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<mask> (April 18, 1833 – November 18, 1892) was a wealthy banker and capitalist in New York City. Family
<mask> was born on April 18, 1833. He was the son of <mask> (1797–1873) and Georgianna (Kane) <mask>. He was also the brother of Civil War General <mask>. He was a direct descendant of colonial governors <mask>, <mask>, Jr., and <mask>. Career
<mask> commenced his business career in the cotton and sugar business with J.&A. Dennistoun Wood.In 1859, he turned to banking with the firm of Read, & Drexel. He was admitted to the New York Stock Exchange in 1862. In 1863, he became a one-third owner in the firm of Drexel, Winthrop & Company. Drexel, Winthrop was a very successful firm during the 1860s. most of this time, this New York branch, combined with the Drexel’s Philadelphia branch, was profiting between $300,000 and $350,000 per year. The Drexel brothers had a desire to do more European investing, as Winthrop did not agree, Drexel, Winthrop was dissolved in 1871 and Robert Winthrop & Company was established. Over the next twenty years, this company would grow into an important family banking enterprise; <mask> multiplied his family’s fortune many times over.The Company would remain in the <mask> family’s hands for over one hundred years. In 1977, Wood, Struthers, & Winthrop, the successor firm of  Robert Winthrop & Company, was sold to Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette for one-million shares of DLJ stock. DLJ went on to become part of Credit Suisse. <mask> was considered a close associate of his father-in-law, Moses Taylor. By the late 1860s, Mr. and Mrs. <mask> were large holders of the Manhattan Gas Light Company with 240 shares. In 1873, they held 1,320 shares of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. In 1870, <mask> was a director of The Manhattan Coal Company.The extent of the <mask> family wealth would be further revealed during the Pujo Committee investigations. In 1913, a report issued by the Taft Administration showed that Mrs. <mask> was the third largest shareholder of  National City Bank of New York, while Robert Winthrop & Company was the sixth largest shareholder in the National Bank of Commerce of New York. These were the nation’s two largest banks at the time. His son, Beekman <mask>, headed Robert Winthrop and Company from 1913 until 1939 and served as a director of National City Bank. In 1883, <mask> was an original shareholder of the Real Estate Exchange and Auction Room in New York when he purchased $10,000 of the original $115,000 subscribed. Other original shareholders included John Jacob Astor, William Astor, and Lloyd Aspinwall. Winthrop served as a trustee of the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company and the Orthopedic Hospital.Society life
Socially, <mask> belonged to the Union, Knickerbocker, Riding, and Metropolitan Clubs. <mask> was a friend, neighbor, and business associate of Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., father of  United States President Theodore Roosevelt. The <mask> and Roosevelt families would remain close through the next generation as <mask>’s son, Beekman <mask>, would serve as Governor of Puerto Rico and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury during Roosevelt's Administration. Personal life
On June 23, 1859, <mask> was married to Kate Wilson Taylor (1839–1925). She was the daughter of  Moses Taylor, who was one of the greatest railroad, iron, and coal company financiers and was president of  National City Bank for 27 years. They had six children who lived to adulthood:

 <mask> <mask> (1861–1912), a Harvard graduate and banker who did not marry. Grenville Lindall <mask> (1864–1943), who accumulated one of the largest and most valuable private art collections in the United States, which he bequeathed to the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University upon his death in 1943.Katharine <mask> (1866–1943), who married U.S. Senator Hamilton Fish Kean. Frederic Bayard <mask> (1868–1932), who married Dorothy Amory (d. 1907) in 1903. After her death, he married Sarah Barroll Thayer (1885–1938), the daughter of Nathaniel Thayer III, in 1911. Albertina <mask> (1871–1934), who married Dutch diplomat Jan Herman van Roijen. Beekman <mask> (1874–1940), who served in the Taft Administration and from 1909 to 1913, was Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He married Melza Riggs Wood (1870-1928).<mask> died on November 18, 1892 at his home, 38 East 37th Street in New York City and his funeral was held at Grace Church in Manhattan. Descendants
Through his daughter Katharine, <mask> was the grandfather of U.S. Congressman <mask> Kean (1893–1980), grandfather of Governor of New Jersey and 9/11 Commission Chairman Thomas Howard Kean Sr. (b. 1935), and 2x great-grandfather of Minority Leader of the New Jersey Senate Thomas Kean (b. 1968). It was the <mask>-Taylor fortune that kept the Kean family afloat in tough economic times. Winthrop-Taylor monies were lent to the Kean’s during the Panic of 1907, during the Great Depression to recapitalize Kean, Taylor and National State Bank of Elizabeth, and once again upon the death of Hamilton Fish Kean in 1941 to keep Kean, Taylor in existence.Among <mask>’s descendants, <mask> (1904–1999), who headed Robert Winthrop & Company, and Wood, Struthers, & Winthrop from 1939 until 1969 and was the majority partner upon its sale in 1977. <mask> (1906–1979) was a gentleman farmer who presided over his  estate in Hamilton and Ipswich, Massachusetts. <mask> was the father of five sons including Grant Forbes <mask> who is a partner at Milbank, & Winthrop, a private investment firm in New York City. Through his marriage, <mask> was the uncle of U.S. Senator John F. Kerry. The <mask> cousins also jointly own a  plantation in Allendale County, South Carolina, called Groton Plantation. The plantation is today the site of ongoing conservation efforts through game management, and the land remains a token of beautiful low country South Carolina.References

Further reading
"The Business Career of Moses Taylor" by Daniel Hodas, New York: New York University Press (1976). "An Old Merchant's Death", obituary of Moses Taylor in The New York Times, May 24, 1882. "Reared in a Greenhouse" by Dorothy B. Wexler, New York and London, Garland Publishing (1998). "Governor Tom Kean" by Alvin S. Felzenberg: RutgersUniversity Press (2006). "Fourscore Years" by <mask>. Kean, Privately Published (1974). "The New York Times," articles from the following dates: June 25, 1859; October 16, 1977; January 23, 1913; December 4, 1883;

External links
 Groton Plantation – Solomons Crossroads, Allendale & Hampton Counties
 Winthrop Family Home Movie Collection, University of Georgia

1833 births
1892 deaths
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
American financiers
19th-century American businesspeople
Winthrop family
American people of English descent
Businesspeople from New York City
American bankers
People from Murray Hill, Manhattan

masks:
Robert Winthrop
Winthrop
Thomas Charles Winthrop
Winthrop
Frederic Winthrop
John Winthrop
John Winthrop
Fitz John Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
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Robert Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Winthrop
Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Winthrop
Winthrop
Robert Dudley
Winthrop
Winthrop
Taylor Winthrop
Winthrop
Taylor Winthrop
Winthrop
Winthrop
Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Robert Winthrop
Frederic Winthrop
Frederic Winthrop
Winthrop
Frederic Winthrop
Winthrop
Robert W


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<mask> (February 3, 1932 – May 27, 2015) was an American philosopher and former professor at Boston University. <mask> specialized in the philosophy of religion, although he also worked on the philosophies of science, law, and social science. He served with the US Marine Corps in Korea. Biography

Life and academic career
<mask> completed a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration in 1956 at Arizona State University. He was awarded an MA in philosophy at the University of Arizona in 1958 and in 1962 he was awarded a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University. He was appointed assistant professor at University of Colorado in 1962 and in 1965 he moved to Boston University. He was appointed Professor of Philosophy Emeritus after a lifelong career at Boston University.<mask> died on 27 May 2015, aged 83. He is the author or editor of a number of books, including Atheism: A Philosophical Justification (1989), The Case Against Christianity (1991), Atheism, Morality, and Meaning (2002), The Impossibility of God (2003), The Improbability of God (2006), and The Cambridge Companion to Atheism (2006). He sat on the editorial board of the philosophy journal Philo and wrote many reviews and articles for journals and magazines including Free Inquiry. Atheism
In his Atheism: A Philosophical Justification, <mask> cites a general absence of an atheistic response to contemporary work in philosophy of religion, and accepts the responsibility of a rigorous defense of non belief as his "cross to bear:"

The aim of this book is not to make atheism a popular belief or even to overcome its invisibility. My object is not utopian. It is merely to provide good reasons for being an atheist. … My object is to show that atheism is a rational position and that belief in God is not.I am quite aware that atheistic beliefs are not always based on reason. My claim is that they should be.<mask> used the concepts of negative and positive atheism as proposed by Antony Flew rather than the terms weak or soft atheism (negative) and strong or hard atheism (positive). Debates
<mask> took part in a number of written and internet debates with Christian philosophers. In 1991 <mask> and Keith Parsons (founder of Georgia Skeptics and teacher of philosophy at Berry College (Rome, Georgia)) provided atheistic critiques to Douglas Jones' propositions on The Futility of Non Christian Thought in  a written debate, Is Non-Christian Thought Justifiable?, originally published in Antithesis magazine. <mask> had agreed to participate in a debate with Christian reconstructionist philosopher Greg Bahnsen on October 26, 1994, at Rhodes College in Memphis, TN. <mask>, however, pulled out of the debate on October 14, less than two weeks before the event was to have taken place, due to his stated objection to having the debate recorded. He conducted a debate with John M. Frame over the internet in a series of articles and responses around <mask>'s 1996 article, "The Transcendental Argument for the Nonexistence of God".An internet debate with Christian philosopher Phil Fernandes in 1997 over the existence of God was published as a book in 2000 titled: Theism vs. Atheism: The Internet Debate. Academic Books
<mask>, M., & Augustine, K. (2015). The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death, Rowman & Littlefield. <mask>, M. (Ed) (2006). The Cambridge  Companion to Atheism.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Translated into Portuguese (2007), Finnish (2011), Croatian (2011))
<mask>, M., & Monnier, R. (Eds.)(2006). The Improbability of God. Prometheus Books. <mask>, M., & Monnier, R. (Eds.) (2003). The Impossibility of God.Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. <mask>, M. (2002). Atheism, Morality and Meaning. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. Fernandes, P., & <mask>, M. (2000). Theism vs. Atheism: The Internet Debate (Dr. Phil Fernandes vs. Dr. <mask>), Brenerton, WA: Ibd Press. <mask>, M. (2000).Verstehen: The Uses of Understanding in the Social Sciences. New Jersey: Transaction Books. <mask>, M. (1996). Legal Realism: American and Scandinavian. New York: Peter Lang. <mask>, M., & McIntyre, L. (Eds) (1994). Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science.Cambridge: The MIT Press. <mask>, M. (1991). The Case Against Christianity. Philadelphia: Temple University. <mask>, M. (1989). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University.<mask>, M. (1987). The Legal Philosophy of H. L. A. Hart: A Critical Appraisal. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <mask>, M. (1978). Social Science and Philosophical Analysis:  Essays on The Philosophy of The Social Sciences Washington, D.C.: University Press Of  America. <mask>, M. (1972). Concepts of Science Education: A Philosophical  Analysis.Chicago: Scott-Foresman. <mask>, M., & Foster, M. (Eds) (1966). Probability, Confirmation and Simplicity. New York: Odyssey Press. ASIN: B000H03Q86

Fiction and Plays
<mask> published The Big Domino in the Sky: And Other Atheistic Tales in 1996. This is a collection of short stories in various styles presenting philosophical arguments. . In 2011 <mask> self-published a fiction novel,  Murder In Lecture Hall B, about a murder in the classroom of a philosophy professor whose interests are Religions and Atheism.<mask> also wrote 8 short plays with moral or philosophical themes that are available on his website. See also
 Atheist's Wager
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers
 List of atheist philosophers

References

External links

 <mask>'s homepage, Boston University
 Martin's page from infidels.org, which contains a number of his critiques of theism
 <mask>'s biography also from infidels.org, which lists his extensive collection of articles and reviews. Biography, philosophyofreligion.info. Obituary

1932 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American atheists
Analytic philosophers
Atheist philosophers
Boston University faculty
Christ myth theory proponents
Critics of Christianity
Harvard University alumni
Philosophers of religion
Philosophers of social science
Writers about religion and science
Atheism activists

masks:
Michael Lou Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
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Martin
Martin
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Michael Martin
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<mask> and Akkanna were two Brahmin brothers who rose to prominence in the 17th-century in the final two decades of the Golkonda sultanate. They helped Abul Hasan Qutb Shah come to power, who appointed them as ministers in his court. He made them responsible for collecting jizya taxes from the Hindus – predominant part of the Sultanate's population. By the 1680s, according to the colonial era Dutch India archives, they controlled all the tax collection and the exchequer of the Golkonda Sultanate. According to Gijs Kruijtzer – a historian specializing in Deccan Sultanates, the <mask> and <mask> brothers can be viewed as early "nationalists" seeking the welfare of their people and the general public. They can also be viewed as "communalists" who criticized the Muslim elites as exploitative who do not care about non-Muslims, who serve the interest of their holy land in Arabia, and seek personal gain. The two brothers spent the taxes they collected in Golconda on the "welfare of the public", states Kruijtzer, which included furthering trade with the colonial Dutch, building public sarai (resting place for travelers), as well as restoring and building temples.Their remarkable rise to power and public priorities in the Golconda Sultanate, whose elite predominantly were Muslims, became a folklore among the Hindus. Muslims reached out to Aurangzeb, who in 1683 sent his army to attack Golconda Sultanate. The brothers attempted for peace with a deal to pay a large annual tribute to the Mughal empire. In 1685, Aurangzeb sent a regiment led by his son to end Golconda Sultanate, absorb it into the Mughal empire. This time the Mughal army captured and beheaded <mask> and Akkanna. The two brothers remain popular among the Hindus in the modern era Telangana, with many monuments named after them. They were also the maternal uncles of the popular Bhakti saint Bhadrachala Ramadasu.Early life
<mask> and <mask> were born to “Pengala Banooge Timayamah” or “Banoojee puntooloo” and his wife in the town of Hanamkonda in the district of
Warangal,Telangana,India. <mask> and Akkanna are popular forms of Madhava Bhan(u)ji and Akkarasu Bhan(u)ji respecively. They were Smartas, who honour both Shiva and Vishnu as well as Surya. They may have belonged to one of the branches of the Maharashtrian Brahmins, which is not to say that their family may not also have been based in the Telangana plateau for generations so that <mask> and <mask> would have spoken fluent Telugu besides Marathi. According to Aiyangar, <mask>'s formal name was Suryaprakasha Rao and he was fluent in Telugu, Sanskrit, Persian, Hindustani (Hindi, Urdu) and several other languages. Career

There are several version of Madanna and Akkanna history found in popular media and texts of India. The variation is from which of the four sources one relies on and which one ignores: the Dutch East India Company records (also called the VOC records), the Mackenzie manuscripts, the Muslim court historians, or the evolving Hindu folklore.Of these, the VOC records were contemporaneous to the events and Dutch merchants directly interacted with <mask>, <mask> and the Muslim elites of the Golconda Sultanate. The Mackenzie manuscripts date over a 100 years after the death of the brothers. The records of the Muslim historians as well as the Hindu folklores – or Brahmin perspectives – are largely hearsay and they vary in their dates as well as details, largely reflecting the bias of their authors. The Indologist A.H. Longhurst, relying on contemporaneous records from the 17th-century such as those of Dutch journalist Havart, states that <mask> and Akkanna became ministers in the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah, the Sultan of Golconda who ruled for nearly 45 years. Their department collected Jizya religious tax from the Hindus. Qutb Shah did not have a son, only three daughters. After he died, the succession choice was between the three sons-in-law.The <mask> and <mask> brothers helped Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (Tana Shah) become the next Sultan, thereby gaining their confidence and trust. They prospered and were soon responsible for the Sultanate's entire tax collection and the spending of its exchequer. This power over the purse made them very powerful. The Muslim sources, in contrast, caricature <mask> in a different way. His career is said to have started in 1666 CE as a clerk of Sayyid Muzaffar, who was a military general and of Persian origin. When Tana Shah became the Sultan, he chose Sayyid Muzaffar as his wazir. Sayyid Muzaffar, however, abused his power and treated the new Sultan like an appendage.Upset, the Sultan quietly dismissed Muzaffar and replaced him with <mask> as his wazir and "gave him the title of Suryaprakasha Rao". <mask> then appointed <mask> as his military general over the Muslim army of Golconda, and his nephew Rustom Rao as the chief of all horses. <mask> in this version, was not a minister, just a lowly employee but suddenly appointed the prime minister by Tana Shah. He is described as the one who coopted power through guile and intrigue, whom the Muslim elites and army despised for over 10 years. This version, states Aiyangar, is unlikely to be true because "Suryaprakasha Rao" is no title in either a Sultanate or a Hindu kingdom, it is just a name. It is also unlikely that <mask>, openly a Hindu, could have run an army of Muslims for over 10 years, when they despised him. This version is also not corroborated in alternate versions.The Hindu sources, such as the records at Advaita monasteries and those in the neighboring kingdoms, present another version. The western region of India was already under the control of the Maratha kingdom under Chhatrapati Shivaji, and he wanted to extend the Hindu kingdom into the north with a war with the Mughals, into the south by removing all Sultanates, and into the east by absorbing Golconda Sultanate. He chose to focus, rather than wage war everywhere. Tana Shah was well aware of the threat he faced from the Mughal army in the north and seeking large financial tributes, versus the Maratha army from the west seeking cooperation and assistance in their southern campaign. <mask> and <mask> were already ministers in Tana Shah's court. As prime minister, <mask> assured a cooperative Hindu population in Golconda, increasing trade with new colonial powers, and an alliance with Shivaji in the west. Tana Shah pursued this approach, and these geopolitical circumstances propelled the career of <mask> and <mask>.According to Maratha records, Tana Shah entered into agreement to provide Shivaji with artillery troops for a joint campaign in exchange for lands that previously were under the control of a larger Golconda Sultanate. The common element in the different versions is that <mask> and <mask> were in seats of power in 1673, and highly influential in Golconda Sultanate till they were assassinated. According to a British record dated July 1676, and corroborated by the Hindu sources, <mask> was never a general of the Muslim army. Rather, in 1675, he was appointed a Tarafdar (governor) for the Karnataka part of the Golconda Sultanate, after Muzaffar Khan and Musa Khan were set aside. The British records criticize the Brahmin brothers to be "very exacting" and "irksome" in their demands to the colonial British agents. According to Kruijtzer, there is no evidence in any source that <mask> was officially a "Peshva" or held the same title that "Mir Jumla" did before their rise to power, something that is often assumed and repeated. Titles aside, states Kruijtzer, the primary role and power of <mask> came from being Sultan's majmu'adar shahi, or "king's collector, bookkeeper".The caption in the miniature paintings of <mask> and Akkanna created in the 17th-century Golconda court, along with those of Tana Shah, identifies the brothers as "chief bookkeepers", not wazir or a general. <mask> was an entrepreneur too, as his trade ships served the rising colonial era demand for international trade. Administration, policies
<mask> and Akkanna began their career in tax collection. As they reached their powerful position, they made this system highly efficient by civil "revenue farming". Their system of administration was different than Jagirs in use in the Mughal Empire. In the Jagir system, Muslim officers and elites were required to serve the emperor's demand for troops along with regular tributes. Instead of paying them a salary, the Mughal administration gave them a right to collect taxes and land revenue from the rural and urban population of certain area (jagir).Madanna and Akkanna placed the Golconda Sultanate officials and Muslim elites at the court on salary instead, and gave civilians the responsibility and right to collect taxes for a period of time in exchange for a lump sum upfront payment for that right. This separated those with military power from those with economic power, ensured a large upfront payments before rather than after a period. They thus created a new set of capitalist elites, often Brahmins, that held the power of the pen and the purse. At the local level, Madanna and Akkanna decoupled the policing duty from the tax and economic administrators. The police were paid directly by the Sultanate treasury, while the civil administration focussed on tax collection and public services. Once again, they thus split the responsibilities, such that Muslims continued to dominate in the police roles, while newly created civil services enabled the Brahmins and Baniyas to enter into positions of financial administration, bookkeeping and administrative power. These policies helped in delivering the priorities set by Madanna and Akkanna.The brothers used the taxes collected to further trade, build sarai (road side resthouses) and Hindu temples. They also issued gifts to matha (monasteries). According to a manuscript in the Mackenzie collection, <mask> and Akkanna were sponsors of classical Indian arts. For example, they financed a troupe of Yakshagana artists – a form of traditional South Indian theatre, who toured the Golconda Sultanate every year. Death
The details of their death vary by the source, but the common thread is that they were brutally killed in 1685 by the Mughal forces under the command of Aurangzeb's son. In one version, the financial prosperity of the brothers brought them power, as well as made them a target of the Muslim elite in Golconda Sultanate. The latter reached out to Aurangzeb, particularly Muhammad Ibrahim who defected in 1683 to the Mughal Empire after serving many years as a general in Golconda Sultanate army.Aurangzeb sent his army to attack Golconda Sultanate. After a seize and the payment of large tributes to the Mughal treasury by <mask>, soldiers led by Shah 'Alam – the son of Aurangzeb, returned to Golconda. They sought out and assassinated <mask> and <mask>. This assassination was done, by some accounts with the knowledge of Abul Hasan Tana Shah. They were beheaded, and their heads were sent as trophies back to Aurangzeb. By other accounts, Tana Shah was unaware and the heads of <mask> and <mask> were sent to Aurangzeb's son. In a third version, <mask> and <mask> were captured by the Mughal forces, dragged in the street in front of the public in November 1685, Akkanna then killed under the feet of an elephant, while <mask> was beheaded and the head sent back to Aurangzeb.According to the Dutch India company records, on the day the brothers were murdered, "many" Brahmins were hunted down in Hyderabad and other parts of the Golconda Sultanate and they were also killed, their homes plundered. Legacy
Less than two years after their death, Aurangzeb dismissed the Sultan, arrested him and placed in a prison in Daulatabad. The sultanate became a part of the Mughal empire. The period led by <mask> and Akkanna was remembered as a decade of golden age by some, already by the 18th-century. The brothers are remembered in today's Telangana as administrators and as martyrs. Visible reminders of their activities as politicians and religious benefactors are the Akkanna Madanna Temple in Hyderabad, Akkanna Madanna caves in Vijayawada, and the ruins marked as their offices in Golkonda fort. See also
Akkanna Madanna Caves
Akkanna Madanna Temple
Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam

References

1685 deaths
People from Hyderabad State
Indian murder victims
17th-century Indian people
Year of birth unknown

masks: Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Akkanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna Akkanna Madanna Madanna


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Denise Katrina Matthews (January 4, 1959 – February 15, 2016), known professionally as <mask>, was a Canadian singer, songwriter, model, and actress. Known for her image as a sex symbol in the 1980s, she became an evangelist and renounced her career as <mask> in the 1990s. <mask> was the lead singer of the female trio Vanity 6 known for their 1982 hit song "Nasty Girl". They disbanded in 1983 when she decided to embark on a solo career. <mask> released two solo albums on the Motown Records label, Wild Animal and Skin on Skin. She had minor hit singles with "Pretty Mess", "Mechanical Emotion", "Under the Influence", and "Undress" from the 1988 film Action Jackson. <mask> also had a successful career as an actress, starring in the film The Last Dragon, 52 Pick-Up, and Action Jackson.After years of drug abuse, which caused health issues, Matthews became a born again Christian in 1992. She later devoted herself to her church in Fremont, California. Matthews died on February 15, 2016, at the age of 57, due to kidney failure. Early life
Denise Katrina Matthews was born in Niagara Falls, Ontario on January 4, 1959, the daughter of Helga Senyk and Levia James Matthews. Her mother was of German-Jewish and Polish-Jewish descent, and she was born in Germany, while her father was of African-American descent and was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. Matthews had two sisters, Patricia and Renay, and several half siblings. Her father died when she was 15 years old.Matthews revealed to Jet in 1993 that her father physically and verbally abused her for years. The abuse caused her to have a negative self-image. "For 15 years, he beat me badly... I wish I could see my father in heaven, but I won't. He's in hell," she said. Career

Early career: 1977–1981
Matthews began entering local beauty pageants before moving to Toronto, where she modeled. She won the Miss Niagara Hospitality title in 1977 and went on to compete for Miss Canada in 1978.At age 17, she moved to New York City to further her career. She signed with Zoli Model Agency. However, because she was short in stature, her modeling career was limited to commercials and photoshoots and excluded runway work. Vanity appeared in commercials for Pearl Drops toothpaste, before completing a modeling stint in Japan. Matthews had a small role in the horror movie Terror Train (1980), which was filmed in Montreal in 1979. She then went to Toronto to film the lead role in the B-movie Tanya's Island (1980). She was credited as D. D. Winters for both films.Music and acting career: 1982–1993
Matthews appeared on the cover of the funk band Cameo's album cover, Alligator Woman, released in March 1982. She had met musician Prince at the American Music Awards earlier that year. After learning that she could sing, Prince later invited her to front a girl group he had formed called the Hookers. Prince initially wanted to name her "Vagina," but she refused so they settled on Vanity, as he considered her to be the female form of himself. The group was renamed Vanity 6. The group recorded one album, and had some success internationally with the single "Nasty Girl". They wore lingerie and Vanity's image became that of an erotic and sexy "nasty girl"."Prince created the whole Vanity Six image. It bothered me at the time. I lied and said it was the image I wanted. I did it because he told me I had to do it. If I didn’t do it, I wouldn’t get paid. I got into it. I wanted the old Diana Ross image," she said.<mask> and Prince appeared on the cover of the April 28, 1983 issue of Rolling Stone magazine. In August 1983, she abruptly left the group and turned down a role in the 1984 film Purple Rain, which went to her replacement Apollonia Kotero. In 1984, <mask> signed with Motown Records as a solo artist and recorded the funk-pop album Wild Animal. She had mild success on the US pop and R&B charts with the singles "Pretty Mess" and "Mechanical Emotion". In 1985, <mask> made her film debut in The Last Dragon, which featured her song "7th Heaven." She wanted a role in the 1985 film The Color Purple, but Steven Spielberg thought she looked too young. In 1986, she released her second and last album, Skin on Skin, which produced the top 10 R&B hit "Under the Influence".That year, she also starred in Never Too Young to Die opposite John Stamos and she appeared in 52 Pick-Up . In 1987, <mask> guest-starred in an episode of Miami Vices third season. She went on to co-star in the 1988 film Action Jackson, her highest profile role, in which she starred opposite Carl Weathers, Craig T. Nelson, and Sharon Stone. She also appeared nude in the April 1988 issue of Playboy magazine. <mask> had a role on numerous TV programs. She appeared in Friday the 13th: The Series in the episode entitled "Mesmer's Bauble" in 1989. She played a villain who tortured Nancy Allen's character in the 1990 TV movie Memories of Murder and appeared in an episode of Highlander: The Series in 1992.Her last role was in the film Kiss of Death in 1993. Personal life

Relationships
Reportedly, Matthews attended the American Music Awards with Rick James where she met Prince in January 1982. Matthews and Prince then began dating shortly after. She was linked romantically to Adam Ant, who wrote the track "Vanity" about her on his 1983 Strip album, and Billy Idol. During an appearance on The Arsenio Hall show in 1987, Matthews announced that she and Mötley Crüe bassist Nikki Sixx were engaged. She often joked that she would become Vanity 6 (Sixx) again. In his memoir, The Heroin Diaries: A Year in the Life of a Shattered Rock Star, Sixx detailed their volatile relationship and drug use.He stated that Vanity taught him how to freebase cocaine. On her first anniversary of sobriety, Matthews married football player Anthony Smith of the Oakland Raiders in 1995. Matthews was working as an evangelist in San Jose when she read about Smith's philanthropic activities in Los Angeles. "The Lord told me that I would go down to L.A. and minister him," she told Ebony. Three days after they met she proposed to him. They married after a one-month whirlwind romance. The wedding took place at Smith's home in Playa del Rey.Smith revealed that they often argued because of her kind nature. Matthews had a habit of inviting homeless people into their home for food and offering them showers, she would also give out her number. Smith was volatile and the marriage ended in 1996. After they separated, Smith was arrested for domestic violence involving another woman and he was later convicted of three murders. Religion
In 1992, <mask> became a born-again Christian, and in several interviews, she stated that she would not play any more sexualized roles. Simultaneously, she renounced her stage name <mask> and reverted to Denise Matthews once again. She traveled extensively throughout the South with her friend/agent Benjamin Jimerson-Phillips, giving her testimony of conversion to Jesus Christ.In 1994, Matthews was hospitalized for three months for near-fatal kidney failure from a drug overdose. She recalled later that after being rushed to the hospital, doctors said she had three days to live while on life support. Her friend Benjamin Jimerson-Phillips was by her hospital bedside. Later it was revealed, he was the one who notified Prince by Western Union Telegram that she had been hospitalized. She explained that Jesus appeared to her at this time and spoke to her, saying that if she promised to abandon her Vanity persona, he would save her. Upon her recovery, Matthews ended her performing career by cutting off all ties with Hollywood and shunning her former life in show business. She devoted herself to being a born-again Christian.In 1995, she said, "When I came to the Lord Jesus Christ, I threw out about 1,000 tapes of mine— every interview, every tape, every video, everything." Jimerson-Phillips stated: "I was there at her apartment at The Grand in Sherman Oaks, when she just started dumping things down the incinerator. I grabbed some of the items including a painting titled Tailspin, by famed artist Olivia; a cassette hand painted by Prince of unreleased music; and an assortment of other items I didn’t want to see go into the trash. I even had to go down to the office and ask them to retrieve her gold album she had thrown away." After a kidney transplant in 1997, Matthews dedicated the rest of her life full-time to Christ. She made speaking engagements at churches worldwide and she headed Pure Hearts Ministries in Fremont, California. In 2010, Matthews released her autobiography, Blame It On Vanity: Hollywood, Hell and Heaven, in which she thanks Jimerson-Phillips.Illness and death
Due to kidney problems from her 10-year crack cocaine addiction, Matthews had to undergo 20-minutes of peritoneal dialysis five times a day. Matthews underwent a kidney transplant in 1997, but her health worsened in 2015 after she was diagnosed with sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis. Matthews died in a Fremont, California, hospital on February 15, 2016, from kidney failure, aged 57. She left much of her estate to her church. A dying wish of hers was to have her ashes scattered over the coast of Hawaii, and for her loved ones to celebrate her life with festivities and "no tears". Discography

Studio albums
 Wild Animal (1984)
 Skin on Skin (1986)

Vanity 6
 Vanity 6 (1982)

Solo singles

Soundtrack appearances
 1985: The Last Dragon; "7th Heaven"
 1988: Action Jackson; "Undress", "Faraway Eyes", and "Shotgun" with David Koz and featuring vocalist Kareem

Guest vocals
 1982: 1999, Prince; "Free" (backing vocals)
 1982: What Time Is It?, The Time; "The Walk" (spoken vocals)
 1986: El DeBarge, El DeBarge; "Secrets of the Night" (backing vocals)

Music videos
 1982: "Nasty Girl", "He's So Dull", and "Drive Me Wild"
 1984: "Pretty Mess"
 1985: "7th Heaven" (video clips were from the movie The Last Dragon)
 1986: "Under the Influence"
 1988: "He Turned Me Out", a song performed by The Pointer Sisters from the soundtrack of Action Jackson. <mask>'s co-star in the movie, Carl Weathers, appears alongside her in the video.Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

Vanity Official website

 Denise "<mask>" Matthews from The Last Dragon Tribute

1959 births
2016 deaths
Actresses from Ontario
A&M Records artists
Black Canadian actresses
20th-century Black Canadian women singers
Canadian Christians
Canadian dance musicians
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Female models from Ontario
Canadian film actresses
Canadian people of African-American descent
Canadian contemporary R&B singers
Canadian soul singers
Canadian television actresses
Converts to Christianity
Deaths from kidney failure
Geffen Records artists
Motown artists
Musicians from the Regional Municipality of Niagara
People from Niagara Falls, Ontario
People from Fremont, California
Vanity 6 members
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Canadian evangelists
Canadian women pop singers
Canadian people of German-Jewish descent
Feminist musicians
Kidney transplant recipients
Warner Records artists

masks: Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity Vanity


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<mask> (September 16, 1925 – September 24, 2007) was a Spanish poet, novelist, literary critic and professor, based in New York from 1956 until his death in 2007. <mask> was also a tenured member of the Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española, of which was a Director and Corresponding Member of the Royal Spanish Academy, the Guatemalan, Filipino, Chilean, Colombian and Nicaraguan Language and the Hispanic Society of America. Moreover, he was president of the Hispanic Cultural Foundation in the United States and was in possession of the Commandery of the Order of Isabel the Catholic and the Civil Merit in the degree of Number granted by the King of Spain. He also received the Silver Medal of Andalusia in 1989, Freedom Prize of the City of New York (1986), Vasconcelos Award (Mexico-1990) for his work of creation and Medal of Christopher Columbus from the Dominican Republic (1991) Also, the rocianero writer gave his name to a foundation and an International Poetry Competition – the second largest in the province of Huelva, after Juan Ramon Jimenez-. He was also presidente del Círculo de Escritores y Poetas Iberoamericanos (C.W.P.L.) (In English: President's Circle Latin American Writers and Poets (C.E.P.I.)) Early years
<mask> was born in Rociana del Condado, in the province of Huelva, Andalusia, Spain, on September 16, 1925.His father was Manuel (Manolo<mask> Valencia, and his mother was Caridad <mask> Urquijo, a descendant of an aristocratic Basque family. His father was shot in August 1936 in the Spanish Civil War, when <mask> was 10 years old, as he was accused of being a socialist. His literary taste was evident from an early age, showing a great concern in learning so, he read everything that fell into his hands. He earned honors from the time he began to study until high school ended. Dire need and economic hardship overwhelmed his home. His mother had to leave their village to look for ways to rebuild their lives and try to reunite the family, but he could not stand it any longer. He, therefore, decided to abandon their land and travel alone to Madrid in search of work in August 1942, at the age of sixteen.At this young age he began his forced emigration that lasted until 1956 when he settled in New York City (United States). In Madrid he continued his studies in high school, but his life changed completely by having to work in order to send money home and to also pay for his studies. He had to complete the last three years of high school, 5th, 6th and 7th, for free, studying at night, if and when his work permitted. Surviving was hard, difficult and not very pleasant for the young man at his tender age, with a simultaneous work and study schedule. There were several jobs. The first one was to keep the accounting of a furniture store, while managing it on Calle Valverde, owned by a family friend of his mother – Caledonian Hernandez -a "good and fair man" who helped him a lot during those years of loneliness, anxiety, hunger and misery. Since he didn't make enough money by working at this job, he set up a stationery along with a Basque man- Aldamiz – but the experience would be short – just a few months – because of the many difficulties involved in the business at the time.His first residence was a modest pension in Fuencarral Street where Odon <mask> found a room to be isolated with his books. Later, his mother decided to settle in Madrid with two of her five children, Manuel and Marisol, and together with Odon, they resided in the home of a sister of his mother's. They finally had their own home. Among the many difficulties a new one was added: Caledonian Hernandez died and the business disappeared with his death, which meant that Odon lost his job and became wrapped in a sea of confusion. He had to find new employment. Odon <mask> made his way through the Merchant Navy career in Cadiz, as he himself said, "to raise my family," as from the 1940s he sailed the seven seas. In 1956, he stopped sailing while in Caracas, Venezuela where, along with two Spanish friends, he formed an import/export company.The deal yielded no results, despite so many efforts, because it needed more capital available to them. It was precisely in the short time he lived in Venezuela – just four months – that he met and became involved with the outstanding figures of the country. Despite the favorable social environment as they moved in those lands, he decided to settle permanently in the New York City because the climate was not propitious. He settled there in 1956 and in this city he received a master's degree in literature (MA) from Fordham University, and a master's in philosophy (M.Ph.) from The City University of New York. In addition, he did his doctoral studies in Philosophy (PhD) at The City University of New York, Graduate School, and he titled his doctoral thesis:  "Experiencias vitales en la obra poética de Miguel Hernández" (In Spanish: Experience vital in the poetry of Miguel Hernandez). Literary career and later years
"Escribir es como estar picado de tarántula; quien está herido no tiene solución; no hay más salida que entregarse por entero a la escritura (...) Nadie se parece a nadie.Al escritor se le conoce por la palabra, que en él tiene que ser esencia" (In English:"Writing is like being bitten by tarantula, he who is injured has no way out, there isn't any other recourse than to surrender himself entirely to writing (...) Nobody's similar to anyone else. The writer is known by the word, that in him must be essential".) He began his literary career in New York, where he settled in one of his trips along with a group of Spanish exiles who already lived there and he was one of the founders of Editorial Mensaje (Message Editorial) magazine that led until his death. He graduated in Arts (MA) from Fordham University, and Philosophy (PhD) from The City University of New York, where he received his doctorate, and later became a professor of Spanish language and literature of the same institution. He posted his first poetry book in 1969, which had the title Santidad y guerrería (Holiness and Guerrieri). This was followed by other books that shared the same genre of literature, among which stand Hombre de luz (Man of Light) (1972), La mano universal (The universal hand) (1985) and De ese Dios de las totalidades (This God of wholeness) (1991), among others. In 1981, <mask> posted his doctoral thesis Experiencias vitales en la obra poética de Miguel Hernández (Life experiences in the poetry of Miguel Hernandez).Between 1980 and 1990, he published that which would be his only novel: Diosdado de lo Alto (novela sobre la Guerra Civil Española, en dos partes, 1980y 1990) (Diosdado on High (novel about the Spanish Civil War, in two parts, 1980 and 1990). In 1986, he was elected president of the foundation that bears his name, based in his hometown, in Huelva. In the summer of 2007 he had to undergo an operation after a gastric hemorrhage. He died in New York on September 24, 2007 due to heart disease and cancer with which he had been suffering for some years, and he was buried a week later in his hometown in Spain, in Rociana's San Fernando Cemetery, in the family pantheon alongside his only son, Manny. The author had been suffering from health problems since two years prior, when he succumbed to heart surgery for five by-passes. The president of the Betanzos Foundation, Antonio Ramírez, said the writer died in a New York City hospital after several days of agony. In the U.S., he was survived by his wife, Amalia, as well as by the widow of his son.Personal life
It was in 1952 during one of his trips to New York that he met a woman from Bronx who would become his wife, Amalia Migues, the only daughter of a Spaniard – from Pontevedra, Galicia, who emigrated to America as a child – and of a Puerto Rican mother, from Santurce. Odon <mask> saw in her his own rebellion, and along with her intelligence, administrative ability, talent and understanding, she became irresistible. At that time, Amalia was a professor of cytology at New York University, a private university. The courtship was brief – just a year or so – and they married on March 21, 1953. On January 14, 1954, his only son was born, and he gave him his father's and his paternal grandfather's name, Manuel. The poet wanted to perpetuate the name of his ancestors in the son God had granted him. Manny wasn't only of high moral integrity and values, but he was also friendly, kind, intelligent, enthusiastic, thoughtful, very generous, and with a wonderful sense of humor.An avid reader, he was a marvelous son and an amazing person who studied literature, history, and social work at college as well as law. Because of the closeness and love they shared, the author was chosen by his son to be his best man the day of his wedding at St. Patrick's Cathedral in NYC, where he married a young lady he had met the first day of college; the same young woman the poet had secretly hoped his son would one day marry. In September 1993, the accidental death of his only son, aged 39, completely crushed Odon, and marked him both personally as well as in his literary work, to the day he died on September 24, 2007, just 14 years after his own son's death. Odon's father's capture and shooting during the Spanish Civil War, and then decades later, the death of his son, were both very heavy marks in the life of the author and of his literature. Some critics say, it was reflected in his writing due to his life's sorrows and weariness. During the 1970s, he published poetry, most of them collected in three anthologies: "Santidad y guerrería" (Holiness and Guerrieri), "Hombre de luz" (Man of Light) and  "La mano universal" (The universal hand). "Poemas del hombre y las desolaciones" (Likewise, we should point Poems of man and desolation), "De ese Dios de las totalidades" (From the God of wholes), "Antología poética" (Poetic Anthology), " La desolación" ("The desolation), " Sonetos de la muerte" (Sonnets of Death) and a two-volume novel about the Spanish Civil War : "Diosdado de lo alto" (Diosdado from above).He also worked as well extensive teaching, journalism and essays. He published them in magazines and newspapers around half the world. His work has been chosen for doctoral theses in many parts of the world. Awards
He received many awards throughout his life, among those:
 The Commendation of Isabel the Catholic
 Freedom Prize of the City of New York (1986)
 Silver Medal of Andalusia
 Vasconcelos Award (Mexico-1990)
 Award the Knights Order and of Civil Merit in the degree of Number granted by the King of Spain. Order of Christopher Columbus from the Dominican Republic (1991). He was declared favorite son of his hometown of Rociana in 1979, where the House of Culture bearing his name, in addition to an existing intellectual foundation based in the locality. Legacy
His works has been translated, at least in English, Portuguese, French, Italian, Russian, Chinese, Dutch, Arabic, Hebrew and Macedonian.Works
He has published sixty-six books of poetry. Some of them are:

Lyric
 Santidad y guerrería (Holiness and Guerrieri), (1969)
 Hombre de luz (Man of Light) (1972)
 La mano universal (Universal Hand) (1985)
 Poemas el hombre y las desolaciones (Poetry man and desolation) (1988)
 De ese Dios de las totalidades (In this God of wholes) (1991)
 Antología poética (Poetic Anthology) (1995)
 Sonetos de la muerte (Sonnets of Death) (2000)

Narrative
 Diosdado de lo Alto (novela sobre la Guerra Civil Española, en dos partes, 1980 y 1990) (Diosdado on High (novel about the Spanish Civil War, in two parts, 1980 and 1990). Criticism
 Experiencias vitales en la obra poética de Miguel Hernández (Life experiences in the poetry of Miguel Hernandez) (1981). See also
 Académie Belgo-Espagnole d'Histoire

References

External links
 Sitio web de la Fundación Odón Betanzos(Spanish)
Fallece el director de la Academia Norteamericana del Español, Los Tiempos, 27 de septiembre de 2007. (Spanish)
 Asociación de Casas-Museo y Fundaciones de Escritores, Fundación Odón Betanzos Palacios (Spanish)
 (In Spanish). Asociación de Casa-Museo y fundaciones de Escritores, Fundación Odón Betanzos Palacios. 1925 births
People from the Province of Huelva
Spanish emigrants to the United States
Writers from New York City
2007 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Christopher Columbus
Spanish male poets
20th-century Spanish poets
20th-century Spanish male writers

masks:
Odón Betanzos Palacios
Odón Betanzos
Odón Betanzos Palacios
) Betanzos
Palacios
Odón
Betanzos
Betanzos
Betanzos
Betanzos


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<mask> (; June 12, 1916 – April 10, 2015) was a Mexican American politician, diplomat and judge. In 1964, <mask> was selected to be U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador, a position he held until 1968 when he was appointed U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia. In 1974, <mask> was elected to serve as the 14th governor of Arizona, and resigned two years into his term to become U.S. Ambassador to Argentina. Prior to his entry into public service, <mask> was a lawyer and a judge for Pima County, Arizona.He was a member of the Democratic Party. A native of Cananea, Sonora, <mask> lived in Mexico until 1926 when he emigrated with his family to the U.S. state of Arizona, settling near Douglas. He enrolled in Arizona State Teachers College in Flagstaff, now known as Northern Arizona University, and upon graduation returned to his native Sonora to work for the U.S. Department of State as a foreign service clerk. Subsequently, he returned to Arizona to pursue a career as a lawyer and was graduated from the University of Arizona College of Law. <mask> served as deputy county attorney for Pima County, Arizona until he was elected county attorney in 1954, and in 1958 he became a Pima County Superior Court Judge. In 1964, <mask> was selected by President Lyndon B. Johnson to become U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador at the recommendation of U.S.Senator Carl Hayden, despite controversy over <mask>'s surname being associated with Cuban President Fidel <mask>. Following a four-year term, he was then appointed to be U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia, and resigned in 1969 to return to Arizona to begin a career in politics. <mask> ran for and won the Democratic nomination for Governor of Arizona in the 1970 election, but narrowly lost to incumbent Governor Jack Williams. <mask> would decide to run again in the 1974 election and defeated his Republican opponent Russell Williams, a member of the Arizona Corporation Commission, by a thin margin. Only two years into his term, <mask> was approached by President Jimmy Carter to become U.S. Ambassador to Argentina, and resigned as Governor of Arizona.<mask> left his post as Ambassador in 1980, ending his career in public service, and returned to Arizona once again to practice law. He died at the age of 98 under hospice care in San Diego, California; at the time he was the oldest living former governor.. Raul <mask>'s papers are held at the University of Arizona Special Collections Library. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Cananea, Sonora, Mexico on June 12, 1916. <mask> was one of fourteen children born to his father Francisco Dominguez <mask>, a deep sea diver in San Jose del Cabo, Baja California and later a miner in Cananea, and mother Rosario Acosta, who had a third grade education but taught her husband to read and write. <mask>'s father was involved in a mine workers strike in Cananea and was sent to prison, but was later released as a political refugee to the United States in 1926, with the entire family relocating to Pirtleville, Arizona, near Douglas, on the Arizona-Mexican border and becoming U.S. citizens. <mask>'s father would regularly read to him from Mexican newspapers in order for his son to be informed on current events, which <mask> credits as his first exposure to politics. During his early teenage years, <mask>'s father died, and his mother became a midwife in order to support her children.At the time that <mask> attended elementary school, schools were segregated in Douglas, and he attended the Fifteenth Street School, which was only for Mexican students. Despite this, Spanish was not allowed and <mask> was forced to learn English in order to avoid punishment from school teachers. In high school, <mask> played football as the team's quarterback, and also competed in track and field. At the time of his high school graduation, embarrassed that he did not have a middle name, <mask> adopted the middle name Héctor, as it was the name of a basketball player at the school that he admired. Upon his graduation, <mask> was discouraged from attending college by his high school principal, saying that it would be a waste of time and money because no one would hire a Mexican graduate on the border. Despite being demoralized from attending college, <mask> earned a football scholarship and attended Arizona State Teachers College in Flagstaff, which is now known as Northern Arizona University. At the time he attended, the school had approximately 475 students.One of the conditions of the scholarship included the requirement of washing dishes three times a week, and <mask> worked his way up to become an assistant cook. He also took up boxing, and additionally taught a local sixth grade class in Flagstaff. <mask> became a naturalized United States citizen at the age of 23, and returned to Douglas in order to pursue a career in teaching. He was turned down for employment due to being a Mexican immigrant, and was discouraged enough to hop onto a freight train and pursue boxing professionally, earning fifty dollars per fight. Later, he decided to once again return to Douglas and work for the U.S. Department of State as a foreign service clerk in Agua Prieta, a border city in his native Sonora. He was convinced by a friend to quit his job with the State Department and instead pursue a career as a lawyer, and decided to attend the University of Arizona College of Law. In order to pay his way through law school, <mask> became a Spanish professor at the University of Arizona due to a sudden opening, but this caused complications with his admittance to law school as the dean felt he would not be able to dedicate himself to his studies while also maintaining a job as an educator.<mask> had developed a relationship with the university's president, who contacted the dean of the law school and subsequently convinced the dean to admit <mask>. <mask> earned his Juris Doctor degree and was admitted to the Arizona Bar in 1949. In 1959, he married his long-time girlfriend, Patricia Steiner, and they had two daughters. Law career, U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador, Bolivia
After earning his law degree from the University of Arizona, <mask> practiced law for two years in Tucson and subsequently served as a deputy county attorney for Pima County, Arizona. At the time, Mo Udall was the county attorney, and upon his retirement gathered all of the deputy county attorneys to inform them that he had handpicked his successor, Ed Larkin. <mask> walked out of the meeting, angered by the dictatorial way that Udall had selected his successor despite county attorney being an elected position, and in 1954, <mask> decided to run for the position himself.<mask> won the election by 65 votes, becoming the first Mexican American to hold such a position in the state. He served in that capacity until 1958 when he became a Pima County Superior Court Judge. <mask> earned a growing reputation during his time as a Superior Court Judge, and received a call from Roy Elson, an aide to U.S. Senator Carl Hayden who offered <mask> a position as a United States Attorney. <mask> was not satisfied with his offer, as he felt he would be going backwards from being a Superior Court Judge, and rejected Elson while also stating that he wanted to be a U.S. Ambassador instead. Elson informed Senator Hayden of <mask>'s desire to be a U.S.Ambassador, and Hayden approached President Lyndon B. Johnson about the possibility of appointing <mask>. At first, Johnson was opposed to appointing <mask> due to the association of the surname <mask> with that of Cuban President Fidel <mask>, as well as Fidel's brother, <mask> <mask>. Not wanting to potentially upset voters in the wake of the 1964 presidential election, Johnson requested that <mask> change his last name, but he refused. Johnson relented, and selected <mask> to be United States Ambassador to El Salvador in 1964. During his time as Ambassador to El Salvador, he was presented with the country's highest honor, the Order of José Matías Delgado. After four years as U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador, he was then appointed as United States Ambassador to Bolivia, and became known as the "Ambassador on Horseback," as <mask> would ride into the countryside on horseback and greet the Bolivian citizens.While U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia, <mask>'s home was bombed twice by terrorists. He served in the position until the following year when Richard Nixon was elected President, and <mask> was subsequently removed from office. Political career

1970 gubernatorial campaign
After returning to Arizona and leaving his post as U.S. Ambassador to Bolivia, <mask> was approached about the possibility of running for Governor of Arizona in the 1970 gubernatorial election. On June 18, 1970, <mask> announced his bid for the Democratic nomination, challenging Phoenix auto dealer Jack Ross and Chandler Mayor George Nader. <mask> held the announcement in Tucson, but no one showed up, believing that he had no chance of becoming the Democratic nominee.Despite this, <mask> went on to win the Democratic nomination by a significant margin, and challenged incumbent Governor Jack Williams in his bid for a third term. During the general election campaign, Republicans attacked <mask> for supposedly favoring Mexican immigrants during his time as Pima County attorney, and that he had been an "adequate" judge, but not an "outstanding" one. Ultimately, however, the Republicans decided against attacking <mask>'s record out of fear that they would be castigated for attacking a minority, which Jack Williams' campaign manager stated that he later regretted due to <mask>'s willingness to attack Williams. Most of Williams' support resided in the most populous county, Maricopa County, while the rest of the state supported <mask>. Ultimately, however, <mask> lost the general election by a narrow margin, with Williams earning 50.9% of the vote to <mask>'s 49.1%. 1974 gubernatorial campaign
Incumbent Governor Jack Williams decided against running for a fourth term as Governor of Arizona, which led to five candidates announcing their intention to seek the Republican nomination in his place, including perennial candidate Evan Mecham (who would later become Governor, and subsequently impeached) as well as Arizona Corporation Commissioner Russell Williams (no relation to Jack Williams). <mask> announced his decision to pursue the Democratic nomination once again in the 1974 election, and faced very little opposition in the Democratic primary, receiving more than double the number of votes over his two competitors.In contrast, the Republican primary was highly contested and led to a split among Republican Party members, with Russell Williams emerging as their nominee. Due to the closeness of the 1970 election, the Hispanic community was encouraged about the possibility of <mask> being able to achieve the office of Governor, and volunteered for his campaign in droves. <mask> ultimately won the general election by another close margin, receiving only 4,119 more votes than Russell Williams. The margin was credited to the Navajo vote in Navajo and Apache counties where <mask> received 5,488 more votes than Williams. A few weeks after the election <mask> attended the grand opening of a Nogales, Sonora bank after which he returned to the U.S. via the Grand Avenue pedestrian gate. He was in the company of two Mexican bank executives who presented their border crossing permits to the Immigration officer on duty. <mask> declared himself as a U.S. citizen whereupon the officer challenged him and asked for proof of his U.S. citizenship.<mask> replied by suggesting that they call Senator Goldwater to ask him if it would be ok to admit the Governor Elect of Arizona into his state. Governor of Arizona (1975–1977)
On January 6, 1975, <mask> was sworn into office as the 14th Governor of Arizona, becoming the first Mexican American to hold the position since Arizona earned its statehood in 1912. Along with his election as Governor, the Arizona State Senate also leaned Democratic, with 18 Democratic members to 12 Republican members. However, the Arizona State House remained in Republican control, with 33 Republicans to 27 Democrats. During his term as Governor, <mask> was heavily criticized by Republicans, who believed that <mask> simply wanted to have the title of Governor, rather than actually perform the duties involved with holding the office. Columnist John Kolbe of the Phoenix Gazette wrote about <mask>, saying "Covering the amiable and peripatetic chief executive has become a newsman's jungle of half-completed sentences, imprecise factual data, and even contradictory assertions." While serving as Governor, <mask> campaigned in the 1976 presidential election for former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, despite this, Gerald Ford won Arizona.<mask> also campaigned for Carter in New Mexico and Texas. Resignation, U.S. Ambassador to Argentina
Facing growing criticism during his term as Governor of Arizona, including sustained opposition from the state legislature, <mask> was offered the position of U.S. Ambassador to Argentina under President Jimmy Carter, in 1977. Arizona Secretary of State Wesley Bolin succeeded <mask> as Governor, following his resignation, but Bolin would die in office less than a year into his term. <mask> was ambivalent about resigning from the office of Governor, not wanting to let down the Hispanic community that had helped to elect him to the position. However, <mask> would later state that he felt he would be of greater help to the Hispanic community, serving in the capacity of U.S.Ambassador to Argentina. <mask> again faced adversity during his time as Ambassador, due to his Mexican heritage, with many Argentinians questioning why the United States would select a Mexican to serve in Argentina. <mask> served in the position from 1977 to 1980, and would be the last time that <mask> would serve in political office. Honors
In 2007, <mask>'s alma mater, now known as Northern Arizona University, named the home of the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences in his honor. As a student, he competed in track and boxing for the school; he was inducted into the Northern Arizona University Athletics Hall of Fame in 1988 and into the College of Social and Behavioral Science Hall of Fame in 2011. Detainment by Border Patrol
On June 12, 2012, on his birthday, <mask> was detained by agents of the United States Border Patrol for a half hour while being driven as a passenger in a car to a  birthday celebration from his home in Nogales, Arizona to the Mountain Oyster Club in Tucson, Arizona. The then 96-year-old <mask> was not allowed to wait in his vehicle and was instead forced to wait outside the car in the near 100-degree heat and without water.The traffic stop was apparently triggered when the agents detected a small amount of radiation coming from the car, radiation which was apparently caused by a medical procedure performed on <mask> the previous day at Tucson Heart Hospital. Death
On April 10, 2015, <mask> died in his sleep while under hospice care in San Diego, aged 98. See also

 List of governors of Arizona
 List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States
 List of Hispanic/Latino American jurists

Further reading

 Interview with R.H<mask> for the newspaper Clarín of Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20 December 1998 concerning the Beagle conflict: Clarín. References

External links

 The Raul <mask> Collection at the University of Arizona UAiR Collection

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1916 births
2015 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina
Ambassadors of the United States to Bolivia
Ambassadors of the United States to El Salvador
Arizona Democrats
Arizona state court judges
American judges of Mexican descent
American politicians of Mexican descent
American prosecutors
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Governors of Arizona
Hispanic and Latino American diplomats
Hispanic and Latino American state governors of the United States
Lawyers from Tucson, Arizona
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Northern Arizona University alumni
People from Cananea
Politicians from Sonora
Politicians from Tucson, Arizona
University of Arizona alumni
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American diplomats

masks:
Raúl Héctor Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Castro
Hector Castro
Raúl
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<mask> ( ; born April 3, 1981) is an American politician in Rockland County, New York. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the state senator for the 38th district, which includes most of Rockland County and parts of Westchester County until December 2020. <mask> was one of the youngest senators elected to the New York State Senate in 2010 at just 29 years old. [3] <mask> served as the chair of the Committee on Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities. In October 2019, <mask> announced his bid for the United States House of Representatives for . to replace retiring Representative Nita Lowey. He lost to attorney Mondaire Jones of Rockland County in the Democratic Primary.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Clarkstown, New York, and raised in Rockland County. He attended Clarkstown High School North and ran track. He graduated from Rockland Community College in 2000. He went on to attend Cornell University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial and labor relations in 2002. Early career
<mask> worked as a financial planner for American Express from 2002 to 2003 and worked in Congressman Eliot Engel's office as a staff assistant from 2004 to 2005. In 2003, <mask> made his first political run for the office of Town Clerk in the Town of Clarkstown. <mask> lost to the 28-year incumbent, Republican Patricia Sheridan.In 2006, he defeated Sheridan by 294 votes at the age of 24. New York Senate

Elections
In May 2010, <mask> announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for New York State Senate in District 38. That same month incumbent, Republican Thomas Morahan announced he would not be seeking re-election. Morahan who was 78-years-old was seeking treatment for Leukemia. In June 2010, Rockland republicans nominated then Rockland County Executive C. Scott Vanderhoef over Rockland County Legislator Ed Day, as the Republican nominee. <mask> defeated Vanderhoef and won 53 percent of the vote, picking up a seat that had not been held by a Democrat since 1984. He was one of the youngest senators elected to the New York State Senate at just 29-years-old.<mask> went on to win four more general elections. He also defeated a primary challenger, Julie Goldberg, in 2018. All of his former IDC colleagues faced similar primary challenges and most were defeated. Legislation
<mask> has passed more than 130 bills that were signed into law since 2011. He supported the SAFE Act, raise the age of criminal responsibility, a $15/hr minimum wage plan, and paid family leave policy. In 2014, <mask>’s bill to create a relapse prevention program to combat heroin addiction in New York State would be signed into law by Governor Cuomo. <mask> secured funding for the Nyack Skate Park “Working with my colleagues in the Senate, we were able to secure a grant that will finally [let Nyack] complete this project,” said <mask>.“It makes it easier when it comes from the ground up…when the community really comes together and sees that vision.”

<mask> Co-sponsored legislation to redesign the handicap logo after 45 years. <mask> explained “New York is again leading the way by being the first state in the Nation to update our outdated ‘handicap’ signs with a more active, engaging symbol. Working together we will continue to be a shining example for disability rights throughout the country,”

In 2015, <mask> proposed legislation to create the Mental Illness Anti-Stigma Fund which would later be signed into law by Governor Cuomo. The Mental Illness Anti-Stigma Fund will support critical programs to eliminate the stigma surrounding mental health issues and received funding from a tax check-off box which appeared on state income tax forms. <mask> declared “The signing of this bill into law is the first step to eliminating the stigma of mental illness from our society, New Yorkers can now directly help end the stigma by making a donation that will fund mental health public awareness campaigns across the state." <mask> sponsored legislation making the heroin - overdose antidote Naloxone available over the counter. <mask> stated In a letter to state Health Commissioner Howard Zucker,  "As the number of overdoses increases, so should the amount of people who have access to naloxone, By issuing a standing order, you will make naloxone, which has not been shown to be a dangerous drug, more accessible, and in turn save more lives."<mask> proposed an arrangement where Marydell whos views overlooks the Hudson and is contiguous with 1%2C831 acres of state parkland would become public land. <mask> stated "This is an excellent opportunity to expand Hook Mountain State Park,"

In 2016, <mask> sponsored a bill to review the precautions at rail crossings after deadly accidents which would later be signed into law by Governor Cuomo. <mask> illustrated in a statement "We need to seriously examine why the number of crossing accidents has increased in New York, and what we can do to fix them as soon as possible." <mask> called for renewed investment to restore the Vanderbilt-Budke House & adjacent Farmhouse on the Traphagen property in Clarkstown. In 2017, <mask> sponsored legislation banning tobacco discounts coupons in New York State. "Time and time again, we've seen that as prices go up for tobacco products, the usage declines," <mask> said Monday. "(Coupons and discounts) are a way for big tobacco companies to get around the high prices of cigarettes."<mask> secured funding for Grace VanderWaal's show choir in the East Ramapo district elementary school. <mask> stated "East Ramapo students are lucky to have Grace VanderWaal as a role model for them and helping make this new choir a reality,"

In 2019, <mask> sponsored legislation requiring the State Office of Mental Health to regularly review suicide prevention programs and recommend changes to be meet the needs of at risk individuals and address risk factors for minority and underrepresented populations. <mask> also sponsored legislation to establish a Black Youth Suicide Task Force to address an increasing rate of suicide among black children ages 5-years to 18-years-old. The task force would be made up of mental health professionals with knowledge of the black community who can examine, evaluate and determine remedies to tailor youth suicide prevention efforts in the back community. <mask> championed the Heatstroke Elimination Awareness Technology (HEAT) Act, which would require cars in the state to have detection systems installed. The intent was to force automakers to make the change on a national level similar to how California lawmakers have set nationwide emissions standards. <mask> explained “Unless they’re required to make these safety features, they don’t do them, This is not some scientific theory, This is being done in other places.”

<mask> co-sponsored the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA); the law aims to have New York’s electricity entirely from emission-free sources by 2040 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 85% by 2050.<mask> also sponsored the Green Amendment, a constitutional amendment to the New York State Constitution which guarantees “each person shall have the right to clean air and water, and a healthful environment.”

<mask> sponsored legislation allowing 16-year-olds to pre-register to vote. <mask>d “When young people are engaged from any early age they stay engaged, By eliminating barriers to register and increasing education, we are strengthening our democracy." <mask> sponsored several pieces of key legislation which requires an independent, comprehensive, forensic audit of the MTA. An audit would show how, and where, the MTA gets and spends its money, ensure that drivers facing cashless-tolling fines would not have their credit scores adversely affected by late payment of bills. Drivers who live in Westchester and Rockland counties could see their toll reduced by 60% when crossing the Gov. Mario M. Cuomo Bridge. However drivers who intentionally skip out on paying a toll can be charged with a Class “A” misdemeanor, which can carry a maximum of one year in jail or three years of probation.Additionally, a judge may impose a fine up to $1,000 additionally drivers who previously incurred fees and fines on any MTA crossing could have the penalties waived, under a six-month amnesty program, similar to the one used by the Thruway Authority. <mask> sponsored legislation in 2019 banning employers from asking job applicants their salary history as a requirement for a job interview, job application, job offer, or promotion. <mask> sponsored legislation signed into law, allowing survivors of domestic violence to report the incident of abuse to any law enforcement agency in New York State, regardless of where it happened. In 2020, <mask>'s amended version of Dream's Law was signed by Governor Cuomo. The bill requires hospitals to have a discharge plan in place before a person can leave. <mask> sponsored Lauren's Law, which requires individuals who apply for a driver’s license to complete the organ donor registry section of the application by selecting either “yes” or “skip this question.”  <mask> helped expand the Elderly Pharmaceutical Insurance Coverage (EPIC), which provides discount drugs for senior citizens. <mask> sponsored the Pension Poaching Prevention Act.The will crackdown on scammers trying to profit off a veteran’s service by selling them financial products they don't need or charging them to apply for benefits they do not quality for. In 2013, <mask> sponsored a bill that was signed into law called Jobs for Heroes, which gives a tax credit to businesses for hiring returning veterans. <mask> sponsored Legislation Banning Crib Bumper Pads. “As a parent, it’s our job to protect our children, and I simply cannot imagine how the families are coping who have lost a newborn due to crib bumper pads,” said Former Senator <mask>. “We know these accessories are not safe due to the risk of suffocation or strangulation of a baby and yet they are still marketed to parents as a matching nursery accessory. It’s time we ban their sale in New York State and prevent further tragedies.”  In 2019 Senate Bill S3788A was signed into law by the NYS governor. In 2020, <mask> proposed legislation which would later be signed into law by Governor Cuomo.Before <mask>'s legislation New York State law required all front seat passengers to wear seat belts, while people under the age of 16 wear seat belts whether they’re seated in the front or back seats. <mask>'s legislation requires everyone to wear seat belts in the backseat of a vehicle, no matter the age of the passenger. Carlucci stated while on the chamber floor “The simple fact is that you’re not any safer in the back seat, So we have to make that message loud and clear by passing this legislation.”

<mask> sponsored legislation to rename a portion of Route 45 "The Sandra L. Wilson Memorial Highway "“Sandra Wilson was attacked for no reason. She was at the library simply doing her job," <mask> said Wednesday. "She was known to patrons for her warm smile and friendly demeanor. This roadway will serve as a reminder of her kindness and ensure her legacy is remembered in Spring Valley and the entire State of New York.”

<mask> sponsored legislation which made it illegal for employers to ask about applicants salary history. <mask> stated “Now, New Yorkers can talk about their qualifications and not their past wages in an interview, For too long, the salary history question was used by some employers to justify low pay and low raises for women and women of color.We are now working to close the gender wage gap and ensure equal pay for equal work.”

<mask> championed legislation which shortened New York States suicide hotline to 988

During the Covid-19 Pandemic, <mask> sponsored legislation which would be signed into law by Governor Cuomo which guarantees schools will not lose state funding due to COVID-19 closures. <mask> explained "Our School districts need every penny as potential cuts could be devastating, Schools should not be penalized for making necessary decisions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic." Independent Democratic Caucus (IDC)
On January 5, 2011, <mask> entered into the Senate and formed the Independent Democratic Conference (IDC), with three other Democratic senators, Jeffrey D. Klein, Diane Savino, and <mask>. Valesky. The formation of the IDC created a third legislative conference in the State Senate. The senators said the IDC would "push for commonsense solutions to the problems facing New York State, break the hyper-partisan gridlock that has gripped the Senate and work to restore the public's trust in its public officials." In 2013, the IDC and the Senate Republicans announced a majority coalition agreement. Their Democratic colleagues called the move a power grab and liberal Democrats blamed the group for enabling a Republican agenda.In April 2018, the IDC was dissolved and <mask> joined the Senate Democratic Conference. In the 2018 Democratic Primary, <mask> defeated challenger Julie Goldberg by a 54% to 46% margin, becoming one of only two former IDC members, along with Diane Savino, to defeat primary challengers. U.S. House of Representatives bid

In October 2019, <mask> announced his bid for . Previously, Congresswoman Nita Lowey, who represents the district, had announced she would not be seeking another term and would be retiring after 30+ years in office. After <mask> announced his run, he told the Journal News that he has "the experience, work ethic, energy to get the job done. For me, public service isn’t just a job or career: it’s my life." The focuses of his campaign include education, climate change, gun reforms, women's rights, and comprehensive immigration reform.He lost the primary to Mondaire Jones. His campaign was endorsed by various organizations including Laborers local 754, IOUE local 825. Controversies
In June 2017, several members of the IDC, including <mask>, sent a pro-choice mailer to their constituents that, according to Planned Parenthood, “misleads constituents by implying electoral support from Planned Parenthood.” The mailer used the Planned Parenthood logo and read "Supported by Planned Parenthood" on the front. In a letter to the IDC, Planned Parenthood stated that they had not made any endorsements and misuse of their logo "undermines confidence and integrity in this endorsement process." The mailer also touted <mask>'s support of two major pieces of pro-choice legislation, the Reproductive Health Act and the Comprehensive Contraception Coverage Act, while referring to both bills by the wrong names. A spokesperson for the IDC said in a statement: "Constituents have a right to know where their senators stand on women's health issues and this is what the IDC communicated to voters. Every member of the IDC supports women's health rights and universally stand at the ready to pass these vital issues."Post Senate
In 2021 <mask> was recognized on The City & State New York Mental Health Power 50 list. "Serving in the state Senate between 2011 and 2020, <mask> focused on mental health care and substance abuse policy, including as chair of the Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Committee beginning in 2013 and as co-chair of a joint task force on opioid addiction and overdose prevention. Since he left office at the start of the year, he has continued to use his expertise as a consultant for organizations navigating local and state mental health care bureaucracy." Personal life
On January 15, 2011, <mask> married his high school sweetheart and longtime girlfriend, Lauren Grossberg. Grossberg is a Rockland County native and an elementary school teacher. The pair met in high school on the track team. They have two children.They live in the town of Clarkstown, New York. Election history

References

External links
Campaign Website
New York State Senate: <mask>

1981 births
Living people
New York (state) state senators
New York (state) Democrats
Politicians from Rockland County, New York
Rockland Community College alumni
Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations alumni
People from Clarkstown, New York
21st-century American politicians
Independent Democratic Conference

masks:
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<mask> (born <mask>; April 24, 1940 – May 9, 2017) was an American singer and actor. He appeared in many films and made frequent television appearances, notably starring in the 1969–1970 series Then Came Bronson, but was probably best known for his work in his later years with filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino, Robert Rodriguez, David Lynch, and Kevin Smith. As of 2018–2019, Kevin Smith was producing a documentary on <mask>'s life titled Long Lonesome Highway, The Story of <mask>. It stars <mask>, Kurt Russell, Haley Joel Osment, Robert Rodriguez, Leonard Maltin, Mickey Rourke, Justin Long, Wyatt Russell, Mark Frost, and more. Personal life
<mask> was born in Corona, California. He drifted from job to job during his teenage years, including picking fruit, digging ditches, driving trucks, and fighting forest fires. <mask> married five times.His first marriage in 1956 at age 16 to Louise Johnson lasted until 1958 and produced a daughter. His second marriage in 1964 to actress Jan Moriarty lasted only a few months, ending with her apparent suicide from an overdose. His third marriage in 1968 to Carolyn Kay Carson produced a son, James. His fourth marriage to Alston Fenci, whom he married in 1987, ended in divorce in 1996. In 1997 he married Oriana. The union lasted until his death. Career

In 1961, <mask> portrayed the nephew of the character <mask> on the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys.He appeared with Bette Davis as Cal Leonard in the 1963 Perry Mason episode "The Case of Constant Doyle", and gained recognition in the role of Adam in John Huston's The Bible: In the Beginning... (1966). <mask> was the star of the series Then Came Bronson from 1969 to 1970, in which he rode an iconic red Harley-Davidson 883 Sportster but they were called a 900 back then, as he drifted from town to town. He sang "Wayfarin’ Stranger", a duet with pilot episode co-star Bonnie Bedelia, and later the theme song for the show, "Long Lonesome Highway", which became a No. 20 Billboard Hot 100 and No. 41 Hot Country Songs hit. "Long Lonesome Highway" also peaked at number 84 in Australia. <mask> recorded five albums under MGM Records (the label of the studio which produced the series) that charted including Closing The Gap (1969), Long Lonesome Highway (1970), and Blue.After disputes with the producers of Bronson, <mask> said he was informally blacklisted in Hollywood. <mask> admitted he could be "difficult on the set" and also said he objected to producers wanting to make the series more violent. After the cancellation of Bronson, <mask> didn't work in a major Hollywood production for several years, but he had regular small roles in independent or Canadian features throughout the 1970s, such as Between Friends (1973), although director Donald Shebib had trouble dealing with <mask>, describing him as a "terrific actor in a lot of ways, but weird" while also accusing him of anti-Semitism. He played in twelve episodes of ABC's The Colbys, a spin-off from Dynasty, first as Hoyt Parker, and then Phillip Colby during the second season (1986–1987). He appeared as Irish mob boss Tommy O'Shea in Death Wish V: The Face of Death (1994), French-Canadian drug runner Jean Renault in the ABC television series Twin Peaks, Dr. Banyard in Deceiver (1997), Texas Ranger Earl McGraw in From Dusk till Dawn (1996), and Ambrose Bierce in From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter (2000). <mask> played two roles in the Kill Bill film series, reprising the role of Earl McGraw in the first film (2003) and playing pimp Esteban Vihaio in the second film (2004). He again reprised the role of Earl McGraw in both segments of the film Grindhouse (2007), making his fourth appearance as the Texas Ranger.His son, <mask>, played the son of Earl McGraw in Kill Bill, From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money, Death Proof, and Planet Terror. <mask> played a villain in Kevin Smith's horror films Red State (2011) and Tusk (2014). Smith later announced on his podcast that <mask> had recorded an album during Red State production, after Smith and producer Jon Gordon noticed his singing talent during filming. The album, titled The Red State Sessions, was released on August 15, 2011 as a download from the film's website. Death and reaction
<mask> died on May 9, 2017 in his Los Angeles home at the age of 77. He requested a full body burial at sea, which his wife attended alone. The public memorial service was held at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.Upon hearing the news, director Kevin Smith posted on his Instagram account "<mask> was, and will likely forever remain, the best actor I've ever known. I wrote both Red State and Tusk for <mask>, I loved his acting so much." He also included, "He was, hands-down, the most incredible thespian I ever had the pleasure to watch perform. And <mask> brought out the absolute best in me every time he got near my set." In a Twitter post, director Robert Rodriguez referred to <mask> as "a true legend". Documentary
Kevin Smith is producing a documentary on the life and times of <mask>, directed by <mask>'s former assistant, Josh Roush. Long Lonesome Highway covers his beginnings as an itinerant farmer where he hopped boxcars at age 12, through being blacklisted in Hollywood, to his career resurgence at the hands of filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino.Filmography

Film

Television

Discography

 1969 – Closing The Gap (MGM)
 1970 – Long Lonesome Highway (MGM)
 1970 – Blue (MGM)
 1970 – Lost & Found  (Verve)
 1971 – Best Of <mask> (MGM)
 1981 – You Don't Know Me  (First American)
 1998 – Coolin' Soup (Listen)
 2011 – The Red State Sessions (SModcast)
 Singles include Long Lonesome Highway/Mountain High (MGM K 14104); Big "T" Water/Won't You Ride in My Little Red Wagon (MGM K 14363); Tie Me To Your Apron Strings Again (MGM K 14092); Sally/Spend A Little, Save A Little, Give A Little Away (MGM K 14154) (all from 1970). References

External links

 <mask> sings Long Lonesome Highway

1940 births
2017 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from California
American male singers
People from Corona, California
21st-century American male actors

masks:
Michael Parks
Harry Samuel Parks
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George MacMichael
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