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<mask> (December 21, 1689) was one of the passengers on the historic 1620 voyage of the Mayflower and a participant in the first Thanksgiving in the New World. She was the daughter of Mayflower passenger <mask> and his wife Joan Hurst and, although she was their youngest child, appears to be the only one who survived the voyage. She went on to marry fellow Mayflower passenger John Howland, with whom she had ten children and 88 grandchildren. Because of their great progeny, she and her husband have millions of living descendants today. Early life
<mask> was born in Henlow, Bedfordshire, England where she was baptized in August, 1607. According to parish records, she was the youngest of five children born to her parents. She also had an older step-sister, Joan, from her mother's first marriage to Thomas Rogers (no relation to the Mayflower passenger of the same name).It is likely that when she was a small girl, she moved with her parents to the Netherlands, where her parents and her uncle <mask> are documented as members of the Leiden Separatist congregation. Edward's ward, Henry Samson, may also have been a member. On the Mayflower and in the New World

William Bradford, in his memoirs, listed the <mask> family on the Mayflower as: "John Tillie, and his wife; and <mask>, their daughter." <mask> would have been about 13 years old during the journey. The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30–40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship's timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill.This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger. On November 9/19, 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day. <mask>'s father, <mask> signed as "John Tilly." In the New World
Upon arriving in the New World, <mask> took part in early expeditions of exploration around their new home and was present at the first meeting between the Pilgrims and Native Americans, later known as the First Encounter.<mask>'s parents both died the first winter, as did her uncle, <mask>, and aunt, Ann. This left <mask> an orphan and so she was taken in by the Carver family. The elder Carvers died about a year later, and part of their estate was inherited by their servant, John Howland, and <mask> became his ward. Family and children
Although the date of their marriage is not recorded, a few years after their arrival in the New World, <mask> married John Howland (c. 1623/4). She and John would go on to have ten children, all of whom would live to adulthood, and 86 grandchildren. <mask> outlived her husband by fifteen years, being one of the few original Pilgrims to live to see King Philip's War. Children of John and <mask>
Desire was born about 1624 and died in Barnstable October 13, 1683.She married John Gorham in Plymouth by 1644 and had eleven children. She was buried at Cobb's Hill Cemetery, Barnstable, Mass. John was born in Plymouth on February 24, 1626/7 and died in Barnstable after June 18, 1699. He married Mary Lee in Plymouth on October 26, 1651 and had ten children. Hope was born in Plymouth about 1629 and died in Barnstable on January 8, 1683. She married John Chipman about 1647 and had twelve children. She was buried at Lothrop Hill Cemetery, Barnstable, Mass.<mask> was born about 1631 and died in Oyster Bay, New York in October 1683. <mask> married:
Ephraim Hicks on September 13, 1649. He died on December 12, 1649. John Dickinson in Plymouth on July 10, 1651 and had nine children. Lydia was born about 1633 and died in Swansea January, 1710/11. She married James Brown(e) about 1655 and had four children. Hannah was born about 1637.She married Jonathan Bosworth in Swansea on July 6, 1661 and had nine children. Joseph was born about 1640 and died in Plymouth in January 1703/04. He married <mask> in Plymouth on December 7, 1664 and had nine children. Jabez was born about 1644 and died before February 21, 1711/12. He married Bethiah Thatcher by 1669 and had eleven children. Ruth was born about 1646 and died before October 1679. She married Thomas Cushman in Plymouth on November 17, 1664 and had three children.Isaac was born in Plymouth on November 15, 1649 and died in Middleboro on March 9, 1723/4. He married <mask> by 1677 and had eight children. He was buried at Cemetery At The Green, Middleboro, Mass. Notable descendants
John and <mask> founded one of the three largest Mayflower progenies and their descendants have been "associated largely with both the 'Boston Brahmins' and Harvard's 'intellectual aristocracy' of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries." Their direct descendants include notable figures such as:
U.S. presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush
U.S. first ladies Edith Roosevelt and Barbara Bush
Continental Congress President Nathaniel Gorham
Former Governors Sarah Palin (Alaska) and Jeb Bush (Florida)
Poets Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Florence Earle Coates (a 9th generation descendant and a founding member (1896) of the Society of Mayflower Descendants in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (SMDPA))
Actors/actresses Christopher Lloyd, Humphrey Bogart, Maude Adams, Anthony Perkins, Lillian Russell, and the Baldwin brothers (Alec, Daniel, William and Stephen). and Chevy Chase. President and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement Joseph Smith, his wife Emma Hale, and President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Brigham Young
Opera singer and music educator William Howland
Conductor and pianist Robert Spano
<mask>, American music video director for Riveting Entertainment
 Canada diplomat Warwick Fielding Chipman
The wife of Theodore Roosevelt Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt

References

Mayflower passengers
1607 births
1680s deaths
17th-century English people
17th-century American people
Burials in Rhode Island
Howland family

masks:
Elizabeth Tilley
John Tilley
Elizabeth Tilley
Edward Tilley
Tilley
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
John Tilley
John Tilley
Elizabeth
Edward Tilley
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Howland
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Southworth
Elizabeth Vaughn
Elizabeth Howland
Colin Tilley


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<mask> (7 April 1921 – 27 September 2013) was a Scottish whistleblower who was prevented from publishing two books alleging corruption at the British intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). <mask> served with the Royal Air Force in various European theatres as a radio operator in World War II, before joining GCHQ after the war. While serving with GCHQ in Hong Kong, <mask> was concerned with the lack of security and after uncovering fraud, raised his complaints with officials. <mask> retired in 1978 and his complaints were investigated by a senior civil servant, but the report was never published. <mask> wrote a memoir in 1984, GCHQ: The Negative Asset, which was subsequently banned, as was a second memoir,  The Hidden Depths of Treachery. <mask> later worked as a school bus driver after retiring from GCHQ. Personal life
<mask> was born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire, in 1921, his mother died in childbirth when he was two.Raised by his father with the help of aunts, he was educated at St Patrick's High School in Coatbridge. <mask> was married twice, first to Alexandra in 1949, with whom he had two sons. <mask> had met Alexandra in Greece, where she had been a member of the Greek Resistance. Alexandra had been imprisoned during the Second World War for helping to evacuate Allied soldiers stranded there after the Battle of Greece. <mask> married Cynthia, his second wife, in 1983. After his marriage to Cynthia, <mask> moved to Barton on Sea in Hampshire, where he worked as a milkman and school bus driver. Military and GCHQ career
In 1939, <mask> joined the Royal Air Force, training as a radio operator in Blackpool.With the RAF <mask> flew on sorties during the Battle of the Atlantic, tasked with calibrating radar signals, to help combat the threat of German submarines to Allied shipping. <mask> also served with RAF squadrons supporting allied forces in North Africa and Italy, and was sent into occupied Yugoslavia in 1944, and Greece. After leaving the RAF at the end of the war, <mask> was recruited by intelligence agency GCHQ in November 1946. He was posted to a listening station at Hawklaw, near Cupar in Fife, Scotland. Raw intelligence material would be supplied by Hawklaw to Bletchley Park (known as X-Station) to be de-coded. During the Cold War, the target of <mask>'s interception efforts at Hawklaw were the Soviet Union and its allies behind the Iron curtain. Much of the material collected at Hawklaw would be subsequently transferred to the United States National Security Agency for further analysis.The Cupar station was one of a number of British Y-stations, monitoring the radio communications of Soviet naval vessels. <mask> served with GCHQ in Istanbul, Aden, Singapore, Hong Kong and Belfast. He retired from GCHQ in November 1978. GCHQ whistleblower
By the early 1970s <mask> had been working for GCHQ for more than 25 years, having worked in almost every section of the organisation. In 1973, <mask> uncovered fraud in GCHQ, concerned with subsistence allowances. Staff sent on training courses had been collecting their full allowance over a weekend, when they were already home. Fraud that <mask> found in the GCHQ outpost of Little Sai Wan in Hong Kong concerned employees renting apartments at lower rates than their £600 rent allowance, then submitting false invoices for the higher amount, and sharing the difference with their Chinese landlords.<mask> had worked in Hong Kong until 1976. Senior GCHQ officers were also involved in the fraud, and <mask> found that senior management at GCHQ were not interested in his complaints. <mask> believed that these activities could expose staff to blackmail by hostile intelligence agencies. A spy ring had already been uncovered in Little Sai Wan, with 150 people arrested for spying in Hong Kong from 1970–1976. His allegations also concerned the loss of secret documents and the collection of material from wastepaper baskets by Chinese cleaners, which he had established by intercepting communications between Chinese intelligence agents. Lax security at GCHQ was another target of <mask>'s allegations. <mask> said that there were no proper controls of photocopiers, with no record of the number of copies taken.In addition, too many people had access to highly classified material, and staff were often found in high-security areas without the necessary clearance. Though <mask> was criticised by his GCHQ colleagues for taking security too seriously, he had subsequent meetings with Special Branch, the Director of Public Prosecutions, the Security Commission and Member of Parliament Kenneth Warren. Warren subsequently advanced <mask>'s complaints with Prime Minister James Callaghan. To investigate <mask>'s complaints Callaghan appointed a senior civil servant from the Home Office, James Waddell. Waddell's report was finished in April 1979, and never published. The new Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, described <mask>'s allegations as "unfounded" to Parliament; as a consequence Waddell hinted to a journalist that his report had not concluded that <mask>'s allegations were without foundation. A June 1980 episode of the investigative television show, World In Action, titled Mr <mask>'s Campaign, was dedicated to <mask>'s revelations and campaign for stricter security at GCHQ in Hong Kong.The programme was modified after having been restricted from being broadcast by the Independent Broadcasting Authority. <mask>'s 1984 memoir, GCHQ: The Negative Asset, was confiscated by Special Branch, and remains unpublished. The publishers of his first memoir, Robert Hale, were served with an injunction to prevent its publication. Details of the manuscript of The Negative Asset were published in The Washington Post in 1985; <mask> denied leaking the manuscript to the newspaper. Copies of the Negative Asset were seized from its London publisher and from newspapers that had been considering serialization of its contents; police officers from Special Branch also travelled to New York to seize manuscripts. The publication of <mask>'s 1987 memoir, The Hidden Depths of Treachery was also subsequently halted by an injunction served on the publishers Transworld Publications, Ltd. The two books had been written by <mask> following his failure to end what he believed was the widespread existence of fraudulent activities in GCHQ.<mask> was never prosecuted for his actions, which took place alongside the Geoffrey Prime affair and the ABC trial. <mask> had also provided information to the defendants in the ABC trial. The Daily Telegraph said that these events gave the "ring of truth" to <mask>'s criticisms. In July 1988, <mask> made an extended appearance on the British Intelligence episode of the Channel 4 discussion programme After Dark, alongside Merlyn Rees, Robin Ramsay, H. Montgomery Hyde and others. He discussed with the former home secretary why he had been singled out by the authorities and said, as reported by The Scotsman, "in reasoned and deliberate voice": "Special Branch arrived at my house in Hampshire on a Sunday morning and I endured three days of intense questioning. I was never arrested or charged." See also
 List of whistleblowers
 Katharine Gun

References

1921 births
2013 deaths
British memoirists
British whistleblowers
GCHQ people
People from Coatbridge
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II

masks:
John Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
Kane
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Kane
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<mask> (; 26 September 1921 – 13 October 2006) was a Chinese politician, philanthropist and the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic of China from 1959 to 1968. Life

Early years

<mask> was born in 1921, and grew up in a distinguished and prominent Chinese family. Her father was a government minister and a diplomat; her mother was an educator. She studied French, Russian and English, learning to speak all three, and earned a degree in physics from the Catholic University of Peking in Beijing. She also studied at an American missionary university, and was described as a sophisticated woman. She intended to go to the United States to continue her Ph.D. degree and obtain a full scholarship from the Department of Atomic Physics at Stanford University and the University of Chicago. In the Spring Festival of 1946, the Peking Underground Party of the Communist Party of China invited her to serve as an English translator for the CCP delegation of the Peking Military Mediation Office.Since she was in contact with the Peking Underground Party of the Communist Party of China on the eve of victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War, she became acquainted with the leaders of the Working Committee of Fu Jen Catholic University of the Communist Party of China. In the mid-1940s, <mask>mei traveled to the Communist Party headquarters in Yan'an and served as an interpreter during efforts by the American statesman George Marshall to negotiate a truce between the Nationalist government and the Communist rebels. During this time she gained the admiration of many Americans, which would later play a role in charges that she was an American spy. There, at the age of 24, she met Liu Shaoqi, who was nearly twice her age and had previously been married on five occasions. For years she served as his secretary, and he was named a key deputy to Chairman Mao Zedong after the Communists took power in 1949. In 1959, Liu was named Chinese President, making him the second-most powerful man in the country. First lady

After Liu became president in 1959, <mask> became a very visible diplomatic companion to him.<mask>mei became once widely known in China as its beautiful, articulate, sophisticated first lady. In the early 1960s, the couple traveled abroad on state visits to Afghanistan, Burma, Pakistan and Indonesia. In 1963, she joined a work team investigating corruption in the countryside, a mounting problem after the Great Leap Forward, Mao's development programme of 1958–61. Cultural Revolution
Liu and his wife became targets of the Cultural Revolution, instigated by Chairman Mao. In mid-1966, when  Red Guards erupted into prominence — and Liu and other leaders tried to fathom what Mao had in mind — <mask> headed a work team to restore order among the students at Tsinghua University. The effort backfired when she came under attack by a militant opponent who accused her of being a counterrevolutionary. Her husband was also under fire by Mao and his deputies for being the leading "capitalist roader".<mask>mei's public role had antagonized Mao's wife Jiang Qing, who was growing politically ambitious. In April 1967, at Jiang's instigation, the Red Guards forced <mask> to put on a tight-fitting qipao dress she had worn at a banquet in Indonesia, with silk stockings, high heels and a mocking necklace made out of ping-pong balls, as proof of her bourgeoise, counterrevolutionary attitude. <mask> was put under house arrest, then imprisoned. Her four children were also punished. Imprisoned in Qincheng Prison during the cultural revolution, <mask> was kept in ignorance of her family's fate. After four years, her children plucked up the courage to ask Mao for permission to see their parents. It was through Mao's terse consent, "their father is dead but they may see the mother", that <mask> learned of her husband's death.<mask> spent about 12 years in prison, and was released in 1979 — just before Mao's widow Jiang Qing and her Gang of Four, who were blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, were put on trial. Later years
Soon, Liu's reputation was rehabilitated, and <mask> received compensation for her suffering during the Cultural Revolution  On March 1978, <mask> was elected as a member of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In December of the same year, she was restored of her personal freedom and status. In 1979, she served as Director of the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. In 1980, she appeared in court during the trial of the Gang of Four as a victim of Jiang Qing's persecution. Later, <mask> was elected a permanent member of the National People's Political Consultative Conference. From 1984, she has served as the chairwoman of the Beijing Alumni Association of Fu Jen Catholic University.In 1989, <mask>mei suffered from breast cancer  and went through two major operations before and after. Later, due to tumor metastasis, she underwent major surgery again. In 1995, she founded the "Hope Project", a program aimed at aiding the poor throughout China. She even donated her family's valuable antiques, a few dating back to the Qing and Song dynasties, to charity and donated the proceeds of 566,000 yuan to the "Hope Project". In October 1998, she won the honorary award of the third "China Population Award". Around 2000, she underwent another operation, and her health gradually deteriorated. In 2005, she resigned from the post of planning director.<mask> died on October 13, 2006, at the No. 305 Military Hospital in Beijing due to lung infection caused by heart failure. Her funeral was held at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery in Beijing on October 21, 2006. Four days after her death, she was selected by the China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation as the winner of the 2nd China "Poverty Elimination Award" Achievement Award. On October 24th, Fu Jen Catholic University in Taipei held a memorial service for her at the Yesheng Building on campus. Family

<mask> is survived by four children. Her eldest son, retired Gen. Liu Yuan, was a prominent officer in the People's Liberation Army.Her daughter Liu Ting graduated from Boston University and Harvard Business School, and is chairman and president of the Asia Link Group, consultants in corporate finance. References

Notes

Bibliography
 "  Wang Guangmei and Peach Garden Experience," in Timothy Cheek, Klaus Mühlhahn, and Hans J. Van de Ven, ed., Chinese Communist Party : A Century in Ten Lives  (Cambridge University Press, 2021). External links
Short Biography on chinavitae.com
"<mask>, 85, Dies; Former First Lady of China", The New York Times, October 17, 2006
<mask> on China Digital Times
<mask> on Guardian Unlimited

1921 births
2006 deaths
Liu Shaoqi family
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Tianjin
People of the Cultural Revolution
Spouses of national leaders
Catholic University of Peking alumni
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Republic of China politicians from Tianjin
People's Republic of China politicians from Tianjin
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery

masks:
Wang Guangmei
Wang Guangmei
Wang Guang
Wang
Wang Guang
Wang
Wang Guang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Guang
Wang
Wang
Wang Guangmei
Wang Guangmei
Wang Guangmei


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<mask> (March 31, 1892 – September 2, 1974) was a German general in World War II. He fought in Africa and in the Eastern Front. He was the commander of the fortress division defending Warsaw in January 1945. Early years
<mask> was born on 31 March 1892 in Château-Salins, in Lorraine, then the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The Imperial German administration strongly discouraged the French language and culture in favor of High German, which became the administrative language (Geschäftssprache). It required the use of German in schools in areas which it considered or designated as German-speaking. French was allowed to remain in use only in primary and secondary schools in municipalities definitely considered Francophone, such as Château-Salins and the surrounding arrondissement, as well and in their local administration.The French name Château-Salins was changed to Salzburg shortly after 1871, which caused problems beyond the language conflict due to the risk of confusion with the better-known Salzburg, so that the French name form was reintroduced and was not affected by the wave of Germanization in 1915. <mask> attended high school in Metz, where his father was an imperial notary. After graduating from high school, he studied law at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. On July 15, 1911, he joined the Transrhenania Munich Corps (Corps Transrhenania München), his father's corps. He switched to the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, where he also studied economics. First World War
At the beginning of the First World War he joined the 2nd Foot Artillery Regiment (2. Fußartillerie-Regiment) of the Bavarian Army as a Fahnenjunker.As an officer he fought on the Western Front in the battles of Verdun and Reims, on the Aisne, near Artois and Ypres. At the end of the war he was Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) and had received both classes of the Iron Cross and the Military Merit Order IV class with swords for his services. Reichswehr
In 1919 <mask> joined Freikorps Epp, commanded by Franz Ritter von Epp, and containing personalities such as Ernst Röhm, Rudolf Hess and the later "Hero of Narvik" Eduard Dietl. In the same year he was accepted into the Reichswehr and stationed in Ingolstadt and Nuremberg. <mask> married in 1924, and had four sons. In 1926 he came to Amberg for the training battalion of the 20th (Bavarian) Infantry Regiment (20. (Bayerischen) Infanterie-Regiment), where he was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) on April 1, 1928.In 1930 he became company commander of the 13. Minenwerfer-Kompanie in Regensburg, and in 1935 commander of the 3rd battalion of the 20th Infantry Regiment (Infanterie-Regiment 20) in Deggendorf. When his corps was suspended during the Nazi era, he became a member of the old comradeship "von der Pfordten" founded on June 19, 1938. Second World War
Since the 1939's invasion of Poland an Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) <mask> was the commander of the 481th Infantry Regiment (Infanterie-Regiment 481), part of the 256th Infantry Division, which he led in the invasion of Western Europe, fighting in the Netherlands. On May 17, 1940, his regiment succeeded in penetrating the fortress area of Rotterdam. <mask> also excelled in the battles for Nieuwpoort and Dunkirk and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on June 8, 1940. On October 1, 1940, he was promoted to Oberst (colonel).From January 4 to February 14, 1942, he served as the commander of the 256th Infantry Division in the Eastern Front. Temporarily in the Führerreserve, on 15 November  1942 he took over the 334th Infantry Division that was promptly sent to Tunisia. With his troops he stormed the Djebel Manson and was involved in the attack on Medjez el Bab and Beja at the head of Korpsgruppe Weber, comprising the 334th Infantry Division, elements of the Hermann Göring Division and the 10th Infantry Division, in Operation Oxhead (Unternehmen Ochsenkopf); the attack proceeding in three groups or horns, in the shape of a bull's head. The northern horn, with most of the tanks, was to advance on the route from Mateur from the north-east, to capture Béja 40 km (25 mi) west of Medjez. The second group was to attack from Goubellat towards Sloughia and Oued Zarga to envelop the British at Mejez El Bab and the third group was to carry out a pincer attack in the Bou Arouda valley, then advance through El Aroussa to Gafour, with the objective of the road junction at El Aroussa. Shortly before the Afrikakorps surrendered in April 1943, he was supposed to inform Hitler of the grievances in Africa, but was turned away by Field Marshal Keitel and dismissed as commander. On January 1, 1943, he was promoted to Generalmajor (major general).On 20 November 1943, Generalmajor <mask> commanded the Silesian 298th Infantry Division in the Soviet Union. On January 10, 1944, he succeeded General of the Artillery Heinrich Meyer-Bürdorf until the end of October 1944 as commander of the 131st Infantry Division that was to hold a line at Vitebsk. On July 1, 1944, <mask> was promoted to Generalleutenant (lieutenant general) and from December 20, 1944, appointed commander of the Festung Division "Warsaw", created on 12 January 1945. Relief of Command
Contrary to a no longer executed Führer decree to keep the enclosed fortress, he led his men back to the German main battle line, taking all the wounded with them and after breaking through the front, which was already 60 kilometers away. For abandoning the Polish capital, <mask> was relieved of command on January 25, 1945 and formally transferred to the Führerreserve. Taken to court martial, <mask> was sentenced to three years imprisonment. The execution was suspended for probation at the front.Post-war years
From May 8, 1945, until June 26, 1947, <mask> was a US prisoner of war. After his release, he pursued various activities. From 1949 he became involved in adult education. He participated in the founding of the Deggendorf Volkshochschul adult education center and took over its management in 1951. He was chairman of the Niederbayern district working group of adult education centers and a member of the main committee of the Bavarian Adult Education Association. In 1961 he founded the contemporary history education center at Schloss Egg (Zeitgeschichtliches Bildungszentrum Schloss Egg). For many years he was chairman of the Deggendorf student association (Waffenring).<mask> died on 2 September 1972 in Deggendorf, in Bavaria, West Germany. Family
<mask> had been married since 1924 and had four sons. Orders and awards

 Iron Cross, 2nd and 1st classes. The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918. Service Award Cross for 24 years of service. Anschluss Commemorative Medal 1938. Sudentenland Medal with Prague Castle clasp.Wound Badge in black and silver. Certificate of Appreciation from the Commander in Chief of the Army for excellence on the battlefield. Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross as Oberstleutnant and commander of Infanterie-Regiment 481 (8 June 1940). German Cross in gold (22 April 1942). Infantry Assault Badge. Eastern Medal. Medal of Military Valor in silver (Italian).Grand Officer's Cross of the Bey of Tunis. Africa Cuff Title. Federal Cross of Merit 1st Class (15 October 1959). Bavarian Order of Merit. Honor armband of the Transrhenania Corps. Golden Citizen Medal of the City of Deggendorf. Bibliography

 Mitcham, Samuel W., Jr. (2007).German Order of Battle. Volume One: 1st – 290th Infantry Divisions in WWII. PA; United States of America: Stackpole Books. pg. 183–305, ISBN 978-0-8117-3416-5. Mitcham, Samuel W., Jr. (2007). German Order of Battle.Volume Two: 291st – 999th Infantry Divisions, Named Infantry Divisions, and Special Divisions in WWII. PA; United States of America: Stackpole Books. pg. 41-235, ISBN 978-0-8117-3437-0. References

Citations

Bibliography

1892 births
1972 deaths
Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
German occupation of Poland during World War II
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century Freikorps personnel

masks:
Friedrich Weber
Friedrich Weber
Weber
Weber
Friedrich Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Friedrich Weber
Weber


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Dr. <mask> (Urdu: ; b. 17 September 1942; ), is a Pakistani nuclear physicist known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and experimental development of the linear accelerator. He came to public attention as the director of the test teams responsible for the performing the Pakistan's first atomic tests (see Chagai-I and Chagai-II) at the Ras Koh Hills, located in Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Prior to that, he was the project director of the Pakistani missile research and development program and supervised development of the Shaheen-I ballistic missile, and the Babur cruise missile programs. <mask> was the founding chairman of the National Engineering and Scientific Commission (Nescom) from 2001 until 2007. He was subsequently appointed by the Government of Pakistan to assist the Thar coalfield project. He is Voluntarily Heading the Mineral Exploration work in district Chiniot as Chairman Board of Directors Punjab Mineral Company, (M&M Deptt) Government of Punjab.Biography

Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Rawalpindi on 17 September 1942 to a Punjabi family from Hoshiarpur, East Punjab. He gained his education in Lahore and matriculated from St. Anthony's High School in 1956. After passing the university entrance exams, he enrolled at Government College University (GCU) where he studied physics under Dr. Tahir Hussain. In 1960, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in physics with a concentration in experimental physics and a minor in mathematics. During his college years, Mubarakmand was an avid swimmer and represented GCU at the National Games of Pakistan. He conducted research in experimental physics under Dr. Hussain and built an experimental apparatus for his master's thesis. His thesis contained detailed work on gamma ray spectrometry and performed an experiment that was witnessed by nuclear physicist Denys Wilkinson as part of his master's program.Wilkinson spoke highly of his work and invited Mubarakmand to visit Oxford University in the United Kingdom to resume studies in experimental physics. In 1962, Mubarakmand gained a Master of Science (MSc) in physics after publishing his thesis, "Construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer," under Hussain. In 1962, he joined the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and gained a scholarship to study at Oxford University. Recommended by Wilkinson, he was admitted there and joined the group led by Wilkinson. At Oxford Mubarakmand participated in preparing a 22 million volt particle accelerator and was part of the team that commissioned it. During his time at Oxford, Mubarakmand learned about linear accelerators, and after returning to Pakistan he built one. Apart from studying, Mubarakamand played cricket and fast bowled for the Oxford University Cricket Club.In 1966, Mubarakmand completed his doctoral thesis under Wilkinson and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in experimental particle physics. After returning to Pakistan, Mubarakmand rejoined PAEC, and also joined the faculty of GCU as an assistant professor of physics in 1966. From 1974 to 1977, he taught physics at GCU and  during his tenure as professor. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)

Upon returning to Pakistan, Mubarakmand did fundamental work on neutron spectroscopy but later moved on to the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) to do post-doctoral research and joined the physics department led by Dr. Naeem Ahmad Khan in 1966. In 1967, he joined the 'Nuclear Physics Group' (NPG) formed by Dr. Naeem Ahmad that consisted of Bashiruddin Mahmood and Hafeez Qureshi, a mechanical engineer. At PAEC, Mubarakmand additionally worked towards applications involving chemical engineering where he built his reputation among his senior scientists. The NPG worked towards engineering problems involving reactor physics and methods involving gas centrifuges, but the group did not last long together when Qureshi went to join the Radiation and Isotope Applications Division (RIAD) in 1971.1971 war and atomic bomb project

In January 1972, Mubarakmand was assigned to the Nuclear Physics Division (NPD), led by Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, where he immersed himself in work on the physics calculations of implosion method nuclear weapons. After India announced the surprise 'Smiling Buddha' nuclear test in 1974, PAEC accelerated the program by establishing the Fast Neutron Physics Group (FNPG) on the advice of Abdus Salam. Munir Ahmad Khan made Mubarakmand its first director due to his expertise in chemical engineering and experimental physics. The FNPG generated work calculating the neutron temperature, neutron initiator, and helping design the neutron reflector. During the same time, he collaborated with Hafeez Qureshi to assist in designing the tamper and further helped conclude the calculation of the neutron energy's distributive ranges and the power produced by the neutrons, after the detonation process. In 1973, Mubarakmand commenced the work on calculations involving the 'relativity of simultaneity'– a key concept involving investigating detonation of the weapon from several points at the same time. However, the work was passed to the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as  as it involved complex ideas of theoretical physics and Albert Einstein's Special and General relativity.In 1978, Mubarakmand built a linear particle accelerator at PINSTECH to conclude solutions in the neutron generator. He later witnessed the establishment of domestically developed supercomputer facilities at PINSTECH to help conduct the subcritical testing. Due to his foremost experience in experimental physics, Mubarakmand was appointed director of the Diagnostic Group– a secretive division at PAEC that was charged with conducting experimental tests of atomic weapons and responsible for the countdown of the detonation process. A comprehensive work of civil engineering that took place for potential tests sites was completed in a span of five to six years. A milestone was reached on 11 March 1983 when Mubarakmand led the testing teams to supervise the secretive Kirana-I, their first 'cold' test. Although the countdown and experiment was supervised by Mubarakmand, the blast effect was eventually determined by the Theoretical Physics Group. In 1987, Mubarakmand was posted at the secretive Directorate for Technical Development (DTD)— a secret directorate that developed the explosive lenses and triggering mechanism for the fission weapon.He collaborated with Hafeez Qureshi and Zaman Sheikh. He once described them: "These (Engineering) people at DTD were really smart. They were trained very thoroughly in the development of a weapon's necessary materials at very low cost." After a 3-dimensional geological survey was completed in 1978, Mubarakmand first visited the Chagai Hills in 1981 with Ishfaq Ahmad and other scientists from divisions. In 1998, he was appointed as Member (Technical) at PAEC, and guided the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on experimental physics and test preparations. Mubarakmand assisted the government in evaluating the Pokhran-II tests conducted by India in 1998 and supervised test preparations at the Chagai. At the National Security Council's Cabinet Committee on National Security, Mubarakmand backed Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan's strong advocacy for conducting the tests, immediately calling for the decision to test.On 19–20 May 1998, Mubarakmand led some 140 experimental physicists to oversee the preparations in Chagai, Balochistan, Pakistan where he personally supervised the complete assembly of all five nuclear devices. Mubarakmand walked a total of 5 km back and forth in the hot tunnels checking and re-checking the devices and cables which would be forever buried under the concrete. On 28 May 1998, Mubarakmand led the countdown of the tests, codename Chagai-I. <mask> Mubarakmand was called by PM Nawaz to Prime Minister House just after India conducted Pokhran II and PM Nawaz asked him the status of preparedness of Pakistan and (Mubarakmand) assured Prime Minister Nawaz that scientists were ready and Pakistan could go for its first nuclear test. On 30 May 1998, Ishfaq Ahmad cleared with the Prime Minister, and Mubarakmand led the very small team of academic scientists that supervised the country's plutonium fission weapon – codename Chagai-II. In 2005, Mubarakmand eulogised his memories in an interview with Hamid Mir's Capital Talk television show and said:

Recalling Munir Ahmad Khan and PAEC's role and its relation to the atomic bomb project priority dispute, Mubarakmand later said that:

Government work and political advocacy

Space programme

In 1990s, Mubarakmand took special initiatives in the advancement of the space program and led a team of engineers to successfully develop the Shaheen-I missile. He was the founding director of the National Defence Complex (NDC) bureau that initiated the work on the Shaheen-I and gathered support for the program.Necessary funding for the program was secured by the military. Mubarakmand oversaw the development of the solid-fuel rocket booster. Initiated in 1987 by the Pakistan Ministry of Defence in response to India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, Pakistan's spin-off missile program was aggressively pursued by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1993. The Shaheen-I missile was successfully test fired in 1999 by a team of engineers led by Mubarakmand. Key strategic weapon systems, such as the Babur and Ghaznavi missiles, were also built by his team. In 2008, <mask> joined the Planning Commission of Pakistan where he strongly advocated for peaceful usage of their space program. In 2009, he revealed the work on Paksat-1R, the nation's first geostationary satellite that was launched in 2011.The satellite was described as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and quoted that there were sufficient funds for the defence, nuclear and space programs. The satellite was launched in 2011 from  the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. His relations with Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan often remained tense over several scientific issues. He sees Dr. Mubarakmand as "no authority over materials as he is an expert on electromagnetism." Thar Coal project

In 2013, Mubarakmand assisted the Provincial Government of Balochistan in mineral extraction. He lobbied heavily for the implementation of the Thar coal project initiated by the Provincial Government of Sindh despite strong public criticism by Abdul Qadeer Khan, which described it as "intellectual dishonesty". In 2015, a breakthrough in the Thar coal project was reported by the media.Misstatements

The Tethyan Cooper Company (TCC) has approached the High Court of Justice in the British Virgin Islands for the enforcement of the $5.97 billion award against Pakistan by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in the Reko Diq case in Dec-20. A senior official revealed that the “misstatement” of scientist, Dr <mask> Mubarakmand before the Supreme Court tribunal,  in 2011, was one of the main reasons behind the Supreme Court Decision On January 7, 2013, when a three-member bench of the apex court, headed by then Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, declared Chejva “illegal, void” and non-binding, causing ICSID slapping the heavy penalty on Pakistan. Dr <mask> had claimed that the Reko Diq gold mines would fetch the country around $2.5 billion annually. He had also maintained Reko Diq and other gold reserves in the country will bring in $131 billion to the national exchequer. The tribunal relied on his statement. State honours

<mask> has been conferred with state honors for his services to the country by the Government of Pakistan. He is the recipient of the: Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993); Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998); and the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003), which is the highest civil honor of Pakistan.In addition, he is a Fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), inducted by Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad in 2000. Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2004)
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)
Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993)
PAS Nazir Ahmad Award (2005)
International Scientist of the Year (2007)
Life Member, Pakistan Nuclear Society
Roll of Honour GCU (1962)
Fellow, Pakistan Mathematical Society (2003)

Scientific journals and papers

Conference papers
 "A Science Oddyssey: Pakistans Nuclear Emergence", <mask> <mask>, Khalil Qureshi, Masoor Beg, Masud Ahmad. Research publications
 Aspects of a-emission from the bombardment of 58Ni with 14.7 MeV neutrons, by Naeem Ahmad Khan, <mask> Mubarakmand and Masud Ahmed, journal of Nuclear physics, PINSTECH. Cross-section measurements with a neutron generator by <mask> Mubarakmand, Masud Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. S. Chaudhry. Some characteristic differences between the etch pits due to 86Rn and 232 Th α particles in CA80–15 and LR–115 cellulose nitrate track detectors, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhary, <mask> <mask>, F. I. Nagi and A.Waheed, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1977). Application of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in the measurement of the + particle fission cross–section of uranium, by <mask> <mask>, K. Rashid, P. Chaudhry and Hameed Ahmad Khan, Methods of Nuclear Instrumentation. (1977)
Etching of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in aqueous solutions of (4NH)2HF, NaOH and KOH, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, R. A. Akbar, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and Samar Mubarakmand, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1978).See also
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Shaheen (missile)
Chagai-I
Chagai-II
Kirana Hills

References

Biographical annotations
*

External links
<mask> Mubarakmand
 http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28142/1/people11_12-99
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090507090152/http://www.ciitlahore.edu.pk/PL/News/VisitDrSamar110209.html

Living people
1942 births
Punjabi people
Pashtun people
People from Rawalpindi
Government College University, Lahore alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Pakistani nuclear physicists
Experimental physicists
Project-706 people
Fluid dynamicists
Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences
Government College University, Lahore faculty
St. Anthony's High School, Lahore alumni

masks:
Samar Mubarakmand
Mubarakmand
Samar
Mubarakmand
Samar
Mubarakmand
Samar
Samar
Mubarakmand
Samar
Mubarakmand
Samar
Samar
Samar
Mubarakmand
Samar
Mubarakmand
Samar


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<mask> (; born December 18, 1988) is a Serbian mixed martial artist and sambist currently competing in the Welterweight division. A professional competitor since 2010, he has competed for the UFC, Professional Fighters League, and RFA, where he was the Welterweight Champion. Background
Born and raised in Novi Sad, Serbia, <mask> began training in judo at the age of ten, before transitioning to Muay Thai at 14. Then at the age of 22, he began training in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and mixed martial arts. In Muay Thai, <mask> holds a record of 14–2. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> was a gold medalist in amateur MMA at the FILA World Wrestling Federation before making his professional debut in 2010 as part of the "Road to the Ring of Fire" reality show. <mask> won all four fights and the show.He then began competing for the Tesla Fighting Championship in his native Serbia, where he was also Welterweight champion. Resurrection Fighting Alliance
After compiling a professional record of 9–2, <mask> signed with the promotion in 2014. After losing his promotional debut to former UFC competitor and Ultimate Fighter Season 17 contestant Gilbert Smith, he won his next four fights with the promotion, capturing the Welterweight Championship in his final fight before signing with the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> signed with the UFC after compiling a record of 13–3 first and relocating to Colorado. <mask> made his promotional debut against Alessio Di Chirico on April 10, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 86. He won the fight via unanimous decision (29–28, 29–28, and 30–27). <mask> next faced Michael Graves on July 30, 2016 at UFC 201.The bout was declared a majority draw. <mask> faced Sultan Aliev on December 17, 2016 at UFC on Fox 22. He lost the fight via split decision. <mask> faced Nico Musoke on May 28, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 109. He won the fight by knockout in the third round. This win also earned <mask> his first Performance of the Night bonus award. <mask> fought Darren Till on September 2, 2017 at UFC Fight Night: Struve vs. Volkov, losing the bout in a unanimous decision.<mask> faced Jake Matthews on November 19, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 121. He lost the fight via split decision, and was subsequently released from the promotion. PFL
After the release from the UFC, <mask> signed with Professional Fighters League, participating the inaugural season's welterweight bracket. He advanced from the regular season to quarterfinals where he eventually was eliminated, but was brought back to semifinals due to an injury of Abubakar Nurmagomedov. He lost the semifinal bout against Magomed Magomedkerimov via second round knockout. <mask> also participated in the 2019 season of the Professional Fighters League, ending up losing both of his regular season bouts and not advancing to the playoffs. Post-PFL career
<mask> was expected to face Escley Araujo at Serbian Battle Championship 27 on March 14, 2020.However, Araujo withdrew from the bout due to an injury and was replaced by Danillo Santos. <mask> won the fight via second-round submission. <mask> then challenged Vladislav Kanchev for the SBC Welterweight Championship at Serbian Battle Championship 29 on November 7, 2020. He won the fight via unanimous decision. OKTAGON
As the first bout of his three-fight contract with OKTAGON MMA, <mask> faced Emmanuel Dawa at OKTAGON 25 on June 19, 2021. He won the fight via technical knockout after the first round. In his sophomore appearance he faced Carlo Prater at OKTAGON 27 on September 11, 2021.He won the fight via first-round technical knockout. <mask> faced David Kozma for the Oktagon MMA Welterweight Championship on December 4, 2021 at Oktagon 29. He lost the bout via TKO in the 4th round.

masks:
Bojan Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković
Veličković


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<mask> (born March 7, 1975) is an South African boxing trainer and former professional boxer. Known as "T-Rex", <mask>' most notable victory came in an upset knockout against future WBC world champion Oleg Maskaev in 2002, which temporarily derailed Maskaev's plans of fighting for a title. <mask>' other notable opponents included Michael Grant, Andrew Golota, DaVarryl Williamson and Timo Hoffmann. <mask> is perhaps best remembered for his wild brawl with Golota, which saw both fighters trading heavy blows on the inside throughout the fight, and <mask> receiving a gruesome, deep cut above his left eye. Background
Born and raised in Washington D.C., <mask> attended Theodore Roosevelt High School where he was All-City lineman in football. <mask> turned down various college football offers to stay home and take care of his mother, who was sick. He attended Montgomery College.Amateur career
<mask> began boxing in 1993 at the age of 19, and had a very brief amateur career before turning professional a year later in 1994. Professional career
<mask> gained widespread media attention in late 2006, when he fought a series of four-round exhibition bouts against former undisputed heavyweight Mike Tyson during a world tour, which was organized to help pay off Tyson's financial debts. Tyson fought without headgear against the headgeared <mask>, and Tyson appeared to be holding back during the bouts to prevent an early end to the show. He last fought in December 2007, dropping a six rounds decision to Dennis Bakhtov, which became his seventh loss in a row. His current professional record stands at 23 wins (15 KO), and 13 losses out of 36 fights.

masks:
Corey Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders


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<mask> (June 22, 1896 – September 30, 1974) was an officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general, most noted for his service as chief of staff, 1st Marine Division during the Guadalcanal Campaign and later as commanding officer, Marine Corps Base San Diego. <mask> spent most of his career in administrative positions and never held field command until he was appointed chief of staff, 1st Marine Division. He sailed with that division to Guadalcanal in August 1942, but was relieved in September of that year due to poor performance as divisional chief of staff and ordered back to the United States. <mask> never held combat command again and spent the remainder of his career in administrative positions. Early career

<mask><mask> was born on June 22, 1896, in Florence, South Carolina, and following high school, he attended the Citadel in Charleston, South Carolina. He graduated in June 1916 and entered the Marine Corps service as second lieutenant and was ordered to the Marine Officer's School at Norfolk Navy Yard, Virginia, for further officer training. Following the completion of the school, <mask> was ordered to Santo Domingo in April 1917 for his first tour of expeditionary duty which lasted until February 1919.He then returned stateside as first lieutenant for duty at Marine Barracks Quantico. <mask> was ordered to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, in February 1922 and served with local Marine Barracks at Naval Base Guanatanamo until June 1924. He then served at Marine Barracks, Philadelphia Navy Yard until he was ordered to the Marine Barracks, Charleston Navy Yard in September 1926. He was ordered for his second tour of expeditionary duty to Nicaragua in October 1927, but returned one month later to the United States after commanding detachment of Guardia Nacional in Chinandega. <mask> was subsequently promoted to the rank of captain and transferred to the Marine Barracks, Parris Island, South Carolina where he remained until summer 1929. In July 1929, <mask> was appointed commanding officer of Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS Tennessee and participated in the patrol cruises in the Pacific Ocean. A Marine detachment under his command won the Fleet Trophy for excellent gunnery.He left Tennessee in August 1931 and returned to Marine Corps Base Quantico, where he completed Field Officers' course at the Marine Corps Schools. Upon his graduation, <mask> was promoted to the rank of major in June 1932 and ordered back to Parris Island. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in Jun 1936 and ordered to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, for senior course, which he completed in May 1937. <mask> was ordered to China upon the completion of the course at Naval War College and assumed command of the Marine detachment in Peking. He commanded "China Marines" during the next two years and faced the permanent provocations of Japanese garrison. <mask> was succeeded by Colonel <mask>. Ashurst in August 1939 and returned to the United States for duty with Division of Reserve, Headquarters Marine Corps. He was promoted to the rank of colonel on August 21, 1939.World War II

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> was still stationed at Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., and appointed as Military Secretary to the Commandant, Thomas Holcomb in March 1940. In this capacity, he was responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Office of the Commandant, supervision of the schedule of the commandant and other duties connected with administration of Commandants officer. He also simultaneously served as officer in charge, Marine Corps Public Information. During the April 1942, commanding general of 1st Marine Division, Alexander A. Vandegrift, was looking for new Divisional Chief of Staff as substitute of Colonel LeRoy P. Hunt. He requested colonel <mask>, whom he knew from his service at Headquarters Marine Corps and Commandant Holcomb and his deputy Ralph S. Keyser agreed. To be mentioned, wives of Keyser and <mask> were cousins and also cousins of Lottie Thomas, wife of 1st Marine Division operations officer, Gerald C. Thomas. <mask>, who had no previous experience of field command, became the chief of staff of combat division.He joined te 1st Marine division at New Zealand in July of that year and participated in the planning for upcoming Guadalcanal Campaign. Due to lack of combat experiences, <mask> had not taken hold as division chief of staff and rest of the core divisional staff cooperated rather with divisional operations officer Gerald C. Thomas. Although they were distant relatives, relationship between <mask> and Thomas started to get worse. Colonel <mask> participated in the landing on Guadalcanal in August 1942 and following the establishment of forward command post, he tried to coordinate divisional staff. His cautious approach quickly caused the loss of confidence of Vandegrift. General Vandegrift, who saw, that his only operational opinion was that patrolling was too dangerous, started looking for a replacement for <mask>. Colonel <mask> was relieved by Colonel Thomas on September 24, 1942, and ordered back to the United States.Although they were distant cousins, <mask> left Guadalcanal as bitter enemy of Thomas. Vandegrift recommended <mask> for the promotion of brigadier general, which was ultimately not approved. Upon his return, <mask> assumed command of Marine Corps Base San Diego, California, and had the opportunity to train the men who benefited from his experience during the Guadalcanal Campaign. He held this assignment until the end of April 1944, when he was replaced by Brigadier General Matthew H. Kingman. He was ordered back to the Pacific area in May 1944 and attached to the staff of V Amphibious Corps under Major General Harry Schmidt as deputy chief of staff, Military Government Section. <mask> participated in the Marianas Islands Campaign and subsequently was attached to Military Government command on Tinian as deputy chief civil affairs officer. While in this capacity, <mask> was commended by Brigadier General Frederick V. H. Kimble, Commanding General Tinian Garrison Force, for his "cheerful and optimistic attitude in relieving and organizing a destitute people quickly bestowed a spirit of high morale which was daily reflected in the cooperative attitude of Tinian civilians."Later career

<mask> assumed command of Forward Echelon, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, on Oahu, Hawaii, and held this assignment until June 1945. However, his career was given some satisfaction when he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in July 1945 and appointed assistant director of personnel and deputy to Major General Thomas E. Watson at Headquarters Marine Corps. His transfer to Headquarters Marine Corps was no coincidence, because general Watson had a grudge against now-brigadier general Gerald C. Thomas, director of plans and policies at Headquarters Marine Corps and needed an ally. He believed that Thomas had isolated general Vandegrift from all his old friends, which included Watson. Aware of <mask>'s grudge against Thomas, Watson requested <mask> as his deputy. General <mask> served as assistant director of personnel until November 1946, when he was retired after 30 years of commissioned service. Brigadier General <mask><mask> died on September 30, 1974, in Daytona Beach, Florida.He and his wife were survived by their son, <mask><mask> Jr. who also served in the Marines and commanded Mortar platoon during Marshall Islands campaign. Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Brigadier General <mask><mask>:

References

1896 births
1974 deaths
People from Florence, South Carolina
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina alumni
Naval War College alumni
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
United States Marine Corps World War II generals

masks:
William Capers James
James
James
William C
. James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
William W
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
James
William C
. James
William C
. James
William C
. James


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<mask>, <mask>,  (born 14 December 1944) is an English businessman, the founder and chairman of sofa retailer DFS. Previously executive chairman of DFS Furniture Company Ltd, <mask> is a strong political and financial supporter of the Conservative Party, and is one of South Yorkshire's richest men, with a personal fortune estimated at £1 billion. After selling DFS in April 2010 he now has a large share in Iceland supermarkets. He is also now involved in fish and chip shops having bought the Whitby chain. Early life
Adopted at the age of three weeks, he is the only son of Edlington miner <mask> and his wife Elsie: "My whole life has been the luck of going to a good family." After passing the Eleven plus exam, he attended Maltby Grammar School (since 1967 called Maltby Comprehensive School) and hoped to join the Royal Air Force as a pilot. Failing to get the required five O levels, <mask> got a job in a local furniture store.Career

Northern Upholstery
In 1969, having visited a few manufacturers in his daily work, he decided that making furniture was relatively easy and that by cutting out the warehouse dealers in the middle of the supply chain, he could sell direct to the public at cheaper prices. <mask> rented a room above a snooker hall in Carcroft, and started making furniture upstairs and retailing it downstairs. DFS
By 1983, Darley Dale–based Direct Furnishing Supplies had become one of Northern Upholstery biggest suppliers. When Direct Furnishing Supplies went bankrupt with debts of £900,000 on a turnover of £3,000,000, <mask> bought it. Northern Upholstery now renamed itself DFS and at the time had a total of 63 stores employing 2,000 staff. In 1993, DFS was floated on the stock market and valued at £271 million, with <mask> and his family trusts owning just over half of the shares. This brought the <mask> family to the attention of thieves, who in 1994 broke into the family home at Sprotborough while they were on holiday.The burglars bound and gagged the housekeeper and made off with money and jewels worth £2.4m – later recovered, but still South Yorkshire's largest armed robbery. In 1998 DFS announced its first drop in profits in 28 years to the London Stock Exchange. In 2000 DFS announced a 79 per cent profit increase. But the revival was short lived, and in light of the continuing prevalence for private equity, <mask> took the chain private again, leveraging his family's own 9.46% stake with £150 million of family funds in an eventual £496 million deal. <mask> told the Yorkshire Post: "It's something that's caused me fitful sleep in the time I've been thinking about it. I've no hobby, this is my hobby – it's what I do. I'm an entrepreneur.It's almost as if I can feel the adrenaline running through my veins." On 23 April 2010, it was announced that DFS had been sold to private equity firm Advent International for a reported £500m. Conservative party donations
<mask> is well known for his donations to the Tory Party which began in the 1980s. By 1996 he had lent the party £4 million in an interest free loan, and in the 1996 New Year Honours was given a knighthood. John Prescott, then in opposition called it "the crudest example yet of honours given for financial services to the Tory Party". <mask> responded that the honour was for his charitable work for The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and the Animal Health Trust. In September 1996 <mask> told The Daily Telegraph that his donations were not "anything at all like that sort of magnitude", and that the £4m had in fact been a loan to the party from his son Michael which was repaid a few weeks later.<mask> gave £200,000 to Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex's Ardent TV company in 1994 because he had "a burning desire to succeed". On 23 July 1999, <mask> was made a life peer as Baron <mask>, of Old Cantley in the County of South Yorkshire. He was one of the working peers recommended by then Tory leader William Hague, who had borrowed Kirkham's helicopter for electioneering. <mask> has given modestly to charity, allocating grants totalling £455,000 in 1998/99. Among his charitable donations made mainly via the Graham Kirkham Foundation, <mask> gave £225,000 to help cancer research by Bradford University, had a gallery named after him at the River and Rowing Museum in Henley on Thames, and is also Deputy Patron and a member of the board of Outward Bound trustees. <mask> is also the Chairman of Trustees and a very active supporter of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) in the UK. <mask> was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2001 Birthday Honours for services to the Duke of Edinburgh's Award and the Outward Bound Trust and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.Personal life
<mask> married Pauline Fisher in 1965. The couple have two children. <mask> has two houses in his native South Yorkshire, one in Cadeby Road, Sprotborough; and Grade II*-listed Georgian mansion Cantley Hall which he bought in 1990 from motor dealer John Carnell. Neighbours have complained about both a wall <mask> built to protect his privacy, as well as the noise from a 1998 fireworks party at which the singer was Elaine Paige. <mask> furnishes his homes using DFS sofas, as well as old master paintings including John Constable's View of the Stour (bought for £6.7m) and Thomas Gainsborough's Peasants Going To Market (bought for £3.5m). In 1997 <mask> lent works by Édouard Manet and Orazio Gentileschi to the Getty Center in Brentwood, Los Angeles. <mask> has long been interested in dogs, and owns Dalmatians.He has been a Kennel Club member since 1995 and while he owned DFS, it was the main sponsor of Crufts for its show in 2010. He is President of Driffield Agricultural Society and is always present on the last day of the championship dog show to make all the main presentations. With Lord Harris of Peckham, he is co-owner of the "Hello" horses: Hello Sanctos, Hello Mr President, Hello M'Lady, Hello Sailor, Hello Unique and Hello Boyo, which are ridden by Scott Brash. In April 2008, <mask> was involved in an altercation with another motorist in an alleged road rage incident. Charges of assault occasioning actual bodily harm were subsequently brought against him. In court in December 2008, <mask> denied the charges, and claimed that while he was "not proud" of what had happened, it was he who had been the victim of a road rage attack. <mask> was cleared of all charges after a three-day trial.Awards
 1995 – Knighthood
 1995 – Honorary Member of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
 1997 – Honorary Fellow of the Animal Health Trust
 1997 – Honorary Doctorate from Bradford University
 1999 – made a Life Peer as Baron Kirkham
 2001 – CVO
 2004 – Yorkshire Television accolade of "Yorkshire Man of the Year"
 2021 – KCVO

Arms

References

External links

 <mask> at TheyWorkForYou.com
 Present list of Kirkhams interests at the House of Lords register

1944 births
Living people
British manufacturing chief executives
British retail company founders
English adoptees
English company founders
People from Doncaster
English billionaires
English businesspeople
English art collectors
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Bachelor
Conservative Party (UK) donors
Manufacturing company founders

masks:
Graham Kirkham
Baron Kirkham
Kirkham
Tom Kirkham
Kirkham
Kirkham
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<mask> (born 5 June 1995) is a Dutch former amateur boxer. He won a bronze medal at the 2017 European Championships as a heavyweight, and competed at two editions of the World Championships. Amateur career
Before boxing, Korving played association football in the youth systems of CVV Be Fair and VV Waddinxveen. However, a serious injury made him quit football and he eventually started boxing after doing a trial lesson. Korving represented his country in a continental competition for the first time at the 2013 European Youth Championships in Rotterdam. He moved up to the highest age group in amateur boxing, the senior division the following year. The 19-year-old immediately won a gold medal at the German Senior National Championships in the heavyweight class, defeating reigning champion Johan Visscher in the finals.After taking first at a tournament in Helsinki in March 2015, he won another gold two months later at the Algirdas Socikas Tournament in Kaunas, where he impressed by beating European Youth Championship silver medalist Adam Hamori in the semi-finals. He won two fights before falling to Tervel Pulev in the quarter-finals of that year's European Championships. He also participated in his first World Championships in Doha, but was eliminated by the eventual gold medalist, Evgeny Tishchenko, in his second bout. In March 2016, Korving won the prestigious Chemistry Cup in Germany. After a quick elimination from the 2016 European Olympic Qualification Tournament at the hands of the eventual winner Lawrence Okolie, his last chance at qualifying for the 2016 Summer Olympics was winning the 2016 World Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Baku. He won his first two matches, decisions against Commonwealth Games medalists David Nyika and Efetobor Apochi, respectively, before he was defeated by Julio Castillo in the semi-finals. In 2017, he won a bronze medal at the European Championships in Kharkiv after losing his semi-final bout to Englishman Cheavon Clarke.This qualified him for another appearance at the World Championships five months later, although he lost in his second bout. In 2018, Korving defeated two-time European Championship silver medalist and international teammate Peter Müllenberg in the finals of the Senior National Championships. He repeated this feat the following year, decisioning Kilat Hallie for his fourth consecutive national heavyweight title. He was inducted into the 2018–2019 class of the Waddinxveen Hall of Fame. In April 2019, after 111 official amateur bouts, a 23-year-old Korving suddenly retired from the sport. He cited the difficulty of balancing boxing with his work as a fireman with the Royal Netherlands Air Force at Woensdrecht Air Base, as well as frustration with the NOC*NSF over a lack of financial support.


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<mask> 陳秀中, The Monkey King (born in Hong Kong on May 6, 1934—February 7, 2020) was the Head of the Tai Shing Pek Kwar Kung Fu. He was the protégé and sole successor of Gan Dak Hoi, of Tai Shing Pek Kwar Kung Fu. Early training
<mask> became a student of Gan Dak Hoi 耿德海 (Geng De Hai) when he was roughly 12 years old and has been practising ever since. Initially he was taught sanshou by Gan, however over time Gan began to teach him Da Sheng Pi Gua. Gan Dak Hoi had learned Pi Gua kung fu from his father, Master Gan Wing 耿榮貴. Gan Dak Hoi later invited <mask> to study kung fu everyday and to help manage his school in Hong Kong. At the age of 16 years <mask> quit his regular school and became a full-time teaching assistant to Gan Dak Hoi at the Hong Kong school.<mask> <mask> also learned Da Sheng Pi Gua from Gan Dak Hoi, who in turn had learned it from its founder Kau Sei (Kou Si) 寇四. Having learned the entire Pi Gua system, Gan Dak Hoi then taught his young protégé all five styles of Da Sheng Kung Fu. As <mask>'s knowledge and expertise in Da Sheng Pi Gua grew Gan Dak Hoi would take him into the mountains outside of Hong Kong for special training in Da Sheng kung fu. This included walking tightropes, scrambling up ropes, rolling around on rocky ground and walking around in a slightly bow legged monkey styled squat until his legs burned. However, not all training included physical exercise as once or twice each week <mask> would go to the Kam Shan Country Park (金山郊野公園) just outside Hong Kong to watch the monkeys play, fight, frolic and generally be themselves. He gradually incorporated their gestures, eye movements, facial expressions and their short sharp burst of speed in his kung fu routines. Opening of first school
<mask> <mask> and three of his batch mates Lam Sy Fun, Hiu Hoi and Chow Sing Fun were selected by Gan Dak Hoi and authorised to teach Da Sheng Pi Gua.In 1954, at the age of 22, <mask> <mask> opened his first school in Hong Kong. It had only eleven students nonetheless, <mask> <mask> was determined to continue teaching kung fu, things remained very slow and low-keyed until the late sixties when monkey kung fu burst onto the international scene. Trainer of champions
In 1969, <mask>'s student <mask> Tai won five straight matches to claim the middleweight title in the Southeast Asia Open Martial Arts Tournament. For the next three years <mask> sent a fighter who won his weight class. After having trained four South-east Asian champions, <mask> <mask> retired. Over the years <mask> <mask> has trained many students. Hong Kong Kung Fu Association
<mask>u <mask> established the Hong Kong Kung Fu Association Ltd. in 1977 to better organise the kungfu community in Hong Kong.He was elected as the Chairman in 1978. Under his supervision, the Association gave many charity shows and all receipts from sales tickets were donated to charity institutions. The most significant one was the "Saving Child Sponsoring Schooling" campaign organized by the Hong Kong Wah Kiu Yat Poa. The Malaysian Government sent a Senior Governor to Hong Kong to invite him to give performance charity shows in Malaysia in 1978. He led a group over 30 people and gave shows in 5 cities in Malaysia. <mask> is also the chairman and consultant of the other major kungfu associations in Hong Kong, and he is the Permanent Honorary President & Vice Chairman of the Hong Kong Chinese Martial Arts Association. Da Sheng Pi Gua International Kung Fu Federation
<mask> Sau <mask> formally launched the Da Sheng Pi Gua International Kung Fu Federation in Hong Kong on December 7, 2000.It sought to lend organisation and structure on a worldwide basis, to the teaching of genuine Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu together with this, the official Federation website was also launched. The Federation's website offered site visitors a view into the origin, development and evolution of Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu as well the option to learn Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu by taking video courses. These courses were offered at four levels as follows:
 Beginner
 Intermediate
 Advanced and
 Masters. Each level had its own costs and students would be provided with video taped lessons containing the curriculum for that level which included stances, strikes and various forms and were allowed to train at their own pace and at the point where they felt comfortable they were required to make video recording of themselves doing the forms and send these to the Federation for grading and assessment. At the Beginners level the stances and strikes were very basic and the forms were really an introduction to Pi Gua Kung Fu. As each student progressed, the material provided got more advanced and there was a gradual introduction to Da Sheng Kung Fu. It was mandatory that each student go through the natural progression of successfully completing each level, be assessed and if successful, permission would be granted to advance to the next higher level.No skipping of levels was allowed whatsoever. It was at the Advanced level that the student began learning advanced Monkey Forms. The length of time required to complete each level depended on the each student, whether they were practising kung fu prior to commencing the program, how often they trained and how committed they were to the program. The Beginners level was expected to take anywhere from six to eighteen months, Intermediate was expected to last between twelve and thirty months, Advanced was expected to last between eighteen and forty months while at the Masters level the student would be required to train in Vancouver under direct supervision from Master <mask> Leung and Grandmaster <mask> <mask>. The Master's level period of training could take upward of five years prior to successful completion. It is important to again note that no skipping of levels was allowed so no student could enter the program at the Master's level. Bear in mind also that there are five variations taught by the Federation (lost monkey, stone monkey, wooden monkey, tall monkey and the drunken monkey) and that there are upwards of one hundred and twenty-six weapon and empty hand forms.At various levels, approved students were permitted to participate in tournaments as members of the Da Sheng Pi Gua International Kung Fu Federation. Upon successful completion of the Master's level training, students would be graded and where appropriate certified by Grandmaster <mask> <mask> to open their own Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu schools. Together with the video taped lessons, Intermediate level students were initially provided with a book written jointly by <mask> <mask> and his son <mask> Leung, entitled "Essence Of The Monkey". This book gave very detailed insights into the development of Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu and provided information obtained directly from Gan Dak Hoi himself etc. It also provided information on ALL students who were trained by Gan Dak Hoi and which ones were certified to teach Da Sheng Pi Gua Kung Fu. The Federation continues to update this family tree with the modern day students who have mastered all five variations but only those from the lineage previously certified by Gan Dak Hoi. For reasons related to the preservation of information, the Federation came to the conclusion that it had to take down the website and make the "E
essence Of The Monkey" book available to its Advanced and Masters students only.References

Sources

Martial arts school founders
1934 births
2020 deaths
Hong Kong kung fu practitioners

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<mask>. (December 9, 1919April 14, 2011) was a Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist working in nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, boron chemistry, and biochemistry. Biography

Overview

<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His family moved to Lexington, Kentucky in 1920, and he lived there until he received his Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry at the University of Kentucky in 1941. He went on to earn his Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1946. From 1946 to 1959 he taught at the University of Minnesota. From 1959 to 1990 he was a professor of chemistry at Harvard University, where he was a professor emeritus since 1990. <mask> was married to the former Mary Adele Sargent from 1944 to 1983.They had three children, one of whom lived only a few hours. He married Jean Evans in 1983. They had one adopted daughter. <mask> resided in Cambridge, Massachusetts until his death in 2011 from pneumonia. Early years

"My early home environment ... stressed personal responsibility and self reliance. Independence was encouraged especially in the early years when my mother taught music and when my father's medical practice occupied most of his time." In grade school Lipscomb collected animals, insects, pets, rocks, and minerals.Interest in astronomy led him to visitor nights at the Observatory of the University of Kentucky, where Prof. H. H. Downing gave him a copy of Baker's Astronomy. <mask> credits gaining many intuitive physics concepts from this book and from his conversations with Downing, who became <mask>'s lifelong friend. The young <mask> participated in other projects, such as Morse-coded messages over wires and crystal radio sets, with five nearby friends who became physicists, physicians, and an engineer. At age of 12,  <mask> was given a small Gilbert chemistry set. He expanded it by ordering apparatus and chemicals from suppliers and by using his father's privilege as a physician to purchase chemicals at the local drugstore at a discount. <mask> made his own fireworks and entertained visitors with color changes, odors, and explosions. His mother questioned his home chemistry hobby only once, when he attempted to isolate a large amount of urea from urine.<mask> credits perusing the large medical texts in his physician father's library and the influence of Linus Pauling years later to his undertaking biochemical studies in his later years. Had <mask> become a physician like his father, he would have been the fourth physician in a row along the <mask> male line. The source for this subsection, except as noted, is <mask>'s autobiographical sketch. Education

<mask>'s high-school chemistry teacher, Frederick Jones, gave Lipscomb his college books on organic, analytical, and general chemistry, and asked only that <mask> take the examinations. During the class lectures, <mask> in the back of the classroom did research that he thought was original (but he later found was not): the preparation of hydrogen from sodium formate (or sodium oxalate) and sodium hydroxide. He took care to include gas analyses and to search for probable side reactions. <mask> later had a high-school physics course and took first prize in the state contest on that subject.He also became very interested in special relativity. In college at the University of Kentucky <mask> had a music scholarship. He pursued  independent study there, reading Dushman' s Elements of Quantum Mechanics, the University of Pittsburgh Physics Staff's An Outline of Atomic Physics, and Pauling's The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals. Prof. Robert H. Baker suggested that <mask> research the direct preparation of derivatives of alcohols from dilute aqueous solution without first separating the alcohol and water, which led to <mask>'s first publication. For graduate school <mask> chose Caltech, which offered him a teaching assistantship in Physics at $20/month. He turned down more money from Northwestern University, which offered  a research assistantship at $150/month. Columbia University rejected <mask>'s application in a letter written by Nobel prizewinner Prof. Harold Urey.At Caltech <mask> intended to study theoretical quantum mechanics with Prof. W. V. Houston in the Physics Department, but after one semester switched to the Chemistry Department under the
influence of Prof. Linus Pauling. World War II work divided <mask>'s time in graduate school beyond his other thesis work, as he partly analyzed smoke particle size, but mostly worked with nitroglycerin–nitrocellulose propellants, which involved handling vials of pure nitroglycerin on many occasions. Brief audio clips by <mask> about his war work may be found from the External Links section at the bottom of this page, past the References. The source for this subsection, except as noted, is <mask>'s autobiographical sketch. Later years

The Colonel is how <mask>'s students referred to him, directly addressing him as Colonel. "His first doctoral student, Murray Vernon King, pinned the label on him, and it was quickly adopted by other students, who wanted to use an appellation that showed informal respect. ... <mask>'s Kentucky origins as the rationale for the designation."Some years later in 1973 <mask> was made a member of the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels. <mask>, along with several other Nobel laureates, was a regular presenter at the annual Ig Nobel Awards Ceremony, last doing so (in a wheelchair) on September 30, 2010. Scientific studies

<mask> worked in three main areas, nuclear magnetic resonance and the chemical shift, boron chemistry and the nature of the chemical bond, and large biochemical molecules. These areas overlap in time and share some scientific techniques. In at least the first two of these areas <mask> gave himself a big challenge likely to fail,
and then plotted a course of intermediate goals. Nuclear magnetic resonance and the chemical shift

In this area <mask> proposed that:
"... progress in structure determination, for new polyborane species and for substituted boranes and carboranes, would be greatly accelerated if the [boron-11] nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, rather than X-ray diffraction, could be used." This goal was partially achieved, although X-ray diffraction is still necessary to determine many such atomic structures.The diagram at right shows a typical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of a borane molecule. <mask> investigated, "... the carboranes, C2B10H12, and the sites of electrophilic attack on these compounds using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This work led to [<mask>'s publication of a comprehensive] theory of chemical shifts. The calculations provided the first accurate values for the constants that describe the behavior of several types of molecules in magnetic or electric fields." Much of this work is summarized in a book by Gareth Eaton and <mask>, NMR Studies of Boron Hydrides and Related Compounds, one of <mask>'s two books. Boron chemistry and the nature of the chemical bond

In this area <mask> originally intended a more ambitious project: "My original intention in the late 1940s was to spend a few years understanding the boranes, and then to discover a systematic valence description of the vast numbers of electron deficient intermetallic compounds. I have made little progress toward this latter objective.Instead, the field of boron chemistry has grown enormously, and a systematic understanding of some of its complexities has now begun." Examples of these intermetallic compounds are KHg13 and Cu5Zn7. Of perhaps 24,000 of such compounds the structures of only 4,000 are known (in 2005) and we cannot predict structures for the others, because we do not sufficiently understand the nature of the chemical bond. This study was not successful, in part because the calculation time required for intermetallic compounds was out of reach in the 1960s, but intermediate goals involving boron bonding were achieved, sufficient to be awarded a Nobel Prize. The three-center two-electron bond is illustrated in diborane (diagrams at right). In an ordinary covalent bond a pair of electrons bonds two atoms together, one at either end of the bond, the diboare B-H bonds for example at the left and right in the illustrations. In three-center two-electron bond a pair of electrons bonds three atoms (a boron atom at either end and a hydrogen atom in the middle), the diborane B-H-B bonds for example at the top and bottom of the illustrations.<mask>'s group did not propose or discover the three-center two-electron bond,
nor did they develop formulas that give the proposed mechanism. In 1943, Longuet-Higgins, while still an undergraduate at Oxford, was the first to explain
the structure and bonding of the boron hydrides. The paper reporting the work, written with his tutor R. P. Bell,
 also reviews the history of the subject beginning with the work of Dilthey. Shortly after, in 1947 and 1948, experimental spectroscopic work was performed by Price
that confirmed Longuet-Higgins' structure for diborane. The structure was re-confirmed by electron diffraction measurement in 1951 by K. Hedberg and V. Schomaker, with the confirmation of the structure shown in the schemes on this page. <mask> and his graduate students further determined the molecular structure of boranes (compounds of boron and hydrogen) using X-ray crystallography in the 1950s and developed theories to explain their bonds. Later he applied the same methods to related problems, including the structure of carboranes (compounds of carbon, boron, and hydrogen).Longuet-Higgins
and Roberts
discussed the electronic structure of an icosahedron of boron atoms and of the borides MB6. The mechanism of the three-center two-electron bond was also discussed in a later paper by Longuet-Higgins, and an essentially equivalent mechanism was proposed by Eberhardt, Crawford, and Lipscomb. <mask>'s

masks:
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 group also achieved an understanding of it through electron orbital calculations using formulas by Edmiston and Ruedenberg and by Boys. The Eberhardt, Crawford, and Lipscomb paper discussed above  also devised the "styx number" method to catalog certain kinds of boron-hydride bonding configurations. Wandering atoms was a puzzle solved by <mask> in one of his few papers with no co-authors. Compounds of boron and hydrogen tend to form closed cage structures. Sometimes the atoms at the vertices of these cages move substantial distances with respect to each other.The diamond-square-diamond mechanism (diagram at left) was suggested by <mask> to explain this rearrangement of vertices. Following along in the diagram at left for example in the faces shaded in blue,
a pair of triangular faces has a left-right diamond shape. First, the bond common to these adjacent triangles breaks, forming a square,
and then the square collapses back to an up-down diamond shape
by bonding the atoms that were not bonded before. Other researchers have discovered more about these rearrangements. The B10H16 structure (diagram at right) determined by Grimes, Wang, Lewin, and <mask> found a bond directly between two boron atoms without terminal hydrogens, a feature not previously seen in other boron hydrides. <mask>'s group developed calculation methods, both empirical and from quantum mechanical theory. Calculations by these methods produced accurate Hartree–Fock self-consistent field (SCF) molecular orbitals and were used to study boranes and carboranes.The ethane barrier to rotation (diagram at left) was first calculated accurately by Pitzer and <mask> using the Hartree–Fock (SCF) method. <mask>'s calculations continued to a detailed examination of partial bonding through "... theoretical studies of multicentered chemical bonds including both delocalized and localized molecular orbitals." This included "... proposed molecular orbital descriptions in which the bonding electrons are delocalized over the whole molecule." "<mask> and his coworkers developed the idea of transferability of atomic properties, by which approximate theories for complex molecules are developed from more exact calculations for simpler but chemically related molecules,..."

Subsequent Nobel Prize winner Roald Hoffmann was a doctoral student

in <mask>'s laboratory. Under <mask>'s direction the Extended Hückel method of molecular orbital calculation was developed by Lawrence Lohr and by Roald Hoffmann. This method was later extended by Hoffman. In <mask>'s laboratory this method was reconciled with self-consistent field (SCF) theory by Newton and by Boer.Noted boron chemist M. Frederick Hawthorne conducted early and continuing research with <mask>. Much of this work is summarized in a book by <mask>, Boron Hydrides, one of <mask>'s two books. The 1976 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to <mask> "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding". In a way this continued work on the nature of the chemical bond by his doctoral advisor at the California Institute of Technology, Linus Pauling, who was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances." The source for about half of this section is <mask>'s Nobel Lecture. Large biological molecule structure and function

<mask>'s later research focused on the atomic structure of proteins, particularly how enzymes work. His group used x-ray diffraction to solve the three-dimensional structure of these proteins to atomic resolution, and then to analyze the atomic detail of how the molecules work.The images below are of Lipscomb's structures from the Protein Data Bank displayed in simplified form with atomic detail suppressed. Proteins are chains of amino acids, and the continuous ribbon shows the trace of the chain with, for example, several amino acids for each turn of a helix. Carboxypeptidase A (left) was the first protein structure from Lipscomb's group. Carboxypeptidase A is a digestive enzyme, a protein that digests other proteins. It is made in the pancreas and transported in inactive form to the intestines where it is activated. Carboxypeptidase A digests by chopping off certain amino acids one-by-one from one end of a protein. The size of this structure was ambitious.Carboxypeptidase A was a much larger molecule than anything solved previously. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase. (right) was the second protein structure from Lipscomb's group. For a copy of DNA to be made, a duplicate set of its nucleotides is required. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase performs a step in building the pyrimidine nucleotides (cytosine and thymidine). Aspartate carbamoyltransferase also ensures that just the right amount of pyrimidine nucleotides is available, as activator and inhibitor molecules attach to aspartate carbamoyltransferase to speed it up and to slow it down. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase is a complex of twelve molecules.Six large catalytic molecules in the interior do the work, and six small regulatory molecules on the outside control how fast the catalytic units work. The size of this structure was ambitious. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase was a much larger molecule than anything solved previously. Leucine aminopeptidase, (left) a little like carboxypeptidase A, chops off certain amino acids one-by-one from one end of a protein or peptide. HaeIII methyltransferase (right)
binds to DNA where it methylates (adds a methy group to)
it. Human interferon beta (left)
is released by lymphocytes in response to pathogens to trigger the immune system. Chorismate mutase (right)
catalyzes (speeds up) the production of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (left)
and its inhibitor MB06322 (CS-917)
were studied by Lipscomb's group in a collaboration, which included Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., acquired by Ligand Pharmaceuticals in 2010, exploring the possibility of finding a treatment for type 2 diabetes, as the MB06322 inhibitor slows the production of sugar by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Lipscomb's group also contributed to an understanding of
concanavalin A (low resolution structure),
glucagon, and
carbonic anhydrase (theoretical studies). Subsequent Nobel Prize winner Thomas A. Steitz
was a doctoral student in Lipscomb's laboratory. Under Lipscomb's direction, after the training task of determining the structure of the small molecule methyl ethylene phosphate, Steitz made contributions to determining the atomic structures of carboxypeptidase A

and aspartate carbamoyltransferase. Steitz was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the even larger structure of the large 50S ribosomal subunit, leading to an understanding of possible medical treatments. Subsequent Nobel Prize winner Ada Yonath, who shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, spent some time in Lipscomb's lab where both she and Steitz were inspired to pursue later their own very large structures. This was while she was a postdoctoral student at MIT in 1970.Other results

The mineral lipscombite (picture at right) was named after Professor <mask> by the mineralogist John Gruner who first made it artificially. Low-temperature x-ray diffraction was pioneered in <mask>'s laboratory at about the same time as parallel work in Isadore Fankuchen's laboratory at the then Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. Lipscomb began by studying compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and other substances that are solid only below liquid nitrogen temperatures, but other advantages eventually made low-temperatures a normal procedure. Keeping the crystal cold during data collection produces a less-blurry 3-D electron-density map because the atoms have less thermal motion. Crystals may yield good data in the x-ray beam longer because x-ray damage may be reduced during data collection and because the solvent may evaporate more slowly, which for example may be important for large biochemical molecules whose crystals often have a high percentage of water. Other important compounds were studied by <mask> and his students. Among these are
hydrazine,
nitric oxide,
metal-dithiolene complexes,
methyl ethylene phosphate,
mercury amides,
(NO)2,
crystalline hydrogen fluoride,
Roussin's black salt,
(PCF3)5,
complexes of cyclo-octatetraene with iron tricarbonyl,
and leurocristine (Vincristine), which is used in several cancer therapies.Positions, awards and honors
 Guggenheim Fellow, 1954
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960. Member of United States National Academy of Sciences
Member of the Faculty Advisory Board of MIT-Harvard Research Journal
 Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1976)
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1976)

Five books and published symposia are dedicated to <mask>. A complete list of <mask> Pauling: Video of a talk by <mask>. See especially the "Linus and Me" section. World War 2 research in brief audio clips by <mask>, which include his attempt to save the life of Elizabeth Swingle. Technical description of the Swingle accident.Scientific Character of W. <mask> Curriculum Vitae, publication list, science humor, Nobel Prize scrapbook, scientific aggression, family stories, portraits, eulogy. 1919 births
2011 deaths
American chemists
American Nobel laureates
California Institute of Technology alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University faculty
Theoretical chemists
Inorganic chemists
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Scientists from Cleveland
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Sayre School alumni
University of Kentucky alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Deaths from pneumonia in

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