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 The Norwegian Base Declaration of 1 February 1949 was created after Soviet signalled that it would not passively watch that the Western Powers established forward bases in Norway. Founding member of NATO
On 4 April 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty was signed, and Norway became a (founding) member of NATO. (When early in January the same year, "it became clear" that Sweden would not accept Norwegian conditions for a defence union of Denmark, Sweden and Norway——<mask> "became a forceful pådriver (a person who pushes things ahead) for Norway's joining the Atlantic Treaty.- No one person [alone] can be credited" for the joining. (Bergens Tidende has said that then Labour Party secretary and Hauge "were decisive forces behind Norway's entry into NATO - against strong resistance within the Labour Party".) Olav Njølstad says that points, about <mask>'s contributions, deserving attention are: 1) "Through his British and American connections he contributed in fetching, for the government, a realistic understanding of the conditions under which Norway would be able to receive krigsmateriell ("war material") and other help from the Western powers." Furthermore, "this was a corrective to the wishful thinking" ... "in discussions with the Swedes, and in the discussions within the Labour Party". 2) "Hauge exerted great influence on the prime minister, who step by step reasoned and felt his way, to the standpoint which became Norway's choice." 3) "[H]e was an effective spokesman (for membership in the A Treaty)"—to the rest of the cabinet, as well as the party's parliamentary group, and the party's leading organer (organs)." After becoming a member of NATO
During the first days of 1951, Labour Party opplysningssekretærer ("education secretaries") had already become kommunistovervåkere ("overseers of communists").NATO membership discussions wished by Israeli politicians
Around 1950 leading Israeli politicians contacted Haakon Lie, wishing to discuss the possibility of Israel becoming a member of NATO. Lie sent them on to minister of defense <mask>, knowing that <mask> would reject the idea. After General Eisenhower's visit
General Eisenhower's visit to Oslo in February 1951, according to <mask>, resulted in something that doubtfully otherwise could have occurred: minister Brofoss accepted the doubling of expenses for the Armed Forces. Plans for Stay-behind were made, and "Rocambole" was the section pertained to sabotage and commando operations. His policy about appointing Resistance leaders, in advance of a future military occupation, included: "the total occupation must produce its own leaders". At the end of October 1952 Norway's second nuclear reactor (which later was shut down in 1967) was officially opened by dignitaries. On 12–13 November 1951, then prime minister forced
 the party leadership to accept his own upcoming resignation, and he named his replacement, who thereafter was approved: Oscar Torp.On 5 January 1952 he resigned as minister of defense. After resigning from office
At Labour Party headquarters he held a position as information secretary. The party gave him extra work, and his income from the party surpassed the income he had as a minister. Njølstad says that after the first days, "an enthusiastic and unusually productive cooperation arose within the triumvirate"—Gerhardsen, Haakon Lie and <mask>. In 1954 his law office was established. Minister of Justice, and candidacy for office in NATO
He became Minister of Justice in 1955. He lied—while addressing parliament—"about the eavesdropping (romavlytting) of the Communist Party's national convention".He resigned as minister at the end of October the same year—or 1 November. On 6 February 1956 his candidacy for vice secretary general of NATO, was shot down by then secretary general. (Previously, French NATO diplomats had insisted that the next vice secretary general must speak French perfectly, which ruled out <mask>.) Launching <mask> as a candidate, according to Njølstad, might have been motivated by a wish to keep <mask> from becoming Foreign Minister. Israel's purchase of heavy water for plutonium production
<mask> helped facilitate the sale of heavy water—for use in plutonium production—to the Israeli nuclear programme, while he was a board member at Noratom and judicial advisor at Institutt for atomenergi. Letter from a corporation to the Foreign Ministry
On 10 May 1958 Odd Dahl (the acting director of Noratom) wrote to the Foreign Ministry that the company had authored "a draft for a contract regarding the construction and building of a 40 megawatt heavy water reactor for the production of plutonium". Njølstad says, "Then came the difficult point, that Dahl in no way tried to underplay: Israel wished to follow an independent national direction, regarding the field of atomic energy, and was therefore not set on accepting the strict stipulations of control (kontrollbestemmelsene) that the US" had on their export of heavy water.Furthermore, "For this reason the Israelis preferred "to buy water from Norway at a higher price than it can be bought from the United States"." Furthermore Dahl said that, the Israeli plans were unrealistic, but "hardly unrealistic enough that they can be circumvented with plans of producing atombombs in the foreseeable future". Furthermore, Dahl said that of course one could not rule out that the Israelis one day would want to go in that direction, but the help that Norway eventually might have given Israel to get started "with legitimate civilian applications today, presumably can hardly be viewed in [a] relation to such remote possibilities". Leading up to the transportation to Israel
On 21 August 1958 <mask> suggested to chargé d'affaires Miron that Israel might want to buy heavy water from Great Britain. Miron replied that if Noratom purchased the water back from Great Britain, and sold it to Israel—with Norwegian stipulations of control—then that would seem okay, in principle. Njølstad says that "State Secretary Engen became more and more convinced that the heavy water was to be used for producing nuclear weapons", and in several memos he advised then foreign minister to not go through with the [proposed] agreement. On 20 February 1959 the government authorized the deal, by royal decree (kongelig resolusjon).Noratom took possession of [20 tons of] heavy water in the first quarter of 1959—from Britain's Atomic Authority—and it was loaded onto a ship, that departed a British port. (Before being shipped out of Britain, Norwegian authorities
saw no need for an export license, since the shipment was outside of Norway's borders.) After sailing out of British jurisdiction, the ship was to be ordered to sail directly for Israel. Inspection in Israel
On 8 April 1961 <mask> was taken to the Negev Desert for a private meeting with then prime minister of Israel. On 14 April 1961 <mask> conducted Norway's first and only inspection of the shipment of heavy water to Israel, as a result of US' impetus. (This was done at Rehovot.) He [later] told the foreign ministry that he had not been to the Dimona facility—thereby desinforming the ministry.Cancelled purchase of 3 tons of heavy water
On 1 September 1971 <mask>—vice chairman at Noratom-Norcontrol—was informed that Noratom-Norcontrol [the same year] had purchased three tons of heavy water—at the request of Norsk Hydro—on behalf of Israel. <mask> demanded that the chairman be informed immediately, and that the chairman inform the foreign ministry that the sale had not been preceded by discussions by the board of directors. He resigned from the board of directors, in part because of how the leaders of Noratom and Norsk Hydro had handled the purchase. By 30 September, the [1971] purchase of heavy water was cancelled. 1979 uncovering of the original transaction
The 1959 transaction was uncovered in 1979, by Sverre Lodgaard. <mask> told media that he had made a report to the government after the inspection, and that he declined further comment to the media. Nine tons (of the original twenty, later augmented by one ton) were purchased back by the Norwegian government.Bilderberg Group
Frequent correspondence between <mask> and founder of the Bilderberg Group (released after <mask>'s death) showed that <mask> was a central figure on the board of the group. Olav Njølstad says that <mask> described attending the group's conferences as "interesting, cheerful and comfortable". <mask> attended the 1955, 1956 and the 1957 conference at St. Simons Island, US. According to the official website of the group, he was a member of the steering committee. Airline SAS
In August 1961 then minister of transportation asked him to participate in a Scandinavian committee to deal with the economic crisis in the airline Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). (In 1946, as minister of defence, he had participated in "picking [national airline] Det Norske Luftselskap (DNL) up from the ground and placing on its feet, after the war".) Establishment of a state-owned oil company
<mask> was involved in the establishment of a state-owned oil company, which became Statoil.After influencing changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate
He had contacted officials in the Finance Ministry about the possibility of having changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate. (In autumn of 1972, <mask> Henrik Nordlie contacted <mask> about converting a corporation (Kioskkompaniet) into a foundation.) In 1973 the financing of Fritt Ord (a foundation) became a reality, and the foundation was established in 1974. Death of a former prime minister, after reconciliation of former comrades
The September 1987 death of Einar Gerhardsen, according to Njølstad, "marked the beginning of the end of <mask>'s political influence within the Labour Party". (Before that, Gerhardsen wrote a letter of reconciliation to Haakon Lie, dated 15 April 1985; Hauge authored its redemptive wording: "For a long time, I [Gerhardsen] have been aware of, that I back then should not have tatt ordet ("taken the word") and said what I said.". (In 1967 at the national convention, according to Hauge, Gerhardsen "broke the staff over Haakon Lie".) Inferred withholding of info about the 1945 death of Kai Holst
On 27 September 1994 two publishers called in a press conference, with the authors of two books about Resistance fighter Kai Holst.The invitation said "Who killed Kai Holst?" and "Was Holst a risk factor? What were they afraid of? Why did he have to die? Why is everyone holding their tongues?" In 2008 Olav Njølstad said that Tore Pryser and Espen Haavardsholm during the launch of the books, the two went "very far in accusing <mask> of sitting on important information about Holst's death". <mask> has been in question in relation to the strange circumstances regarding the death of the Milorg member Kai Holst in Stockholm just after the war.Parliamentary hearings about surveillance of communists and others
In January 1997 he refused to testify in an open hearing of the Parliamentary Oversight Committee, regarding the conclusions of the Lund Commission. (Previously Ronald Bye had told the committee that would not testify, if Haakon Lie and Hauge did not.) Board of directors
<mask> also became a monumental figure in the Norwegian war industry. He became board member of several state-owned companies, especially within nuclear power and defence systems, including member of board of directors of Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk, and chairman of Statoil 1972–75. In Scandinavian Airlines System he was a board member for more than 20 years. Transfer of documents in his possession
Norway's Resistance Museum received from him documents that he had about his work in Milorg. Later he agreed with Professor Olav Riste—employed at Institute for Defence Studies—that the institute would receive documents about his work as minister of defense.In 2003 Riksarkivet and he agreed about the establishment of Jens Chr. Hauges Privatarkiv, which resulted in more than 60 or 65 hyllemeter ("meters of shelf") of documents. "The greatest treasures, were the last that he relinquished. Some where first found", according to Njølstad, when <mask>'s two youngest sons and Njølstad, went thru the residence at Bjørnveien [at Slemdal ], autumn of 2005—before it was put up for sale. Interviews with his biographer
During 2004 and most of 2005 he regularly met with biographer Olav Njølstad and the main consultant of the book project, Olav Riste. The book's other consultants were Arnfinn Moland, Even Lange and Helge Ø. Pharo. Death
On 30 October 2006 he died at a retirement home in Vinderen, Oslo.On 7 November a service was held at Ris Church, på statens bekostning. Attendees included then king of Norway, prime minister, leader of LO, mayor of Oslo and other politicians; Haakon Lie, Gunnar Sønsteby, Knut Haugland. Some weeks later his ashes were interred. Media commented his death: The Times said <mask>'s willpower and resolve—including to implement unorthodox ideas, with authoritarian means—was doomed to make him [into] a controversial figure in a society "that normally adorns itself with being egalitarian and unanimous". Family
<mask> was survived by six children. His father died in 1940. His mother died in 1957.His second wife Liv Grannes died 30 November 2004. His ex-wife Lillann died on 2 March 2005. He married Anne Sophie "Lillann" Dedekam in 1938. Frank Rossavik has referred to "Hauge's many women in and outside marriage, and his betrayal to his own family". Cover names
During World War II he had cover names: Tor Aas was his identity at his cover apartment at Colbjørnsens Street 8. Documentary film
On 10 April 2012 NRK broadcast a documentary about Hauge —Nasjonens skygge ("the nation's shadow"), part one of two. See also
:no:Arthur Mørch Hansson
Leif Tronstad

References

Literature

Books
Njølstad, Olav, Fullt og helt - en biografi om om Jens Chr.Hauge. (2008)

Articles

External links
New York Times: <mask> <mask>, Guide of Modern Norway, Dies at 91
 National hero led double life
Hauges politiske testament
Sannheten om Jens Chr. <mask>
Løy for kona og folket

Trials in Norway
1915 births
2006 deaths
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian military leaders of World War II
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian anti-communists
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
20th-century lawyers
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Defence ministers of

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<mask><mask> (born 1950) is a professor in the School of Anthropology and the department of Geosciences as well as an adjunct professor in the department of Geography at the University of Arizona in Tucson. <mask>'s research interests include geoarchaeology, Paleoindian archaeology, soil-geomorphology as well as Quaternary landscape evolution and paleoenvironment with a current emphasis on the Southwestern United States and Northwest Mexico. Prior research areas have included the Great Plains as well as Paleolithic sites in southwestern Russia. <mask> currently serves as the Executive Director of the Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund (AARF) based in the School of Anthropology at the University of Arizona. His most recent research, outlined in a 2011 Journal of Field Archaeology article, has focused on understanding the Paleoindian occupation around large paleo-lakes in the Southern landscape at the end of the Pleistocene. Background
After graduating from Winston Churchill High School in San Antonio, Texas <mask> began his undergraduate education at a local junior college where he studied architecture. During his sophomore year <mask> transferred to the University of Texas at Austin where he earned a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)with Honors in Anthropology (1972). <mask> went on to earn a Master of Art (M.A. )in Museum Science from Texas Tech University (1977). As an undergraduate <mask>'s main interest was Texas archaeology. He performed extensive field experience as an employee of the Texas Archeological Salvage Project <mask>’s archaeological interests soon shifted to  soils, landscapes and geoarchaeology. He obtained a Ph.D. in Geology from the University of Colorado at Boulder (1982). During his time at Texas Tech, <mask> worked closely with Dr. Eileen Johnson of the Museum of Texas Tech University on the Lubbock Lake Project located in Northwestern Texas.One of the most notable findings at the Lubbock Site is the discovery of cultural features which span the Paleo-Indian period. <mask> has written several journal articles on the Lubbock Site focusing on inventorying and describing Plainview complex material located at the kill/butchery locales detailing the dating of the Plainview occupation at the site; as well as discussing multiple camping occasions and activities of the Paleo-Indians at the area. In 1984, after completion of his Ph.D, <mask> accepted a position as visiting professor and assistant professor at Texas A&M University. The theme of <mask>’s journal articles began to heavily focus on the soil and geologic make-up of the Lubbock Lake Site, based on his Ph.D. dissertation. Some of <mask>’s later journal articles included discussing the archaeological geology and early Holocene soils at the site; as well as the stratigraphy found at Lubbock In addition to these journal articles <mask> also focused some of his writings on the lithics found at the site. Holliday found Lubbock Lake valuable for from the many lasting records of plant and animal communities, geology, climate and human activities available at the site. In 1986,  <mask> joined the University of Wisconsin at Madison in the Geography department, where he remained until 2002.During this time, many of his journal articles focused on other sites and geo-archaeological and Quaternary geologic aspects of the southern Great Plains area. <mask> received several National Science Foundation grants to investigate aspects of the late Quaternary landscape evolution of the Southern High Plains. <mask> also pursued his interests in Paleoindian archaeology. This resulted in a series of papers on late Quaternary stratigraphy, paleoenvironments and Paleoindian geo-archaeology. This series of papers resulted in <mask>’s 1995 Geological Society of America book, Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Late Quaternary Valley Fills, as well as his 1997 book titled Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains. <mask> also devoted some of time to the application of his ideas on using soils in geoarchaeological research, on which he wrote a book, Soils in Archaeological Research, which was published in 2004 after arriving at the University of Arizona. Since 2002 <mask> has been a professor in both the School of Anthropology and Department of Geosciences as well as an adjunct professor in the department of Geography at the University of Arizona at Tucson.In 2002 <mask> also accepted the position of Executive Director of the Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund (AARF), a long-term research program focused on the earliest peopling of the Southwest U.S. and northwestern Mexico. Since the establishment of AARF, <mask> has been involved in many site excavations in the southwest, more specifically in Mexico and New Mexico. The Mockingbird Gap site discovered in the 1950s southeast of Socorro, New Mexico is described as “one of the largest and perhaps least known Clovis sites in the southwestern United States.” Initial excavations revealed hundreds of Clovis artifacts such as projectile point bases, fluted point preforms and gravers from an area 800 meters by 80–150 meters. A 2004 visit led the <mask> and collaborator B.B. Huckell (University of New Mexico) to believe there was more to be learned from the site about Clovis occupation and in 2005 excavations began which continued throughout the 2006 and 2007 field seasons. Their initial beliefs were validated when results of these excavations show significant Clovis age deposits at the site. Research with B.B.Huckell was also carried out at several Folsom sites on the West Mesa area of the Albuquerque Basin. The work documented the spatial patterning of paleoenvironmental context of Folsom occupations around several small lake basins. :In Sonora, field work in collaboration with M.G.Sanchez (INAH) focused on a series of Clovis sites, most prominently an in-situ Clovis/Gomphothere kill site and an extensive camping area on the adjacent uplands. <mask> has conducted research and field work in many locations across the southwest United States, Argentina and in the Don River Valley of Russia. He has written and/or edited five books as well as authored or co-authored over 50 reviewed book and journal articles as well as another 200 articles and book chapters. Awards and honors
<mask> has been the recipient of several notable professional awards including the 1998 Kirk Bryan Award of the Geological Society of America for Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Late Quaternary Valley Fills on the Southern High Plains (1995); 1998 George R. “Rip” Rapp Archaeological Geology Career Award of the Geological Society of America.36 <mask> was also elected Fellow of the Geological Society of America in 1992 as well as being an invited organizer of the First Annual Fryxell Symposium on Earth Science in Archaeology for the American Society of Archaeology in 1988 and was an invited participant in a symposium honoring the 50th anniversary publication of Hans Jenny’s Factors of Soil Formation at the Soil Science Society of America annual meeting in 1991. <mask> has been the recipient of multiple grants from organizations such as the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation, the University of Wisconsin Graduate School, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.Key excavations
<mask> has led or participated in numerous projects over his professional career beginning with weekend digs around Austin, Texas with the University of Texas. After graduation in December 1972 <mask>’s part-time job with the Texas Archaeological Salvage Project became full-time. This was in the earliest days of CRM archaeology and Holliday spent his days making maps and other report illustrations eventually working his way up to a field archaeologist. During this time <mask> worked in East Texas, the Edwards Plateau of Central Texas, along the Texas coast as well as in the deserts of West Texas and in the High Plains. In 1973 <mask> began work as a volunteer on the Lubbock Lake site where he later began research in 1974. As Holliday began his Ph.D studies, he began focusing on geoarchaeology and Paleoindian archaeology on the Great Plains. The sites he worked on during this time included Clovis (Blackwater Draw), Plainview, Midland, Mustang Springs, Lipscomb, Miami, San Jon, Folsom, Lindenmeier, and Dent Site.During <mask>’s professional career he also worked on Holocene sites on the Argentine Pampas and Kostenki localities in Russia. Since 2002, <mask>’s research has shifted to the southwest U.S. and northwest Mexico. Holliday has been involved on projects in Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora (as part of AARF) and also a participant in fieldwork in Montana and Alaska. Research emphasis
While <mask>’s academic background is in Archaeology, Geology and Soil Science, he spent 17 years of his professional career focusing on Geography. The combination of these intersecting interests and experiences has fostered a career devoted to reconstructing landscapes and environments where ancient human populations have lived. More specifically <mask>’s current research emphasis includes: 1. Using the geosciences to answer archaeological questions (geoarchaeology); 2.The early peopling of the Southwest and Great Plains, and the landscape evolution and environments of the late Quaternary in these regions; 3. The use of soils as indicators of the past. Selected publications

Books
 <mask>, V.T. (1995) Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of Late Quaternary Valley Fills on the Southern High Plains. Geological Society of America Memoir 186. <mask>, V.T. (1997) Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Southern High Plains.University of Texas Press, Austin. A.K.L. Freeman and V.T<mask>, Eds., 2000. “North American Geoarchaeology: Dedicated to C<mask> Haynes, Jr.” Geoarchaeology v. 15 no. 6
 P. Goldberg, V. T<mask>, and C. R. Ferring (Editors), 2001. Earth Science in Archaeology, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, 513 p.
 <mask>, V.T.(2004) Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Articles and book chapters
 Late Cenozoic Paleoenvironments of the Llano Estacado. In Press. <mask><mask> and E. Johnson, edited by J. Lee. Book chapter for Physical Geography of the Llano Estacado. Texas Tech University Press.A Terminal Pleistocene Child Cremation and Residential Structure from Eastern Beringia. 2011. Ben A. Potter, Joel D. Irish, Joshua D. Reuther, Carol Gelvin-Reymiller, <mask><mask>. Science, 331: 1058-1062. The 12.9k Impact Hypothesis and North American Paleoindians. 2010. <mask><mask> and David J. Meltzer.Current Anthropology, 51: 575-585. Geoarchaeology and the Search for the First Americans. 2009. <mask><mask>. Cantena, 79: 310-322. Geoarchaeology of the Mockingbird Gap (Clovis) Site, Jomada del Muerto, New Mexico. 2009.<mask><mask>, Bruce B. Huckell, Marcus Hamilton, Robert H. Weber, William R. Reitze and James H. Mayer. Geoarchaeology, 24: 438-370
 Geochronology and Stratigraphy of Playa Fills on the Southern High Plains. 2008. <mask><mask>, John H. Mayer and Glen Fredlund. Quaternary Research, 70: 11-25. Geoarchaeology of the Kostenki-Borshchevo Sites, Don River, Russia. 2007.Geoarchaeology, 22: 181-228. Soil Phosphorus and Archaeology: A Review and Comparison of Methods. 2007. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34: 301-333. Paleoindian Geoarchaeology of the Great Plains, Central Lowlands, and Southwestern U.S. 2006. Book Chapter for Environment, Origins, and Populations, Volume 3 of the Handbook of North American Indians, edited by D. Stanford. Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 23-26.A History of Soil Geomorphology in the United States. 2006. Footprints in the Soil: People and Ideas in Soil History, edited by B.P. Warkenton. Elsevier Press, p. 187-254. Ice Age Peopling of New Mexico. 2005.New Mexico’s Ice Ages, edited by S.G. Lucas, G.S. Morgan, and K.E.Zeigler. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Bulletin 28, p. 263-276. Quaternary Geoscience in Archaeology. 2001. Earth Science in Archaeology, edited P. Goldberg, V.T.<mask>, and C.R. Ferring. pp. 3–35. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. AMS Radiocarbon Dating of the Type Plainview and Firstview (Paleoindian) Assemblages. 1999.American Antiquity 64:622-634. <mask>, <mask>., Johnson, Eileen., and Stafford, Jr. Thomas W.
 Geoarchaeology of the Midland (Paleoindian) Site, Texas. 1996. American Antiquity 61: 755-771. <mask>, <mask>. and Meltzer, David J.
 Geoarchaeology and Geochronology of the Miami (Clovis) Site, Southern High Plains. 1994. Quaternary Research 41:234-244.<mask>, <mask>., Haynes, C<mask>., Hofman, Jack L., and Meltzer, David J. Soil Formation, Time and Archaeology. 1992. Soils in Archaeology: Landscape Evolution and Human Occupation, edited by V.T<mask>, pp. 107–117.<mask>, <mask>. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
 Geology and Soils. 1987. Lubbock Lake: Late Quaternary Studies on the Southern High Plains, edited by Eileen Johnson, pp. 14–21. <mask>, <mask>. and Allen, B.L. Texas A&M University Press, College Station
 Re-evaluation of the First Radiocarbon Age for the Folsom Culture. 1986.American Antiquity 51: 332-338. <mask>, <mask>. and Johnson, Eileen. Early Holocene Soils at the Lubbock Lake Archaeological Site, Texas. 1985. Catena 12:61-78. <mask>, <mask>.

References

External links
 University of Arizona faculty profile
 Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund homepage

1950 births
Living people
American anthropologists
American archaeologists
American geologists
Fellows of the Geological Society of America

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Admiral <mask>, 6th Earl of Northesk (2 August 1716 – 22 January 1792) was born the son of David Carnegie, 4th Earl of Northesk and Lady Margaret Wemyss on 2 August 1716. A career naval officer, he fought in the War of the Austrian Succession and the First Carnatic War, where in the East Indies he participated in the action of 6 July 1746. His service was curtailed by a series of debilitating illnesses and he never served at sea again after being promoted to rear-admiral in 1756. He died on 20 January 1792 at age 75. Early life
<mask> was born on 2 August 1716 as the second son of David Carnegie, 4th Earl of Northesk and his wife Margaret, the daughter of James Wemyss, Lord Burntisland and Margaret Wemyss, 3rd Countess of Wemyss. Naval career
Carnegie became a lieutenant in the Royal Navy on 15 March 1737. His first appointment was as third lieutenant to his good friend Captain Curtis Barnett in the ship of the line HMS Dragon, in the Mediterranean Fleet of Rear-Admiral Nicholas Haddock.Carnegie transferred to the ship of the line HMS Windsor  on 29 April but in August 1738 was taken from Windsor with a debilitating illness while off Minorca, at one point coming so close to death that his funeral arrangements were made. Having recovered from his illness he was appointed as fourth lieutenant of the ship of the line HMS Marlborough on 2 February 1740 and transferred on 7 May to be second lieutenant of the ship of the line HMS Edinburgh. On 23 June 1741 Carnegie's elder brother David Carnegie, 5th Earl of Northesk died, leaving him to succeed as Earl of Northesk. On 25 August of the same year Carnegie was promoted to post captain and given command of the frigate HMS Bideford in which he served in the Western Approaches for the winter of 1741-42. In January 1742 Carnegie left Bideford and was appointed to the command of the fifth rate HMS Looe in March. In Looe Carnegie was stationed in the Bay of Biscay; in June he chased a small privateer into Pontevedra where he was forced to call off the chase as the privateer entered the river, instead raiding the town and taking four guns from its battery. Carnegie then put to sea again and on 7 July joined with the frigate HMS Deal Castle upon learning that a number of enemy ships were taking shelter in Vigo.The two warships anchored outside the town and sent their boats in to the harbour where they captured four ships, of which they burned two, while under considerable fire from the enemy ships and shore. On 19 July Carnegie learned that the privateer he had chased at Pontevedra was still there in the river and so he armed one of the ships captured at Vigo and sent it in chase up the river. The ship failed to capture the privateer but did run ashore another vessel and destroy a town which privateers had been using as a base of operations. Carnegie returned to England in September 1742 and was immediately appointed to command the recently rebuilt ship of the line HMS Preston in the English Channel fleet of Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Norris. In April 1744 he was still serving as such and helping to protect convoys sailing from Lisbon. Carnegie and Preston sailed to the East Indies Station on 5 May in the squadron of its first commander-in-chief, and Carnegie's friend, Commodore Barnett. The ships arrived at Porto Praya on 26 May.After sailing to and then leaving Madagascar the squadron split in two with Carnegie and Preston going with Commodore Barnett and the ship of the line HMS Deptford. The two ships disguised themselves as Dutch vessels and sailed through the Sunda Strait to Banca where on 25 January 1745 they found three French ships at anchor. They approached the ships and found them to be heavily armed merchant ships from China and managed to come alongside them before the French realised the deception and that they were enemies. Carnegie was ordered to board one of the ships while Barnett boarded another and after a fight of two hours the three French ships were captured. The cargoes of the merchants were valued at over £300,000 and were sent in to Batavia. Throughout 1745 Carnegie continued in Preston to protect British commerce in the East Indies. In October he was detached from Barnett's squadron with Preston and the frigate HMS Lively to cruise near the trade routes of the Ganges.Here they were very successful, capturing three heavily laden merchant ships. Carnegie continued in the East Indies after the death of Commodore Barnett on 29 April 1746, his replacement being Commodore Edward Peyton under whom Carnegie fought in the inconclusive action of 6 July 1746. In late 1747 Carnegie returned to England having suffered through 1746 and 1747 with an illness which often confined him to bed, and gave up command of Preston. Carnegie arrived at Bath on 28 November to recuperate from his illness. As part of this he went travelling in Europe with his father-in-law Alexander Melville, 5th Earl of Leven in August 1749. In March 1755 he was given command of the ship of the line HMS Orford to serve in Admiral Edward Hawke's Western Squadron as the Seven Years' War approached, but by May he had resigned his command due to ill health once again. He would spend considerable portions of the rest of his life in Bath for the sake of his health.Carnegie was promoted to rear-admiral on 4 June 1756 as a rear-admiral of the blue. He never again accepted a command at sea but by seniority was promoted to vice-admiral on 14 February 1759 and admiral on 18 October 1770. Death
Carnegie died on 22 January 1792 at his seat Ethie Castle in Angus, Scotland, his titles passing down to his eldest surviving son. At the time of his death he was the third most senior officer in the Royal Navy. Family

He married Anne Melville, daughter of the Earl of Leven and Elizabeth Monypenny, on 30 April 1748 and had six children:

Lady Mary Anne Carnegie (d. 2 June 1798) married Rev John Kemp of Edinburgh in 1797
David Carnegie, Lord Rosehill (5 April 1749 – 19 February 1788)
Lady Elizabeth Carnegie (1751 – 19 August 1793) married James Hope-Johnstone, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun. Admiral William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk (10 April 1756 – 28 May 1831)
Lieutenant Colonel <mask> (21 August 1773 – 1839)
Margaret Carnegie (1779 – 15 March 1793)

Notes and citations

Notes

Citations

References

 Charnock, John (1796). Biographia Navalis Or, Impartial Memoirs of the Lives and Characters of Officers of the Navy of Great Britain, from the Year 1660 to the Present Time, Vol.IV. London: R. Faulder. Charnock, John (1797). Biographia Navalis Or, Impartial Memoirs of the Lives and Characters of Officers of the Navy of Great Britain, from the Year 1660 to the Present Time, Vol. V. London: R. Faulder. Debrett, John (1809). The Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland, Vol.I. London: Harding and Wright. Fraser, William (1867). History of the Carnegies, Earls of Southesk, and of their Kindred. Vol. II. Edinburgh: Private. Syrett, David and R.L.DiNardo (1994) The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660-1815. Aldershot: Scholar Press. 1716 births
1792 deaths
<mask> 6
Royal Navy admirals
Younger sons of earls

masks:
George Carnegie
George Carnegie
George Carnegie
George


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<mask> (born February 23, 1939) is an American actor, director, producer, and educator. He is a professor emeritus of drama and former head of directing in the Drama Department of the Claire Trevor School of the Arts of the University of California, Irvine (UCI), and he is the former artistic director of two LORT/Equity theaters. Early career
After performing children's roles in various San Francisco "little theaters" in the early 1950s, <mask>'s first professional acting was with the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in 1958 and 1960. Awarded a Fulbright Grant in 1960-61 to study at the Shakespeare Institute in Stratford-upon-Avon, he directed his first play while in England--the Midlands premiere of Brecht's Mother Courage. The production in spring 1961 at the Stratford Hippodrome led the town's veteran drama critic to compliment the local troupe for daring a type of theater that Sir Peter Hall hesitated to bring to Stratford's just-founded Royal Shakespeare Company. <mask> received a Wilson Fellowship and Shubert Scholarship to attend the Yale School of Drama, where he earned a doctorate (D.F.A.) studying under Nikos Psacharopoulos, director of the Williamstown Theater Festival in Massachusetts.Psacharopoulos chose <mask> to serve as his assistant, first as resident director of a theater in Holyoke, where <mask> staged productions of J. B., by Archibald MacLeish, and Romeo and Juliet, and then in 1965 as Assistant Director of the main Williamstown Festival, where he directed Oh Dad, Poor Dad... by Arthur Kopit and The Private Ear and the Public Eye by Peter Shaffer. In 1966, he directed his first Macbeth for the Festival Theater in El Paso, treating the tragedy as a psychological nightmare, noted by a local critic as an "expressionistic... exciting departure from the traditional." In this period, from 1964 to 1968, he also began his academic career as Assistant Professor of Drama at Williams College. Virginia Museum Theater
In 1969, he was appointed head of the Theater Arts Division of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts and artistic director of the Virginia Museum Theater (VMT, now the Leslie Cheek Theater), and he undertook to guide VMT in becoming Richmond's first resident Actors Equity company and a home for classics and new plays. His productions, beginning with Marat/Sade (the first racially integrated company on the Virginia Museum's stage), brought controversy into the heart of Richmond's museum district but also drew increased attendance, more than doubling audiences between 1969 and the late 1970s. The "<mask> 'Macbeth'"
Dubbing the professional company "VMT Rep", he drew national attention when in 1973 his second staging of Macbeth, a rather more realistic Stonehenge/historical version starring E.G.Marshall, led Clive Barnes of The New York Times to hail it as the "<mask> 'Macbeth.'" Barnes described the production as "splendidly vigorous, forcefully immediate... probably the goriest Shakespearean production I have seen since Peter Brook's 'Titus Andronicus'." Of <mask>, he wrote, "Virginia is lucky to have him." Alfred Drake also joined the company in 1973 to direct the premiere of Richard Stockton's The Royal Rape of Ruari Macasmunde with <mask> in the title role. International attention arrived in 1975 when Soviet Cultural Consul Viktor Sakovich provided coverage on Moscow Television for <mask>'s English-language premiere of Maxim Gorky's Our Father (originally Poslednje). <mask> subsequently produced the New York premiere of the Gorky drama at the Manhattan Theater Club. In 1977, refusing the museum administration's pressure to censor his premiere of Romulus Linney's play Childe Byron, <mask> resigned to serve his Yale alma mater as chief of directing for a year.His departure provoked a public outcry over an alleged pattern of censorship by the museum, with some arts patrons supporting the administration and many standing by <mask>, asserting, for instance, that "no one else can jump in and claim credit for what Dr. <mask> has done ... he stood up for what he knew was right." American Revels Company
He returned to Richmond in 1978 with his associate director M. Elizabeth Osborn to lease the Empire Theater (since renamed the November Theater), on the border between historically black Jackson Ward and the city's business district, where they founded the American Revels Company. Revels attracted progressive support for appealing to both black and white communities in Richmond. Without intending to enter into Richmond's post-segregation politics, <mask> nevertheless found Revels becoming a rallying point in the late 1970s for re-balancing the two symbiotic communities through art. Funding through the box office and City Council support was affected directly by public favor in a city with a growing black majority. Unity Audience
Following a summer of advance promotion, American Revels' first season started with strong audiences, including full houses for A Christmas Carol and The Club in the thousand-seat theater. Such peaks in attendance could not be sustained, however, when later play titles, including Othello and I Have a Dream, leaned toward those least likely to afford tickets—the African-American community.<mask> countered by offering free performances to neighboring residents. The plan drew hundreds of African-American theater-goers and began to build a new sector of audience. In the summer of 1979, Richmond's City Council awarded the company a challenge grant, and a patron stepped forward to raise matching funds by sponsoring a performance by entertainer Ray Charles to benefit Revels. The success of the fund drive propelled the company into a second season in which Revels dealt with racial issues head-on by presenting a satire entitled The Black and White Minstrel Show, a parody of the racially split City Council. The season continued with works aimed at all of Richmond. Still the costs of production were higher than the purses and wallets of many in the core audience could support. American Revels closed after two seasons.The company had made its mark. Revels mounted fourteen productions between 1978 and 1980. By presenting actors of color and dramas with black themes—alongside classics and "standard" works—the company drew a sizable African-American audience to live theater, many for the first time. Richmonders found that new plays and politically engaged works were not alien to their taste. Also, by resurrecting the long-dormant Empire/November Theater, the troupe pioneered the way for downtown professional theater, most significantly for Theatre IV/Virginia Rep, the subsequent occupant of the November. For such a legacy, many Richmonders remember the company fondly, counting the Revels years as a time of theatrical excitement, and <mask>—in the words of Richmond Lifestyle magazine—as a "Rebel with a Cause." Teaching
After closing Revels, <mask> returned to acting at the Pittsburgh Public Theater and joined Yale classmate Robert Cohen, then chair of drama, on the faculty of the University of California, Irvine.In 1984, he joined Jerzy Grotowski's "Objective Drama" project in the barn and fields south of the UCI campus, working with Grotowski day and night to explore the essential organons and yantras  of performance. From 1996 to 2004, <mask> was the original director of ArtsBridge America, later expanded nationwide, a program created by then dean Jill Beck at UCI in 1996 for granting scholarships to university dance, drama, music, and studio art majors to reintroduce arts education into the depleted curricula of K-12 pupils in local schools. Personal life
Born in San Francisco to Jack Franklin and Jacqueline Hocking <mask>, <mask> is a graduate of George Washington High and SF State. After residing for his first 21 years in San Francisco, he went to The Shakespeare Institute of the University of Birmingham, UK, and Yale University's School of Drama for graduate work. Bibliography

 Hypnotic Transformation: Three Studies of Theatrical Role-Playing by <mask> in The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1988, vol. XXXVI, No. 4.Precise functions of hypnosis in dramatic acting,  by <mask>, National Auxiliary Publication Service, 1986. "Who is he supposed to be?," by <mask>, in Müller in America, American Productions of Heiner Müller, copyright 2003 by Castillo Cultural Center. "The Grotowski Papers," by <mask>, in American Theater, January 2014. References

1939 births
American theatre directors
Educators from California
Male actors from California
Free speech activists
American civil rights activists
Living people
American hypnotists
Yale School of Drama alumni
San Francisco State University alumni
Activists from California

masks:
Keith Franklin Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Fowler
Montgomery Fowler
Keith
Keith Fowler
Keith Fowler
Keith Fowler
Keith Fowler


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<mask> (born June 29, 1953) is an American singer and musician. He's best known for being the lead singer, occasional guitarist, and founder of the band Dokken. He is known for his vibrato-laden, melodic vocal style which has made him an influential figure in American heavy metal/glam metal. After enjoying mainstream success with Dokken, he parted ways with the band in 1988 and pursued a solo career. His 1990 solo album, Up from the Ashes, spawned two singles, and achieved modest success. He released his second solo album, titled Solitary in 2008, which was a stylistic departure from his Dokken material. <mask> reformed Dokken in the early 1990s and has been continuing on with the band ever since.He is the only remaining original member of Dokken. Biography

Early success
In the late 1970s, <mask> was playing in a Los Angeles-based band called Airborn, and had the opportunity to reach a record deal in Germany. After seeing the band Xciter with future bandmates George Lynch and Mick Brown, he tried to recruit them for a new band. Lynch and Brown were not interested in joining forces with him when he first contacted them. <mask>, with the help of one of Xciter's songs, secured the deal in Germany and convinced Lynch and Brown, along with bassist Juan Croucier, to join him in Dokken soon after he received it. During his time in Germany, <mask> befriended the German band Scorpions, and sang with them in rehearsals for their Blackout album while lead vocalist Klaus Meine was being treated for nodes on his vocal cords. <mask> has stated that he recorded scratch vocals for "No One Like You," "You Give Me All I Need," and "Dynamite."<mask> has also stated, "I was just helping Klaus out," and "You'll never hear those (tracks)...because it's not fair to the Scorpions." Meine recovered and returned to record the album. In 1983, America saw the release of the first Dokken album, Breaking the Chains which got a moderate reception. After Juan Croucier left the band to join Ratt, Jeff Pilson was brought in for their second release, Tooth and Nail, and at this time metal fans and critics began to take notice of the band. <mask>'s strong, melodic vocals, coupled with Lynch's blazing guitar playing, guided Dokken to national fame. Solo release
In the late 1980s, however, personal tension between Dokken and Lynch took its toll on the band. In 1988, after the Monsters of Rock Tour and a further platinum album, <mask> decided to break up the band and they went on their separate ways.<mask> originally wanted to continue on under the Dokken moniker, but since the other three members shared partial ownership over the Dokken name, he was forced to put out his next album under his own name, and it became known as his first solo album. The album, titled Up from the Ashes, was released in 1990, and was very similar to the Dokken catalog. This project was a supergroup of sorts, made up of guitarists John Norum (of Europe fame) and Billy White (of Watchtower fame), bassist Peter Baltes (of Accept fame), and drummer Mikkey Dee (of King Diamond and Motörhead and Scorpions). John Norum's drummer Hempo Hildén was initially part of the band but was replaced by Dee before the album was recorded. Baltes had previously been a member of Dokken during the late 1970s for a brief period. Two music videos were made for the singles "Mirror Mirror" and "Stay," respectively. Also, during the late 1980s and early 1990s, <mask> spent time as a producer for the metal band XYZ.He also made a guest appearance on the German progressive metal band Vanden Plas's Spirit of Live album as the vocalist for their live performance of Dokken's "Kiss of Death," the studio version of which can be found on Vanden Plas's Far Off Grace album. Dokken reunion
Around late 1993, <mask> started to talk with Mick Brown, who had recently left George Lynch's new group, Lynch Mob. They joined up with Jeff Pilson, and started to write new songs. In 1994, they sent what they had written to George Lynch, who was impressed with the material. Together, they decided to reunite and tour again. This reunion lasted for three years and resulted in two new Dokken albums, an acoustic live disc, and a full live concert recorded in Japan in 1995. In the late 90s, Dokken once again parted ways with George Lynch, gained guitarist Reb Beach, and later kicked off a new era with guitarist John Norum after the departure of Reb Beach.That union didn't last long, as Norum soon departed to re-unite with Europe. Norum was briefly replaced by Italian guitarist Alex De Rosso for the live tour  until 2003 when <mask> managed to find a permanent replacement in guitarist/lawyer Jon Levin. Since 1994, Dokken has released six studio albums, two live albums, a Greatest Hits album, as well as their first two DVDs. <mask> released a new solo album titled Solitary in 2008, and <mask> released a new album titled Lightning Strikes Again during the same year. On March 1, 2010, the band Dokken's second greatest hits album, aptly titled Greatest Hits, was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon.com. The physical album with additional tracks was released in US by Cleopatra Records May 4, 2010, and in Japan May 11, 2010, by King Records (Japan). On September 22, 2010, in an interview with BraveWords.com, <mask> revealed that he would be undergoing vocal surgery, to correct problems with nodes and tears in his vocal chords.February 4, 2011 Anchorage, Alaska was <mask>'s first show since surgery. In addition to the vocal chord surgery, <mask> underwent treatment for cancer around the same time. He has since recovered and his voice has seen great improvement over the past few years. (1992)
 Maxx Explosion – Forever'' (2013)

References

1953 births
American heavy metal singers
American male singers
American people of Norwegian descent
Record producers from California
Dokken members
Living people
Musicians from Manhattan Beach, California
Singers from Los Angeles
Glam metal musicians

masks:
Donald Maynard Dokken
Don
Don Dokken
Don
Dokken
Don
Don
Don
Don Dokken
Don Dokken
Don
Don
Don
Don Dokken
Dokken
Don Dokken
Dokken
Dokken


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<mask> (December 17, 1902 – July 3, 1984) was an American journalist and newspaper editor, and one of the first women in the United States to hold a city editorship on a major metropolitan daily. She was preceded by Laura Vitray who became city editor of the New York Evening Graphic in 1930, and by Mary Holland Kinkaid who was city editor at the old Herald, likely in the early 1900s. She worked as a reporter for the Los Angeles Record from 1928 to 1935, the Herald-Express from 1935 to 1962, and the Herald-Examiner from 1962 to 1968. Life and career

Agnes May Wilson was born in San Francisco, California, to Clifford Wilson, a journeyman glass-blower, and Mamie Sullivan Wilson, a housewife. <mask> would adopt the distinctive double "s" at the end of her first name in 1920. <mask> was the elder of two daughters. The Wilson family's frequent moves were determined by where Clifford could find work.In November 1907, Mamie died in childbirth. Clifford's work required him to travel, which made it impossible for him to care for the girls on his own. <mask> and her younger sister were handed over to relatives in Terre Haute, Indiana, to be raised. <mask> recalled that she and her sister did not stay in Terre Haute and that they moved frequently, often winding up in the hands of public charity. Clifford became distressed with the way his daughters were being treated and found two foster homes in Portland, Indiana, each willing to take one of the girls. <mask>'s sister was sent to live with a farm family. <mask>'s new home was with Charles and Belle Ewry and their three sons.She and the eldest of the three sons, Ralph, liked each other immediately. Ralph Ewry became her friend and protector. <mask> later described the Ewry household as a serious environment, made bearable only by Ralph's kindness. <mask> did well in school and skipped three grades; however, by the time she entered high school in 1916 her enthusiasm for her studies had waned and she dropped out in the tenth grade. <mask> took as job as a clerk in the basement of Cartwright's department store in Portland, Indiana. She became increasingly unhappy living with the Ewrys, particularly following Ralph's deployment overseas as a soldier during World War I.  Ralph sensed <mask>'s discontent in her letters to him and, believing that she might be better off with a blood relative, managed to locate one of her distant relatives in San Francisco. <mask> arrived in San Francisco in November 1918, and moved in with her relative who lived in an apartment on Geary Street.<mask> knew she would be expected to contribute to household expenses and set out to find a job. After a few frustrating days of unsuccessful job hunting, she arrived at the apartment only to discover that her relative had moved out leaving <mask> broke, alone, and homeless. Another of <mask>'s female relatives invited her to move to Hollywood, California, and live with her. Soon after her arrival it became clear that <mask>'s relative was interested only in transforming the girl into a child star. When that plan failed, the relative put <mask> out on the street. <mask> became a resident at the Salvation Army's home for working women in downtown Los Angeles and got a job at the Broadway Department Store. It was there that she met Evelyn Conners, a woman a few months her junior, who would become her lifelong friend.Following a brief move to Salt Lake City, Utah, <mask> returned to Los Angeles, where she found work as a waitress at the Pig 'n Whistle restaurant in downtown Los Angeles. One day in April 1920, she was lamenting to <mask>, a co-worker, that her Hollywood relative had resurfaced and demanded that <mask> live with her again and relinquish her paychecks to her, or she would turn the underage girl over to the authorities. Harry told her that the relative could not do that if he and <mask> were married. The couple married three weeks later on April 28, 1920. By 1926, <mask> and her husband had become parents to a daughter and son. <mask>'s husband and sister worked outside the home, but the family still struggled to make ends meet. One of the small economies that <mask> practiced was to wear her sister's hand-me-down silk stockings.One day <mask> asked her husband for the money to buy a new pair of stockings, but he demurred. An argument ensued and <mask> told her husband that if he would not give her money for stockings, she would get a job and earn them herself. In her autobiography, Newspaperwoman (Harper Brothers, 1949), <mask> said that she did not want to work outside the home, and that she had no idea where to look for a job. As it turned out, a job found her. The day following the stockings argument <mask>'s friend, Evelyn Connors, called and asked her if she would be interested in a temporary job on the switchboard at the Record. <mask> seized the opportunity, and thus began her career in the newspaper business. Los Angeles Record

In October 1926, <mask> began her job as the switchboard operator at the Los Angeles Record.It was at the Record that <mask> learned the newspaper business from the ground up. She was a quick study and worked hard at any task to which she was assigned. She assisted Gertrude Price, who wrote a woman's column under the pseudonym of Cynthia Grey, in the Christmas basket program for the poor. Price recognized <mask>'s innate talent and became <mask>'s mentor. In December 1927 William Edward Hickman kidnapped, murdered, and then butchered twelve-year-old Marion Parker. Hickman was on the run when <mask> saw the United Press flash that he had been captured in Oregon. <mask> telephoned her husband with the news.Price overheard the call and reprimanded <mask> for talking about a story outside of the newsroom before it was in print. <mask> never made that mistake again. <mask> worked her way up to reporter at the Record, and her first byline was an interview with an elderly man who was credited with having planted the first cotton in California. <mask>'s first major crime reporting began on May 20, 1931, when Los Angeles was shaken by the murders of Charles H. Crawford and Herbert F. Spencer. Crawford was a former saloon keeper and was a power behind the scenes in the city's government. Spencer was a former police reporter who had become associated with the Critic of Critics, a political crusading weekly. The day following the murders thirty-three-year-old David H. Clark, a former deputy district attorney and candidate for municipal judge, surrendered himself to the district attorney and admitted to the murders.<mask> had noticed a couple of gaps in the coverage of the murders. She thought it odd that no one had interviewed Clark's parents. <mask> managed to locate them and they gave her an exclusive interview and photographs. <mask>'s interview with Clark's parents appeared in the paper under the headline "Mrs. Clark Says Son is Innocent", earning her a double column byline. <mask> was given an increasing number of major stories to cover for the Record, and her reputation as a reporter grew. She was offered a job at William Randolph Hearst's Herald-Express, but she turned it down. The Herald-Express expected her to provide her own automobile, but she did not own a car.In addition, she felt that she was gaining valuable experience in every aspect of the newspaper business at the perennially short-staffed Record, and she worried that she would be more constricted at the Herald-Express. Early in January 1935 the Herald-Express again offered <mask> a job. She had decided to decline the offer when a couple of days later she learned that the Record had been sold to the Illustrated Daily News. Despite assurances that her position would be safe, <mask> decided to accept the offer to work for the Herald-Express. Herald-Express

<mask>'s first assignment for the Herald-Express was to interview Amelia Earhart. The aviator had successfully completed a historic solo flight from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California. <mask> staked out Earhart's North Hollywood home for several hours before she turned up.The interview was worth the wait; <mask> discovered that she was the only Herald-Express reporter who had caught up with Earhart. Three weeks after she began working at the Herald-Express, <mask> drew photographer Perry Fowler for a story on the rape of a sixteen-year-old girl. <mask> and Fowler worked together regularly after that and were unofficially regarded as a team. They made the early morning rounds (called "milk runs") of local jails. They visited the Lincoln Heights Jail almost daily, ferreting out crimes and scandals on which to report. Among the stories <mask> covered over the next twelve years were the untimely deaths of Hollywood stars Thelma Todd (whose autopsy she attended) and Jean Harlow. She wrote a series of articles on the lives of the women incarcerated in the California women's prison at Tehachapi, and she would report on nearly every major murder case in the city, culminating with the infamous murder of twenty-two-year-old Elizabeth Short in January 1947. she also reported on the case of Nellie May Madison who was convicted of shooting and killing her husband on March 24, 1935.At first <mask> assumed Madison was guilty because she was married five times and produced no children from the marriage. She eventually became an advocate for Madison and garnered outcry of letters which had Madison's conviction from death to life in prison. On January 15, 1947, the bisected body of a young woman was found in Leimert Park near Thirty-Ninth and Norton. According to <mask>, she was the first reporter to arrive at the body dump site. The dead woman was soon identified as Elizabeth Short from Medford, Massachusetts. <mask> stated in her autobiography, Newspaperwoman, that the popularization of Short's "Black Dahlia" nickname was the result of information she had received from a Los Angeles Police Department homicide detective. In the midst of reporting on the Black Dahlia case, <mask> was promoted to city editor of the Herald-Express.<mask> said that she had been pulled from reporting on the case twice, each time without warning, or explanation. The second time she was informed that her new assignment was as editor of the city desk. Wielding a sawed-off baseball bat and a starter pistol, <mask> ran a staff of hard-nosed reporters and photographers who called her "Aggie" (the nickname she had acquired while working at the Record) until her retirement in 1968. CBS lawsuit

On April 22, 1981, <mask>'s attorney, Caryl Warner, filed a $110 million defamation lawsuit against author Ovid Demaris and publisher Times Books over a passage in The Last Mafioso. The book related the life story of mobster Jimmy "The Weasel" Fratianno. The contested passage referred to an incident in the late 1940s involving gangster Mickey Cohen. According to Fratianno, Cohen had pocketed $1 million from contributors to the Israeli cause by planting a false story in the Herald-Express stating that the ship carrying the money had gone down at sea.Fratianno was quoted as saying:

"[Cohen's] got this broad at the Herald, Aggie <mask>. She's a big editor there and this broad would walk on hot coals for Mickey. Prints any shit he gives her. The way I see it, Mickey called her and made up a story about buying guns and ammunition for the Jews and told her the boat sank." Fratianno repeated the story to interviewer Mike Wallace on the CBS television show 60 Minutes, and the lawsuit was expanded to include Wallace et al. According to <mask>, she did not know Cohen until the early 1950s, a few years after the alleged incident. <mask> never denied being friends with Cohen, and she admitted that he was often a news source; in fact, Cohen had obtained the Lana Turner-Johnny Stompanato letters for <mask> after Turner's daughter, Cheryl, had been indicted for the stabbing death of Stompanato on April 4, 1958.<mask> died before the lawsuit could go to trial. The suit was later dropped by her family. Later life and death

In 1981, and in failing health, <mask> moved from Los Angeles to Greeley, Colorado, to live near her son and grandchildren. On July 3, 1984, she suffered a fatal heart attack. <mask>'s funeral was held at St. James Episcopal Church in downtown Los Angeles on July 7, 1984. Following her death, <mask> was eulogized in all of the local newspapers. The Herald-Examiner said:

"She was undeterred by the grisliest of crime scenes and had a knack for getting details that eluded other reporters.As editor, she knew the names and telephone numbers of numerous celebrities, in addition to all the bars her reporters frequented. She cultivated the day's best sources, ranging from gangsters and prostitutes to movie stars and government officials." <mask> is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, in the Court of Freedom, Sanctuary of Affection, crypt 1239. Filmography
On November 11, 1956, <mask> was the subject of an episode of the television program This Is Your Life. She was also the subject  of a 2017 film documentary entitled Agness <mask>: First Lady of the Newsroom. Honors and awards

March 31, 1949. Woman of Achievement Award, American Legion, Los Angeles County Council and its Auxiliary.July 27, 1949. National Headliner Award, for outstanding achievement in journalism, Theta Sigma Phi, at its national convention, Dallas, Texas. April 15, 1950. A guest of honor, annual banquet, Women's National Press Club, Washington, D.C.
August 11, 1951. Honorary degree, Master of Business Administration, Woodbury College, Los Angeles. February 16, 1952. Golden Flame Award (first to be presented), California Association of Press Women.January 12, 1956. Trophy, for "outstanding achievement", "Life Is What You Make It", Columbia Broadcasting System television program. January 4, 1957. Citation, for "success in her chosen field of journalism", Los Angeles Commandery, Knights Templar. May 9, 1957. Citation, American Legion, District 17, California. May 16, 1957.Sister Pin Award, Delta Phi Epsilon foreign service fraternity. June 12, 1957. Outstanding Achievement Award, Women's Graphic Arts Club, Los Angeles. June 1957. Honorary Commander and Award, Port of Los Angeles, Board of Harbor Commissioners. June 12, 1958. Los Angeles City Council scroll containing copy of resolution passed unanimously, for outstanding service…to…journalism generally…and…her leadership…in numerous projects…for betterment of Los Angeles…"
June 20, 1958.Honorary degree. Doctor of Laws, College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, Los Angeles. January 17, 1959. One of 348 Los Angeles Women listed in first edition of "Who's Who of American Women". December 13, 1960. Silver cup award as one of Los Angeles Times "women of the year". This was the Los Angeles Times first award for journalism."March 26, 1961. President's annual award, B'nai B'rith Girls of Southern California. "…for inspiration to teenage girls". July 28, 1961. "Newspaperwoman of the Year" guest of honor, Greater Los Angeles Press Club banquet. June 28, 1962. Medallion Award as "The Most Outstanding Woman in Journalism", National Federation of Press Women, convention, Denver, Colorado.July 7, 1962. Award of Merit, Military Order of the Purple Heart, Department of California. July 18, 1962. Mayor Samuel W. Yorty proclaimed "Aggie Underwood Day" in Los Angeles. Los Angeles City Council unanimously passed resolution designating "Aggie Underwood Day". The official documents were recorded in an illuminated, hand-lettered, leather-bound book presented to her. January 18, 1963.Humanitarianism Award, Los Angeles Cancer Prevention Society, for "…inspiring exemplification of dedicated service to the health and welfare of the community." April 20, 1963. Citation, "…in honor of her many achievements" and hailing her as "this nation's most outstanding newspaperwoman", Pacific Region, Soroptimist Federation of the Americas. June 23, 1963. Golden Lulu Award, Los Angeles Advertising Women, at 60th annual convention, Advertising Association of the West, Los Angeles. September 17, 1963. Citation as "Outstanding Woman of the Year" for 1963 in journalism, by Board of Editors, "Who's Who of American Woman" – one of thirteen cited as outstanding among 20,500 distinguished women listed in the book.December 8, 1963. "Woman of the Year" Humanitarian Award, B'nai B'rith, Hollywood Lodge, 11-11. March 18, 1964. Knightly Cross of St. Brigitte, Knightly Order of St. Brigitte, for "…outstanding service in the cause of Christian, patriotic, cultural and charitable endeavors". November 6, 1966. Printer's Devil Award, Theta Sigma Phi, Los Angeles Chapter, for outstanding achievement in journalism –the first time the award was presented to a woman. March 20, 1967.Citation, U.S. Social Security Administration, for "…journalistic excellence" and community service. October 26, 1967. Named honorary citizen of Montebello and officially presented key to city by Mayor Anthony Lambo, at first annual Montebello Art Festival. (First U.S. citizen so designated—honor theretofore confined to foreign dignitaries.) Source: Agness Underwood Collection, California State University, Northridge

Legacy
The Agness <mask> Reporting Award is offered by the Department of Journalism at California State University, Northridge (CSUN). <mask>'s archives are held in Special Collections and Archives at CSUN's University Library. References

Further reading

 Bradley, Patricia.Women and the Press: The Struggle for Equality. Northwestern University Press, 2005. Cairns, Kathleen A. The Enigma Woman: The Death Sentence of Nellie May Madison. U of Nebraska Press, 2009. Cairns, Kathleen A. Front-Page Women Journalists, 1920-1950.New York: Penguin, 2006. Davies, David Randall. The Postwar Decline of American Newspapers, 1945-1965: The History of American Journalism. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Donati, William. The Life and Death of Thelma Todd. McFarland, 2012.Hodel, Steve. The Black Dahlia Avenger: The True Story. Arcade Publishing, 2003. Lieberman, Paul. Gangster Squad: Covert Cops, the Mob, and the Battle for Los Angeles. St. Martin's Press, 2012. Starr, Kevin.Embattled Dreams: California in War and Peace, 1940-1950. New York: Penguin, 2006. Starr, Kevin. The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s. Oxford University Press, 2002. Wagner, Rob Leicester. Red Ink White Lies: The Rise and Fall of Los Angeles Newspapers 1920-1962.Dragonflyer Press, 2000. 1902 births
1984 deaths
American women journalists
Writers from Los Angeles
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers

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Agness May Underwood
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<mask> (born 27 March 1940) is a Jamaican musical artist popular in the 1960s and 1970s. He worked with Desmond Dekker, Bob Marley, and Jimmy Cliff in the rhythm and blues and ska genres, and he also performed rocksteady and skinhead reggae. Biography
In 1957, <mask> entered the Vere Johns Opportunity Hour, a talent show held at the Palace Theatre in Kingston. He won with rousing impressions of Little Richard and, shortly after that, was recruited to perform around the island with the popular Jamaican comedy team Bim and Bam. In 1959, <mask> entered the recording studio for the first time. Duke Reid, the sound system boss, was looking for talent to record for his Treasure Isle record label. <mask> cut two popular shuffle-boogie sides "Lover Boy", a.k.a."S-Corner Rock", and "Oh My". Soon after, <mask> cut the bolero-tinged boogie "Fat Man", which also became a hit. He also found time to record for Coxsone Dodd. In 1960 <mask> became the only artist ever to fill the places from one to seven on the Jamaican pop chart simultaneously. Among those hits were "Don't Call Me Daddy", "In My Heart", "Be Still", and "Meekly Wait and Murmur Not". But it was the following year that <mask> released the biggest hit of his career, the Leslie Kong production of "Don't You Know", later retitled "Housewives' Choice" by a local DJ. The song featured a bouncing ska riddim, along with a duet by <mask> and Millicent "Patsy" Todd."Housewives' Choice" began the rivalry between <mask> and Prince Buster, who accused <mask> of stealing his ideas. Buster quickly released "Blackhead Chiney Man", chiding <mask> with the sarcastic put-down, "I did not know your parents were from Hong Kong" – a swipe at Kong. <mask> returned with the classic "Blazing Fire", in which he warns Buster to "Live and let others live, and your days will be much longer. You said it. Now it's the Blazing Fire". Buster shot back with, "Watch It Blackhead", which <mask> countered with "No Raise No Praise" and "Still Insist". Followers of the two artists often clashed, and eventually the government had to step in with a staged photo shoot depicting the rivals as friends.<mask> had a major success in 1962 with "Forward March", a song celebrating Jamaican independence from Great Britain. In the mid-1960s, when ska evolved into rocksteady, <mask> continued to release top quality material, including the seminal rude boy songs, "Tougher Than Tough", "Do the Beng Beng", "Conquering Ruler", and a cover of Ben E. King's soul hit, "Seven Letters". Produced by Bunny Lee, "Seven Letters" is often cited as the first true reggae single. In 1969 <mask> recorded the skinhead anthem "Moon Hop" (on Crab Records). However, failing eyesight then forced him to give up regular stage appearances. <mask> still performs occasionally at ska revival shows across the world – often backed by the guitarist Lynn Taitt. He remained popular in Jamaica and the UK into the early 1970s, and has lived primarily in the UK or the US since the late 1960s.With reggae music's significant popularity of reggae in the UK in the late 1960s and early 1970s, British reggae label Trojan Records created a subsidiary, Song Bird, to issue <mask>'s productions. The label issued 75 singles between 1969 and 1973. <mask> has written several songs that have won the Festival Song Contest for other artists, including "Jamaica Whoa" (1998, Neville Martin), "Fi Wi Island A Boom" (2000, Stanley Beckford), and "Progress" (2002, Devon Black). In July 2002 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, a two-night "Legends of Ska" concert was held. Reuniting were The Skatalites, Lloyd Knibb, Rico Rodriguez, Lloyd Brevett, Lester Sterling, Johnny Moore and Lynn Taitt; along with Prince Buster, Alton Ellis, Owen Gray, Lord Creator, Justin Hinds, <mask>, Winston Samuels, Roy Wilson, Patsy Todd, Doreen Shaffer, Stranger Cole, Lord Tanamo and <mask>. In 2007 <mask> appeared on the bill at the annual Augustibuller music festival. His song "Tougher Than Tough" was featured in the video game  Scarface: The World is Yours.<mask> retired from the music industry because of illness in the 2010s, but returned in 2016 to collaborate with Kirk Diamond on a remake of <mask>'s song 1960s "Conqueror". <mask> headlined the Supernova International Ska Festival, in Fredericksburg, Virginia on May 27–28, 2017. Discography

Albums
Seven Letters (1969)
<mask> in London (1969)
Moon Hop (1970)
Feel So Good (1975) (featuring Hortense Ellis)
People's Decision (1977)
Still in Love (1977) (also featuring Hortense Ellis)
Sunset at Moonlight City
Love City
The Legend of <mask> (1980)
I Am the Ruler (1992) – Trojan Records
Tougher Than Tough (Rudie in Court) (1992)
The Conquering Ruler (and the Sensational Yebo) (1994) – Pork Pie Records
Ska Man Classics (1995)
Ska Man Classics (1997)
21 Hits Salute (1997)
Meets the High Notes Live (2003)
Moon Hop: Best of the Early Years 1960–69 (2003)
Derrick:Top the Top (2003)
<mask> Meets the High Notes (2004)
Shake A Leg (2014)
Storybook Revisted (2019)

Singles
<mask> released nearly 200 singles in the UK, and more than 250 in Jamaica. These include:
"The Hop" / "Tell It To Me", 7-inch: Island WI 006, UK, 1962
"Forward March" / "Please Don't Talk About Me", 7-inch: Island WI 011, UK, 1962
"See The Blind" / "Cherry Home", 7-inch: Island WI 013, UK, 1962
"I Am The Ruler" / "I Mean It" Pyramid 1968
"No Dice" / "I Mean It" Pyramid 1968
"Fat Man" / "South Parkway Rock" Trojan TR 626 UK, 1968
Singles on Crab Records

"Moon Hop" – 1969 – UK No.

masks:
Derrick Morgan
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<mask> (born <mask>; 7 August 1894 – 27 March 1973) was a Brazilian visual artist who was particularly well known for her modern sculptures. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 August 1894 in Campanha, Brazil. to a minister father and a pianist mother. Her first husband was a literary critic named Otavio Tarquinio de Souza, with whom she had a daughter. However, when she married the young diplomat <mask> in 1926 she changed her name to <mask>. <mask> is known in the international world as “the sculptor of the tropics” and “the great sculptor of Surrealism”. Career
<mask> studied in diverse geographical locations in her early years, representing a time frame 1894 to 1938.Her initial education was in music at a French school in Rio de Janeiro, pursuing a career as a professional musician. Early in her first marriage she became interested in sculpture, and studied in Paris under Catherine Barjansky. While living in Japan she studied ceramics and Zen philosophy with D. T. Suzuki at the University of Kyoto. Her interest in sculptural abstractions was inspired by simple large wooden sculptures of her early Belgium instructor Oscar Jespers. This sculptural interest evolved to Surrealism, exploration of her Brazilian - Amazonian roots, and bronze casting under the teaching of Jacques Lipchitz. Lipchitz introduced <mask> to bronze casting using the Egyptian lost-wax casting technique, which she evolved by adding fat to the wax to increase the detail in her bronze sculptures. Eventually bronze became her creative process of choice.<mask>' association with the 1940s expatriate artist community in New York helped formulate her view on art’s political power. These views on art, its role in peace, and the responsibility of artists is articulated in an essay that was read into the U.S. congressional record on June 18, 1947 by Congressman Jacob Javits of New York. In the essay, titled Art, Liberation and Peace, she describes a world in which differences of race, nationalities, religions, social conditions and opinions are freely discussed, thereby negating the impacts of politics and wealth. She highlighted Adolf Hitler’s destruction of works of art as the beginning of his “nihilistic drive of conquest, domination and destruction”. She describes art as an appeal to emotions, a liberation and is immortal emphasizing that art’s value is to mobilize human beings to counter the impacts of war. In 1939 her husband Carlos became the Brazilian ambassador to the United States, moving their family to the States. During her US residency from 1939 to 1949, <mask> studied with the sculptors Jacques Lipchitz and printmaker Stanley William Hayter.Lipchitz introduced her to bronze casting and encouraged exploration of Surrealism and her Brazilian roots. She evolved to using the Egyptian lost-wax casting technique as her creative process of choice. In 1941 <mask> had a solo exhibition of her work, entitled Maria, at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. In 1943 the Valentine Gallery in New York City organized a two-artist exhibition with <mask> and Piet Mondrian, Maria: New Sculptures and Mondrian: New Paintings. <mask> later bought Mondrian's famous work from the exhibition, Broadway Boogie Woogie, for only $800, though she eventually donated it to the Museum of Modern Art. Also in 1943 she met André Breton and other surrealists in exile and collaborated with them in the surrealist journal VVV. Breton celebrated her sculpture and wrote the preface to the catalogue for her 1947 solo show at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York, it states that “<mask> owes nothing to the sculpture of the past or the present – she is far too sure, for that, of the original rhythm which is increasingly lacking in modern sculpture; she is prodigal with what the Amazon has given her”.She took part in the International Surrealist Exhibition in Paris in 1947. Surrealism
<mask> was completely marginalized in accounts of Surrealism for decades, despite her sculpture being included in a number of surrealist exhibitions and publications and the prominent role she played in the movement during the 1940s. <mask> came to the surrealist movement late. She borrowed from artists like Giacometti, Ernst, and Arp. <mask> learned to work in bronze from Jacques Lipchitz, whose influence can perhaps be seen in “Impossible III” (1946). Brazilian anthropophagy and cannibalism interested <mask> and informed much of her later work. Example of this can be seen in works like her 1942 sculpture “Yara,” inspired by the Tupi or Guarani Indian myth of a man-eating river goddess.Yara would sing her song of seduction to passing men enticing them to visit her jungle domain where she would devour them, like an insect in a Venus flytrap. Imagery like this caught the attention of Surrealist Movement founder, Andre Breton, at her 1943 exhibition at the Valentine Gallery. Here, Breton connected <mask>’s interest in the mythology of the Amazon River with his own desire to create new myths to base a future society on. Breton recounted the impact Martin’s sculpture had on him in his preface to her 1947 exhibition at the Julien Levy Gallery:”<mask>’s sculpture began to carry a whole legend on its shoulders, a legend that was nothing less than the Amazon itself. Sculpture garlanded, like the Amazon’s own waters, with tropical creepers. This legend sang in those works of hers which I had the chance to see in New York in 1943 and admired so greatly. Just as it sang with all its immemorial voices man’s passion from birth to death, re-created in symbols of unparalleled denseness by the Indian tribes which have succeeded each other along those treacherous banks.In her bronzes...<mask> has succeeded marvelously in capturing at their primitive source not only anguish, temptation and fever, but also the sunrise, happiness and calm, and even occasionally pure delight; she is the emanation of all these things, all these wings and flowers. <mask> owes nothing to the sculpture of the past or the present—she is far too sure, for that, of the original rhythm which is increasingly lacking in modern sculpture; she is prodigal with what the Amazon has given her—the overwhelming abundance of life. "Breton did not know that <mask>’s interest in her cultural myths pre-dated her involvement with the Surrealists by over a decade. This can be seen in the works she made in the mid-to-late 1930s under the influence of Catherine Barjanski whom she studied with in Paris, and Oscar Jespers whom she studied with in Belgium. Though most of the sculptures <mask> made before moving to America in 1939 are now lost, a visual record of these works is found in an unpublished photograph album that she assembled in the early 1940s documenting her early sculptures. <mask> carved her early figures in wood from the subtropical jacaranda tree, which is native to Brazil. Jacaranda’s straight grain and relatively soft, knot-free properties made it ideal for sculpting.<mask> chose this specific wood also to resonate with the Brazilian themes of her work. Her 1939 work “Macumba” references the underground Afro-Brazilian religion, imagery she frequently references in subsequent works. Étant donnés
<mask> had an affair with the artist Marcel Duchamp, which lasted for several years from 1946 onwards, ending with her departure for Brazil in 1951 and with his 1954 marriage to his second wife Alexina Duchamp. In 2009, members of <mask>'s family released letters written by Duchamp and <mask> that substantiated previous claims that <mask> was indeed the model for the nude figure in Duchamp's final masterpiece, the Étant donnés, as opposed to his wife Teeny. It is now widely acknowledged that <mask> was the model for the reclining nude torso in Duchamp's installation piece and that his wife Alexina (Teeny) served only as the model for the figure's arms. On her return to Brazil in 1949, critics in Brazil did not favor her work, feeling it was non-traditional and too erotic. <mask> helped to found the very first edition of the São Paulo Art Biennial.While in Brazil she took part in the International Surrealist Exhibition in Paris 1959-1960, New York (1960–61) and São Paulo (1967). <mask> leveraged her international connections to promote modern art in Brazil. She was a founding member of the Museum of Modern Art in Rio in 1952. Later in her life she returned to writing and published poetry and essays on Friedrich Nietzsche and China. Death
<mask> died on 27 March 1973 in Rio de Janeiro. Public collections
<mask>' work can be found in a number of public institutions, including:

Museum of Modern Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Brooklyn Museum
 The Baltimore Museum of Art

References

1894 births
1973 deaths
Brazilian women sculptors
20th-century Brazilian sculptors
20th-century Brazilian women artists
People from Minas Gerais

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Maria Martins
Maria de Lourdes Alves
Maria de Lourdes Alves
Carlos Martins
Maria Martins
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