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<mask>, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne (24 February 1749 – 28 April 1800) was a notable member of the British aristocracy during the Georgian period (18th century). Referred to by some as "The Unhappy Countess", she was a prominent heiress, who inherited a vast fortune. Her husbands were the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and Anglo-Irishman Andrew Robinson Stoney, the latter of whom reportedly treated her very cruelly during their marriage. Amongst many other achievements in her life, including a significant expertise developed in the field of botany, <mask> was one of the early pioneers of women's rights in relation to divorce. Early life
<mask> was born in Upper Brook Street in Mayfair, London, the daughter and heiress of Sir George Bowes, a wealthy businessman; and his second wife, <mask> of St Paul's Walden. She was named <mask> in homage to both her own mother and her father's beloved first wife, Eleanor Verney, who died in 1724. <mask>'s childhood home was at Gibside, in County Durham.Bowes died when <mask> was 11 years old, and left her a vast fortune (estimated at between £600,000 and £1,040,000), which he had built up through control of a cartel of coal-mine owners. At a stroke, <mask> became the wealthiest heiress in Britain, perhaps in all of Europe. She encouraged the attentions of Campbell Scott, younger brother of the Duke of Buccleuch as well as of John Stuart, the self-styled Lord Mountstuart, eldest son of Lord Bute (the Prime Minister), before becoming engaged at the age of 16 to John Lyon, the 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. First marriage
<mask> married the 9th Earl of Strathmore on her 18th birthday, 24 February 1767. Since her father's will stipulated that her husband should assume his family name, the Earl addressed Parliament with a request to change his name from John Lyon to John Bowes, which was granted. However, some of the couple's children chose to use a surname that hyphenated their parents' names, styling themselves Bowes-Lyon. Five children were born to the Earl and Countess within the first six years of marriage, being:
Maria Jane Bowes-Lyon (21 April 1768 – 22 April 1806), married Colonel Barrington Price of the British Army in 1789
John Bowes, 10th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (14 April 1769 – 3 July 1820), married in 1820 <mask>, his long-term mistress and the mother of his son, on the day before he died
Anna Maria Bowes (3 June 1770 – 29 March 1832), eloped and married Henry Jessop in 1788; returned shortly afterwards to live with her mother
George Bowes (17 November 1771 – 3 December 1806), married <mask>
Thomas Bowes-Lyon, 11th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (3 May 1773 – 27 August 1846) married <mask> Louisa Rodney Carpenter, whose mother was the daughter of a mason.Thanks to the countess's fortune, the couple lived extravagantly. While the Earl spent much of his time restoring his family seat, Glamis Castle, the countess self-published a poetical drama entitled The Siege of Jerusalem in 1769, which remained her only literary effort, although she maintained remarkably candid diaries for much of her life. She also professed interest in botany and financed an expedition by the explorer William Paterson to the Cape in 1777 to collect plants for her. A few years into the marriage, the Earl contracted tuberculosis and his health weakened. Dissatisfied with her husband's increasing lack of robustness and alleged inattention, the countess took lovers to entertain herself. On 7 March 1776, Lord Strathmore died at sea on his way to Portugal, of tuberculosis. Between marriages
The couple's combined extravagance meant that the countess was left with debts totalling £145,000 upon the Earl's death.While the sum was staggering, her fortune far exceeded the figure and she had little trouble discharging these debts. As a widow, she also regained control of her fortune, centred on the mines and farms around her childhood home of Gibside in County Durham. At the time of the Earl's death, the countess was pregnant by a lover, George Gray. Born in Calcutta in 1737, where his father had worked as a surgeon for the East India Company, Gray was a Scottish "nabob" who had made and squandered a small fortune working for the same company. He had returned to England under a cloud in 1766 after squandering both his own fortune and a considerable inheritance from his first wife, Hannah Newton. Samuel Foote's play The Nabob is believed to have been inspired by Gray, who was also a friend of James Boswell. Despite the pregnancy, the dowager countess was loath to marry Gray, since her loss of rank would be considerable and since Gray's fortune had been squandered anyway.She successfully induced an abortion by drinking "a black inky kind of medicine". However, she continued the affair with Gray and became pregnant repeatedly, undergoing two further abortions. Her candid account of these abortions is one of very few available first-person descriptions of secret abortions in the era before legalised abortion. When she found herself pregnant by Gray a fourth time, the dowager countess resigned herself to marrying him and they became formally engaged to marry. This was in 1777. However, that same summer of 1777, the dowager countess was seduced by a charming and wily Anglo-Irish adventurer, Andrew Robinson Stoney, who manipulated his way into her household and her bed. Calling himself "Captain" Stoney (although in reality he was a mere lieutenant in the British Army) he insisted on fighting a duel in the dowager countess's honour with the editor of The Morning Post, a newspaper which had published scurrilous articles about her private life.In fact, Stoney had himself written the articles both criticising and defending the countess. He now faked a duel with the editor, the Reverend Sir Henry Bate Dudley, to appeal to <mask>'s romantic nature. Pretending to be mortally wounded, Stoney begged the dowager countess to grant his dying wish: to marry her. Taken in by the ruse, she agreed. Second marriage

Stoney was carried on a stretcher down the aisle of St James's Church, Piccadilly, where he married <mask>. Shortly afterwards, he staged a remarkable recovery. In compliance with <mask>'s father's will, Stoney changed his name to Bowes.Two children were born to <mask> during the term of this marriage:
<mask>, who was probably the daughter of George Gray, was delivered secretly in August 1777, but her birthday was registered as 14 November 1777;
William Johnstone Bowes was born on 8 March 1782. After the wedding, Stoney Bowes attempted to take control of his wife's fortune, as was the custom of that era. When he discovered that <mask> had secretly made a prenuptial agreement safeguarding the profits of her estate for her own use, he forced her to sign a revocation handing control to him. He is then alleged to have subjected <mask> to eight years of physical and mental abuse, including confining her to her own house for a period. He later took <mask> and her daughter Anna Maria (the Earl's daughter) off to Paris, whence they returned only after a writ had been served on him. He is also said to have raped the maids, invited prostitutes into the home and fathered numerous illegitimate children. In 1785, with the help of loyal maids, <mask> managed to escape Stoney's custody and filed for divorce through the ecclesiastical courts.Stoney Bowes then allegedly abducted <mask> with the help of some accomplices and carried her off to the north country. She later alleged that he threatened to rape and kill her, that he gagged and beat her and carried her around the countryside on horseback in one of the coldest spells of an unusually cold winter. The country was alerted; Stoney Bowes was eventually arrested, and <mask> rescued. The divorce case continued with additional legal battles regarding these incidents. The trials were sensational and the talk of London. Although <mask> initially won public sympathy with her tales and tears, the tide soon turned against her as her own licentiousness of character became known. Even during the pendency of the case, <mask> had an affair with the brother of one of her lawyers, which became public knowledge; an affair with her footman, George Walker, was also alleged.Stoney made known other salacious details of <mask>'s past excesses and ensured the publication of the 'confessions' that she had earlier made in writing to him – he even purchased shares in a newspaper to publish these memoirs. There was also a general feeling that <mask> had behaved badly in attempting to prevent her husband's access to her fortune. Stoney Bowes and his accomplices were found guilty of conspiracy to abduct <mask> and he was sentenced to three years in prison. Meanwhile, the divorce case reached the trial stage at the High Court of Delegates. In an interim judgment, Stoney lost the battle to retain control of the Bowes fortune during the pendency of the case. The divorce case itself remained pending until <mask> died in 1800, at which point it became infructuous. Stoney Bowes was released from prison upon <mask>'s death, and unsuccessfully attempted to have her will invalidated.After he lost that case, he was sued by his own lawyers for their expenses. Unable to pay these debts, he came under prison jurisdiction (in that era, bankruptcy was punished with prison), although he lived outside the prison walls with his mistress, <mask> 'Polly' Sutton. He died on 16 June 1810. In 1841, the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray heard Bowes's life story from the Countess's grandson, John Bowes, and used it in his novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon. Retirement and death
After 1792, <mask> lived quietly in Purbrook Park in Hampshire. She later moved to Stourfield House, an isolated mansion on the edge of the village of Pokesdown near Christchurch, Hampshire, where she could live feeling that she was "...out of the world.." She brought to Stourfield a full establishment of servants, including <mask>, the maid who had helped her escape her marital home. Morgan died in 1796 and was buried beneath a brass plaque composed by <mask>.Following this death, <mask> did not socialise at all, but spent most of her time looking after pet animals, including a large number of dogs, for whom hot dinners were cooked daily. Local people found her very strange, if not actually mad. However, she occasionally tried to reach out to them, ordering dinners cooked for the men working in the fields, and having beer sent out to refresh them. Details of <mask>'s life at Stourfield House have been preserved in the transcribed memoirs of an elderly Pokesdown resident. <mask>'s three sons by the Earl seldom visited their mother, and never stayed long. However, two of <mask>'s daughters lived with her – Lady Anna Maria Jessop, the Earl's daughter; and <mask>, who was born during the term of <mask>'s second marriage. One of <mask>'s few joys was to see her daughter <mask> learning to ride – at this time, riding brought great independence; journey times were about a third that of going by coach.Towards the close of the century, <mask> called in some trusted friends from Pokesdown village to witness her final will, and began making presents of dresses and other items to the community. She also left an annuity for the widow Lockyer of Pokesdown Farm. <mask> died on 28 April 1800. Undertakers came from London with a hearse and three mourning carriages and transported her body to London. <mask> was buried in Westminster Abbey, where her tombstone stands in the Poets' Corner. According to the locals, she was buried as per her request in a court dress, with all the accessories necessary for a Royal audience, plus a small silver trumpet. Other reports have it that she was buried in a bridal dress.Soon after her death, the contents of Stourfield House were sold. <mask> Bowes was the great-great-great-grandmother of Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the late Queen Mother. Archives

A collection of records "concerning the life and adventures of <mask> Bowes" is held by the University of Dundee. They include a letter to her from her first husband "enumerating her faults", which was written on his death bed. References

Further reading
Arnold, Ralph, The Unhappy Countess (1957)
Bowes, <mask>, Confessions of the Countess of Strathmore, written by herself. Carefully copied from the original lodged in Doctor's Commons (1793, British Library). Foot, Jesse, The Lives of Andrew Robinson Bowes, Esq., and the Countess of Strathmore, written from thirty-three years professional attendance, from Letters and other well authenticated documents (1810)

Parker, Derek, The Trampled Wife (2006)

1749 births
1800 deaths
People from County Durham (before 1974)
People from Purbrook
<mask>, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne
Scottish countesses
English dramatists and playwrights
British women dramatists and playwrights
18th-century British women writers
18th-century British writers
English women writers
18th-century English women
18th-century English people

masks:
Mary Eleanor Bowes
Mary Eleanor Bowes
Mary
Mary Gilbert
Mary Eleanor
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Milner
Mary Thornhill
Mary Elizabeth
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Bowes
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Morgan
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Bowes
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Eleanor
Mary Eleanor
Mary Eleanor
Mary Bowes


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<mask> (born 7 May 1986) is a South Korean operatic pop (popera) tenor and classical crossover singer. He has sold more than 1.2 million (1,200,000) records worldwide, including over 1 million (1,000,000) in South Korea, and his total digital songs, singles and albums (including digital downloads, streaming and ringtone service) sold more than 10 million (10,000,000) units. Life and career
<mask> released his first solo album at the age of 12 in 1998. He made his debut as popera tenor at the age of 17 years in 2003. On 25 February that year, at the inauguration day of the 16th president of Republic of Korea, he was the youngest person to sing the national anthem of Korea. His performance had been aired abroad. In addition, <mask> had a first solo concert abroad in June 2003, at the New York's Carnegie Hall.He was the youngest Korean male vocalist to give a solo concert in that venue. The performance was very highly received. <mask> performed with the world's major venues and orchestras. He gave performances in New York's Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall at the Lincoln Center, and Hollywood Bowl, Walt Disney Concert Hall & Orpheum Theatrein Los Angeles, Main Hall of Knafel Center at Harvard University in Boston, St John's Smith Square in London and Wiener Konzerthaus, Paris' Salle Gaveau, and The Cathedral of Saint-Louis des Invalides and La Madeleine in Paris, Teatro di Marcello in Rome, Universal Hall in Berlin, AmsterdamRoyal Concertgebouw, Marble Hall of Mirabell Palace in Salzburg, Studio of Radio and television broadcasting in the Czech Republic, Tokyo Suntory Hall & Tokyo International Forum Main Hall(Hall A), Izumi Hall in Osaka, Main Auditorium of China Public Diplomacy & Culture Exchange Center in Beijing, Westin Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei and others. He performed with Berliner Symphoniker, Berlin Sinfonie Orchester, Wiener Sinfonie Orchester, Czech Symphony Orchestra, Moscow Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, New York Metropolitan Opera Chamber Orchestra, Los Angeles Symphony Orchestra, New Jersey Philharmonic Orchestra, Bavarian Chamber Orchestra, Salzburger Solisten, Vienna Soloists Ensemble, Vienna Mozart Ensemble Orchestra, American Union Chamber Orchestra, Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra, KBS Symphony Orchestra, Korean Symphony Orchestra, Eurasian Philharmonic Orchestra, Seoul Pops Orchestra, Prime Philharmonic Orchestra and numerous groups in Taiwan and Japan. Furthermore, he is the first Korean artist who conquered all three halls at Carnegie Hall, and the fourth youngest man ever to give a solo concert at the Opera Theater in the Seoul Arts Center. By the age of 27, he had performed at the TOP 3 classical concert halls of Korea (Concert Hall & Opera Theater of the Seoul Arts Center, Main Auditorium of the Sejong Center in Seoul, Main Hall 'Hae' of the National Theater of Korea).Education
 Shinyongsan Elementary School in Seoul (graduation)
 Yewon Arts School in Seoul (graduation 'vocal')
 Juilliard School of Music Pre-College in New York City, vocal judges unanimously passed
 Accademia San Felice di Musica in Florence (diploma 'operatic voice')
 Franz Schubert Konservatorium in Vienna, Invited student ('operatic voice'-Master of Music)
 Civica Scuola delle Arti di Roma (Rome) (graduation 'operatic voice'-Artist Diploma)

Community outreach
<mask> was a spokesperson for the Seoul National University Hospital & LG Household & Health Care "beautiful face campaign", the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Korea Tourism Organization "Korea In Motion" campaign, the 2009 Seoul Chungmuro International Film Festival, the Seoul CO2 honor Dr. PR committee, the Jung-gu district of Seoul, the Seoul St. Mary's Hospital of Catholic University, and of the 2011 Daegu IAAF World Championships. As of 2014, he is a spokesperson for the Korean Red Cross, the Community Chest of Korea 'Fruit of Love' campaign, the International Relief and Development World Vision, the Korea Association YWCA, the Green Growth National Union, the UNESCO Korean National Commission's first goodwill ambassador for peace and arts, the Promotional ambassador for 2015 Gwangju Summer Universiade, and He is the Art-one Cultural Foundation founder. Art-one was established by <mask> in January 2008 to celebrate the anniversary of his 5th world and 10th domestic debuts. He wanted to help disadvantaged, talented people by donating his proceeds. In December 2010, <mask> was awarded the United Nations Peace Medal for donating proceeds from a concert commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Korean war to descendants of veterans, becoming the first and youngest Korean to receive the award. Other activities
<mask> was the youngest editor of the magazine Weekly Kyunghyang, and he is an interviewer for the US magazine Forbes (Korean Edition). He was the youngest columnist from 2010 to 2015 in Dong-A Ilbo.In addition, <mask> published his first essay, "Only One", with his mother in March 2005, and the book was ranked the top bestseller in Youngpoong bookstore. Awards

In 2000
 CBS 1st National Music Competition 1st prize
In 2001 – 2002
 The 5th Korean National Youth Music Competition 1st prize
 The 12th 'Journal of Music' National Student Music Competition 1st prize
 Yewon concert the first vocal soloist (Venue: Concert Hall, Seoul Arts Center)
 Casual Classic International Scholarship Vocal Music Competition Championships and Scholarship Selection
 Yewon arts school top Vocal Practical Skill and Achievement Award
In 2003
 American USO Association honors contributions Merit Award (the youngest Korean winner)
In 2004
 US Cotton Club International (CCI) chosen artist and the main model in that year in Asia (Korean first and youngest selected musician)
In 2005
 Sony BMG headquarters Golden Disk Award
 Korea Educational Development Institute survey, selected him along with Roh Moo Hyun, Lee Kun Hee and Ahn Cheol-soo as the most famous Korean people high school students want to see. Netizen selected  him among "30 beautiful people, representing the Republic of Korea, from art and academic sector." 1998 - Whispers of Hope
 2005 - Live From Seoul (Live Album)
 2006 - White Dream
 2007 - Eternal Memory
 2009 - My Hero
 2010 - Miracle History
 2011 - Once More
 2012 - Oriental Love
 2013 - Classic Style
 2013 - All My History

Singles
 2006 - "Acacia"
 2009 - "Crystal Tears"
 2011 - "Beautiful Wish"
 2012 - "Eastern Shadow"
 2014 - "A Thousand Winds"
 2015 - "Always There"(featuring Secret Garden)
 2017 - "Around Thirty"
 2019 - "A New Road"
 2020 - "A Song For You"

References

External links
 <mask>-joo's Official Website

1986 births
Living people
People from Seoul
South Korean opera singers
21st-century South Korean male singers
South Korean tenors

masks:
Lim Hyung Joo
Lim Hyung Joo
Lim Hyung Joo
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim Hyung


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Sir <mask>  (24 July 1910 – 19 November 2006) was a courtier in the Royal Households of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. He is perhaps best known for writing to the Queen's private secretary regarding the 40th year of the Queen's reign, having hoped that the Queen would experience an annus mirabilis but instead finding 1992 an annus horribilis. She used the phrase in a speech to describe a year in which one of her four children was divorced, two more formally separated from their spouses, and Windsor Castle caught fire. Family background
<mask> was a fraternal twin. His family has strong connections with the Anglican church and with cricket. His father was the Very Reverend <mask>, headmaster of Repton and later of Harrow, and Dean of York from 1926 to 1932; his mother Mary Catherine was a daughter of the Right Reverend <mask>, Bishop of Winchester, and education campaigner Lavinia Lyttelton; an uncle was Neville Stuart Talbot Bishop of Pretoria; another uncle was a royal chaplain. His brother <mask> played cricket for Derbyshire, and three of his uncles played first-class cricket, including <mask> who played for England.Education
<mask> was at West Downs School and was then a King's Scholar at Eton. He won an open scholarship to read Classics at New College, Oxford (where he was elected an Honorary Fellow in 1982). He obtained a first in Mods and second in Greats. Career
He was tutor to John Lascelles, son of Sir Alan Lascelles, Private Secretary to King George VI, in 1933. He was a Harmsworth scholar at Middle Temple, before tutoring Prince (later King) Farouk of Egypt from 1935–36. He was called to the Bar in 1937 and briefly practised law until 1939. Military service
<mask> had been commissioned as a second lieutenant in supplementary reserve of the Grenadier Guards in 1936, and promoted to first lieutenant in 1939.He fought in World War II in France and Belgium, being evacuated from Dunkirk, and in Tunisia and Italy, and was mentioned in despatches twice. He was brigade major of the 10th Infantry Brigade and later of the 24th Guards Brigade, and was an instructor at the Staff College in Haifa. After the war, at the invitation of Sir Alan Lascelles, he entered Royal Service as Assistant Private Secretary to King George VI, 1946–52, and then served in the same office to Elizabeth II until 1967. <mask> was telephoned by the King's Private Secretary, Sir Alan Lascelles, with news of the King's death at Sandringham in February 1952, and <mask> broke the news to the prime minister, Sir Winston Churchill, at 10 Downing Street and then to Queen Mary, the King's mother, at Marlborough House. He was an Extra Equerry to the Queen from 1955 until his death. He became a close friend of Group Captain Peter Townsend, an equerry whose love affair with Princess Margaret causes a crisis early in Queen Elizabeth's reign. Resignation
<mask> resigned from the Royal Household in 1967, after Sir Michael Adeane, Lascelles' successor, asked him to move to the household of the Prince of Wales to make way for the younger Philip Moore.He was secretary of the Pilgrim Trust from 1967 to 1975, and also managed the estate of his late father-in-law, Lord Brand, at Eydon Hall in Northamptonshire. Later, he was Secretary and Registrar of the Order of Merit (for which he received an honorarium of £100) from 1975–2003. Annus Horribilis
<mask> used the Latin phrase "annus horribilis" in a sympathetic letter to the Queen in 1992, after a series of unfortunate events, including a major fire in Windsor Castle. In a later television documentary to mark the 40th anniversary of the Queen's accession, <mask> chided himself for a grammatical error, saying that, in order to describe a horrible year, he properly should have written "annus horrendus". The Queen later used the phrase in a speech: "1992 is not a year on which I shall look back with undiluted pleasure. In the words of one of my more sympathetic correspondents, it has turned out to be an 'Annus Horribilis'." Honours

For his service to the Crown, <mask> was appointed Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) in 1949, Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1952, knighted as Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1957, advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1967 and promoted to the Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in 1998.He received the Emergency Reserve Decoration (ERD) in 1987, having long served as a reserve officer, and reaching the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, served as Deputy Lieutenant of Northamptonshire (DL) and High Sheriff of Northamptonshire. He was Prime Warden of the Goldsmiths' Company in 1979. He was the literary executor of Sir Alan Lascelles. Despite the sensitive nature of their contents, he managed to secure permission for Sir Alan's wartime diaries to be published. King's Counsellor was launched in 2006, a few weeks before his death. Personal life
He married his wife, Virginia, in 1949, the widow of John Metcalfe Polk.She was the daughter of the banker Robert Henry Brand, 1st Baron Brand and Phyllis Langhorne, a sister of Nancy Astor. His wife died in 1995. Death
He died in London, survived by their two sons and a stepson. A second stepson predeceased him. References

Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 21 November 2006
Obituary, The Times, 21 November 2006
Obituary, The Independent, 23 November 2006
Obituary, The Guardian, 28 November 2006

1910 births
2006 deaths
People educated at West Downs School
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Fellows of New College, Oxford
Grenadier Guards officers
British Army personnel of World War II
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Deputy Lieutenants of Northamptonshire
Assistant Private Secretaries to the Sovereign
Members of the British Royal Household
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

masks:
Edward William Spencer Ford
Ford
Lionel Ford
Edward Stuart Talbot
Neville Ford
Francis Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Edward Ford


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<mask> (born 1978, Mexico City) is a Mexican orchestra conductor, son of an industrial engineer and a psychologist who studied young piano and singing respectively. <mask> earned a master's degree in Orchestral Conducting Master, several bachelor's degrees in Choir and Orchestral Conducting, Composition and Musicology, besides several master classes in The Netherlands, France, Switzerland and Mexico. Having performed the world premiere of nearly 100 pieces written by living composers around the globe, he has conducted Orchestras, Choirs and Ensambles in The Netherlands, Poland, Germany, Rusia, Portugal, France, Czech Republic, United Kingdom and Mexico. Professional career

Studies and career in Europe
He began his formal studies at the School of Sacred Music of Mexico Cardinal Miranda Institute in 1996, where he learned with Professor Xavier Gonzalez ("Father Xavier"), choral conducting, piano, musicology, orchestral conducting, composition with Juan Trigos and Victor Rasgado, piano with Gustavo Morales and languages. He also took polyphonic workshop Humberto Hernandez Medrano studies and various humanities courses with Ernesto de la Peña. In 2002, he was invited as a student in France and in 2005 the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, Netherlands, and awarded a bachelor's degree in Music Composition (Ayres, Barlow, van Bergeijk and Wagennar). There he founded the Nederlandse Nieuwe Muziek Groep in 2003 and settled for additional psychoacoustics algorithmic composition studies (with Paul Berg) and (with Bert Kraaipoel) in the annual Sonology course of the Conservatory.Eventually, he was invited by Pierre Boulez in 2005 and again by Peter Eötvös in 2007, to actively participate in Conducting Master's Courses at the Academy of Lucerne Festival where he conducted some of the greatest orchestral works of the Twentieth Century, as Amériques by Edgard Varèse, and Gruppen by Karlheinz Stockhausen, thus becoming the first young conductor to be selected twice to participate in such courses. In 2009 he received a master's degree in orchestral conducting at the Amsterdam Conservatory (having Lucas Vis as tutor, who was assistant to Bruno Maderna, student of Hermann Scherchen). His thesis for this degree was entitled "A review of old ideas, new innovations in classic music composition along time. Julian Carrillo and his mind", based on a comprehensive study of writings and works of the composer. New Ensemble of Mexico
On his return from Europe in 2009, he founded the Ensamble Nuevo de México (New Ensemble of Mexico), where for three years he made over 50 premieres of Mexican composers. With this group he made a "sonorous encyclopaedia" with more than 20 symphonic miniatures, all of one minute, commissioned to diverse generations of Mexican composers. Since November 2009 the Ensemble New Mexico has given world premiere to 48 works from 39 composers.These pieces, written exclusively for the Ensemble New Mexico have been the result of the collaboration between creators and performers. Comprised by soloists, chamber musicians and regular core members from diverse Symphony Orchestras in the country, the Ensamble Nuevo de México, seeks to commission and premiere works by living authors, in pursue of a construction of a new and an innovative repertoire and its materialization through their premiere. International Forum of New Music "Manuel Enríquez" and teaching experience
In 2010 he was Coordinator of Programming for the International Forum of New Music "Manuel Enríquez" (2010 and 2011), an event sponsored by the INBA (Fine Arts National Institute), as well as professor (Orchestration, Fuga, music theory and orchestral practices and corals) in institutions such as the ICEM (Research Center and Music Studies), ITESM (Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education), Mexico City Campus. He also took part as a teacher in the Research and Musical Information Centre "Carlos Chavez" and the UAM (Metropolitan Autonomous University). Teaching
 2011-2012: Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) / Mexico City
 2010-2012: Centro de Investigación y Estudios de la Música (CIEM) / Mexico City
 2009-2011: Escuela Superior de Música (ESM, INBA) / Mexico City

Lectures
 2015: 13 unknown ideas from and about Julián Carrillo / Fine Art Palace, Mexico city
 2014: 13 unknown ideas from and about Julián Carrillo / Conservatorio de las Rosas, Morelia
 2013: Today ́s Mexico composers. A panorama. / Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Mexico City
 2012: Music, as a social catalyst / Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Mexico City
 2011: Julián Carrillo: A new compendium of ideas / CENIDIM, Mexico City

His teachers
He has studied with various teachers in Europe, as Reinbert de Leeuw 2003, Ed Spanjaard 2004-2007, and Arie van Beek (2007) Dutch; Hungarian Peter Eötvös (2005–2007), Zsolt Nagy (Conservatoire de Paris, 2006–2007) and István Parkai (2007) and Frenchman Pierre André Valade (2007) and Finland's Jorma Panula (in Mexico in 2009).Michoacan Symphony Orchestra
After winning the first Competition for Mexican Conductors 2012 of the Symphony Orchestra of Arts Sinaloa, he served as director of the OSIDEM (Symphony Orchestra of Michoacán) from August 2012 to October 2015, appointed as well, by national competition. During this period the Michoacán Symphony Orchestra offered 113 symphonic concerts in 19 cities, receiving nearly one hundred thousand people and premiering 34 works and 11 in Mexico, besides rescuing traditional and contemporary pieces of the national repertoire such as the symphonic poem "Diluvio de Fuego" (Flood of Fire) from Paulino Paredes (1913–1957) born in Michoacán. The orchestra received 121 soloists and 21 directors, all of them from 17 countries. Late projects
Following his visit in 2014 as guest director of diverse orchestras in Russia, Poland, Portugal and Germany, <mask> <mask> was invited to conduct the Philharmonic Orchestra of Kalisz, Poland, in October 2015, where he presented two works by Mexican authors: the "Second Symphony" by Carlos Chavez (1899–1978), and "Sensemayá" by Silvestre Revueltas (1899–1940), along with the Overture-Fantasy "Romeo and Juliet" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893); "Peer Gynt Suite No. 1" by Edvard Grieg (1843–1907), and "Finland" on the occasion of the bicentennial of Jean Sibelius (1865–1957). On February 5, 2016, he conducted the Warmia and Mazury Philharmonic Orchestra in Olsztyn, Poland, where he presented music of Tchaikovsky and Revueltas, and on March 4, at Xalapa, Veracruz where he conducted diverse symphonies at Centro Cultural Tlaqná, with pieces of Aldemaro Romero, Astor Piazzola, Ricardo Castro, José Pablo Moncayo and others.

masks:
Miguel Salmon Del Real
Salmon Del Real
Salmon Del
Real


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<mask> (born September 12, 1972) is an English actor and singer. He is best known for his role as Deucalion in Teen Wolf and for providing voice-over work in video games, television series and films. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Windsor, England to Pauline, a competitive horse rider and Ashton, a management consultant. He has two half brothers, Matthew and Paul. <mask> also has three nieces, <mask>, <mask> and <mask>. At the age of 4, his father moved the family to Johannesburg, South Africa. <mask> kept himself amused by imitating characters from film and television.Early impersonations included Michael Jackson and Max from Hart to Hart. He returned to England during high school, briefly attending Reading Blue Coat School. But it was back in South Africa at St John's College where he cemented his love for acting, playing Dick Deadeye in the Gilbert & Sullivan musical H.M.S. Pinafore and winning Best Actor for the role of Mr. Glum in The Glums comedy sketch, "L'Engagement". After briefly considering a career in graphic art, he went on to study acting at the University of the Witwatersrand. Student roles included Salieri in Amadeus and Gregor in Steven Berkoff's adaption of Kafka's The Metamorphosis. Personal life
On October 19, 2014, <mask> married his wife, actress Autumn Withers at Santa Barbara, California.<mask> currently lives in Los Angeles with his wife and their dog. In 2017, <mask> and his wife revealed that they were expecting their first child together. On April 7, 2018, they welcomed their daughter, Mia Monroe <mask>. Career
In his third year of drama school, friend Ashley Callie was going to audition for Johannesburg's annual Christmas pantomime, directed by the award-winning Janice Honeyman. <mask> was persuaded to go along and ended up being cast. He played a couple of characters, but impressed with his stand-up routine during a set change. As a result, fellow cast member, veteran actor Bill Flynn introduced him to his agent and his career was started.Around this time, he also began what was to become a prolific voice career. (He would later win a Gold Craft Award at the 2003 Loerie Advertising Awards) He played in a number of stand-up venues and established himself as character actor, often performing multiple roles within a single play, such as all the male roles in Mark Ravenhill's Sleeping Around and Tom, Leslie and Phyllis in A.R. Gurney's Sylvia. He performed standup comedy on television and was a series regular on the sketch comedy show Not Quite Friday Night. He received the National Vita Award for Comedy for the role of Maloom in the play Heel Against the Head, once again alongside Bill Flynn and actor/playwright Paul Slabolepszy. <mask> has also performed his own one-man plays, Thin Man Talking and The Great Glendini. For the latter, he recorded a jazz standards album, Standard Ease.He acted alongside the late Bill Flynn for a third and final time, playing Bernard to Flynn's Willy Loman in the award-winning Baxter Theatre production of Death of a Salesman. Thanks to his keen ear for accents, <mask> found himself playing various roles in visiting British and American film and television productions. He soon decided that the screen was where he wanted to focus his attention. With most major projects casting their lead roles overseas, he decided it was time to explore more diverse opportunities. In late 2003, he moved to Los Angeles, where he has played memorable characters both on screen (Last Resort, Takers, Moonlight, Burn Notice) and for video games such as Final Fantasy XII, Vanquish, Dragon Age II and Street Fighter X Tekken. He is an in-demand motion capture performer and can be seen and heard in the games Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, Battlefield 3 and Halo Wars 2, all of which also use his likeness. <mask> had a recurring role on the hit MTV series Teen Wolf as season three's main antagonist Deucalion, a blind but powerful Alpha werewolf who leads a pack consisting entirely of Alphas.<mask> reprised the role in season five: "To prove not only to others, but also to himself, that Deucalion is capable of being true and noble." He would return once again for the final season of the show. He won multiple best actor awards for his role as Richard Pine in Bill Hanson's adaptation of Stephen King's Survivor Type. On the lighter side, <mask> is the creator, director and star of E&N with Ed Neusbit, a comedic news parody show offering "all the news you never knew you needed". Other recurring roles include Daredevil, Shameless, Last Resort, Good Behavior and Scream: Resurrection. In 2020, <mask> joined the cast of Netflix series Dash & Lily as Lily's father.

masks:
Gideon Emery
Emery
Gideon
Chloe Emery
Rebecca Emery
Kate Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
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Emery


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<mask> (25 August 1850  – 1 November 1894) was a British music hall, pantomime and burlesque actress and dancer of the 19th-century and a member of the Vokes Family of entertainers. For more than ten years they were the central attraction at the annual pantomime at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane from 1868 to 1879 when their popularity began to wane. Early life and career
<mask>s Family made up of three sisters, a brother and "foster brother" (actually actor Walter Fawdon (1844-1904) who changed his name to <mask> and who outlived the rest of his "family") popular in the pantomime theatres of 1870s London and in the United States. Their father, <mask> (1816-1890), was a theatrical costumier and wigmaker who owned a shop at 19 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. Their mother Sarah Jane Biddulph née Godden (1818-1897) was the daughter of Welsh-born strolling player Will Wood and his actress wife. <mask> was the second of the three sisters and was trained for the stage from a young age, making her first appearance on the stage aged just 2. In the 1861 aged 11 Census her profession was listed as "Actress".The Vokes Family

First as the "Vokes Children" and later the "Vokes Family" they began to perform at music halls and at pantomimes, and by their agility and humour made the name well known to English and American theatre-goers. They made their début on Christmas night in 1861 at Howard's Operetta House in Edinburgh and made their London début at the Alhambra Theatre in 1862 when they were billed as 'The Five Little Vokes'. They appeared at the Lyceum Theatre in London on 26 December 26 1868 in the pantomime Humpty Dumpty written by Edward Litt Laman Blanchard, and they traveled through a great part of the civilized world. Early in their career, at the Lyceum Theatre in London, they danced in W. S. Gilbert's pantomime Harlequin Cock Robin and Jenny Wren. Their first appearance in pantomime at Drury Lane was in Humpty Dumpty in 1868 followed by Beauty and the Beast, or Harlequin and Old Mother Bunch in 1869. They first appeared in the popular The Belles of the Kitchen on 27 February 1869 at the Standard Theatre in London. They made their Paris debut in August 1870 at the Théâtre du Châtelet where they were an immediate success, but with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War it became unsafe to remain and they left the city with just a few hours notice.Back in London she appeared with the rest of the Vokes Family in Tom Thumb the Great; or, Harlequin King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table in their début performance at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in  Christmas 1871. Theatrical career

With her brother and sisters and "foster brother", Fred and Fawdon and Jessie and Rosina, she began her career as ”The Vokes Children,” which was afterward changed to ”The Vokes Family,” at the Operetta House in Edinburgh. Their success was pronounced and continuous. The piece that most successfully carried an audience by storm was The Belles of the Kitchen, in which the Vokes Family made its debut in the United States at the Union Square Theatre in New York on 15 April 1872 and in which <mask> played Mary. The family then embarked on a six month tour of the United States before returning to Britain where in October 1872 they performed Fun in a Fog. They returned to New York in April 1873 at Niblo's Garden and remained in America for the next year and nine months before returning to England. Their next season in America was at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York where they remained for three months.The <mask> Family returned to the USA (without Rosina <mask> who had married in 1877) in April 1881 when they appeared at the Globe Theatre in Boston and returned to England in June 1882 but without <mask>; the family returned to the USA in Autumn 1882. They made their last appearance in New York at the Mount Morris Theatre in Harlem in January 1883, returning to England (again without brother Fred) in June 1883. <mask>’s clever recitations and dancing were appreciated, but she was not so prominent in the cast as her siblings <mask> and Fred, who were especially happy in their rendering of the tower scene from Il trovatore, or as Rosina <mask>, who was regarded by the young men as the flower of the family. For about ten years (with the exception of 1873, when they were touring abroad) the Vokes Family were regulars in the annual Christmas pantomime at Drury Lane, including Humpty Dumpty (1868); Beauty and the Beast! or, Harlequin and Old Mother Bunch (1869); The Dragon of Wantley; or, Harlequin or Old Mother Shipton (1870); Tom Thumb; or, King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table (1871), and Children in the Wood (1872). In 1871 she replaced Adelaide Neilson as Amy Robsart in
Kenilworth at Drury Lane. Of her appearance as the child William in the pantomime The Children in the Wood in 1873 Lewis Carroll praised the dancing of the Vokes family and wrote of the then 23 year-old <mask> "I have never seen anything more graceful than Miss <mask>s as the boy."She was Aladdin in Aladdin or Harlequin and the Wonderful Lamp (1874), and appeared in Dick Whittington (1875); Ai Baba and the Forty Thieves (1876); Prince Natty the Neat in The White Cat (1877), and played the title role in Cinderella (1878). The critics were not kind concerning the contribution of the Vokes Family to Cinderella, making such comments as: "They were on stage far too long", "They are sublimely indifferent as to whether the story of Cinderella be a Sanskrit myth or a Greek fable", "If they want to retain their hold on the public, they should get someone to concoct for them new modes". Not being the draw they had once been, the Vokes Family discovered the pantomime was in debt and refused to drop their salaries which F. B. Chatterton the manager could not meet, and the production closed owing £36,000 in February 1879 putting all involved out of work. The family returned to Drury Lane in 1879 in the pantomime Bluebeard in which <mask>s played Selim. This was to be their last pantomime at Drury Lane as by now the public were wearying of the Vokes Family who had dominated the pantomime at Drury Lane for more than a decade but who had never updated their routines. The new manager Augustus Harris found the Vokes Family to be too demanding, while they considered him a tyrant. For Christmas 1880 the family were at Covent Garden in Valentine and Orson; or, Harlequin and the Magic Shield written by F. C. Burnand.In Little Red Riding Hood at Her Majesty's Theatre at Christmas 1883 <mask> was described as, "the very life and soul, the central figure of the pantomime, the moving spirit of all. Never have we seen her so full of fun and energy." Also a serious actress, in 1890 she was in Arthur Macklin's My Lady Help at the Shaftesbury Theatre while in 1891 she played Mrs. O'Braggerty in Hubby, also at the Shaftesbury Theatre. The Vokes family through their mother's brother, actor William F. Wood (1799-1855), were first cousins of American actress Rose Wood Morrison, who was the maternal grandmother of Hollywood starlets Constance Bennett and Joan Bennett. Death

<mask> died in 1894 aged 44 at Burleigh House on Loudoun Road in St John's Wood in London. She never married and is buried in the family plot in Brompton Cemetery in London. Her death, the death of her brother Fred and her sister <mask> and the marriage of her sister Rosina <mask> in 1877 resulted in the break up of the family troupe.See also
Vokes family
Fawdon Vokes
Fred Vokes
Jessie Vokes
Rosina Vokes

References

1850 births
1894 deaths
English stage actresses
English female dancers
English musical theatre actresses
Actresses from London
19th-century English actresses
Music hall performers
Vaudeville performers
19th-century dancers
19th-century British dancers
Women of the Victorian era
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Vokes family

masks:
Victoria Vokes
Victoria Rosaline Sarah Vokesoke
Fawdon Vokes
Frederick Strafford Thwaites Vokes
Victoria Vokes
Victoria Vokes
Vokes
Vokes
Fred Vokes
Jessie Vokes
Victoria
Vokes
Victoria
Victoria Voke
Victoria Voke
Victoria Vokes
Victoria Vokes
Jessie Vokes
Vokes


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<mask> (born April 5, 1941) is a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. Education and career
<mask> was born in Princeton, New Jersey. He attended Kenyon College (Artium Baccalaureus, 1962), where he played on the school's baseball team. He then studied at the University of Munich, before pursuing his legal education at Notre Dame Law School (Juris Doctor, 1966). He was admitted to the Maryland bar and practiced commercial law at Piper & Marbury (now DLA Piper) in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1966 to 1988. In 1984, <mask> co-authored the Maryland Rules Commentary, a treatise on the rules of procedure in the Maryland state courts. From 1973–88, he was a member of the Maryland Court of Appeals Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure.In 2006, <mask> published A Path Remembered: The Lives of Gerhart & Lucie <mask>. <mask>'s father, Gerhart <mask> (1907–1997), was a political philosopher and professor of government at the University of Notre Dame. <mask> is married and has three sons. <mask>'s father was a conservative political philosopher and friend of William F. Buckley, Jr. Upon Hitler's rise, in 1933, <mask>'s father left Germany for Spain and then the US. <mask>, like his father, studied at the University of Munich. The New York Times obituary of June 29, 1997, states that <mask>'s father: "wrote that fascism, communism and other such modern mass movements were the legacy of disoriented philosophers.He said their ideas corroded the cultural mettle of a society and spawned ideologies with a limited view of humanity." Federal judicial service

District court service
<mask> was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on September 11, 1987, to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, to fill the seat vacated by Judge Frank Albert Kaufman. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 19, 1988, and received his commission on February 22, 1988. <mask> served on the district court until he commenced service on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on August 10, 1990. Court of appeals service
On May 11, 1990, President George H. W. Bush nominated <mask> to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit to fill the seat vacated by Judge Harrison Lee Winter. <mask> was confirmed by unanimous consent of the United States Senate on August 3, 1990, and received his commission on August 7, 1990. In 1993, <mask> became a member of the Advisory Committee on Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.He served as chair of the committee from 1996 through 2000. <mask> is a member of the American Law Institute and has taught Appellate Practice at Duke Law School. His chambers are located in Baltimore. Notable cases
On July 28, 2014, <mask> dissented from a 4th Circuit ruling that struck down Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional. In his dissent, he argued that under a rational basis test Virginia's ban should be deemed constitutional. On April 19, 2016, <mask> dissented in part from a 4th Circuit ruling (G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board) in an appeal from the US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia at Newport News where the majority of the 4th Circuit panel reversed the district court's dismissal of a transgender boy's claims under Title IX.<mask>'s dissent states: "This unprecedented holding overrules custom, culture, and the very demands inherent in human nature for privacy and safety ... More particularly, it also misconstrues the clear language of Title IX and its regulations"; and "And finally, it reaches an unworkable and illogical result". The Majority rejected <mask>'s assertions, concluding that "the record is devoid of any evidence tending to show that [the plaintiff's] use of the boys' restroom creates a safety issue." Further, the Majority rejected <mask>'s "suggestion that . . . the enforcement of separate restroom facilities [would be] impossible because it 'would require schools to assume gender identity based on appearances, social expectations, or explicit declarations of identity.' Accepting [such a] position would equally require the school to assume 'biological sex' based on 'appearances, social expectations, or explicit declarations of [biological sex].' Certainly, no one is suggesting mandatory verification of the 'correct' genitalia before admittance to a restroom. The Department [of Justices]’s vision of sex-segregated restrooms which takes account of gender identity presents no greater 'impossibility of enforcement'  problem  than  does  the  [dissent's] 'biological  gender' vision of sex-segregated restrooms."On May 25, 2017, <mask> wrote a dissent when the en banc circuit upheld a lower court's injunction against the President's travel ban by a vote of 10–3 in International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump. The decision would later be overruled by the Supreme Court in Trump v. Hawaii (2018). In March 2018, <mask> wrote a dissent when the circuit denied en banc rehearing to a divided panel's conclusion that the Bladensburg Peace Cross memorial from World War I now violated the Constitution's Establishment Clause. The Fourth Circuit's judgment was then reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court in American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2019). In August 2020, <mask> dissented from the 2-1 majority in G. G. v. Gloucester County School Board. In a 2-1 decision, the court ruled for Gavin Grimm, a transgender man who had sued the Gloucester County School Board in Virginia who had prohibited him from using the boys' bathroom. <mask> wrote in dissent “I readily accept the facts of Grimm’s sex status and gender identity and his felt need to be treated with dignity.Affording all persons the respect owed to them by virtue of their humanity is a core value underlying our civil society. At the same time, our role as a court is limited. We are commissioned to apply the law and must leave it to Congress to determine policy. In this instance, the School Board offered its students male and female restrooms, legitimately separating them on the basis of sex. It also provided safe and private unisex restrooms that Grimm, along with all other students, could use. These offerings fully complied with both Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause.”

References

External links

FJC Bio
 Maryland State Archives

1941 births
20th-century American judges
Duke University School of Law faculty
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland
Kenyon College alumni
Living people
Notre Dame Law School alumni
People from Princeton, New Jersey
United States court of appeals judges appointed by George H. W. Bush
United States district court judges appointed by Ronald Reagan

masks:
Paul Victor Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer
Niemeyer


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<mask> was a New Zealand rugby league player. He first played for New Zealand in 1919 on the tour of Australia and became Kiwi number 122. He ended with 8 matches for New Zealand in total playing one test against Australia. He played his entire club career with the Ponsonby United club in the Auckland Rugby League. Playing career

Ponsonby United
In 1914 <mask> was tipped to make the Ponsonby senior team after previously having played in their second grade team, and to go on to representative honours. He was described as a “fast and tricky player”. Indeed, he was to debut for their senior side this year playing alongside Kiwi legend Thomas McClymont.He would go on to play for Ponsonby for 11 seasons from 1914 to 1924 which was an extraordinary period of time in that era, particularly for one club. He was part of their team which won 3 titles in 1917, 18 and 19. They were the first club to do this. He also won the Roope Rooster with Ponsonby in 1917, 1922, and 1923. In his 11 years with the Ponsonby senior team <mask> scored 17 tries and kicked 3 goals. Auckland debut
<mask> made his representative debut for Auckland in 1915 against Thames. Auckland won the match 27 to 16 at Victoria Park in front of 4,000 spectators.He was unfortunate, in terms of his representative career, in that his early playing years occurred during the war. Auckland Rugby League had made the decision to play little to no representative matches in this time. In the 4 years prior to the outbreak of war Auckland played 34 representative matches while during the 4 years of the war this dropped to just 8. His second match for Auckland was in the return match against Thames when the team travelled to their opponents home and went down 13–25. They travelled by boat on board the Wakatere along with 350 supporters. In 1917 <mask> played in a charity match for the combined Ponsonby-North Shore team against a City-Newton combined team. The match was to raise money for the family of the late William Mackrell.Ponsonby-North Shore won the match with <mask> scoring 2 tries. Despite being a back <mask> was not renowned for his try scoring ability, averaging around 2 tries a season throughout his career. In 1918 <mask> played in a Thacker Shield match for Ponsonby against Sydenham in Christchurch. Ponsonby was the challenging team as Sydenham were the holders. Ponsonby won 11–0 to bring the trophy to Auckland where it would remain for several years until a ruling by New Zealand rugby league. They ruled that the trophy had originally been donated and intended to be played for by rugby league teams in the South Island. <mask> scored a try in the win.In 1918 <mask> played for Auckland in a 45-9 thrashing of Canterbury at the Auckland Domain in front of 10,000 spectators. New Zealand selection
The 1919 season was to be the most significant season for <mask> as he gained selection for the New Zealand team on their tour of Australia. He played in 5 of the 11 tour matches playing in the halfback position in each of them. His New Zealand debut was against New South Wales Firsts in an 18–23 defeat on June 17 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of 46,157 spectators. He played again in the second tour match against the same opponent with New Zealand losing 9-20. <mask> experienced a win in a New Zealand jersey for the first time in their 11–8 victory over Northern Division at the Newcastle Showgrounds with <mask> scoring a try. He scored again against the New South Wales Firsts team in a high scoring match with New Zealand going down 31-39 before 20,000 fans at the Royal Agricultural Society Showground in Sydney.<mask>'s last tour match was to be in the 6th match of the tour. <mask> was paired with the prolific  Karl Ifwersen in the halves and New Zealand ran the New South Wales team close before going down 19–22. <mask> was injured in the match and was unable to play again in the tour. His one and only test was against Australia when they toured later in the 1919 season. New Zealand suffered a 23–34 loss at the Auckland Domain in front of 24,300 spectators. <mask> played halfback alongside George Bradley at standoff. <mask> didn't pull on a representative jersey again until 1921 when he played for New Zealand against Auckland at the Auckland Domain in a 22–16 win.Three months later he played for Auckland against King Country at the newly opened Carlaw Park. Auckland trounced their opponents 58–25. Boating tragedy
On April 1, 1923 <mask> was involved in a serious boating accident on the Tairua Bar which claimed the lives of 4 people. He was one of seven onboard the launch, Lorraine when it capsized shortly before 9pm on the Tairua Bar. The boat had attended a regatta at Whitianga when it was returning. There was a strong wind and heavy seas at the time. The deceased were William Southernwood, H Chappell, T Culhane, and N Robson all of Auckland.When the launch capsized <mask> and T Jenkins were trying to retrieve the dinghy when <mask> got his feet tangled in fishing line. Three breaking waves then struck them smashing the boat into "matchwood". One of the survivors, Silston Cory-Wright had managed to secure a benzine tin to hold on to in the water. <mask> was described as being "nearly done for" but was saved by Cory-Wright who had also cleared <mask>'s feet of fishing line from which he had become entangled and reached him with the benzine tin. Cory-Wright then managed to put a life belt over <mask>'s shoulders and kept him afloat until they could be pulled onboard. Both men were described as being "in a pretty bad way". Prime Minister William Massey telegraphed to Tairua his sincere sympathy from himself and his wife for the bereaved relatives.<mask> recovered sufficiently and was able to assume the position of club captain which he had been elected to for the 1923 season. Retirement
In 1928 <mask> turned out for a charity “Old Timers’ Match” as curtain raiser to the Newton Rangers v Ponsonby United Roope Rooster semi-final replay. References

New Zealand rugby league players
New Zealand national rugby league team players
Auckland rugby league team players
Ponsonby Ponies players
1891 births
1981 deaths

masks:
William George Walsh
Bill Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
Walsh
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Walsh
Walsh


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<mask><mask> (born October 27, 1952) is an American computer scientist and academic noted for his research on formally verifying digital hardware and software. <mask> has been a faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University since 1984. He served as the Dean of the School of Computer Science (SCS) at Carnegie Mellon from 2004 to 2014. Dr. <mask> retired and became a Founders University Professor Emeritus on June 30th, 2020. Over the years, Dr. <mask> has received many recognitions for his research on hardware and software verification as well as algorithms and computer architecture. His 1986 paper on symbolic Boolean manipulation using Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) has the highest citation count of any publication in the Citeseer database of computer science literature. In 2009 <mask> was awarded the Phil Kaufman Award by the EDA Consortium "for his seminal technological breakthroughs in the area of formal verification."Early life and education
<mask> was born on October 27, 1952 and is the son of John H<mask> and Barbara Everitt <mask>, and the grandson of William Littell Everitt, former dean of the electrical engineering department at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (1949–68). His sister is <mask>, a well-known textile artist (https://loisbryantstudio.com/home.html). <mask> was raised in Birmingham, Michigan. Starting in 1970, he attended the University of Michigan, where he received his B.S. in Applied Mathematics from in 1973. His master thesis on Simulation of Packet Communication Architecture Computer Systems , published in 1977, is known to be one of the first publications on distributed simulation. He received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981.Career
 From 1981 to 1984, <mask> was Assistant Professor of Computer Science at California Institute of Technology. His research areas included VLSI circuit models, logic simulation, and circuit testing. He also taught courses in computer architecture, digital systems theory, and computer algorithms. In 1984, <mask> joined the faculty at Carnegie Mellon as an Assistant Professor of Computer Science. He continued his research on VLSI simulation, VLSI circuit verification, symbolic manipulation, and parallel computation. He was a Visiting Research Fellow, Fujitsu Laboratories, Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan from 1990–1991. In 1992, he became the University Professor at Carnegie Mellon.Professor <mask> taught Computer Architecture from 1992 to 1997. He served as Dean of the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University from 2004 to 2014. During his tenure, the combined enrollment at SCS increased more than 50 percent. In 2003, <mask> was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to symbolic simulation and logic verification. He was on the Engineering and Computer Science jury for the Infosys Prize from 2011 to 2013
 In 2014–2015, he was the Assistant Director for Information Technology Research and Development at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, where he did work on robotics, machine learning, high-performance computing, semiconductor technology, and cloud computing and provided analysis and advice on Big Data. Dr. <mask> is currently a Professor at the School of Computer Science. His most recent research fields include formal hardware and software verification, system testing, and computer science education.He teaches the course 15-213: Introduction to Computer Systems with Professor David R. O'Hallaron. Their book Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective, which introduces students to the hardware, operating system, compiler, and computer networks, is used by over 300 universities worldwide. Research and publications
 Over the past years, <mask> has done many research on formal hardware and software verification as well as computer systems. His most well-known publication in 1986 was "Graph-Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation" , in which binary decision diagram (BDDs) was presented as a novel data structure for representing Boolean functions and manipulation algorithms. BDDs has been used extensively in fields such as digital circuit testing and synthesis and artificial intelligence planning. According to the famous Computer Scientist Donald Knuth, BDDs was deemed as "one of the only really fundamental data structures that came out in the last twenty-five years". Following his research, he published another paper on a tutorial and update on BDDs in 1992.His paper on BDDs was awarded for having the highest citation count in the Citeseer database of any computer science literature. His work in verifying digital circuits-seminal work has received numerous awards from IEEE and other professional societies (see below). His paper on Formal verification by symbolic evaluation of partially-ordered trajectories was published in 1995. The method of symbolic trajectory evaluation described in his paper has been widely adopted to the industry, notably used by Intel. Starting in 2004, <mask> has been promoting new research initiatives in data-intensive computing. <mask> and Professor David R. O'Hallaron at Carnegie Mellon University together wrote the book "Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective," in which they take a novel approach on teaching computer systems. Rather than emphasizing on the design and implementation of the systems, the book focuses on teaching students how systems - architecture, compilers, operating systems, and computer networking - affect the behavior and performance of the program.This book, now in its third edition, has been translated into Korean, Chinese, Macedonian and Russian and is in use by institutions all over the world. Awards and honors
 <mask> is a fellow of the IEEE and the ACM. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Science. In 1998 he received the ACM Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award (along with Edmund M. Clarke, Ken McMillan, and Allen Emerson)
 In 1989, he was awarded the IEEE W.R.G. Baker Prize for the best paper appearing in any IEEE publication in the preceding year (1987). In 2007, <mask> received the IEEE Emmanuel R. Piore Award for his research on tools to verify semiconductor's designs prior to their manufacture. In 2009, <mask> was awarded the EDAC/IEEE Phil Kaufman for his "seminal technological breakthroughs in the area of formal verification".In 2010, he received the A. Richard Newton Technical Award in Electronic Design Automation. References

American computer scientists
1952 births
Living people
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
American electrical engineers

masks:
Randal E
. Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
. Bryant
Bryant
Lois Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant


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<mask>, SC (née Gageby; born 22 August 1945) is a retired Irish judge who served as Chief Justice of Ireland from 2011 to 2017, she was the first woman to hold the position. She served as a Judge of the Supreme Court from 1992 to 2017, and was the longest-serving member of the court on her retirement. She also served as a Judge of the High Court from 1991 to 1992. Early life

<mask> was born in Dublin in 1945 and educated at Alexandra College, Dublin. She is the daughter of the former editor of The Irish Times, Douglas Gageby, the sister of another barrister Patrick Gageby and maternal granddaughter of Seán Lester. She is from a Church of Ireland background. She attended Trinity College, Dublin, the King's Inns, and the Law School of Columbia University, New York City (LL.M.1972). She was involved with the Free Legal Advice Centres while studying in Dublin and was a founder and president of the Archaeology and Folklife Society at Trinity College. Legal career

She was called to the bar in July 1971 and became a Senior Counsel in October 1987. She was the fourth woman to enter the Inner Bar. She became a senior counsel on the same day as future Supreme Court colleague Mary Laffoy. She worked on the Midland circuit until 1979, following which she was based in Dublin. She was involved in a number of leading cases while a junior barrister and a Senior Counsel particularly in the area of judicial review.Judicial career

High Court and Supreme Court

She became a High Court judge in 1991. In 1992, at the age of 47, she was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court. She was considered for appointment to the role of President of the High Court in 1994, but declined to have her name put forward. She made two dissents early on in her period on the Court. Throughout her tenure as a judge she was seen by commentators to be a "liberal" judge. In Kelly v Hennessy in 1996, she outlined criteria for a court to consider the evidence of the existence of nervous shock in Ireland. In 2001, she was the sole member of the Supreme Court to dissent in TD v Minister for Education.The court overturned a decision of Peter Kelly in the High Court to direct the government to build secure care units for certain children. From 1995 to 1998, she chaired the Working Group on a Courts Commission, which was responsible for a significant reform of the organisation of the courts since the foundation of the state. It led to the establishment of the Courts Service. She was on the Interim Board of the Court Service and served on the Board of the Court Service from its inception, and chaired the board from 2001 to 2004. She chaired the Committee on Court Practice and Procedure which recommended in 2002 the establishment of a commercial court within the High Court. From 2006, she chaired the Working Group on a Court of Appeal. The report of the group was published by the government in August 2009.It recommended the establishment of a general Court of Appeal. This was ultimately established in 2014, after a referendum in 2013. <mask> was part of the Irish delegation which, with the Netherlands and Belgium, established the European Network of Councils for the Judiciary (ENCJ) and she continues an involvement in this Network. From 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016, she was President of the Network of the Presidents of the Supreme Judicial Courts of the European Union which is an association of Supreme Court Presidents and Chief Justices of EU Member States. She wrote the judgment in McD v. L (2009), upholding the parental rights of a sperm donor. Chief Justice of Ireland

On 4 July 2011, she was nominated by Taoiseach Enda Kenny to become Chief Justice of Ireland, she was appointed as Chief Justice by President Mary McAleese on 25 July 2011. She was the first woman appointed to the office and as a member of the Church of Ireland, she was the first non-Catholic to hold the position.She was also the first graduate of Trinity College, Dublin to have been appointed; Chief Justices have largely been graduates of University College Dublin. She succeeded John L. Murray. During her tenure as Chief Justice, the Supreme Court issued suspended declarations of unconstitutionality for the first time. The possibility to delay the effect of a court declaration that a piece of legislation is contrary to the Constitution was first explored by <mask> in A v Governor of Arbour Hill Prison. The court first adopted this approach in N.V.H v Minister for Justice & Equality in May 2017. As Chief Justice, she oversaw changes in the operations of the Supreme Court and the courts generally. She oversaw the removal of the requirement for judges to wear wigs while hearing cases.In 2015, the Supreme Court sat outside Dublin for the first time since 1931, sitting in Cork. She corresponded with the Office of Public Works over the lack of heating in the Four Courts, threatening to cancel sittings if the issue was not resolved. She advocated for the inclusion of a new courtroom for the Supreme Court in plans to develop a new family court complex on Hammond Lane. In her capacity as Chief Justice, she oversaw the administration of the Presidential Declaration of Office at the inauguration of President Michael D. Higgins in Dublin Castle in November 2011. She retired from the position in July 2017, and was succeeded by Judge Frank Clarke. She was the third-longest serving Supreme Court judge ever at the time of her retirement. In her remarks on her retirement, she drew attention to the government's failure to institute a judicial council, having first attempted to persuade the government to establish one in 1997.Post-retirement

In 2019, she was made an honorary fellow of Trinity College Dublin. The Courts Service announced on 24 August 2020 that the Supreme Court had appointed her to review the attendance of Supreme Court judge Séamus Woulfe at a dinner organised by the Oireachtas Golf Society. She was appointed on a non-statutory basis as the relevant section in the Judicial Council Act 2019 on judicial conduct had not yet been commenced. Personal life

She is married to paediatrician Dr <mask> and they have four children. From 1996 to 2010, <mask> was a Pro-Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin. References

1945 births
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Living people
Columbia Law School alumni
Chief Justices of Ireland
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Honorary Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
Irish Anglicans
Irish barristers
Irish Senior Counsel
People educated at Alexandra College
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
Irish women judges
High Court judges (Ireland)
Women chief justices
Alumni of King's Inns

masks:
Susan Jane Denham
Susan Gageby
Denham
Denham
Brian Denham
Denham


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<mask> (, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion. He is held as one of the most influential Iranian intellectuals of the 20th century and has been called the "ideologue of the Iranian Revolution", although his ideas did not end up forming the basis of the Islamic Republic. Biography
<mask> (<mask>i) was born in 1933 in Mazinan, a suburb of Sabzevar, in northeastern Iran. His father's family were clerics. His father, Mohammad-Taqi, was a teacher and Islamic scholar. In 1947, he opened the Centre for the Propagation of Islamic Truths in Mashhad, in Khorasan Province. It was a social Islamic forum which became embroiled in the oil nationalisation movement of the 1950s.<mask>'s mother was from a small land-owning family. His mother was from Sabzevar, a little town near Mashhad. In his years at the Teacher's Training College in Mashhad, <mask> came into contact with young people who were from less privileged economic classes of society, and for the first time saw the poverty and hardship that existed in Iran during that period. At the same time, he was exposed to many aspects of Western philosophical and political thought. He attempted to explain and offer solutions for the problems faced by Muslim societies through traditional Islamic principles interwoven with, and understood from, the point of view of modern sociology and philosophy. His articles from this period for the Mashhad daily newspaper, Khorasan, display his developing eclecticism and acquaintance with the ideas of modernist thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal of Pakistan, among Muslims, and Sigmund Freud and Alexis Carrel. In 1952, he became a high-school teacher and founded the Islamic Students' Association, which led to his arrest following a demonstration.In 1953, the year of Mossadeq's overthrow, he became a member of the National Front. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Mashhad in 1955. In 1957, he was arrested again by the Iranian police, along with sixteen other members of the National Resistance Movement. <mask> then managed to get a scholarship for France, where he continued his graduate studies at University of Paris. He left Paris after earning a PhD in sociology in 1964. During this period in Paris, <mask> started collaborating with the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1959. The following year, he began to read Frantz Fanon and translated an anthology of his work into Persian.<mask> introduced Fanon's thought into Iranian revolutionary émigrée circles. He was arrested in Paris on 17 January 1961 during a demonstration in honour of Patrice Lumumba. The same year he joined Ebrahim Yazdi, Mostafa Chamran and Sadegh Qotbzadeh in founding the Freedom Movement of Iran abroad. In 1962, he continued studying sociology and the history of religions in Paris, and followed the courses of Islamic scholar Louis Massignon, Jacques Berque and the sociologist Georges Gurvitch. He also came to know the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre that same year, and published Jalal Al-e Ahmad's book Gharbzadegi (or Occidentosis) in Iran. <mask> then returned to Iran in 1964, where he was arrested and imprisoned for engaging in subversive political activities while in France. He was released after a few weeks, at which point he began teaching at the University of Mashhad.<mask> next went to Tehran, where he began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad Institute. These lectures were hugely popular among his students and were spread by word of mouth throughout all economic sectors of society, including the middle and upper classes, where interest in his teachings began to grow immensely. His continued success again aroused the interest of the government, which arrested him, along with many of his students. Widespread pressure from the people, and an international outcry, eventually led to his release on 20 March 1975, after eighteen months in solitary confinement. <mask> was allowed to leave for England. He died three weeks later in a Southampton hospital under "mysterious circumstances", although, in <mask>'s biography of <mask>, he is said to have died of a fatal heart attack. He is buried next to Sayyidah Zaynab, the granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the daughter of <mask>, in Damascus, where Iranian pilgrims often visit.Views and popularity

<mask> sought to revive the revolutionary currents of Shiism. His interpretation of Shiism encouraged revolution in the world, and promised salvation after death. He referred to his brand of Shiism as "red Shiism" which he contrasted with non-revolutionary "black Shiism" or Safavid Shiism. His ideas have been compared to the Catholic Liberation Theology movement founded in South America by Peruvian Gustavo Gutierrez and Brazilian Leonardo Boff. <mask> was a prominent Islamist philosopher, who argued that a good society would conform to Islamic values. He suggested that the role of government was to guide society in the best possible manner rather than manage it in the best possible way. He believed that the most learned members of the Ulema (clergy) should play a leadership role in guiding society because they best understand how to administer an Islamic value system based on the teachings of the Prophets of God and the 12 Shia Twelver Imams.He argued that the role of the clergy was to guide society in accordance with Islamic values to advance human beings towards reaching their highest potential—not to provide/serve the hedonistic desires of individuals as in the West. At the same time, <mask> was very critical of some clerics and defended the Marxists. "Our mosques, the revolutionary left and our preachers," he declared, "work for the benefit of the deprived people and against the lavish and lush... Our clerics who teach jurisprudence and issue fatwas are right-wingers, capitalist, and conservative; simply our fiqh is at the service of capitalism." <mask>'s works were highly influenced by the Third Worldism that he encountered as a student in Paris—ideas that class war and revolution would bring about a just and classless society—from one side, and the epistemic decolonisation thinking of his time from the other side. He is said to have adopted the idea of Gharbzadegi from Jalal Al-e Ahmad and given it "its most vibrant and influential second life". He sought to translate these ideas into cultural symbols of Shiism that Iranians could relate to. <mask> believed Shia should not merely await the return of the 12th Imam, but should actively work to hasten his return by fighting for social justice, "even to the point of embracing martyrdom," saying "every day is Ashoura, every place is the Karbala".When he was writing the three letters to Fanon, unlike him, <mask> believed that it is not true that one must put away religion to fight imperialism. He felt that people could fight imperialism solely by recovering their cultural identity. In some countries, such an identity was intertwined with fundamental religious beliefs. Shariati refers to the maxim of returning to ourselves. Social theorist Asef Bayat has recorded his observations as a witness and participant in the Iranian revolution of 1979. He asserts that <mask> emerged at the time of the revolution as "an unparalleled revolutionary intellectual" with his portraits widely present during the marches and protests and his nickname as "mo'allem-e enqilab" (revolutionary mentor) chanted by millions and whose literature and tapes had already been widely available before the revolution. "My father," recalls Bayat, "barely literate, had his own copies" of <mask>ati and socialism
It seems that his eagerness to explore socialism began with the translation of the book Abu Zarr: The God-Worshipping Socialist by the Egyptian thinker Abdul Hamid Jowdat-al-Sahar (:ar:عبد الحميد جودة السحار). According to this book, Abu Dhar was the very first socialist. Then, Shariarti's father declared that his son believed that the principles of Abu Dhar are fundamental. Even some thinkers described <mask> as the modern-day Abu Dhar in Iran. Of all his thoughts, there is his insistence on the necessity of revolutionary action. <mask> believed that Marxism could not provide the Third World with the ideological means for its own liberation. One of his premises was that Islam by nature is a revolutionary ideology.Therefore, Islam could relate to the modern world as an ideology. According to <mask>, the historical and original origin of human problems was the emergence of private ownership. He believed that in the modern era, the appearance of the machine was the second most fundamental change in the human condition. In fact, private ownership and the emergence of the machine, if considered one of two curves of history, belong to the second period of history. The first period is collective ownership. However, Shariati gave a critique of the historical development of religion and the modern philosophical and ideological movements and their relationship to both private ownership and the emergence of the machine. Epistemology

<mask> developed the idea of the social, cultural and historical contingencies of religious knowledge in sociology.He believed in the earthly religion and in the social context in which the meaning of society is construed. He also emphasized that he understood religion historically because he was a sociologist. He said he was concerned with the historical and social Tawhid, not with the truth of the Quran or of Muhammad or <mask>. Philosophy of history
Completely contrary to Hegel and his philosophy of history, Shariati believed that it is not true that the civilized human is less conscious than modern people   but rather there is a difference between them. The civilized man could talk on himself more than the universe and the new people are so concerned with reality and the universe that there is no place for himself and mysticism and religion. Of course he knows the movement of soul in Hegel's philosophy and history in one sense as right. Political philosophy
In the first place, <mask> criticised western liberal democracy.He pointed out that there is a direct relationship between democracy, liberalism and the plundering of nations. He believed that liberal democracy is the enemy of humankind. He also referred to the fact that the ruling economic system of liberal democracy is unjust and contrary to the rights of people. He maintained that in such a society, someone who is weak is already subjected to defeat and annihilation. There are basic foundations in <mask>'s thoughts and his criticism of liberal democracy. The first foundation is related to the contrast between the religious worldview and the non-religious one. He explained history, society and humanity according to a monistic worldview.He explained liberalism as something with inequality and discrimination. Freedom and equality based on spirituality were the very basis of pre-modern societies which were devastated in one period of history. <mask> believed that the government of Imam <mask> could be considered the best form of democracy. On this occasion, he tried to interpret the behaviour of <mask> in contrast with his enemy. He called this democracy Commitment democracy. It appears that <mask> did not accept the western definition of democracy although he had no problem with democracy. According to him, a religious government is a democratic right of Muslim citizens.He believed that one of the basic problems of western democracy is demagogy. Nowadays the votes of voters are directed to special channels with the help of advertising instruments. In such a condition only one who is critically conscious can dispose of distractions and

masks:
Ali Shariati Mazinani
Ali Shariati
Ali Masharat
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali Rahnema
Shariati
Ali
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariatihari
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali
Imam Ali
Shariati


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 surface-level arguments, and vote effectively for themselves and their communities. He maintains that the western democracy based on gold, cruelty and tricking (Zar, Zour va Tazvir) is an anti-revolutionary regime that is different from ideological Guidance. Commitment democracy

For explaining better the commitment to democracy, he at first divides between two concepts. One of them is Syasat and the other is politic. Syasat is a philosophy by the government that want to have the responsibility of changing and becoming the society, not its being and existence.In fact, Syasat is a progressive and dynamic thing. The aim of the government in the philosophy of Syasat is to change social foundations, institutions and even all the norms of society namely culture, morality and desires etc. in simple word, Syasat want to make exist the people. On contrary, there is no making in politics. In other words, politics is the following of having people not making them. Of course, <mask> prefers Syasat on politics because the former is more progressive. He considers making human (Ensan Sazi).In fact, his utopia is constructed with three concepts of Gnosis, equality and freedom. Commitment democracy appeared out of his lecture in Hoseyniyeh Ershad; a famous lecture with the name of Ummah and Imamate. According to him, Imam is one who wants to guide humans not only in political, social and economic dimensions but also in all existential dimensions. He believes that Imam is alive everywhere and every time. On one hand, Imamate is not a metaphysical belief but a revolutionary guide philosophy. He added that Imam has to guide people not according to his desire like a dictator but to Islamic ideology and authentic values. Sociology
Some scholars classify him among the current religious neo-thinkers.According to this standpoint, <mask> accepted the rationality of the West. <mask> called the theoretical foundation of the West as civilization and called its appearances as Tajadod [Renewal]. He emphasized accepting civilization and criticized tajadod. He also believed that civilization has to be considered as something deep. He also highly acknowledged the importance of empirical science and knowledge. He appreciated the empirical methodology. He also criticized traditionalism for its disregard for scientific methodology.On another hand, he criticized the Modernists because they confuse the Western ideological theories with valid scientific epistemology. According to <mask>, the knowledge of reason is self-evident. Therefore, he suggested thinking of reason as the axiom for understanding the other sources namely the holy book or Quran, ḥadīth ('tradition'), sīra (Prophetic biography) and ijmāʿ (consensus). <mask> also dismissed consensus as a source for understanding religion. He insisted on the concepts of knowledge and time along with the holy book and tradition and stressed the important role of methodology and changing of viewpoint. <mask>, who was the fan of Georges Gurvitch in his analysis of sociology, believed that there was no special pattern for the analysis of social affairs and historical events. He thought that there was no unity of religion and society, but rather there were many religions and societies.He referred to the active role of the scholar of human science during investigation and scientific research. He believed that there was a relationship between the values of scholarship and the effects of those values on the conclusions of an investigation. He believed that it was not necessary to extend the other conclusions of other Western scholars to our society. However, he criticized the Western ideological schools such as nationalism, liberalism, Marxism, etc. He maintained that there was conformity and correspondence between the Western philosophy and Iranian society. According to Shariati, democracy is inconsistent with revolutionary evolution and progress. One of his criticism of Western ideology is its [regardless imitation of those ideologies - check translation].One of his other criticisms is the denial of spirituality in Western philosophy. In fact, those ideologies attempt to prevent humans from achieving transcendental goals and any [evolutionary movements - check translation]. In this vein, he firmly criticized capitalism, and at the same time, he admired socialism because it would lead humanity to evolution and free it from utilitarianism. However, he firmly criticized Karl Marx. According to Shariati, Karl Marx's theory on the economy as the infrastructure and foundation of human and society was strayed. Conversely, Sharia places the human, not the economy, as the foundation and origin of society. Modern problems
According to Shariati, human history is composed of two stages, the stage of collectivity and the stage of private ownership.He explained that the first stage, collectivity, was concerned with social equality and spiritual oneness. But the second stage, which is the current era, could be considered as the domination of the many by one. The second stage began with the emergence of private ownership. The various types of private ownership in history have included slavery, serfdom, feudalism, and capitalism among others. According to the concept of social ownership, all material and spiritual resources are accessible to everyone. But monopoly polarised the human community. In fact, according to Shariati, private ownership is the main cause of all modern problems.These problems change men's brotherhood and love to duplicity, deceit, hatred, exploitation, colonisation, and massacre. The polarisation by monopoly manifested itself in different forms throughout history. For example, in ancient times there were slave economies that transferred to capitalist society in modern times. In other words, machinism, or the dependence on machines, can be considered the latest stage of private ownership. Machinism began in the nineteenth century and human beings have had to confront the many anxieties and problems arousing from it. Legacy

There are many adherents and opponents of Shariati's views. It must be noted that the image of Shariati is not such that some revolutionary groups, in the early days of the Islamic Republic of Iran, attributed to him.In fact, <mask>'s personality is largely unknown. <mask> knew <mask> as a pioneer of Islamic teaching according to the requirements of his generation. According to Sayyed <mask>, Shariati had both positive and negative characteristics. Khamenei believes that it is unfair to consider <mask> as someone who firmly disagreed with the Mullahs. One of the positive sides of Shariati was his ability to explain his thoughts with suitable and simple language for his generation. Shariati was somewhat supportive of Mullahs in Iran. Some Scholars like Elizabeth F. Thompson try to envisage some similarities between Shariati and his role in the Islamic revolution in Iran with Sayyed Qutb's role in Egypt.One similarity is that both of them paved the way for the imminent revolution in Iran and Egypt. Both desired Islamic cultural dominance. Both were fans of being revolutionary about ruling values and norms. They considered Islamism a third way between those of America and the Soviet Union. At the same time they were not wholly utopian and they were partly Islamic. Of course there are differences between them - <mask> was a leftist while Qutb was a conservative. According to Mahmoud Taleghani, <mask> was a thinker who created a school for revolution.The school guided young people to revolutionary action. Beheshti believes that <mask>'s work was fundamental to the Islamic revolution. According to Hamid Enayat, <mask> was not only a theorist but also an adherent of Islamic radicalism. Enayat believes that <mask> can be considered the founder of Islamic socialism. Enayat considers him to be one of the most beloved and popular individuals in Islamic radicalism and socialism. According to Hamid Elgar, <mask> was the number one ideologue of the Islamic revolution. Publications
Despite passing away at the young age of 43, he was the prolific author of "more than a hundred books", and the number of his publications goes up to some 200 if we include "articles, seminar papers, and lecture series", some of the most notable being:

Major works
 Hajj (The Pilgrimage)
Hubut in Kavir
Guftuguhaye Tanha’i
 Marxism and Other Western Fallacies: An Islamic Critique
 Where Shall We Begin?Mission of a Free Thinker
 The Free Man and Freedom of the Man
 Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources
 Martyrdom (book)
 <mask>
 An approach to Understanding Islam
 A Visage of Prophet Muhammad
 A Glance of Tomorrow's History
 Reflections of Humanity
 A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation
 Selection and/or Election
 Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity
 Expectations from the Muslim Woman
 Horr (Battle of Karbala)
 Kavir (Desert)
 Abu-Dahr
 Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
 Jihad and Shahadat
 Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People
 A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers
 Art Awaiting the Saviour
 Fatemeh is Fatemeh
 The Philosophy of Supplication
 Religion versus Religion
 Man and Islam – see chapter "Modern Man and His Prisons"
 Arise and Bear Witness
 Lessons on Islamology
 <mask> is Alone
 Community and Leadership
 Religion against Religion
 We and Iqbal
 Historical Determinism
 What is to be Done?' "The Intelligentsia's Task for Reconstruction of Society"

Translation
Shariati translated many books into Persian. Besides the work of Abu Zarr mentioned above, he translated Jean-Paul Sartre's What Is Literature?, and Che Guevara's Guerilla Warfare. He also began to work on the translation of Franz Fanon's A Dying Colonialism. He admired Amar Ouzegane as a major Marxist Muslim and began to translate his book Le meilleur combat (The Best Struggle). See also
 Intellectual Movements in Iran
 Islamic Marxism
 Islamic revival
 List of Islamic scholars
 Philosophy in Iran
 Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
 Religious Intellectualism in Iran
 Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
 Hamid Algar
 Geydar Dzhemal modern philosopher of Politic Islam, revolutionist and social activist
 Abdulaziz Sachedina, a student of Shariati

 References

 Further reading
 Rahnema, <mask>. 1998.An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of <mask>. London: I.B. Tauris. Gheissari, <mask>. 1998. Iranian Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century''. Austin: University of Texas Press.Hosseini, S A. 2000 "[<mask>'s Islamic-Critical School of Thought (1)] مکتب انتقادی دکتر علی شریعتی (1)", Farhang-e-Tose'eh, 9, 44,
 Hosseini, S A. 2000 "[<mask>'s Islamic-Critical School of Thought (2)] مکتب انتقادی دکتر علی شریعتی (2)", Farhang-e-Tose'eh, 9, 47. External links

 The Official WebSite of Dr <mask>
 Biography and publications
 '<mask>'ati: Between Marx and the Infinite' A review essay of <mask>'s biography of Shari'ati with an extensive discussion on the philosopher's political significance by Nathan Coombs
 Humanity and the People Power: A Tribute to Dr. <mask> by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
 '<mask>'ati: Islamic Fundamentalist, Marxist Ideologist and Sufi Mystic by David Zeidan
 Critical Religious Reason: <mask>'ati on Religion, Philosophy and Emancipation by Abbas Manoochehri
 The forgotten revolutionary: <mask>ati by Lawrence Reza Ershaghi

<mask>ati
1933 births
1977 deaths
Iranian Muslims
Iranian Shia Muslims
People from Sabzevar
Freedom Movement of Iran politicians
Iranian democracy activists
Iranian dissidents
Iranian essayists
20th-century Iranian philosophers
Iranian sociologists
Iranian writers
Islamic philosophers
Muslim reformers
Shia scholars of Islam
University of Paris alumni
Iqbal scholars
20th-century poets
Iranian Islamists
20th-century essayists
Critics of

masks:
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali Khamenei
Shariati
Ali Khamenei
Shariati
Shariati
Ali Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Shariati
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali Shariati
Ali
Ali Shariati
Ali Shariati
Ali Shariati
Ali Shari
Ali Rahnema
Ali Shariati
Ali Shari
Ali Shari
Ali Shari
Ali Shari