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<mask> (September 4, 1922 – April 27, 1996) was an African-American child prodigy, entomologist (zoologist) specializing in the study of termites, and a civil rights advocate. <mask> was nicknamed the “Termite Lady” because of her extensive research on termites. Together with David Nickle, <mask> identified a new species of termite called Neotermes luykxi. When <mask> earned her PhD., she became the first African American female entomologist and the third African American female zoologist. Life summary
<mask> was born in 1922 in Institute, West Virginia. She started college at age fourteen and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in biology from West Virginia State University in 1943. Her Doctor of Philosophy degree was awarded by the University of Chicago in 1950, becoming only the third Black woman zoologist in the country.Her mentor was Alfred E. Emerson. Her dissertation was Difference in toleration of drying between species of termites (Reticulitermes), with an article based on this work in Ecology, the journal of the Ecological Society of America. <mask> taught at Florida A&M University and at Howard University. She saw herself primarily as a field scientist, and did extensive field work in North and South America, specializing in the insects of Guyana and Florida. From the late 1970s through 1996, <mask> was a research associate in the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology. Her primary area of study was termites of the Caribbean. Her life's research regarding termites included: the evolution of desiccation resistance in termites; various termite species' tolerance of high temperatures; defensive behavior in South American termites, including chemical defenses; termite ecology; species abundance in virgin and disturbed tropical rain forests; and behavioral ecology, taxonomy, and entomology.She was also an active civil rights advocate, receiving a bomb threat for planning to give a university talk on biology and equality, and being followed by the police and FBI when she was a volunteer driver during a bus boycott. Her activism limited her scientific work for a time: she had been publishing a scientific paper or two a year, but had no publications between 1952 and 1957. She led a 1979 AAAS symposium in Houston, later published as Science and the Question of Human Equality. <mask> was still doing research when she died at age 73 on April 27, 1996, in the Cayman Islands. She died of heart failure, and, as she had hoped to, while on a field trip. Early life
<mask><mask> was born on September 4, 1922, in Institute, West Virginia. <mask> was the fourth child of Rollins James and Luella Bolling James.Institute was described as an all-Black town and a college town. As a result, there were many educated Black people in Institute, West Virginia. <mask>'s father, Rollins James, earned his bachelor's degree from West Virginia State University and his master's degree from Tuskegee Institute, both historically Black universities. With these degrees, James worked with George Washington Carver for a while. James then taught Vocational Agriculture at West Virginia State, ran the poultry program at West Virginia State, taught at West Virginia State's laboratory high school, and was a county agent for the UDSA. <mask>'s mother, Luella James, wanted to become an archaeologist but her studies at West Virginia State were limited because of her gender; she later dropped out of college. From an early age <mask> was fascinated by zoology.Inspired by naturalist Ernest Thompson <mask>’s books, Two Little Savages  and Rolf in the Woods, <mask> would explore the woods and barn near her childhood home in order to collect insects. When <mask> was just 6 years old, she was recognized as a child prodigy; as a result of this achievement, she was given access to the book collections at West Virginia State University's Library. <mask>'s impressive intellect and university level reading skill allowed her to skip two grades and graduate high school early. At 14 years old, <mask> graduated from West Virginia State University's Laboratory High School. Education
After her early graduation from West Virginia State College's Laboratory High School, <mask> continued her education until she received a PhD in zoology in 1950. In 1936 <mask> started her first year at West Virginia State University, a historically Black university, on an academic scholarship. <mask> faced a lot of difficulties as an undergraduate at West Virginia State University due to her gender.She struggled to find a mentor in Biology, which was a predominantly male-dominated field. <mask> eventually received mentorship from Toye Davis and Frederick Lehner, who were both professors at West Virginia State University. Together Davis and Lehner helped find <mask> opportunities in the field of Biology. In 1943, <mask> gained her Bachelor of Science degree in Biology with minors in Physics and German. Later in 1943 <mask> enrolled in the University of Chicago graduating in 1950 with a PhD in zoology. Alfred E. Emerson, a termite expert, mentored <mask> at the University of Chicago. Emerson assisted <mask> in her studies and shielded her from racism; but he did not let her do fieldwork because he thought women were irritating during scientific expeditions.Emerson helped <mask> develop and complete her dissertation, Differences in Toleration of Drying among Species of Termites (Reticulitermes). <mask>'s dissertation is well regarded in the field of entomology and is cited very often. <mask> also wrote an article based on her dissertation in Ecology, the journal of the Ecological Society of America. When <mask> received her PhD., she became the third African-American female zoologist and the first African-American female entomologist. Career and advocacy for racial equality
<mask> was employed as an assistant professor at Howard University in Washington, District of Columbia while her first husband, <mask> attended Howard University's Medical School. <mask> later divorced <mask>land and left Howard University because it did not treat its women and men faculty members equally. She started working for Florida A&M University and while there married her second husband Herbert L<mask>.They had two sons. <mask> was appointed a full-time professor at Florida A&M, becoming chair of the Biology department in 1953. She often went on collecting trips in Everglades National Park with her family. During her time in Florida, <mask> was invited to guest lecture at a local predominantly White university on Biology and equality. The lecture was cancelled due to a bomb threat. <mask> also volunteered to drive people to work during the Florida A&M Student Council's bus boycott. <mask> was watched closely by the police and the FBI because of her actions against racial inequality.<mask>'s advocacy for equal rights limited her scientific work from 1952 to 1957 and she did not publish any papers at this time. <mask> applied for and received a grant from the National Science Foundation to study at the University of Minnesota for a year. From 1961 to 1962, <mask> was a research associate at the Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station in St. Paul where she studied North American termites. In 1964, <mask> moved backed to Washington, D.C., and returned to Howard University as a full-time professor. <mask> also took a tenured position at Federal City College (now known as University of District of Columbia) for ten years. Additionally, <mask> became president of the Entomological Society of Washington during her time in Washington, D.C., and a research associate at the Smithsonian Institution. In 1968, with grants from the Smithsonian and the Graduate School of Howard University, <mask> led an expedition to Mexico.In 1972 she took a research trip to the Sonoran Desert in Arizona which was supported by the United States IBP Desert Biome Project and the National Science Foundation. In the same year, <mask> was invited to the Clark Lectureship at Scripps College; <mask> lectured about her research and experiences. While involved in field research in Guyana, <mask> reopened the Alfred Emerson Research Station in 1979. Also, in 1979 <mask> orchestrated a symposium for the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The symposium's focus was on Science and the Question of Human Equality. After the symposium she published a book with the same title as the symposium's focus, Science and the Question of Human Equality. 1979 was a very busy year for <mask> because she also started researching the defense mechanism of termites with Glenn D. Prestwich.From the late 1970s to 1996, <mask> researched termites in the Caribbean through the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology, especially the termites of Guyana. During these expeditions, <mask> informed Guyana's military of ways to build that would avoid termite damage and how to use termite excretions to strengthen building materials. <mask> contributed greatly to the Smithsonian's termite collection. The materials she collected were curated as the Collins Collection at the National Museum of Natural History. Research and discoveries
<mask> saw herself primarily as a field scientist and did extensive field work in North and South America, specializing in the insects of Guyana and Florida. With her colleague David Nickle, Dr. <mask> discovered a new species of termite called Neotermes luykxi, or the Florida damp wood termite, in 1989. This species of termite is native to Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.In Florida these termites are primarily distributed from eastern Broward County to Key Largo. <mask> researched the evolution of desiccation resistance in termites, tolerance to high temperature, and species abundance in virgin and disturbed tropical rain forests. She also researched defense behavior in South American termites, chemical defense of termites, termite ecology, behavioral ecology, taxonomy, and entomology. Later years
Although she had health problems during the 1980s and the 1990s, <mask> increased her work in the field, taking various expeditions to the Caribbean. On April 27, 1996, <mask> died at the age of 73 at Southern Cross Club in Little Cayman, Cayman Islands on an expedition due to congestive heart failure. Selected published works

 <mask>, M. S., Wainer, I. W., & Bremner, T. A. (1981).Science and the Question of Human Equality. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. Water relations in termites. Chapter in Krishna K, Weesner F (ed). Biology of Termites (1969). <mask>, M. S. “Jensen's AAAS Fellowship.” Science, vol. 196, no.4292, 1977, pp. 832–832. References

1922 births
1996 deaths
American entomologists
African-American scientists
Women entomologists
West Virginia State University alumni
People from Institute, West Virginia
Scientists from West Virginia
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
Smithsonian Institution people
20th-century American zoologists
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American writers
African-American women writers

masks:
Margaret James Strickland Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Margaret S
. Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Seton
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Bernard Strickland
Collins
Strick
. Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins


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{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Sant Shiromani Acharya Shri 108
| name = Vidyasagar
| honorific-suffix = Ji Maharaj
| image = Acharya5 (cropped).jpg
| alt = VIDHYADHAR
| caption = <mask> a prominent Digambara monk
| religion = Jainism
| sect = Digambara
| birth_name = Vidyadhar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Sadalga, Belgaum district, Karnataka
| father = Mallappa (name after diksha-Mallinath ji)
| mother = Shrimanti(name after diksha-Samaymati Ji)
| initiation_date = 30 June 1968
| initiation_place = Ajmer
| initiator = <mask>
| predecessor = muni"Gyansagar
| disciples = Pramansagar, Sudhasagar, Kshamasagar, Guptisagar
| works = Mukamati (silent soil)
| website =
}}

Acharya <mask> (born 10 October 1946) is a Digambara Jain Acharya (Digambar Jain Monk) in present time. He is recognized both for his scholarship and tapasya (austerity). He is known for his long hours in meditation. While he was born in Karnataka and took diksha (undertook spiritual discipline) in Rajasthan, he generally spends much of his time in the Bundelkhand region where he is credited with having brought about a revival in educational and religious activities. He has written haiku poems and the epic Hindi poem "Mukamati". Life
Early life

<mask> was born on 10 October 1946 during the full moon festival (Sharad Purnima) in Sadalga, in the Belgaum district, of Karnataka in a Kannada speaking Jain family. The modest house where he was born, is now a temple and a museum.His childhood name was Vidyadhar. He was the second of four sons, the eldest son being Mahavira Ashtage. As a child, he was fond of eating fresh butter which was used to make ghee (clarified butter). He was not a demanding child and accepted what was given to him. Vidyadhar used to visit temples and teach his younger siblings the principles of religion. He called both younger sisters "Akka" (elder sister). He was attentive and was eager to undertake his studies.In his spare time he used to paint. Initiation
He was initiated as a Digambara monk in 1968 at the age of 22 by <mask> Gyansagar, who belonged to the lineage of <mask> Shantisagar, at Ajmer. His father Mallappa, his mother Shrimati, and two sisters took diksha and joined the sangha (community of the pious) of <mask> Dharmasagar. Except for his eldest brother, his remaining brothers, Anantanath and Shantinath, followed him and were initiated by Acharya <mask> as Muni Yogasagar and Muni Samaysagar respectively. His elder brother married and continued the blood line. He was elevated to the Acharya status in 1972. An Acharya does not eat salt, sugar, fruits, milk, oil, ghee, in addition to what is traditionally prohibited (like onions).He goes out for a meal at about 9:30 a.m.–10:00 a.m. from Śrāvakas (lay votaries). He takes food once a day in the palm of his hand, one morsel at a time. In 1999, then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee paid a visit to <mask> Ji during his visit to  Gomatgiri Indore. <mask> <mask>'s Chaturmas (four-month stay) in 2016 was in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, where he was accompanied by 38 munis. He gave his Pravachana (reading) in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by special invitation from Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan on 28 July 2016. In 2016, during a trip to Bhopal, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited him. He was also visited by former Union minister Jyotiraditya Scindia from the opposing Congress Party, now in BJP.Congress State President Kamal Nath paid a visit to <mask> Ji during his visit to Jabalpur. Union Minister Uma Bharati paid a visit to <mask> Ji at the completion of 50 years of initiation at the Samyama Swarna Mahotsav festival. During the Guru Purnima Celebration in 2018, Digvijay Singh received the blessings of <mask> <mask> Ji in Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh. In 2018, American ambassador Kenneth Juster paid a visit to <mask> <mask> Ji and assured him he would follow a full vegetarian diet for one day a week. French Diplomat Alexandre Ziegler visited Khajuraho with his family in 2018 and felt "peaceful and blessed" after meeting <mask> <mask> Ji. He vowed to become a vegetarian. Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has declared the State Guest Honour to <mask> Ji Maharaj.In this regard, the UP Government also issued a protocol. Union Home Minister Shri Rajnath Singh Ji has taken the blessings of <mask> <mask> Ji in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla has taken the blessings of <mask> <mask> Ji with an assurance of Hindi Promotion in Legislature. RSS Chief Mohan Bhagwat paid a visit to <mask> Ji during his visit he discussed various topics related to Promotion of Hindi Language and handloom were discussed. Madhya Pradesh CM Kamal Nath paid a visit to <mask> Ji and assured the promotion of Hindi Language, Ayurveda and handloom. Works

 <mask> <mask> is a scholar of Sanskrit and Prakrit and knows several languages including Hindi and Kannada. He has written in languages such as Prakrit, Sanskrit, Hindi.His works include Niranjana Shataka, Bhavana Shataka, Parishah Jaya Shataka, Suniti Shataka and Shramana Shataka. He has composed nearly 700 haiku poems which are unpublished. He wrote the Hindi epic poem "Mukamati". This has been included in the syllabus of Hindi MA programmes at various institutions. This has been translated into English by  Lal Chandra Jain and was presented to Pratibha Patil, the President of India. Several researchers have studied his works for masters and doctoral degrees. His tradition
<mask> <mask> belongs to the tradition established by <mask> Shantisagar.<mask> Shantisagar initiated <mask> Virasagar, who was then succeeded by <mask> Shivsagar, <mask> Gyansagar and finally <mask> <mask>. Some of his disciples are well-known scholars in their own right. , about 21% of all the Digambar monks were under <mask> <mask>. Muni Sudhasagar and Muni Pramansagar are also his disciples. One of his best known disciples, Muni Kshamasagar ji, obtained samadhi in 2015. <mask> Pushadantasagar, the guru of Tarun Sagar was initiated as a kshullak (junior monk) by <mask> <mask>, although he took muni diksha from <mask> Vimal Sagar. Upadhyaya Guptisagar took muni diksha in 1982 from <mask> <mask> although he later joined the sangha (community) of <mask> Vidyanand.<mask> <mask> has been a source of inspiration to the people for founding institutions for their welfare at different locations. Since the number of monks (munis) and nuns (āryikas) initiated and directed by him exceeds two hundred (117 Digambar Muni, 172 Aryikas), they stay in more than 60 locations in India during Chaturmas, ranging from Gujarat to Jharkhand, and Haryana to Karnataka. This insures that only a few monks or nuns are staying in one place. His wanderings (Vihara)

As a traditional Digambara Jain monk, <mask> Vidyasagar never stays in a single location for more than a few days, except for the four months of the rainy season (Chaturmas). He never declares where he will be next, although people try to guess his next destination. Since his initiation in 1968 he has had: seven Chaturmas in Rajasthan (1968–74), one in Uttar Pradesh (1974), seven in Madhya Pradesh (1976–1982), one in Jharkhand (1983), nine in Madhya Pradesh again (1984–1992), two in Maharashtra (1993–94), one in Madhya Pradesh (1995), one in Gujarat (1996), 11 again in Madhya Pradesh (1997–2007), one again in Maharashtra (2008), eight again in Madhya Pradesh (2009–2016). The fiftieth anniversary of his diksha was celebrated in many cities in India with parades and festivities in July 2018.On this occasion, commemorative columns (Swarna Kirti Stambha) were erected in Ajmer, संयम स्वर्ण कीर्ति स्तम्भ : Amazing Architecture : Jain Temple In Ajmer, Rajasthan India,  Jun 28, 2018 Rewa, Sravanbelgola and other locations. Biography
His disciple Muni Kshamasagar wrote his biography Ātmānveśhī (hi:आत्मान्वेषी) which was translated into English as In Quest of the Self and was published by Bhartiya Jnanpith. In popular culture
A documentary titled Vidyoday was released on 25 November 2018 by Landmark Films. A trailer was also released. The film is directed by Vidhi Kasliwal. Vidyoday'' had its first international screening at  the Harrow Safari Cinema in London. See also
 Jain philosophy
 List of Jains
 Ahimsa in Jainism

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

External links

 Official android app

1946 births
Living people
People from Belagavi district
Scholars from Karnataka
Digambara Acharyas
Indian Jain monks
20th-century Indian Jain writers
20th-century Jain monks
20th-century Indian monks
21st-century Indian Jains
21st-century Jain monks
21st-century Indian monks
Haiku poets

masks:
Acharya Shri Vidyasagar Ji
Acharya Gsagar
Shri Vidyasagarji Maharaj
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Acharya
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Acharya
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Acharya
Acharya
Vidyasagara
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Acharya
Acharya
Acharya
Acharya
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Vidyasagara
Acharya
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya
Acharya
Vidyasagar
Acharya


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<mask>, or <mask> of Maidstone (c. 1529/1530 – c. 1568) was an English surgeon, known as a medical writer and poet. Life
Born in 1529, probably in Willesborough Kent to a farming family who rented from the Wyatt family of Allington Castle, Maidstone. He was highly educated, possibly at Kings School Canterbury. In 1548/9 he was apprenticed to <mask>, a senior officer of the London Company of Barber-Surgeons. <mask>, already a radical Protestant, started to write, mainly poetical versions of Bible texts especially the psalms, utilizing a variety of rhyming patterns First published in 1549, his verse reappeared in multiple editions, rivaling in popularity then the better-known psalm translations of Sternhold and Hopkins. In 1553/4 he left London to volunteer with the army of Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger, who was attempting to overthrow the newly-crowned Queen Mary Tudor, Catholic daughter of Henry VIII. The rebellion failed, and <mask> was captured and convicted of treason.However his execution was stayed, and he was permitted to complete his apprenticeship in 1555 and retire to Maidstone, where he lived before his death in 1568. His first apprentice was his step-brother Thomas, who later became M.B., M.D. at Oxford University and the first recorded doubly-qualified physician-surgeon. <mask>'s surviving letter-book shows he was unusually collegial with local physicians, who shared the care of patients with him. <mask>'s next important literary work was his poetical miscellany, The Court of Vertue, which introduced moralizing parodies of poems of Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder among others. His most important contribution was in bringing to English readers important new medical and anatomical findings from Continental scholars such as Vesalius, Paracelsus and Paré, in a greatly extended version of Lanfranke's Chirugia Parva. The first part is a treatise on wounds in the form of a scientific review, in which <mask> introduces new findings from other authors.It is followed by the largest medical dictionary then in print, his Expositive Table, which included hundreds of descriptions of chemical and herbal medicines and of symptoms and diseases. It is notable for the citation of many modern authors. He describes the continuous expansion of medical knowledge by new research, and condemns the static classical definitions of the Galenic tradition. There follows an anatomy, the first introduction of Vesalius' findings, expanded by observations of his own and other English anatomists. These include evidence for the recirculation of the blood, on the thickness of blood vessel walls and its role in driving the diffusion of gases. Other topics are an original explanation of the role of the epiglottis in preventing choking, and the function of the placenta vessels are different stages of development. Then there is a section on medical ethics, stressing the right of patients to their diagnosis, the right to a second opinion, and the primacy of experience over book learning.The book ends with an important account of the uncredentialled medical empirics and their frauds as seen from Maidstone between 1555 and 1565. Hall's extraordinary medical book has never been reprinted. Soon after its publication <mask> died. More traditional medical men may have discouraged the propagation of its ideas. Later many of these ideas appeared unacknowledged in seventeenth-century tests. Certayne Chapters taken out of the Proverbes of Solomon, with other Chapters of the Holy Scripture, and certayne Psalmes of David, translated into English Metre, London (Thomas Raynalde), 1549. A Poesie in Forme of a Vision, briefly inveying against the most hatefull and prodigious artes of Necromancie, Witchcraft, Sorcerie, Incantations, and divers other detestable and deuilishe practises, dayly used under colour of Judiciall Astrologie, London, 1563.The Court of Vertue, contayning many Holy or Spretuall Songes, Sonnettes, Psalmes, Balletts, and Shorte Sentences, as well of Holy Scripture, as others, with musical notes, London, 1565. This book seems by the prologue to have been written to contrast with The Court of Venus, a collection of love songs. A most excellent and learned woorke of chirurgerie, called Chirurgia parva Lanfranci, Lanfranke of Mylayne his briefe: reduced from dyvers translations to our vulgar-frase, and now first published in the Englyshe prynte, black letter, 4 pts., London, 1565. Translation from Lanfranc of Milan. It contains a woodcut portrait of the translator, "æt. 35, 1564". Appended were two other works: A very frutefull and necessary briefe worke of Anatomie; and An Historiall Expostulation: Against the beastlye Abusers, both of Chyrurgerie, and Physyke, in oure tyme: with a goodlye Doctrine and Instruction, necessarye to be marked and folowed, of all true Chirurgiens, reprinted in volume 11 of the publications of the Percy Society, London, 1844, edited by Thomas Joseph Pettigrew.<mask> denounced in the latter the quacks of the day, and opposed the combination of magic, divination, and physic. A metrical version of The Prouerbes of Salamon, thre chapters of Ecclesiastes, the sixthe chapter of Sapientia, the ix chapter of Ecclesiasticus, and certayne psalmes of Dauid, London (Edward Whitchurch), n.d., dedicated to <mask>, Esq., of Eltham. <mask> complained that chapters of the Book of Proverbs, translated by him into English metre, 1550, had been attributed to Thomas Sternhold. English translation of Benedict Victorius Faventinus's and Niccolò Massa's treatises De Morbo Gallico; Cure of the French Disease, a manuscript in the Bodleian Library, which also contains letters from <mask> to William Cuningham. Commendatory verses, in English, prefixed to Thomas Gale's Enchiridion of Chirurgerie, 1563, and to the same author's Institution of a Chirurgian, 1563. References

Notes
1. Zim, Rivkah "Hall, <mask>".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.) Oxford University Press. doin:10.1093/ref.odnb/11967 (https://doi.orf/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F111 67
2. Stephen, Leslie: Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890) "Hall, <mask> (1529?-1566? )"(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary of National Biography_1885-1900/<mask>_(1529%3F-1566%3F)) Dictionary of National Biography. 24.London: Smith, Elder &Co.
3.Christopher Fielding. <mask> of Maidstone: Radical Poet, Anatomist and Surgeon in Tudor England.Lavevenham PressLtd, Suffolk, UK ISNB 978-1-7324441-2-6

Attribution

16th-century births
1568 deaths
English surgeons
English medical writers
English male poets
English male non-fiction writers

masks:
John Halle
John Hall
John Banckes
John
John
John
John
Halle
Halle
Halle
John Bricket
Halle
Halle
John
John
Hall John
John Hall


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<mask> (born March 31, 1965) is an American football executive who most recently worked as the Assistant General Manager for the Atlanta Falcons. He was an NFL analyst for NBC Sports' Football Night in America, NBC Sports Network's Pro Football Talk, Sirius XM NFL Radio and the NFL Network. He previously served as a front office executive for the Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Ravens, New York Jets, New England Patriots and Kansas City Chiefs. <mask> served as the Director – and later Vice President – of Player Personnel for the Patriots from 2001 to 2008 when the franchise won three Super Bowl championships. Early years
<mask> grew up in Washingtonville, New York and attended Washingtonville High School, where he played linebacker and defensive line before graduating in 1983. Between 1983 and 1988 he attended Central Connecticut State University, graduating in 1988 with a degree in communications. He was a three-time Division II All-New England selection as a defensive tackle.In 2005, Central Connecticut inducted <mask> into their hall of fame. In 1988, after graduating with a degree in communications, he accepted a two-year graduate assistant position at Syracuse University, where he also earned a master's degree from the S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications. <mask> served as a graduate assistant with the Syracuse football team from 1988 to 1989. In 1990, he began a two-year stint at Murray State University as an offensive line coach in his first year (1990) and as a defensive line coach in his second year (1991). Professional executive career

Cleveland Browns/Baltimore Ravens
In 1992, <mask> was hired as a pro personnel assistant by Bill Belichick, then the head coach of the Cleveland Browns. <mask>'s relationship with Belichick dated back to the mid-1980s, when as a student at Central Connecticut, <mask> would drive 90 minutes to the New York Giants training camp. Through a mutual friend, <mask> was introduced to then-Giants defensive coordinator Belichick, who was impressed at <mask>'s dedication to travel to each practice and offered him a place to stay.In Cleveland, <mask> was responsible for the evaluation of both college prospects and veteran free agents, as well as negotiating various player contracts. When the Browns moved to Baltimore after the 1995 season, <mask> stayed with the team and was promoted to Pro Personnel Coordinator for the Ravens' 1996 season and was part of the personnel staff that drafted eventual HOFers Jonathan Ogden and Ray Lewis. New York Jets
In 1997, <mask> rejoined Belichick and was hired by the New York Jets as the team's Director of Pro Personnel. <mask> was credited with the signing of a number of veteran free agents, including Kevin Mawae, Vinny Testaverde and Bryan Cox, who played critical roles in the Jets' rebuilding process which helped the team rebound from a 1–15 record in 1996 to a 12–4 record in 1998. The 1998 Jets recorded a franchise-high 12 wins and their first division title since 1968. New England Patriots

When Belichick accepted the Patriots' head coaching position in 2000, <mask> became vice president of player personnel. The two eventually became the first personnel director/head coach tandem in league annals to win three Super Bowls during a four-year span (2001–2004).He and Belichick split the duties usually held by a general manager on most other NFL teams, though Belichick had the final say. <mask>'s skills as a talent evaluator helped create a consistent championship contender in New England. He was regularly recognized for his ability to build a team, not simply collecting individual talent, helping to make the Patriots a "model franchise." From 2000–2008, the Patriots had an NFL-best record of 102–42 (.708) and registered 14 playoff victories. <mask> worked in close coordination with Belichick, bringing players to the Patriots who fit into the framework of the club's team concept. <mask> and Belichick's teams were noted for the depth of talent at all the positions and used an effective combination of draft picks, free-agent signings, and trades to continually upgrade their roster. The most-notable selection in an NFL Draft by <mask> and Belichick was quarterback Tom Brady, who was chosen 199th overall in the 2000 NFL Draft.In his tenure with the Patriots, <mask> earned promotions from Assistant Director of Player Personnel to Director of Player Personnel in 2001, and to Vice President of Player Personnel in 2002. Also, <mask> earned a contract extension in 2005 after being pursued by several NFL teams to become general manager. In 2007, the Patriots finished their regular season with a 16–0 record, a first in NFL history. The team advanced to Super Bowl XLII but lost famously to the New York Giants 17–14 and failed to finish the season with a perfect 19–0 record. Prior to the season, <mask> executed trades to acquire wide receivers Wes Welker and Randy Moss, both of whom helped the Patriots set multiple NFL records on offense. Kansas City Chiefs

2009
After the 2008 Patriots season, <mask> was interviewed by the Cleveland Browns to replace the recently fired Phil Savage as the team's general manager. Though initially seen as a long-shot, <mask> was also interviewed by the Kansas City Chiefs and was reportedly the number one candidate to succeed Carl Peterson as general manager.The Chiefs confirmed that <mask> was hired on January 13, 2009. Later that day, Belichick released the following statement to the press:

<mask> was introduced at a press conference in Kansas City the following day. On January 23, 2009, <mask> fired head coach Herman Edwards. To replace Edwards, <mask> hired Arizona Cardinals offensive coordinator Todd Haley as head coach on February 5, 2009. 2010
Following the season, <mask> hired former Notre Dame head coach Charlie Weis as offensive coordinator and former Cleveland Browns head coach Romeo Crennel as defensive coordinator; both held the same roles in New England for each of the three Super Bowl winning seasons during <mask>'s tenure with the Patriots. In 2010, the Chiefs won their first AFC West division title since 2003 and completed the season 10–6. The move from worst to first in the AFC West earned him NFL Executive of the Year honors.2011
The Chiefs were 7–9 in the 2011 season. Chiefs main passing receiver Tony Moeaki was injured in the last preseason game against Green Bay which the Chiefs lost 20–19. The Chiefs were 4–3 in Week 8 after a four-game winning streak. Matt Cassel broke his hand in Week 13 in a loss against Denver and was out for the remainder of the season. After a 37–10 loss to the New York Jets in Week 14, <mask> fired coach Haley and elevated defense coordinator Crennel to acting coach. In Week 15, the Chiefs stunned the defending Super Bowl champion Packers 19–14 in the Packers' only defeat of the regular season. The Chiefs remained mathematically eligible for the AFC West championship in a weak division clear to the next to the last week of the season and they defeated the eventual AFC West winner Denver Broncos in the final game of the season.2012
<mask>'s final year in Kansas City was fraught with controversy and fan unrest as the Chiefs floundered to franchise-worst 2–14 season in 2012, securing their first #1 pick in team history. In January, Kansas City Star reporter Kent Babb published a piece that interviewed former Chiefs' head coach Todd Haley in which Haley indicated his belief that the team had bugged his personal cell phone. Other employees referenced team security walking the halls of the offices to ensure that office blinds were always drawn during practice to not avoid giving away information, and one fan referenced threats of having personal belongings, like cellular phones, confiscated. Such behaviors were attributed to <mask>'s desire to maintain absolute secrecy about the facility. <mask>'s administrative practices were also the subject of an age-discrimination lawsuit, which is currently under review. Early in the season, a group of disgruntled Kansas City fans organized a movement, which called itself "Save Our Chiefs." It engaged in several protests on <mask>'s tenure, including a local pilot to fly over Arrowhead Stadium towing banners, urging for <mask>'s ouster, during multiple home games.<mask> was the first person to confront Jovan Belcher on December 1, 2012. He walked to the entrance of the team's practice area, adjoining Arrowhead, pointing to where Belcher had a gun pointed at his head. Belcher had killed his girlfriend a few minutes earlier. <mask> was joined by Chiefs coach Romeo Crennel. Belcher shot himself in the head and was reported to have told <mask>,  "I came here to tell you thank you...Thank you for my chance. I love you, bro." <mask> had signed Belcher as an undrafted free agent in 2009 and gave a eulogy at Belcher's Kansas City funeral service.The Chiefs won the game the following day against the Carolina Panthers, the only home game victory of the season. There were no protests on the day of the game, and both Crennel and <mask> received positive comments on how they had handled the situation. Both Crennel and <mask> were fired at the end of the season; <mask> was formally fired on January 4, 2013. The Chiefs had six players on the 2013 Pro Bowl team (Eric Berry, strong safety; Jamaal Charles, running back who set various NFL and franchise records during the season; Dustin Colquitt, punter; Tamba Hali, outside linebacker; Derrick Johnson, inside/middle linebacker; Justin Houston, outside linebacker). Berry and Hali were designated starters. However, only two of the six players were acquired by <mask>. Only three NFL teams had more Pro Bowl picks San Francisco (9), Houston (8), New England (7).The three teams made the playoffs. Atlanta Falcons

2014
<mask> was hired as the assistant GM of the Falcons on January 22, 2014. The team announced his resignation on May 16, 2019. Awards and honors
<mask> is the youngest and one of only three NFL executives to win the Sporting News NFL Executive of the Year Award in consecutive years, a feat he accomplished after winning the award for the second straight year following the 2004 season. On June 24, 2009, ESPN.com announced its All-Decade Moments naming <mask> Personnel Man of the Decade. "No one in the league does a better job of scouting their own team, and [at the Patriots] Pioli was orchestrating all of that." 2001 season

 Dallas Morning News – NFL Executive of the Year Award

2003 season

 Pro Football Weekly – NFL Executive of the Year Award
 Sporting News – George Young NFL Executive of the Year Award
 Sports Illustrated – NFL Executive of the Year Award

2004 season

 NFL Players Association – Executive Achievement Award
 San Francisco Chronicle – Executive of the Year Award
 Sporting News – George Young NFL Executive of the Year Award
 Sports Illustrated – NFL Executive of the Year Award
 USA Today – NFL Executive of the Year Award

2007 season

 Dallas Morning News – NFL Executive of the Year Award
 Pro Football Weekly – NFL Executive of the Year Award
 San Francisco Chronicle – Executive of the Year Award

2010 season

 Pro Football Weekly – NFL Executive of the Year Award
 Sports Illustrated – NFL Executive of the Year Award

Decade (2000s)
 Sports Illustrated – #1 GM/Pro Sports Executive
 Sports Illustrated – NFL's Top Personnel Executive/Scout
 Sporting News – NFL Executive of the Decade
 ESPN.com – NFL Personnel Man of the Decade

Personal life
<mask> and his wife Dallas have a daughter named Mia Costa.Mia was born in 2003 while <mask> was in New England. While he was with the Kansas City Chiefs, <mask> often brought his daughter on the field before games. Mia attended high school at The Lovett School in Atlanta, Georgia, and is now a student at Boston College. Dallas is the daughter of former NFL head coach Bill Parcells. He currently serves on the board of directors for various non-profit foundations including The Alliance Theater in Atlanta and College for Every Student (CFES), a national non-profit organization that partners with public schools in high-need communities to raise student aspirations and performance. <mask> has also established and endowed scholarships at his alma mater, Central Connecticut State University for students that have been named CFES Scholars. While in Kansas City, he and his wife were very involved with The Children's Place and they served as Co-Chairs for their 2013 Gala.In addition to the endowed scholarship at CCSU, <mask> has established an endowed arts scholarship at the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF) and another at WIN for KC (Women's Intersport Network), a program designed to develop the physical and emotional well-being of girls and women through involvement in sports and fitness while providing opportunities for participation and leadership development. While employed with the Chiefs, he also created a program that awarded two annual scholarships for children of Chiefs employees. <mask> still serves as Advisory Council Member of the NFL's Bill Walsh Minority Coaching Fellowship, helping to make the NFL a more diverse and inclusive league. He also served on the NFL's General Managers' Advisory Committee, providing advice and counsel to the NFL Football Operations department on the integrity of the game and possible areas for improvement. He also was a member of the NFL's CEC Executive Working Group, a subcommittee of the Management Council Executive Committee. <mask> was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2014. References

1965 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Baltimore Ravens executives
Central Connecticut Blue Devils football players
Cleveland Browns executives
Kansas City Chiefs executives
Murray State Racers football coaches
New England Patriots executives
New York Jets executives
Syracuse Orange football coaches
National Football League general managers
People from Washingtonville, New York
Players of American football from New York (state)
American people of Italian descent
Atlanta Falcons executives
S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications alumni

masks:
Scott Pioli
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<mask> (born 2 December 1995) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for  club Leeds United and the England national team. A Leeds United academy graduate, <mask> made his first-team debut in 2015. In the 2019–20 season, <mask> was a member of the Leeds team coached by Marcelo Bielsa that won the Championship. Following this season, <mask> made his international debut for the England national team, and was part of the England team that finished runner-up at UEFA Euro 2020. Early life
<mask> was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire. He attended the Farnley Academy during his secondary school years. Club career

Early career
<mask> played for local club Wortley from 2003 to 2010 before joining Leeds United's academy aged 14.He progressed through the club's youth ranks and signed his first professional deal with the club in the summer of 2014, retaining him for the 2014–15 season. During the 2014–15 season, <mask> became the captain of the development and under-18 teams. <mask> joined the first team for the trip to Sunderland in the FA Cup third round on 4 January 2015; he was unused substitute in a 1–0 defeat. On 30 March 2015, Leeds Academy coach Jason Blunt revealed that he felt the form of <mask> for the under-18 and development tems would see <mask> become a future first team fans favourite. <mask> made further appearances on the bench for the first team in league matches over the following months before making his professional debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers in 4–3 defeat on 6 April 2015. Along with Sam Byram, Charlie Taylor, Alex Mowatt and Lewis Cook, <mask> was the latest graduate of a promising group of academy players to regularly feature under former youth manager Neil Redfearn in the 2014–15 season. On 11 April 2015, <mask> retained his position in the Leeds starting 11, making his home debut against Cardiff City at Elland Road.<mask> marked the match with his first senior goal in only his second appearance, although the match finished in a 2–1 defeat to Cardiff. At the end of the season, he was offered and accepted a new two-year contract. On 31 July 2015, <mask> was given the number 27 shirt for the upcoming 2015–16 season. However, with Redfearn replaced as head coach during the summer, <mask> made just 10 league appearances over the course of the season under head coaches Uwe Rösler and then Steve Evans. 2016–2019
In June 2016, only days after the appointment of new head coach Garry Monk, <mask> was offered a new three-year contract at Leeds. On 23 June, <mask> signed the new 3-year contract extension to stay at the club until the summer of 2019. On 27 August 2016, <mask> scored his first goal of the 2016–17 season, with a long-range free kick against Nottingham Forest in a 3–1 defeat.After an injury to captain Liam Bridcutt in September 2016, <mask>, alongside Eunan O'Kane or Ronaldo Vieira, established himself as an important player in Leeds' central midfield. <mask>' impressive form for Leeds saw him win the Championship Young Player of the Month Award for October 2016. On 9 December 2016, <mask> was given his first professional red card after giving away a penalty in a 2–0 defeat against then league leaders Brighton & Hove Albion by turning away a goal-bound shot with his arm, the penalty was converted by Glenn Murray. On 6 August 2017, the opening day of the 2017–18 Championship season, <mask> scored a brace to ensure Leeds beat Bolton Wanderers 3–2. On 9 September he scored his third goal of the season in the match against Burton Albion. His fifth of the season came on 27 October in a 2–1 defeat in the Yorkshire derby against Sheffield United. He started the season partnering O'Kane in the centre of Leeds' midfield, although after a good start to the season, Leeds suffered a lack of form prior to the dismissal of head coach Thomas Christiansen in February 2018.<mask> and O'Kane found themselves in and out the team with Vieira given more opportunities and the arrival of Adam Forshaw in January 2018. <mask> ended the season with seven goals and three assists, which represented the best scoring season of his career so far. On 19 July 2018, <mask> revealed he had been training as a centre-back and a deep-lying playmaker ahead of the 2018–19 season, as part of new head coach Marcelo Bielsa's tactics. As the season started, he was deployed as the holding midfielder in a 4–1–4–1 formation. <mask> was utilised as a deep-lying defensive midfielder for Leeds under Bielsa, playing as a centre-back if the team lined up in a three-man defence. In October 2018, his impressive form in his new positions under Bielsa's management saw <mask> briefly linked with a possible call up to Gareth Southgate's England national team. After a knee injury to captain Liam Cooper on 1 December 2018 in a 1–0 win against Sheffield United, <mask> deputised several matches playing as an outright centre-back until Cooper's return in mid-January.After returning to his defensive midfielder position, he scored his first goal of the season in Leeds' 1–1 draw against Middlesbrough on 9 February 2019, netting the equaliser in the 11th minute of injury time. In March 2019, he was selected to the 2018–19 Championship EFL Team of the Season and on 4 May 2019, <mask> was named the Yorkshire Evening Post Player of the Year for the 2018–19 season. During the 2018–19 season, <mask> made 46 appearances in all competitions, scoring one goal, after Leeds finished the regular season in third place. Leeds qualified for the play-offs, and <mask> started the fixtures against sixth-placed Derby County. Despite Leeds taking a 1–0 win away into the home leg, Leeds lost 4–2 in the second leg, with Leeds down to 10 men after the red card of Gaetano Berardi, and saw Derby progress to the final against Aston Villa 4–3 on aggregate. 2019–present
In July 2019, Leeds opened contract talks with <mask> over a new contract. On 8 August 2019, it was revealed that Leeds had rejected bids for <mask> during the 2019 transfer window in order to keep him at the club, with bids for <mask> rejected at around £27 million.In September 2019, he signed a new five-year contract with Leeds. On Leeds United's centenary week, <mask> scored the winning goal against Birmingham City, with the match finishing 1–0 which took place in front of another large crowd at Elland Road. In November 2019, <mask>' Leeds form in defensive midfield under Marcelo Bielsa saw calls for him to be called up to the England squad. England manager Gareth Southgate watched <mask> in January 2020 ahead of a possible call up. After the English football season was paused in March 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the season was resumed during June. <mask> would go on to score a free kick in Leeds' 3–1 win over Blackburn Rovers on 4 July 2020, however his season would be ended just a week later following a knee injury picked up in the 1–0 win over Swansea City. Despite this, Leeds would shortly go on to be promoted to the Premier League as champions when a 1–0 victory over Barnsley was followed by both West Bromwich Albion and Brentford losing their matches.On 7 August, he was named in The Guardians Championship Team of the Season for 2019–20. On 8 September 2020, <mask> was named in the Professional Footballers' Association's 2019–20 Championship Team of the Season. On 12 September 2020, <mask> made his first appearance in the Premier League in the opening game of the season in the 4–3 defeat against reigning Premier League champions Liverpool at Anfield, with <mask> gaining an assist for Jack Harrison's goal. On 8 February 2021, <mask> made his 200th appearance for Leeds in a 2–0 win over Crystal Palace, joining a select group of just 70 players that have made over 200 appearances for the club, including current teammates Stuart Dallas and Liam Cooper who also hit the milestone that season. In the last game of the season on 23 May 2021, <mask> scored his first Premier League goal, a free kick in Leeds' 3–1 win over West Bromwich Albion. International career
<mask> was eligible to play for his country of birth, England, as well as Jamaica and the Republic of Ireland through his heritage. He ultimately chose to represent England and was called by Gareth Southgate for the first time in August 2020, before receiving his first cap on the 8th September versus Denmark in the UEFA Nations League.I. He was only the third player in the 21st century to represent England prior to making an appearance in the top division of a country, after Jack Butland and Wilfried Zaha. In an interview after being called up, <mask> spoke of his intention to give his first England shirt to Marcelo Bielsa after the Leeds United manager handed him a playing shirt from his old club Newell's Old Boys, along with a message to him and his family to commemorate his first international call-up. <mask> was chosen to represent England at UEFA Euro 2020, where he won praise from pundits, fans and the world's press for his combative, dynamic displays. He started every game that England played during the tournament all the way up to the final, where they were eventually beaten on penalties by tournament winners Italy. <mask> was named England's 2020–21 Men's Player of the Year. Style of play
After starting his career as a box-to-box or central midfielder, <mask> was converted into a defensive midfielder by Marcelo Bielsa before the start of the 2018–19 season.He is known for his range of short sharp passing, long ball distribution and ability to start attacks whilst covering his defensive duties, with him described as a 'lynchpin'. Marcelo Bielsa described his style "He's very good at getting the ball and putting it into another space, a better space. He's very good when he has to cover the team when our full-backs go in attack. And when we are outnumbered, he is very good with his defending." <mask> was also converted into playing as a centre back under Bielsa. For his similar style of play, <mask> was given the nickname "Yorkshire Pirlo" by Leeds fans in homage to Andrea Pirlo. Following his performance for England against Croatia at Euro 2020, he was described as “brilliant at finding little pockets of space that turn a simple passing move into a dangerous attack.”

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Leeds United
EFL Championship: 2019–20

England
UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2020

Individual
EFL Young Player of the Month: October 2016
EFL Championship Team of the Year: 2018–19
PFA Team of the Year: 2019–20 Championship
England Men's Player of the Year: 2020–21

References

External links

Profile at the Leeds United F.C.website
Profile at the Football Association website

1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Leeds
English footballers
England international footballers
Association football midfielders
Leeds United F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
Black British sportspeople
English people of Irish descent
English people of Jamaican descent

masks:
Kalvin Mark Phillips
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<mask>, usually cited as R. W<mask>, is an Australian sociologist. She gained prominence as an intellectual of the Australian New Left. She was appointed University Professor at the University of Sydney in 2004, and retired from her University Chair on July, 2014. She has been Professor Emerita at the University of Sydney since her retirement. She is known for the concept of hegemonic masculinity and her book, Southern Theory. Life and career
<mask> was born on 3 January 1944 in Sydney, Australia. Her father, William Fraser (Bill<mask> (OBE), was a Professor of Education at the University of Sydney for many years, where she focused on educational research and teaching.Her mother, Margaret Lloyd <mask> (née Peck) was a high school science teacher. <mask> has two sisters, Patricia Margaret Selkirk and <mask>. <mask> was educated at Manly and North Sydney High Schools, and has degrees from the University of Melbourne and University of Sydney. She has held academic positions at universities in Australia, including being the founding professor of sociology at Macquarie University 1976–1991. In the United States <mask> was visiting professor of Australian studies at Harvard University 1991–1992, and professor of sociology at University of California Santa Cruz 1992–1995. She was a rank-and-file member of the Australian Labor Party until the early 1980s and a trade unionist, currently in the National Tertiary Education Union. <mask>'s sociology emphasises the historical nature of social reality and the transformative character of social practice.Her writing tries to combine empirical detail, structural analysis, critique, and relevance to practice. Much of her empirical work uses biographical (life-history) interviewing in education, family life and workplaces. She has written or co-written twenty-one books and more than 150 research papers. Her work has been translated into over 15 languages. <mask> serves on the editorial board or advisory board of numerous academic journals, including Signs, Sexualities, The British Journal of Sociology, Theory and Society, and The International Journal of Inclusive Education. <mask> is a trans woman, who formally began transitioning late in life. Almost all her earlier work was published under the gender-neutral name "R. W<mask>" up to the second edition of  "Masculinities" in 2005.Since 2006 all her work has appeared under the name <mask> <mask>. <mask> has also written about transsexualism. Major contributions

Class and education
<mask> first became known for research on large-scale class dynamics ("Ruling Class, Ruling Culture", 1977 and "Class Structure in Australian History", 1980), and the ways class and gender hierarchies are re-made in the everyday life of schools ("Making the Difference", 1982). Gender

In the late 1980s she developed a social theory of gender relations ("Gender and Power", 1987), which emphasized that gender is a large-scale social structure not just a matter of personal identity. In applied fields she has worked on poverty and education ("Schools and Social Justice", 1993), sexuality and AIDS prevention, and labour movement strategy ("Socialism & Labor", 1978). Masculinity
<mask> is best known outside Australia for studies of the social construction of masculinity. She was one of the founders of this research field, and her book "Masculinities" (1995, 2005) is the most-cited in the field.The concept of hegemonic masculinity has been particularly influential and has attracted much debate. She has been an advisor to UNESCO and UNO initiatives relating men, boys and masculinities to gender equality and peacemaking. Southern theory
<mask> has developed a sociology of intellectuals that emphasizes the collective character of intellectual labour, and the importance of its social context. Her 2007 book Southern Theory extended this to the global dynamics of knowledge production, critiquing the "Northern" bias of mainstream social science which is predominately produced in "metropolitan" universities. In doing so, she argues, metropolitan social theory fails to adequately explain social phenomena in the Southern experience. She analyzed examples of theoretical work deriving from the global South: including the work of Paulin Hountondji, Ali Shariati, Veena Das, Ashis Nandy and Raúl Prebisch. <mask> has also explored the implications of Southern Theory on gender theory, neoliberalism, and other global knowledge projects.She continues to argue in these contexts that historical power differentiations are maintained through imperialistic privileging of thought and that decolonizing this construction of knowledge can revolutionize societies across the globe. In her essay in Planning Theory for example, <mask> calls for social science to accept subaltern views that have traditionally been ignored so that modern resources can be maximized in various fields such as urban planning, geography, and youth studies. Criticism

In an essay titled "Under Southern Skies", <mask> responded to four other scholars of sociology, namely Mustafa Emirbayer, Patricia Hill Collins, Raka Ray, and Isaac Ariail Reed, who had all written critically about her work on Southern Theory. While acknowledging how <mask>'s work has sparked important discussion, the arguments of these sociologists included Ray claiming that Southern Theory marks a tipping point for postcolonial sociology rather than global sociology, Reed finding <mask>'s theoretical concepts to be underdeveloped, Emirbayer's view that <mask> tends to overgeneralize "Northern Theory" while making unfound claims about "Southern Theory", and Collins' identification of two issues: the centering of the North and the silencing of much of the Global South by only examining the theories of Southern educated elite. In her response, <mask> responds to certain points from each argument to stand by her work, countering their criticism by explaining the decisions behind her writing and affirming that her work is a jumping-off point for further discussion. Selected bibliography

References

External links

 A collection of papers by <mask> <mask>
  <mask>, <mask> (1944 – ) in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia

1944 births
Living people
Gender studies academics
Australian sociologists
Transgender and transsexual writers
Transgender and transsexual scientists
Transgender and transsexual women
People educated at North Sydney Boys High School
LGBT writers from Australia
University of Sydney faculty
Men and masculinities scholars
Medical sociologists
Social constructionism
Writers from Sydney
University of Melbourne alumni
Transgender and transsexual academics
Transgender studies academics

masks:
Raewyn Connell
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<mask> (19 October 1669 – 30 October 1739) – in religious Angelo – was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Franciscan Order of Friars Minor Capuchin in Cosenza. Falcone had a rough call to religious life after several entries and exits into the order and he later served as a noted preacher across southern Italian cities such as Catanzaro and Salerno after his first few sermons attracted little following. He became titled as both the "Angel of Peace" and the "Apostle of the South". Falcone became known for ecstasies during the celebration of Mass and was known for converting the hearts of thousands when he went about preaching. The friar possessed the gifts of visions and bilocation and was invited to start preaching in the Neapolitan region at the behest of Cardinal Francesco Pignatelli. He received beatification from Pope Leo XII on 18 December 1825 after being titled as a Servant of God in 1778 under Pope Pius VI and Venerable under Pope Pius VII on 17 June 1821. He is a patron of Acri and of missionaries.Pope Francis approved his canonization and it was determined at a gathering of cardinals on 20 April 2017 that Falcone would be named as a saint; the canonization was celebrated in Saint Peter's Square on 15 October 2017. Life
<mask> <mask> was born in Cosenza on 19 October 1669 to <mask> and Diana Enrico – poor parents of humble and pious stock. He had an uncle who was a priest. Falcone received the sacrament of Confirmation on 24 June 1674. In 1684 he met a charismatic friar <mask> da Olivadi – from the Franciscans proved to be decisive for him in realizing and pursuing his call to the religious life. He was admitted into the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin in 1687 and was clothed in the habit in 1688 but a few months later returned home after the rigorous life frightened him. He believed at this time that he was being called to settle down and enter into the sacrament of marriage rather than pursue the religious life; his priest uncle encouraged this belief.He decided this was not for him and re-entered on 8 November 1689 but – after being scared once more – fled back home. On his knees before a Crucifix he begged: "Assist me with Your grace!" He requested for readmission for the third and final time on 12 November 1690 and began his novitiate. His theological studies spanned from 1695 until 1700. He completed his novitiate on 12 November 1691 at 6:00pm and made his profession to the novice master Giovanni d'Orsomarso while being elevated into the diaconate on 18 December 1694. He was ordained to the priesthood in the Cassano all'Jonio Cathedral on 10 April 1700. He consecrated each hour as a priest to some aspect of the Passion of Jesus Christ.He led a Lenten sermon in 1702 in the town of San Giorgio Morgeto at the behest of his provincial and began to address his people but could not remember what he was to continue with and so was forced to leave the pulpit confused. The Cardinal Archbishop of Naples Francesco Pignatelli soon learned of Falcone's prowess in 1711 and called him to preach in Naples and the surrounding areas that composed the archdiocese. He struggled with his first three sermons – which all turned out to be miserable – with people laughing at him at the first and almost no one at the following two. The worried parish priest begged Pignatelli to find another but the cardinal refused and put his trust in Falcone. At the fourth sermon more people turned up and at the end he asked the people to turn their hearts and minds to one who would soon die among them; as the people left a well-known man died of a stroke – who led opposition to his preaching – leading to his sermons gathering greater numbers. Overcoming this challenge led to him becoming a famous and sought after preacher. People requested him from all over in southern Italian cities and was known for the conversion of the hearts of thousands of people; he preached in places such as Taranto and Montecassino.His preaching earned him the two monikers of the "Angel of Peace" and the "Apostle of the South". He served as provincial father from 1717 until 1720 and was made general visitor in 1735; he served as novice master several times. Falcone possessed prophetic gifts as well as being able to receive visions while he possessed bilocation and could see into men's souls in the sacrament of confession. In 1724 he began construction of the convent of Cappuccinelle which opened on 17 June 1726. Falcone died on 30 October 1739 at the convent he was stationed at in Cosenza; he had become blind six months prior but regained his sight enough to continue to recite the Divine Office and celebrate Mass. His remains were relocated in the 1890s to the Basilica del Beato Angelo d'Acri – a church constructed in his honor. Canonization
The beatification process commenced in the local diocese on 10 October 1744 while the formal introduction for the cause came under Pope Pius VI on 22 May 1778.The process culminated on 17 June 1821 when Pope Pius VII named Falcone as being Venerable after confirming that the late friar had indeed lived a model life of heroic virtue. The recognition of three miracles attributed to his intercession on 20 November 1825 allowed for Pope Leo XII to preside over his beatification on 18 December 1825. The miracles involved:
 the cure of Marianna Bernaudo from Bisignano
 the cure of Pietro Sacco from Bisignano
 the cure of Francesco Sirimarco from Sant'Agata d'Esaro
The fourth miracle – the one that would be definitive for full sainthood – was investigated in a diocesan process from 14 March 2014 until 15 December 2014 before it later received validation from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints sometime later. Medical experts advising the C.C.S. met to discuss this miracle (after five previous sessions of other doctors examining it) approved the miracle on 15 December 2016. Theologians likewise approved this sometime later as did the C.C.S. before it was taken to the pope for his approval.Pope Francis approved this miracle on 23 March 2017 thus confirming that <mask> will be canonized in 2017; the date was formalized at a gathering of cardinals on 20 April. <mask> was proclaimed as a saint on 15 October 2017 in Saint Peter's Square. References

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Saints SQPN

1669 births
1739 deaths
18th-century Christian saints
17th-century venerated Christians
18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
18th-century venerated Christians
Beatifications by Pope Leo XII
Canonizations by Pope Francis
Capuchins
Franciscan missionaries
Franciscan saints
Italian Franciscans
Italian Roman Catholic saints
People from Cosenza
Venerated Catholics

masks:
Luca Antonio Falcone
Luca Antonio
Falcone
Francesco Falcone
– Antonio
Falcone
Falcone


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Sir <mask>  (20 August 180215 October 1894) was an Australian judge and Chief Justice of New South Wales. Early life
<mask> was born at St Christopher in the West Indies. His father, <mask> (1771–1833), was related to <mask>, became a barrister, and was Solicitor-General at St Christopher before his appointment as Solicitor-General of New South Wales in January 1824. He arrived at Sydney on 7 August 1824 and in September 1825 was made an acting judge of the Supreme Court. On 13 March 1826, his appointment as judge was confirmed. He resigned his position at the end of 1832 on account of ill-health and died on 21 December 1833. <mask> was educated at Charterhouse School and Honiton grammar school in Devon.He returned to St Christopher for some years and then went to London to study law. In November 1823 he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and the following year sailed for Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). Van Diemen's Land
<mask> arrived at Hobart on 24 January 1825 and on 9 May was made Solicitor-General, and 10 days later, crown solicitor. He allied himself with Governor Arthur who had clashed with Joseph Tice Gellibrand, the Attorney-General. <mask>'s resignation of his position in August 1825, and his charges against his brother officer's professional and public conduct brought the matter to a head. <mask> always took an extremely high-minded attitude about his own conduct in this matter. In 1829 <mask> discovered a fatal error in land titles throughout the Australian colonies.The matter was rectified by royal warrant and the issuing of fresh titles in 1830. In January 1833 <mask> was gazetted attorney-general and showed great industry and ability in the position. He was forced to resign in 1837, his health having suffered much from overwork, but after a holiday he took up private practice with great success. New South Wales
On 30 April 1839, he was appointed as acting-judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and he arrived in Sydney on 7 May. In 1841, when judge Willis went to Port Phillip, <mask> became a puisne judge and from 1839 to 1844 he was also a judge of the administrative court. He published in 1843 his Introduction to the Practice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and on 7 October 1844, he was appointed acting chief justice. His appointment as chief justice was confirmed in a dispatch from Lord Stanley dated 30 April 1845.He was to hold the position until 1873 and during that period not only carried out his judicial duties but advised the government on many complicated questions which arose in the legislature. In August 1852 he recommended that the second chamber under the new constitution should be partly nominated and partly elected. In May 1856 he was appointed President of the Legislative Council and held the position until January 1857. He was able to give the council the benefit of his experience by framing legislation dealing with land titles, the legal profession, and the administration of justice. He continued to hold his seat until November 1858 when judges were precluded from sitting in parliament. In February 1860 he obtained 12 months leave of absence and visited Europe. On his return, he gave much consideration to the question of criminal law and was principally responsible for a criminal law amendment bill which although first brought before parliament in 1872, did not actually become law until 1883.He resigned his chief justiceship in 1873. He had administered the government between the departure of the Earl of Belmore in February 1872 and the arrival of Sir Hercules Robinson in June. He was appointed lieutenant-governor in 1875 and several times administered the government. He was a member of the legislative council from 1875 until 1890, taking an active part in the debates, and from 1880 he was president of the trustees of the national gallery. In 1883, with A. Oliver, he published Criminal Law Manual, comprising the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1883, and towards the end of his life interested himself in the amending of the law of divorce. Among his writings on the subject was an article in the Contemporary Review for June 1891 in reply to one by W. E. Gladstone in the North American Review. <mask> resigned from the legislative council in 1890 and lived in retirement.He was still comparatively vigorous when he passed his ninetieth birthday in August 1892 and never completely took to his bed. He faded quietly out of life on 15 October 1894, his intellect bright and clear to the last. Family
The <mask> family is a prominent legal dynasty in Australia. Sir <mask> was the son of <mask>, a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. <mask> married Virginia, daughter of Matthew Consett, who died in 1837, and Eleanor daughter of the Rev. William Bedford, who died in 1886. There were nine children of each marriage and at the time of <mask>'s death, he had 66 grandchildren.He was knighted in 1846 and was a made a CB in 1862,  in 1874, GCMG in 1884, and privy councillor in 1893. Of <mask>'s sons, <mask> <mask>, born in 1826, entered the Church and in 1869 became a canon of St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney. Another, Sir Matthew Henry <mask> (1828–1920), became a puisne judge of the supreme court of New South Wales in 1887, and a third son, Hon. Septimus <mask> (1842-1901) was a distinguished lawyer and New South Wales politician. Other sons held prominent positions in Sydney. Of his grandsons, Edward Milner <mask> was appointed a supreme court judge at Sydney in 1929 and Brigadier-general Robert Campbell <mask>, served with distinction in the 1914-18 war. A great-grandson, Lieutenant Adrian Consett <mask>, killed in the same war, showed much promise as a writer.His Four Plays and An Australian in the R.F.A. were published posthumously in 1918. <mask>'s brother, George Milner <mask> (1812 – 1894), was a barrister with a significant political career in South Australia and Victoria. Another brother, <mask>, (died 1854) was the earliest created alderman for the City of Melbourne. See also
List of judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales

References

|-

1802 births
1894 deaths
Chief Justices of New South Wales
Lieutenant-Governors of New South Wales
Judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Presidents of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Directors and Presidents of the Art Gallery of New South Wales
People from Saint Kitts
Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of Lincoln's Inn
People educated at Charterhouse School
Colony of New South Wales judges
19th-century Australian politicians
Solicitors-General of Tasmania
19th-century Australian judges

masks:
Alfred Stephen
Stephen
John Stephen
James Stephen
Alfred Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Alfred
John Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Alfred Hewlett
Stephen
Stephen
Alfred Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Alfred
Stephen
John Stephen


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<mask>IE, FNI, FASc (15 June 1884 – 18 January 1963) was an Indian botanist, agronomist and plant geneticist who specialised in the study and hybridisation of sugarcane. He developed or supervised the development of numerous high-yield sugarcane cultivars, which established India as the world's second largest sugar producer and sustained the sugar industries of numerous other nations, including South Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the United States. Early life and career
Venkataraman was born in Salem, Madras Presidency (now in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu) to an orthodox Tamil Brahmin family; though initially religious, he renounced religion by the age of 16. After graduating from a secondary school in Tiruchirapalli, where he was a brilliant scholar, he enrolled at Presidency College, Madras, where he decided to study botany over zoology, as he strongly disliked dissecting insects and other animals. In 1905, he graduated with a first-class honours B.A. in botany and briefly studied for an M.A. at Madras University before his appointment to the Agricultural College, Saidapet (now a constituent college of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) as an assistant to Charles Alfred Barber, then a botanist in the Madras Presidency government service.In 1908, the college was moved to Coimbatore, where Venkataraman would spend the rest of his career. He soon demonstrated an aptitude for research, attempting to grow hybridised varieties of eggplant in his spare time. Research and development of the Coimbatore sugarcane cultivars
In the early 1900s, the extremely poor yields of Indian sugarcane varieties necessitated the import of sugar from the Netherlands East Indies, which was a heavy burden on the government exchequer. The British government eventually decided to establish a Sugarcane Breeding Institute to study sugarcane breeding and to develop an indigenous sugarcane industry. Coimbatore was selected due to its ideal climate, and Barber was appointed Government Sugarcane Expert in October 1912, with Venkataraman as his assistant. According to Venkataraman's biographer and sole graduate student, J. Thuljaram Rao, the two scientists' observation of wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum) growing near the Agricultural College campus inspired them to use it in their trials. Though the first hybrid sugarcane crosses between the wild sugarcane and a cultivated sugarcane species, Saccharum officinarum, did not survive, by 1914, Venkataraman had succeeded in producing viable hybrid seedlings.As sugarcane breeding was a new field of research, Venkataraman relied on meticulous planning and observation along with the pioneering of new techniques, including artificial induction of flowering through photoperiodic treatments, nobilization and outcrossing plants to improve their genetic diversity. He also pioneered the detailed study of sugarcane root systems, which became vital in understanding the plants' yield potentials. In 1918, the first hybrid sugarcane variety produced by the Institute, Co. ("Coimbatore") 205, was recorded as generating yields 50% greater than those of indigenous varieties, which were entirely replaced by Co. 205 within 6–8 years. Along with another variant, Co. 285, the new varieties were soon commercially marketed in the Punjab, where they also proved capable of being cultivated under stressed conditions, including in waterlogged fields. Following those successes, Venkataraman developed a tri-species hybrid by crossing S. spontaneum and S. officinarum with Saccharum barberi, a North Indian variety which Barber had researched. The resulting hybrid, Co. 244, became commercially cultivated in Uttar Pradesh. Subsequently, tetra-species hybrids were also produced after a fourth parent, Saccharum robustum, was incorporated into the breeding programme.The hybrid cultivars, with a sugar content nearly 35 times that of their parent stocks, were soon recognised for being fast-maturing, for their ease of propagation and their resistance to waterlogging, drought and the red rot (Glomerella tucumanensis) and sereh diseases. In 1918, <mask> was promoted to full gazetted rank; he succeeded Barber as head of the Institute the following year, initially in an acting capacity while the British Indian government attempted to locate a European replacement to serve as director. After this proved unsuccessful, <mask> was eventually confirmed in his post and served as the permanent head of the Institute until his retirement. Over the next two decades, <mask> and his two research assistants, P. Thomas and N.L. Dutt, developed many more hybrid sugarcane varieties suitable for a wide range of environments and climatic conditions. While initial research had focused on developing hardy varieties that could sustain the colder winters in northern India, in 1926 research commenced into breeding plants for the South Indian and similar tropical climates. Apart from the successful Co. 205 and Co 285 cultivars, Co. 213, 421, 427 and 453 became popular in North India, notably in present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, while Co. 419, developed by Dutt, achieved tremendous success across South India and supported the region's sugarcane industries for four decades after its commercial introduction.In 1927, the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, visited the Sugarcane Breeding Institute and praised Venkataraman's work, subsequently ordering all those connected with sugarcane cultivation to pay a visit. In 1928, Venkataraman presided over the agricultural section of that year's Indian Science Congress, delivering a lecture on "The Indian Sugar Bowl." He visited Java the following year to attend the annual meeting of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists, presiding over the varietal section. In 1932, he was appointed to the Indian Agricultural Service. By the 1930s, Coimbatore sugarcane cultivars were in high demand and were being successfully grown around the world. In the United States, Co. 281 and Co. 290 supported the sugar industry in Louisiana; Co. 281 also sustained production in South Africa and Cuba as it was readily adaptable and high-yielding even in poor soils and less forgiving climates. Co. 290 achieved popularity in Australia, while the tropical-friendly Co. 419 and Co. 421 became mainstays of sugarcane growers in Barbados, Trinidad and British Guiana (now Guyana).In later years, N. Co. 310, first cultivated in South Africa from seed exported from the Sugarcane Breeding Institute, became the most popular commercially-grown sugarcane cultivar in the world. At one point in the 1960s, Coimbatore-developed varieties were supporting the sugarcane industries of 22 countries. In the 21st century, Coimbatore cultivars continue to be cultivated and used as breeding stocks in Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan. Research into intergeneric sugarcane hybrids
In 1930, Venkataraman successfully developed intergeneric hybrids of sugarcane and sorghum with the objective of producing short-duration sugarcane hybrids. Though the project was ultimately a commercial failure due to issues with sterility, his work subsequently helped inspire Janaki Ammal to develop a sugarcane-maize hybrid. In 1936, he attempted to develop a further intergeneric hybrid of sugarcane and the indigenous Bambusa arundinacea bamboo, intended to combine the height of the latter with the sugar percentage of the former. Under controlled conditions, sterile male sugarcane cultivars were used as pistil parents, which were dusted with bamboo pollen.Though some seedlings were produced to much acclaim amongst plant geneticists, with Venkataraman presenting his findings at the 1939 International Genetics Congress in Edinburgh, studies later suggested the seedlings were the result of apomixis, which was less understood at the time. In his researches, however, Venkataraman anticipated the modern development of intergeneric hybrids on a far wider scale. Later career and life
Venkataraman was elected President of the 1937 Indian Science Congress, delivering his address on "The Indian Village" and discussing the improvement of villages in the country as a priority: "Our duty then is clear, namely, to improve the village, the nucleus of our country life and inject its chief agent, the villager, with a chosen culture of the virus of [the] modern age through education and industrialisation." He again presided over the agricultural section of the Indian Science Congress in 1938, delivering a lecture on sugarcane hybridisation, and attended the 1939 International Genetics Congress at Edinburgh, where he was recognised as a "wizard" of sugarcane. Though he was scheduled to retire as head of the Sugarcane Breeding Institute in 1939, Venkataraman obtained a three-year extension and finally retired in 1942, when he was succeeded by his assistant Dutt. The year of his retirement, a Current Science article observed "the breeding work carried out by Venkataraman – aided by ample tariff protection – has been responsible for converting India from an importer of white sugar (1 million tons) to a position where the future of the Indian industry is in urgent need of securing export markets." By the end of his tenure at Coimbatore, it was estimated Venkataraman's efforts had saved India roughly 15 crore (150 million) rupees.Following his retirement, Venkataraman agreed to conduct a survey of sugarcane research in India, but gave it up on health grounds. He subsequently retired to Madras, where he spent his time reading philosophical works and frequently writing letters to The Hindu on various subjects. When the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists decided to hold its 1956 conference in India, he chaired the section on cane breeding; during the conference, a plaque commemorating the development of the Co. 205 cultivar was unveiled at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute. <mask> died in Madras on 18 January 1963, aged 78. He was married, and had one son, Ramamurti, who later became an assistant director of the National Physical Laboratory of India. Awards and honours
Venkataraman was extensively recognised for his achievements. In 1920, after the commercial success of the Co. 205 cultivar, he was given the title of Rao Sahib by the British government, and was raised to the title of Rao Bahadur in 1928.He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1937 New Year Honours list. In the 1942 New Year Honours list, he received a knighthood, becoming the first Indian agricultural scientist to be thus honoured, and was formally invested with his knighthood at the Viceroy's House (now Rashtrapati Bhavan) in New Delhi on 21 February 1942 by the then Viceroy, the Marquess of Linlithgow. In 1956, he was conferred the Padma Bhushan by the Indian government. Among his other distinctions, Venkataraman was conferred an honorary D.Sc. by Andhra University. In 1941, he was elected the first President of the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, serving a single one-year term. He was elected as a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc) in 1934, serving as its Vice-President in 1934–35, and was elected as a Foundation Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences of India (FNI, now the Indian National Science Academy) in 1935.He was also a member of the International Genetics Congress Association, the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding and the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists, and was an Honorary Fellow of the South African Sugar Technologists Association. References

Notes

Indian geneticists
Indian botanical writers
Indian agronomists
20th-century Indian botanists
Indian agriculturalists
Plant breeding
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
Indian knights
Knights Bachelor
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Rai Bahadurs
Rai Sahibs
Indian recipients of British titles
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Indian Tamil people
Presidency College, Chennai alumni
Scientists from Tamil Nadu
People from Salem, Tamil Nadu
People from Salem district
1884 births
1963 deaths
People from Coimbatore

masks: Rao Bahadur Sir Tiruvadi Sambasiva Iyer Venkataraman C


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<mask> (born November 25, 1946) is an American serial killer and rapist who murdered a minimum of 11 young women and girls in New York and New Jersey between 1967 to 1980 . He was nicknamed The Torso Killer and Times Square Torso Ripper after his dismemberment and decapitation of two victims on December 2, 1979, in a Travel Inn hotel on West 42nd Street and Tenth Avenue in the vicinity of Times Square. He tortured and murdered sex worker Deedeh Goodarzi, age 22, and a still unidentified teenage victim, severed their heads and hands, and set their torsos on fire. <mask> fled the scene with the severed heads and hands, which were never recovered. He was eventually apprehended on May 22, 1980, in a New Jersey motel in the act of torturing a teenage sex worker he had lured and driven to the location from New York City. In a series of trials in New Jersey and New York 1981 to 1984, <mask> was convicted of five murders, two in New Jersey and three in New York, plus multiple charges of kidnapping and sexual assault. In 2010, <mask> pleaded guilty to the 1967 murder of Nancy Vogel.He confessed under immunity to the murders of New Jersey school girls Jackie Harp, Irene Blase, and Denise Falasca in 1968–1969 in Bergen County, New Jersey. In 2021 he confessed and pleaded guilty in the double abduction rape/murders of Lorraine Marie Kelly, 16 and Mary Ann Pryor, 17. Officially, Cottingham killed 11 people, but he claims to have committed between 85 and 100 murders. <mask> is incarcerated in South Woods State Prison in Bridgeton, New Jersey. Early life and education
<mask> was born on November 25, 1946, in The Bronx, New York City, the first of three children. In 1958, when he was 12, his family moved to River Vale, New Jersey. In 1964, <mask> graduated from Pascack Valley High School, in Hillsdale, New Jersey.Career
<mask> worked for his father at Metropolitan Life from 1964 to 1966 as a computer operator, while taking computer courses. In October 1966 he went to work as a computer operator at Blue Cross Blue Shield Association in New York until his arrest in 1980. Marriage
On May 3, 1970, Cottingham married his wife Janet at Our Lady of Lourdes Church in Queens Village, New York. First arrest and subsequent minor offenses

<mask> was arrested for several minor charges throughout his killing spree; the police were not aware of his murders at the time. On October 3, 1969, he was charged and convicted of drunk driving in New York City, and sentenced to 10 days in jail and a $50 fine. On August 21, 1972, <mask> was charged and convicted of shoplifting at Stern's Department Store in Paramus, New Jersey and was sentenced to pay a $50 fine. Murders
<mask>'s first known murder was the 1967 slaying of Nancy Schiava Vogel.He strangled the 29-year-old married mother of two, and her nude, bound body was found in her car in Ridgefield Park, New Jersey. She had last been seen three days earlier, when she left home to play bingo with friends at a local church. On December 2, 1979, firemen in New York responded to an alarm at a Travel Inn hotel near Times Square. Inside they found the bodies of Deedeh Goodarzi and another unidentified woman. Both bodies had their hands and heads removed, been doused with lighter fluid and set on fire. The missing body parts were never found. On May 5, 1980, police found the body of 19-year-old Valerie Ann Street in a Quality Inn in Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey.The victim's hands were tightly handcuffed behind her back. She was covered in bite marks and was beaten across the shins. Street had died of asphyxiation. This murder was later linked to an earlier murder in the same motel. The body of x-ray technician Maryann Carr, 26, was also found brutally beaten near the same hotel, but police could not positively link the crimes until after <mask>'s arrest. On May 15, Jean Reyner was strangled and her throat cut in the historic Seville Hotel. Starting in 2014, <mask> admitted to killing an additional three women (Jacalyn Harp, of Midland Park; Irene Blase, of Bogota; and Denise Falasca, of Closter, all of whom were strangled in the late 1960s).In April 2021 <mask> confessed to the unsolved 1974 double-abduction, rape and murder of teenagers Lorraine Marie Kelly and Mary Ann Pryor in Montvale, New Jersey. The confession was facilitated by Detective Robert Anzilotti of the Bergen County Prosecutor's Office shortly before his retirement. Anzilotti spent 15 years meeting with <mask>, working toward the confession, which raised the total number of victims attributed to Cottingham to 11. He claims to have committed between 85 and 100 murders. Arrest
On May 22, 1980, <mask> picked up 18-year-old Leslie Ann O'Dell, who was soliciting on the corner of Lexington Avenue and 25th Street. At some point she agreed to have sex with him for $100. Around dawn, they checked into the same Hasbrouck Heights Quality Inn where he had left his last mutilated victim.<mask> offered to give the girl a massage and she rolled over onto her stomach. Straddling her back, he drew a knife and put it to her throat as he snapped a pair of handcuffs on her wrists. He began torturing her, nearly biting off one of her nipples. She later testified that he said, "You have to take it. The other girls did, you have to take it too. You’re a whore and you have to be punished." O'Dell's muffled cries of pain became so loud that the motel staff, already spooked by the murder eighteen days earlier, called police and then rushed to the room demanding that Cottingham open the door.<mask> was apprehended by arriving police officers in the hallway. When arrested he had handcuffs, a leather gag, two slave collars, a switchblade, replica pistols and a stockpile of prescription pills. Charges
The charges listed in Cottingham's New Jersey indictment included kidnapping, attempted murder, aggravated assault, aggravated assault with deadly weapon, aggravated sexual assault while armed (rape), aggravated sexual assault while armed (sodomy), aggravated sexual assault while armed (fellatio), possession of a weapon, possession of controlled dangerous substances, Secobarbital and Amobarbital, or Tuinal, and possession of controlled dangerous substance, Diazepam or Valium. After his wife Janet initiated divorce proceedings on the grounds of "abandonment, non-support and mental cruelty" he resided in a basement apartment of the house they lived in on Vreeland Street in Lodi, New Jersey. After his arrest police found a few personal effects traced to two of his victims in his room and in the trunk of his car. Trials
<mask> had a working knowledge of forensics, and in the 13-year period during which he is known to have committed 11 murders, only one fingerprint belonging to him was recovered, from the ratchet mechanism of handcuffs left behind on one of the victims. A case based on 'signature pattern' was built against Cottingham along with the testimony of three surviving victims.In the early 1980s <mask> was convicted of five murders. In 2010 he pleaded guilty in the 1967 murder of Nancy Vogel, 29. In 2021, he pleaded guilty to kidnapping, raping and drowning a pair of teenage girls in 1974. He also confessed to three murders of New Jersey school girls in 1968–1969 in return for immunity from prosecution. See also
 List of serial killers in the United States
 List of serial killers by number of victims

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
American serial killers
Male serial killers
Criminals from New Jersey
American people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by New York (state)
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New York (state)
1967 murders in the United States
20th-century American criminals
American male criminals
People from the Bronx
Criminals from New York City
Pascack Valley High School alumni
American people convicted of rape
American people convicted of sexual assault
People from Lodi, New Jersey
People from River Vale, New Jersey
Violence against women in the United States

masks:
Richard Francis Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham
Cottingham