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<mask> (born January 31, 1939, in Lac-Saguay, Quebec, Canada) is a Quebec singer-songwriter and actor. Biography

Early years
Gauthier grew up in a family that enjoyed and performed music. His father sang Sundays in the Catholic Mass and his mother played piano. Listening to the classic French singers of the time on radio, such as Edith Piaf and Charles Trenet, inspired him as well. But his musical revelation came when he heard Félix Leclerc for the first time on the radio. From then on, he wanted to make music and, like Leclerc, sing simple, direct songs about everyday life. In 1954 Gauthier moved to Montreal where he worked for three years in the warehouse of the record dealer Édouard Archambault.After that he worked as a wilderness guide. All during this time he wrote songs and he was soon rewarded for his efforts. Encouraged to take part in a contest for singer-songwriters put on by CKVL, in Montreal, in 1959, he won first prize for "Le Soleil brillera demain" ("the sun will shine tomorrow"). He left his job and started singing in the coffee houses in Montreal accompanying himself on guitar. His songs from this period include: "Ton nom", ("Your Name") and "Le Grand six pieds" ("The Big Six-footer"). "Le Grand six pieds" was a big hit for him. It was based on memories of his early childhood, of the people, their struggle to make ends meet; it was a metaphor for the people of Quebec.First album
He was signed up by the Columbia Record company. Gauthier's first album was called <mask>er chante <mask>hier (Col FS-531). It included the song "Le Grand six pieds", which earned him the 1961 , awarded by the Montreal radio station CKAC. He took part in the 1962 Mariposa Folk Festival and in 1964 he sang at Carnegie Hall, New York, where he was warmly received. He shared the stage with Buffy Sainte-Marie, and Peter, Paul, and Mary. Gauthier and Sainte-Marie (who was born in Saskatchewan) exchanged tunes and co-wrote a song together. Sainte-Marie called her version "Until it's time for you to go" and Gauthier entitled his, "T'es pas une autre".Gauthier's success reached into France as well, and in 1966 he performed in Paris at the Olympia with Gilles Vigneault, Pauline Julien, and Clémence DesRochers. The following year he again appeared at the Olympia this time with Monique Leyrac, Les Jérolas, and Les Feux-Follets. Acting and recording
At this time Gauthier started on another career, that of actor. He was the male lead in and wrote music for the film Entre la mer et l'eau douce (1967), which was directed by Michel Brault and starred Geneviève Bujold. The song "Genevieve" which Gauthier wrote for the film was an independent success. He also acted in CBC TV's Septième Nord in 1967. Gauthier started to record for a new record company, Gamma, a company that was in the process of recording a new generation of performers, such as Louise Forestier, and Robert Charlebois, bringing Gauthier to the awareness of a new generation.Gauthier performed with this outing of new talent at Expo 67. He appeared in the film "Où êtes-vous donc? in 1968. This period in Gauthier's career was one that brought him to rock and roll and the politics that was in the air at the time. His album Cerfs-Volants (Gamma GS-158) came out in 1968 and won the Festival du disque award. It contained topical songs about world events, such as those that were happening in Vietnam. During the next few years Gauthier recorded only 45s, but in 1972 his next album came out, Le Plus Beau Voyage (Gamma GS-158).It was recorded in France and it was one of his most successful recordings. A book of the same title containing his lyrics was published in Montreal in 1975. Acting in films
Starting in 1973 Gauthier began to act in films. His first effort at this time was in Michel Brault's film Les Ordres (1974). This film has as a background the events of the October crisis of 1970, when the Canadian Parliament promulgated the War Measures Act. In this film Gauthier plays an unemployed father who is arrested during the crisis. The other films he acted in during this period were: Partis pour la gloire (1975) directed by Clément Perron for which Gauthier also composed the theme song "Les Beaux Instants", which appears on the LP of that name (1975, Presqu'Île PE 7500).And, he also acted in La Piastre (1976) directed by Alain Chartrand. During the rest of the 1970s Gauthier devoted himself to music, starting with a series of performances at the Outremont Theatre in 1975. He performed at the Festival of French Song in Strasbourg (France) in 1977. His next album, Ça Prend des Racines (1977) — Presqu'île PE-7506 was successful but his singing career slowed down in the following years. He sang with Félix Leclerc on Leclerc's album My son in 1978, and in 1982 he sang on Fabienne Thibeault's Les chants aimés. He did not put out another album under his own name until 1984's Tendresses.o.s. Although Gauthier did continue to perform as a singer, he performed only occasionally and often with other musicians, such as the 1985 tour Trois fois chantera with <mask> and Pierre Létourneau.He also appeared at the Festival de St-Malo (1989). But these efforts were all in the background; his primary focus was on acting. He appeared in Gilles Carle's La guêpe (1986), François Labonté's Henri (1986), Louise Carré's Qui a tiré sur nos histoires d'amour (1986), Yves Dion's Les Enfants de la rue (1987), Michel Brault's short drama L'Emprise(1988) (once again with Geneviève Bujold), and Robert Ménard's L'Homme de rêve (1991). He also composed the music for Alain Chartrand's film Un homme de parole (1991). First CD
Although he took part in the Montreal Francofolies in 1990 and put out his first CD, Planète coeur, in 1991 (Transit TRCD-9101), Gauthier turned his career toward television. He appeared in Arthur Leblanc's Arthur (1991) a documentary about the Acadian violinist Arthur Leblanc. And he also appeared in several Canadian TV series, including Chambres en ville (1989) and Bombardier (1992) a TV mini-series.In the following years he put out four CDs: L'Agenda (1993, Transit TRCD-9105), Quebec-Love (a compilation, 1994, Gamma GCD-504), Au Temps Des Boîtes à Chansons (recordings made in 1962, and reissued in 1998), and Jardins (1998 — GSI Musique GSIC-989). In the same year that Jardins came out, Gauthier joined younger musicians, Daniel Boucher, Sabrina Bisson, and Marie-Michele Desrosiers in a concert commemorating the tenth anniversary of the death of Félix Leclerc; the concert was called Le 08-08-88 à 8h08. In 1999, Gauthier appeared in the critically acclaimed film by Michel Brault, Quand je serai parti... vous vivrez encore (English title: The Long Winter). Award
In November 2000 Gauthier received the Prix Hommage of the SOCAN (Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada) for a lifetime of creativity. His 14th album L'homme qui passait par là appeared in March 2001. Following that album a concert performance by the same name (L'homme qui passait par là) was presented at the Corona Theatre in Montreal and also at the Cabaret du Capitole in Quebec City in March 2002. This performance included a string quartet, and host of projections from film archives as well as exceptional dramatic lighting; it underscored Gauthier's 40-year career.Starting in 2003 a series of retrospective recordings came out, Le plus beau voyage de mes chansons 1959–1972 (GSI Musique GSIC-905) in which Gauthier reinterpreted his previous hits with a new group of musicians. And along with Daniel Boucher, Gauthier appeared in another homage to Félix Leclerc at the Fête nationale du Québec, 2003, at the Parc Maisonneuve, Montreal. Gauthier continues to perform as a singer-songwriter and as an actor. Recordings
 <mask>er Chante <mask>er (1961) — Columbia FL-284/FS-531 (V)
 <mask>er (1962) — Columbia FL-295/FS-541 (V)
 <mask>er (1965) — Gamma GS-101 (V)
 <mask>er (1967) — Gamma GS-110 (V)
 Cerfs-volants (1969) — Gamma GS-119 (V)
 Le Plus beau voyage (1972) — Gamma GS-158 (V)
 Album-Souvenir (compilation, 1975) — Alta LT-807 (V)
 Les Grands succès de Claude Gauthier (compilation, 1975) — Gamma GS-2-1006 (V), GC2-1006 9 (K7)
 Les beaux instants (performance at the Théâtre Outremont) (1976) — Presqu'île PE-7500 (V), Transit TRCD-9104 (CD)
 Ça prend des racines (1977) — Presqu'île PE-7506 (V)
 TendresseS.O.S.

masks:
Claude Gauthier
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gaut
Claude Léveillée
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gauthi
Claude Gauthi


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<mask><mask> is a Cuban-born American attorney, diplomat, journalist, and political advocate. He served as a diplomat at the Embassy of the United States, Baghdad as the first Director of the Office of Legislative Statecraft. <mask> also led U.S. Senate efforts to seat the judicial nominees of President George W. Bush as Republican Senior Nominations Counsel on the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary and Judicial Affairs Counsel to then-Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Havana in 1959. In 1962, he immigrated with his parents to Asturias, Spain, and immigrated again in 1966 to the United States, settling in New York City. He was naturalized as an American citizen along with his father and sister in 1976. He graduated with honors from Our Lady of Mount Carmel School in Astoria, Queens.He attended Archbishop Molloy High School in Ridgewood, Queens, obtaining that school’s highest graduation award, the Pvt. Louis J. Willet Scholarship. He attended Georgetown University’s Walsh School of Foreign Service where he was the 1981 Circumnavigators Foundation Fellow, earning a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service. At Georgetown he served as the student representative on the Walsh School’s Executive Committee and as president of Alpha Phi Omega, the National Service Fraternity. (In 2016, he received from Alpha Phi Omega the Alumni Lifetime Distinguished Service Award.) While at Georgetown, in 1980 <mask> took a leave of absence to work on international refugee assistance as a Junior Operations Officer for the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (now the International Organization for Migration) at its headquarters in Geneva Switzerland, taking assignments to Madrid, Thailand and the Philippines. As the Circumnavigators Foundation Fellow, in the summer of 1981 he completed a round-the-world tour, traveling solo to 17 countries to study international responses to refugee crises.<mask> attended law school at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, where he was the first Charles Rummel Scholar. He served as chief research editor of the International & Comparative Law Review, as president of Phi Delta Phi, and he worked as research associate to the Dean and Chancellor. Career

Private law practice
<mask> has been admitted without interruption to the Bar of the State of New York for over 30 years, as well as to the Maryland Bar. Before public service, he had a long legal career at some of the world's most prominent international law firms, including with White & Case, Reid & Priest, and Winthrop Stimson Putnam & Roberts, where he began his career in the canyons of Wall Street. His clients included Mobil Oil Corporation, Ramada Renaissance, International Finance Corporation, InterAmerican Development Bank, Bank of America, Irving Trust, Bank of New York, Credit Lyonnais, National Grid (UK), Caterpillar, PEMEX, BHP Power, and King Ranch. <mask>’s earliest expertise, however, grew in the area of corporate governance. He has organized and structured a number of non-profit organizations, including guiding some in internecine struggles for control.The most notable representation in this area included a four- year litigation over the control of Georgetown University’s alumni association and alumni annual fund. Fought against Washington’s Williams & Connolly, at the end <mask> won and was recognized by the court as the legal representative of all Georgetown alumni. The groundbreaking case, decided on summary judgement, established the law of the District of Columbia on a number of corporate governance issues. Georgetown settled at the end wrapping up that and all related actions. At Russin & Vecchi, <mask> represented, among others, the Russian Orthodox Church of America, including advice in internecine battles over the control of parish corporate boards and a national, year-long audit of the Church’s exposure. He has assisted clients in immigration, corporate governance and crisis management, and as canon law counsel to Oscar-winning screenwriter and producer of The Exorcist, William Peter Blatty, winning for him a favorable result at the Vatican in a case against Georgetown University. United States Senate
In 2001, <mask> joined the staff of the United States Senate, where he was assigned to the Committee on the Judiciary as Nominations Counsel in the staff of Senator Orrin Hatch.Senate Democrats had just commenced a new strategy led by Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) to block the appellate court nominees of President George W. Bush using process requests to disguise ideological litmus tests. <mask> quickly became a skilled strategic defender of the Bush nominees garnering significant press and public attention, especially in the nominations of Miguel Estrada and William H. Pryor Jr. <mask> stressed Estrada’s Honduran immigrant roots and argued the attack on Pryor showed anti-Catholic bigotry. The strategy infuriated opponents. Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) called the Republican messaging “tawdry and diabolical.” A few days later the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Denver, the Most Rev. Charles J. Chaput, wrote a widely-published condemnation of Senate Democrats for engaging in  “a new kind of religious discrimination” against Catholics. By January 2003, <mask> had become Judicial Affairs Counsel to the new Senate Majority Leader, Dr. Bill Frist (R-TN). As a top leadership staffer, he now rallied 51 Republican senators and their staffs on judicial nominations and orchestrated four historic Senate floor events with Vice President Dick Cheney presiding, including a continuous 40-hour debate imaging the public’s idea of a filibuster, and an unprecedented national media campaign, marshaling nationwide grassroots and grasstop support.When he retired from the Senate in late 2006, Majority Leader Bill Frist described judicial nominations as his signature issue. No Senate Majority Leader has spent more Senate floor time debating judicial nominees, and there has never been more news and editorial coverage on that issue than in 2003. In less than one year, Republicans turned public opinion on the issue from 2 to 1 against them, to 2 to 1 for their position that every nominee deserved a vote. As a result, judicial nominations were a looming issue in the elections of 2002 and 2004 and have been in presidential and senate elections ever since. In 2004, that issue lost Democrats not only the majority but also the Senate seat of their Majority Leader, tom Daschle (D-SD). <mask> is credited for this effort and much more. To avoid the debacle experienced in 1987 with the nomination of Robert Bork, <mask> is credited with devising the “Miranda Plan,” ensuring rapid endorsement on the record of a Republican president’s Supreme Court nominees  -- a plan that has been deployed since the nomination of Chief Justice John Roberts in 2005.As the highest ranking Hispanic in the Senate Republican staff, <mask> represented Senate leadership to establish the Congressional Hispanic Conference. Memogate

On November 14, 2003, on the last morning of the Senate’s 40-hour “talkathon” on judicial filibusters, the Wall Street Journal published an editorial entitled “He is Latino” that outlined a series of Senate staff memos illustrating the hand-in-glove relationship between Senate Democrats and left-wing interest groups in coordinating the obstruction of Bush judicial nominees. Thus commenced the Memogate scandal during which Democrats would accuse Republicans (especially <mask>) of “stealing” their "confidential" strategy memos, Republicans would demand an investigation of Democrats’ possibly unlawful collusion with special interests, and the Press took sides in a two year debate over which of those two stories was the more important. In February 2004, <mask> resigned his Senate position in an unusually public manner calling for an investigation of the Democrat memos. His resignation letter was published in full by National Review. His resignation also suggested a Republicans leadership surrender that launched <mask> as a conservative hero. <mask> took an unwavering position that he was fully entitled by the Code of Ethics for Government Service to read the unprotected documents accessible on his desktop, especially if they might evidence corruption.A report prepared by the Sergeant at Arms following a thorough investigation concluded that "a clerk in the [Republican Majority's] Nominations Unit had admitted to them that day that he had accessed Democratic files over the Committee's computer system...The clerk who initially discovered how to access the files told investigators that he was not sure what to look for in the files, so Mr. <mask> would guide him as to what information was helpful." <mask> never backed down, while Democrats demanded his demise he published a law review article on the law and ethics of Memogate and then brought a lawsuit to invite a federal judge to give him a declaratory judgment on Democrats’ claims against him, laying out in both cases allegations of Democrat Senators' wrongdoing. Soon after leaving the Senate, <mask> became a Visiting Legal Fellow at the Heritage Foundation working for former Attorney General Ed Meese, and a regular columnist for the Wall Street Journal, coming to publish 35 columns under the banner “The Next Justices.”

Memogate entered the news again during the hearings for the Supreme Court nomination of Brett Kavanaugh, in 2018. Kavanaugh was accused of perjury for claiming he was not aware of the source of the Memogate documents, when emails between him and <mask> included as an attachment at least one document that Democrat Senator Patrick Leahy described as “stolen.” <mask> issued a statement noting again that nothing had been “stolen” and that Kavanaugh was never made aware of Democrats’ negligent publication of their own strategy memos on an open server. Public advocacy

As President of the Cardinal Newman Society, <mask> had many years’ experience as a public advocate before working in the Senate. Over the years, he has made over 200 radio and television appearances in English and Spanish. He has a decades-old history of advocacy as a Georgetown University alumnus.After leaving Capitol Hill, <mask> organized the "National Coalition to End Judicial Filibusters" to support for the "nuclear option" or "constitutional option" that he had helped pioneer on Senator Bill Frist's leadership team. The idea was a procedural motion under Senate precedent designed to have Vice President Dick Cheney, acting as President of the Senate, rule unconstitutional the Senate's six decade old application to judicial nominations of the filibuster rule, now being used in an unprecedented manner to stall Bush administration judicial nominees, including potentially against nominees to the Supreme Court. After the Gang of 14 compromise that put off the high stakes Senate confrontation, the Coalition renamed itself the "Third Branch Conference", a grasstops coalition of 200 national conservative leaders. As Chairman of the Third Branch Conference, <mask> became a leading conservative movement voice on judicial nominations, coming to lead conservatives in opposing George W. Bush’s nomination of Harriet Miers to the Supreme Court. That opposition became a turning point for conservatives during the Bush presidency. For his role, <mask> received the American Conservative Union’s Ronald Reagan Award. In announcing the award, ACU President David Keene told the Conservative Political Action Conference banquet audience: "[Sam Alito’s] nomination would not have been made but for <mask> and because of the coalition that he put together; that nomination would still be being debated, were it not for <mask>.”  <mask> brought the conservative audience to a sustained standing ovation when he told them: “What has driven me in the past three years, … has been that I wasn’t born in this country.And I have come to know that our Constitution and our court system is …a very important reason why this country is great. And so, anything that I have been doing is simply to say thank you to this country that took in my mother and father and their two young children." At the end of 2006, <mask> made front page news when he formed another wide coalition, Families First on Immigration. Its purpose was to promote a compassionate compromise to immigration legal reform based on a seven-point program called "Good Stewards, Good Neighbor." The proposal was endorsed and summarized by Evangelical leader Tony Perkins in his 2008 book on faith and policy. Diplomatic service in Iraq
In 2007 and 2008, <mask> served as a diplomat with the United States Embassy in Iraq as the first Director of the Office for Legislative Statecraft. He oversaw organizational change experts, lawyers  and programs designed to stand up the Iraqi Council of Ministers Secretariat and the Prime Minister’s Legal Office.<mask> also worked with the Iraq and Kurdistan Bars and brokered a signed reconciliation between them that according to a 2008 USAID Report, significantly increased access to justice for the Iraqi people. In 2007, he brought Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan’s legal leaders to Washington, arranging visits for them with White House counsel, with Chief Justice John Roberts, and with key House and Senate leaders. In 2008, <mask> made news again when a memorandum to U.S. Ambassador Ryan Crocker was leaked. References

External links

 Dana Milbank, 2007. First chapter of Homo Politicus. "Before the "memogate" scandal became public, <mask> had worked his way up to being the Senate majority leader's top adviser on judicial nominees."Texas Review of Law & Politics, <mask><mask>, The Memogate Papers: The Politics, Ethics, and Law of a Republican Surrender 9 Tex. Rev. L & Pol 147 (2004). “No public employee should have to choose not to discover proof of wrongdoing because the politician he works for may fail him …The outcome of a pseudo scandal is determined by the cojones of politicians and the talent of their staff….The lesson of Memogate is not: he should not have read the memos; the lesson is Republicans should not have surrendered the field. This is clear if one believes …that the nature of the fight for the independence of the judiciary and the reputations of unfairly treated judicial nominees is not business as usual or a game of pattycake.”
 Mark Levin, Men in Black (2005). “The memoranda reveal an astonishing relationship between Senate Democrats and their liberal interest groups. The groups appear to dictate strategy to the senators — whether to hold hearings, when to hold hearings, the need to delay a nominee to influence a court decision, whether to conduct a filibuster, and so forth.They have enormous influence over Senate Democrats. They have this influence because the resources they can bring to a judicial battle — including media buys, grassroots operations, and research. And the people who back these groups are important Democrat donors.”
 Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court (paperback), September 9, 2008, pages 337, 345-346. “In fact, the “base” was a couch—in the Capitol Hill townhouse belonging to a former congressional staffer named <mask>.”
 Peter Baker, Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House, (2014) p. 420. “At 8:42 AM, two minutes before Bush even finished speaking, a well-connected conservative lawyer named <mask> sent out an email message denouncing the choice to his extensive list of activists. ‘The reaction of many Conservatives today will be that the president has made possibly the worst unqualified choice since Abe Fortas, who had been the president's lawyer,’ <mask> wrote. … Within hours other conservative  leaders expressed disappointment.”

Living people
American lawyers
1959 births
People from Havana
People from Queens, New York
Archbishop Molloy High School alumni
Georgetown University alumni
University of California, Hastings College of the Law alumni

masks:
Manuel A
. Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Manny Miranda
Manny Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Miranda
Manuel A
. Miranda
Manuel Miranda
Manuel Miranda
Miranda


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<mask> (September 7, 1727May 14, 1803) was an Episcopal priest who served as the first provost of the College of Philadelphia, which became the University of Pennsylvania. He was also the founder of Washington College in Chestertown Maryland, and St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland. Biography

<mask> was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, to Thomas and Elizabeth (Duncan<mask>. He attended the University of Aberdeen, later claiming a master's from the institution. He also held the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Aberdeen, the University of Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin. In 1753, <mask> wrote a pamphlet outlining his thoughts about education. The book fell into the hands of Benjamin Franklin and Richard Peters; as a result they asked <mask> to come to Philadelphia and teach at the newly established college there (now the University of Pennsylvania).In 1755 <mask> became the first provost (the equivalent of the modern post of university president) of the school. He held the post until 1779. <mask> was an Anglican priest and together with <mask>, <mask> was briefly jailed in 1758 for his criticism of the military policy in the Quaker-run colony. Indeed, during the French and Indian War, <mask> published two anti-Quaker pamphlets that advocated the disenfranchisement of all Quakers, who were the political elite in Pennsylvania. However, their pacifist beliefs made it difficult for the Quakers in government to provide funds for defense, and as a result anti-Quaker sentiment ran high, especially in the backcountry which suffered from frequent raids from Indians allied with the French. <mask>'s second pamphlet, A Brief View of the Conduct of Pennsylvania, For the Year 1755 (1756), actually went so far as to suggest that while one way of "ridding our Assembly of Quakers" would be to require an oath, "another way of getting rid of them" would be "by cutting their Throats." <mask>'s virulent attacks on Quakers alienated him from Franklin, who was closely allied with the Pennsylvania Assembly.<mask> courted and married Moore's daughter, Rebecca, and had seven children. Their grandson <mask> <mask> became a politician who served in both the Pennsylvania and Wisconsin state legislatures. <mask> advocated for the Church of England to appoint a bishop in America, a highly controversial proposal insofar as many Americans feared any ecclesiastical institution that might compel compliance with the force of royal authority. <mask> received honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees from the University of Oxford and the University of Aberdeen in 1759 and from Trinity College, Dublin in 1763. In 1768 he became a member of the American Philosophical Society. <mask> was also the founding editor of The American Magazine, or Monthly Chronicle for the British Colonies, the first publication of its kind, which appeared from October 1757 until October 1758, when publication ceased owing to <mask>'s incarceration due to the previously mentioned libel action initiated by the Pennsylvania Assembly. <mask>'s best known work as an author is "Bouquet's Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in 1764" (1765), an account of the last campaign in Pontiac's War, led by Colonel Henry Bouquet.When the American Revolution broke out, <mask> was in a bind. As an Anglican priest, he was viewed as a Loyalist, but his sentiments were far more sympathetic towards the Patriots than otherwise, even to the point of founding a college named for George Washington, the commander-in-chief of the Patriot Continental Army, in the midst of war. He was appointed to serve on the Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence in 1774, along with such notables as John Dickinson, Samuel Miles, and Joseph Reed. Forced to leave Philadelphia, <mask> moved to Maryland where helped found and become the first president of Washington College, an institution that he intended to be the premiere academic institution of the region; it received almost exclusive patronage from the first President of the United States, George Washington. After the war, he returned to Philadelphia, where he briefly regained his post at Penn. His final project was the development of land in the western region of the state. Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, was founded by Rev.<mask>, and his sons were the first leaders of its government. Efforts for American Anglicanism

Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, was a patron of <mask>'s and  had some unfortunate personal tragedies which motivated her interest in the spread of religion. Incidentally, <mask> named his real estate venture Huntingdon in her honor. This was along the Juniata River, in central Pennsylvania. Lady Huntingdon was persuaded that the Church of England needed to return to the path of righteousness. The Wesleys (John Wesley, Charles Wesley) and George Whitefield whom she supported, in addition to <mask>'s interests, found it easier to work towards righteousness in the "low" church or what became called Methodism or the "Methodist Movement." To further show the problems that the colonials had with the Church of England, <mask>, seemed to be right in the middle of things.The May 1, 1760 first free and voluntary Convention of the American (Anglican) Priesthood met at Christ Church, Philadelphia, Dr. <mask> presiding. The attendees wanted and needed an American Episcopate (bishop). <mask> worked towards that goal. There was a very practical element here. To obtain more priests for work in the colonies, ordination of priests had to be done by a bishop. The bishop was in England. The trip to and from England in those days was risky.Many prospective priests and those recently ordained didn't survive the trip. Thus, there was a supply problem with priests in the colonies. The Bishop of London had superintendency of the colonies but was not going to do anything that would incur Royal disfavor. <mask> was having trouble getting the Privy Council in England to pay attention to his pleas for the King to approve the consecration of a bishop that would reside in the American colonies. Archbishop of Canterbury Secker also sensed that the time was not yet right. The King was the Head of the Church of England, the same King the Americans revolted against. A modern look back at this period indicates that King George III's "mental" illness of an inherited biochemical etiology (porphyria) was rather unpredictable and caused great havoc in the order of things.No approval ever came for an American bishop before the Revolution. Afterwards, the American priests turned to the Scottish bishops to consecrate Rev. Samuel Seabury, the first American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. This was always viewed as "almost proper." Thus, perfection in this matter had to wait until things settled down in the post-Revolutionary era. With all the political activity by <mask> working for an American bishop on both sides of the Atlantic, the question obviously was why didn't <mask> become elevated to that station? The reports handed down were that Rev.Dr. <mask> was "too fond of the grape" to be worthy of such consecration. Notes

References

External links

Biography and portrait at the University of Pennsylvania
<mask> Papers, University of Pennsylvania

1727 births
1803 deaths
18th-century Anglican priests
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
People of colonial Pennsylvania
American Episcopal priests
18th-century Church of England clergy
Clergy in the American Revolution
Episcopal Church (United States)
People from Aberdeen
Scottish Episcopalian priests
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Presidents of Washington College
Scottish emigrants to the United States
University and college founders
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) faculty
Presidents of St. John's College
19th-century American Episcopalians

masks:
William Smith
Smith
) Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Moore
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Rudolph
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Smith
Smith
Smith
William Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Smith


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<mask> (1852–1916) was a Lithuanian playwright and activists of the early Lithuanian amateur theater. Born to an old noble family, Landsbergis attended Šiauliai Gymnasium where his friend Petras Vileišis encouraged him to speak Lithuanian and support the Lithuanian National Revival. After finishing a telegraph school in Riga in 1871, he worked at the telegraph offices in Moscow and Crimea. He returned to Lithuania in 1884 and joined the Lithuanian cultural life. He contributed articles to the illegal Lithuanian periodicals Varpas and Ūkininkas and his house was a gathering place of many Lithuanian intellectuals. Due to these activities, he was forced to leave Lithuania in 1894 but continued to maintain contacts with Lithuanian activists. He was arrested and imprisoned for ten weeks in 1900 and sentenced to two years of exile in Smolensk in 1902.He returned in 1904 and became administrator of Vilniaus žinios, the first legal Lithuanian daily established by Petras Vileišis. At the same time, Landsbergis devoted his energy to the Lithuanian amateur theater. He was a director, actor, playwright, critic of many of the early performances. He founded and chaired the Kanklės of Vilnius Society and was active in the Rūta Society in Vilnius, Daina Society in Kaunas, and Varpas Society in Šiauliai. All of these societies organized Lithuanian theater performances, concerts, other cultural evenings. In total, he directed or played a role in more than 130 plays. Landsbergis also wrote several plays, mostly simple comedies that were well suited for the amateur theater.His most important works were a drama about Lithuanian folk hero Tadas Blinda (1907) and melodrama about Grand Duchess Birutė (1906) which was later adapted into the first Lithuanian opera. Biography

Early life and education
Landsbergis hailed from an old German  that traced its roots to a ministerialis who lived in 1055 at the Werden Abbey. Their last name comes the  in the Duchy of Berg which translates as "land mountain". Landsbergis translated the name to Lithuanian and used Žemkalnis as his last name from around 1890. Landsbergis was born in the family manor in  near Pumpėnai. His father died in 1857 leaving the family in a difficult financial situation; they relied on assistance provided by a local nobility committee. His family, including his mother, two elder brothers, and two uncles, participated in the Uprising of 1863.At the age of 10, Landsbergis moved to Mitau (Jelgava) and later attended Šiauliai Gymnasium but did not finish it. At the gymnasium, he became friends with Petras Vileišis who encouraged him to speak Lithuanian and support the Lithuanian National Revival. In 1870–1871, he studied at a telegraph school in Riga and got a job at the telegraph in Moscow in 1871. At the same time, he studied at the Moscow University and passed exams to become a lawyer. In 1878, he moved to Crimea where he was director of a telegraph station in Alupka. In 1884, he returned to Lithuania and lived in Joniškėlis and  village near Linkuva supervising the estates of the . There he became acquainted with Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė (his first wife in 1879–1880 was her cousin) and started contributing articles to Varpas and Ūkininkas, Lithuanian periodicals which were illegal in the Russian Empire due to the Lithuanian press ban.He contributed about 50 articles and correspondences on issues of the Lithuanian language in public life, relations of Lithuanians and other nationalities, Polonized Lithuanian nobility, education. Landsbergis' house became a meeting place of various Lithuanian intellectuals, including Vincas Kudirka, Jonas Jablonskis, Liudas Vaineikis, Antanas Kriščiukaitis, Jurgis Bielinis. In 1894, Pranas Mašiotas married Landsbergis' niece Marija Jasienskytė. Theater activist
In 1894, due to suspicions about his involvement in the Lithuanian book smuggling activities, Landsbergis was forced to leave Lithuania. He lived in Moscow and worked as an inspector of the 1st City Hospital. He continued to maintain contacts with various Lithuanian activists, including with Jonas Basanavičius and Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas. He visited Lithuania in summer 1900 when Lithuanian activists wanted to host further Lithuanian theater performances after the successful staging of America in the Bathhouse in 1899.Tsarist police launched an investigation into activists connected with Liudas Vaineikis and Landsbergis was arrested on 6 October 1900 and sent to a prison in Liepāja for ten weeks. According to his son's memoirs, he was released because his family managed to bribe Russian policemen, but he lost his job in Moscow. On 27 February 1902, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia signed order sentencing 24 Lithuanians to various terms of exile. Landsbergis was sentenced to two years of exile in Smolensk. Landbsbergis returned to Lithuania in March 1904 and settled in Vilnius. The Lithuanian press ban was lifted that spring and Landsbergis worked helping Petras Vileišis organize a Lithuanian printing press, bookstore, and periodical Vilniaus žinios. He was administrator of the daily until 1908.During the Russian Revolution of 1905, together with others, Landsbergis organized the Great Seimas of Vilnius which resolved to seek autonomy for Lithuania in the Russian Empire. He was also active in Lithuanian cultural life in Vilnius. He was one of the founders of the Lithuanian Mutual Relief Society of Vilnius and the Lithuanian Scientific Society. He was also elected chairman of the Union of Lithuanian Teachers (the founding meeting took place in his apartment in October 1905) and later raised funds to pay for Lithuanian language lessons at city schools. However, he was most active in the Lithuanian amateur theater. He performed various roles – director, actor, playwright, critic. He founded and chaired Kanklės of Vilnius Society which was active in 1905–1908 and organized various theater performances, concerts, cultural evenings.The largest production was the first Lithuanian opera Birutė which was adapted by composer Mikas Petrauskas from a drama written by Landsbergis. Landsbergis was also involved with the Daina Society. In 1908–1909, he lived in Kaunas and was active in the Daina Society. He then moved to Šiauliai where he worked as an inspector of an insurance company and staged about 50 plays with Varpas Society. Among the plays staged by Landsbergis were Pilėnų kunigaikštis by  (1906), Mindaugas by Juliusz Słowacki (1908), Du keliu by Herman Heijermans (1913). In April 1915, Landsbergis evacuated from Šiauliai and returned to Vilnius where he organized cultural evenings on behalf of the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers. His last play was staged on 26 June 1916.However, Landsbergis was of poor health and he died on 28 August 1916 in Vilnius and was buried in Rasos Cemetery. Works
While living in Russia, Landsbergis published a few small didactic prose works for children. Landsbergis reworked a ballad by  about Grand Duchess Birutė into a melodrama which was staged and published in 1906. Composer Mikas Petrauskas adapted it into the first Lithuanian opera. Landsbergis most important work was drama Blinda, svieto lygintojas (Blinda, the Leveller of the World) which he wrote based on material about Tadas Blinda collected by Lazdynų Pelėda. The drama was staged in 1907 and published in 1908. It became very popular and elevated Blinda to Lithuanian folk heroes.The drama explored social and class conflicts between Lithuanians, Polish nobility, and Russian officials and reflected revolutionary moods of 1905–1907. In 1908, he published three simple comedies suited for the Lithuanian amateur theater of the time – Pagavo! (Caught! ), Jurgis Durnelis (Jurgis the Fool), Tarnaitė pamokė (Maid Taught). In 1913, he published monologue Blaivininkų pirmininkas (Chairman of the Teetotalers). His works were popular as they featured comic situations and lively dialogues, but the characters were not well developed and their motivations were not fleshed out. Landsbergis works also tended to be didactic.In 1914, he prepared a new version of Genovefa by Christoph von Schmid (which is based on the legend of Genevieve of Brabant) for stage – he simplified the plot, reduced the number of acts from eight to four, and reduced overly religious imagery. In the adapted play, Landsbergis focuses on Golo who, based on the Romantic German tradition, becomes a tragic character and not a black-and-white villain. Many of Landsbergis documents and manuscripts were lost during World War I in a fire in Šiauliai. His collected works were published in 1972. References

Further reading

1852 births
1916 deaths
Lithuanian dramatists and playwrights
Moscow State University alumni
Burials at Rasos Cemetery
Lithuanian people of German descent


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<mask> (August 17, 1959 – January 11, 2001) was sentenced to death in 1989 for the murder of <mask>, 29, her longtime girlfriend. <mask> was the first black woman to be executed in the United States since 1954. She was the sixth woman to be executed since executions resumed in the United States of America in 1977. Her final appeals and the last three months of her life were chronicled by filmmaker Liz Garbus in the documentary The Execution of <mask> (2002). Background
<mask> was born on August 17, 1959, the second of eight children. Her mother was an alcoholic; her father left home after <mask>'s last sibling was born and the family lived in public housing and scraped by on public assistance. At the age of 12, <mask> was hit by a truck and knocked unconscious, and at 14 or 15 she was stabbed in the left temple.It was found that <mask>'s actual abilities were markedly impaired and that her IQ was 69. Found particularly significant was that the left hemisphere of her brain was dysfunctional, impairing her comprehension, her ability to logically express herself, and her ability to analyze cause and effect relationships. It was also concluded that <mask> was more chronically vulnerable than others to becoming disorganized by everyday stresses, and thus more vulnerable to a loss of control under stress. By age 17, she had dropped out of high school. Death of Dedra Pettus
In 1981, <mask> was sharing an apartment with Dedra Pettus, a childhood friend-turned-girlfriend. On June 29, 1981, they got into an argument, and <mask> shot and killed Pettus. In her 1981 confession, <mask> stated that she accidentally shot Pettus from roughly 30 feet away while returning fire from Pettus' boyfriend.However, the forensic evidence was inconsistent with <mask>'s story; in particular, a police expert believed that bruises and powder burns on Pettus' body indicated that <mask> had pistol-whipped her, then shot her at point-blank range. Nevertheless, prosecutors cut a deal with <mask>, and she received a four-year sentence in exchange for a guilty plea to a manslaughter charge. She served two years of the sentence. Pettus was buried at Trice Hill Cemetery in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. <mask> Leathers
Seven years after the death of Dedra Pettus, <mask> was living with her girlfriend <mask> Leathers. The two met in prison and had a turbulent and violent relationship. On December 2, 1988, Leathers, 29, was shot in front of The Village Police Department in Oklahoma City.Fifteen minutes before the shooting, the two women were involved in a dispute at a grocery store. A city officer escorted the two women to their house and stood by while Leathers collected her belongings. Leathers and her mother were on their way to file a complaint against <mask>. When Leathers exited the car, <mask> fired one shot, severely wounding Leathers in the abdomen. Leathers' mother witnessed the shooting. Two police officers and a dispatcher heard the shot fired, but no police department employee witnessed the shooting. The police recovered a .38-caliber handgun they believe was used in the shooting near the women's home.Leathers died from the injury three days later, on December 5, 1988. Leathers was buried at Green Acres Memorial Gardens Cemetery, Sperry in Tulsa County, Oklahoma. Trial
The state charged <mask> with first-degree murder and announced that it would seek the death penalty. Evidence that Leathers had a history of violent conduct, and that she had stabbed a woman to death in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1979, was central to the self-defense argument at <mask>'s trial. <mask> testified that she feared Leathers because she had boasted to her about the killing. The defense sought to corroborate this claim with testimony from Leathers' mother, whom Leathers had told about the stabbing. However, the prosecution objected, and the court prohibited the introduction of such testimony because it was considered hearsay.The prosecutor depicted <mask> as a remorseless liar. The jury found her guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced her to death. During the punishment phase the prosecutors argued that <mask> should be sentenced to death because she had been previously convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence; that she was a continuing threat to society; and she committed the murder to avoid arrest or prosecution. The jury found that the first two aggravating circumstances existed in <mask>'s case. Her defense presented numerous mitigating circumstances including good relationship with her family, good work habits, and her fear of the victim. In the sentencing phase the prosecution presented testimony on the circumstances of the death of Dedra Pettus, and compared this previous crime to the death of Leathers. In a 1991 affidavit, her defense lawyer David Presson stated that after the trial he learned that when <mask> was 15 years old, her IQ was measured at 69, placing her "just within the upper limit of the classification of mental retardation" according to the psychologist who analyzed her and that an examining doctor had recommended a neurological assessment because she manifested symptoms of brain damage.The lawyer stated, "I did not search for any medical or psychological records or seek expert assistance for use at the trial." A psychologist conducted a comprehensive evaluation of <mask> in 1995 and found clear and convincing evidence of cognitive and sensory-motor deficits and brain dysfunction possibly linked to an adolescent head injury. Of the five members of the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board, three were appointed by Governor Frank Keating. Keating who considered giving <mask> a stay based on the narrow issue of whether the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board had enough information regarding her education. <mask>'s attorneys have pointed to her score, a 69, on an IQ test she took in the 1970s, arguing she was in the range of intellectual disability. Prosecutors said <mask> testified during the penalty phase of her trial that she had graduated from a high school and received a medical assistant certificate from a college. But they said <mask> dropped out of high school at 16 and never finished course work in the medical assistant program.Execution
<mask> spent 12 years on death row. Her application for clemency was denied. While in prison, she became a born-again Christian. The Reverend Robin Meyers, who served as a spiritual adviser to <mask>, is quoted as saying,

<mask> was executed by lethal injection by the State of Oklahoma on Thursday, January 11, 2001 at Oklahoma State Penitentiary in McAlester. Twenty-four relatives of murder victim Gloria Leathers and manslaughter victim Dedra Pettus traveled there for the execution. Many of them watched the execution from behind a tinted window. While lying on the execution gurney, <mask> said, "Father, forgive them.They know not what they do." She also stuck her tongue out and smiled at her appeal lawyer, Steve Presson, who had become her friend. He says she was "dancing on the mattress, while they tried to kill her." She was pronounced dead at 9:21 p.m. Relatives of Leathers expressed the execution gave them "closure". She was buried at Trice Hill Cemetery in Oklahoma City. See also

 Capital punishment in Oklahoma
 Capital punishment in the United States
 List of people executed in Oklahoma
 List of women executed in the United States since 1976

Further reading
 Julie Salamon.The Execution of <mask> (2002). The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Dimitra Kessenides. The Execution of <mask>. Salon.com (2002-03-18). Retrieved on 2007-11-11.Adam Buckley Cohen. Who was <mask>? - black woman executed in the United States. The Advocate (2001-03-13). Retrieved on 2007-11-11. USA: Death penalty / Legal concern - <mask> <mask>. Amnesty International (2000-11-17).Retrieved on 2007-11-11. <mask> <mask> put to death. USA Today (2001-01-12). Retrieved on 2007-11-11. <mask> <mask>. The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney. Retrieved on 2007-11-11.<mask> <mask> v State of Oklahoma Direct Appeal Allen v. State, 871 P. 2d 79 - Okla: Court of Criminal Appeals 1994. Retrieved 2010-04-13

References

1959 births
2001 deaths
21st-century executions by Oklahoma
American people convicted of murder
American female murderers
American female criminals
Executed African-American people
Place of birth missing
Executed American women
People convicted of murder by Oklahoma
21st-century executions of American people
People executed by Oklahoma by lethal injection
People executed for murder
Women sentenced to death
American people convicted of manslaughter
Prisoners sentenced to death by Oklahoma
1988 murders in the United States
LGBT people from Oklahoma
LGBT African Americans
LGBT Christians
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Wanda Jean Allen
Gloria Jean Leathers
Allen
Wanda Jean
Wanda Jean Allen
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<mask> ( – 14 October 1066), also called <mask>, was the last crowned Anglo-Saxon English king. <mask> reigned from 6 January 1066 until his death at the Battle of Hastings, fighting the Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest of England. His death marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule over England. <mask> was a member of a prominent Anglo-Saxon family with ties to Cnut the Great. He became a powerful earl after the death of his father, Godwin, Earl of Wessex. After his brother-in-law, King Edward the Confessor, died without an heir on 5 January 1066, the Witenagemot convened and chose <mask> to succeed him; he was probably the first English monarch to be crowned in Westminster Abbey. In late September, he successfully repelled an invasion by rival claimant Harald Hardrada of Norway in York before marching his army back south to meet William the Conqueror at Hastings two weeks later.Family background

<mask> was a son of Godwin (–1053), the powerful earl of Wessex, and of Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, whose brother Ulf the Earl was married to Estrid Svendsdatter (c. 1015/1016), the daughter of King Sweyn Forkbeard (died 1014) and sister of King Cnut the Great of England and Denmark. Ulf and Estrid's son would become King Sweyn II of Denmark in 1047. Godwin was the son of Wulfnoth, probably a thegn and a native of Sussex. Godwin began his political career by supporting King Edmund Ironside (reigned April to November 1016), but switched to supporting King Cnut by 1018, when Cnut named him Earl of Wessex. Godwin remained an earl throughout the remainder of Cnut's reign, one of only two earls to survive to the end of that reign. On Cnut's death in 1035, Godwin originally supported Harthacnut instead of Cnut's initial successor <mask>, but managed to switch sides in 1037—although not without becoming involved in the 1036 murder of Alfred Aetheling, half-brother of Harthacnut and younger brother of the later King Edward the Confessor. When <mask> died in 1040, Harthacnut ascended the English throne and Godwin's power was imperiled by his earlier involvement in Alfred's murder, but an oath and large gift secured the new king's favour for Godwin.Harthacnut's death in 1042 probably involved Godwin in a role as kingmaker, helping to secure the English throne for Edward the Confessor. In 1045 Godwin reached the height of his power when the new king married Godwin's daughter Edith. Godwin and Gytha had several children—six sons: Sweyn, <mask>, Tostig, Gyrth, Leofwine and Wulfnoth; and three daughters: Edith of Wessex (originally named Gytha but renamed Ealdgyth (or Edith) when she married King Edward the Confessor), Gunhild and Ælfgifu. The birthdates of the children are unknown, but <mask> was the second son, Sweyn being the eldest. <mask> was aged about 25 in 1045, which makes his birth year around 1020. Powerful nobleman
Edith married Edward on 23 January 1045 and, around that time, <mask> became Earl of East Anglia. <mask> is called "earl" when he appears as a witness in a will that may date to 1044; but, by 1045, <mask> regularly appears as an earl in documents.One reason for his appointment to East Anglia may have been a need to defend against the threat from King Magnus the Good of Norway. It is possible that <mask> led some of the ships from his earldom that were sent to Sandwich in 1045 against Magnus. Sweyn, <mask>'s elder brother, had been named an earl in 1043. It was also around the time that <mask> was named an earl that he began a relationship with Edith the Fair, who appears to have been the heiress to lands in Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Essex, lands in <mask>'s new earldom. The relationship was a form of marriage that was not blessed or sanctioned by the Church, known as More danico, or "in the Danish manner", and was accepted by most laypeople in England at the time. Any children of such a union were considered legitimate. <mask> probably entered the relationship in part to secure support in his new earldom.<mask>'s elder brother Sweyn was exiled in 1047 after abducting the abbess of Leominster. Sweyn's lands were divided between <mask> and a cousin, Beorn. In 1049, <mask> was in command of a ship or ships that were sent with a fleet to aid Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor against Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, who was in revolt against Henry. During this campaign, Sweyn returned to England and attempted to secure a pardon from the king, but <mask> and Beorn refused to return any of their lands, and Sweyn, after leaving the royal court, took Beorn hostage and later killed him. When in 1051 Earl Godwin was sent into exile, <mask> accompanied his father and helped him to regain his position a year later. Then Godwin died in 1053, and <mask> succeeded him as Earl of Wessex (the southern third of England). This arguably made him the most powerful figure in England after the king.In 1055 <mask> drove back the Welsh, who had burned Hereford. <mask> also became Earl of Hereford in 1058, and replaced his late father as the focus of opposition to growing Norman influence in England under the restored monarchy (1042–66) of Edward the Confessor, who had spent more than 25 years in exile in Normandy. He led a series of successful campaigns (1062–63) against Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd, king of Wales. This conflict ended with Gruffydd's defeat and death in 1063. <mask> in northern France

In 1064, <mask> apparently was shipwrecked at Ponthieu. There is much speculation about this voyage. The earliest post-conquest Norman chroniclers report that King Edward had previously sent Robert of Jumièges, the archbishop of Canterbury, to appoint as his heir Edward's maternal kinsman, Duke William II of Normandy, and that at this later date <mask> was sent to swear fealty.Scholars disagree as to the reliability of this story. William, at least, seems to have believed he had been offered the succession, but there must have been some confusion either on William's part or perhaps by both men, since the English succession was neither inherited nor determined by the reigning monarch. Instead the Witenagemot, the assembly of the kingdom's leading notables, would convene after a king's death to select a successor. Other acts of Edward are inconsistent with his having made such a promise, such as his efforts to return his nephew Edward the Exile, son of King Edmund Ironside, from Hungary in 1057. Later Norman chroniclers suggest alternative explanations for <mask>'s journey: that he was seeking the release of members of his family who had been held hostage since Godwin's exile in 1051, or even that he had simply been travelling along the English coast on a hunting and fishing expedition and had been driven across the Channel by an unexpected storm. There is general agreement that he left from Bosham, and was blown off course, landing at Ponthieu. He was captured by Count Guy I of Ponthieu, and was then taken as a hostage to the count's castle at Beaurain,  up the River Canche from its mouth at what is now Le Touquet.Duke William arrived soon afterward and ordered Guy to turn <mask> over to him. <mask> then apparently accompanied William to battle against William's enemy Duke Conan II of Brittany. While crossing into Brittany past the fortified abbey of Mont Saint-Michel, <mask> is recorded as rescuing two of William's soldiers from quicksand. They pursued Conan from Dol-de-Bretagne to Rennes, and finally to Dinan, where he surrendered the fortress's keys at the point of a lance. William presented <mask> with weapons and arms, knighting him. The Bayeux Tapestry, and other Norman sources, then record that <mask> swore an oath on sacred relics to William to support his claim to the English throne. After Edward's death, the Normans were quick to point out that in accepting the crown of England, <mask> had broken this alleged oath.The chronicler Orderic Vitalis wrote of <mask> that he "was distinguished by his great size and strength of body, his polished manners, his firmness of mind and command of words, by a ready wit and a variety of excellent qualities. But what availed so many valuable gifts, when good faith, the foundation of all virtues, was wanting?" Due to a doubling of taxation by Tostig in 1065 that threatened to plunge England into civil war, <mask> supported Northumbrian rebels against his brother Tostig, and replaced him with Morcar. This led to <mask>'s marriage alliance with the northern earls but fatally split his own family, driving Tostig into alliance with King Harald Hardrada ("Hard Ruler") of Norway. Reign

At the end of 1065, King Edward the Confessor fell into a coma without clarifying his preference for the succession. He died on 5 January 1066, according to the Vita Ædwardi Regis, but not before briefly regaining consciousness and commending his widow and the kingdom to <mask>'s "protection". The intent of this charge remains ambiguous, as is the Bayeux Tapestry, which simply depicts Edward pointing at a man thought to represent <mask>.When the Witan convened the next day they selected <mask> to succeed, and his coronation followed on 6 January, most likely held in Westminster Abbey, though no evidence from the time survives to confirm this. Although later Norman sources point to the suddenness of this coronation, the reason may have been that all the nobles of the land were present at Westminster for the feast of Epiphany, and not because of any usurpation of the throne on <mask>'s part. In early January 1066, hearing of

masks:
Harold Godwinson
Harold II
Harold
Harold Godwinson
Harold
Harold
Harold Harefoot
Harold Harefoot
Harold
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 <mask>'s coronation, Duke William II of Normandy began plans to invade England, building 700 warships and transports at Dives-sur-Mer on the Normandy coast. Initially, William could not get support for the invasion but, claiming that <mask> had sworn on sacred relics to support his claim to the throne after having been shipwrecked at Ponthieu, William received the Church's blessing and nobles flocked to his cause. In anticipation of the invasion, <mask> assembled his troops on the Isle of Wight, but the invasion fleet remained in port for almost seven months, perhaps due to unfavourable winds. On 8 September, with provisions running out, <mask> disbanded his army and returned to London. On the same day Harald Hardrada of Norway, who also claimed the English crown, joined Tostig and invaded, landing his fleet at the mouth of the Tyne.The invading forces of Hardrada and Tostig defeated the English earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford near York on 20 September 1066. <mask> led his army north on a forced march from London, reached Yorkshire in four days, and caught Hardrada by surprise. On 25 September, in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, <mask> defeated Hardrada and Tostig, who were both killed. According to Snorri Sturluson, before the battle a single man rode up alone to Harald Hardrada and Tostig. He gave no name, but spoke to Tostig, offering the return of his earldom if he would turn against Hardrada. Tostig asked what his brother <mask> would be willing to give Hardrada for his trouble. The rider replied "Seven feet of English ground, as he is taller than other men."Then he rode back to the Saxon host. Hardrada was impressed by the rider's boldness, and asked Tostig who he was. Tostig replied that the rider was <mask> himself. According to Henry of Huntingdon, <mask> said "Six feet of ground or as much more as he needs, as he is taller than most men." Battle of Hastings

On 12 September 1066 William's fleet sailed from Normandy. Several ships sank in storms, which forced the fleet to take shelter at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme and to wait for the wind to change. On 27 September the Norman fleet set sail for England, arriving the following day at Pevensey on the coast of East Sussex.<mask>'s army marched 241 miles (386 kilometres) to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7,000 men in Sussex, southern England. <mask> established his army in hastily built earthworks near Hastings. The two armies clashed at the Battle of Hastings, at Senlac Hill (near the present town of Battle) close by Hastings on 14 October, where after nine hours of hard fighting, <mask> was killed and his forces defeated. His brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were also killed in the battle, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Death
The notion that <mask> died by an arrow to the eye is a popular belief today, but this historical legend is subject to much scholarly debate. A Norman account of the battle, Carmen de Hastingae Proelio ("Song of the Battle of Hastings"), said to have been written shortly after the battle by Guy, Bishop of Amiens, says that <mask> was killed by four knights, probably including Duke William, and his body dismembered. Twelfth-century Anglo-Norman histories, such as William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum Anglorum and Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum recount that <mask> died by an arrow wound to his head.An earlier source, Amatus of Montecassino's L'Ystoire de li Normant ("History of the Normans"), written only twenty years after the battle of Hastings, contains a report of <mask> being shot in the eye with an arrow, but this may be an early fourteenth-century addition. Later accounts reflect one or both of these two versions. A figure in the panel of the Bayeux Tapestry with the inscription "Hic <mask> Rex Interfectus Est" ("Here King <mask> is killed") is depicted gripping an arrow that has struck his eye, but some historians have questioned whether this man is intended to be <mask> or if <mask> is intended as the next figure lying to the right almost supine, being mutilated beneath a horse's hooves. Etchings made of the Tapestry in the 1730s show the standing figure with differing objects. Benoît's 1729 sketch shows only a dotted line indicating stitch marks without any indication of fletching, whereas all other arrows in the Tapestry are fletched. Bernard de Montfaucon's 1730 engraving has a solid line resembling a spear being held overhand matching the manner of the figure to the left. Stothard's 1819 water-colour drawing has, for the first time, a fletched arrow in the figure's eye.Although not apparent in the earlier depictions, the Tapestry today has stitch marks indicating the fallen figure once had an arrow in its eye. It has been proposed that the second figure once had an arrow added by over-enthusiastic nineteenth-century restorers that was later unstitched. Many believe this, as the name "<mask>" is above the figure with an arrow in his eye. This has been disputed by examining other examples from the Tapestry where the visual centre of a scene, not the location of the inscription, identifies named figures. Further evidence is that an arrow volley would be loosed before the Norman cavalry charge. A further suggestion is that both accounts are accurate, and that <mask> suffered first the eye wound, then the mutilation, and the Tapestry is depicting both in sequence. Burial and legacy

The account of the contemporary chronicler William of Poitiers states that the body of <mask> was given to William Malet for burial:

Another source states that <mask>'s widow, Edith Swannesha, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private mark known only to her.<mask>'s strong association with Bosham, his birthplace, and the discovery in 1954 of an Anglo-Saxon coffin in the church there, has led some to suggest it as the place of King <mask>'s burial. A request to exhume a grave in Bosham Church was refused by the Diocese of Chichester in December 2003, the Chancellor having ruled that the chances of establishing the identity of the body as <mask>'s were too slim to justify disturbing a burial place. A prior exhumation had revealed the remains of a man, estimated at up to 60 years of age from photographs of the remains, lacking a head, one leg and the lower part of his other leg, a description consistent with the fate of the king as recorded in the Carmen. The poem also claims <mask> was buried by the sea, which is consistent with William of Poitiers' account and with the identification of the grave at Bosham Church that is only yards from Chichester Harbour and in sight of the English Channel. There were legends of <mask>'s body being given a proper funeral years later in his church at Waltham Holy Cross in Essex, which he had refounded in 1060. Legends also grew up that <mask> had not died at Hastings but instead fled England or that he later ended his life as a hermit at Chester or Canterbury. <mask>'s son Ulf, along with Morcar and two others, were released from prison by King William as he lay dying in 1087.Ulf threw his lot in with Robert Curthose, who knighted him, and then disappeared from history. Two of <mask>'s other sons, Godwine and Edmund, invaded England in 1068 and 1069 with the aid of Diarmait mac Máel na mBó (High King of Ireland) but were defeated at the Battle of Northam. In 1068, Diarmait presented another Irish king with <mask>'s battle standard. Marriages and children

For some twenty years <mask> was married more danico (Latin: "in the Danish manner") to Edith the Fair and had at least six children with her. She was considered <mask>'s mistress by the clergy. According to Orderic Vitalis, <mask> was at some time betrothed to Adeliza, a daughter of William the Conqueror; if so, the betrothal never led to marriage. About January 1066, <mask> married Edith (or Ealdgyth), daughter of Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia, and widow of the Welsh prince Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.Edith had one son, named <mask>, probably born posthumously. Another of <mask>'s sons, Ulf, may have been a twin of the younger <mask>, though most historians consider him a son of Edyth Swannesha. Both these sons survived into adulthood and probably lived out their lives in exile. After her husband's death, Edith fled for refuge to her brothers, Edwin, Earl of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria, but both men made their peace with King William initially before rebelling and losing their lands and lives. Edith may have fled abroad (possibly with <mask>'s mother, Gytha, or with <mask>'s daughter, Gytha). <mask>'s sons, Godwin and Edmund, fled to Ireland and then invaded Devon, but were defeated by Brian of Brittany. Family tree

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

 William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi II Ducis Normannorum, or "The Deeds of William II, Duke of the Normans".Quoted by David C. Douglas & George W. Greenaway (eds. ), in: English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959. Further reading

External links

 BBC Historic Figures: <mask> II (Godwineson) (c. 1020–1066)

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Earls of Wessex
English people of Danish descent
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House of Godwin
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<mask> (15 January 1848 in Włodawa, Poland – November 1919 in New Rochelle, New York) was a scholar of bible and rabbinics whose work spanned the latter part of the 19th and the early 20th century. A formidable scholar, he is said to have possessed perfect recall, with an outstanding knowledge of Bible and Talmud, and to have spoken 39 languages. He is best known for his book Mikra Kiphshuto (The Bible according to its Literal Meaning) in three Hebrew volumes published from 1899–1901, in which he sought to bring the results of modern textual criticism of the Bible to a wider Hebrew audience, emphasising the Torah to be a document made by humans complete with scribal and copying errors, not a perfect work dictated to Moses at Sinai; and as a formative intellectual influence on the young Mordecai Kaplan. <mask> earned a living as a private tutor, and teaching at the Hebrew Preparatory School of the Temple Emanu-El Theological School of New York. However, he was never considered for a professorial post at Hebrew Union College, apparently because in his early twenties he had helped the German Lutheran theologian Franz Delitzsch revise his Hebrew translation of the New Testament, a work used to proselytize Jewish converts to Christianity. <mask>'s exegetical work is an important contribution to modern biblical exegesis. <mask>'s work was highly influential on the Jewish translation produced by the Jewish Publication Society in 1917 and its successor of 1962–82.Life
Born Jewish in Włodawa, Poland, <mask> was married at fourteen and had one son named Mark. At an early age he studied German in his native Polish village, and had read the Bible in the Moses Mendelssohn translation. At seventeen, <mask> came to the conclusion that he could no longer abide the stringencies of his environment and he sought association with the wider fields of knowledge he hoped to find in Germany. His wife did not agree with the move or his liberal views, and she and their son did not go with him to Germany. He then went on his own and he entered school there to learn arithmetic, geography, and other elementary school subjects alongside boys of ten. Such subjects were simple for a lad who started learning the German language at the age of five years. He also worked as a librarian in the Semitics department of the Berlin Royal Library.It was at this time in Germany that <mask> somehow came to the attention of Professor Franz Delitzsch, who engaged him as his amanuensis. They both worked in the missionary Institutum Judaicum and this association would turn into an evil spectre later in his life. At Delitzsch's insistence <mask> revised the Hebrew translation of the New Testament (10th Edition) which was to be utilized for proselytization among Jews. During this time he encountered the work of Julius Wellhausen, Kuehnen, and the whole school of Biblical criticism which fascinated him. This in turn made him accept the theory that the Bible was constructed of a patchwork quilt of documents, but his later work was a revolt against the destructiveness of the "higher criticism." The Hebrew language was bred into his bones, and it became his conviction that the Bible could be understood only as one devoted oneself to its language and to an understanding of the Hebrew idiom through its cognates. There are rumors that <mask> was baptized in Germany, but there is no proof or evidence of this.Had it been true, the officers at the Temple Emanu-El would never had considered him for a place as a teacher (not professor) in the Emanu-El Theological School of New York where he taught after he immigrated to Manhattan, New York from Hamburg, Germany in 1874. His Naturalization date is July 11, 1881, and he lists his occupation as "Teacher of Languages." <mask> wrote in fluent English and spoke it fluently and flawlessly, though with a slight accent. He was a close student of many languages, and was both a philologist and a student of the Hebrew Bible. He knew 39 tongues, which included all the Semitic languages, all the languages of Western Europe except Finnish, all the Slavic language dialects, as well as Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek. He explained the relationship that Israelite and Canaanite civilizations bear to that of the Greeks upon the basis of language similarities and idiomatic likeness. In his "leisure" he had written what was practically a Randglossen to both the Iliad and the Odyssey.He was a lover of the Greek classics and had a great comprehension of classic civilizations. He had a special love for Arabic. He enjoyed it as a language and he enjoyed its literature and its poetry. Many of those who taught Arabic in the Semitics departments of universities came to <mask> for instruction, and among them was Professor Richard J.H. Gottheil of Columbia University, son of Gustav Gottheil, who claimed that <mask> had admitted to changing his faith to Christianity in Germany and was remorseful for it. This declaration was never signed by <mask>, but only by witnesses "claiming" this event took place in the late 19th century. During his years in the United States, Jewish scholars and students sought him out, but <mask> surely paid a frightful price for that New Testament translation he did at a young age with Delitzsch.Many regard this translation as a beautiful piece of modern Hebrew composition, but it cost him and he was to pay for it throughout his life. He was sorely resentful of the fact that, despite general recognition of his status as a scholar, he had not been chosen Professor of Bible at the Hebrew Union College. He was never invited to teach in either of the major rabbinical seminaries and among the Orthodox he was disliked. No one wanted to appoint a man with a background of engaging in a New Testament translation, who would invite criticism from all conservative quarters. He also insisted upon "mister" with his pupils because no university had ever granted him a higher academic degree. He is the author of a biblical commentary called Mik'ra Kiph'shuto ("The Plain Meaning of the Bible"). It embodies his main point of view that the Bible itself is the best source for the knowledge of Hebrew as a language and for the ancient Hebraic ideas, even though the cross references of comparative passages or words might be separated in widely disparate ages.He felt that somehow original meanings persisted and that the cross references or parallel passages often shed light upon obscure sentences as well as upon mistakes in the original Bible text. Modern archaeology has opened new vistas through the centuries, but <mask> had no knowledge, in his time, of what the future would bring into this realm. He had a strong influence on the young Mordecai Kaplan. <mask>'s strongest affection was for Louis Ginzberg of the Jewish Theological Seminary. He admired Dr. Ginzberg's thoroughness, his vast and comprehensive knowledge, and the originality of his mind. He also had a high regard for Professors Malter and Margolis of the Dropsie College. But <mask> had no doubts as to his own status, for he was convinced of his own superiority in his chosen area of research.<mask> was antisocial in his life in that he felt uncomfortable and uneasy in ordinary human relationships. But he was completely social in his outlook, in his passion for justice, in his desire for the self-realization of all people regardless of race, color or creed. He was totally removed from people and came alive only when he discussed his philological interests. He was an avid reader in all fields, particularly in philosophy, and maintained a steady correspondence with Hermann Cohen until his death one year before <mask>. As a matter of self-discipline, he required himself to read through Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason every year. <mask>'s one diversion  was to attend the movies of the early 20th century. He adored Westerns and historic presentations.The great scholar could watch these films and find complete "escape." He preferred this to spending time with people, whom he avoided. He was entranced by the new sociology, despite his personal social discomfort, and was intrigued by the new Freudian psychology emerging upon the scene in his latter years. Not long before he died, Richard M. Stern (who prepared for the rabbinate under him) recalls Ehrlich saying, if he could relive his years, he would like to give greater attention to psychology so as to understand why some human beings are driven perforce into defined areas of activity and why others are willing to remain "contented cows!!!" <mask> was sought after by many non-Jews who wanted to study under him. Two of his well-known Christian pupils were Dr. Charles Fagnani and Dr. Julius Bewer, both members of the Union Theological Seminary Faculty. He was especially interested in Bewer because he exhibited an unusual aptitude in reading and understanding rabbinic literature.<mask> was unhappy that Christian scholarship had not cultivated the area with greater assiduity. He felt he found the perfect Christian disciple who would devote himself to rabbinics, but this did not happen. Bewer chose the field of biblical criticism  in the tradition of Wellhausen and his coterie. <mask> had no love for this group and thoroughly disliked the "Higher Anti-Semitism." A few years prior to 1917 he discovered that he had not been included in the committee appointed by the Jewish Publication Society and the Central Conference of American Rabbis to prepare a new translation of the Hebrew Bible. When the work was published in 1917, he was furious that the committee used his name as a consultant. <mask> was an occasional attendant at religious services and synagogues where he hoped to find preachers who could use the biblical text with the related midrashic or other rabbinic commentaries.He disliked the Union Prayer Book, primarily because he felt that its reform of the liturgy had not gone far enough. He felt that all the passages which belittled human dignity should be revised or eliminated. He believed that a modern Jewish prayer book should, of course, be rooted in traditional forms, but that prayers which involved a servile humility were unbecoming to modern man and should be rewritten. Many of the older generation rabbis studied under him at one time or another, either at Emanu-El or as private pupils. Among them were Samuel Schulman, Leon Harrison, Bernard Drachman, Stephen S. Wise, and George Alexander Kohut whose father was Alexander Kohut. Another of his mature students was Isaac S. Moses, rabbi of the Central Synagogue. <mask> was married twice.His son by his first wife, Mark, who was born in Poland, arrived in Manhattan, New York in 1885 without his mother. His second wife, Pauline (October 13, 1858-? ), of Polish descent, gave him a daughter named Olga born 1881. He had four grandchildren. Mark had Rose (1891), Joseph (1897) and Helen (1902) <mask> in Manhattan. Olga (who was born in Manhattan) married Dr. Julius Auerbach and had a son named <mask> (1912). <mask>. Auerbach became a distinguished playwright, essayist, humorist, critic, and an American Emmy-Award winning screenwriter.<mask> was an accomplished pianist who was written about in a lost book for her talent. According to the January 10, 1920 Nation News Archive:

The death of <mask><mask>, which occurred in the city of New York a short time ago, has deprived the world of Biblical scholarship of one of its most brilliant exponents. <mask> was not officially connected with any institution of learning; his name is little known outside of the narrow circle of professional Bible students, and is possibly not sufficiently known even among them. Yet, his life work, represented by eleven substantial volumes dedicated to the elucidation of the Scriptures, merits the grateful appreciation of all those to whom the Bible is an integral part of human civilization. <mask>'s exegetical work is an important contribution to modern biblical exegesis. <mask>'s work was highly influential on the Jewish translation produced by the Jewish Publication Society in 1917 and its successor of 1962–82. Works
His best known works are,
  Mik'ra Kiph'shuto (מקרא כפשוטו) [The Bible Literally].Leipzig: 3 vols, 1899–1901; reprinted New York: Ktav, 1969. Randglossen zur Hebräischen Bibel; textkritisches, sprachliches und sachliches [Notes on the Hebrew Bible]. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. 7 vols, 1908–14; reprinted Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1968. .  His most substantial work, which took six years to complete and which was funded by Jacob H. Schiff and Dr. Isaac Adler. He also prepared textbooks to introduce students to rabbinic literature and prepared an anthology of aggadic passages representative of material that students might later have to study at the Emanu-El Theological School that he taught at. His poetic German translation of the Psalms had wide acclaim in its day, but this volume is now out of print and may be found only in large university libraries. His scholarly work is written in German because, prior to World War I, German was regarded as the language of Jewish scholarship.Unpublished notebooks can be found at the New York library of the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. These notebooks are the addenda to the Randglossen. References

Further reading
 American Jewish Archives; vol. xxiii; no. 1; April, 1971
 The teshuva of <mask> on <mask>'s apostasy and return to his faith [url no longer supports images]
 Judaism Faces the Twentieth Century on Mordecai Kaplan's relationship with <mask>. "<mask>'s Monumental Work on the Old Testament" review of Randglossen zur hebraischen Bibel, textkritisches, sprachliches und sachliches by <mask><mask>. Review by Julius A. Bewer The American Journal of Theology, Vol.20, No. 2 (Apr., 1916), pp. 274–275
 "Some Hitherto Unrecognized Meanings of the Verb Shub" by Robert Gordis Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 52, No. 2/3 (Jun. - Sep., 1933), pp. 153–162  "The starting point for our inquiry is the acute observation of that master of Biblical Hebrew, <mask>.Ehrlich." "<mask><mask>: A Personal Recollection" by R M Stern, available on http://americanjewisharchives.org/journal/PDF/1971_23_01_00_stern.pdf

External links
 Mik'ra Kiph'shutah by <mask> (Shabbatei ben Yom Tov ibn Boded) is available here. 1848 births
1919 deaths
19th-century rabbis
Talmudists
19th-century Jewish biblical scholars
Translators of the Bible into German
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
People from New Rochelle, New York
Jewish translators of the Bible
19th-century translators
20th-century Jewish biblical scholars
Polish biblical scholars
American biblical scholars
Jewish biblical scholars
American humanists
Jewish humanists
American male writers
American religious writers
Jewish religious writers
American translators
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Jewish translators
Jewish-American history
Jewish American writers
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American Hebraists
Polish Hebraists
American orientalists
Jewish orientalists
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Bible commentators
Jewish theologians
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Linguists from the United States
Linguists from Poland

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<mask> (née Bunn; April 12, 1916March 25, 2021) was an American writer of children's and young adult fiction. One of America's most successful authors, 91 million copies of her books have been sold worldwide since her first book was published in 1950. Some of her best known characters are Ramona Quimby and Beezus Quimby, Henry Huggins and his dog Ribsy, and Ralph S. Mouse. The majority of <mask>'s books are set in the Grant Park neighborhood of northeast Portland, Oregon, where she was raised, and she has been credited as one of the first authors of children's literature to figure emotional realism in the narratives of her characters, often children in middle-class families. Her first children's book was Henry Huggins after a question from a kid when Cleary was a librarian. Cleary won the 1981 National Book Award for Ramona and Her Mother and the 1984 Newbery Medal for Dear Mr. Henshaw. For her lifetime contributions to American literature, she received the National Medal of Arts, recognition as a Library of Congress Living Legend, and the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal from the Association for Library Service to Children.The <mask>y School, a public school in Portland, was named after her, and several statues of her most famous characters were erected in Grant Park in 1995. Cleary died on March 25, 2021, at the age of 104, just 18 days from her 105th birthday. Early life

<mask> Bunn was born on April 12, 1916, in McMinnville, Oregon, to Chester Lloyd Bunn, a farmer, and Mable Atlee Bunn, a schoolteacher. Cleary was an only child and lived on a farm in rural Yamhill, Oregon, in her early childhood. She was raised Presbyterian. When she was six years old, her family moved to Portland, Oregon, where her father had secured a job as a bank security officer. The adjustment from living in the country to the city was difficult for Cleary, and she struggled in school; in first grade, her teacher placed her in a group for struggling readers.Cleary said, "The first grade was sorted into three reading groups—Bluebirds, Redbirds and Blackbirds. I was a Blackbird. To be a Blackbird was to be disgraced. I wanted to read, but somehow could not." With some work, Cleary's reading skills improved, but she eventually found reading boring, complaining that many stories were simple and unsurprising, and wondering why authors often did not write with humor or about ordinary people. However, on a rainy afternoon at home during Cleary's third-grade year, she found herself enjoying reading The Dutch Twins, a book by Lucy Fitch Perkins about the adventures of ordinary children. The book was an epiphany for her, and afterward, she started to spend a lot of time reading and at the library.By sixth grade, a teacher suggested that Cleary should become a children's writer based on essays she had written for class assignments. After graduating from Portland's Grant High School in 1934, Cleary entered Chaffey Junior College in Ontario, California, which offered lower tuition fees than four-year universities, something many students needed during the Great Depression, with aspirations of becoming a children's librarian. After two years at Chaffey, she was accepted to the University of California, Berkeley, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1938. While in college, Cleary worked odd jobs to pay her tuition, including working as a seamstress and a chambermaid. During what Cleary described as "two of the most interesting years of my life", she was one of the first residents of women's cooperative Stebbins Hall, and met her future husband, <mask>, at a school dance. In 1939, she graduated from the School of Librarianship at the University of Washington with a second bachelor's degree in library science and accepted a year-long position as a children's librarian in Yakima, Washington. Her parents disapproved of her relationship with Cleary, a Roman Catholic, so the couple eloped and were married in 1940.After World War II, they settled in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. In 1955, Cleary gave birth to twins, Malcolm and Marianne. She lived in Carmel Valley Village in California from the 1960s onwards. Career

After her graduation from the University of Washington in 1939, she served as a children's librarian in Yakima, Washington, until 1940, and then as the post librarian at the U.S. Army Hospital on Camp John T. Knight in Oakland, California, from 1942 to 1945. She also worked at Sather Gate Book Shop in Berkeley before becoming a full-time writer for children. As a children's librarian, Cleary empathized with her young patrons, who had difficulty finding books with characters they could identify with, and she struggled to find enough books to suggest that would appeal to them. After a few years of making recommendations and performing live storytelling in her role as librarian, Cleary decided to start writing children's books about characters that young readers could relate to.Cleary has said, "I believe in that 'missionary spirit' among children's librarians. Kids deserve books of literary quality, and librarians are so important in encouraging them to read and selecting books that are appropriate." <mask>'s first book, Henry Huggins (1950),  was the first in a series of fictional chapter books about Henry, his dog Ribsy, his neighborhood friend Beezus and her little sister Ramona. When writing the book, Cleary took inspiration from the times she composed stories for children during Saturday afternoon story hours when she worked as a librarian in Yakima. Like many of her later works, Henry Huggins is a novel about people living ordinary lives and is based on Cleary's own childhood experiences, the kids in her neighborhood growing up, as well as children she met while working as a librarian. Although her book was accepted by Morrow, the first publisher she sent it to, it had been initially rejected, and Cleary had added the characters of Beezus and Ramona while revising it. Cleary's first book to center a story on the Quimby sisters, Beezus and Ramona, was published in 1955.A publisher asked her to write a book about a kindergarten student. Cleary resisted, because she had not attended kindergarten, but later changed her mind after the birth of her twins. Cleary also wrote two memoirs, one about her childhood, entitled A Girl from Yamhill (1988), and one about her years in college and as an adult up to writing her first book, entitled My Own Two Feet (1995). During a 2011 interview for the Los Angeles Times, at age 95, Cleary stated, "I've had an exceptionally happy career." Critical significance
<mask>'s books have been historically noted for their attention to the daily minutiae of childhood, specifically the experience of children growing up in middle-class families. Leonard S. Marcus, a children's literature historian, said of Cleary's work: "When you're the right age to read Cleary's books you're likely at your most impressionable time in life as a reader. [Her books] both entertain children and give them courage and insight into what to expect from their lives."Cleary's employment of humor has also been noted by critics; William Grimes of The New York Times wrote that Clearly used a "humorous, lively style" while "ma[king] compelling drama out of the everyday problems, small injustices and perplexing mysteries – adults chief among them – that define middle-class American childhood", while Roger Sutton of The Horn Book Magazine noted that "Cleary is funny in a very sophisticated way. She gets very close to satire, which I think is why adults like her, but she's still deeply respectful of her characters—nobody gets a laugh at the expense of another. I think kids appreciate that they're on a level playing field with adults." Pat Pflieger, professor of children's literature at West Chester University, commented: "Cleary's books have lasted because she understands her audience. She knows they're sometimes confused or frightened by the world around them, and that they feel deeply about things that adults can dismiss." Eliza Dresang, professor in children and youth services at the University of Washington Information School, <mask>'s alma mater, said, "Those books don't seem so radical now, but they were when she was writing them". Dresang added that <mask>'s writing, "in terms of the topics [covered], the honesty, the accuracy, [and] the ability to portray real-life children", was decades ahead of her time.Twentieth-Century Children's Writers said, "<mask>'s impact as a children's writer cannot be overestimated... her extraordinary talent in creating memorable young characters whose exuberant spirit and zest for life attract young and old readers alike." Later life
<mask>’s husband, Clarance, died in 2004. She celebrated her 100th birthday on April 12, 2016. On March 25, 2021, <mask> died at her retirement home in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, at the age of 104, three weeks before her 105th birthday. Honors and legacy

In 1975, Cleary won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award from the American Library Association for "substantial and lasting contributions to children's literature". She was the U.S. nominee for the biennial international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1984. In April 2000, she was named Library of Congress Living Legend in the writers and artists category for her contributions to the cultural heritage of the United States.She received the National Medal of Arts in 2003. Cleary's books have been published in over 25 different languages and have been recognized by many awards and honors. Dear Mr. Henshaw won the Newbery Medal in 1984, and Newbery Honors were conferred on Ramona and Her Father in 1978 and Ramona Quimby, Age 8 in 1982. She won the 1981 National Book Award in category children's fiction (paperback) for Ramona and Her Mother, a William Allen White Children's Book award for Socks (1973), the Catholic Library Association's Regina Medal (1980), and the Children's Book Council's Every Child Award (1985). In 2012, Ramona the Pest was ranked number 24 among all children's novels in a survey published by the School Library Journal, a monthly with a primarily U.S. audience. The Mouse and the Motorcycle (89) and Ramona and Her Father (94) were also among the top 100. Cleary has been mentioned as a major influence by other authors, including Laurie Halse Anderson, Judy Blume, Lauren Myracle, and Jon Scieszka.Publisher HarperCollins recognizes <mask>'s birthday, April 12, as National Drop  Everything and Read (DEAR) Day, in promotion of sustained silent reading. In Portland, Oregon, the Hollywood branch of the Multnomah County Library, near where she lived as a child, commissioned a map of Henry Huggins's Klickitat Street neighborhood for its lobby wall. Statues of her characters Henry Huggins, the Hugginses' dog Ribsy, and Ramona Quimby can be found in The Beverly Cleary Sculpture Garden for Children, which is part of Portland's Grant Park in the Hollywood-Fernwood neighborhood. In June 2008, the neighborhood's K-8 school, formerly named Fernwood Grammar School and once attended by Cleary, was officially renamed Beverly Cleary School. In 1997, the Central Library in downtown Portland, Oregon, which serves as the main branch of the Multnomah County Library system, dedicated its children's room as the Beverly Cleary Children's Library. In 2004, the University of Washington Information School completed fund-raising for the <mask> Endowed Chair for Children and Youth Services to honor her work and commitment to librarianship. In 2008, the school announced that she had been selected as the next recipient of the university's Alumna Summa Laude Dignatus Award, the highest honor the University of Washington can bestow on a graduate.Cleary has a 220-student residential hall named after her, <mask> Hall, at her alma mater, the University of California, Berkeley. In April 2016, on the occasion of her 100th birthday, Oregon Public Broadcasting produced an original half-hour program, Discovering <mask>, which included an extensive interview with Cleary at age 99 at her home in Carmel, California, and photographs and stories from her life. It was broadcast in the spring of 2016 on PBS stations across the country. On April 22, 2021, after her death, the United States Senate passed a resolution "honoring the life and legacy of award-winning children's author <mask>." It was sponsored by Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon, Cleary's home state. Works
Key: † Henry Huggins series (1950–1964), ‡ Ramona series (1955–1999)

Adaptations
 Ramona (1988): Ten-part Canadian TV series starring Sarah Polley as eight-year-old Ramona Quimby. Ramona and Beezus (2010): Movie starring Joey King as Ramona and Selena Gomez as Beezus.

masks:
Beverly Atlee Cleary
Cleary
Beverly Clear
Beverly Atlee
Clarence Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Beverly Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Cleary
Beverly Cleary
Beverly Cleary
Beverly Cleary
Beverly Cleary