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<mask> (born 13 December 1972) is a British-American businessman, the younger son of media mogul <mask>, and was the chief executive officer (CEO) of 21st Century Fox from 2015 to 2019. He was the chairman and CEO for Europe and Asia of News Corporation until 2013 when it was split into News Corp and 21st Century Fox. He was formerly a director of News Corp and was a member of the office of the chairman. Until April 2012, he was the chairman and CEO of Sky plc, Europe and Asia, where he oversaw assets such as News International (British newspapers; publisher of The News of the World newspaper), Sky Italia (satellite television in Italy), Sky Deutschland, and STAR TV (satellite television in Asia). He was executive chairman of News International from 2007 until February 2012. He previously held a non-executive chair at British Sky Broadcasting, in which News Corp has a controlling minority stake. In April 2012, he was forced to resign as chairman of BSkyB in the wake of the ongoing phone hacking scandal, in which he was implicated.He was reappointed chairman of the company following its merger with its Italian and German sister companies to form Sky plc. He was formerly an executive vice-president of News Corporation (the controlling shareholder of BSkyB) and served on the board of directors of News Datacom and of News Corporation. In May 2012, a highly critical UK Parliamentary report said that <mask> "showed wilful ignorance of the extent of phone-hacking" and found him "guilty of an astonishing lack of curiosity" over the issue. It went on to say that both <mask> and his father, Rupert, "should ultimately be prepared to take responsibility" for wrongdoing at the News of the World and News International. <mask> is a British citizen by birth and a naturalised US citizen. He lost Australian citizenship when his father became a US citizen, but he is eligible to reclaim it. Early life
<mask> was born at Wimbledon Hospital in Wimbledon, London, England.He is the fourth child of billionaire media mogul <mask>'s six children, and the third with Scottish-born journalist and author <mask> Mann (née Torv). As a youngster <mask> was regarded as the brightest of the <mask> children, but also considered something of a rebel. He first came to public notice as a 15-year-old intern at the Sydney Daily Mirror but made headlines in the rival The Sydney Morning Herald after he was photographed asleep on a sofa at a press conference. <mask> attended Horace Mann School in New York City and graduated in 1991. He then studied film and history at Harvard University, where he was a member of the Harvard Lampoon. He dropped out of university in 1995 without completing his studies. With university friends Brian Brater and Jarret Myer, he backed the establishment of Rawkus Records, an independent hip hop record label.The company was bought by News Corporation in 1998.

Business career
In 1996, <mask> joined News Corporation and was appointed chairman of Festival Records. He took charge of News Corporation's internet operations, where he invested in a series of ventures, including financial website TheStreet and the short-lived online music site Whammo, with mixed results. He also continued to contribute cartoons to US magazine Gear. He is credited with sparking his father's interest in the internet, and he reportedly tried to persuade his father to buy internet company Pointcast for US$450 million. It was subsequently sold to another company for $7 million. After installing a new management team at Festival, <mask> purchased the controlling 51% share of Mushroom Records in 1999, and the merged group was rebranded as Festival Mushroom Records (FMR). It was at first thought that News Corporation might use FMR as the foundation of a new international entertainment company, but FMR struggled while <mask> was in charge and after his departure its fortunes declined rapidly.FMR was closed in late 2005 and its remaining assets were sold: the recording catalogue was sold to the Australian division of Warner Music for A$10 million in October 2005, and the publishing division was sold to Michael Gudinski a month later, for an undisclosed sum. In May 2000, <mask> was appointed chairman and chief executive of News Corporation's ailing Asian satellite service Star Television, which at the time was losing £100 million a year, and he moved to Hong Kong. In February 2003, <mask> became a director of BSkyB. Later that year, he controversially became CEO of BSkyB, in which News Corporation owns a controlling minority stake. His appointment sparked accusations of nepotism, with some commentators and shareholders feeling that the job had not been opened to outsiders and that <mask> was too young and inexperienced to run one of the UK's top companies (upon appointment he was by far the youngest chief executive of a FTSE 100 company). Following the surprise resignation of his brother Lachlan <mask> from his executive positions at News Corporation in July 2005, <mask> was viewed as his father's heir-apparent. In December 2007, <mask> stepped down as CEO from BSkyB and was appointed non-executive chairman of the company (a position formerly held by his father, Rupert).In a related announcement, <mask> also took "direct responsibility for the strategic and operational development of News Corporation's television, newspaper, and related digital assets in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East." This included holdings such as News International, SKY Italia, STAR Group ltd and possibly other News Corporation related assets. He was based at News International's headquarters in Wapping, East London. In February 2009, <mask> was appointed a non-executive director with the British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline. In August 2009, <mask> delivered the MacTaggart Memorial Lecture at the Edinburgh International Television Festival, in which he attacked the BBC and UK media regulator Ofcom calling the BBC's expansion "chilling" and also said: "In this all-media marketplace, the expansion of state-sponsored journalism is a threat to the plurality and independence of news provision, which are so important for our democracy." The BBC chairman, Sir Michael Lyons officially responded, "We have to be careful not to reduce the whole of broadcasting to some simple economic transactions. The BBC's public purposes stress the importance of the well-tested principles of educating and informing, and an impartial contribution to debate in the UK."In April 2010, <mask> and his associate Rebekah Brooks entered the offices of The Independent to complain about an advertisement campaign by the newspaper. The advertisement read, "<mask> won't decide this election—you will." In April 2014, it was announced that <mask> would join the board of advertising start-up True[X] Media. In June 2015, his father, Rupert, announced that he would be leaving his position as CEO of 21st Century Fox and <mask> would take over the position. In January 2016, <mask> became the chairman of Sky, Britain's subscription broadcaster. In July 2017, <mask> became an independent director on the board of Tesla. In October 2018, <mask> left Sky after Comcast took the majority control of the company.In March 2019, 21st Century Fox was sold to The Walt Disney Company, ending <mask>'s tenure as CEO. In July 2020, <mask> resigned from the board of directors of News Corp. His resignation letter stated that his resignation was "due to disagreements over certain editorial content published by the Company’s news outlets and certain other strategic decisions". In 2022 multiple sources reports Lupa India, the investment company set up by Uday Shankar and <mask>, is in the final stages of picking up a 39 per cent stake in Viacom18. Phone hacking scandal and aftermath

On 7 July 2011, <mask> announced the closure of the British tabloid newspaper the News of the World in the wake of a phone hacking scandal. On 19 July 2011, along with his father, Rupert, he appeared at a hearing of the Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee. He appeared once again before the same committee on 10 November 2011. <mask> maintained that until late in 2010 he was unaware that more than one "rogue reporter" from the News of the World tabloid had been involved in phone hacking.This statement was challenged by the formal legal manager and editor for the newspaper, who claimed they had informed <mask> of the "Transcript for Neville" email, a potential "smoking gun" indicating several of the newspaper's journalists may have been involved, during the settlement negotiations with Gorden Taylor in 2008 and alerted him to the potential liability if this document became public. On 22 July 2011, Britain's prime minister, David Cameron, said that <mask> has "questions to answer in Parliament," a day after former top executives of the News of the World accused the News Corporation executive of giving "mistaken" evidence. In November 2011, British newspapers reported that <mask> had resigned as chairman of News Group Newspapers, the holding company above The Sun, News of the World and Times Newspapers Ltd, itself owner of The Times and The Sunday Times. News Group Newspapers is the company subject to a series of lawsuits, all related to the phone hacking scandal. <mask>'s resignation was also said to be related to the 12 October 2011 resignation of another Dow Jones executive, Andrew Langhoff, after a company whistleblower revealed an editorial scam and questionable circulation dealings at The Wall Street Journal Europe. In February 2012, News Corp announced that <mask> would be stepping down as executive chairman of its British newspaper arm. The company said he would remain deputy chief operating officer of News Corp and focus on the company's international TV business, including continued responsibility for BSkyB.He stepped down also from the GlaxoSmithKline board. In April 2012, he stood down as chairman of BSkyB, but remained on the board. He was replaced as chairman by Nicholas Ferguson. In September 2012, <mask> was criticised by the British Office of Communications (Ofcom), which concluded that he "repeatedly fell short of the conduct to be expected of as a chief executive and chairman" and that his lack of action in relation to phone hacking was "difficult to comprehend and ill-judged". Personal life
<mask> married Kathryn Hufschmid in 2000; the couple have three children, Anneka (born 2003), Walter (born 2004), and Emerson (born 2008). Kathryn works for the Clinton Climate Initiative, a charitable foundation set up by the former U.S. President, Bill Clinton in 2006. In 2013, the couple launched Quadrivium Foundation.<mask> also donated money to the Clinton Foundation, the nonprofit organization run by Chelsea, Bill, and Hillary Clinton. <mask> was instrumental in the formation of Sky Procycling and is a keen cyclist himself. He maintains an early morning gym routine and has a black belt in karate. In 2020, <mask> and his wife each donated US$615,000 to the Biden campaign. See also
 News media phone hacking scandal
 News International phone hacking scandal
 Phone hacking scandal reference lists
 Metropolitan police role in phone hacking scandal

References

External links

Published articles at Journalisted

<mask> at Forbes

<mask> at Los Angeles Times

1972 births
Living people
Australian people of Scottish descent
Australian people of Estonian descent
British media executives
British people of Australian descent
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Harvard University people
Horace Mann School alumni
<mask>
News Corporation people
People associated with the News International phone hacking scandal
British emigrants to the United States
Businesspeople from New York City
Chief operating officers
British people of Estonian descent
American people of Estonian descent
People who lost Australian citizenship

masks:
James Rupert Jacob Murdoch
Rupert Murdoch
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Rupert Murdoch
Anna Murdoch
James
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James
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Rupert Murdoch
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Major General <mask><mask> (May 5, 1796 – July 25, 1878) was an American militia and artillery officer, lawyer and businessman. He was a senior officer in the New York State Militia for over thirty years and commanded the First Division in every major civil disturbance in New York City up until the American Civil War, most notably, the New York Draft Riots in 1863. Biography
<mask><mask> was born in Newark, New Jersey to <mask><mask>, a farmer and veteran of the American Revolutionary War, on May 5, 1796. He pursued a career in law, studying under Ogden Hoffman, and enlisted as a private in the New York State Artillery. Assigned to the Third Regiment, he remained with the unit as it became the Eighth Regiment popularly known as the "Washington Grays". Rising up the ranks as a non-commissioned officer, he commanded Company F and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant colonel and to full colonel. In 1834, he was elected brigadier general of the Sixth Brigade Artillery.On May 10, 1839, <mask> was commissioned major general of the First Division and held command for nearly three decades. Although having a fine service record, <mask> kept an informal atmosphere and sometimes lax discipline within his command. Units were also far below regimental quotas. Brigadier generals were late reporting for duty and he himself was very late organizing division formations on occasion. This often resulted in delays such as military parades being three or four hours overdue. These officers were generally not held accountable for their negligence and courts-martial were rarely held. <mask> was fond of military pomp and often organized celebrations and public events involving the militia.Among these included a parade honoring visiting General José Antonio Páez, the former president of Venezuela, in July 1850. His eldest son, 30-year-old <mask>, accompanied Páez back to South America where he died of fever shortly afterwards. The following year, he also had the militia receive Louis Kossuth upon his arrival in the city in October 1851, his formal reception at Castle Garden in December and a third parade at his departure. On several occasions, he and his men escorted American presidents when visiting the city and paraded at the funerals of Henry Clay and <mask>. <mask> had a commendable military record leading the militia in the Flour Riot of 1837, the Astor Place Riot in 1849, the Dead Rabbits and Municipal Police Riots of 1857 and the New York Draft Riot in 1863. General <mask> once said that "<mask> was one of the finest volunteer service generals that he ever knew." He commanded the Seventh Regiment and militia forces on behalf of <mask> and eventually confronted Mayor <mask>, his forces surrounding City Hall Park, and took him into custody.That same year, he was asked by NYPD Police Commissioner Simeon Draper for his assistance during the Dead Rabbits Riot. He sent the Eight and Seventy-First Regiments, both at half strength but supported by two 75-man police detachments, which marched down White and Worth Streets and confronted the gang members driving them back to the Five Points. This action ended the rioting, but police and soldiers continued to patrol the district that night and all the next day. His command seriously weakened due to manpower shortages during the American Civil War, <mask> served on active duty with the Union Army from April 19 to July 25, 1861. In May 1861, he was ordered by Brigadier General Joseph K. Mansfield to oversee the capture of Alexandria, Virginia as the vast majority the Union troops were from New York. He also served under Major General Robert Patterson for three months and took part in the Battle of Hoke's Run. Returning to New York, he was present during the New York Draft Riots in 1863 and managed to organize a small force of scattered militia regiments, military troops and home guards from his headquarters at the State Arsenal at Seventh Avenue and Thirty-Fifth Street.He was one of the senior officers who directed police and military during the riots. When receiving reports of the battle between police and rioters at the Union Steam Works, with hundreds of rioters now armed with muskets, swords and pistols, he sent Colonel H.J. O'Brien and 150 men to help police. Lieutenant Eagleson, in command of two 6-pound cannons and 25 artillerymen, accompanied O'Brien to the battle. After the war, <mask> was relieved of his command by Governor Reuben Fenton who appointed Alexander Shaler to succeed him and officially took command on January 23, 1867. <mask>, who had been involved in the theater as early as 1847, ran the Lafayette Theatre on Sullivan Street. His success encouraged him to open a second theater in The Bowery, The Mount Pitt Theatre and Circus, but both buildings burned down within the same week ending his career in the theater.He also built a number of buildings on Canal Street although he lost these to fire as well. <mask> would often experience success and disaster in his business dealings, acquiring and then losing small fortunes two or three times, however he was able to provide his family with a comfortable competency his later years. He and his wife often entertained at their West Twenty-Second Street residence whose social functions were often attended by prominent citizens of the city. For over fifty years, he was a leading member in the old St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Broadway. He was also an accomplished lawyer and the one-time partner of John Bristed, son of author <mask> Bristed. <mask> also served as counsel for the Harlem Railroad Company for twenty years and later represented the company against inventor <mask>. At the time of his death, he was vice president of the New York City Bar Association.In late-July 1878, <mask> left the city for his annual summer vacation to Avon Springs in Livingston County, New York. A day after his arrival however, he died suddenly on the morning of July 25, 1878. A telegram was sent announcing his passing, occurring shortly after his 82nd birthday, but the circumstances of his death were unknown to his family. His body was brought back to the city by one of his daughters and buried shortly afterwards. References

Further reading

Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.Burlingame, Michael and John R. T. Ettlinger, ed. Inside Lincoln's White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay. Carbondale: University of Illinois Press, 1997. Clark, Emmons. History of the Seventh Regiment of New York, 1806-1889. Vol. I.New York: The Seventh Regiment, 1890. Cook, Adrian. The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974. Leech, Margaret. Reveille in Washington, 1860-1865: 1860-1865. New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1941.McCague, James. The Second Rebellion: The Story of the New York City Draft Riots of 1863. New York: Dial Press, 1968. External links
Report of Maj. Gen. <mask><mask>, commanding First Divisions, New York State National Guard, of operations June 16-July 16, including the Draft Riots in New York City

1796 births
1878 deaths
Union Army colonels
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
People from Manhattan
19th-century American lawyers

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Charles W
. Sandford
Charles W
. Sandford
William B
. Sandford
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Charles Sandford
Daniel Webster
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Winfield Scott
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Sheriff Westervelt
Fernando Wood
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Charles Astor
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Ross Winans
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<mask> (), born Leon Harrison Gross (; April 28, 1911 – March 13, 1999), was an American cartoonist, writer, theater director and producer, best known as the creator of the popular comic strips Mandrake the Magician (1934–2013) and The Phantom (1936–present). At the height of their popularity, these strips attracted over 100 million readers every day. <mask> also wrote short stories, and he contributed to a series of paperback novels about The Phantom. A playwright and theatrical director/producer, <mask> directed actors such as Marlon Brando, Charlton Heston, Paul Newman, Chico Marx and Ethel Waters. Life and career
<mask> was born in St. Louis, Missouri, where he spent his boyhood and his youth. His mother was Eleanor Alina (a name he later, in some form, used in both his Mandrake the Magician and The Phantom story lines), and his father was Benjamin Gross. Both of his parents were Jewish.<mask> was born and raised Jewish. Benjamin Gross died when <mask> was just a boy, and after a time, his mother Eleanor married <mask> Epstein, who became the father figure for <mask> and his brother, Leslie. <mask> changed his surname after leaving college. He took the middle name of his stepfather, but "<mask>" had been his nickname since childhood, so he took that name also. His brother, Leslie, also took the name "<mask>". When <mask> began his comic strip and comic book writing and drawing career, his official biography claimed that he was an experienced world traveler who had studied with Eastern mystics. In fact, <mask> had simply made it up in order to seem more like the right kind of person to be writing about globe-trotting heroes like Mandrake the Magician and The Phantom.His trip to New York City to pitch Mandrake the Magician for publication by the King Features Syndicate was at that time the farthest that he had traveled from home in St. Louis. In later life, however, he became an experienced world traveler for real – at least partly, he said, to avoid the embarrassment of having his bluff inadvertently called by genuine travelers wanting to swap anecdotes. During World War II, <mask> also worked as chief of propaganda for the new radio station KMOX at St. Louis, where he became the leader of the radio foreign language division of the Office of War Information. <mask> married three times, to Louise Kanaseriff, Constance Moorehead Lilienthal, and Elizabeth Moxley (he married Elizabeth, a respected stage-director, not long before he decided to depict the marriage of The Phantom to the character's longtime girlfriend Diana Palmer in <mask>'s The Phantom comic strip). Elizabeth also sometimes helped him with the scripts in his later years. She even finished his last The Phantom stories after he died. <mask> became the father of three children, Valerie (his daughter with Louise Kanaseriff), and Diane and Conley (his daughter and son with Constance Moorehead Lilienthal).<mask> died on March 13, 1999. Creation of Mandrake the Magician and The Phantom
<mask> had had a fascination for stage magicians ever since he was a boy. <mask>, according to his own recollections, sketched the first few Mandrake the Magician comic strips himself. When asked why the magician looked so much like himself, he replied, "Well, of course he did. I was alone in a room with a mirror when I drew him!". The Phantom was inspired by <mask>'s fascination for myths and legends, such as the ones about El Cid, King Arthur, Nordic and Greek folklore heroes and popular fictional characters like "Tarzan" and "Mowgli" from Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. He was fascinated by the Thugs of India, and hence based his first Phantom comic on the "Singh Brotherhood".<mask> originally considered the idea of calling his character "The Gray Ghost", but finally decided that he preferred "The Phantom". <mask> revealed in an interview that Robin Hood, who was often depicted as wearing tights, inspired the skin-tight costume of "The Phantom", which is known to have influenced the entire superhero-industry. In the A&E Network's Phantom biography program, <mask> explained that Ancient Greek stone busts inspired the notion of pupils of the eyes of "The Phantom" not showing whenever he wore his mask. The old Greek busts had no eye pupils, which <mask> felt gave them an inhuman, interesting look. It is also probable that the look of "The Phantom" inspired the look of what has today become known as the "superhero". <mask> originally thought that his comic strips would last a few weeks at best. However, he wrote them for more than six decades, until the last days of his life.Theater
<mask>'s next large passion after cartooning was the theater and stage plays. During his lifetime, <mask> ran five theaters, at one time or another, and he produced about 300 plays, and also directed about 100 of them. <mask> wrote 12 plays, including two musicals: Happy Dollar and Mandrake the Magician, which were both based on his comic strip character. After <mask>'s death, his widow Elizabeth directed a musical called Mandrake the Magician and the Enchantress, which was written by <mask>, and which was practically the same as his previous Mandrake the Magician musical. Some of his plays drew well-known actors and actresses such as Marlon Brando, Charlton Heston, Celeste Holm, Constance Moore, Basil Rathbone, Chico Marx, Ethel Waters, Paul Newman, Ezio Pinza, James Mason, Jack Warner, Shelley Winters, Farley Granger, Eve Arden, Alexis Smith, Victor Jory, Cedric Hardwicke, Eva Marie Saint, Eva Gabor, Sarah Churchill, James Donn, Eddie Bracken, Ann Corio, Robert Wilcox and Paul Robeson to perform in them. The actors and actresses were all paid for their work, but many of them worked on small fractions of what they would normally earn with their movie work. <mask> was proud to state that Marlon Brando had turned down an offer of $10,000 a week to act in Broadway plays, in favor of working for <mask> in Boston in the play, Arms and the Man.In 1953, Brando's contract for <mask>'s play paid less than $500 a week. Awards and recognition
<mask> won many awards for his dedication to the field of writing for comics and theatre. Here are a select few of them:
 (1971)
Roman Lifetime Achievement Award
Adamson Award for best foreign comics creator (Sweden, 1977)
Golden Adamson (Sweden, 1986)
 In 1989, he was awarded the Inkpot Award. National Cartoonists Society's Silver T-Square Award (1986)
In May 1994, his birthplace St. Louis honored him with <mask> Day. In 2013, he was entered into the Will Eisner Hall of Fame. On the occasion of the premiere of the movie, The Phantom, which starred Billy Zane, <mask> was congratulated by letter from President Bill Clinton with his best wishes. <mask> has also been a candidate for a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame many times, and was so honored in a ceremony on what would have been his 104th birthday, April 28, 2015.References

1911 births
1999 deaths
American comics writers
20th-century American novelists
Burials at Cypress Hills Cemetery
Writers from St. Louis
Jewish American artists
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male novelists
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American artists
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Missouri
Artists from Missouri
Inkpot Award winners
20th-century American Jews

masks:
Lee Falk
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Falk
Lee
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Albert Falk
Lee Falk
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Lee
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Lee Falk
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<mask> (born April 19, 1969, as Polgár Zsuzsanna and often known as Zsuzsa Polgár) is a Hungarian and American chess grandmaster. Polgár was Women's World Champion from 1996 to 1999. On the FIDE rating list of July 1984, at the age of 15, she became the top-ranked female player in the world. In 1991 she became the third woman to be awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE. She won twelve medals at the Women's Chess Olympiad (5 gold, 4 silver and 3 bronze). Also a trainer, writer and promoter, <mask> sponsors various chess tournaments for young players and is the head of the Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence (SPICE) at Webster University. She served as the Chairperson (or co-chair) of the FIDE Commission for Women's Chess from 2008 until late 2018.Personal life

<mask> was born and brought up in Budapest, Hungary, to a Hungarian-Jewish family. In 1994, <mask> married computer consultant Jacob Shutzman, and moved to New York. They have two sons, Tom (born 1999) and Leeam (born 2000). She later divorced. In December 2006, she married her longtime business manager and friend, Paul Truong. She now lives in suburban St. Louis, Missouri. Chess career

<mask> and her two younger sisters, Grandmaster Judit and International Master Sofia, were part of an educational experiment carried out by their father László Polgár, who sought to prove that children could make exceptional achievements if trained in a specialized subject from a very early age."Geniuses are made, not born," was László's thesis. He and his wife Klara educated their three daughters at home, with chess as the principal subject. In 2007, National Geographic released an hour-long documentary entitled "My Brilliant Brain" with <mask> as the main subject (re-released as a DVD in multiple countries in multiple languages through 2010). The father also taught his three daughters Esperanto. Most of her family eventually emigrated to Israel, but <mask> moved to New York after marrying an American citizen in 1994. Members of the Polgár family, who are Jewish, perished in the Holocaust, and both grandmothers were survivors of Auschwitz. At age 4, <mask> won her first chess tournament, the Budapest Girls' Under-11 Championship, with a 10–0 score.In 1981, at the age of 12, she won the World Under 16 Girls Championship. Despite restrictions on her freedom to play in international tournaments, in July 1984, at age 15, <mask> had become the top-rated female chess player in the world. In 1986, aged 17, she narrowly missed qualifying for the Zonal, the first step in the "Men's" world championship cycle. In November 1986, FIDE decided to grant 100 bonus Elo rating points to all active female players except <mask>, which knocked her from the top spot in the January 1987 FIDE ratings list. The rationale was that the FIDE ratings of women were not commensurate with the ratings of the men because the women tended to play in women-only tournaments, <mask> being an exception because up to that point she had played mainly against men. In January 1991, <mask> became the third woman awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE, after Nona Gaprindashvili and Maia Chiburdanidze. <mask> was the youngest woman to become grandmaster at the time, but this record was soon broken by Judit in December 1991 (where Judit became both youngest female grandmaster and youngest grandmaster).In 1992, <mask> won both the Women's World Blitz and the Women's World Rapid Championship. Prior to 1992, <mask> tended to avoid women-only tournaments. She entered the candidates' cycle for the 1993 Women's World Championship and was eliminated after the candidates' final match with Nana Ioseliani. The match was drawn at the chessboard and the winner advanced to the championship based on the drawing of lots. She became the Women's World Champion at her second attempt in 1996. Her title defense against Xie Jun of China was scheduled to take place in 1998 but FIDE had been unable to find a satisfactory sponsor. In early 1999, a match was arranged, but under conditions to which <mask> objected.As a result, <mask> requested a postponement because she was pregnant and due to give birth to a child, Tom, in March 1999. She felt that she did not have sufficient time to recuperate, and secondly because the match was to be held entirely in China, the home country of her challenger. She also wanted a larger prize fund matching at least the minimum stipulated by FIDE regulations at the time (200000 CHF). When <mask> refused to play under these conditions, FIDE declared that she had forfeited the title, and instead organized a match between Xie Jun and Alisa Galliamova for the Women's World Chess Championship, which was won by Xie Jun. <mask> sued in the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland for monetary damages and the restoration of her title. In March 2001, the case was settled, with <mask> withdrawing her claims and FIDE agreeing to pay <mask>'s attorney's fees in the amount of $25,000. Since Xie Jun had already been crowned Women's World Champion, FIDE could not restore the title to <mask>.<mask> has not participated in subsequent Women's World Championship cycles. American career
In 2002 <mask> transferred her national federation from Hungary to the United States. The United States Chess Federation named her "Grandmaster of the Year" in 2003, the first time a woman has won that honor. In that same year, <mask> also became the first woman to win the US Open Blitz Championship, against a field which included seven grandmasters. She won that title again in 2005 and in 2006. She helped train and played the top board for the United States women's team at the 2004 Chess Olympiad held in October in Calvià on the island of Mallorca, Spain. Overall, the team won the silver medal, and <mask> won an individual gold medal for achieving the highest performance rating in the women's event and the highest point total.She has a total of twelve Olympiad medals: five gold, four silver, and three bronze. She has played 56 games in the Women's Olympiads, never losing a game. In July 2005, <mask> gave a large simultaneous exhibition in Palm Beach, Florida, breaking four world records: the largest number of simultaneous games played (326, with 309 won, 14 drawn, and 3 lost); consecutive games played (1,131); highest number of games won (1,112); and highest percentage of wins (96.93%). In October 2005, <mask> joined former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and former World Champion Anatoly Karpov in Lindsborg, Kansas, to promote "Chess For Peace." There, <mask> participated in the second Clash of the Titans - Battle of the Genders match against Karpov at the same location, with Gorbachev making the first move for Karpov. The match with Karpov ended in a 3–3 tie, with each player winning two games and two draws. Their first match had taken place in September 2004.That also ended up in a 3–3 tie. In June 2006, <mask> organized and played in the 2006 New York City Mayor's Cup, a 30-minute competition and the highest-rated double round-robin tournament in US history. She finished second, behind Gata Kamsky and ahead of Alexander Onischuk, Boris Gulko, Ildar Ibragimov, and Alexander Stripunsky. In July 2006, <mask> represented the US in a side event to the Football World Cup in Dresden, Germany. She won the event by defeating Elisabeth Pähtz in the final. <mask> switched her federation affiliation back to Hungary in June 2019. Trainer
In 1997, <mask> founded the Polgar Chess Center in Forest Hills, New York, to give chess training to children.The Polgar Chess Center closed in 2009 following her relocation to Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas. In 2002, she established the <mask>gar Foundation. Since then, her foundation has sponsored the National Invitational for Girls, National Open Championship for Boys and Girls, World Open Championship for Boys and Girls, North American All Girls Championship, All-Star Girl's Chess Team, NY City Mayor's Cup Invitational, Tri-State Scholastic Chess Challenge, SPICE Cup and a series of Get Smart Play Chess scholastic chess tournaments. She founded the SPICE Institute in Texas in 2007 and began coaching the Texas Tech Knight Raiders in 2007 as well. Texas Tech Knight Raiders
In 2007, <mask> signed on as the head coach for the Texas Tech Knight Raiders chess team. In 2010, she became the first woman to lead a men's Division I team to the Final Four. In April 2011 and again in 2012, the Texas Tech Knight Raiders became the best college chess team in the nation by winning the President's Cup: The Final Four in College Chess.As the Knight Raiders coach, <mask> became the first ever female head coach to lead a men's Division I team to the national title. In 2012, she moved with members of her top collegiate chess team to Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri. Webster University
<mask> and the SPICE program joined Webster University in suburban St. Louis in 2012. [23][24] Webster won the 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 Final Fours of College Chess, also known as the President's Cup. As a result, <mask> was recognized as 2012-13 College Coach of the Year by Final 4 organizer Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. The Webster University chess team has also won (or tied for first) in the Pan American Intercollegiate Championships 2012–2018. Notable games

Here is a game that <mask> won at age 16:
<mask> vs. Hardicsay, Hungarian Team Championship 1985 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5. cxd5 d6 6. Nf3 g6 7. Bf4 a6 8. e4 Bg7 9. Qa4+ Bd7 10. Qb3 Bg4 11. Qxb7 Bxf3 Hardicsay had won a game a few months before after 12.gxf3 Nh5, when Black has good compensation for the sacrificed pawn after either 13.Be3 Nd7 or 13.Bg3 Nxg3 14.hxg3 Nd7. 12.Qxa8 Nxe4 13. Rc1! This was a ; Black had been thought to be better after 13.Nxe4 Bxe4. 13... Bd4 After 13...Nxc3 14.bxc3 Be4 15.f3 Bf5 16.g4, Black would have no good retreat for his bishop, e.g. 16...Bd7 17.Bxd6. 14. Rc2 Nxf2?!14...Nxc3 15.gxf3! also leaves White with a large advantage. 15. Rxf2 Bxf2+ 16. Kxf2 Bg4 (diagram) 17. Bb5+! axb5 18.Re1+ Kf8 If 18...Kd7, 19.Qb7+ Qc7 20.Re7+! wins the queen. 19. Bh6+ Kg8 (diagram) 20. Re7! Paralyzing Black and stopping any counterplay with ...Qh4+. The rook is immune because 20...Qxe7 21.Qxb8+ forces mate.20... Bd7 21. Qxb8! Qxb8 22. Ne4! Although Black is up a queen for a knight, he cannot stop 23.Nf6. SPICE Institute and SPICE Cup
On May 12, 2007, <mask> was the undergraduate commencement speaker at Texas Tech University. She was awarded an honorary Doctorate degree.On the same day, as reported on the LubbockOnline website, it was announced that she would become the coach of the Texas Tech chess team and would be the director of the new <mask>gar Institute for Chess Excellence (SPICE). In 2008, SPICE announced a $320,000 pledge from a private donor, for TTU chess scholarships over the next five years. In 2007 Texas Tech and <mask> hosted the first SPICE Cup which has since become the highest rated international round robin chess tournament held in the United States. Bibliography
<mask> has written several books, often in conjunction with Paul Truong, her business manager and (later) husband:
Queen of the Kings Game (as Zsuzsa <mask>; with Jacob Shutzman) (1997)
Teach Yourself Chess in 24 Hours (with Paul Truong) (2003)
A World Champion's Guide to Chess (with Paul Truong) (2005)
Breaking Through (with Paul Truong) (2005)
Chess Tactics for Champions (with Paul Truong) (2006)
Rich As A King: How the Wisdom of Chess Can Make You a Grandmaster of Investing (with Douglas Goldstein, CFP®) (2014)  paperback
Learn Chess the Right Way, Book 1 Must Know Checkmates (2016)
Learn Chess the Right Way, Book 2 Winning Material (2016)
Learn Chess the Right Way, Book 3 Mastering Defensive Technique (2016)
Learn Chess the Right Way, Book 4 Sacrifice to Win (2017)
Learn Chess the Right Way, Book 5 Finding Winning Moves (2017)

<mask> is also a chess journalist, with columns in Chess Life, Chess Life for Kids, ChessCafe, Chess Horizons, Georgia Chess, Chessville, Empire Chess, School Mates, Europe Echecs, and others. She also publishes a blog titled Chess Daily News with daily updates about chess news and daily chess exercise problems. She has released a series of instructional chess videos. US Chess Federation and FIDE
She was a member of the executive board of the United States Chess Federation from 2007 to 2009; however, a lawsuit instigated by the defeated candidate led to political infighting and extended litigation, and resulted in a settlement whereby Polgar severed her affiliation with the USCF and is now a "playing non-member".In December 2006, she announced that she would run for election to the executive board of the United States Chess Federation. <mask>, Randy Bauer, and Paul Truong—three of four of <mask>'s slate—were elected to four-year terms. She was elected as the first ever chairman of the USCF. On October 2, 2007, one of the candidates for the Executive Board position, who had been defeated by <mask>, filed a lawsuit seeking to overturn the results of the 2007 election, alleging misconduct. <mask> denied any wrongdoing. <mask> filed suit against the USCF, who counter-sued, with both sides issuing a variety of allegations. The suit alleging election campaign misconduct was ultimately dismissed by the court.On January 15, 2008, four Board members issued a statement which requested <mask>'s husband step down from his position on the Board for "neglecting his fiduciary duties" through not providing an affirmative defense to the lawsuit. This was not, however, an official vote of the Executive Board. <mask> subsequently published a statement asserting that the Board members who voted in favor of this request made a number of misrepresentations. On August 7, 2009, the Executive Board of the USCF rescinded the membership of <mask> and her husband, and they appealed to the Board of Delegates of the USCF. On August 8, 2009, the Delegates of the USCF ratified the previous year's actions of the Executive Board with respect to the litigation. In a closed Executive Session, the Delegates upheld the membership revocations. The lawsuits were all settled in 2010, with <mask> and Truong severing all affiliation with the USCF (though both can still play in USCF events under "Playing Non-Member Status"); the USCF's court costs of $131,000 were paid out by its insurer and it had to pay <mask>'s attorney fees of $39,000.In 2014, <mask> was awarded the Furman Symeon medal, which is given annually to the best chess coach who works with both male and female players. This made her the first coach from America to earn one of the top six coach medals and also the first woman to ever be recognized by FIDE with a top coaching medal. In 2016, <mask> was involved in the Iran hijab controversy due to an erroneous report by the Telegraph Media Group that she was supporting the mandatory requirement of international women players to conform to Iranian dress code in her role with the FIDE women's commission. <mask> immediately stated that she was misquoted in the Telegraph article. A correction to her statement was issued one week later on 10/06/2016. U.S. women's champion Nazí Paikidze was among several players who refused to participate in the championship in protest against the mandatory hijab. In March 2019, <mask> was inducted into the U.S.Chess Hall of Fame in St. Louis, Missouri. References

External links

<mask>'s blogs
Personal
Chess Center
Girls
Chess for Peace, 2006 tour with pictures
 Profiles

1969 births
Living people
American female chess players
American chess writers
American Esperantists
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Chess composers
Female chess grandmasters
Chess grandmasters
Chess Woman International Masters
Hungarian female chess players
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Hungarian Esperantists
Hungarian Jews
Hungarian women writers
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish chess players
People from Forest Hills, Queens
Sportspeople from Budapest
Sportspeople from New York City
Texas Tech University faculty
Women's world chess champions
World Youth Chess Champions
American women academics
21st-century American Jews
Chess Olympiad competitors
21st-century American women

masks:
Susan Polgar
Polgar
Polgar
Polgar
Polgar
Susan Polgar
Susan Polgar
Susan Polgar
Polgar
Polgar
Polgar
Polgar
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Susan Pol
Susan Polgar
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Susan Polgar
Polgar
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Polgar
Susan Pol
Susan Polgar
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<mask> (born 5 April 1967 in Duisburg) is a social psychologist in Germany. Life
<mask> graduated in psychology at the Philipps-University Marburg, Germany. He earned his Ph.D. in 1999 from Philipps-University Marburg, supervised by Ulrich Wagner. From 1995 to 2002, he was working as a lecturer and assistant professor at the Philipps-University Marburg. From 2003 to 2006, he worked at Aston University, Birmingham, England, first as a senior lecturer, and from 2005 to 2007 as a full professor and chair of Social Psychology and Organizational Behavior. Since 2006, <mask> has held the chair for Social Psychology at the Institute for Psychology at the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Germany) and also is teaching at Goethe Business School, Frankfurt. He has been a visiting professor in Beijing (Renmin University, 2016) and Shanghai (Jiao Tong University, 2016), Kathmandu (Nepal, 2009), Rhodes (University of the Aegean, Greece, 2002) and at the University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa, Alabama USA in 2001).At Goethe University, he was Director of the Institute of Psychology, and from 2011 to 2015 and again 2017/18 he served as Dean of the Department of Psychology and Sports Sciences. From 2016 to 2018, he has held a Professorship at Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Work Research Institute (AFI), Norway and from 2016-2020 he was a member of the Psychology Review Board (Fachkollegium) of the German Science Foundation (DFG). From 2018 to 2021, he served as vice president at Goethe University, responsible for international affairs, early career researchers, diversity and equal opportunities. <mask> is co-founder and Scientific Director of the Center for Leadership and Behavior in Organizations (CLBO) at Goethe University. <mask> has been involved in various editorial functions at the British Journal of Management (editor-in-chief), the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology (Associate Editor), and the  Journal of Personnel Psychology (editor-in-chief) and The Leadership Quarterly (associate editor). He has been a member of various editorial boards including the British Journal of Management, the European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, the Journal of Business and Psychology, the Journal of Managerial Psychology, the Journal of Change Management, the Journal of Management Studies, the Journal of Organizational Behavior, Organizational Psychology Review, Organizacionnaâ psihologiâ (Organizational Psychology), Science You Can Use (SIOP/APA annual series), Social Psychology, The Leadership Quarterly, and the German journals , Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, and . Research interests and awards
Among <mask>'s main research interests are inter- and intragroup-processes, especially the application of the social identity approach to diversity, leadership, mergers, teamwork, etc.<mask> conducts his research in laboratory settings as well as in field studies or through cooperation with companies and schools. He has given over 300 talks at international conferences and in companies and other organizations and has published more than 60 books and book chapters and about 200 papers in academic outlets (such as Academy of Management Journal, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Management, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of Vocational Behavior, and Journal of Personality and Social Psychology). He is also a regular contributor to practitioner outlets such as the German edition of the Harvard Business Manager. In 2008, <mask> was awarded with the University Teaching excellence award by the 1822-Foundation (German: Universitätspreis für exzellente Lehre der 1822-Stiftung). In 2009 and 2016 he was awarded the YAVIS price for excellent teaching at the Department of Psychology. In 2018, he was elected Fellow of the International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP). List of publications (selection)
Papers
Steffens, N.K., Peters, K., Haslam, S.A., & <mask>, R. (2017).Dying for Charisma: Human inspirational appeal increases post-mortem. Leadership Quarterly, 28, 530-542. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.09.001
<mask>, R., Ciampa, V., & Liang, S. (2018). Shared identity in organizational stress and change. Current Opinion in Psychology, 23, 20-25. Steffens, N.K., Haslam, S.A., Schuh, S.C., Jetten, J., & <mask>, R. (2017). A meta-analytic review of social identification and health in organizational contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21, 305-335. doi: 10.1177/1088868316656701
Richter, A., West, M.A., <mask>, R., & Dawson, J.F.(2006). Boundary spanners’ identification, intergroup contact and effective intergroup relations. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 1252-1269. Ullrich, J., Christ, O., & <mask>, R. (2009). Substitutes for procedural fairness: Prototypical leaders are endorsed whether they are fair or not. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 235-244. Schuh, S. C., Van Quaquebeke, N., Göritz, A., Xin, K. R., De Cremer, D., & <mask>, R. (2016).Mixed feelings, mixed blessing? How ambivalence in organizational identification relates to employees’ regulatory focus and citizenship behaviors. Human Relations, 69, 2224-2249. DOI: 10.1177/0018726716639117
<mask>, R., & Kerschreiter, R. (2016). The social identity approach to effective leadership: An overview and some ideas on cross-cultural generalizability. Frontiers in Business Research in China, 10, 363–384. DOI 10.3868/s070-005-016-0013-3
Zhang, X-a., Li, N., Ullrich, J., & <mask>, R. (2015).Getting everyone on board: The effect of differentiated transformational leadership by CEOs on top management team effectiveness and leader-rated firm performance. Journal of Management, 41, 1898-1933. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206312471387

Book chapters
<mask>, R. & Haslam, S.A. (2012). Stress and well-being in the workplace: Support for key propositions from the social identity approach. In: J. Jetten, C. Haslam, & S.A. Haslam (eds. ), The social cure: Identity, health, and well-being (pp. 175–194). Hove and New York: Psychology Press.Haslam, S.A. & <mask>, R. (2011). A social identity analysis of organizational well-being. In D. De Cremer, R. Van <mask>, & K. Murnighan, (eds.). Social psychology and organizations. New York: Taylor & Francis. <mask>, R. & Monzani, L. (2017). Does it matter whether I am a happy and committed worker?The role of identification, commitment and satisfaction for employee behavior. N. Chmiel, M. Sverke & F. Fraccaroli (Eds.) An introduction to work and organizational psychology (3rd ed. ; pp. 410-429). Oxford: Wiley. Sluss, D., van <mask>, R., & Thompson, B.(2011). Role theory in organizations: A relational perspective. In S. Zedeck (Ed. ), Handbook of I/O-Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 505–534). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<mask>, R. (2016). Organizational identification. In J. Meyer (Ed.) Handbook of Employee Commitment (pp. 106-118). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Books
De Cremer, D., <mask>, R., & Murnighan, K.(Eds.). (2011). Social psychology and organizations. Taylor & Francis (Series in Organization and Management). Löwstedt, J., Larsson, P., Karsten, S., & <mask>, R. (Eds. ), (2007).From Intensified Work to Professional Development – A Journey through European schools. Brussels: PIE Lang. <mask>, R. (2017). Identifikation und Commitment fördern. [Improving identification and commitment, 2nd revised and extended edition] Göttingen: Hogrefe. <mask>, R. & West, M.A. (2013).Teamwork, Teamdiagnose und Teamentwicklung. [Teamwork, team analysis and team building, 2nd revised and extended edition] Göttingen: Hogrefe. References

External links
Website of the Social Psychology Unit of the Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 Website of the Center for Leadership and Behavior in Organizations (CLBO) at Goethe University
Website of the German Psychological Society

Social psychologists
1967 births
Living people
German psychologists
Scientists from Frankfurt

masks:
Rolf van Dick
Van Dick
Van Dick
Van Dick
Van Dick
Van Dick
Van Dick
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<mask> (born 15 November 1937) is a Scottish former association footballer. He was a key defender in the rejuvenation of Dundee United in the early 1960s. He then spent a decade at Liverpool captaining them to three trophies in the mid 1960s. He later had three years as player/manager at Tranmere Rovers. <mask> was also player/manager at Barrow and Santa Barbara Condors. He also made appearances for the Scotland national team. Early years and Dundee United
Yeats was an Under-15 schoolboy international who played for Aberdeen Lads' Club, a Junior club in his home town of Aberdeen.In 1956, following a leg break, <mask> had a trial with Elgin City, then a Highland League club, but was not offered a contract. In 1957 he was signed by Dundee United, then a part-time club of Scottish Division Two. Previous to signing for the club, he worked in a slaughter house in Aberdeen. <mask>' career took an upward turn following Jerry Kerr's appointment: Kerr regarded <mask> as so vital to the fortunes of the team he sought his release to play each Saturday from the military authorities while <mask> served his National Service. In 1959–60, Kerr's first full season in charge, St Johnstone finished as Division Two champions. United's challengers for the second promotion spot were Hamilton Academical and Queen of the South. Hamilton were beaten 5–1 at Tannadice with seven games to go before a crowd of over 11,000, putting Hamilton firmly in United's rear view.United went to Palmerston Park to play the Ivor Broadis inspired Queen of the South with three games to go. United returned home with a 4–4 draw to maintain their one-point advantage over QoS. Promotion was clinched with a last game of the season 1–0 home win against Berwick Rangers before a crowd of near 17,000. This brought top division football back to Tannadice Park for the first time since they had been relegated in 1932. In the following 1960–61 season, United retained their top division place, finishing in ninth. Other players to flourish like <mask> were the forward pair Dennis Gillespie and Jim Irvine. <mask> played 118 matches (95 in the league) for Dundee United.Liverpool
Yeats, a stockily-built 6 ft 2 in central defender, was bought by manager Bill Shankly in 1961 from United for a fee of around £20,000 and was immediately installed as captain. When <mask> was signed, Shankly was so impressed with the physical presence of his new player that he told waiting journalists "The man is a mountain, go into the dressing room and walk around him". Shankly later described <mask>' arrival, along with that of striker Ian St John also in the 1961 close season, as the "turning point" as Liverpool began their quest to compete with — and beat — the best in England and in Europe. <mask> made his debut in a 2–0 league victory over Bristol Rovers at Eastville on 19 August 1961. After <mask>' first season, Liverpool gained promotion from the Second Division with a runaway eight point margin over their nearest rivals (two points for a win) after eight seasons away from English football's top flight. His first goal came on 23 November 1963 in the 75th minute of the 1–0 First Division victory over Manchester United at Old Trafford. <mask> lived up to the reputation and the nickname ("The Colossus") his huge frame gave him, playing at the heart of Liverpool's defence for a decade and winning the club's first major honours in nearly 20 years.Liverpool were the 1963–64 Football League Champions. The next season, they won the 1964–65 FA Cup beating Leeds United 2–1 after extra time in the final at Wembley. This was the club's first ever win of that trophy. However Liverpool lost in the European Cup semi-final to Inter Milan that season. The next season <mask> skippered Liverpool to the 1965–66 Football League title. In Europe Liverpool reached the 1966 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final at Hampden Park in <mask> native Scotland. However Liverpool lost out after extra time to Borussia Dortmund.In the 1966–67 European Cup second round, <mask> and co were given a torrid time by a Johan Cruyff inspired Ajax who won 5–1 in Amsterdam and 7–3 on aggregate. The success of Liverpool then dried up, and he was one of the high-profile victims of a massive cull of the older players which Shankly ruthlessly undertook in 1970 in an effort to rebuild the side for a new decade. After 454 games, <mask> left in 1971. <mask> won both his full caps for Scotland during the three seasons when the Liverpool team of the 1960s were at their peak. The first came on 3 October 1964 in a 3–2 defeat to Wales at Ninian Park Cardiff. His second was a year later in December 1965 in a world cup qualification decider away to Italy. The Scots had beaten the Italians 1–0 at Hampden Park.However Jock Stein's side missing the absent Denis Law went out when losing 3–0 in Naples. Tranmere Rovers

Yeats served Tranmere Rovers for three years as player manager. Stalybridge and Barrow

Yeats had a short spell playing for Stalybridge Celtic. He then served Barrow as player manager. Career in America

In 1976 at age 38, he joined the Los Angeles Skyhawks of the American Soccer League at the request of Skyhawk coach <mask>. In his only season there, he played sweeper and anchored the defence of the A.S.L. champion Skyhawks.In 1977, he became the player coach of the American Soccer League's Santa Barbara Condors expansion team. Formby and Rhyl

Returning to Liverpool, he had a short spell at the start of the 1977–78 season playing for Formby before moving to Rhyl in November 1977. Liverpool (scouting)

In 1986 <mask> returned to Anfield as the club's chief scout responsible for delegating duties to the club's talent spotters. He remained in that role until his retirement in May 2006. Legacy

<mask> was voted 29th in the official Liverpool website poll '100 Players Who Shook The Kop'. In April 2009, <mask> was made an 'Honorary Scouser' by the Lord Mayor of Liverpool. He is referenced in the Everton song "Royal Blue Mersey" in the line "We hate Bill Shankly and we hate St. John, but most of all we hate <mask>."Career statistics

Honours
Dundee United
Scottish League Second Division promotion: 1959–60

Liverpool
Football League First Division: 1963–64, 1965–66
Football League Second Division: 1961–62
FA Cup: 1964–65
FA Charity Shield: 1964, 1965, 1966

Los Angeles Skyhawks
American Soccer League: 1975–76

References

External links
Thisisanfield.com Forgotten Heroes
Official Liverpool Football Club past player profile
Player profile at LFChistory.net
Exclusive interview at LFChistory.net
Another Exclusive interview at LFChistory.net
<mask> at liverweb.org.uk
Gazetteer for Scotland famous people

1937 births
Living people
Footballers from Aberdeen
Scottish footballers
Scotland international footballers
Dundee United F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Scottish football managers
Tranmere Rovers F.C. managers
Barrow A.F.C. managers
Liverpool F.C. non-playing staff
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Los Angeles Skyhawks players
Formby F.C.players
Stalybridge Celtic F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scottish expatriate football managers
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Rhyl F.C. players
Association football central defenders
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Player-coaches
American Soccer League (1933–1983) coaches
Scottish Junior Football Association players
FA Cup Final players

masks:
Ronald Yeats
Yeats
Yeats
Yeats
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Yeats
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Ron Newman
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Big Ron
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<mask>,  (28 September 1916 – 11 August 2003) was the highest scoring fighter ace of the Royal Navy during the Second World War. Flying with the Fleet Air Arm he was credited with the destruction of 17 aircraft. His success was recognised by the awards of the Distinguished Service Cross and Two Bars, an Air Force Cross and a Mention in Despatches. Orr took part in campaigns over Norway and Dunkirk in 1940 and then moved to the Mediterranean aboard . During this time he was involved in the Battle of Taranto, the defence of Malta, the Battle of Cape Matapan, and land based operations in Egypt. Later in the war in 1944, he was involved in the attack on the German battleship Tirpitz. At the end of the Second World War he remained in the navy, becoming a test pilot at the Empire Test Pilots' School.He saw further action during the Korean War, when he served aboard  as Commander (flying). His last job in the navy was in command of the Hovercraft trials unit. Upon leaving the Royal Navy in 1966, he became a marine superintendent at Vospers. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 28 September 1916, in London, England. The son of a stockbroker, he was educated at Paxton Park boarding school until the Wall Street crash left his father in financial difficulties; he then attended the Regent Street Polytechnic and started an apprenticeship at Humber. Leaving Humber after two years he joined Vale Engineering, which produced sports cars. His interest in flying started in 1936 when he was employed by Handley Page working on the prototypes for the Hampden and Halifax bombers.In 1939 he applied to join the Royal Air Force but was turned down after failing a medical eyesight test. Soon after, he successfully passed the same test in the same room but with a different doctor and joined the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy. Second World War
Having been accepted by the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve and holding the rank of sub-lieutenant, Orr gained his naval skills and learnt how to fly while serving on the old First World War vintage carrier . As a qualified pilot, he attended the air gunnery school before being posted to 759 Naval Air Squadron at Eastleigh, Hampshire, in February 1940. At Eastleigh, he was trained on the Navy's fighter aircraft: the two seater Blackburn Skua dual fighter–dive bomber and the single seat Sea Gladiator biplane. <mask> <mask> married Myra Page in 1940. His first operational posting came in May 1940 when he joined 806 Naval Air Squadron, which was based at Hatston in the Orkney Islands.The squadron was equipped with the Blackburn Skua and Blackburn Roc, another two seater fighter, and at the time was tasked with attacking German shipping and oil storage facilities in Norway. Later, the squadron was moved to RAFmDetling, in Kent, to provide air cover for Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk. In June, 806 Squadron was converted to fly the Fairey Fulmar, another two seater fighter, and was posted to the air group on the newly commissioned aircraft carrier . Mediterranean

Illustrious left Scapa Flow in August and arrived in the Mediterranean by September. <mask> became an ace in the following months, claiming seven aircraft shot down out of 30 claimed by his squadron. Orr's victories included a CANT Z.501 flying boat on 2 September and on 4 September off the Dodecanese he shared in the shooting down of a Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bomber. One of the first larger missions Orr took part in was providing the fighter cover for the Fairey Swordfish attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto.Other missions included attacks on German army positions at Bardia, bombing Tripoli in Libya, and attacks on the Rhodes airfields. Orr was also awarded his first Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) for his service during these missions. On 10 January 1941, Orr and Sub-Lieutenant Graham Hogg observed two Savoia-Marchetti SM.79s making a torpedo bombing run on Illustrious; after a long chase they managed to shoot one of them down. The Italian planes, however, had just been a diversion, because at the same time three squadrons of Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers from Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 arrived over the carrier. The Ju 87s were circling the fleet at , out of the range of the navy's anti-aircraft guns. They then targeted the carrier, diving down and hitting her six times. Orr, down at sea level and out of ammunition, climbed up through the carrier's anti-aircraft barrage in an attempt to disrupt the dive-bombers' attack.With Illustrious damaged and unable to land her remaining seven Fairey Fulmar fighters, the aircraft were ordered to land at RAF Hal Far on Malta. From RAF Hal Far, 806 Naval Air Squadron provided air cover for Malta and Illustrious which was berthed in the Grand Harbour at Valletta, under repair. On 5 February Orr shot down a Junkers Ju 88 that was bombing the city. In total, flying in the defence of Malta, Orr added five more victories to his record and was awarded a second DSC. The damage to Illustrious could not be repaired at Malta so she was sent to the United States for repairs. Meanwhile, 806 Naval Air Squadron remained in the Mediterranean, joining another Illustrious-class aircraft carrier,. On board Formidable, Orr's squadron provided the fighter cover for her Fairey Albacores and Fairey Swordfish during the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941 and the bombing of Tripoli.Orr shot down a Ju 88 during this time. Another victory followed on 21 April. Flying over Tripoli, Orr and Sub-Lieutenant Graham Hogg forced a Dornier Do 24n flying boat down with its engine on fire. Each time it tried to take off again the pair carried out another attack until it eventually sank. When Formidable was put out of action by German Ju 87 dive bombers, 806 Naval Air Squadron was again sent to operate from land. This time they were based at the naval Dekheila Airfield near Alexandria in Egypt and, at the same time, were re-formed with Hawker Hurricane fighters. In June, the squadron took part in operations against the Vichy French in Palestine.United States
In August 1941 <mask>, having spent 18 months on operations, returned home and became a flying instructor at RNAS Yeovilton. A year later in August 1942, he was sent along with 80 officers and men to the United States to form 896 Naval Air Squadron. The squadron was equipped with Grumman Martlets at Norfolk, Virginia and then joined . A shortage in American aircraft carriers resulted in the lending of Victorious to the United States Pacific Fleet where she was known by the alias USS Robin and her aircraft were repainted with American markings. Orr was prevented from joining them in the Pacific when he contracted polio in March 1943. He spent 10 weeks at Pearl Harbor in an iron lung before making a complete recovery and was later sent home to Britain. 804 Squadron

On his return, Orr feared he would be grounded but in August 1943 he was given a new command—804 Naval Air Squadron, which at the time was land based at RNAS Eglinton (HMS Gannet) in Northern Ireland and equipped with the Grumman Hellcat.With his new squadron <mask> joined , an American built Ruler-class escort carrier, in December. Emperor was involved in convoy escort duties and in the spring of 1944, the squadron started attacking German shipping off the Norwegian coast. The presence of the German battleship Tirpitz in Altafjord in Norway was a constant threat to the Arctic convoys and required the Royal Navy to retain a large aircraft carrier force with the Home Fleet to conduct operations along the Norwegian coast and to provide cover for these convoys. In March 1944 the fleet formed a large strike force in an attempt to destroy the Tirpitz in Operation Tungsten. The force included the fleet carriers  and , which were tasked with carrying the main strike force of Fairey Barracudas and Vought F4U Corsairs, while the main fighter force was provided by the escort carriers Emperor, which was equipped with Grumman Hellcats, together with  and , carrying Grumman Wildcats. Orr, who was in command of the second strike group, remembered: "Upon arrival over Tirpitz it was found that the smoke screen generated by the Germans had ridden half way up the mountains on either side of the Kaafjord. Each flight attacked their pre-briefed gun sites once it was clear that no enemy fighters were in the area.The Hellcat proved itself to be an excellent gun platform on this mission." For his part with this operation, <mask> was awarded the second Bar to his DSC. A mixed formation of 18 aircraft from 804 and 800 Naval Air Squadron on 14 May, led by <mask>, attacked shipping near Vikten Island and, along with Lieutenant Blyth Ritchie, he shot down a Heinkel He 115 floatplane. At the same time he also shared in the destruction of two Blohm & Voss BV 138 flying boats and two more Heinkel floatplanes, for which he was mentioned in despatches. Later career
In September 1944, <mask> was posted to RNAS Henstridge as the chief flying instructor. Later he was transferred to Boscombe Down where he joined the Empire Test Pilot School. While undertaking this role, he gained experience flying jet fighters and four engined bombers.He then served as a Royal Navy test pilot for two years and a half years. During this time he was heavily involved with experiments landing tricycle-undercarriage jet aircraft on aircraft carriers, for which he was awarded the Air Force Cross. In 1953, Orr was posted to  and on board her he saw operational service in the Korean War, attacking targets on the west coast of Korea. After this he returned to Boscombe Down as the commanding officer of the Naval Test Squadron, a role he undertook for three years. He was promoted to commander and his squadron was awarded the Boyd Trophy after being judged the most efficient squadron in the Fleet Air Arm. Orr's final appointment was in command the Inter service Hovercraft Trials Unit based at Lee-on-Solent. During his service Orr flew over 100 different aircraft and retired from the Royal Navy in 1966.Upon leaving the service, <mask> joined Vospers as their marine superintendent and became involved in their development of fast patrol boats. Five years later he left Vospers and became a commercial agent for a number of engineering firms. In 1999, Orr's wife, Myra, died. Orr died four years later on 11 August 2003. He was survived by two sons. Notes
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1916 births
2003 deaths
British World War II flying aces
Military personnel from London
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of the Korean War
Fleet Air Arm aviators
Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II

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<mask> (born January 4, 1976) is an American former professional baseball pitcher <mask> attended Yosemite High School in Oakhurst, California, and Fresno City College. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Montreal Expos, New York Yankees, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays, Chicago Cubs and Los Angeles Dodgers. Professional career

Minor leagues
<mask> was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 23rd round of the 1996 MLB draft. After two seasons in the Dodgers farm system, he was traded (along with Peter Bergeron, Wilton Guerrero and Jonathan Tucker) to the Montreal Expos for Hiram Bocachica, Mark Grudzielanek and Carlos Pérez. Montreal Expos
<mask> made his MLB debut for the Expos on May 14, 1999 against the Pittsburgh Pirates, pitching one inning in relief. He made his first MLB start on September 19 against the Atlanta Braves. He pitched in nine games for the Expos, with three starts.New York Yankees
<mask> was traded to the New York Yankees on March 17, 2000, along with Christian Parker, as a player to be named later in the 1999 trade that also sent Jake Westbrook to the Yankees in exchange for Hideki Irabu. Oakland Athletics
<mask> played for more than two years for the Yankees before being dealt to the Oakland Athletics in a three-team deal that included pitchers Jeff Weaver heading to New York and Jeremy Bonderman going to the Detroit Tigers. <mask> was in the starting rotation for Oakland, and pitched in the American League Division Series in both 2002 and 2003. Toronto Blue Jays
<mask> was traded from the Athletics to the Toronto Blue Jays for Bobby Kielty. He made the American League All-Star team in 2004 as the Jays' lone representative that year. The highlight of his career as a Blue Jay was a start on August 23, 2004 against the Boston Red Sox. He pitched a complete-game shutout and struck out 13 batters in a three-hit 3–0 victory.<mask> was 15–13 with a 4.31 ERA and 160 strikeouts in 2006, exceeding his previous career-high for wins (12). He also equaled a career high for starts (32) and nearly matched his career highs in strikeouts and innings pitched. This season, he ranked first among the Jays' pitching staff in strikeouts and second only to Roy Halladay in wins (Halladay had a 16–5 record before a recurring elbow injury ended his season in late September). On August 21, 2006, in a game against the Oakland Athletics, <mask> was surrendering an early 8-0 lead in the 3rd inning when manager John Gibbons took him out of the game. With the score 8-5 and runners on 1st and 3rd, <mask> refused to give him the ball. Eventually, he reluctantly left the mound and later feuded with Gibbons in the locker room, though Gibbons maintained no punches were thrown. <mask> filed for free agency at the end of the 2006 season, and alongside Barry Zito, Jason Schmidt and Jeff Suppan, was one of the most sought-after free agent pitchers, partially due to the thin market for starting pitching.On the morning of December 6, 2006, he informed the Blue Jays that he would not be returning to the club, thus rejecting a four-year, $40 million deal. He cited a "change in scenery" as his reasoning. Later on that day, <mask> agreed to an identical four-year, $40 million deal with the Chicago Cubs, officially ending his tenure with the Blue Jays. Chicago Cubs

In his first start for the Cubs, <mask> defeated the Cincinnati Reds in a strong outing, taking a no hitter into the fifth inning, and only yielding one earned run over seven innings. <mask> then was the starting pitcher for the Cubs home opening game at Wrigley Field on April 9, 2007. <mask> gave up three runs in six innings, but did not factor into the decision. <mask> pitched well in April, lasting at least six innings in each of his five starts while never giving up more than three runs in a game posting a 2.18 ERA.<mask> was prominent in a contentious series in Atlanta between the Cubs and the Atlanta Braves. In game one of the series, Alfonso Soriano hit three home runs in his first three at-bats as part of a Cubs 9-1 victory. In the next game, Tim Hudson hit Soriano with a first-pitch fastball triggering home-plate umpire Tim Tschida to issue warnings to both teams. On the final game of the series, <mask> hit Édgar Rentería in the first inning, and was promptly thrown out of the ballgame by Jim Wolf. <mask> was not suspended for his actions in the game. In 2009, he was named to his second all-star game, as the Cubs lone representative. On June 13, 2010, <mask> took a no-hitter into the 9th against the Chicago White Sox.In the ninth, he gave up a lead off single to Juan Pierre, then was lifted for relief pitcher Carlos Mármol, who got the save, getting out of a bases loaded jam, for a 1-0 Cub victory. This was the longest outing that <mask> held a team hitless. The no-hitter would have been the first pitched at Wrigley Field since Milt Pappas in 1972. 2009 World Baseball Classic
<mask> was the starting pitcher in two games for Team USA in the 2009 World Baseball Classic. In the first game he faced Venezuela but was pulled after 36 pitches. Manager Davey Johnson wanted to get work for starter Jeremy Guthrie and as many relievers as possible. <mask> left with the United States trailing 1-0, thanks to the homer he served up to his former Cubs batterymate, Henry Blanco.His second start was against Puerto Rico, a game that Team USA would win with a David Wright two-run single in the bottom of the ninth. For his part <mask> gave up two home runs, the only two hits he gave up in his 3 innings. Los Angeles Dodgers
On July 31, 2010, <mask> and Ryan Theriot were traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Blake DeWitt, Brett Wallach, and Kyle Smit. <mask> won his first five starts as a Dodger posting a 1.83 ERA. He finished his season with the Dodgers with a record of 7-4 and a 3.52 ERA in 12 starts, which included a complete game shutout on August 19 against the Colorado Rockies. On October 19, 2010, <mask> agreed to a 3-year, $33 million, contract with the Dodgers. After a disappointing first half of the season in 2011, where he had an ERA of 4.79, <mask> pitched much better in the second half, with a 2.94 mark, also allowing only 9 homers in the second half after allowing 19 the first half.His final record was 12-14 with a 3.97 ERA in 33 starts. <mask> started the 2012 season with a 5-1 record and a 3.14 ERA in 8 starts. However, after struggling in his May 24 start, <mask> felt some pain in his shoulder and was placed on the disabled list. He made some rehab appearances with Class-A Rancho Cucamonga in July but suffered a setback and was shut down. He remained hopeful that he would return to the team and pitch out of the bullpen in September, however it was eventually decided that he would have surgery on his shoulder on September 21 and would not return to the mound that season. <mask> returned for spring training in 2013 but lost time due to illness and rainouts so he was unable to build up arm strength. He started the season on the disabled list, and made several rehab appearances in the minors.After injuries to starters Zack Greinke and Chris Capuano, <mask> was activated off the disabled list and returned to the rotation on April 24. He made 2 starts and then returned to the DL on May 3 with a strained rib cage muscle. He returned again on May 20 and he made 3 more starts before injuring his neck when he was bumped into by Kyle Blanks of the San Diego Padres in a game on June 4, which led to him returning to the disabled list. After a few more rehab starts, <mask> claimed he was having trouble recovering after starts and that he wanted to work out of the bullpen after his return from the DL. However, the Dodgers instead designated him for assignment on July 25 and released him on August 2. San Francisco Giants
Just a few days after being released by the Dodgers, reports claimed <mask> was signed to a minor league contract by the San Francisco Giants on August 6. However, the Giants  called off the deal after the two sides could not agree on a designated callup date.Retirement
He had his nerve endings in his neck cauterized after the 2013 season in an attempt to stem the pain that had bothered him throughout the season and joined the Venezuela Winter League to try to show other MLB teams he could still play. However, persistent health problems led him to announce his retirement on November 27, 2013. The Cubs hired <mask> as a special assistant in March 2014. <mask> was eligible to be elected into the Hall of Fame in 2019, but received less than 5% of the vote and became ineligible for the 2020 ballot. Pitching style
As a finesse pitcher, <mask> relied more on above-average control and movement rather than elite velocity. He also demonstrated the ability to throw a variety of pitches: a changeup, two fastballs—a four-seamer and a two-seamer in the 86-90 mph range, as well as two breaking balls, a slider and a curveball. His slider was more frequently used against left-handed batters and his other off-speed pitches more against right-handed batters.His pitching motion was a straight-over-the-top delivery. Personal life
<mask>'s wife, Natasha (Tasha), is a veterinarian. They are active advocates for animal humane societies,. Their son, Theodore Roosevelt <mask> IV, was born on March 14, 2010. In January 2015, <mask> was charged with three counts of vehicle insurance fraud. He accepted a plea bargain to pay a $2,500 fine, be on informal probation for two years, and perform 250 hours of community service. References

External links

1976 births
Living people
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2009 World Baseball Classic players

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Theodore Roosevelt Lilly III
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<mask> (born <mask>; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, June 12, 1915 – February 11, 1990), was an American author who became a Quaker, peace activist and educator. In 1951, <mask> moved with her husband to Hiroshima where he conducted a three-year study on the effects of radiation on children who had survived the first atomic bomb. She and her family then became peace activists, sailing around the world to protest nuclear weapons. In the early 1960s, she traveled around the world with atomic bomb survivors to show world leaders, first-hand, the horrors of nuclear warfare. She then established the World Friendship Center, devoting 13 years to it, and donated the Hiroshima Nagasaki Memorial collection. After this, she continued her peace and anti-nuclear activism, and after 1978, in California, she helped to resettle Cambodians fleeing Pol Pot, among other humanitarian pursuits. Early life
She was born <mask> in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the only child of Dr. <mask>, a Professor of English and Education at the University of Wisconsin and prolific author of books on English composition and literature  and Minnetta Florence Sammis, an educator who evaluated the safety of new toys for children.<mask>'s paternal grandmother, <mask>, was a syndicated daily columnist in over 200 newspapers during World War II and later wrote advice to the lovelorn under the name Elizabeth Thompson. <mask> was fifteen years old — and one month from graduating from high school — when her father, 43, a popular English teacher at the University of Wisconsin, drowned in Lake Mendota. A colleague from Cambridge University, Dr. I. A. Richards, 38, had come to Madison to meet Dr. <mask> and learn more of  <mask>'s original perspectives on English usage. Dr. Richards had spoken at the University of Wisconsin the night before and the two were spending the afternoon canoeing together. The canoe capsized and after two hours in the cold water, <mask> lost his grip on the canoe and sank.Dr. Richards was later rescued exhausted and in shock. Dr. <mask>'s death was the top story in both The Capital Times in Madison, Wisc. and the Chicago Daily Tribune. The failure of lifeguards on shore to see the overturned canoe and save the two professors became a local scandal, resulting in an investigation. Dr. <mask>'s body was never recovered. In 1935, <mask> married Earle L<mask>, and they had three children: Tim (1936), Ted (1938) and Jessica (1944). In 1951, Dr. <mask> was sent by the Atomic Energy Commission to Hiroshima to conduct a three-year study on the effects of radiation on children who had survived the first atomic bomb (1951–54).<mask> and the family went with him. They lived in Nijimura, an Army occupation base nearby. During their three years there, he designed and built a  yacht, Phoenix of Hiroshima. Peace activism
In 1954, <mask> and her family sailed around the world in the Phoenix of Hiroshima, a yacht that Earle had designed. In 1958, the family (minus their eldest son Tim) and a crew member, Niichi (Nick) Mikami, arrived back in Honolulu. Across the dock was a  yacht, the Golden Rule, in which four Quaker men had attempted to protest American nuclear testing in the Pacific. They were arrested under an injunction put into effect while they were at sea, forbidding American citizens to enter the  area of the ocean where the weapons were being tested.On July 2, 1958, the <mask> family and Nick sailed the Phoenix into the test zone and were stopped  by the American Coast Guard ship Planetree. Dr<mask>, as captain, was put under arrest. He was ordered to sail the Phoenix to Kwajalein, from which he, <mask> and Jessica were flown back to Honolulu by MATS plane for Earle's trial. Unable to find a third man to help Ted and Nick, who had stayed with the Phoenix, <mask> flew back to Kwajalein and the three sailed the yacht back to Hawaii, a trip which took sixty days. After <mask>' conviction and its reversal after a two-year appeal, the family completed their circumnavigation, which made Mikami the first Japanese yachtsman to sail around the world. On arriving in Hiroshima to an enthusiastic welcome, the <mask> family were surprised at the appreciation expressed by hibakusha (literally, explosion-affected people), the atomic bomb survivors, for their protest against nuclear weapons. Walking along a Hiroshima street one day, <mask> was stopped by a hesitant woman in full kimono.The woman pulled up her sleeve to show gnarled keloid scars typical of atomic bomb burns. With tears in her eyes she thanked <mask> for giving her a voice to share the cry of her heart, "No More Hiroshimas", with the world. <mask> often mentioned this in talks, saying, with tears in her own eyes, "it had never occurred to us to represent anyone but ourselves." <mask> committed herself to speaking out against nuclear weapons and for disarmament. In 1961, to protest USSR nuclear testing, the family sailed to Nakhodka and were stopped within the  limit claimed by the USSR by a Soviet Coast Guard boat. The captain and several other officers boarded the Phoenix. Although the <mask> were able to have a two-hour discussion about peace with him, Captain Ivanov would not accept the hundreds of letters from Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors, begging for peace.Upon their return to Hiroshima, <mask> decided to bring a survivor from Hiroshima to take the letters personally to show to government leaders around the world and to the United Nations. When asked why hibakusha, <mask> reportedly said, "Because they are the prophets of this present age." A committee of Hiroshima leaders choose two survivors to represent the city, a 29-year-old woman, Miyoko Matsubara, a schoolgirl at the time of the bomb, and an 18-year-old student, Hiromasa (Hiro) Hanabusa, who had been orphaned by the bomb as a baby. She organized the Peace Pilgrimage in 1962, accompanying the two hibakusha around the world as they shared their personal experiences of atomic war, appealing to world leaders to ban nuclear weapons. Over five months, the three Peace Pilgrims traveled through 13 countries, including the Soviet Union, appealing for nuclear disarmament and receiving a warm and open reception from public leaders, churches, schools and the media. During their six weeks in the United States, they spoke to 187 groups and met with many leaders in Washington D.C. and at the United Nations. In Geneva the three attended the 1962 Disarmament Conference.Two years later <mask> organized the World Peace Study Mission, taking 25 survivors of both cities plus 15 interpreters to every nuclear nation, including the USSR. Teachers went to meet with teachers, doctors with doctors and at the UN they appealed to the U.S. government to return Hiroshima – A Documentary of Atomic Bombing, to the Japanese, who had made it. (It had been impounded and classified by the U.S. military forces soon after the occupation of Japan.) Dr. Tomin Harada, a physician who dedicated his life to the continuing medical needs of the hibakusha due to delayed radiation sickness, and who had named a species of rose he developed after <mask>, wrote in one of his two books about her, "Through <mask>'s World Peace Study Mission the survivors of the atomic bomb were introduced to the world and the anti-nuclear movement gained strength." Upon their return, Earle and <mask> divorced. World Friendship Center and Hiroshima Nagasaki Memorial collection
<mask> envisioned a place visiting foreigners could stay, where they could meet and hear the stories of survivors. Dedicated in 1965, the World Friendship Center has established lines of communication between hibakusha and the world through various peace efforts.<mask> was its first Director, Dr. Harada the first Chairman of a Board of ten non-political persons and an international board of honorary sponsors. Dr. Albert Schweitzer, accepted a position as a sponsor in one of the last letters he wrote. Tens of thousands of people have stayed at WFC since its founding. She spent the next 13 years getting to know the people who had experienced the bomb. They lived in shacks overhanging Hiroshima's seven rivers. They were self-conscious about their scars and never appeared in public during the day, ostracized by newcomers to the city who wanted to forget the past. Many had disfigurements or compromised immune systems which prevented them from getting or keeping jobs.<mask> developed "Hibakusha Handicrafts," finding people to teach them to make simple coin purses and other things which she would bring to the States to sell for them. She often visited the Hiroshima A-Bomb Hospital where the survivors were still succumbing to lethal radiation sickness years after the war had ended. Upon the death of Hiro Hanabusa's grandmother, <mask> adopted him and put him through college in the States. An orphan and a survivor of Hiroshima, Hiro's prospects for marriage were slight. <mask> negotiated with the parents of Atsuko, to arrange a marriage for Hiro with the woman he loved. Hiro, himself an orphan, fathered seven children. In August 1975, <mask> found a home for the 3,000 books and documents she had gathered regarding Hiroshima, Nagasaki, nuclear weapons and peace in both Japanese and English.During an

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