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<mask> of Louvain, sometimes known in England as Adelicia of Louvain, also called Adela and Aleidis; (c. 1103 – March/April 1151) was Queen of England from 1121 to 1135, as the second wife of King Henry I. She was the daughter of Godfrey I, Count of Louvain. Henry was some 35 years older than Adeliza, who was about 18 when they married. Having survived his legitimate son William Adelin, Henry hoped to have another with Adeliza and spent a lot of time with her. She seems to have been influential in the promotion of French poetry and other arts at court, but played little part in politics. Though otherwise successful, their marriage produced no children, and Henry decided to leave the throne to his daughter Empress Matilda. Adeliza was among those who swore to support her stepdaughter and did so during her struggle against Henry's nephew Stephen of Blois, who took the throne after Henry's death in 1135.As queen dowager, Adeliza spent three years based in a convent, then married again and had seven children by William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel. In 1150 she left her husband to move to the Affligem Abbey in Brabant, where she died the next year. Early life and family
Adeliza was renowned for her beauty, reflected in the epithet 'the fair maiden of Brabant'. The chronicler Henry of Huntingdon also mentions Adeliza's beauty in an interlude in his Historia Anglorum, stating, "A jewel grows pale on you, a crown does not shine. Put adornment aside, for nature provides your adornment..."

Adeliza's father was Godfrey I, Count of Louvain (1095–1139), Landgrave of Brabant, and Duke of Lower Lotharingia (1106–1128), an ally of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. After the death of Adeliza's mother, Ida of Chiny, Godfrey married Clementia of Burgundy, the mother of Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders, who had fought with the French against the Normans in 1118. Adeliza's illegitimate brother, Joscelin of Louvain, married the heiress to the Percy fortune.He is often referred to as an "opportunist". Queenship
Plans for <mask>'s marriage to Henry I of England may have begun when she was as young as sixteen, even before Henry's only legitimate son, William Adelin, died on 25 November 1120 in the White Ship disaster. However, Henry's need for a new male heir expedited the marriage plans and the couple wed on 24 January 1121. Apparently in addition to her beauty, Henry was also attracted to <mask> as a wife because she was a descendant of Charlemagne. It is thought that Henry's only surviving legitimate child Empress Matilda, from his first wife Matilda of Scotland, may have been involved in arranging his second marriage, due to the fact that she was with him near the time that it was being negotiated. Henry of Huntingdon mentions the royal couple in his Historia Anglorum, stating that the new queen accompanied Henry to London at Whitsun (that is, 29 May 1121). Adeliza appears to have travelled extensively with Henry, probably to increase the chances of her conception.Despite their close contact, however, <mask> and Henry never produced a child. There is a possibility, despite what the biography produced by Laura Wertheimer states, that Adeliza prayed to St. Romanus to aid her in conceiving a child; St. Romanus, according to legend, was 'born to parents miraculously cured of infertility', and in 1124, there was a double viewing of the relics of St. Romanus at Rouen Cathedral. We know about this from the Archives départementales de la Seine-Maritime G 3666 (more simply referred to as the G 3666), and Adeliza was certainly present in Rouen while the relics were present. Unlike Henry's first wife Matilda, Adeliza appears to have played a very passive role in the administration of the kingdom. While Matilda issued some thirty-one charters and writs during her queenship, during Adeliza's fifteen-year marriage to Henry I she issued one, and she only attested 13 of Henry's many charters, even though they were almost always together. Role as artistic patron

Despite her limited involvement in politics, Adeliza seems to have played an active role as a patron of the arts and literature, and was influential in fostering the rise of French poetry in the English court. While English queens had been traditionally associated with artistic patronage for decades, and a number of them, including Edith of Wessex, Emma of Normandy and Matilda, had financed a number of works in different media, Adeliza primarily sponsored books written in French.At the time, secular books in the French or Anglo-Norman vernacular were extremely popular, a trend given impetus by wealthy aristocratic women like <mask>. Philippe de Thaon, an Anglo-Norman poet, dedicated his zoological treatise known as the Bestiary to the queen:
Philippe de Thaon Has distilled into a French treatise
The Bestiary, A book in Latin,
For the honour of a jewel Who is an outstandingly beautiful woman. And she is courtly and wise, Of good customs and generous:
She is called 'Aaliz', Queen is she crowned,
She is the queen of England; May her soul never know trouble! Listen to what we find About her name in Hebrew:
"Aaliz" is her name; "Praise of God" is
In Hebrew truly "Aaliz", laus of God. I do not dare give further praise, Lest envy take me,
But so that she may be remembered And praised forever more
I wish to compose this book; May God be present at its beginning! The Bestiary would have been amply illustrated, and was intended to be read page by page, not all at once, like a poem. Many other works that <mask> commissioned were similar in structure to the Bestiary, including the now lost Life of King Henry by David.Widowhood and remarriage
When Henry died on 1 December 1135, <mask> retired temporarily to the Benedictine convent of Wilton Abbey, near Salisbury. She was present at the dedication of Henry's tomb at Reading Abbey on the first anniversary of his death. At about that time, she founded a leper hospital dedicated to Saint Giles at Fugglestone St Peter, Wiltshire. In 1138, three years after Henry I's death, <mask> married William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, one of Henry I's advisors, and son of Guillaume d’Aubigny and Maud le Bigod. Together, they lived at her castle of Arundel on the Sussex coast and had seven children. Their names were (by order of birth), Alice, William, Olivia, Reynor, <mask>, Henry, and Agatha. Relationship with Matilda
Although not a great deal is known about <mask>'s relationship with her stepdaughter, it is known she was present at the ceremony when Henry officially named Matilda as his heir presumptive, since the chronicler John of Worcester states that the Queen "swore [an oath] for the king's daughter... and agreed ... that if the king did not have an heir of either sex [......], but ... did not lack a survivor of each sex, then the survivor should inherit the kingdom.'"After her second marriage, <mask> received Matilda at her home in Arundel, along with Matilda's half-brother Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, in defiance of the wishes of her second husband who was a staunch supporter of King Stephen. She later betrayed them and handed them over when King Stephen besieged the castle. Trying to explain <mask>'s actions, John of Worcester suggests that "she feared the king's majesty and worried that she might lose the great estate she held throughout England". He also mentions <mask>'s excuse to King Stephen: "She swore on oath that his enemies had not come to England on her account but that she had simply given them hospitality as persons of high dignity once close to her." In the end King Stephen yielded to an appeal from Adeliza, and permitted Matilda to depart and join her half-brother Robert at Bristol. Landholdings

Adeliza was given the revenues of Rutland, Shropshire and a large district of London, with possession of the city of Chichester. Henry also gave the manor of Aston to Adeliza "as his queen and wife".Landholdings that were part of <mask> of Louvain's estate included Waltham Abbey in Essex, and properties in Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Middlesex, and Devon. As a gift from Henry I, she was given a property in Ashleworth, a component of the royal estate of Berkeley. In 1126 the whole county of Shropshire was given to her, even though it is not listed in the Pipe Roll. <mask> gave her brother Joscelin a large estate in Sussex called Petworth that was dependent on her castle of Arundel; much of the estate is still owned by his descendants, the Egremonts. Henry also gave Adeliza lands that had previously been Matilda's including Waltham and Queenhithe. She had estates in Essex, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Middlesex, Gloucestershire, and Devon. Her husband then granted her exemption from tax for those lands.In additions to those gifts, she was given a portion of the royal estate at Berkeley, and the county of Shropshire. After Henry died, <mask> continued to exercise jurisdiction over her lands, retaining some of her property until 1150. In 1136, she endowed Reading Abbey with one hundred shillings a year from the revenues of Queenhithe. On the first anniversary of Henry I's death, Adeliza gave the manor of Aston to the Abbey of Reading, and endowed them with lands "to provide for the convent and other religious pweaona [sic] coming to the abbey on the occasion of the anniversary of my lord King Henry." She added the gift of a church a few years later. Later years
In the last years of her life, Adeliza appears to have faded into obscurity. In 1150, Adeliza left William to enter the monastery of Affligem in Flanders.At least one of her brothers was also living at this monastery. The annals at the monastery are the only source to mention her death in 1151, and her burial site is unknown. Some traditions imply she was buried at the monastery, but a donation made by her brother Joscelin to Reading Abbey seems to suggest she was buried there with Henry I. Notes

References
Bartlett, Robert. England under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075 – 1225. Oxford: Clarendon, 2000. Crouch, David.The Normans: The History of a Dynasty. London: Hambledon and London, 2002. Henry of Huntingdon. The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon: Comprising The History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Accession of Henry II. Ed. Thomas Forester. Dyfed: Llanerch, 1991.Hilton, Lisa. Queens Consort: England's Medieval Queens from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Elizabeth of York. New York: Pegasus Books, 2010. Huneycutt, Lois L. Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2003. Huneycutt, Lois L. "<mask> (c.1103–1151)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Johns, Susan M. Noblewomen, Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth-century Anglo-Norman Realm.Manchester: Manchester UP, 2003. Lees, Clare A., ed. The Cambridge History of Early Medieval English Literature. 1st ed. Cambridge: 2012. Cambridge Histories Online. Web.22 November 2013. "Medieval Bestiary: Philippe De Thaon." Medieval Bestiary : Philippe De Thaon. N.p., n.d. 22 November 2013. Medieval History Timelines. TimeRef, n.d. http://www.timeref.com/hpra_minor.htm#J208. Nolan, Kathleen.Capetian Women. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. O’Donnell, Thomas, Matthew Townend, and Elizabeth M. Tyler. "European literature and eleventh-century England", The Cambridge History of Early Medieval English Literature. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 607–636.Cambridge Histories Online. .
Strickland, Agnes.Lives of the Queens of England: From the Norman Conquest. N.p., 1840–1848. 7 December 2013. <https://web.archive.org/web/20100513133158/http://1066.co.nz/library/queens/queens.txt>. van Houts, Elisabeth M.C. "Latin Poetry and the Anglo-Norman court, 1066–1135: The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio." The Journal of Medieval History 15.1 (1989): 39–62.Weir, Alison. Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: Bodley Head, 1989. Worcester, John of. The Annals from 1067 to 1140 with Gloucester Interpolations and The Continuation to 1141. Vol. 3.Ed. P. McGurk. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. 3 vols. York, Laura. "Adelicia of Louvain." Women in History: Biographical Encyclopedia, vol 1 p. 82.|-

1100s births
1151 deaths
English royal consorts
Duchesses of Normandy
Nobility of the Duchy of Brabant
House of Reginar
12th-century English women
Henry I of England
12th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire
Remarried royal consorts

masks: Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Geoffrey Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza Adeliza


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<mask> (born 1941) is the Henry King Ransom Professor of Law, emerita, at the University of Michigan Law School by vocation, and a flutist by avocation. <mask> has held law faculty positions at University of Toronto, University of Michigan, Stanford University, University of Southern California, and University of Oregon, and has been a faculty visitor at Harvard University, Princeton University, University of California at Berkeley, and New York University. <mask>'s best known scholarly work explores the basis and limits of property rights and contractual obligation. She has also contributed significantly to feminist legal theory, legal and political philosophy, and the evolution of law in the digital world. At the same time, she has continued to perform and study music. <mask> is well known for developing the concept of market-inalienability, a term she coined to refer to what kinds of things should not be traded in markets. Her book, Contested Commodities, explores what kinds of market trades and resulting commodification should be disallowed or curtailed.<mask> is also known for re-examining the basis of freedom of choice that is basic to freedom of contract and how it is (or is not) reflected in contemporary law. Her book, Boilerplate, focuses on what types of alleged agreements between a firm and consumers should not be enforceable contracts, or at least not presumed enforceable without further investigation, and suggests other ways that standardization could be treated. <mask> travels frequently to lecture and participate in workshops and seminars on these topics. In addition to her books, <mask> is the author of many frequently-cited articles and book chapters, two of which are on a list of 100 most cited legal articles of all time, and many of which have been reprinted in textbooks and anthologies. She founded and was the inaugural director of Stanford's Program in Law, Science & Technology, and was the inaugural Microsoft Fellow at Princeton's Program in Law, Science and Public Affairs. Among other honors, she has been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Professional honors and awards
 Senior Distinguished Fellow, Searle Center on Law, Regulation and Economic Growth (2015)
 Scribes Book Award, honoring Boilerplate (2014)
 Member, American Law Institute (since 2011), Advisor to Restatement 3d of Consumer Contracts
 Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 2008)
 Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Prize  (2007)
 Fellow at Davos World Economic Forum (1998)
 LLD (honorary) from Chicago-Kent Law School (1993)

Career
<mask> is Distinguished Research Scholar at the Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, where she serves on the Advisory Group for the Centre for Innovation Law and Policy.She is Henry King Ransom Professor of Law, emerita, University of Michigan Law School (retired 2015) and William Benjamin Scott and Luna M. Scott Professor of Law, Stanford University (retired in 2006). Before moving to Stanford in 1989, she held a tenured chair professorship at the University of Southern California Law Center. <mask> has also taught at Harvard University, University of California at Berkeley, New York University, and Princeton University, where she was the inaugural Microsoft Fellow in Law and Public Affairs. <mask> is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Member of the American Law Institute. As a professor, Radin pioneered courses in Legal Issues in Cyberspace, Electronic Commerce, and Intellectual Property in Cyberspace. She also created a course in International Intellectual Property, and a Student Scholarship Seminar in which law students develop publisher papers. In 2002, she founded Stanford's Center for E-Commerce.She also directed Stanford's innovative LL.M. program in Law, Science, and Technology. <mask> is a member (currently inactive) of the State Bar of California. <mask> is coauthor of a casebook, Internet Commerce: The Emerging Legal Framework (with Rothchild, Reese, and Silverman) (2d ed 200x, with supplementary updates). Her most recent book is Boilerplate: The Fine Print, Vanishing Rights, and the Rule of Law (Princeton University Press 2013), which explores the problems posed for the legal system by the standardization necessary for the modern market, and how those problems might be reduced. <mask> also has published two books exploring the problems of propertization: Contested Commodities (Harvard University Press 1996) and Reinterpreting Property (University of Chicago Press 1993). The latter is a collection of her well-known essays on property, including "Property and Personhood," first published in 1982, and a staple in casebooks for students of property.Education
<mask> received her AB in music from Stanford University in 1963 (with Great Distinction), her MFA in Music History from Brandeis University in 1965, and was advanced to candidacy for a PhD in musicology at University of California Berkeley in 1968 before changing her career path to law. She received her J.D. from the University of Southern California Law School in 1976 (Order of the Coif). Personal life
Radin is a grandniece of <mask>, a leader of the legal realist movement in the first half of the 20th century, but she never met him. She is married to violinist Phillip Coonce and the mother of Wayland <mask>, J.D., who calls himself an "outdoorsy" lawyer, and Amadea Britton, M.D., a public health scientist interested in infectious diseases. Radin splits her time between homes in Toronto and Albuquerque, New Mexico. She practises her flute daily, and plays in small and large ensembles as often as possible.Publications

Books
 Boilerplate: The Fine Print, Vanishing Rights, and the Rule of Law. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2013. Co-editor. Securing Privacy in the Internet Age. A. Chander and L. Gelman, co-editors. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 2008.Co-author. Internet Commerce: The Emerging Legal Framework [Cases & Materials]. 2nd ed. J. A. Rothchild et al., co-authors. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press, 2006.Co-editor. Intellectual Property and the Internet [Cases and Materials]. J. A. Rothchild and G. M. Silverman, co-editors. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press, 2004. Co-author.Internet Commerce: The Emerging Legal Framework [Cases & Materials]. J. A. Rothchild and G. M. Silverman, co-authors. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press, 2002. (Also co-authored 2004 supplement.) [NOTE new co-author for Internet Commerce added for 2d edition:  R. Anthony Reese.Silverman's name is still on the book but he is not longer taking part in it.] Contested Commodities. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard Univ. Press, 1996. Reinterpreting Property. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.Book chapters
 "An Analytical Framework for Legal Evaluation of Boilerplate." In Philosophical Foundations of Contract Law, edited by G. Lestas, P. Saprai, and G. Klass. Oxford University Press, 2014. "Boilerplate: A Threat to the Rule of Law?" In Private Law and the Rule of Law, edited by L. M. Austin and D. Klimchuk. Oxford University Press, 2014. "Boilerplate Today: The Rise of Modularity and the Waning of Consent."In Boilerplate: The Foundation of Market Contracts, edited by O. Ben-Shahar, 189-99. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007. (Adapted from an essay originally published under the same title in Mich. L. Rev. 104, no. 5 (2006): 1223-34.) "Reconsidering the Rule of Law."In The Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers, edited by R. Bellamy. International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory, Second Series. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. "Contested Commodities." In Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture, edited by M. M. Ertman and J. C. Williams, 81-95. New York: New York Univ. Press, 2005."Market-Inalienability." In Families by Law: An Adoption Reader, edited by N. R. Cahn and J. H. Hollinger, 319-23. New York: New York Univ. Press, 2004. "Information Tangibility." In Economics, Law and Intellectual Property: Seeking Strategies for Research and Teaching in a Developing

masks:
Margaret Jane Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Radin
Max Radin
Radin


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 Field, edited by O. Granstrand, 395-418. Boston: Kluwer, 2003."Incomplete Commodification in the Computerized World." In The Commodification of Information, edited by N. Elkin-Korin and N. W. Netanel, 3-22. Information Law Series, 11. The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2002. "Can the Rule of Law Survive Bush v. Gore." In Bush v. Gore: The Question of Legitimacy, edited by B. Ackerman, 110-25.New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 2002. Co-author. "Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital: The Role of Nonproprietary Technologies." E. Sawyer, co-author. In Capital for Our Time: The Economic, Legal, and Management Challenges of Intellectual Capital, edited by N. Imparato, 70-84. Stanford, Calf.: Hoover Institution Press, 1999. "Government Interests and Takings: Cultural Commitments of Property and the Role of Political Theory." In Public Values in Constitutional Law, edited by S. E. Gottlieb, 69-96. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1993
 "The Constitution and the Liberal Conception of Property." In Judging the Constitution: Critical Essays on Judicial Lawmaking, edited by W. M. McCann and G. L. Houseman, 205-27. Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown Series in Political Science. Scott, Foresman & Co.: Boston, 1989.Journal articles
 "Less Than I Wanted To Know: The Submerged Issues in More Than I Wanted To Know" Jer. Rev. Legal Stud. (2014): 1-12. (First published online: November 7, 2014). "Of Priors and Disconnects." Harv.L. Rev. F. 127, no. 7 (2014): 259-72. "Response: Boilerplate in Theory and Practice." Can. Bus. L. J.54, no. 2 (2013): 292-306. "Rhetorical Capture." Ariz. L. Rev. 54, no. 2 (2012): 457-68. (Symposium: Political Discourse, Civility, and Harm.)"Reconsidering Boilerplate: Confronting Normative and Democratic Degradation." Cap. U. L. Rev. 40, no. 3 (2012): 617-56. "In Tribute: Frank I. Michelman."Harv. L. Rev. 125, no. 4 (2012): 896-900. "Property Longa, Vita Brevis." Wis. L. Rev. 2011, no.2 (2011): 111-21. (Originally presented as a speech at the Wisconsin Law Review Symposium on Intellectual Property and Intergenerational Equity, November 2010)
 "Form Contracts and the Problem of Consumer Information." J. Inst. & Theoretical Econ. 167, no. 1 (2011): 49-55. "The Rule of Law in the Information Age: Reconciling Private Rights and Public Values."J. L. Phil. & Culture 4, no. 1 (2009): 83-105. "Copyright Defection." Indus. & Corp. Change 15, no. 6 (2006): 981-93."Boilerplate Today: The Rise of Modularity and the Waning of Consent." Mich. L. Rev. 104, no. 5 (2006): 1223-34. "A Comment on Information Propertization and its Legal Milieu." Clev. St. L. Rev.54, no. 1 (2006): 23-39. "Property and Precision." Tulsa L. Rev. 39, no. 3 (2004): 639-48. [Essay in honor of work by Frank Michelman]
 "Regulation by Contract, Regulation by Machine."J. Inst. & Theoretical Econ. 160, no. 1 (2004): 142-56. "Regime Change in Intellectual Property - Superseding the Law of the State with the "Law" of the Firm." U. Ottawa L. & Tech. J.2003-2004, no. 1 (2004): 173-88. "Online Standardization and the Integration of Text and Machine." Fordham L. Rev. 70, no. 4 (2002): 1125-46. "Humans, Computers, and Binding Commitment."Indiana L. J. 75, no. 4 (2000): 1125-62. Co-author. "Altered States: Electronic Commerce and Owning the Means of Value Exchange." T. P. Brown and R. D. Fram, co-authors. Stan.Tech. L. Rev. (1999): 2-60. Co-author. "The Myth of Private Ordering: Rediscovering Legal Realism in Cyberspace." R. P. Wagner, co-author. Chi.--Kent L. Rev. 73, no. 4 (1998): 1295-317. "The Pragmatist and the Feminist." S. Cal. L. Rev. 63, no.6 (1996): 1699-726. "Property Evolving in Cyberspace (Conference of the Second Century of the University of Pittsburgh School of Law: Regulation of Computing and Information Technology)." J. L. & Com. 15, no. 2 (1996): 509-26. "Positive Theory as Conceptual Critique - A Piece of a Pragmatic Agenda? (Symposium on Positive Political Theory and Law)."S. Cal. L. Rev. 68, no. 6 (1995): 1595-603. "A Deweyan Perspective on the Economic Theory of Democracy." Const. Comment.11, no. 3 (1995): 539-56. "Lacking a Transformative Social Theory: A Response." Stan. L. Rev. 45, no. 2 (1993): 409-24."Compensation and Commensurability." Duke L. J. 43, no. 1 (1993): 56-86. "On the Domain of Market Rhetoric (Annual Institute for Humane Studies Law and Philosophy Issue--Symposium on Risks and Wrongs, University of San Diego, School of Law - 1992)." Harv. J. L. & Pub.Pol'y. 15, no. 3 (1992): 711-31. "Evaluating Government Reasons for Changing Property Regimes." Alb. L. Rev. 55, no.3 (1992): 597-603. These remarks were based on a paper prepared for the Conference on Compelling Government Interests at Albany Law School, September 26–28, 1991. The full paper appears as "Government Interests and Takings: Cultural Commitments of Property and the Role of Political Theory" in Public Values in Constitutional Law (1993) edited by S.E. Gottlieb, 69-96. "Reflections on Objectification (Symposium on Biomedical Technology and Healthcare: Social and Conceptual Transformations)." S. Cal. L. Rev.65, no. 1 (1991): 341-54
 "Presumptive Positivism and Trivial Cases (Symposium on Law and Philosophy)." Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y.14, no. 3 (1991): 823-37.Co-author. "Pragmatist and Poststructuralist Critical Legal Practice (Commentary)." F. Michelman, co-author. U. Pa. L. Rev. 139, no. 4 (1991): 1019-58. "'After the Final No There Comes a Yes': A Law Teacher's Report."Yale J. L. & Human. 2, no. 2 (1990): 253-66. "Reconsidering the Rule of Law." B. U. L. Rev. 69, no. 4 (1989): 781-819."The Liberal Conception of Property: Cross Currents in the Jurisprudence of Takings." Colum. L. Rev. 88, no. 8 (1988): 1667-96. (Adapted from an essay entitled "The Constitution and the Liberal Conception of Property" which appears in Judging the Constitution: Critical Essays on Judicial Lawmaking (1989), edited by M.W. McCann and G.L.Houseman. "Market-Inalienability." Harv. L. Rev. 100, no. 8 (1987): 1849-937. "Time, Possession, and Alienation (Symposium: Time, Property Rights, and the Common Law)."Wash. U.L.Q. 64, no. 3 (1986): 739-58. "The Consequences of Conceptualism (Symposium on Richard Epstein's Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain)." U. Miami L. Rev. 41, no. 1 (1986): 239-44."Proportionality, Subjectivity, and Tragedy (Death Penalty Symposium: II. Issues in the Administration of the Death Penalty)." U. C. Davis L. Rev. 18, no. 4 (1985): 1165-75. "Property and Personhood." Stan.L. Rev. 34, no. 5 (1982): 957-1015. "Cruel Punishment and Respect for Persons: Super Due Process for Death." S. Cal. L. Rev. 53, no.4 (1980): 1143-85
 "The Jurisprudence of Death: Evolving Standards for the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause." U. Pa. L. Rev. 126, no. 5 (1978): 989-1064. Reviews
  Review of The 3-1/2 Minute Transaction: Boilerplate and the Limits of Contract Design, by R. E. Scott and M. Gulati. L. & Pol. Bk.Rev. 23, no. 6 (2013): 302-4. Book Review (J. Boyle, SHAMANS, SOFTWARE AND SPLEENS), The Washington Post, Book World (June 30, 1996)
 Review of Death Penalties: The Supreme Court's Obstacle Course, by R. Berger. J. Crim. L. & Criminology 74, no. 3 (1983): 1115-22.Other publications
 "The Subject of and Object of Commodification." M. Sunder, co-author. Introduction to Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture, by M. M. Ertman and J. C. Williams, co-editors, 8-29. New York: New York Univ. Press, 2005. Works in progress and working papers
 What Boilerplate Said: A Response to Omri Ben-Shahar (and a Diagnosis). Univ.of Michigan Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Series, No. 392; Univ. of Michigan Law School, Law & Economics Research Paper Series, No. 14-007. Working Paper, 2014. See also
Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Conference

Reference list

Living people
Legal scholars
Stanford University alumni
Brandeis University alumni
Stanford Law School faculty
USC Gould School of Law alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Harvard Law School faculty
University of Michigan Law School faculty
1941 births
Women legal


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Gabriele Susanne Kerner (born 24 March 1960), better known as <mask>, is a German singer and songwriter who rose to international fame in 1983 as the lead vocalist of the band Nena with the Neue Deutsche Welle song "99 Luftballons". In the same year the band re-recorded this song in English as "99 Red Balloons". <mask>'s re-recording of some of the band's old hit songs as a solo artist, produced by the co-composer of most of them, her former Nena band colleague and keyboard player Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen, rekindled her solo career in 2002. Combined with the success of the Nena band years, she has sold over 25 million records, making her the most successful German pop singer in chart history. Early life
Gabriele Susanne Kerner was born on 24 March 1960 in Hagen, West Germany, while her family lived in the nearby town of Breckerfeld. She spent the earliest part of her childhood in Breckerfeld and later lived in Hagen. She acquired her nickname while on a vacation to Mallorca, Spain with her parents.( is a Spanish and Catalan word meaning "girl".) In 1977, she left high school before graduation, and in the three following years she was trained as a goldsmith. Musical career

Beginnings
<mask>'s musical career began on 2 July 1979 when guitarist Rainer Kitzmann founded The Stripes and, on the basis of having seen her dancing at a local disco, asked her to audition for the position of the lead singer. The group, based in Hagen, performed songs with English lyrics and had a minor hit with the song "Ecstasy", but never achieved mainstream success and disbanded on 3 March 1982. However, The Stripes's record company, CBS, offered Nena a record deal if she would move to Berlin and make music with German lyrics. In May 1982, <mask> and her then-boyfriend Rolf Brendel moved to West Berlin, where they met future band members guitarist Carlo Karges, keyboard player Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen, and bass player Jürgen Dehmel. Together, they formed the band Nena.In June 1982, they released their first single, "Nur geträumt", which became an instant hit in Germany after the band appeared on the German television show Musikladen on 21 August 1982. The single reportedly sold 40,000 copies the day after the song appeared on the show and reached  in the German charts. 1982–1987: International success and band breakup
In 1983, the band released its first album Nena, which contained the singles "99 Luftballons" and "Leuchtturm". "99 Luftballons" became a number one hit in West Germany and the Netherlands in 1983 and went on to major international chart success the following year, an English version hitting  in the UK and the original German version hitting  in the US, behind Van Halen's "Jump". In 1984, Casey Kasem's radio show American Top 40 introduced a "mixed" version of the song, "splicing" the German and English versions together. It was also a huge hit in many other countries, it is one of the best-known German rock songs in many parts of the world. In May 1984, while on a tour in the UK, Nena made the headlines of the British red-top press for having unshaved armpits.While not uncommon in continental Europe at the time, this was considered unusual in English-speaking countries to the extent that some consider it an explanation for the commercial failure of the follow-ups to "99 Luftballons". Baffled by the attention generated, <mask> asked her manager's girlfriend to shave her and has remained clean shaved ever since. Referring to the "huge indignation" the issue raised, <mask>, in her memoirs published in 2005, wrote, "Can a girl from Hagen, who dreams of the big wide world and is in love with Mick Jagger, have no idea that girls can't under any circumstances have hair under the arm? Yes she can. I simply had no idea!" Although "99 Luftballons" was the Band Nena's only hit in the English-speaking world, the band continued to enjoy success in several European countries in the following years including with the single Irgendwie, irgendwo, irgendwann. <mask>'s next international single "Just a Dream" (an English language re-issue of "Nur geträumt") reached  in the UK charts in 1984; it had "Indianer" on the B-side.A dance version of "Just a Dream" was released in the 1990s to a new audience and became a club anthem. The band split in 1987 and <mask> went solo thereafter. 1989: Launch of solo career
<mask>'s first solo album Wunder gescheh'n was released on 5 November 1989. The title track (German for "Miracles Happen"), composed by <mask> herself, relates to the fact that <mask> was at the time pregnant with twins, but release of the album that appeared just four days before the fall of the Berlin Wall (on 9 November) and the fact that she performed the song at the end of the Konzert für Berlin three days later has ever since associated it with that historic event. It was to prove to be her last major hit of the 20th century as throughout the 1990s her albums and singles although often critically acclaimed were less commercially successful. In 1993, following the indifferent performance of her second solo album Bongo Girl, Sony decided not to renew <mask>'s recording contract, and the label which distributed her third, RMG Music Entertainment, disappeared shortly afterwards. In 1995 <mask> and her growing family moved from Berlin to Hamburg, borrowing money from a family friend in order to do so since her bank declined to extend credit.2002: Return to chart success

In 2002, <mask> celebrated her 20th anniversary on stage with the album <mask> feat. <mask>, a disc produced by Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen (her former band colleague and author of almost all of the band's and her chart successes) and consisting of newly arranged recordings of the band's hits from the 1980s. This album marked a "comeback" for <mask>, and spawned a number of successful chart entries. The remake of "Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime" as an English-German duet with Kim Wilde was a hit in various European countries, reaching the  spot in the Netherlands and Austria, and  in Germany, in 2003. Having regalvanised her career by virtue of the band's 1980s hits, <mask> reestablished herself as a force with entirely new material (produced again by Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen) with the 2005 album Willst du mit mir gehn which quickly achieved platinum status and climbed to  in the German charts. The first single from the album, "Liebe ist", reached  on the German charts in early 2005, and was the theme song for a German telenovela, Verliebt in Berlin. It reached the top position 22 years after "99 Luftballons", the longest span between first and last number one in German chart history.In October 2007, <mask> released a new album entitled Cover Me, made up entirely of cover songs. David Bowie, Rolling Stones and Rammstein are three of the bands covered. She also released the single, "Ich kann nix dafür" in April 2007 for the film, Vollidiot, and her cover of "She's a Rainbow" by the Rolling Stones in the US and the UK. In 2009 she recorded and released a new version of her hit song "99 Luftballons", which more closely follows the 1980s original, in contrast to her 2002 version. This song was first performed in Germany on 6 September 2009. Some parts of the new version are in French. 2009: Own record label
Since 2009, <mask>'s releases have been published by her own record label, The Laugh & Peas Company, which also promotes the work of her daughter's group (Adameva) and that of one of her protegés from The Voice of Germany, Sharron Levy.<mask> released a new single on 18 September 2009, called "Wir sind wahr", and a new album on 2 October: Made in Germany. The autobiographical ballad from the album "In meinem Leben" became her fourteenth top 10 hit in Germany, taking her to 12th position in the all-time list of top 10 hits in Germany, the third highest placed German act and top German female. She also collaborated with the popular techno-rap artists Die Atzen to produce a new single, "Strobo Pop". In 2011, she contributed vocals to the track "Let Go Tonight" by Kevin Costner and Modern West. In late 2012, <mask> released her 11th solo studio album, Du bist gut, which peaked at  in the German charts, although the tracks released as singles from the album were not as successful as those from her previous albums since her 2002 "comeback". <mask>'s next album, Oldschool, which was produced by the German rapper and hip hop artist Samy Deluxe, was released on 27 February 2015. Distribution rights for the album were agreed with Sony Music, 22 years after the company dropped <mask> as a recording artist.The album maintained <mask>'s 21st century chart success pattern (top 5 in Germany, top 10 in Austria, top 20 in Switzerland) but the first two singles released from the album failed to chart. However, for the first time in <mask>'s career, another track from the album ("Magie"), which was not released as a single, crept into the lower echelons of the German singles chart solely by virtue of downloads. Then, in April 2016, fourteen months after Oldschools release, the third single from the album, "Genau jetzt", returned Nena to the German Top 30 singles chart for the first time in six years. Since 2015: Collaborations and Licht

The period between the releases of Oldschool and the 2020 album Licht is the longest in <mask>'s career between new studio albums. In an era when artists tend to generate more revenue from live performances than recordings, <mask> released two live albums and restricted her studio work to one-track collaborations with Zara Larsson, Dave Stewart, Trettmann and fellow guests from the 2016 Sing meinen Song series. In February 2019 <mask> provided vocals for the title track and lead single of Schiller's album Morgenstund which entered the German album chart at number 1 and the top 10 of both the Austrian and Swiss album charts. In February 2020 <mask> announced new music would be published "soon" and a month later on her 60th birthday released the single "Licht", which became the title track of her next studio album released on 16 October.Licht

masks: Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena


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 maintained <mask>'s 21st century album chart pattern by reaching  in Germany,  in Switzerland and  in Austria, although none of its three singles released ahead of the album charted. Live performances

Since 1997, <mask> has toured Germany and its neighbouring countries annually, typically performing between 15 and 50 concerts every year. In 2003, she took the stage during the Howard Jones 20th Anniversary concert at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in London to sing "99 Luftballons", with both German and English lyrics. In 2004, <mask> went on stage at the Mayday Music Festival in Dortmund, accompanied by the techno duo Toktok. She sang the song "Bang Bang", and was later joined on stage by DJ Westbam to perform "Oldschool Baby". In March 2015, <mask> promoted the release of the Oldschool album with a "club tour" of 16 smaller venues (for 200 to 700 people) including her former primary school. A recording of one of these concerts at the SO36 club in Berlin on 4 March 2015 was released as <mask>'s sixth live album Live at SO36 on 4 March 2016, exactly one year later.Later in 2015, <mask> announced her intention to perform live in the US for the first time by way of a similar "club tour", which was initially planned for early 2016 before taking place as a three-date "mini tour" in September and October. During this tour, <mask> met Dave Stewart with whom she collaborated to release in March 2018 the single "Be my rebel", the video for which went on to win 40 international awards. <mask>'s 2018 Nichts versäumt tour of mainly sold-out concerts in 45 towns and cities attracted in excess of 250,000 fans and won the German Live Entertainment Award (LEA) for "concert hall tour of the year". The concert in Dortmund on 29 June 2018 was recorded for the Nichts versäumt live DVD which was released on 9 November 2018. <mask>'s initial live appearances in 2020 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic but were replaced from July that year with the "Niemand hält uns auf" (nobody stops us) series of 12 drive-in, "picnic" and "360" concerts held in accordance with Germany's prevailing social distancing rules. In February 2021 in the debate in Germany about how COVID-19 restrictions should be lifted, <mask> sparked controversy by announcing, "there will be no two-class society at my concerts. You're all always welcome.Whether you get vaccinated or not is entirely your decision and should be respected by everyone." Nevertheless, the majority of <mask>'s concerts originally planned for 2021 were postponed to 2022, although she remained scheduled to appear at a number of festivals. However, in July 2021, organisers cancelled her appearances in some festivals after <mask> encouraged fans to disregard social-distancing rules during a concert in Berlin. In September 2021 <mask> cancelled all her remaining 2022 concerts declaring, "all people are welcome at a <mask> concert. Our country is going in a totally different direction and I am not going to be a part of it." Other work
Besides her singing career, <mask> has also acted in the 1983 musical comedy film Gib Gas – Ich will Spass (released in the US as Hangin' Out) opposite fellow musician Markus Mörl, and the 1987 invisibility comedy Der Unsichtbare starring Klaus Wennemann and Barbara Rudnik, and voiced the character Saphira for the German dub of the movie Eragon (2006) and the role of the Princess for the German version of Arthur and the Invisibles (2006) alongside Tokio Hotel's Bill Kaulitz. Kaulitz has also stated on many occasions that <mask> is his favourite singer.In 2008, <mask> appeared as one of the coaches on the German TV series Dein Song, in which established artists mentor a youngster to produce a song. <mask> was also one of the coaches on The Voice of Germany for 3 seasons before announcing her withdrawal from the show in March 2014. In April and May 2016 she was one of the participants in the third season of Sing meinen Song, a show in which well-known artists perform each other's songs and judge their favourites. In February 2017 and 2018, <mask> appeared as a juror in the fifth and sixth seasons of The Voice Kids together with her daughter Larissa. In 2007, jointly with her partner Philipp Palm, Thomas Simmerl, and Silke Steinfadt, she founded the Neue Schule Hamburg, a school following the Sudbury model. <mask> wrote an autobiographical book, Willst du mit mir gehn, jointly with Claudia Thesenfitz, a journalist. <mask>'s contributions are her disparate accounts of various episodes in her life.Most of Thesenfitz's contributions are excerpts from interviews of many of <mask>'s friends, co-workers, and relatives. Since becoming a mother, <mask> has released a number of albums consisting of songs for children. In the 1990s, she hosted several TV shows, including Metro and Countdown Grand Prix, the German preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest, in 1998. Influences and other interests and pursuits
In addition to citing the Ramones, David Bowie and Debbie Harry as early influences, <mask>'s main artistic source of inspiration and her favourite band is the Rolling Stones. <mask> has covered their songs in concert and on her 2007 Cover Me album. In 1984 <mask> said, "If I hadn't started listening to the Rolling Stones when I was 12 I'd have been a different person, a secretary or something like that." Although <mask> said she disliked the English version of "99 Luftballons" because it was too "blatant" and that the Nena band was neither political nor a protest band, she has occasionally publicly lent her name in support of political causes.She supports "Ehe für alle" (marriage for everyone) and, as a mother of five, a campaign against the German government's plans to scale back the state provision of midwifery services. In March 2021 <mask> expressed her support for the anti-COVID-19 lockdown demonstration in Kassel. <mask> has been a member of various charity ensembles and supergroups including "Band für Afrika" (Germany's equivalent of Band Aid) in 1985 and "Marlon und Freunde" in 2006, whose top 10 hit in Germany, "Lieber Gott", raised funds for flood victims. <mask> also supports local causes and in 2015 ran (in socks) 2.5 kilometres (approximately 1.5 miles) in aid of a Stuttgart children's hospice. <mask> is a vegetarian and won the PETA (Germany) award for "Sexiest Vegetarian of the Year 2010". She believes in Jesus and God and says that thanking him for every new day is the cornerstone of her spirituality. In his 2014 biography of the Nena band, Rolf Brendel, its drummer and <mask>'s boyfriend at the time, said that although other band members used drugs, <mask> never did and frowned upon it.Brendel added, "<mask> is naturally stoned, she doesn't need to take drugs." Personal life

<mask> and the band's drummer Rolf Brendel split up in 1987, <mask>'s feelings described in the song "Jetzt bist du weg" ("Now You Are Gone") from the band's final album, Eisbrecher. <mask> then started dating Swiss actor Benedict Freitag shortly after the band separated in 1987; he is the son of the German actress  and Austrian-Swiss actor Robert Freitag. The couple had three children together, the first being Christopher Daniel, who was born disabled allegedly due to medical mistakes made during the birth that caused <mask> to go into cardiac arrest. He died at the age of 11 months. In 1990 they had twins, Larissa Maria and Sakias Manuel. After splitting with Freitag, <mask> started a relationship with drummer and music producer Philipp Palm from Stuttgart, with whom she had two children, Samuel Vincent (1995), and Simeon Joel (1997).The couple and the four children currently live in Hamburg. On Christmas Day 2009, <mask> became a grandmother when Larissa gave birth to a girl, Carla Maria. Only two days later, <mask>'s son Sakias became a father to a boy named Noah. A third grandchild (Victor, son of Larissa) was born in September 2013 and a fourth in May 2018. Since 2010, <mask>'s twins Sakias and Larissa have appeared as backing singers on stage and on her albums, and since 2015 her youngest son Simeon has joined her on stage playing keyboards. Discography

The Stripes
 1980: The Stripes

Nena (band)
 1983: Nena
 1984: ? (Fragezeichen)
 1984: 99 Luftballons
 1985: Feuer und Flamme
 1985: It's All in the Game
 1986: Eisbrecher

Nena (solo)
 1989: Wunder gescheh'n
 1992: Bongo Girl
 1994: Und alles dreht sich
 1997: Jamma nich
 1998: Wenn alles richtig ist, dann stimmt was nich
 2001: Chokmah
 2002: <mask> feat.Nena
 2005: Willst du mit mir gehn
 2007: Cover Me
 2009: Made in Germany
 2012: Du bist gut
 2015: Oldschool
 2020: Licht

Filmography
Concert films
 Europatour '84 (Denmark, England, France, 1984)
 Nena feat. Nena Live (Frankfurt am Main, 11 October 2002)
 Made in Germany: Live in Concert (Berlin, 24 April 2010)
 Nichts versäumt Live (Dortmund, 29 June 2018)

Leading roles
 Gib Gas – Ich will Spass (US title: Hangin' Out) (1983), directed by Wolfgang Büld

Supporting roles
 Der Unsichtbare (1987), directed by Ulf Miehe

Guest appearances
 Richy Guitar (1985), directed by Michael Laux, feat. Die Ärzte
 Tagediebe (ZDF telemovie) (1985), directed by Marcel Gisler
 Die Affäre Semmeling (ZDF miniseries) (2002), directed by Dieter Wedel

Voice roles
 Das magische Schwert: Die Legende von Camelot (1998) (Kayley, as singer)
 Tobias Totz und sein Löwe: des Löwen Freundin (1999) (Lea)
 Die Abrafaxe: Unter schwarzer Flagge (2001) (Anne Bonny)
 Peter Pan: Neue Abenteuer in Nimmerland (2002) (as singer)
 Arthur und die Minimoys (2006) (Prinzessin Selenia)
 Eragon: Das Vermächtnis der Drachenreiter (2006) (Saphira)
 Arthur und die Minimoys 2: Die Rückkehr des bösen M (2009) (Prinzessin Selenia)

See also
 Mononymous persons

References

External links

 Official website

1960 births
Living people
People from Hagen
Women new wave singers
German-language singers
German new wave musicians
English-language singers from Germany
Columbia Records artists
Warner Records artists
Musicians from Hamburg
German women pop singers
German women singers
Women in electronic

masks: Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena Nena


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<mask> (1916 –1948) was an Indian Army soldier who was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military decoration for his actions in an engagement during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. <mask> was enlisted in the British Indian Army in 1941 and served in the Second World War, fighting against the Japanese in Burma. He later took part in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 as a member of the Indian Army. For an action on 6 February 1948 at Tain Dhar, to the north of Naushahra, <mask> was awarded the Param Vir Chakra. <mask> commanded a nine-man forward section post. Though heavily outnumbered by advancing Pakistani forces, <mask> led his men in defending against three attempts to overtake the post. He was wounded during the second assault.Armed with a Sten gun, he single-handedly charged the third assault with such determination as to cause the attackers to withdraw. In doing so, he was killed. A sports stadium in Shahjahanpur and a crude oil tanker were named after <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born in a Rathore Rajput family on 21 November 1916 in Khajuri village of Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh. He was the son of Birbal <mask>, a farmer, and Jamuna Kanwar. He was the third of eight children, with six brothers and a sister. Though <mask> studied up to fourth year standard in a local school in his village, he could not continue his education further due to his family's economic situation.He spent most of his childhood helping out his family with agricultural work around the farm. For recreation, he wrestled and eventually became the wrestling champion of his village. For his character and well-being, he was nicknamed "Hanuman Bhagat Bal Brahmachari". This was after Hanuman, a Hindu god who was unmarried for life. <mask> never married. Military career

During the Second World War, <mask> enlisted in the 7th Rajput Regiment of the British Indian Army, on 21 November 1941 at Fatehgarh Regimental Centre. On completing his training, <mask> was posted to the regiment's 1st Battalion.During late 1942, the battalion was deployed to the Arakan Province during the Burma campaign, where they fought against the Japanese. The battalion was part of the 47th Indian Infantry Brigade, assigned to the 14th Indian Infantry Division. It fought actions around the Mayu Range in late 1942 and early 1943, advancing up the Mayu Peninsula towards Donbaik as part of an operation to recapture Akyab Island. Although the Rajputs were held up around the cluster of villages called Kondan in December 1942, the advance slowly continued towards Donbaik. It was there, where the brigade's attack ground to a halt and they were subsequently relieved by the 55th Indian Infantry Brigade in early February 1943. In early April, the Japanese counterattacked. The 47th Brigade became cut off around Indan and eventually split off into small groups to fight their way back to Allied lines.The surviving members of the brigade returned to India. In 1945, <mask>'s battalion was assigned to the 2nd Indian Infantry Brigade and took over the defence of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The islands had been partially occupied by the Japanese forces, which surrendered on 7 October 1945. After returning to India, <mask> was promoted to the rank of Naik (corporal). After the partition, the 7th Rajput Regiment was assigned to the Indian Army. <mask> remained with the newly raised Indian regiment, continuing to serve in its 1st Battalion. War of 1947

In October 1947, following an offensive by the Pakistani raiders in Jammu and Kashmir, the Defence Committee of the Indian Cabinet directed the Army Headquarters to undertake a military response.The Army planned several operations to drive out the raiders as directed. In one such operation, the 50th Para Brigade, to which the Rajput Regiment was attached, was ordered to secure Naushahra and establish a base at Jhangar in mid-November. Bad weather prevented this action and on 24 December, Jhangar, a strategically advantageous position in the Naushahra Sector, was captured by the Pakistanis which gave them control over the communication lines between Mirpur and Poonch (town)Poonch and provided a starting point from which attacks could be made on Naushahra. The following month, the Indian Army undertook several operations in the north-west of Naushahra to stop further advances by the Pakistani forces. Brigadier Mohammad Usman, the commanding officer of the 50th Para Brigade, had made necessary arrangements to counter the expected attack. Soldiers were deployed in small groups on possible enemy approaches. Tain Dhar, lying to the north of Naushahra, was one such approach for which <mask>'s battalion was responsible.On the morning of 6 February 1948, at 6:40 am IST, Pakistani forces opened fire on pickets from the battalion patrolling along Tain Dhar ridge. Gunfire was exchanged between both sides. The foggy early morning darkness helped the attacking Pakistanis creep up to the pickets. Soon, men in the posts on the Tain Dhar ridge observed a large number of Pakistani soldiers moving towards them. <mask> was in command of the nine personnel manning the forward post of the second picket at Tain Dhar. <mask> and his section were able to ward off three successive attempts by Pakistani forces to capture their position. By the end of third wave, of the 27 men at the post, 24 were dead or severely wounded.<mask> being a section commander at the post, displayed "exemplary" leadership, and kept motivating his men till he succumbed to his wounds. This proved a very critical moment for the battle at Naushahra. In the meantime, Brigadier Usman sent a company of the 3rd (Para) Battalion, Rajput Regiment, to reinforce Tain Dhar. Without <mask> engaging the Pakistani troops for a considerable period, re-capture of these posts would have been impossible. Param Vir Chakra

<mask> was posthumously awarded the India's highest military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra for his actions on 6 February 1948. The official citation is as follows:

Legacy
The Shipping Corporation of India (SCI), an Indian Government enterprise under the Ministry of Shipping, named fifteen of her crude oil tankers in honour of the Param Vir Chakra recipients. The crude oil tanker named MT Naik Jadunath <mask>, PVC was delivered to SCI on 21 September 1984.The tanker was phased out after 25 years of service. A sports stadium in Shahjahanpur, the town near the village where <mask> was born, was named as "Paramveer Chakra Lance Nayak Jadunath Singh Sports Stadium" in his honour. Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References

External links
PVC recipients on Indian Army website

1948 deaths
Indian Army personnel
Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra
People from Uttar Pradesh
People from Shahjahanpur
1916 births

masks:
Jadunath Singh Rathore
Singh
Naik Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh Rathore
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh


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<mask> (8 February 17961 September 1864) was a French social reformer, one of the founders of Saint-Simonianism. He was also a proponent of a Suez canal. Early life
Enfantin was born in Paris, the son of a banker of Dauphiné. After receiving his early education at a lyceum, he was sent in 1813 to the École polytechnique. In March 1814 he was one of the band of students who, on the heights of Montmartre and Saint-Chaumont, attempted resistance to the armies of the Sixth Coalition which had engaged in the invasion of Paris. In consequence of this outbreak of patriotic enthusiasm, the school was soon after closed by Louis XVIII, and the young student was compelled to seek another career. Initially, he began working for a country wine merchant, travelling to Germany, Russia and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.In 1821 he entered a banking-house newly established at Saint Petersburg, but returned two years later to Paris, where he was appointed cashier to the Caisse Hypothécaire. At the same time, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. In 1825 a new turn was given to his thoughts and his life by the friendship which he formed with Olinde Rodriguez, who introduced him to the Comte de Saint-Simon. He affiliated to Saint-Simon's version of utopian socialism, and, by 1829, he had become one of the acknowledged heads of the movement. Preaching and politics
After the July Revolution of 1830 Enfantin resigned his office of cashier, and devoted all his energy to the cause. Besides contributing to Le Globe, he made appeals to the people by systematic preaching, and organized centres of action in some of the main cities of France. The headquarters in Paris were moved from the modest rooms in the Rue Taranne to the large halls near the Boulevard des Italiens.<mask> and Amand Bazard were proclaimed Pères Suprêmes ("Supreme Fathers") – a union which was, however, only nominal, as a divergence was already manifest. Bazard, who concentrated on organizing the group, had devoted himself to political reform, while Enfantin, who favoured teaching and preaching, dedicated his time to social and moral change. The antagonism was widened by Enfantin's announcement of his theory of the relation of man and woman, which would substitute a system of "free love" for the "tyranny of marriage". Bazard and his disciples broke with Enfantin's group. The latter became sole "father", leading a chiefly religiously-oriented movement, joined by new converts (according to Enfantin's estimate, the total number of followers would have reached 40,000). He wore on his breast a badge with his title of Père, was referred to by his preachers as "the living law", declared himself to be the chosen of God, and sent out emissaries in a quest of a woman predestined to be the "female Messiah," and the mother of a new Saviour (the latter quest was very costly and altogether fruitless). Success and repression
Meanwhile, the new religion gathered believers in all parts of Europe.His extravagances and success at length brought him to the attention of authorities, who argued that he was endangering public morality - Enfantin had announced that the gulf between the sexes was too wide and this social inequality would impede rapid growth of society. Enfantin called for the abolition of prostitution and for the ability for women to divorce and obtain legal rights. This was considered radical for the time. In May 1832 the halls of the new sect were closed by the government, and the Père, with some of his followers, appeared before the tribunals. He then retired to his estate at Menilmontant, near Paris, where with forty disciples, all of them men, he continued to carry out his socialist views. In August of the same year he was again arrested, and on his appearance in court he desired his defence to be undertaken by two women who were with him, alleging that the matter was of special concern to women; the request was promptly refused. The trial occupied two days and resulted in a verdict of guilty, and a sentence of imprisonment for a year with a small fine.This prosecution discredited the new society. Enfantin was released in a few months. Turkey and Egypt
Then, accompanied by twenty of his followers, many of whom were also engineers from the Ecole Polytechnique, including Charles Joseph Lambert, also known as Lambert-Bey, and some women, he went first to Istanbul. Enfantin had declared 1833 the Year of the Mother, and upon arrival in Istanbul the group began to strongly preach their views about gender relations and New Christianity. The Ottoman Empire told them to leave to avoid prison. <mask> and his group then arrived in Egypt, where he planned to penetrate the feminine Orient with the masculine Occident in a consummation of progression - build a canal connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. In Egypt at that time, Muhammad Ali, the Egyptian Viceroy, was at odds with the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople, and also practiced public-private contracts known as concessions with mostly European companies to build cheap infrastructure.Ali did not agree to a project linking the two seas because he did not want to cut out the duties he collected from overland trade in Egypt, but did allow Enfantin's group to work on the Delta Barrage - a type of dam - north of Cairo - with unpaid laborers - that would act to limit Nile flooding and create predictable crop yields. During his time in Egypt, Enfantine also established technical schools based on the Ecole Polytechnique model with Ali's blessing. Also in Egypt he encountered and influenced Ferdinand de Lesseps. Enfantine returned to France in 1836, lacking the patience to finish the Nile barrage project that was encountering delays. Return to France

On his return to France, he occupied minor offices. He became first a postmaster near Lyon, and in 1841 was appointed, through the influence of some of his friends who had risen to posts of power, member of a scientific commission on Algeria, which led him to engage in researches concerning North Africa and colonization in general. In 1845 he was appointed a director of the Paris & Lyons railway.Three years later he established, in conjunction with Duveyrier, a daily journal, entitled Le Credit, which was discontinued in 1850. He was afterwards attached to the administration of the railway from Lyons to the Mediterranean. Société d'Études du Canal de Suez
Father Enfantin held fast by his ideal to the end, but he had renounced the hope of giving it a local habitation and a name in the degenerate obstinate world. His personal influence over those who associated with him was immense. "He was a man of a noble presence, with finely formed and expressive features. He was gentle and insinuating in manner, and possessed a calm, graceful and winning delivery" (Gent. M . Jan. 1865).His evident sincerity, his genuine enthusiasm, gave him his marvellous ascendancy. The Société d'Études du Canal de Suez was established by Enfantin in 1846 to continue study of the Suez Canal. Its members included Arlès-Dufour, Jules, Lon and Paulin Talabot, the British Robert Stephenson and Edward Starbuck, the Austrian Alois Negrelli, inspector of the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway, and Feronce and Sellier of Leipzig as representatives of the German interest. The Société sent surveying teams to Egypt, developed engineering plans, determined that the elevation difference between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea was negligible, but Muhammad Ali was still reticent to the idea of a canal. Upon his death in 1848, the activities of the Société were minimized until his successor was assassinated in 1854 and Ferdinand de Lesseps took up the initiative to build a canal. Lessups had corresponded at least once with the Société in the intervening years and had known the new Egyptian viceroy, Sa'id, when he was a young man. Enfantin was listed by Lessups as a founder of the Suez Canal Company.Not a few of his disciples ranked afterwards amongst the most distinguished men of France. Enfantin died suddenly in Paris on September 1, 1864. Literary works
Amongst his works are: Doctrine de Saint-Simon (written in conjunction with several of his followers), published in 1830, and several times republished; Economie politique et politique Saint-Simonienne (1831);  (1835–1840); Corresp. philos. et religieuse (1843–1845); and La Vie eternelle passee, presente, future (1861). A large number of articles by his hand appeared in Le Producteur, L'Organisateur, Le Globe, and other periodicals. He also wrote in 1832 Le Livre nouveau, intended as a substitute for the Christian Scriptures, but it was not published.See also

 Saint-Simonianism

Footnotes

References

Attribution:
  This work in turn cites:

1796 births
1864 deaths
Politicians from Paris
French feminists
French socialists
Saint-Simonists
French socialist feminists
Utopian socialists
Lycée Hoche alumni
Male feminists
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French social reformers
French expatriates in the Russian Empire
French expatriates in the Ottoman Empire

masks:
Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin
Enfantin
Enfantin


text_chunks:
<mask>  (March 24, 1898 – March 31, 1992) was an American sportsman and Olympics official. After playing football at Phillips University and the University of Michigan, he worked for American Metal Products Company, an automobile parts manufacturer, from 1923 to 1963. From 1951 to 1953, he was the president of the Amateur Athletic Union, then America's governing body for many amateur sports. He was vice president (1953–65) and president (1965–68) of the United States Olympic Committee and one of two American members of the International Olympic Committee (1952–84). As president of the USOC during the 1968 Summer Olympics, he expelled African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos after their raised-fist Black Power salute during a medal ceremony. Early years
<mask> was born in Port Tobacco, Maryland, and grew up in Chicago, Illinois where he attended Wendell Phillips High School. In 1916 he received a scholarship to the Michigan Military Academy at Brighton, Michigan, where he helped the football team to an undefeated season that fall.Phillips University
While attending the academy, <mask> became friends with John Maulbetsch, a star halfback at the University of Michigan. After graduating, Maulbetsch accepted the head football coaching job at Phillips University in Enid, Oklahoma. Phillips was a small, private school without a well-known athletic program. <mask> was Maulbetsch's first recruit to play at Phillips. With <mask> as team captain and future Pro Football Hall of Famer Steve Owen also on the team, Phillips lost only one game in 1918 and 1919, including a 10–0–1 record in 1919. The Phillips "Haymakers" defeated Oklahoma and the Texas Longhorns, gaining a reputation as "one of the strongest teams in the southwest." When Phillips defeated Texas 10-0 in Austin, Texas in October 1919, the Longhorns had not lost a game since 1917.One Texas newspaper reported that Phillips had "whitewashed the Longhorns in their own corral." University of Michigan
In February 1920, Roby transferred to the University of Michigan, where he worked his way through college by racking balls in a billiards parlor six hours a day. He played for the Michigan Wolverines in 1921 and 1922 both as a left fielder in baseball and a fullback in football. He graduated in a degree in business administration in 1923. Professional football and squash
Roby played professional football for one year with the Cleveland Indians in 1923. Roby was the starting tailback in all seven games for the Indians in 1923, scoring one touchdown and also kicking an extra point. Statistics are not available for his yardage gained.He later played squash for the Detroit team from 1928–1936, winning the national championship in 1932. American Metal Products Company
<mask> joined the American Metal Products Company, a Detroit-based automotive parts manufacturer in 1926, and retired as board chairman in 1963. <mask> was the company's president in 1958 when a furnace being used to temper automobile seat springs exploded, collapsing the roof of the company's three-block-long plant, causing injury to several workers. Amateur athletics official
<mask> began a fifty-year career as an athletic official by serving several terms on the University of Michigan's Board in Control of Athletics. From 1951 to 1953, he was the president of the U.S. Amateur Athletic Union, then America's governing body for many amateur sports. And in 1952, he was selected to serve on the International Olympic Committee and was one of two American members on the IOC from 1952-1984.He also served as vice president of the United States Olympic Committee from 1953–1965 and as the president of the USOC from 1965-1968. <mask> was also elected as the third president of the Pan American Sports Organisation for the 1955-1959 term. Detroit's Olympic bids
From 1939 through the 1960s, Roby sought to bring the Olympics to Detroit. When Detroit was selected over Los Angeles as the USOC's proposed site for the 1968 Summer Olympics, IOC member John Garland from California declined to support the American bid. <mask> noted: "John Garland of California -- I doubt if he will support us. He was quite hurt that Detroit prevailed over Los Angeles in the competition before the American Olympic Committee for the right to bid for the games. But I don't think that will hurt us.On the contrary, the propaganda by people in California against us might help because it has been unsportsmanlike." Mexico City ultimately proceeded to win the right to host the 1968 Games. Leadership at the 1968 Olympics
During the 1968 Olympics as the president of the USOC, <mask> took disciplinary action against members of the U.S Olympic delegation due to their participation in an act of political protest during the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. The protest involved African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who raised black-gloved fists and bowed their heads while "The Star-Spangled Banner" was played during a medal ceremony. Initially inclined not to take action against Smith and Carlos, Roby faced considerable pressure from the International Olympic Committee and ultimately ordered the two to be removed from the Olympic village and sent home, though he did not strip them of their medals. Roby had called the USOC executive board into session immediately after the protest; they issued a two-page statement apologizing to the IOC and the Mexican hosts for the act, saying no action was planned but hinting that no further demonstrations would be tolerated. Hours later, the USOC was asked to withdraw its statement.<mask> explained, "At 6 p.m. I had a call from the IOC to meet with them at 9 p.m. When I got there, I found the committee was adamant that severe action be taken against the offending athletes. I told them our committee was undecided. I asked, 'What if we do nothing?' They told me quite firmly that if the United States found that it could not control its athletes, then the IOC might be forced to firm action. I was led to believe that there was a threat of throwing out the entire U.S.team." Other accounts have confirmed that the USOC refused to ban the two but gave in when the IOC threatened to expel the entire US track team. The USOC went back into session after midnight and ordered the removal of Smith and Carlos. <mask> later defended the decision in an interview with The New York Times, saying:
We suppressed the demonstrators because we felt if we let it go it would get progressively worse, it would become a tip-off to others, white as well as black. We let a lot of things go by—berets, black socks, hands up and down—even though there are specific rules against changes in uniform in the competitor's handbook. But we felt that would be flyspecking. But we couldn't let a flagrant demonstration go by.We considered that we might have a boycott on our hands but we had to take the chance. At the 1968 Olympics, Roby also condemned  members of the rowing team from Harvard that publicly endorsed the demonstrations. Roby sent a letter to Harvard’s coach criticizing his alleged involvement. Roby wrote:
At one point, I personally was in favor of disqualifying you and your crew for acts grossly unbecoming to members of our Olympic team. I am now glad I did not encourage such a harsh action for I feel that the miserable performance of you and your crew at Mexico City will stand as a permanent record against you and the athletes which you led. As a boy I had great admiration and respect for Harvard and the men it produced. Certainly serious intellectual degeneration has taken place in this once great University if you and several members of your crew are examples of the type of men that are within its walls.Controversies over China and South Africa
In 1979, Roby voted against the readmission of China to the Olympics, but China prevailed by a vote of 62-17. In 1984, he advocated the readmission of apartheid-era South Africa to the Olympics. Roby resigned from the IOC in 1985 and retired from the USOC in 1986. Death
<mask> died of heart failure at a nursing home in Ann Arbor. He was 94 years old at the time of his death in 1992, making him the oldest living U-M letterman. He was survived by a son, <mask><mask> Jr., two daughters, Hermine <mask> Klingler, and <mask> Glancy. See also
 University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor
 1968 Olympics Black Power salute

References

1898 births
1992 deaths
American chief executives
American football fullbacks
People in the automobile industry
Cleveland Indians (NFL 1923) players
International Olympic Committee members
Michigan Wolverines baseball players
Michigan Wolverines football players
Phillips Haymakers football players
Ross School of Business alumni
People from Port Tobacco Village, Maryland
Players of American football from Chicago
Players of American football from Detroit
Presidents of the United States Olympic Committee
Sportspeople from Detroit
Sportspeople from Chicago
American male squash players

masks:
Douglas Fergusson Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Roby
Douglas F
. Roby
Roby
Ruth Roby


text_chunks:
<mask> (born <mask>; 23 May 1938) is an English television personality, a populariser of mathematics and the father of BBC Radio 2 DJ <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born in Bristol and attended Kingswood Primary School on the eastern edge of the city. Later in his childhood the family moved to Bolton, Lancashire, where he attended Bolton County Grammar School. He left formal education with two "O" Levels, one in mathematics and one in geography. He was called up for national service and spent three years in the Royal Air Force. He was posted to Wales as a radar operator and was later sent to Germany to monitor the Hamburg-Berlin air corridor. <mask> began his entertainment career by working as a Butlin's Redcoat, and was an entertainer in northern clubs and cabaret.He was nicknamed <mask> after <mask>, who played for Bolton Wanderers from 1950 to 1958 and the name stuck. Television and radio career
<mask> was a regular fixture on children's television from the mid 1970s and throughout the 1980s, presenting several series of popular science and technology programmes intended for children (including Think of a Number; Think Again; Think Backwards; Think...This Way and <mask> Reveals All). He was also one of the hosts of infant education programme Play School beginning in 1967 and continuing throughout the 1970s and beyond. As well as appearing on screen <mask> wrote jokes for some shows including Crackerjack. All of these shows (except the ITV programme ...Reveals All) appeared on the BBC. <mask>'s shows were renowned for presenting scientific and technological principles in an entertaining and accessible way for young people. In 2003, he appeared on The Terry and Gaby Show in which he answered viewers' questions.In July 2004, he was named in the Radio Times list of the top 40 most eccentric TV presenters of all time. In July 2012, he presented a Horizon special on ageing on BBC Four. He has starred in ITV and Channel 4 television adverts as well as radio adverts for the Yorkshire-based firm Help-Link. In 2012, <mask> took part in the Strictly Come Dancing TV show, where he was paired with Aliona Vilani. A training accident in the three-week interval resulted in torn ligaments for Vilani, causing her to retire temporarily from the show. She was replaced by Iveta Lukošiūtė who, with <mask>, went on to be eliminated in the first week. Vilani returned in the final group dance alongside <mask>.In a TV interview in October 2017, <mask> claimed Vilani faked the injury, with Vilani denying the allegation and saying she would take legal advice over <mask>'s comments. He was 74 at the time, and he is the oldest contestant in the show's history. Personal life
<mask>'s daughter Zoe previously presented Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two for BBC TV and currently presents the breakfast show on BBC Radio 2. <mask> lives with his wife Di in Buckinghamshire. Series guide
Think of a Number
Pilot: 2 April 1977
Series 1: 6 editions – 12 April 1978 – 17 May 1978
Series 2: 6 editions – 12 September 1979 – 17 October 1979
Series 3: 6 editions – 10 September 1980 – 15 October 1980
Series 4: 6 editions – 15 September 1982 – 20 October 1982
Series 5: 6 editions – 4 January 1984 – 8 February 1984
Series 6: 6 editions – 26 September 1984 – 31 October 1984

Think Again
Series 1: 5 editions – 9 January 1981 – 6 February 1981
Series 2: 6 editions – 8 January 1982 – 12 February 1982
Series 3: 6 editions – 7 January 1983 – 11 February 1983
Series 4: 6 editions – 13 September 1983 – 18 October 1983
Series 5: 6 editions – 10 September 1985 – 15 October 1985

Think!Backwards
Five editions shown over one week – 28 September 1981 – 2 October 1981

Think! This Way
Five editions shown over one week – 28 March 1983 – 1 April 1983

Think It ... Do It
Series 1: 6 editions – 11 March 1986 – 15 April 1986
Series 2: 6 editions – 27 February 1987 – 3 April 1987

Knowhow
Series 1: 6 editions – 8 March 1988 – 12 April 1988
Series 2: 6 editions – 25 October 1988 – 29 November 1988
Series 3: 6 editions – 2 January 1990 – 6 February 1990 (does not feature in series 3)

<mask> Reveals All
Series 1: 7 editions – 14 June 1989 – 26 July 1989
Series 2: 6 editions – 3 August 1990 – 7 September 1990
Series 3: 7 editions – 18 March 1992 – 29 April 1992
Series 4: 7 editions – 5 July 1993 – 16 August 1993
Series 5: 5 editions – 8 August 1994 – 1 September 1994

(source: BBC)

Other activities
<mask> rejects the overwhelming scientific consensus on climate change, claiming that "carbon dioxide has been unfairly victimised in the debate." He supports the expansion of nuclear power and has given speeches arguing for its development.On 15 December 2009, <mask> was booed off stage at a London show for his climate change denial. In November 2006, <mask> voiced his opposition to the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act, which would require any adult working with children to be vetted by the Criminal Records Bureau. In an interview with The Sunday Times, he said: "It is like George Orwell's 1984... a quarter of adults will have to be checked... The fear we are instilling in [children] is abhorrent." <mask> served as Rector of the University of Glasgow from 1993–1996. <mask> is a supporter of the FatallyFlawed campaign against the use of plug-in socket covers. In April 2014, <mask> donated his time and talent as voice-over in an educational animated video for the Raspberry Pi Foundation, a Cambridge-based UK charity whose aim is to get children interested in taking up a career in computer programming.On 30 November 2019, <mask> appeared as a surprise guest with Robert Rinder in the Midnight Gameshow section of Michael McIntyre's Big Show. From 2020-2021 <mask> appeared four times as a speaker on Numberphile, a YouTube channel hosted by Brady Haran. In his episodes he spoke about "Russian multiplication", "The Mesolabe Compass and Square Roots", "Parabolas and Archimedes", and "The Volume of a Sphere". Bibliography

 (American edition of "Think of a Number")

 (different from the 2005 book of the same name)

References

External links
Johnny Ball Productions — Official website
<mask> biography and credits at BFI Screenonline
Think of a number... think <mask>
<mask> "slates" children's TV
Think of a Number – TV Cream entry
BBC – Strictly Come Dancing
FatallyFlawed – <mask> supports campaign

1938 births
Living people
20th-century Royal Air Force personnel
BBC television presenters
Butlins Redcoats
English television presenters
People from Bolton
Rectors of the University of Glasgow
Science communicators
Television personalities from Greater Manchester

masks:
Johnny Ball
Graham Thalben Ball
Zoe Ball
Ball
Ball
Johnny
John Ball
Ball
Johnny Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Johnny Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Ball
Johnny Ball
Johnny Ball
Johnny Ball
Johnny Ball


text_chunks:
<mask> (; born 8 January 1973), popularly known by his nickname <mask>, is a Bangladeshi rock singer-songwriter, composer, bassist, record producer and founder of the Bangladeshi rock band Aurthohin. He has been the only constant member of the band since 1998 and has appeared in all the albums of the band. <mask> was born and raised in Dhaka. He started learning bass at the age of 15. He first auditioned for rock band Feelings in 1990 at the age of 16 and joined the band that year. He had played in 11 bands by the age of 19. In 1997, he joined Warfaze and later appeared in the band's 1998 hit album "অসামাজিক (Antisocial)".In 1999, he released his first solo album "সুমন ও অর্থহীন (Sumon and Aurthohin)" and in the same year he formed the band Aurthohin. He is mostly known for his slapping and tapping style in bass playing and is considered to be the most influential and the greatest bassist in the country. His style of playing bass and success in music has earned him the title "Bassbaba" (Father of Bass). Early life

<mask> was born in 1973 in Dhaka, Bangladesh to Nazmul Ahsan <mask> and Shamsun Nahar <mask>. He has two brothers named Shamsul Arefin <mask> and Saiful Arefin Khaled along with a sister named Shahina S<mask> who lives in Oregon, USA. He attended Government Laboratory High School. After that, he completed his graduation from Dhaka City College.He started playing Hawaiian guitar at the age of 7. In an interview, <mask> stated that he was unable to buy a Spanish guitar, so he took his Hawaiian guitar to a shop and converted it to a Spanish guitar. He picked up his first Spanish guitar and formed his first band when he was 12. One day he was seeing an Iron Maiden show on TV. He was heavily inspired by Steve Harris. Since then he started playing bass guitar. He was 15.He joined one of the most popular bands of Bangladesh 'Feelings' as a bassist when he was 17 where he played with the greatest rockstar of Bangladesh, Faruq Mahfuz Anam, commonly known as James . He did the first ever unaccompanied bass solo in Bangladesh when he was 17. Career

He played with 11 bands by the age of 19. He wrote, sang, produced his first solo album when he was 20. He is known for his nice grooves, excellent use of different bass playing techniques, and, mostly, for his quite frequent bass solos in his band Aurthohin's songs. Bangladesh is a country where rock music, especially metal and alternative rock, is getting popular and Bassbaba <mask> is credited as one of the few most influencing artists in this sector. He has single-handedly changed the role of bass guitar in Bangladeshi Music.It is said that bass playing has become a hugely attractive thing to the young music lovers of this country only because of the influence of Bassbaba <mask>. He is also a key figure in promoting Rock music in this country. In 2016 he released his first solo bass album named "Soul Food Part 1".In the album, <mask> collaborated and featured world-renowned musicians, in  the likes of Felix Pastorius, Robert ‘Bubby’ Lewis, Josh Cohen, Bob Franceschini, J.D. Blair and Erfan Nazem Zadeh. Talented Bangladeshi drummer Mark Don is also featured in one of the tracks. Influence and playing styles
<mask> has cited Steve Harris as his primary influence for switching to bass from guitar. He was also inspired by various funk bassists such as Victor Wooten, Stuart Ham and Mark King.He mostly plays with slapping and tapping. His slapping technique helped Aurthohin bringing funky sound. His notable solos are - Shaat Din, Guti (The Finale), Surjo 2, Nirbodh, songs from Soul Food (part 1) album, etc. Illness

After the release of Aurthohin's fourth album, 'Dhrubok', <mask>'s health deteriorated. In 2011, it was announced that he had stomach cancer. After surgery and chemotherapy, <mask> was pronounced cancer-free in 2013. He wrote a song about his illness, "Cancer", which appeared on 'Aushomapto 2.The cancer came back and he had to go through a total of 12 surgeries in 5 years. Personal life
<mask> is also the director of Khaled Group of Companies. He has two children named Ahnaf <mask> <mask> and <mask> <mask> and a wife named Nazia <mask> <mask> (1996–present). Both of his children sang with him on his album Boka Manushta'.

masks:
Saidus Salehin Khaled Sumon
Bassbaba Sumon
Sumon
Sumon
Khaled
Khaled
Khaled
. Khaled
Sumon
Sumon
Sumon
Sumon
Sumon
Sumon
Sumon
Sumon
Salehin
Khaled
Aurora Salehin
Khaled
Salehin
Khaled