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<mask> (born November 12, 1978) is an American football coach and former player who is the defensive coordinator for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the defensive backs coach for the Denver Broncos from 2019 to 2020 and also served as an assistant coach for the Miami Dolphins. <mask> played college football as a strong safety at Michigan State and was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the seventh round of the 2001 NFL Draft. During his 10 seasons as a player, <mask> played for the Cardinals, Oakland Raiders, Miami Dolphins and Denver Broncos. Early years
<mask> attended Chadsey High School in Detroit, Michigan, where he was a four-year starter at defensive back. He was also named to the school’s academic honor roll on two occasions. Playing career

<mask> was a three-year letterman (1998–2000) for the Michigan State Spartans, the first two years of which he played under former head coach Nick Saban.<mask> started all 35 games in which he played during that time at right cornerback, and concluded his career with 182 total tackles, 11 stops for loss, nine interceptions and 36 passes defensed. <mask> had a career-high five interceptions during his first season in 1998. He was an honorable mention All-Big Ten Conference selection the following year when he amassed 57 tackles, an interception and 13 passes defensed. His senior season in 2000, <mask> was a second-team All-Big Ten performer in his when he posted 71 tackles, three interceptions, and 11 passes defensed. National Football League

Arizona Cardinals
<mask> was originally drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the seventh round (202nd overall) in the 2001 NFL Draft. He played in 14 games in his rookie season, including one start, and recorded 22 tackles, three passes defensed and a half-sack. He added five special teams tackles.He had five tackles and the first half-sack of his career on a five-yard sack of Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb. <mask>'s first pro start came against the New York Giants on December 15. He was inactive for the final two games of the season with a hamstring injury. In 2002 <mask> appeared in 14 contests, including seven starts at cornerback, and missed two games with a foot injury. He posted 66 tackles, two interceptions, 10 passes defensed, a sack and two fumble recoveries on the year, while also contributing 11 stops on special teams. He collected a season-high 10 tackles against the San Diego Chargers when he came off bench in first quarter to replace an injured Duane Starks. <mask> went on to start each of the next four games in Starks’ spot.In 16-13 win against the Carolina Panthers on October 6, he recovered a pair of Panthers fumbles - the first Cardinal to do that since Michael Bankston on October 17, 1993. <mask>'s first career interception came against the Dallas Cowboys on October 20 when he picked off a Quincy Carter pass in the end zone during Arizona’s 9-6 win. He recorded an eight-yard sack of Marc Bulger against the St. Louis Rams, which was the first full sack of his career. <mask> also intercepted a Jeff Garcia pass in the fourth quarter against the San Francisco 49ers on December 21. <mask> started all 14 games in which he played at cornerback in 2003, posting 67 tackles, five interceptions for 119 yards in returns including a touchdown, seven passes defensed, two sacks and a forced fumble. His interception ranked second on the team behind only Dexter Jackson's six. <mask> missed two games during the season with a sprained ankle.During the season, <mask> intercepted a pair of Marc Bulger passes in one game, including one returned 70 yards for a score. He also picked off Quincy Carter, Jon Kitna and Trent Dilfer during the season. His two sacks came against Bulger and Kitna. <mask> played in 13 games in 2004 with ten starts at cornerback, and was inactive for three contests in 2004. On the year, he collected 46 tackles, an interception, nine passes defensed, a sack and a forced fumble. His lone interception of the year occurred on October 24 against the Seattle Seahawks, as he picked off a Matt Hasselbeck pass in the Cardinals’ 25-17 victory. His only sack of the season came against then-Rams quarterback Chris Chandler.Oakland Raiders
As an unrestricted free agent in 2005, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Oakland Raiders. The deal included a base salary of $565,000 and a $25,000 signing bonus. It was also heavily based on incentives, which could have allowed <mask> to earn as much as $1.4 million. <mask> played in all 16 games during his lone season with the Raiders, opening three games at free safety and ten contests as the nickel cornerback behind Charles Woodson and Nnamdi Asomugha. He recorded 89 tackles, an interception and five passes defensed on the year, while also tallying three special teams stops. His only interception of the year came against the Cleveland Browns on December 18 when he snared a Charlie Frye pass. Miami Dolphins
On March 16, 2006 <mask> agreed to a three-year deal with the Miami Dolphins.The contract was worth $6 million and included a $2 million signing bonus. The move reunited him with then-Dolphins head coach Nick Saban, who was the head coach at Michigan State during <mask>'s first two seasons with the Spartans. Thanks in part to the contract holdout of rookie defensive back Jason Allen, <mask> was able to win the starting free safety job before the regular season began. He went on to start all 16 games for the Dolphins in 2006 and finished third on the team (behind linebackers Zach Thomas and Channing Crowder) with 83 tackles. <mask> also had two interceptions, which tied him with Jason Taylor for the team lead, and a fumble recovery he returned for a touchdown. <mask> picked off Detroit Lions quarterback Jon Kitna and Chicago Bears quarterback Rex Grossman during the season (both in wins by the Dolphins). He also returned a Chester Taylor fumble forced by Matt Roth 48 yards for a touchdown in the fourth quarter of a 24-20 win over the Minnesota Vikings.During training camp, <mask> initially lost his job to recently signed free agent Chris Crocker. Eventually, though the secondary was exposed during the first two weeks particularly in Week 2 against the Arizona Cardinals, giving up pass plays of 50 or more yards. In Week 3, <mask> got the free safety job once again, and it paid huge dividends as the secondary play became more solid and it also helped Miami earn its first victory of the season against the Patriots. <mask> <mask> also proved to be solid in run support, finishing with 74 tackles. He nabbed three interceptions. Denver Broncos
On February 27, 2009, <mask> signed a four-year, $10 million contract with the Denver Broncos. The contract included $3 million guaranteed.<mask> played in Denver for two seasons before being released on July 30, 2011. During his 10 NFL seasons, <mask> started 114-of-141 games played, recording 589 tackles (470 solo), 6.5 sacks (36.5 yds. ), 19 interceptions (301 yds.) and 61 passes defensed. Coaching career

Early career
<mask> began his coaching career at Wyoming (2012–13), where he served as a graduate assistant in 2012 before being promoted to cornerbacks coach in 2013. Pittsburgh
In 2015, <mask> became the defensive backs coach at Pittsburgh where he coached for three seasons. Miami Dolphins
In 2018, <mask> was hired by the Miami Dolphins as their assistant defensive backs coach under head coach Adam Gase.Denver Broncos
On January 17, 2019, <mask> was hired by the Denver Broncos as their defensive backs coach under head coach Vic Fangio. Los Angeles Chargers
On January 25, 2021, <mask> was hired by the Los Angeles Chargers as their defensive coordinator under head coach Brandon Staley, whom he worked with in Denver. Personal life
<mask> is the younger brother of <mask>, who also played at Michigan State and with the Dolphins as well (1998–2000). They are the third set of brothers to have played for the Dolphins, joining the Blackwoods (safety Glenn, 1979–87; safety Lyle, 1981–86) and the Ayanbadejos (fullback Obafemi, 2003; linebacker Brendon, 2003–04). References

External links
 Los Angeles Chargers profile
 Denver Broncos profile
 Miami Dolphins profile

1978 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Detroit
Players of American football from Detroit
Chadsey High School alumni
American football cornerbacks
American football safeties
Michigan State Spartans football players
Arizona Cardinals players
Oakland Raiders players
Miami Dolphins players
Denver Broncos players
Wyoming Cowboys football coaches
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
Miami Dolphins coaches
Denver Broncos coaches
Los Angeles Chargers coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Renaldo Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
College Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Renaldo
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Renaldo
Ray Hill


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<mask> (1822 – 16 May 1881) was an English army physician, known also as a writer and activist. Early life
Born at Bridlington, Yorkshire, he was eldest son of <mask> (1792–1874), a surgeon who became a physician in Kingston upon Hull; his mother was a daughter of Isaac Ward of Bridlington. After some schooling, where he learnt little, <mask> was apprenticed at age 16 to his uncle <mask> (1789–1867), another medical man, at Beverley. <mask> left Beverley in 1843, for the medical school at Hull, and spent a few months at Lille to learn French. He then entered University College, London, and in the autumn of 1846 he passed the examinations of London University and the Royal College of Surgeons, and was qualified to practise. He was appointed house surgeon to the Hull Infirmary in 1847, but poor health made him resign. In March 1849 <mask> travelled to Constantinople with letters of introduction to Sir Stratford Canning, the English ambassador.In August he accompanied Canning's protégé, Austen Henry Layard, in his second archæological expedition to Nineveh, and spent nearly two years in Mesopotamia. Fever obliged him to return to Constantinople in September 1851. In 1853 he was appointed correspondent of The Times, but John Thadeus Delane complained that he looked at the Eastern question from the Turkish point of view. Crimean War and aftermath
When the Crimean War broke out, <mask> served with Omar Pasha in 1853 in the River Danube campaign. He was then engaged as staff surgeon and interpreter by William Ferguson Beatson, who was raising a corps of Bashi-Bazouks. Beatson and <mask> went by steamer to Varna to join forces with Omar. <mask> served with this corps on the Danube in July and August 1854.It was not in combat, but there was much sickness, and <mask> had to eke out his medical stores by gathering herbs and leeches. Finding that the corps was to be soon disbanded, he offered his services to William Fenwick Williams, who was going to Armenia as British Commissioner with the Turkish army. They were accepted, and on 10 September he left Constantinople for Erzerum. In February 1855 Williams, now a lieutenant-general in the Turkish army, appointed <mask> inspector-general of hospitals, placing him at the head of the medical staff. Meanwhile, Colonel Henry Atwell Lake was fortifying Kars, and in the beginning of June, when the siege was imminent, Williams and his staff took up their quarters there. During the Siege of Kars, which lasted till the end of November, <mask> had to contend with cholera and starvation; and after the assault of 29 September he had wounded men, both Turkish and Russian, on his hands. He had to rely mainly on horseflesh broth for his patients.When Kars surrendered, and Williams and his staff went to Russia as prisoners, <mask> was set free by General Nikolay Muravyov, in recognition of his treatment of Russian prisoners. He made his way over the Armenian Highlands to Constantinople, and on 9 January 1856 he arrived in London. He was lionised, and told the story of the siege to Queen Victoria and her ministers. He was made C.B., and Oxford gave him the degree of D.C.L. In August he went with Lord Granville to Moscow for the coronation of the czar, and was presented with the Russian order of St. Stanislaus. He also received the cross of the French Legion of Honour. Governor of Mauritius
Changing career, in February 1857 <mask> was appointed colonial secretary in Mauritius, and he spent two years there.He had an enquiry from Richard Owen concerning dodo bones, but could not supply any. He did send Owen an aye-aye, pickled in alcohol, that he had brought from Madagascar. He came home on leave in September 1859, and in the following spring he resigned, in hope that he would shortly get another post. Balkan interests
In 1864 <mask> paid a visit to Serbia and Bulgaria, and in a letter to The Spectator he predicted that "the next Christian massacre will probably be in Bulgaria". In 1872 he was invited by the municipality of Belgrade to attend the coronation of Milan I of Serbia, and became involved in Serbian politics. When Serbia started the Serbian–Ottoman War in 1876, he went to Belgrade, and worked for the relief of the wounded and the refugees. With William Mure, he visited the Serbian forces on the Drina.Jovan Ristić wished to entrust a peace mission to <mask>, but it came to nothing. He published articles in the British Quarterly Review. Pleading the Serbian cause, <mask> returned to England at the beginning of 1877. He lectured and spoke on behalf of the Serbian refugees. He took back £7,000 for them in March; but fell ill, and returned home. He was awarded Order of the Cross of Takovo. In October 1877 <mask> went to Bucharest for three months, as agent for the England-Russian Sick and Wounded Society, a Red Cross organisation of the Russo-Ottoman War.With him were Leslie Maturin and four other British surgeons. He set up a hospice at Putineiu. During the period he argued against British support for Turkey against Russia. In politics
<mask> met Richard Cobden in 1856, at the hydro of Sudbrook Park, Petersham. He was drawn into Cobdenite politics, advising on the Near East. A reformer and member of the Jamaica committee, in 1868 he tried unsuccessfully to enter parliament for . When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, he went to France on behalf of the National Aid Society.But he was dissatisfied with the actions of the committee, and did not work with them long. <mask> combined with Howard Evans and Frederick Maxse to lobby the Land Tenure Reform Association (LTRA) in 1876. He regarded the Land Reform pamphlet as the only clear legacy of his involvement with the Cobdenites. He became secretary of the LTRA, but the group was dormant. Final years
In his last years <mask> concentrated on agitating for an improved water supply for London. In 1880 the state of his wife's health led the couple to winter at Davos, but they were both ill; in the spring he became worse. He died at Paris on 16 May 1881, and was buried at Passy.A Memoir was written by <mask> Ward, <mask>'s nephew; it was compiled from an autobiography. Works
<mask>'s major writings were:

 A Narrative of the Siege of Kars, and of the Six Months' Resistance of the Turkish Garrison, under General Williams, to the Russian Army; together with a Narrative of Travels and Adventures in Armenia and Lazistan, with Remarks on the present State of Turkey, London, 1856. His narrative was published by the end of the month of <mask>'s return to London, was well reviewed in The Times by Delane, and sold well. The Hekim-Bashi; or the Adventures of Giuseppe Antonelli, a Doctor in the Turkish Service, 2 vols. London, 1864. Under the guise of a novel, this work was an attack on Ottoman misrule. Preface to Notes on the South Slavonic Countries in Austria and Turkey in Europe, London, 1865.The work was by Georgina Mackenzie and Adeline Irby. The Land and Landlordism (1873)
 Minsterborough: a Tale of English Life, based on reminiscences of his youth at Beverley, 3 vols. London, 1876. Shall we fight Russia? An Address to the Working Men of Great Britain, London, 1877. Earl Russell, the Commune and Christianity was an article in The Fortnightly Review defending the Paris Commune. <mask> married, on 29 May 1860, Lucy Hargreaves, whom he had met through Catherine Sinclair.She was the daughter of Robert Hargreaves of Accrington, whose brother William was close to Richard Cobden. They had five children, one of whom, together with Lucy, died in 1882. The only son of the marriage, <mask> of the 8th Hussars, was a historian of the <mask> family. One of the daughters, Catherine Sinclair married Richard Von Dechend, son of Hermann von Dechend. Another daughter Gladys, married Fleming Mant <mask>, the tropical medicine authority. Notes

Attribution

1822 births
1881 deaths
English surgeons
English writers
Medical doctors from Yorkshire

masks:
Humphry Sandwith IV
Humphry Sandwith III
Sandwith
Thomas Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Thomas Humphry
Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith
Family Sandwith
Lincoln Sandwith
Sandwith
Sandwith


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<mask>,  (born 31 January 1946) is an Australian media commentator and author. He formerly co-hosted the daily breakfast program on Sydney radio station 2UE with Peter FitzSimons and later Sandy Aloisi. <mask> frequently criticises conservative public figures such as former Prime Minister John Howard, former Foreign Minister Alexander Downer,
 radio personality Alan Jones, and conservative governments, including the United States' Bush administration. <mask>'s father, <mask>, was an athlete who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In 1930, he set an Australian national record for the 100 yards, which was not broken until 1953. He would have been selected for the 1932 Olympics but left sport to become a Catholic priest. During World War II, <mask>'s mother was engaged to another man, who was a Catholic but she was not.She took instruction in the Catholic faith, and Father <mask> was assigned to her. They fell in love, he left the priesthood, and they married. They had two sons, <mask> and Peter. <mask> died in 1951. <mask> has been married twice; to Kerri (two children) and Morag (one child). Early career
<mask> began his career as a cadet journalist with the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) in 1963, aged 17. His file reports as an ABC war correspondent in Vietnam earned him great admiration within the industry and a promotion to chief of the ABC's news bureau in Jakarta, Indonesia.Garnering further accolades on his return with the pioneering 1970s ABC-TV current affairs program This Day Tonight, he moved to his first radio program as host at Sydney commercial station 2GB in the early 1980s, this is where "Friday News Review" was born. Carlton dominated morning radio for a number of years until Alan Jones was moved into the breakfast slot at 2UE in March 1988, and Carlton's ratings started to falter. In the early 1990s he was a presenter for London's LBC Newstalk 97.3FM, then under Australian ownership. At first he presented the drivetime programme, but it was as presenter of The Morning Report breakfast programme that he came to prominence, winning a prestigious Sony Radio Academy Award. This programme helped to change the station's financial fortunes. He later wrote a novel set at a London talk radio station called Off the Air, which became a best-seller in Australia in the late 1990s. Talk show host
In 1994, Carlton returned to Sydney to host a morning program on music station Mix 106.5.He then moved to the drive slot at 702 ABC Sydney. Building a reasonable following and establishing a format that he has largely retained in the years since, he was then poached by commercial broadcaster 2UE. Carlton hosted 2UE's drivetime (3pm-6pm) program for a number of years, before moving to the breakfast timeslot (5:30 am – 9 am). In a move to improve ratings, 2UE management teamed Carlton with media personality, fellow Sydney Morning Herald columnist and longtime friend of Carlton's, Peter FitzSimons on the breakfast show in 2006. The ratings for the show gradually improved, however in mid-2007 they remained well behind the top two AM talk stations for the breakfast period. Peter FitzSimons left the show at the end of 2007, replaced by Sandy Aloisi from 2008. Carlton's former workmate, now rival, Alan Jones continued to dominate Sydney radio talkback.A long-running feud with fellow 2UE broadcaster Stan Zemanek, noted for his conservative views, had become a feature of Carlton's recent career prior to Zemanek's death in mid-2007. On 17 July 2007, Carlton made comments regarding his late rival. Responding to a listener's question as to why he wouldn't attend Zemanek's funeral, Carlton replied that it would be "an act of sheer hypocrisy ... I loathed him." He continued: "I'd only go to check that he was actually dead." Carlton later apologised for the remarks, which had been the subject of criticism from fellow radio presenters and 2UE staff. A highly popular feature of Carlton's long-running radio program (and indeed his previous radio career before he joined 2UE), was the weekly political satire segment, Friday News Review.The segment was well known for its fast-paced sketches, topical skewering of high-profile politicians, celebrities and sportspeople across the nation and around the world, and its extremely accurate voice-impersonations of the leading characters. Most of the characters in the segment not portrayed by <mask> were portrayed by Australian actor and television personality Josh Zepps. Friday News Review was one of the last political satire programs on mainstream commercial media in Australia. On 18 September 2009, Carlton retired from his long-running 2UE Breakfast show after over 26 years on Australian morning radio citing an unwillingness to continue with early morning hours and a desire to spend more time with his family and newborn son. Newspaper columnist
<mask> was a columnist for The Sydney Morning Herald, initially being sacked from the position on 29 August 2008, for refusing to write his column during a strike by journalists at Fairfax Media. After a lengthy campaign by Herald readers and the appointment of a new editor he was invited to rejoin the newspaper in 2009. He resigned from the paper when disciplinary action was taken against him by the Sydney Morning Herald for using offensive language in several responses to emails received from readers after criticism in his column of Israel's 2014 Gaza offensive.Author
<mask> has published three books on Australian naval history:
 Cruiser: The Life And Loss Of HMAS Perth And Her Crew (William Heinemann Australia, 2011)
 First Victory (William Heinemann Australia, 2013)
 Flagship: The Cruiser HMAS Australia II and the Pacific War on Japan (William Heinemann Australia, 2016)

Memoir:
 On Air, William Heinemann Book published by Penguin Random House Australia, 2018,

Co-authored:
 The Great Australian Writer's Collection 2013 (RHA eBooks Adult, 2013)

Awards
In the 2020 Queen's Birthday Honours, Carlton was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for "significant service to the print and broadcast media, and to naval history". References

1946 births
Living people
Australian journalists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Australian talk radio hosts
Radio in Sydney
People educated at Barker College
Former 2GB presenters
Members of the Order of Australia
The Sydney Morning Herald people

masks:
Michael James Carlton
Carlton
Family Carlton
Jim Carlton
Mike Carlton
Jim Carlton
Mike
Jim Carlton
Mike Carlton
Carlton
Carlton
Carlton
Carlton


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<mask> (née Press; born May 23, 1937) is an American theatrical director, producer, and educator. She has two honorable mentions for the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre. <mask> was inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame in 2008. Selected by Eleanor Roosevelt for her federal education project in the Harlem, <mask> taught Dramaturgy to students in a local public school in the late 1950s. In 1972, at the request of pioneering businessman and philanthropist James Rouse, <mask> founded the non-profit Columbia Center for Theatrical Arts through which, the nationally acclaimed theatre troupe the Young Columbians was created for the United States Bicentennial. Later, Orenstein established the award-winning Toby's Dinner Theatre in 1975. Her commitment to the performing arts is considered legendary.Alongside her work in theatre, <mask> is a community and social activist, and is the president of the board of directors for the Columbia Center for Theatrical Arts. She raises funds for scholarships and community programs including over ten years of producing Labor of Love to raise money for the AIDS Alliance of Howard County. <mask> has also chaired and directed the Howard County Arts Gala for the Arts Council (3 years), participated in the events for the Carson Scholars Fund, and directed and produced plays for United Service Organizations and the United States Armed Forces stationed overseas. In 2014, <mask> was honored with the Leadership Award for Accessibility by the Howard County Commission on Disabilities. Early life
<mask> was born The Bronx, New York City, to Mildred and Sam Press. As a child, <mask> had an innate proclivity towards drama leading to her first role was as a pilgrim in a kindergarten play. This interest in drama continued through Primary school where she directed shows in school and on the playground with her classmates.<mask> successfully auditioned for the selective High School of Performing Arts in New York City. Onlookers of the audition described her delivery of a monologue as coming from "the gut." After the initial excitement of the acceptance, <mask> eventually developed a dislike of the school's "lacking support system." <mask> says of her time at the Performing Arts school, “[It was] cut-throat competitive, not at all a nurturing environment.” Subsequently, <mask> transferred to a local Bronx high school in the middle of her junior year where she won best actress and directed the senior show. Career
Upon graduation with a B.F.A. in theatre and a minor in education from Columbia University, <mask> was selected as one of twelve teachers for Eleanor Roosevelt's federal education project in Harlem, New York called the All Day Neighborhood School Project. Having seen her teach at the Burn Brae Dinner Theatre in Burtonsville, Maryland, in 1972 James Rouse asked  Orenstein to move to Columbia, where she became the founder and director of the Columbia Center for Theatrical Arts (CCTA), a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization that is funded, in part, by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Maryland State Arts Council, and the Howard County Arts Council.In 1975, she created the Young Columbians, a dynamic performance troupe of young people aged 8–21. Its graduates include several Broadway actors and, most notably, former Howard County resident Edward Norton, an acclaimed actor, activist and Academy Award nominee. Other notable alumni of the Young Columbians include Steve Blanchard and Caroline Bowman. Performance venues include the White House, Wolf Trap, Walt Disney World, The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Merriweather Post Pavilion, The Fillmore, Lake Kittamaqundi, The Ellipse, House of the Temple, the Washington D.C. Temple, and others. Since 1979, <mask> is also the Artistic Director and owner of Toby's Dinner Theatre in Columbia, Maryland. Personal life
<mask> is married to economist Harold (Hal<mask>. Together they have two children: a son, Jeffery (born 1961), and a daughter, Mindy (born 1963).They reside in Columbia, Maryland. Education and awards

Education
 High School of Performing Arts (first 2.5 years)
 Bronx (area) High School
 Cortland State Teachers' College (first year)
 B.F.A. 2016: Helen Production Award nomination for Outstanding Ensemble in a Musical, Ragtime, The Musical. 2017: Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre Honorable Mention presented by Carnegie Mellon University

See also
 Columbia Center for Theatrical Arts
 Toby's Dinner Theatre
 Young Columbians
 Maryland Women's Hall of Fame

Footnotes

References

Living people
1937 births
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
21st-century American actresses
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
Businesspeople from Baltimore
Businesspeople from New York City
 Bronx
People from Columbia, Maryland
American women philanthropists
People from Howard County, Maryland
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American philanthropists
Jewish American artists
Educators from Maryland
American patrons of the arts
Educators from New York City
20th-century American educators
21st-century American educators
20th-century American women educators
21st-century American women educators
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Toby Barbara Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
Orenstein
) Orenstein


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<mask> mac <mask> (Modern Irish: Maolsheachlann Mac Maolruanaidh), also known as <mask>, anglicised as Malachy MacMulrooney (died 27 November 862) was High King of Ireland. The Annals of Ulster use the Old Irish title rí hÉrenn uile, that is "king of all Ireland", when reporting his death, distinguishing <mask> from the usual Kings of Tara who are only called High Kings of Ireland in late sources such as the Annals of the Four Masters or Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn. According to the "Grand History of the Celts", a traditional book of facts and folklore, <mask> was the husband of Mael Muire, the granddaughter of the legendary Alpin, a 9th-century king of Dalriada. Background
<mask> was son of <mask>a and grandson of Donnchad Midi mac Domnaill of Clann Cholmáin, who was King of Tara from around 778 to 797. Clann Cholmáin was a sept of the Uí Néill which ruled as Kings of Mide in east central Ireland. While the southern Uí Néill had been dominated by the Síl nÁedo Sláine Kings of Brega in the 7th and early 8th centuries, the Clann Cholmáin were dominant from the time of <mask>'s great-grandfather Domnall Midi. The Kingship of Tara, a largely symbolic title, alternated between Clann Cholmáin as representatives of the southern Uí Néill and the Cenél nEógain as representatives of the northern Uí Néill.<mask> <mask> became king of Mide and head of Clann Cholmáin after killing his brother Flann in 845, and king of Tara in 846 on the death of Niall Caille mac Áeda of the Cenél nEógain, who drowned in the Callan River close to Armagh. He had appeared in the Irish annals some years earlier, being noticed in 839, and again 841 as a result of fighting among the chiefs of Clann Cholmáin when he killed his cousin Diarmait, son of Conchobar mac Donnchada, when Diarmait had tried to depose <mask> <mask>'s father as king of Mide. Prior to Máel <mask>'s coming to power, the southern Uí Néill had been disunited, and until Niall Caille defeated Feidlimid mac Crimthainn, king of Munster, at Mag nÓchtair (County Kildare) in 841, the midlands had been repeatedly ravaged by the Munstermen. At the same time, Ireland was a target for Viking raids, although these appear to have been of minor significance. Niall Caille apparently inflicted a heavy defeat on the Norsemen in 845 at Mag Itha shortly before Máel Sechnaill became king of Mide. Late in 845 the Norse chieftain Thorgest or Turgesius, who had emulated Feidlimid mac Crimthainn by attacking Clonmacnoise and Clonfert, was captured by <mask> <mask>, and drowned in Lough Owel. King of All Ireland

<mask> <mask>'s reign was portrayed in later sources as being frequently a matter of war with the Vikings and Norse-Gaels, thanks largely to works such as the Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh, a panegyric written for Muircheartach Ua Briain, great-grandson of Brian Boru.The annals tell of frequent battles between Máel Sechnaill and the Vikings, both when they were acting on their own and as allies to Cináed <mask>aing or Cerball mac Dúnlainge. But he was also on occasions allied to the Norse-Gaels. In 856 "[g]reat warfare between the heathens [the Norse or Danes] and Máel Sechnaill with the Norse-Irish" is reported by the Annals of Ulster. Máel <mask>'s real achievements were in Ulster and Munster. Shortly after killing Cináed with the aid of Tigernach mac Fócartai, Máel Sechnaill met with the king of Ulster, Matudán mac Muiredaig, and the chief cleric of Ulster, Diarmait, Abbot of Armagh. Here Máel <mask> was acknowledged as High King by the Ulstermen. This did not end strife between the Uí Néill and the kings of Ulster as Armagh was raided by Máel Sechnaill in 852.However, Ulster provided troops for Máel <mask>, whose army is called "the men of Ireland" in 858. The annals record expeditions to Munster to obtain tribute and hostages in 854, 856 and in 858, when his army killed several kings, wasted the land and marched south to the sea. Máel <mask>'s attempts to obtain the submission to the Munster kings of the Eóganachta were obstructed by the ambitious king of Osraige in Leinster, Cerball mac Dúnlainge. Cerball, known to Icelanders' sagas as Kjarvalr Írakonungr, raided Munster and obtained allies and mercenaries from among the Norse and Norse-Gaels of southern Ireland. The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, a combination of annals and history written in the 11th century for Donnchad mac Gilla Pátraic king of Osraige and Leinster, say that the expedition of 854 was led by Cerball on Máel <mask>'s orders, although <mask> <mask> himself appears also to have raided into Munster that year. It is reported that Cerball joined forces with Ivarr, a king of the "Dark foreigners": in 859, they challenged the power of Máel <mask> mac Máele Ruanaid. The Annals of Innisfallen are alone in reporting an expedition by Cerball with allies from Munster against Máel Sechnaill in 859, which is said to have reached as far north as Armagh.The Annals of Ulster, however, state that Cerball entered Mide with a great army, supported by Norse allies, Amlaíb and Ivar. A general assembly of kings and clerics in 859 at Rahugh in County Westmeath settled matters by detaching Osraige from Munster. Máel Gualae mac Donngaile of Munster and Cerball both consented to the change which was little loss to the Eóganachta who had rarely exercised any control over Osraige. Máel <mask>'s successes raised more opposition from his Uí Néill kinsmen than from subject kings or the Norse and Norse-Gaels, and the latter part of his reign was spent in conflict with the northern Uí Neill, led by Áed Findliath, son of Niall Caille. In 860 <mask> <mask> led an army raised from Munster, Leinster and Connacht against the northern Uí Néill. The annals say that Áed Findliath and Flann mac Conaing, brother of Cináed, led a night attack on Máel <mask>'s camp near Armagh which was beaten off with heavy loss to Áed and Flann. Further fighting between Áed and Máel Sechnaill is reported in 861, and again in 862.<mask> <mask> died peacefully on 27 November 862. His obituary in the Annals of Ulster states:<mask> <mask> son of <mask> <mask>, son of Domnall, son of Murchad of Mide, son of Diarmait the Harsh, son of Airmedach the One-eyed, son of Conall of the Sweet Voice, son of Suibne, son of Colmán the great, son of Diarmait the red, son of Fergus Wrymouth, king of all Ireland, died on the third feria, the second of the Kalends of December, in the 16th year of his reign. The Fragmentary Annals quote a lament for <mask> Sechnaill:There is much sorrow everywhere;there is a great misfortune among the Irish.Red wine has been spilled down the valley;the only King of Ireland has been slain. <mask> <mask>'s achievements did not outlast him, and Áed Finnliath was unable to maintain peace within the Uí Néill, nor to receive submission for Munster. Áed's incessant warfare with the Norse and Norse-Gaels, while militarily successful, produced unexpected consequences in the long term for the position of the northern Uí Néill. Power and influence in the 10th and 11th centuries rested increasingly with kings who, like Máel Sechnaill, could exploit the wealth of new trading towns and the forces of the Norse and the Norse-Gaels. <mask> <mask>'s son Flann Sinna would later be King of Mide, High King of All Ireland.Notes

References
 A Popular History of Ireland: From the earliest period to Emancipation of the Catholics by Thomas D'Arcy McGee
 Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973. Herbert, Máire, "Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban: kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries" in Simon Taylor (ed. ), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297. Four Courts, Dublin, 2000. Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí, Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200. Longman, London, 1995.External links
A Popular History of Ireland Chapter 2
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster and the Four Masters, the Chronicon Scotorum and the Book of Leinster as well as Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress. The Cycles of the Kings by Dan M. Wiley. 862 deaths
High Kings of Ireland
Kings of Mide
People from County Meath
Kings of Brega
9th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown

masks:
Máel Sechnaill
Máele Ruanaid
Máel Sechnaill I
Mel Sechnaill
Mael Sechnaill
Máel Sechnaill
Mel Ruanaid
Mel Sechnaill
Máel
Sechnaill
Máel
Sechnaill
Sechnaill
Máel
Sechnaill
Máel
Sechnaill
mac Con
Sechnaill
Sechnaill
Sechnaill
Sechnaill
Sechnaill
Máel
Sechnaill
Sechnaill
Sechnaill
Máel
Sechnaill
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Máel
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Máel
Sechnailll
Máel
Ruanaidnchad
Máel
Máel
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Máel
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<mask> is an Anishinaabe comedian, podcaster and writer from the Couchiching First Nation. <mask> was born in Fort Frances, Ontario, the oldest of three siblings. <mask> was the first in his family to graduate from high school. He attended the University of Minnesota on a full hockey scholarship and graduated from the Second City Training Center. Early life
In his September 20, 2018 The Walrus Talks Success presentation in  the Isabel Bader Theatre in Toronto, <mask> said that he was the oldest of four children and that he was the first person in his family to graduate from high school. <mask> completed his degree in theatre at the University of Minnesota. He then completed a two-year program at the Second City Conservatory in Toronto, Ontario, with a full scholarship granted by the Toronto Theatre Alliance.Career
By 2008, <mask> had begun his standup comedy routines. In May 2010, his live performance of Welcome To Turtle Island Too was filmed in St. Albert, Alberta for a CBC television comedy special. According to CBC, in 2012, <mask> became the first indigenous Canadian to record an hour-long CBC TV comedy special, UnReserved. In the same year he was included in the New Faces of the Just For Laughs festival in Montreal. He has worked in both Canada and the United States as a comedian. His YouTube channel describes his comedic personae, Clarence Two Toes, as "a Half Ojibway-Half Metis guy that struggles everyday on whether to listen to the 'brown guy' or the 'not quite brown guy' that lives in his head". In February 2015, CBC Radio 1 national aired an hour-long comedy special of Red Man Laughing , that had been recorded live in 2014 in Edmonton, Alberta.Guests on the show included author Joseph Boyden. For his 2017 documentary entitled Colonization Road, which aired as an episode of CBC Television's Firsthand series, in response to the 150th anniversary of Canada, <mask> visited communities in Ontario to "gain insight into colonization and reconciliation". <mask> called the network of roads crucial to Canada's nation-building and constructed by early settlers, "colonization roads". He drew attention to the way in which the process of road building had ignored the concerns of the indigenous people. The program won the Yorkton Film Festival's Golden Sheaf Award for Best Documentary – Historical/Biography, and was nominated for a 2018 Canadian Screen Award. In June 2019, CBC Comedy included <mask> on their list of "15 Canadian comedians to watch in 2019". Podcasts

<mask>, who began podcasting in 2008, founded Indian & Cowboy, an indigenous multimedia network in October 2014.In its first year, he hosted seven podcasts, including Metis in Space,' featuring two Metis women discussing sci-fi; Stories from the Land featuring stories from indigenous communities; The Henceforward featuring Eve Tuck and Sefanit Habtom discussing colonialism and its effects on indigenous and black people; and The Cuts featuring the indigenous filmmaker Sterlin Harjo. In 2016, <mask> expanded his projects into Makoons Media, a multimedia company that aims to create content by and for indigenous people worldwide. A 2017 article in Financial Post said that <mask> was "representative of an important trend in Canada". <mask> relaunched Indian & Cowboy as 'Member Supported Indigenous Media Network' on July 1, 2017, featuring ten podcasts and other web content—supported by members. By 2017, while audiences for <mask> and other indigenous media was growing, there was a lack of advertising revenue. The article said that <mask>'s Indian & Cowboy Podcast Network was popular but producing his shows remained financially challenging. His 40-minute podcast, Red Man Laughing is his most popular podcast, with a listening audience of about 10,000 by 2017.In it he uses humor to tackle such heavy subjects as settler colonialism and racism, including Season 5, which was devoted entirely to the topic of Canadian reconciliation. <mask> did an hour-long comedy special called Reconcili-Nation that toured in 2015. In her 2017 book entitled As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom through Radical Resistance, Leanne Betasamosake Simpson cited an episode in <mask>'s podcast series. She described how she had been reminded of his show as she drove home from an interview with Naomi Klein about Klein's book This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate where Klein had focused on "extractivism". Simpson recalled the words of Nipissing elders on Red Man Laughing describing how the word creation—a source of respect—was transformed into resources to be exploited, changing the people into capitalists "even with our fishing and hunting" and changing the education into a process to "move our people into the middle class, away from Nishnaabewin". In 2017, CBC aired Red Man Laughing's podcast on reconciliation in a series of podcasts for Canada 150. <mask> went on tour for his ninth season early in 2020 and focused on the topics of "laughter as medicine" and using comedy to "deconstruct stereotypes".In 2016, <mask> began to co-host Canadaland's political show, The Commons. In response to a youth suicide prevention summit held in Thunder Bay in 2014 where <mask> learned that Thunder Bay was one of the "most dangerous places in the world" for the indigenous youth who come there to attend high school from isolated northern communities, <mask> proposed a series on Thunder Bay to Jesse Brown (journalist), Canadaland founder. The series was intended to resemble the American National Public Radio (NPR) "longform storytelling model". They launched a fundraiser and surpassed their goal of about C$27,800 a month from supporters. <mask> spent six months interviewing people in Thunder Bay for the story. The first episode of the five part series, Thunder Bay, " There Is A Town In North Ontario" was aired on October 22, 2018. Thunder Bay was informed in part by Toronto Star reporter Tanya Talaga's award-winning book  Seven Fallen Feathers: Racism, Death and Hard Truths in a Northern City, which investigated the deaths of seven indigenous youths in Thunder Bay, Ontario.According to a Canadian Press article, by July 2019, <mask>, Jesse Brown, and Northwood Entertainment's Miranda de Pencier were working together to develop the Thunder Bay podcast into a television drama series. Articles
<mask> has written articles for Vice News, and The Globe and Mail. The speech that <mask> presented at The Walrus Talks Success event on September 20, 2018 in Toronto, was published as an article in Walrus magazine. Activism

In a 2015 interview with Rabble, <mask> said that the Idle No More movement was a turning point for him. By that time, he had 20,000 listeners to his Red Man Laughing podcasts, and he decided to use his platform to support Idle No More—a grassroots movement for indigenous rights founded in December 2012 by three First Nations women and one non-Native ally,  In December 2012, <mask> was a guest on Revolutions Per Minute—a music platform that supports indigenous musicians—<mask> described the role of the round dances that had surfaced in numerous public spaces in Canada and the United States in support of the protest. In a 2013 podcast shortly after the Idle No More movement had been launched, <mask> said that, for Anishinaabe, everything you do is political. A 2015 article in the Canadian Journal of Communication described <mask> as a powerful cultural influencer.Researchers at the University of British Columbia who analyzed Twitter discussions of the Idle No More movement found that, at its peak—in December 2012 and January 2013—<mask> was the tenth most-retweeted celebrity. Since 2015 he has been an occasional columnist for Vice magazine, writing about Canadian-First Nations politics. On May 26, 2017, as Canada prepared for its sesquicentennial, <mask>'s series, entitled 2 Steps to Decolonizing Canada, aired on CBC Radio' Day 6. In it, <mask> charted a "course for the next 150 years" to avoid the mistakes of the previous 150 years in terms of Canada's relationship to indigenous people. The show received the Sam Ross award for Opinion and Commentary at the 2018 RTDNA awards. He also refused to attend any of the celebrations surrounding the 150th anniversary, according to the non-fiction book 150 Years of Canada: Grappling with Diversity since 1867. In a June 7, 2019 CBC radio interview, <mask> discussed the June 3 release of the final report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls and the disappointing response to the report by the media.In June 2020, CBC recommended <mask>'s "Colonization Road", as one of ten documentaries by indigenous "activists" who are "advocating for change." References

External links

  of Red Man Laughing Podcast
  of Indian & Cowboy Podcast Network on Patreon
  of Makoons Media Group

Canadian stand-up comedians
Anishinaabe people
Living people
People from Fort Frances
Comedians from Ontario
Year of birth missing (living people)
Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey players
Men podcasters

masks:
Ryan McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
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McMahon
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<mask>v or Kousmichoff (Russian: Алексей Викторович Кузьмичёв) is a Russian businessman. He is one of the founders of the LetterOne Group (LetterOne). Currently, as well as being a member of the Board of Directors of LetterOne, Mr. Kuzmichev holds various positions at Alfa Group Consortium including being a member of the Supervisory Board of Alfa Group Consortium. Kuzmichev is a graduate of the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys. He is one of the founders and controlling owners of investment conglomerate, Alfa Group. Kuzmichev indirectly controls about 10 percent of VimpelCom, the world's sixth-biggest mobile phone operator; 18 percent of Alfa-Bank, Russia's largest closely held bank; and 11 percent of X5 Retail Group. In March 2013, Kuzmichev sold his stake in energy venture TNK-BP to state-run oil company Rosneft for $2.5 billion.Forbes magazine rates Kuzmichev as the 138th world's richest person (2013) with a fortune estimated at $8.8 billion. According to Bloomberg’s Wealth Ranking Kuzmichev is the 148th richest person globally. Kuzmichev is married to Russian philanthropist Svetlana <mask>-Uspenskaya, founder and director of Project Perpetual. They have one son. Early life & Career
Kuzmichev was born in 1962 in Kirov, Russia. Between 1980 and 1982 he served in the army on the Soviet-Chinese border as a radio operator. During this time he joined the Communist party.In 1983, he enrolled in the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys where he met his future business partners, Mikhail Fridman and German Khan. In 1988 Kuzmichev, Fridman and Khan, along with Mikhail Alfimov, founded Alfa Photo, which specialized in the import of photo chemicals. Later, Kuzmichev convinced his partners to diversify into the export business. Thus in 1998 Alfa Eco was founded. This venture would become the basis of Alfa Group Consortium. (In 2005, Alfa Eco was rebranded as A1). Alfa Group
Alfa Group’s portfolio includes the largest commercial bank in Russia, Alfa-Bank, (with affiliates in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus and the Netherlands/Amsterdam Trade Bank); international telecom company VimpelCom (the sixth largest mobile network operator in the world by subscribers as of April, 2012); as well as holding shares in Turkish telecommunications company Turkcell.Until April 2012, Alfa Group owned 25 percent of Russian cell phone operator MegaFon; it sold its share for $5.2 billion. Alfa also has stakes in Russian retailer X5 Retail Group, Rosvodokanal Group; and insurance company, Alfa-Strakhovanie Group. Kuzmichev owns over 18 percent of the consortium’s joint assets and is a member of the board of directors of Alfa Finance Holdings. The Group’s major transactions include TNK oil company privatization, which later became a part of TNK-BP venture, Russia’s third-largest oil producer. In March 2013 Alfa Group and its joint partners AAR Consortium sold 50 percent of TNK-BP to Russian oil company Rosneft. Location of operations
Kuzmichev has worked in Europe, the former Soviet Union republics, Venezuela, Nigeria, Iran and Iraq. Speaking to Russian newspaper Vedomosti in 2002 following the reduction of Russian oil sales to the EU, he claimed market opportunities had been reduced for independent traders due to an increasingly globalised business in raw materials such as oil, metals and food stuffs.Russian export blend crude oil
Kuzmichev is responsible for overseeing Alfa Group’s international trading operations. He has criticised the existing methods of pricing of the Russian Export Blend Crude Oil (REBC) and became a vocal proponent of detachment of its price from BFOE (Brent, Forties, Oseberg, Ekofisk). Kuzmichev has proposed that REBCO should be traded on an internationally recognised commodity exchange to achieve fair and transparent pricing. Through the continued efforts of Kuzmichev, together with Expertica Group, a deliverable futures contract for REBCO was launched on NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange, now part of the CME Group) in 2006, followed by a financially settled futures contract in 2008. Sinking of The Prestige
Crown Resources, a European oil and commodity trading arm of Alfa Group, of which Kuzmichev is chairman, was the owner of the oil cargo on The Prestige vessel, which sank near the coast of Galicia, Spain in 2002. The case concerning The Prestige centred on the negligence of the vessel’s owner and was completed in July 2013. No accusations or financial claims were brought against Crown Resources.LetterOne Group
Mr Kuzmichev is one of the original founders of the LetterOne Group. The LetterOne Group (LetterOne) is an international investment business based in Luxembourg. Its investments are focused on the telecoms, technology and energy sectors through its two main business units, L1 Energy and L1 Technology. Despite recently being required by the Government to sell their North Sea oil and gas fields, LetterOne have reportedly been told in a letter from a senior UK official that this 'is not a judgement on the suitability of LetterOne’s owners to control these or any other assets in the UK. The Babylon Project
The Babylon Project was founded by Kuzmichov in 2002. It is aimed at establishing an international foundation to preserve the ancient treasures of Iraq. Kuzmichev asked Russia, the U.S. and other countries to join in a cultural initiative to safeguard the ruins of Babylon, near the town of Hillah, as well as participate in restoration of the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, which suffered heavy looting in 2003.Due to ongoing unrest in Iraq, the project is currently frozen. Charity Work
Mr Kuzmichev’s wife, Svetlana <mask>-Uspenskaya, is founder and director of Project Perpetual – a group which harnesses the contributions of the world’s leading contemporary artists and global influencers to raise funds and facilitate advocacy for children in peril. Mr Kuzmichev’s role in the charity was to be part of the lead sponsorship of the 2013 Global Leadership Awards Dinner at the United Nations. The project is partnered with the United Nations Foundation

See also
List of billionaires
List of Russian billionaires

References

External links
Alfa-Group Global

Alfa Group
National University of Science and Technology MISiS alumni
1963 births
Living people
Russian businesspeople
Russian billionaires

masks:
Alexey Viktorovich Kuzmiche
Kuzmicheva
Kuzmicheva


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<mask> (born 1957) is a German economist working on the Japanese and South Korean economies and on the international economic relations of East Asia. He has been influential in introducing an institutional economics and political economy perspective to East Asian studies in the German-speaking area. In addition, he has been very active in academic and semi-official organizations related to East Asia and East Asian studies. Career
After secondary education in Wuppertal (Abitur at Carl-Fuhlrott-Gymnasium in 1976) he studied economics at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau (Diplom, corresponding M.A., in 1981) and at the London School of Economics. Pascha received a doctoral degree in economics under the supervision of Professor Theodor Dams from the University of Freiburg in 1986, and an advanced doctoral degree (Habilitation) in 1991, in the context of about three years of research at Nagoya University, Japan. He was a full professor of East Asian Economic Studies/Japan and Korea at the University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE, before: University of Duisburg) from 1992 to 2020. Since, he is an Emeritus Professor of UDE and an Associated Member of the Institute of East Asian Studies (IN-EAST) of UDE, which he had co-founded in 1994.He was a visiting professor and researcher at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, Kyoto University, the Academy of Korean Studies near Seoul, Waseda University, Kobe University, the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, Doshisha University, and Busan National University. In 2020, Pascha was honoured with a Festschrift, co-edited by Cornelia Storz and Markus Taube. In 2021, he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, by the Japanese government. Contributions
In his early academic work, Pascha focused on the dynamics of industrial change in Japan and Pacific Asia, strongly influenced by the concept of the catching-up product cycle as developed by Kaname Akamatsu and others. In his later work, he also got interested in the more conceptional issue of how to understand the evolution of the Japanese and Korean economies as economic systems with inbuilt peculiarities, and to what extent mainstream economics suffices to cover such research issues. Together with the sociologist Karen Shire and the political scientist Paul Kevenhörster he wrote the only textbook in German on Japan´s economy, society and politics (2003, new edition in 2010). In recent years, he got particularly interested in the dynamics of regional and trans-regional economic cooperation schemes and infrastructure initiatives originating in the Indo-Pacific.While a lot of this momentum is often ascribed to China´s Belt and Road Initiative, Pascha pointed out the contribution of Japan in shaping the developments, for instance into the direction of “quality infrastructure”. He has supervised about twenty doctoral dissertations, and several of his former students now hold professorial positions, including Cornelia Storz in Frankfurt, Rüdiger Frank in Vienna, Norifumi Kawai at Sophia University in Tokyo and Sven Horak at St. John´s University in New York. Pascha is listed in WorldCat with 142 works in 349 publications in 3 languages and 4,791 library holdings. Over the years, Pascha has been very active in governance and advisory functions for various organizations, including the European Association for Japanese Studies, the Institute for Asian Studies (now: GIGA Institute for Asian Studies) in Hamburg, the German Institute for Japanese Studies in Tokyo and the German Association for Asian Studies. For many years, he was a member of the Committee for Economic Systems and Institutional Economics of the German Association for Economics. Since 2015, he is the Vice-President of the Japanese-German Centre Berlin, and since 2013 the Chairman of the Foundation for Japanese-German cultural and academic relations (JaDe Stiftung). Since 2021, he is an Honorary Fellow of EastAsiaNet, a European Research School Network of Contemporary East Asian Studies, of which he had been the permanent member of the steering group since its foundation in 2006.He is the Honorary President of KOPRA, a non-profit platform for internship and job offers with an East Asian focus that he had helped setting up in the early 1990s and supported since. Selected publications
 <mask>, <mask>: Belts, Roads, and Regions: The Dynamics of Chinese and Japanese Infrastructure Connectivity Initiatives and Europe’s Responses, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) Working Paper No. 1114, Tokyo, April 2020
 Bersick, Sebastian and <mask>, <mask> (eds. ): East Asia and the European Union: Partners in Global Economic Governance, Special Issue, East Asian Community Review, Palgrave, Volume 2, Issue 1-2, June 2019
 Mahlich, Jörg and <mask>a (eds. ): Korean Science and Technology in an International Perspective, Heidelberg et al. : Physica-Springer, 2012
 <mask>, Cornelia Storz, Markus Taube (eds. ): Institutional Variety in East Asia.Formal and informal patterns of coordination, New Horizons in Institutional and Evolutionary Economics series edited by Geoff Hodgson, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar 2011
 Seliger, Bernhard and <mask>, <mask> (eds. ): Towards a Northeast Asian Security Community: Implications for Korea’s Growth and Economic Development, The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific series edited by Vinod K. Aggarwal, Springer: New York et al. 2011
 Paul Kevenhörster, <mask> and Karen Shire: Japan. Wirtschaft – Gesellschaft - Politik, 2nd updated edition, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2010
 <mask>, <mask> und Cornelia Storz (Hg. ): Wirkung und Wandel von Institutionen. Das Beispiel Ostasien, Schriften zu Ordnungsfragen der Wirtschaft Bd. 77, Stuttgart: Lucius+Lucius 2005
 <mask>, <mask> (ed.): Systemic Change in the Japanese and German Economies. Convergence and differentiation as a dual challenge, London und New York: RoutledgeCurzon 2004

References

External links
 Personal website at IN-EAST

__INDEX_

Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
1957 births
Living people
German economists
University of Freiburg alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics

masks:
Werner Pascha
Pascha
Werner
Pascha
Werner
Werner Pasch
Werner Pascha
Pascha
Werner
Werner Pascha
Pascha
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<mask>a (also spelled Banhan, Silapa-, Sinlapa-, -acha; , , ; ; 19 August 1932 – 23 April 2016) was a Thai politician. He was the Prime Minister of Thailand from 1995 to 1996. Banharn made a fortune in the construction business before he became a Member of Parliament representing his home province of Suphan Buri. He held different cabinet posts in several governments. In 1994, he became the leader of the Thai Nation Party. In 2008, the party was dissolved by the Constitutional Court and <mask> was banned from politics for five years. Early life, education, and business career
<mask> was born on 19 August 1932 in Suphan Buri to a Chinese merchant family.His Chinese name was Tekchiang Saebe (; ). He married Khunying Jamsai Silpa-archa and they have three children. Banharn dropped out of secondary school during World War II. He went to work with his older brother, then founded his own building company. Years later, when he was a politician, he completed his education at the open admissions Ramkhamhaeng University, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1986, and finally a Master of Laws. Banharn's construction company was very successful in the 1960s, when large sums were invested in major infrastructure projects, including military facilities. His business made Banharn a billionaire.Political career

<mask> Silpa-archa was persuaded to enter politics by Booneua Prasertsuwan, a veteran member of the House of Representatives. In 1976, <mask> Silpa-archa made his political debut when he was elected a Member of Parliament, representing Suphan Buri Province. He joined the Thai Nation Party, a conservative party dominated by the "Rajakru clan" around Pramarn Adireksarn and Chatichai Choonhavan. His party participated in a coalition government under Prime Minister Seni Pramoj and Banharn was appointed deputy minister of industry. He was elected to the Senate in 1977, but returned to represent his constituency in the House of Representatives the next year. Banharn was re-elected Member of Parliament for Suphan Buri in all following elections, receiving steadily more than 100,000 votes (60 to 90 percent of the votes cast), what made him one of the highest vote-getters in the country. He sponsored the construction of schools, bridges, and other infrastructure in his home province, which in turn were named after him.This has led to the common saying that he "owns the province". When his party was a junior partner in the government of Prem Tinsulanonda from 1980 to 1983, Banharn was Minister of Agriculture. In 1981, he became secretary-general of the Thai Nation Party. <mask>, being one of the main financiers of the party, accumulated considerable influence inside the party, although he was not a member of the originally dominant Rajakru clan. The local press has once dubbed him "Mr. (Mobile) ATM" (automated teller machine), due to the suspicion that he had bought the loyalty of political associates in exchange for money. In 1986 Prime Minister Prem again called him up to the government, this time naming him Minister of Transport. After his party had won the elections in 1988 and Thai Nation leader Chatichai Choonhavan had become Prime Minister, <mask> was appointed Minister of Industry.In January 1990, he switched offices with Pramarn Adireksarn and became interior minister. In December of the same year, Chatichai made him Minister of Finance. The Chatichai government was deposed by a military coup d'état in 1991. <mask> returned to the cabinet as early as April 1992, when he once again became Minister of Transport in the short-lived government of General Suchinda Kraprayoon. His party went into opposition after early elections in September 1992. <mask> took over the leadership of the Thai Nation Party from Pramarn Adireksarn in 1994 and also became official leader of the opposition. Premiership
Under the leadership of Banharn, the Thai Nation Party won the parliamentary election in 1995, and he became the 21st Prime Minister of Thailand, leading a seven-party coalition.Banharn was involved in numerous corruption scandals, one of which diminished confidence in his administration and caused him to resign. His short-lived yet inept administration is believed to have paved the way for the economic crisis of 1997. Later life and death

On 21 January 2008, <mask> announced that his Thai Nation Party would join a coalition with the People's Power Party, successor to the Thai Rak Thai Party of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Because he had earlier vowed before the Emerald Buddha never to rejoin Thaksin because of the corruption scandals, this move reinforced <mask>'s image as a "slippery eel". Upon the dissolution of his Thai Nation Party by the Constitutional Court on 2 December 2008, <mask> Silpa-archa was banned from politics for five years. Non-executive members of the Thai Nation Party immediately founded the Chartthaipattana Party (Thai National Development), chaired by <mask>'s younger brother, Chumpol Silpa-archa. Chumphol was Minister of Tourism and Sports in the cabinet of Abhisit Vejjajiva.His son Varawut was deputy transport minister, and his daughter Kanchana was deputy education minister. Banharn died of asthma on the morning of 23 April 2016 at Siriraj Hospital at the age of 83. On 23 April 2019, a bronze statue of Banharn Silpa-archa was opening in the vicinity of the province's city shrine by the donations of Suphanburi people and the Silpa-archa family contributed to the remaining part to commemorate the things that Banharn has done for Suphanburi Province for over 40 years.

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<mask> (Urdu: عمار رشید; born August 16, 1986) (also written as <mask>) is a Pakistani researcher, academic, political worker and organizer of the left-wing party Awami Workers Party. He has written many columns for  Daily Times (Pakistan) and Dawn News. He has taught as faculty of Centre of excellence for Gender Studies in Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. He ran for the National Assembly seat NA-53 in the Islamabad capital territory for 2018 Pakistani general election. He is senior researcher at Heartfile. Early life and education
<mask> got his early education from schools in Rawalpindi. He did BSc (Hons) in Economics and Social Sciences in 2008 from Lahore University of Management Sciences and a master's degree in development studies in 2012,  from Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK.In LUMS, he was student of Aasim Sajjad Akhtar. Career
<mask>, as a professional has been involved in teaching and research work on areas ranging from health reform to public education, gender and development, public policy, political economy, tax reform, sub-national governance etc. His research interests include political theory and collective action. He also taught at Centre of excellence for Gender Studies department at Quaid-i-Azam University and at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), Islamabad. He worked as programme officer of Social Sector in National Disaster Management Authority (Pakistan). He is senior researcher at Heartfile. He also worked with Federal Board of Revenue and Alif Ailaan.Political beginning

Ideology
<mask> follows the political ideology of socialism. The Emergency Times
<mask>'s political struggle started in 2007, when he was a student in LUMS, during Lawyers' Movement, initiated by lawyers of Pakistan against the military dictatorship of Pervez Musharraf. On November 7, 2007, he along with 1,000 students of his university, gathered to protest the emergency rule imposed by Musharraf's televised emergency announcement on November 3, 2007. After his teacher's (Aasim Sajjad Akhtar) arrest, he along with other students was also got arrested during the protest. Major Pakistani news networks were not allowed to cover the student protest at LUMS, so <mask> took the initiative to start a newsletter named as “The Emergency Times” (November, 2007 - June, 2008) to narrate the protests’ details, to help students speak about democracy and organize against emergency rule. The newsletter described itself as “an independent Pakistani student information initiative providing regular updates, commentary, and analysis on Pakistan’s evolving political scenario.”

Politics

Awami Workers Party
<mask> is a senior and leading member of the Awami Workers Party (AWP) since the party was founded in 2012. He served as general  secretary and information secretary AWP Rawalpindi-Islamabad in 2014–2015.As political worker of AWP, <mask> has been involved in struggle for the right to affordable housing and shelter in Islamabad in 2015. He organized legal and political resistance to the inhumane and illegal evictions of people from Katchi Abadi (informal settlements) driven by Capital Development Authority (CDA). While working with All Pakistan Katchi Abadi Alliance, <mask> talked about the flaws in system about rights to housing by people from informal settlements. He said, “Under the Urban Shelter Program the CDA legalized a few slums and left the rest out in the lurch, because the national policy dictated that any slums setup after March 1985 were illegal. We have in our possession voter lists consisting of thousands of people living in the I-11 and other katchi abadis as far back as the 1985 General Election.”

On July 30, 2015, the Capital Development Authority (CDA) along with police, local administration and rangers, demolished dwellings of ‘Katchi Abadi’ (informal settlements) in sector I-11/1, Islamabad destroying dozens of houses built since last 30 years. On August 2, 2015, to stop these forceful evictions and fight for solution of this urban housing crisis in informal settlements of I-11/1, <mask> along with Aasim Sajjad Akhtar and residents from Kachi Abadi, filed a petition in the Supreme Court for the case on the right to housing. It was requested in petition that the court declare the residents of katchi abadis of the federal capital entitled to the benefits conferred under Articles 9, 10A and 25 of the Constitution.“It should be declared that the state is bound to provide the residents of katchi abadis shelter and other amenities as per the Constitution and the National Housing Policy 2001.”
On August 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered the federal government and other departments to stop further demolishing of houses in katchi abadi  I-11, Islamabad.In a court filing, CDA claimed it needed to demolish informal settlements as their growing Christian population would threaten the city's Muslim majority. CDA stated: “It seems this pace of occupation of land by Christian community may increase… removal of katchi abadies is very urgent to provide better environment to the citizen of Islamabad and to protect the beauty of Islam.”  <mask> told the newspaper, “The move was old-fashioned bigotry against minorities and working classes. The administrative body has no right to be making decisions about the religious demography of Islamabad.”

<mask> was elected as president of Awami Workers Party Punjab unit in its third congress held on January 17, 2020 in Faisalabad. On 28 January 2020, Islamabad police arrested <mask> along with two members of the Awami Workers Party (Nawfal Saleemi and Saifullah Nasar), one member of Progressive Students Federation and 19 other protesters while they were holding a peaceful protest demanding the release of Pashtun peace activist Manzoor Pashteen, in front of the National Press Club, Islamabad. They were accused of entirely concocted charges of sedition against the state. Additional District and Sessions Judge refused to grant post-arrest bail to the 23 protesters and sent them to jail. The protesters appealed in Islamabad High Court where they were granted bail by chief justice Athar Minallah on February 3, 2020.The chief justice Athar Minallah, summoned the Islamabad City Magistrate, asking an explanation for first placing sedition charges on peaceful protesters and later turned them into terrorism charges in the first information report (FIR). On February 17, 2020, Islamabad Deputy Commissioner Hamza Shafqaat told Islamabad High court that all charges against the 23 protesters had been dropped by Islamabad administration. As president AWP, Punjab, he supported Aurat Azadi March 2020 held in Islamabad. General Elections 2018
<mask> contested for the 2018 Pakistani general election on National assembly seat NA-53 in federal capital Islamabad. Out of 312142, he secured 912 votes. His electoral campaign included the agenda of “social justice, democracy, gender equality, secularism and environmentally sustainable development”. <mask> vowed to revive left-wing politics by bringing back ideological strength to politics.His election manifesto focused to solve water problem, Rs. 30,000 as minimum wage with continuous increase in proportional to the price hike, allocation of 10% of the total GDP for education and free education to everyone. During the 2018 election campaign, <mask> along with his party workers, due to security concerns, were not allowed to enter Islamabad with election material, which included relevant banners but he said that Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaaf (PTI) banners could be seen across Islamabad. According to him, this certainly strengthens the narrative that these elections are engineered and Pakistan cannot afford these allegations at this point." Student politics
<mask> is strong supporter of potential of country's youth to carry out political struggles and voice their opinion against all odds by thinking and differentiating between the wrong and right and will always continue to stand for the right. <mask>, on social media expressed solidarity with the campaign organizers of Students Solidarity March, 2018 along with other notable personalities like Iqbal Lala (father of the late Mashal Khan, Bushra Gohar, Jalila Haider, Nida Kirmani, Jibran Nasir, Farooq Tariq. The Charter of Demands presented by students in march included restoring student unions, student representation in decision-making on campuses, functional sexual harassment policies on campuses, freezing the fee hikes, increasing the budgetary allowing for education to 5% of GDP and improving the quality of research and teaching.On April 13, 2019, <mask> urged students and progressive people to join the Mashal March, to honor Mashal Khan who was killed by his fellow students in university campus on false accusation of blasphemy. <mask> said that the march would call for structural reform of what he described as rotten education system that produced Mashal's killers. On October 24, 2019, a large number of students, political workers and activists gathered for Student Housing Rights March (Talba Haq-e-Rihayesh March) in Islamabad, protesting against CDA for its forceful eviction of students from private hostels in Islamabad. The march was organized by Progressive Students Federation (PRSF), Student Hostelites Association (SHA), supported by Awami Workers Party (AWP). <mask>, as an organizer of the march, addressed to the occasion, "the broader crisis in higher education which includes funding cuts for the HEC, fee hikes, endemic and widespread harassment as evident from University of Balochistan’s case and management high handedness, which led to Inam’s death at COMSATS University Islamabad." On November 29, 2019, <mask> organized and performed in the Students Solidarity March, 2019. Revolutionary Music
Rashid is also a musician.His music is a mix of acoustic, classical and folk and he regularly performs revolutionary songs and poetry at political events organized by his political party. On Women's Day, 2015, <mask>, as information Secretary AWP Rawalpindi-Islamabad, performed in the conference arranged for gender equality. On May 9, 2015, under the banner of <mask>'s party, AWP and National Students Federation (NSF), a concert titled as Songs of Freedom-2015 was held at the Aabpara Community Centre, Islamabad to raise awareness of student politics and political rights in city's youth and to make them appreciate revolutionary music and art. As information secretary of AWP Islamabad-Rawalpindi, <mask> played guitar and sang the revolutionary songs: “Hum dekhein gay”, “Aaj bazaar main” along with Kalaam of Khawaja Ghulam Farid and other classical Sufi poets. On May 6, 2016, at the event of Songs of freedom-2016, <mask> played revolutionary songs to lift ban on student unions, to reignite the progressive and democratic spirit among students. and stressed heavily for the right for students to unionise along with other NSF's organisers and performers during the event in Islamabad. Student unions were banned by Gen Ziaul Haq in 1984 in an attempt to suppress expressions of dissent against his dictatorship.During campaign of 2018 Pakistani general election, <mask> released an official Election Campaign Song along with an explosive music video to boost popularity of AWP among Pakistanis. The song titles as ‘Chehre Nahi Samaaj Ko Badlo’ (Change the society, Not just faces). The powerful lyrics of song demanded people to change themselves in order to bring about an overall change in society. <mask> performed the song with another Pakistani singer and economist Shahram Azhar. For Aurat Azadi March 2020, <mask> composed the anthem song “Hum Inquilab Hain” (We are Revolution) written by Ismat Shahjahan and sung in chorus with Ismat Shahjahan, Shahzadi Hussain, Huda Bhurgri, Areej Hussain and Ayesha Khan. Study Circles and Political Schools
<mask>, along with his other party workers helps in organizing political schools and study circles to raise awareness about understanding of social, economic and political structures of inequality and oppression along with  methods of organizing progressive political resistance and ideological strengthening in Pakistani people. The agenda of this initiative is to act like a modern alternative to Pakistan's age-old curriculum, focusing on a radicalized concept of ‘dismantling systems of oppression’, to target the root of issues plaguing society so that, effective solutions can be designed.On September 2, 2018, the second day of political school, <mask> delivered a lecture on `Capitalism: On the Roots of our Economic Crisis'. He gave a detailed examination of colonialism, industrial capitalism and world economic history, the developments and changes causing decline in feudal mode of production through merchant capitalism. Articles
<mask> has published and continues to publish regular articles on student politics, development, feminism, political economy, environment etc. in newspapers and magazines (Daily Times (Pakistan), Dawn News, The Express Tribune, The Guardian, Pakistan Today). References

Living people
Pakistani Marxists
Awami Workers Party politicians
Pakistani socialists
1986 births

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Ammar Rashid
Ammar Rasheed
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<mask> (28 December 1888 - 7 May 1989) was a German school teacher and political activist who became an East German politician. She served as Minister for People's Education in the state of Thuringia between 1947 and 1950. Some sources identify her as "the first-ever female minister (on state or national level) in the history of Germany". Others are content to record that, within Germany, she was the first-ever female minister in the state of Thuringia. <mask>ory-Torhorst theorem in her 1918 doctoral dissertation. The dissertation was subsequently lost and Torhorst's contribution was for many decades overlooked; but in the twenty-first century mathematics scholars are happy to acknowledge and celebrate her work. Life

Provenance
<mask> was born at the end of the so-called "Year of the Three Emperors" in Ledde, then as now a sleepy village in the flat countryside west of Osnabrück.She was the seventh and youngest child of <mask> (1841-1909), the local parson and his wife, born Luise Smend (1847-1923). The family seems to have been intellectually gifted. <mask>'s elder sister, Adelheid, would also achieve a measure of eminence in teaching and, after 1945, in politics. The sisters would later, jointly, have a secondary school named after them. Luise Torhorst had inherited a useful sum of money as a result of which she was able to see to it that not just her four sons, but also her three daughters, received a full education. <mask> completed her own schooling at an "Oberlyzeum" (single-sex girls' secondary school). Student
Sources are not completely consistent as to when she embarked on her university education, much of which coincided with the First World War.She attended the University of Bonn, studying Geography, Mathematics and Physics. There are at least two reference to her having also studied at the University of Göttingen. It was from Bonn that in 1918 she received her doctorate:  the work was supervised by Hans Hahn. Her dissertation was entitled "Über die Randmenge einfach-zusammenhängender ebener Gebiete": a core conclusion has become known among her scholarly admirers as the Carathéodory-Torhorst theorem or, more simply, as the Torhorst theorem. It might have been thought that her doctorate should have provided a launch pad for a life-long career in the universities sector. There were still vanishingly few women working in high-level academic research at this time, however, and at least one commentator has identified "a lack of confidence in her own mathematical ability" in her autobiography. Also, with Germany economically, militarily and politically broken and on the brink of a year of revolutions in the ports and industrial centres, there was widespread nervousness that Lenin's so-called October revolution might yet spread uncontrollably through the European continent.<mask>'s own student record of left-wing political activism was no secret. She joined the socialist "Studenten-Arbeitsgemeinschaft" (apparently an umbrella group of socialist student associations) in 1917. According to one source she passed the exams necessary to qualify her for teaching in state schools in 1919 and 1920. Elsewhere it is indicated that she had already attended the "Stift Keppel" in Allenbach, where she successfully completed a two years teacher-training course in her early 20s, between 1903 and 1905. During the early twentieth century her political record made it hard for her to find a permanent teaching post. She was able to find a part-time teaching position at a Catholic girls' school in Bonn, however, and also found work with the university as a university librarian. It was probably in 1922/23 that she completed several terms of study at the "Handelshochschule" (loosely, "business college" - at the time being subsumed into the university) in Cologne, studying business administration and economics, following which she received a qualification in teaching business studies.Teacher
In 1923 Torhorst took on the headship of a private business school for the "Frauenerwerbs- und Ausbildungsverein" (loosely, "Women's employment and training association") in Bremen. She continued to lead the business school till 1929. She also teamed up with politically like-minded teacher colleagues, during this period, to organise evening courses for young people who had been excluded from state schools in the area. Her political and feminist beliefs had been deeply rooted in Torhorst's personal values and life choices since at least as far back as the First World War, but it was only in 1928 that she became a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). It was in the same year that she joined the "Freie Lehrergewerkschaft Deutschlands" / FLGD, a teachers' trades union committed to socialist principals. There are indications that within the SPD, as a left-wing member of the party, she often found herself out of sympathy with the party leadership. Between 1929 and 1933 <mask> taught and worked as a "Studienrätin" (loosely, "student counsellor") at the Karl Marx School which had been set up in 1921 in Berlin-Neukölln by the education pioneer Fritz Karsen, and then progressively expanded under Karsen's direction during the years that followed.There was much about the school which was considered innovative at the time. In 1929 Karsen took the bold step of turning it into a "Gesamtschule" (loosely, "comprehensive school"), intended to educate children displaying the widest possible range of abilities. Another appealing feature for Torhorst was an underpinning philosophy which insisted that academically talented working class children should have the same opportunities as the children of more prosperous and/or well educated parents to pass the "Abitur" (secondary school final exam). The significance of the "Abitur" in Germany was (and is) that passing it opens the way to university-level education. Torhorst's four years at the school included, in 1932, a six month study trip to the Soviet Union. Her half year in the Soviet Union left a lasting impression. The early 1930s were marked by an intensification of Germany's political polarisation.In the Reichstag (parliament) this was reflected in political deadlock. In January 1933 the Hitler government took power and rapidly transformed Germany into a one-party dictatorship. A progressive school in a traditionally left-wing district of Berlin named in honour of Karl Marx was, unsurprisingly, high on the National Socialist hate list. Bernhard Rust was installed as acting Prussian Minister for the Arts and Education on 4 February 1933 (following the dismissal of his predecessor in the office) and on 21 February 1933 Rust dismissed Karsen from the headship of his own school. The teaching staff were dismissed, and when the school reopened later that year it was with a new name, a new set of teachers, and a large swastika flag hanging in the main hall. Karsen emigrated. <mask>'s teaching career was evidently over.Twelve years of Hitler
As soon as Hitler took power <mask>'s older sister, Adelheid, emigrated to the Netherlands and stayed there for the next twelve years. In 1934 she embarked on a six month marriage of convenience with a man called Jacob
Jacobs. Her own resulting change of name, from Adelheid <mask> to Adelheid Jacobs, turned out to have been prescient. After the German army invaded the Netherlands in 1940, her new name protected her from Nazi persecution. The two sisters had always been close, both politically engaged, both teachers, both unmarried and childless. But <mask>st chose a different course and stayed in Germany. As far as her public self was concerned, hr first job after losing her teaching position was as a catering assistant.She later found a job as an appointments administrator at the Berlin University Hygiene Institute, and another as a typist in the travel office correspondence section of an American Express (AMEXCO) branch. She was, in addition, entitled to receive a pension in respect of the six years during which she had worked as head of a private business school in Bremen between 1923 and 1929, but this pension was payable by the "Reichsversicherungsanstalt", a government agency. It was not paid to her. According to her own understanding set out in a letter to a friend at the time, changes to the law implemented in 1934/35 meant that she was unable to litigate the matter. In addition to her day jobs, Torhorst gave every sign of being part of the new social order emerging in Germany. Between 1935 and 1940 she was a registered member both of the German Labour Front and of the German Red Cross. According to her own detailed - albeit largely uncorroborated - records she was also a member of other organisations that operated, as far as possible, out of the sight of the homeland security.As soon as she lost her teaching job at beginning of 1933 she became an activist member of "Parole", a locally based resistance group in Berlin-Neukölln. In this group, together with former pupils from the progressive school at which she had taught between 1929 and 1933, she produced an underground anti-government newspaper, also called "Parole". There are indications that she was also involved in underground political discussion groups, and in smuggling out information about conditions in Germany to the exiled Communist Party leadership groups that had ended up after 1933 in Paris, Prague and Moscow, using her communications with her sister in the Netherlands as a conduit. The authorities seem to have known (or suspected) that the teachers who had lost their jobs when the Kerl Marx School in Neukölln had been taken over would (or might) have kept in touch and formed some sort of a resistance organisation. <mask> was first called in for questioning by the Gestapo in 1937. She was accused of undertaking political work for the (by now illegal) SPD, but she was able to refute the accusation and was released, presumably "for lack of evidence". War broke out in September 1939.Within Germany, government persecution of political opponents and of Jews intensified progressively till the Shoah reached its brutish nadir in 1942. During this time <mask>st concealed one of her former pupils and his mother, also providing the two of them with food. The young man was in particular danger from the government, since he was both Jewish and a Communist. At some point during 1943 someone informed the authorities of the situation. Sources are silent over what happened to the people she had been hiding, but <mask>st herself was detained and taken to the "Hallendorf labour camp" by Watenstedt, near Braunschweig. Given the personal network that she would have acquired during her teaching career, and given her strong political and social opinions, it is likely that Torhorst will have responded to many opportunities to help victims and potential victims of government persecution between 1933 and 1945, and commentators bemoan the lack of relevant research undertaken on the details of resistance activism in Berlin and other German cities. However, many of the actions involved will have depended on maximum secrecy to have been effective, and it therefore seems likely that most of the details will remain unknown.Before the war ended Torhorst had been released from the labour camp and returned to Berlin. Here she returned to the job in the archives department job with the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Betriebswirtschaft" (loosely, "German Society for Business Administration") in which she had already been employed between 1939 and her arrest in 1943. During the final months of the war she was also involved in looking after German prisoners of War under the auspices of the "Reichsgruppe Handwerk" (a government backed craftworkers' organisation). 1945 and new beginnings
The end of the war in May 1945 marked an end to the Hitler nightmare and new beginnings for millions of Germans. There were choices to be made. The western two thirds of Germany had ended up divided

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Marie Torhorst
Marie Torhorstod
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Arnold Torhorst
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Marie
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Marie Torhorst
Marie Torhorst
Marie
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Marie Torhor
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