the four friends a year after the accident when they become the victims of a serial stalker. Despite receiving negative reviews from critics, the film was a box office success and helped launch the careers of actors Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze, Jr., Sarah Michelle Gellar, and Ryan Phillippe, going on to spawn two sequels, neither of which <mask> was involved with. Later work (1999–2008)
<mask> gave up the job of writing the full script for Scream 3 in order to direct his first penned script, originally titled Killing Mrs. Tingle and inspired by Lois Duncan's novel Killing Mr. Griffin. Starring Dawson's Creek'''s Katie Holmes, Barry Watson, and Helen Mirren, Teaching Mrs. Tingle (as it was renamed after the Columbine High School massacre) followed a group of students getting even with their vindictive teacher. The film was neither a critical nor box office success.In 1999, <mask> created Wasteland, starring Rebecca Gayheart. A late night, sexualized version of his earlier show, Dawson's Creek, it aired for just 3 episodes in October 1999 before being canceled. The remaining 10 episodes were aired on Showtime's ShowNext channel in 2001. In 2001, <mask> created Glory Days as a mid-season replacement for The WB. The series followed a novelist returning to his hometown, a coastal community within Washington state, which was experiencing strange occurrences—seeming to mirror the plot ABC's Twin Peaks. Debuting in January 2002, the series was canceled after the airing of nine episodes. <mask> penned another script which Wes Craven would go on to direct called Cursed, after a failed first shoot starring an almost entirely different cast before re-writes and re-shoots turned the project into something new, it was finally released in 2005 and starred Christina Ricci, Jesse Eisenberg, Joshua Jackson, and Shannon Elizabeth.Due to the many script changes, delays in production and low promotional budget due to all the re-shoots, the film failed to perform at the box office. Later that same year, Dimension Films released <mask>'s horror film, Venom, about a group of teens stalked by a crazed killer in the bayous of Louisiana. <mask> is listed as a producer of the film, but not as a writer. The film opened to negative reviews and suffered at the box office, taking in less than $900,000 in gross revenue. In 2006, <mask> began production on a new teen drama, tentatively titled Palm Springs, for The CW, the successor to the WB network. Later retitled Hidden Palms, the series was a coming-of-age drama about a troubled teen who moves with his mother and new stepfather to a gated community in Palm Springs, California, where he uncovers dark secrets about his neighbors and his home's previous tenants. Hidden Palms was originally intended to be a midseason replacement set to air in March but its timeslot was filled by Pussycat Dolls Present: The Search for the Next Doll instead.The pilot eventually premiered on May 30, 2007, to favorable reviews. However, after eight episodes, the series was canceled due to low viewership ratings. The final episode aired on July 4, 2007. Return and newfound success (2009–present)
<mask> developed a new TV series for The CW entitled The Vampire Diaries, which was adapted from a novel series of the same name by L. J. Smith. The series follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev), who falls in love with vampire Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and soon finds herself caught in a love triangle between Stefan and his older brother, Damon (Ian Somerhalder), while the brothers are also being haunted by the past they've had with Katherine Pierce (also played by Dobrev). The series also focuses on the lives of Elena's friends and other inhabitants of the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia. The Vampire Diaries premiered on September 10, 2009, and has become a domestic and international hit.<mask> developed a new TV series for The CW entitled The Secret Circle, which was from another book series of Vampire Diaries writer, L. J. Smith. The series revolves around six teenage witches who form a Circle coven on the fictional town of Chance Harbor, Washington.The Secret Circle premiered on September 15, 2011, just after the third-season premiere of The Vampire Diaries. It was pickup for a full-season on October 12, 2011. It was eventually cancelled. <mask> was the writer and producer for Scream 4, which began shooting in June 2010 and was released in theaters on April 15, 2011. <mask> created the TV series The Following, which began airing on Fox in the 2012–13 television season. Starring critically acclaimed actor <mask>, the series follows an ex-FBI agent who finds himself in the middle of a network of serial killers.The series was cancelled by Fox on May 8, 2015, however it was reported the series was being shopped to Hulu for a possible fourth season. <mask> also created Stalker, a psychological thriller centered on a pair of detectives who handle stalking incidents for the Threat Management Unit of the LAPD. The pilot was directed by Liz Friedlander and starred Dylan McDermott and Maggie Q. The series was cancelled on May 11, 2015, after one season. It was reported Warner Bros. would possibly shop the series around. In 2017, <mask> developed Time After Time, based on the novel of the same name, with the plot reset in 2017 New York City. It ran for only 3 of its produced 12 episodes before being cancelled.In 2018, <mask> created Tell Me a Story, a psychological thriller based on the Mexican television series Érase una vez, who takes "the world's most beloved fairy tales and reimagines them as a dark and twisted psychological thriller". The pilot was also directed by Friedlander (who also directed episodes of The Vampire Diaries, The Following and Stalker for <mask>) and starred James Wolk, Billy Magnussen, Dania Ramirez, Kim Cattrall, Danielle Campbell and Paul Wesley. The latter was one of the main actors in <mask>'s previous show, The Vampire Diaires. The show began airing on CBS All Access  in October 31, 2018. In March 2020, it was announced that <mask> would serve as executive producer for the fifth installment of the Scream franchise, which was directed by Tyler Gillett and Matt Bettinelli-Olpin. The film was released on January 14, 2022. Personal life
<mask> is openly gay.He came out to his friends and family in 1992.Summers, Claude J. (December 23, 2005). The Queer Encyclopedia of Film & Television. Cleis Press. p. 259. Archived at Google Books. Retrieved August 31, 2015.Filmography
Film

Television

Further reading
 Darren Crosdale. Dawson's Creek:  The Official Companion. Kansas City, Missouri:  Andrews McMeel, 1999. Jeffrey Epstein. "Unbound". The Advocate. August 31, 1999.34+. Andy Mangels. From Scream to Dawson's Creek:  An Unauthorized Take on the Phenomenal Career of <mask>. Los Angeles:  Renaissance Books, 2000. Charlie Palmer. "<mask>". In The Wallflower Critical Guide to Contemporary North American Directors''.Edited by Yoram Allon, Del Cullen and Hannah Patterson. London:  Wallflower, 2000. References

External links

1965 births
20th-century American writers
21st-century American writers
American male screenwriters
American soap opera writers
East Carolina University alumni
Film directors from North Carolina
The Following
American gay writers
LGBT film directors
LGBT television directors
LGBT people from North Carolina
Living people
People from New Bern, North Carolina
Showrunners
American television producers
LGBT producers
American male television writers
LGBT screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
Screenwriters from North Carolina

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<mask> (14 June 1886 – 18 August 1915) was a French rugby union player, who represented , Paris and Racing Club de France (RCF). He was first selected to play for France in the Home Nations Championship of 1908, playing in the games against  and . The following year, he played against England and , and in 1910, in all four Home Nations games. That year, he scored his only points for France, a try, against England in a close-fought match, after which he gained a reputation for being amongst the best of the French forwards. <mask>'s final season playing for France was that of 1910–11. The French press disapproved of his selection, noting that he was excessively violent and not very effective. In 1911, France won its first ever official international match, beating  16–15 at home, but in the following game, away against England, the French were heavily beaten.Guillemin's last match for France was against Wales; he was dropped for the final game of the championship, against Ireland. He played on with RCF for one more season, playing in the team that was runner-up in the Championnat de France. An architect by profession, he became a lieutenant in the French infantry, and died on the front in the First World War after a reconnaissance mission in Bois le Prêtre in Belleville-sur-Meuse. Early life
Guillemin was born in Bonneveau in the Loire Valley, France. He had a brother, Henry, who died in 1914. Rugby career

Early years and selection for France

Guillemin had been playing as a forward for Racing Club de France (RCF) in the Championnat de Paris since 1906 when he got the opportunity to trial for . Ahead of the international matches against the Home Nations teams in 1908, the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques (USFSA) organised two matches.The first was a North of France versus South match, after which a France team was formed to play against the Rest of France on 22 December at the Stade du Matin in Colombes. Guillemin was selected for the Rest. Ahead of the game, Reichel in Le Figaro gave France the odds of winning, since it had a heavier pack and better halfbacks, and also commented positively on Duval, Bonhomme and Guillemin. The Rest of France won 12–6. The cohesion of the Rest's threequarter line, all coming from Stade Français, was especially apparent, while the forwards, although weaker in the scrum, and lighter, played with more "valour". As a result, many changes were made for the team to play  on 1 January 1908: the captain, Marc Giacardy, was dropped altogether, and Guillemin was one of several who won selection. France hosted England at Colombes on 1 January 1908 for the third rugby encounter between the two nations.Although France lost the game 0–19, the press did not consider it a crushing defeat, given that on the previous occasions England had scored 35 points and then 41. During the first half, two French players departed the field injured, so that by the second half, England had the advantage in numbers and were able to control the game, which at the start had appeared (to the French press) to be well-balanced. The forwards were considered to be at least equal to, if not better, than the English. <mask> and Duval amongst the forwards, as well as the backs Hubert and Moure, drew praise from Reichel. <mask> was selected for the next game between  and France on 2 March in Cardiff, Wales. It was the first official match played between the two nations and 20,000 spectators turned up to watch. It was clear from the start that Wales was by far the stronger team, scoring in the first three minutes and leading 17–4 at half time.By the end of the game, the home team had scored nine tries, three of which were converted, and a penalty; France managed to score just one drop-goal, although it was considered "magnificent". Guillemin then played a series of matches for le Sporting Club de Madrid, made up of current and former pupils, against Trinity College, Cambridge, the first of which was held on 3 March at Cambridge, and a return match on 26 March at Parc des Princes. Guillemin was selected to play the touring Australians on 2 January 1909, but the match was cancelled due to bad weather. 1908–10
In the trials match for the 1910 Five Nations Championship, Guillemin was selected to play for the Possibles against the Probables. The Probables won a close game 9–6, and Guillemin was selected again to play for France. The fourth match between England and France was held at Leicester on 30 January 1909. The English dominated from the start but the French put up a good fight, as both the English and French press reported.The French forwards were compared in their style of play with those of Ireland, with good footballing skills. Although the English won a fourth successive victory, 22–0, it seemed as though the French game was beginning to develop. On New Year's Day 1910, Wales hosted the French team, several of whose players were unable to attend due to the annual celebrations. For Wales, the match in Swansea was merely a "splendid preliminary canter", and the home side was very much favourite to win. It was only the third match between the two nations: the first, held at Cardiff in 1908, had proved popular due to the novelty. After the easy Welsh victory over France in Paris in 1909, there was very little interest in the match in 1910 and few spectators turned up. Wales scored the first try from an intercepted pass in the first three minutes of the game but the French responded immediately with a try of their own.Nevertheless, despite the Welsh appearing not to take the game seriously, the Welsh lead at half-time of 21–14 and ended with a score of 49–14. selected its best team for the encounter with France on 22 January at Inverleith, the first time it gave full international recognition to a French team. The French backs were said to be "very fast", but the Scottish forwards far outplayed the French and the final score was 27–0. On 3 March, France played host to England at the Parc des Princes. England were victorious but it was a good contest, with the final score 3–11. The French defended well, but England scored two tries and a conversion and were leading 0–8 at half time. After the break, the French played with "dash and spirit", repeatedly coming close to scoring until, with 20 minutes to go, <mask> chased a long kick from Lesieur and scored a try, which went unconverted.For the final ten minutes, with an injury to Lane, France held on with fourteen men on the field. The French press was delighted not to have witnessed another crushing defeat, comparing the result with England's recent score of 11–6 against Wales. As well as having improved in the ability to play the game, the fitness of the players was much improved, and they were able to keep going right to the end. The annihilation anticipated for the second half did not come, with each side scoring three points, Guillemin amongst the best of the French forwards. Final seasons: 1910–12

For the trials match between the Probables and the Possibles on 18 December 1910 at Colombes, Guillemin played for the Probables and was then selected for France. G. Neumeyer writing in la Culture physique, considered that the selectors had made the right choice of XV, with the exception of Guillemin. In his opinion, it was deplorable that he should be selected, noting his "remarkable brutality", proof of which he demonstrated in the trials match, and that he ought to be thrown out of the national team for all time.Reichel in Le Figaro agreed that <mask>'s play was more violent than effective and would have preferred the selection of Berneron, who did "great work" for the Possibles. Guillemin was a member of the team that beat Scotland at Colombes in 1911 and won France's first victory in the Five Nations. After all the previous French losses to the Home Nations teams, the Scottish were favourites to win, and France's unexpected win was considered a great occasion by the French press. It proved a reversal of the defeats, accompanied with humiliating press commentary which suggested that the French were too idle and debauched to produce a team worthy of their British opponents. After unexpectedly winning the match against Scotland, France played England at Twickenham on 28 January and suffered "the most humiliating of defeats". The Observer noted the speed of the French players, which caused the English some trouble, but there was a lack of cohesion in the midfield. The fullback, Dutour, was singled out as the best French player, whose kicking saved the French repeatedly, while in the forwards, Guillemin was especially noted for his defending.On 28 February, 20,000 spectators, a huge crowd for French rugby, turned out to watch the game against Wales. Although the Welsh went on to win 0–15, with three converted tries, they were prevented from scoring in the first half. They were clearly the better team, but the French played with greater passion. Once again, while Neumeyer praised the French forwards, he singled out Guillemin for criticism, creating an imbalance in the French scrum. The Chronique de la Jeunesse, however, highlights Guillemin's dribbling with the ball. Nevertheless, for the final international match of the season against Ireland, <mask> was dropped from the team, with approval from Reichel, although he nevertheless travelled to Cork as a replacement. Guillemin was selected for an international match between the best of London and the best of Paris, played at Stade de France on 12 March.Reichel disapproved of <mask>'s selection and suggested the Parisian front row was rather weak. In the event, London won 17–21 in an end-to-end contest, in which both sides scored five tries, but London managed to convert three, while Paris only one. <mask>'s final plaudit came as part of the team that played Stade Toulousain in the final of the Championnat de France, and finished runner-up. Although favourites to win and leading 0–6 at half time, the visitors were narrowly beaten 8–6. International appearances

Military service and death
Guillemin joined the  as a lieutenant. While on a photographic reconnaissance mission over Bois le Prêtre in Belleville sur Meuse, he was killed on 18 August 1915. See also
 List of international rugby union players killed in action during the First World War

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
<mask> profile on ffr.fr

1886 births
1915 deaths
France international rugby union players
French rugby union players
French Army officers
French military personnel killed in World War I
Sportspeople from Loir-et-Cher
Racing 92 players

masks:
Pierre Guillemin
Guillemin
Guillemin
Guillemin
Guillemin
Guillemin
Guillemin
Guillemin
Guillemin
Pierre Guillemin


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<mask> was a prominent figure in the Roman Empire during the first century. He held the consulship twice, and was stepfather of the future emperor Nero. Background
Suetonius reports that Passienus was born at Visellium, an obscure town whose location has been lost. He was the grandson of <mask>, consul in 4 BC. His father, who died in AD 21, was a grandnephew of the historian <mask> (Sallust), who had no children of his own, and therefore adopted his sister's grandson as his heir. The elder Passienus assumed his uncle's names, in accordance with Roman custom, and in turn these names were passed to his son. Early career
Passienus was a regular pleader in the court of the Centumviri, which met in the Basilica Julia.Suetonius mentions a statue of Passienus, which had been set up in the Basilica. He made his first speech in the senate during the reign of Tiberius, whom he addressed politely, and whose favour he won, although Suetonius maintains that the emperor's praise was insincere. Passienus was consul for the first time in AD 27, being named suffectus from the Kalends of July, as the colleague of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, and serving out the remainder of the year. Despite his rank and wealth, Passienus affected a humble manner in order to remain in favour with the emperors. During the reign of Caligula, he accompanied the emperor on his travels, following on foot as a token of subservience. Caligula is said to have asked him once, in private, if Passienus had ever had intercourse with his own sister, as he himself had done. Realizing that answering either in the affirmative or the negative might be dangerous, Passienus replied, "not yet", thereby avoiding the emperor's displeasure.Connections with the imperial family
Passienus' wife, Domitia, was the sister of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, and thus the sister-in-law of Agrippina. Domitia's first husband, Decimus Haterius Agrippa, consul in AD 22, had died in 32 after advocating the condemnation of Lucius Fulcinius Trio and Publius Memmius Regulus, the feuding consuls of the previous autumn, thus drawing the public ire on himself. Passienus married Domitia the following year, and became the stepfather of Quintus Haterius Antoninus, who would become consul under Claudius in AD 53. Shortly after his accession in 41, the emperor Claudius asked Passienus to divorce his wife, and marry Agrippina, for her husband Domitius Ahenobarbus had recently died. Agrippina was a sister of Caligula, and had married a man with a reputation for needless cruelty, who had nearly been put to death by Tiberius, and been saved only by the emperor's death. She herself had been exiled by Caligula in AD 39, due to her supposed involvement in a plot against the emperor, with her brother-in-law and alleged paramour, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. After her husband's death, Caligula had seized the inheritance that rightfully belonged Agrippina's young son, Lucius.Caligula was assassinated shortly thereafter, and his uncle, Claudius, eager to restore the appearance of respectability to the imperial family, recalled Agrippina from exile, restored her son's inheritance, and hoped to provide her with a worthy husband. Domitia was also the emperor's cousin, but it was more important to rehabilitate Agrippina's image, so Passienus acquiesced to Claudius' wishes, divorcing Domitia and becoming the husband of Agrippina, as well as the stepfather of the future emperor Nero. Downfall and legacy
For the term June 42 through June 43, the sortition selected Passienus proconsular governor of Asia. Ronald Syme once described this office as "of the highest dignity in the senatorial career." Then in 44, Passienus was consul for the second time, but this time as consul ordinary, with Titus Statilius Taurus as his colleague. His second consulship was a special honour, but partly symbolic, as he was expected to resign before the expiration of six months, and probably did so on the Ides of January. He was followed by Publius Pomponius Secundus, who held the fasces with Statilius until the Kalends of July.By now, Passienus was the most prosperous of men: twice consul, the grandson of a consul, the heir of Sallust, he had twice married into the imperial family. His fortune was valued at two hundred million sestertii. He was persuaded by Agrippina to name her as his heir; this proved to be his undoing, for he died by his wife's treachery, probably poisoned, about AD 47. This would not be the end of Agrippina's villainy, for Claudius' wife, Messalina, correctly perceiving the threat from Agrippina, attempted to have Lucius assassinated, in order to ensure the succession of Britannicus, her own son by the emperor. The attempt failed, and, after procuring Passienus' death, Agrippina worked to bring about the downfall of Messalina. She then seduced her uncle, the emperor, becoming his wife, and persuaded Claudius to adopt Lucius, naming him his heir in preference to his own son. Agrippina then procured the emperor's death, placing her son, now the emperor Nero, on the throne; he soon disposed of Britannicus.Agrippina met her end in 59, when Nero had her murdered. Her predecessor, Domitia, died later that year, and there was a rumour that Nero had poisoned her as well. <mask> <mask> was an intelligent, humble, and witty person, famous for his epigram to the effect "that the world never knew a better slave, nor a worse master", referring to the future emperor <mask> (Caligula) and his grandfather, Tiberius. See also
 Passiena gens

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales. <mask> Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars), De Viris Illustribus (Lives of Famous Men), "Vita Passienus Crispus" (The Life of Passienus Crispus). Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History. Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated PIR), Berlin (1898).Paul A. Gallivan, "The Fasti for the Reign of Claudius", in Classical Quarterly, vol. 28, pp. 407–426 (1978). 47 deaths
Ancient Roman adoptees
Ancient Roman murder victims
Family of Nero
Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome
Imperial Roman consuls
Roman governors of Asia
Husbands of Agrippina the Younger
Poisoned Romans
Passienus <mask>, Gaius
Year of birth unknown

masks:
Gaius Sallustius Passienus Crispus
Lucius Passienus Rufus
Gaius Sallustius Crispus
Gaius Passienus
Crispus
Gaius
Gaius Suetonius
Crispus


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John Dadzie (born June 7, 1982), better known by his stage names <mask> and Infiltrata, is an American dubstep producer and DJ hailing from Los Angeles. Biography
Born John Dadzie, he grew up in South Los Angeles, the youngest of four children. He was first introduced to the electronic music scene in high school. After forming Imperial Recordings with DJ Lith, he launched his production skills on his own terms, originally producing drum and bass under the alias Infiltrata. In 2006, he decided that he was going to make dubstep. It was then that his new alias 12th Planet was created, in reference to Zecharia Sitchin's book, 12th Planet. All production under the name 12th Planet is original.As one of the first individuals to bring the dubstep culture to America (in one of the USA's electronic meccas, Los Angeles) 12th Planet has frequently been cited as the General of the Riddim Gang. 12th Planet worked frequently with Orange County producer Flinch and LA Local Skrillex (on tracks "Needed Change" And "Burst" Along with Kill The Noise). He has also collaborated with various dubstep producers including Datsik, Doctor P, Plastician, Virtual Riot and Skream. Many well-known dubstep DJs (such as Rusko, Skream, Skrillex and more) use 12th Planet's productions and remixes in their live DJ sets. As a DJ, <mask> Planet has toured globally in London, Sydney, Auckland, and across the US. He has also played at many American dance festivals such as Electric Daisy Carnival, Together As One, SXSW, Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Ultra Music Festival, Nocturnal, and Beyond Wonderland. He is represented by AM Only, one of the largest agencies in the electronic music industry.In 2007, 12th Planet helped in the re-launch and re-branding of SMOG Records, which was previously an event production company, and has since been its head. In 2009, 12th Planet was listed as one of URB.com's "Next 100", and had a special feature in their 25 Now! supplemental issue. 2010 marked the release of his music video for "Reasons", presented by Scion A/V, which was premiered and cycled on MTV 2. Diplo's label Mad Decent included 12th Planet's remix of Little Jinder's "Youth Blood" on their dubstep compilation "Blow Your Head", released in November. 12th Planet has also been described by Skrillex as Skrillex's Mentor at a show at Ultra Music

12th Planet finished in 20th place in the 2013 America's Best DJ competition-a vote and promotion to find out the country's most popular DJ conducted by DJ Times magazine and Pioneer DJ. In 2017, he signed with Myro and Dodge & Fuski's Disciple Recordings, becoming the head of the sub-label Disciple Round Table.Discography

Albums
 2012 SMOG 023 - The End Album

Extended plays
 2008 RedVolume - 28 Hours Later EP
 2008 SMOG 001 - Smokescreen EP
 2008 SMOG 002 - Ptera Patrick EP
 2008 BASSHEAD 001 - Control EP (with Emu)
 2008 SMOG 004 - 68 / Be Blatant EP
 2008 Subconscious Recordings - Spliff Politics EP
 2008 Argon - Element 16 (Sulfur) EP
 2008 Noppa Recordings - Tonka EP
 2009 10 Bag Records - C-Sick / Are Ya Feelin EP (with Emu)
 2009 SMOG 005 - Texx Mars EP (with Datsik)
 2010 Bullet Train Records - Reasons EP
 2012 SMOG Records - The End Is Near EP
 2013 SMOG 035 - Transitions EP (with Protohype)
 2016 SMOG 074 - Gully Squad EP
 2017 Disciple Recordings - Let Us Prey EP
 2018 Disciple Recordings - Swamplex Terrestrial EP
2019 Disciple Recordings - Swamplex ExtraTerrestrial EP
2020 Disciple Recordings - Swamplex: Next Level EP

Singles
 2011 SMOG 007 - Westside Dub (with Plastician)
 2011 Dub Police - Purple & Gold (with Antiserum)
 2011 SMOG 009 - Lootin 92 (with SPL)
 2011 SMOG 011 - Who Are We? - Sunshine (12th Planet Remix) [Interscope]
 2010 MSTRKRFT - Heartbreaker (12th Planet and Flinch Remix)
 2011 Skrillex featuring Penny - All I Ask of You (12th Planet Remix)
 2011 Echo Park - Fiber Optic (12th Planet and Flinch Remix)
 2012 Foreign Beggars featuring Donae'o - Flying To Mars (12th Planet's Martian Trapstep Remix) [mau5trap]
 2012 Dirtyphonics - Dirty (12th Planet Remix) [Dim Mak]
 2013 Felguk - Slice & Dice (12th Planet Remix)
 2013 Pretty Lights - Go Down Sunshine (12th Planet Remix)
 2016 Pegboard Nerds - Heartbit (12th Planet Remix)
 2018 What So Not  and San Holo featuring Daniel Johns - If You Only Knew (12th Planet Remix)
 2019 Excision and Sullivan King - Wake Up (12th Planet remix)
 2021 AC Slater and Bleu Clair featuring Kate Wild - Green Light (12th Planet Remix)

Other appearances
 2010 Dubsteppers for Haiti Volume 3
 2010 SMOG Scion CD Sampler V.30

As featured artist
 2010 Skrillex - "Needed Change" from the release Skrillex Presents Free Treats Volume 001. 2011 Skrillex - "Right On Time" (collaboration with Skrillex and Kill the Noise) from the EP Bangarang. 2011 Korn - "Way Too Far" (featured with Kill the Noise) from the album The Path of Totality. 2013 Protohype - "Like This" (collaboration with Protohype) from the EP Speak No Evil. References

External links
 12th Planet interview with U:Move, October 06, 2011

American DJs
American electronic musicians
Breakbeat musicians
Dubstep musicians
Trap musicians (EDM)
Remixers
Ableton Live users
Living people
1982 births
Electronic dance music DJs


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<mask> (born <mask>; October 18, 1897 – May 5, 1980) was an American writer and co-creator with her mother, <mask>, of a personality inventory known as the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and based on theories of Carl Jung. Background
<mask> grew up in Washington, D.C. where she was home-schooled by her mother, <mask>. Her father, Lyman J<mask>, worked as a research physicist. <mask> had little formal schooling up until she attended Swarthmore College, where she studied political science. During her time at the college she met Clarence "Chief" <mask> who was studying law. The two married in 1918 and were together until his death in 1980. When <mask> died in 1980 she left the copyright to the MBTI (which was little known at the time) to her son Peter.MBTI personality indicator

<mask> implemented the ideas of Carl Jung and added her own insights. She then created a paper survey which would eventually become the MBTI. The test was to assess personality type and was fully developed after 20 years of research by <mask> with her mother and thousands of others. In the 21st century, research into this instrument is still being put into action with dozens of articles written per year. The questionnaire is meant to help people realize their "best fit type", the personality type that will help them succeed most in life. The three original pairs of preferences in Jung's typology are Extraversion and Introversion, Sensing and Intuition, and Thinking and Feeling. After studying them, <mask> added a fourth pair, Judging and Perceiving.Extraversion or Introversion: refers to where and how one directs his or her attention and energy – on people and things in the outer world, or alone in the inner world
 Sensing or Intuition: refers to how one prefers to deal with information – by focusing on the basic information, or by interpreting and adding meaning
 Thinking or Feeling: refers to decision making – objectively, using logic and consistency, or subjectively, considering other people and special circumstances
 Judging or Perceiving: refers to how one interacts with the outer world – with a preference towards getting things decided, or for staying open to new information and options

Influences
In the July 1980 edition of MBTI News, <mask> attributed another reason for creating the MBTI to her marriage to <mask>. Their differences in psychological type (she was an INFP and he was an ISTJ) inspired her mother, Katharine <mask>, to keep studying differences among people and their actions. Her mother had come upon the work of Carl Gustav Jung and introduced it to her daughter who then started studying the psychological types. When World War II began, <mask> wanted to help reduce conflict among people, and to help them understand each other instead of harming and killing each other. She observed that some people also hated their jobs in the military and she wanted to understand their experience. In 1945, the dean of the George Washington School of Medicine allowed <mask> and her mother to apply the MBTI to first-year undergraduates. This included about 5,500 students and <mask> studied it for years by looking at patterns among dropouts and successful students.<mask> was also influenced by her father, Lyman J<mask>. As the director of the Bureau of Standards in Washington at the time that <mask> was developing the MBTI, he was a devoted research physicist. Growing up in an environment that cultivated a passion for research allowed <mask> to consider the prospect fun and exciting, which eventually led to her interest in personality and the creation of the type indicator. Fiction
In 1928, she responded to a magazine advertisement for a National Detective Murder Mystery Contest by writing a novel titled Murder Yet to Come. Her novel won the contest and was published serially in 1929. It applies her ideas about personality type to a murder mystery. The contest prize included a $7,500 cash award and a contract for a second work of fiction.<mask> fulfilled her obligation by writing the novel Give Me Death, which revisits the same detectives from Murder Yet to Come. In it, a Southern family commits suicide one by one after learning they may have "Negro blood". The novel was published in 1934 and received harsh treatment from critics. Application
In 1962, the Educational Testing Service published the MBTI for research-only purposes. In 1975, 1977 and 1979, three national MBTI conferences were held at the University of Florida, Michigan State University, and Philadelphia respectively. In 1975, Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. published the MBTI as a tool for helping people. In the 2000s, the MBTI is now taken by more than two million people per year and is translated into 16 languages.Legacy

CAPT
In 1975, <mask> co-founded the Center for Application of Psychological Type with Mary McCaulley. CAPT is a non-profit organization which maintains research and application of the MBTI. It also exists to protect and promote Briggs Myers' ideology. Its headquarters are in Gainesville, Florida and its motto is "Fostering human understanding through training, publishing, and research". Memorial research awards
The <mask> Briggs Myers Memorial Research Awards exist to further MBTI and psychological research. These awards are given twice a year. They consist of $2,000 for up to two people.They are rewarded for advancements in understanding of these topics to focus on continuous research in the field. Publications
 <mask>, I. (1980, 1995) Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type. Davies-Black Publishing, U.S. Gifts Differing is written by <mask> with her son, <mask> <mask>. It is about human personality and how it affects several aspects of life such as career, marriage, and meaning of life. It speaks about all sixteen personality types.<mask>, I. (1990) Introduction to Type: A Description of the Theory and Applications of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Center for Applications of Psychological Type Inc.
 <mask>, I. and McCaulley, M. (1985) Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Consulting Psychologists Press. <mask>, I. (1995) Murder Yet to Come. Center for Applications of Psychological Type Inc.

Further reading
Saunders, F. W. (1991), Katharine and <mask>: Mother's Light, Daughter's Journey, Davies-Black Publishing, U.S.  (biography of <mask> and her mother)

References

External links
 Profiles of <mask> and her mother on the Myers & Briggs Foundation website
 "The Remarkable Story of the MBTI: How Two Unlikely Theorists Created the World’s Most Popular Personality Test"
 "The Story of <mask> <mask>" on the Center for Applications of Psychological Type website
 Myers Briggs 16 Personality Types Profiles

1897 births
1980 deaths
American mystery novelists
Swarthmore College alumni
Personality typologies
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
Women mystery writers
American women novelists

masks:
Isabel Briggs Myers
Isabel Briggs
Katharine Cook Briggs
Isabel Briggs Myers
Katharine Cook Briggs
. Briggs
Briggs
Gates Myers
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Clarence Myers
Cook Briggs
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
. Briggs
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Isabel
Myers
Isabel
Peter Briggs
Myers
Myers
Myers
Myers
Isabel
Briggs Myers
Briggs Myers
Isabel Briggs
Myers


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<mask> is an American designer and builder from Texas. He is the founder and face of Phoenix Commotion, a construction company established in 1997. Phoenix Commotion focuses on designing Eco-friendly homes for low-income individuals and families such as struggling artists and single mothers. The company’s goals include reducing landfill burdens through the use of excess and recyclable materials; providing low-income housing through selection of cheap materials and labor; and allowing opportunities for the unemployed by training unskilled workers. As a for-profit organization, Phoenix Commotion hopes to show the financial and ethical benefits of sustainable building and challenge current standard building codes and building methods, which favor the use of raw materials. Background

<mask> grew up in Littleton, Colorado. He is the youngest of three children to <mask>, a former lumber company owner and Phoebe, a homemaker (died in 1979).<mask> undertook a master's degree in dance at Sam Houston State University. In 1969 <mask> married wife Marsha <mask>, a formal high school teacher, they have two children Ian and Phoebe. Previously <mask> worked as an intelligence officer in the U.S. Army, and as a college dance instructor (during the 1970s), an antiques dealer/restorer (1983) and an organized cryptogram puzzle maker. In 1997 <mask> and his wife mortgaged their family home to establish the construction company Phoenix Commotion, based from Huntsville, Texas. <mask> is a self-taught carpenter, electrician and plumber  and has no formal training in design or construction. Phoenix Commotion
As of 2009 the company had constructed 14 homes in Huntsville, Texas. They ensure all homes meet local building codes and are approved by qualified engineers, electricians and plumbers.The staffs include unskilled laborers who are trained on site and encouraged to apply for higher paying jobs once sound skills are acquired. The home’s eventual residents also provide additional labor in the majority of projects as a way of saving costs during construction and post construction, as skills can assist in the future maintenance of the home. Home designs are typically smaller home projects (240 square-feet per person), with preferred minimal landscaping techniques such as xeriscaping and simplified interior features such as no carpet, vinyl, dishwasher, garbage disposer, trash compactor, separate dining room and large bedrooms. All features of the home opt for environmental alternatives such as tank-less water heaters and the toilet and washing machine being fed with rainwater from a cistern. Phoenix commotion is partnered with a certified non-profit organization called Living Paradigm, Houston. Living Paradigm with The Phoenix Fund, assists homesteaders financially start building their homes by serving as interim financing for land, building permits, construction materials that must be purchased new, such as structural lumber, plumbing and electrical supplies. Payments on homes constructed range from $99 to $300 a month.In numerous cases homeowners have been unable to sustain payments, leading to the homes being lost to foreclosure and resold. The majority of potential buyers include middle-class individuals who value the homes unique design and energy efficiency. Materials and Design Strategies

Phoenix Commotion homes are built from 70 - 80% of materials that have been recovered from other construction projects. The home's design specifics depend on the materials and resources available at the time. <mask> uses discipline, orderly design and the concept of repetition to create pattern and unity to resolve designs and avoid a ‘bodged’ aesthetic. <mask> also uses building methods from third world countries as inspiration for his projects. Huntsville City Officials supported the local company in 2004 by opening Trash into Plowshares (TIP), a drop off warehouse for surplus materials from builders, demolition crews and building product manufactures.The arrangement is tax deductible for contributors as supplies are used exclusively by charitable groups or for low-income housing. Other local towns including Houston and Indianapolis are setting up similar systems and engaging in discussions to learn new recycling techniques and applications. Recycled materials that have been used in previous projects include:
Plywood
Mismatched bricks
Ceramic Tiles
Shattered mirrors
Bottle butts
Wine corks
Old DVDs
Bones
License plates
Crystal platters
Cans

Projects

Victorian House

Victorian House was the first house built by Phoenix Commotion. The home is inspired by the "Painted Ladies" of San Francisco. Features salvaged materials such as the double front door and the entire kitchen, including appliances. Some features in the home are constructed from organic materials, for example, hickory nuts, chicken eggs functioning as architectural buttons on the corbel for the turret,  and a bathtub made from recycled wood. Tree House

The Tree House is built in a Bois d'arc tree thirty-five feet above Huntsville's Town Creek in Huntsville, Texas.The tree house space has a multipurpose function. It was designed with many proposals in mind, being an attachment to the main house, a rent-able studio for artists. The ceiling is covered with discarded frame samples from a frame shop. It includes high electrical capacity for sculptors, mirrors for dancers, windows bringing in natural light for painters, and a sink. Budweiser House

The construction of the Budweiser House was based on the American ‘Budweiser Beer’. The external facade of the house has been produced based on the color scheme and the pattern of the beer bottle. The bathroom walls encapsulate a circular design stemming from the bathtub, just like bubbles that surface in a beer, and the tap handles for the bath are made from beer taps.Media

Phoenix Commotion has featured internationally on programs such as TED Talks International, Associated French Press, Japan – Muri, Italy Home Wellness, Germany – TV, Ireland – The Eco Ezine and China Beijing News. See also

John Dewey
Friedrich Nietzsche
Ecological restoration
Ecological design
Sustainable design
Vernacular architecture
Tiny house movement
Alternative housing

External Reading

John Dewey. 1959. Art as Experience. Capricorn Books, New York
Friedrich Nietzsche.1883. The Birth of Tragedy. Penguin Classics Books (Penguin edition 1993)
Larry Haun.2008. Habitat for Humanity: How to Build a House, Revised and Updated. The Taunton Press Inc, Newtown CT
Ferrell, Jeff. 2005. Salvage Operation: A study of Social Criminology. NYU Press, New York

References

People from Huntsville, Texas
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Littleton, Colorado
American designers

masks:
Dan Phillips
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George Phillips
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Dan Phillips
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