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<mask> FRS (born 1931) is a British neuropsychologist specialised in the study of dementia. She holds a PhD in Psychology visual processing and is now an emeritus professor of clinical neuropsychology at the University College London. She formerly worked as the Head of the Department of Neuropsychology at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery where she is also a member of the Dementia Research Centre. She was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1986. Biography
<mask> received her PhD in Psychology (visual processing) from the University College London in the 1950s. She worked as the Head of Department of Neuropsychology at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in London, England. As of June 2015, she is an emeritus professor of clinical neuropsychology for the University College London, specifically in the UCL Institute of Neurology.She is a member of the Dementia Research Centre associated with University College London. <mask> played a key role in the British development of Cognitive Neuropsychology a research approach that has had implications beyond the clinical sphere, providing important insights into the way that the normal human brain perceives, remembers, and talk about words, objects and events. <mask>'s work has established a number of important differences (dissociations) between superficially similar cognitive abilities, for example in defining the differences between episodic memory and semantic memory and in establishing the evidence for category specific disorders of semantic knowledge; her work also defined a pattern of clinical impairment that became recognised as defining a form of dementia semantic dementia. Her work is a foundation for understanding normal function as well as for innovating clinical methods in the development of numerous tests that can be used in the diagnosis of brain injuries and diseases including dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and brain injuries resulting from a stroke and tumours. Her tests may also be used to track recovery and to plan rehabilitation

Research
<mask>'s research work focused on cognitive abilities and deficits. She conducted extensive research in the areas of visual object recognition, memory, and dementia. Her research has played an important role in the discovery and characterisation of semantic dementia.<mask> has also contributed to the development of more accurate tests used to diagnose degenerative brain conditions. In one of <mask>'s earliest studies, she investigated eighty right-handed patients who showed signs of a unilateral cerebral lesion resulting from problems such as a stroke or tumor. Subjects with lesions affecting the right side of their brain performed worse than subjects with lesions on the left and control subjects when attempting both the Incomplete Letters Task and the Gollin Incomplete Figures Task. She went on to demonstrate that people with right hemisphere lesions had great difficulty in recognising objects photographed from unusual angles or with unusual lighting. The results of these studies provided evidence of hemispheric lateralisation of function and also had a major impact on's theory of object recognition. Entirely by accident, <mask> working together with Lawrence Weiskrantz discovered a task in which patients suffering from severe amnesia displayed signs of memory. She accomplished this using the Gollin incomplete figures task.When presenting patients with the second viewing of the figures, patients showed good retention of the initially unrecognisable images. These patients were classified as displaying signs of "normal" memory. To further validate the discovery of "normal" memory in severe amnesics, <mask> used methods involving stem completion. The stem completion tasks involved patients learning a battery of words, and later identifying the learned words. Patients were able to identify a previously learned word when presented with the first three letters, but were unable to identify a previously learned word when given the choice between a learned word and unknown word. These tests provided further evidence of different types of memory, now known as implicit memory and explicit memory. In a test administered by <mask> and Tim Shallice from University College London, the short term memory of a patient who suffered head trauma following a motorcycle accident was tested.Although the patient displayed a digit span of one (as opposed to the average person's digit span of five to nine), he was able to form certain types of long term memory. The collected data suggested that short term memory was not necessarily required for the formation of long term memories. Cognitive Functioning Tests
Throughout her career, <mask> conducted many ground breaking experiments and developed many cognitive functioning tests to measure a patient's cognitive abilities. <mask>'s work is often credited with helping shape the basis of modern-day cognitive psychology. Many of <mask>'s tests are still used today. One of her most influential collection of tests is the Visual Object and Space Perception Battery, or the VOSP, published by <mask> and Merle James in 1991. This collection of tests was based on over twenty years' research into object and spatial perception in people with damage confined to one side of the brain.Although the tests were originally devised to investigate theoretical issues, they have excellent selectivity and sensitivity in a clinical context leading to their wide adoption. The VOSP tests were designed to place limited demands on other cognitive abilities and are generally easy for people without brain disorders. Some VOSP tests have been incorporated into other test batteries (e.g., The Rookwood Driving Battery) and they have also influenced other screening measures (e.g., The ACE-R). There are  eight untimed tests in the VOSP that can be given either separately or as a whole. The scores obtained in a testing session can be compared with those obtained by people with brain injuries and with controls. The VOSP is widely used by clinical and research psychologists and has featured in over 250 research publications. The VOSP can be purchased from Pearson for around the price of 230.00 USD.Another test that is still in use is the Verbal and Spatial Reasoning Test also known as VESPAR. VESPAR is a test that was designed by <mask> and Dawn W. Langdon in 1996. VESPAR is a reasoning test that presents a fairly new approach in how reasoning tests are performed. This test is designed to measure the fluid intelligence in neurological patients. This test is unique in that it offers more accuracy than any other test available for this type of measurement. VESPAR is divided into six sections. There are three matched sets of verbal and spatial reasoning problems, where each is dedicated to one of three forms of inductive reasoning.This includes odd one out, by analogy, and series completion. VESPAR is able to overcome many restraints that arise when performing more conventional reasoning tests by using stimuli that is more readily accessed by patients who suffer from physical or cognitive impairments due to neurological illness. VESPAR does not use timing to help evaluate performance, instead it uses high frequency stimulus words or visually distinct spatial stimuli to help determine its results. VESPAR has a multiple choice format. This format has been adopted to reduce both short term memory load and output demands on the patient. The assessment of patients for neurodiagnostic and neurorehabilitation needs will be facilitated. VESPAR only requires the patient to do simple pointing gestures.The spatial section of the test measures the fluid intelligence of patients with aphasia. The verbal section does the same for patients with visual and spatial problems. VESPAR focuses more the instinctive ability of a patient, rather than educational experience. Thus, although originally developed for adult neurological populations, the test is suitable for a wide range of clinical, educational, occupational, and research applications. This test is also available for purchase at most online bookstores. References

External links
Professor <mask> FRS – Cognition and behaviour, Warrington's profile on the Royal Society's website
An interview with Warrington
<mask>'s profile on the UCL website
An interview with <mask>
VOSP
VESPAR
Podcasts on iTunes

Living people
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Academics of University College London
Alumni of University College London
British neuroscientists
British women neuroscientists
British women scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society
1931 births

masks:
Elizabeth Kerr Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Elizabeth Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Warrington
Elizabeth Warrington
Elizabeth Warrington
Elizabeth Warrington


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<mask><mask> (born June 5, 1965) is an American astronomer, who has been professor of planetary astronomy at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) since 2003. His team has discovered many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), including the dwarf planet Eris, which was originally thought to be bigger than Pluto, triggering a debate on the definition of a planet. He has been referred to by himself and by others as the man who "killed Pluto", because he furthered Pluto's being downgraded to a dwarf planet in the aftermath of his discovery of Eris and several other probable trans-Neptunian dwarf planets. He is the author of How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming, published in 2010. He was awarded the Kavli Prize (shared with Jane X. Luu and David C. Jewitt) in 2012 "for discovering and characterizing the Kuiper Belt and its largest members, work that led to a major advance in the understanding of the history of our planetary system." Early life and education
<mask> is a Huntsville, Alabama, native and graduated from Virgil I. Grissom High School in 1983. He earned his A.B.in physics from Princeton University in 1987, where he was a member of the Princeton Tower Club. <mask> completed his senior thesis, titled "Simulating the measurement of the correlation function of the Shane–Wirtanen galaxy counts", under the supervision of <mask>. He did his graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned an M.A. degree in astronomy in 1990 and a Ph.D. degree in astronomy in 1994. Career

Discoveries

<mask> is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery or co-discovery of 29 minor planets, not counting Haumea (see list below). He is best known in the scientific community for his surveys for distant objects orbiting the Sun. His team has discovered many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs).Particularly notable are <mask>, a dwarf planet and the only TNO known to be more massive than Pluto, leading directly to Pluto's demotion from planet status; Sedna, a planetoid thought to be the first observed body of the inner Öpik–Oort cloud; and Orcus. <mask>'s team famously named Eris and its moon Dysnomia with the informal names Xena and Gabrielle, respectively, after the two main characters of Xena: Warrior Princess. Together with Jean-Luc Margot in 2001, he also discovered Romulus and Linus, two minor-planet moons in the asteroid belt. List of minor-planet discoveries

Haumea controversy

<mask> and his team also had been observing the dwarf planet  for approximately six months before its announced discovery by José Luis Ortiz Moreno and colleagues from the Sierra Nevada Observatory in Spain. <mask> originally indicated his support for Ortiz's team's being given credit for the discovery of Haumea. However, further investigation showed that a website containing archives of where the telescopes of <mask>'s team had been pointed while tracking Haumea had been accessed eight times in the three days preceding Ortiz's announcement, by computers with IP addresses that were traced back to the website of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC, Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia), where Ortiz works, and to e-mail messages sent by Ortiz and his student. These website accesses came a week after <mask> had published an abstract for an upcoming conference talk at which he had planned to announce the discovery of Haumea; the abstract referred to Haumea by a code that was the same code used in the online telescope logs; and the Andalusia computers had accessed the logs containing that code directly, as would be the case after an internet search, without going through the home page or other pages of the archives.When asked about this online activity, Ortiz responded with an email to <mask> that suggested <mask> was at fault for "hiding objects", and said that "the only reason why we are now exchanging e-mail is because you did not report your object." <mask> says that this statement by Ortiz contradicts the accepted scientific practice of analyzing one's research until one is satisfied that it is accurate, then submitting it to peer review prior to any public announcement. However, the Minor Planet Center only needs precise enough orbit determination on the object in order to provide discovery credit, which Ortiz provided (see Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons to verify typical time scale of observation and publication of discoveries). The then director of the IAA, José Carlos del Toro, distanced himself from Ortiz, insisting that its researchers have "sole responsibility" for themselves. <mask> petitioned the International Astronomical Union to credit his team rather than Ortiz as the discoverers of Haumea. The IAU has deliberately not acknowledged a discoverer of Haumea. The discovery date and location are listed as March 7, 2003 at Ortiz's Sierra Nevada Observatory.However, the IAU accepted <mask>'s suggested name of Haumea, which fit the names of Haumea's two moons, rather than Ortiz's Ataecina. Proposed ninth planet
In January 2016, <mask> and fellow Caltech astronomer, Konstantin Batygin, proposed the existence of Planet Nine, a major planet between the size of Earth and Neptune. The two astronomers gave a recorded interview in which they described their method and reasoning for proposing Planet 9 on January 20, 2016. Other work
In 2010 <mask> published a memoir of his discoveries and surrounding family life, How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming. Honors, awards and accolades
<mask> was named one of Time 100 most influential people of 2006. In 2007 he received Caltech's annual Feynman Prize, Caltech's most prestigious teaching honor. Asteroid 11714 Mikebrown, discovered on April 28, 1998, was named in his honor.In 2012, <mask> was awarded the Kavli Prize in Astrophysics. Students and postdocs
<mask>'s former graduate students and postdocs include astrophysicists Adam Burgasser, Jean-Luc Margot, Chad Trujillo, Marc Kuchner, Antonin Bouchez, <mask>, Darin Ragozzine, and Megan Schwamb. Personal life
<mask> married Diane Binney on March 1, 2003. They have one daughter. See also
 Konstantin Batygin
 Planet Nine

References

External links

 <mask>'s homepage

  (plutokiller)
 <mask>'s planets <mask>'s blog
 The Search for Planet Nine Konstantin Batygin's and <mask>'s blog
 Brown's Talk on How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming Part of the Silicon Valley Astronomy Lecture Series
 The Tenth Planet, by Alec Wilkinson, The New Yorker, July 24, 2006

1965 births
Living people
20th-century American astronomers
21st-century American astronomers
California Institute of Technology faculty
Discoverers of asteroids
Discoverers of trans-Neptunian objects

Eris (dwarf planet)
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Huntsville, Alabama
Planetary scientists
Pluto's planethood
Princeton University alumni
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Kavli Prize laureates in Astrophysics

masks:
Michael E
. Brown
Brown
Brown
Edward Groth
Brown
Eris
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Emily Schaller
Brown
Brown
Mike Brown
Brown
Brown


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<mask> (31 August 1908 – 12 February 1944) was a leading English sportsman, aviator, explorer and author. Born at his parents' home in Regent's Park, London, Gandar-Dower was the fourth and youngest son of independently wealthy Joseph Wilson Gandar-Dower and his wife Amelia Frances Germaine. Two of his elder brothers, Eric and Alan Gandar Dower, served as Conservative Members of Parliament. Other brothers include Ronald, Leonard and Howard. All used different versions of their surname: Gandar-Dower, Gandar Dower and Dower respectively. Education
Gandar-Dower was educated at Windlesham House School and Harrow School, where he played cricket, association football, Eton Fives and rackets and, with Terence Rattigan, wrote for The Harrovian. He then received a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1927 to read History, gaining an upper second.There, he won athletic blues in billiards, tennis and real tennis, Rugby Fives, Eton Fives and rackets. In addition, Gandar-Dower edited Granta magazine and chaired the Trinity debating society. Sporting career
Gandar-Dower became a leading tennis player, competing in a number of tournaments throughout the 1930s, including Wimbledon and the French Championships. He was nicknamed "The Undying Retriever" for his ability to run large distances during matches. At the 1932 Queen's Club Championship in London Gandar-Dower had his greatest tennis success when he defeated Harry Hopman in three sets. Newspaper reports stated that he "had Hopman perplexed with his unorthodox game and the number of astonishingly low volleys from apparently impossible positions." Gandar-Dower also won the British Amateur Squash championships in 1938 and continued to play cricket competitively throughout the 1930s.Gandar-Dower twice won the principal trophy in Eton Fives – the Kinnaird Cup – in 1929 and 1932, and was in the defeated pair in the 1931 final. Gandar-Dower caused a reputation for himself in real tennis through his tactic of getting to the net as quickly as possible and volleying everything in sight. This was frowned upon by traditionalists and it was considered that Gandar-Dower "disrupted the game for a while". Aviator
In June 1932, with minimal flying experience, Gandar-Dower entered the King's Cup Air Race and "soon became one of the most colourful aviators of his era", making one of the first flights from England to India. Explorer
In 1934 Gandar-Dower led an expedition to Mount Kenya and the Aberdare Range in an attempt to capture a marozi, a spotted lion rumoured to exist. While he failed to capture or photograph a marozi (which remains undiscovered), Gandar-Dower did find three sets of tracks which he believed to be marozi and discovered that locals differentiated marozi from lions or leopards. In 1937, Gandar-Dower authored a book on the subject, The Spotted Lion.He spent 1935 and 1936 in the Belgian Congo and Kenya, where he climbed active volcanoes and produced a definitive map of Mount Sattima. Cheetah racing
Gandar-Dower returned to England in 1937 with twelve cheetahs with the intention of introducing cheetah racing to Great Britain. After six months' quarantine and six months' adapting themselves to the changed climatic conditions at Harringay and Staines stadia, the cheetahs first raced at Romford Greyhound Stadium on Saturday 11 December 1937. Specially timed trials had taken place where the cheetahs clipped seconds off almost every greyhound record. On 13 December a cheetah by the name of Helen covered the distance of 265 yards in a record time of 15.86sec but in the second race won by Gussie the second cheetah James stopped and refused to chase the hare. Helen had previously covered 355 yards in 19.8secs. However the cheetah racing failed after just one more attempt because they were not competitive and had no interest in pursuing the hare and could not negotiate tight bends.Gandar-Dower also caused uproar at the Queen's Club when he brought a male cheetah into the bar on a leash. Writing career
Gandar-Dower was also a successful author, writing about his adventures. His titles include:
 Amateur Adventure, based on his flight to India, was published in 1934. In a contemporary book review, Flight Magazine wrote that Gandar-Dower "produced an amusing record of his adventures ... that nearly everyone will recommend their friends to read." Into Madagascar, published in 1943, is a history/travelogue, in which he reports that the nineteenth century Malagasy monarch Queen Ranavalona I had "a passion for sewing her subjects up in sacks and making use of the first-class facilities offered by her capital in the matter of vertical drops." The Spotted Lion, published in 1937, recorded Gandar-Dower's search for the marozi through Kenya. The Spotted Lion has been credited with bringing the marozi to the attention of the world.Abyssinian patchwork: an anthology, written in the mid-1930s but not released until 1949, covered the mistreatment of Ethiopians under Italian Fascism. Inside Britain and Outside Britain were co-written in 1938 with James Riddell. Satires, they are described as having "much gentle irony and are occasionally clairvoyant in their political speculation." World War II
At the outbreak of World War II Gandar-Dower was in the Belgian Congo photographing gorillas. Returning to England, he then worked on the Mass-Observation project with Tom Harrisson before being hired by the Government of Kenya to improve its public relations with the native inhabitants, producing a number of works that the government considered "excellent". Later he acted as a war correspondent, covering campaigns in Abyssinia and Madagascar, travelling vast distances by bicycle and canoe. During the unresisted assault on Tamatave in eastern Madagascar he leapt from an amphibious vessel wearing a bowler hat, carrying a camera in one hand and typewriter in the other.On 6 February 1944 Gandar-Dower boarded the SS Khedive Ismail at Kilindini Harbour at Mombasa, bound for Colombo. While approaching Addu Atoll in the Maldives, on 12 February 1944, the vessel was attacked by Japanese submarine I-27. Struck by two torpedoes, the Khedive Ismail sank in two minutes, with a death toll of 1297, Gandar-Dower among them. Gandar-Dower's obituary in Wisden stated that "he was one of the most versatile player of games of any period." A wealthy man, Gandar-Dower left over £75,000 in his will. References
 Fage, J., Clark, D., Roberts, A. and Oliver, R. (1986) The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940, Cambridge University Press, . Haigh, G. (2006) Peter the Lord's Cat and other unexpected obituaries from Wisden, Aurum Press, London. .
 Lewis, J.(2000) Empire State-building: War & Welfare in Kenya, 1925–52, Ohio State University Press, . Shaw, K. (2009) Curing Hiccups With Small Fires, Boxtree: London. .

Footnotes and citations

External links
Forgotten Travellers: Driven by Devils  Essay on K. C. Gandar Dower

1908 births
1944 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British civilians killed in World War II
British male tennis players
Cryptozoologists
English aviators
English explorers
English male squash players
English male tennis players
English real tennis players
People educated at Harrow School
People educated at Windlesham House School
Tennis people from Greater London
War correspondents of World War II
Journalists killed while covering World War II


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<mask> (; born 9 October 1986) is a retired French Olympic, world and European champion swimmer. She has held the world record in freestyle events between 200 and 1500 meter. She is the daughter of a French father and a Dutch mother, and she is the older sister of <mask> who is also an Olympic gold medalist swimmer. Career

2004 Olympics
She won the gold medal in the women's 400-meter freestyle at the 2004 Athens Olympics. It was France's first gold medal ever in women's swimming and the first swimming gold medal won by a French athlete since Jean Boiteux's victory in the 400-meter men's freestyle event at Helsinki in 1952. <mask> won the silver medal in the women's 800-meter freestyle at the Athens Olympics. In that race, she had a quick start but was passed down the stretch by Ai Shibata of Japan.She also won the bronze medal in the women's 100-meter backstroke, thus becoming only the 165th Frenchwoman to win three medals in a single Olympic Games, Summer or Winter. The first one was the track and field athlete Micheline Ostermeyer in London in 1948. <mask> was by far the best swimmer on the French team, but she did not have the team support to win a medal in the women's 4×200 m freestyle relay. <mask> is currently tied for third (three medals altogether) on the all-time list of French multiple female Winter or Summer Olympic medal winners along with Micheline Ostermeyer, Marielle Goitschel, Pascale Trinquet-Hachin, Perrine Pelen, Anne Briand-Bouthiaux, Marie-José Pérec, Félicia Ballanger and Camille Muffat. The all-time leader is the fencer Laura Flessel-Colovic, who has five Olympic medals. 2004 European Championships
<mask> <mask> won three gold medals at the 2004 European Swimming Championships in Madrid, Spain, in the 100-metre backstroke, 400-metre freestyle, and the 4×100-metre medley relay. 2005 World Championships
On 24 July 2005 at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, <mask> won the women's 400-m freestyle.<mask> was under world record pace for the first half of the race. In the second half of the race, <mask> was challenged by Shibata, her rival from the Olympics. Pundits were already predicting that <mask> would eventually eclipse the world-record mark in the 400-m freestyle set by Janet Evans at the 1988 Summer Olympics. This would happen on 12 May 2006, as she broke Evans's world record of 4:03.85 during the final of the French championship in Tours with the time of 4:03.03. 2006 European Championships
On 12 May 2006, <mask> broke Janet Evans's world record in the women's 400-meter freestyle swim that had stood for 18 years. <mask> then held the same world record for nearly two years. On 6 August 2006, on the final day of the 2006 European Swimming Championships in Budapest, she broke her own world record with a time of 4:02.13 in winning the 400-m freestyle title.She also won the 800-m freestyle (in European record time), 200-m individual medley and 100-m backstroke titles. In addition, she obtained the bronze medal in the 200-m freestyle, 4×200-m team freestyle and 4×100-m team medley. With her four titles, she equalled the record of the number of individual titles won in the same European swimming championships held by East Germany's Ute Geweniger (1981) and Hungary's Krisztina Egerszegi (1993). 2007 World Championships
<mask> broke the 200-m freestyle world record at the 2007 World Swimming Championships in Melbourne in winning the final. She also won the 400-m freestyle event. She obtained silver medals in the 100-m backstroke and the 800-m freestyle, and a bronze for 4×200-m freestyle relay. In the 100-m backstroke, she became the second woman in history to swim under a minute in the event.She was leading the race in the 800-m final going into the last lap, but the American Kate Ziegler finally overtook her in the last metres to win by a margin of 28 cm. She was thus prevented from becoming the first female swimmer to win the 200-m, 400-m and 800-m freestyle titles at the same World Championships. 2008 Olympics
In the 2008 Summer Olympics, <mask> was unable to recapture her form from the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. After starting strong and holding the lead at the 200-meter mark, she finished last (eighth) in the 400-m freestyle final with a finishing time of 4:11.26. After the defeat, <mask> admitted giving up during the race after struggling to keep up. She then finished seventh in the 100-m backstroke final. In her final hope for a medal, in the 200-m backstroke, she finished last in her semifinal heat and was eliminated.Retirement and comeback
On 17 September 2009, at 22 years of age, <mask> announced through the newspaper Le Parisien her retirement from competitive swimming. She was quoted as saying, "It came to me little by little. I didn’t make it on impulse. It has matured slowly.”
In October 2010, she returned to training in the United States with the Auburn University Tigers swim team. She made her return to competition on July 14, 2011, in Tigers colours at a small swimming meet in Athens, Georgia, in the United States, where
she set a personal record in the 50-m freestyle event (25.84 s). 2012 Olympics
<mask> competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics in three events – 100 m backstroke, 200 m backstroke, and the 4 × 100 m medley relay. She failed to advance from the first round heats in all the three events.However, she was poolside on August 3 as her younger brother Florent won a surprise victory in the men's 50 m freestyle final, and embraced him following his victory

Personal life
The weekly magazine Paris Match ran a cover story on <mask> in its 5–11 April 2007 issue. <mask> is now dating Fréro Delavega singer Jérémy Frérot, with whom she has a son Lou, born on July 18, 2017

Accomplishments
Between June 2004 and April 2008, <mask> remained unbeaten in the 400-metre freestyle, winning 23 finals in succession.

masks:
Laure Manaudou
Florent Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Laure
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou
Manaudou


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<mask> (, Vasily Vasilyevich Stroesko; November 11, 1845 – April 13, 1926), also known as <mask>, Basile Stroesco, or <mask>, was a Bessarabian and Romanian politician, landowner, and philanthropist. One of the proponents and sponsors of Romanian nationalism in Russia's Bessarabia Governorate, as well as among the Romanian communities of Austria-Hungary, he was also a champion of self-help and of cooperative farming. He inherited or purchased large estates, progressively dividing them among local peasants, while setting up local schools and churches for their use. An erudite and traveler, he abandoned his career in law to focus on his agricultural projects and cultural activism. For the latter work, he became an honorary member of the Romanian Academy. Having backed the nationalist papers Basarabia and Cuvânt Moldovenesc, <mask> was drawn into the more elitist cell of the nationalist movement, centered on the parts of the zemstva and gentry assembly. He was thus honorary president of the National Moldavian Party shortly after the February Revolution but, with Vladimir Herța, drifted away from the core of the movement to set up his own aristocratic branch.He became an absentee member of Sfatul Țării during the existence of a Moldavian Democratic Republic and its union with Romania. In 1919–1920, he served in the Assembly of Deputies, and was its de facto President for one day, on November 20, 1919. Rallying with the Bessarabian Peasants' Party, <mask> became critical of the unification process, decrying government abuses in Bessarabia, and also objected to the 1920s land reform. He died shortly after in Bucharest, having also served in the Senate, and was granted a state funeral. Biography

Beginnings
The Stroescus were a family of ethnic Romanian aristocrats and shepherds from Moldavia: the family patriarch Ioan <mask> had the Moldavian boyar title of jitnicer in the late 17th century. His grandson, Gavriil, was a șătrar; Ienache, Gavriil's son, reverted to pastoralism, and owned ranches in Iași County. His own two sons <mask> (1795–1875) and Ioan moved between Moldavia and Bessarabia, which, following the 1812 Treaty of Bucharest, had been absorbed into the Russian Empire.<mask> owned ten estates on either side of the border, split between Iași and Hotin counties. The <mask>s were all inducted into Russian nobility in 1828 and granted arms in 1867. From his marriage to Profira Manoil Guțu (1808–1856), <mask> Sr had three sons—Mihail (1836–1889), Gheorghe (1840–1922), <mask> Jr. The couple also had four daughters, married off to aristocrats of Russian, Greek, or Polish Bessarabian descent: Ana Kazimir, Maria Druganov, Elena Martos, and Ecaterina Șumanski. The latter's husband was Clemente Șumanski, Mayor of Kishinev in the 1870s. <mask> Jr was born on November 11, 1845, in Trinca, a Hotin County village (now in Edineț District, Moldova). He attended the Bessarabian Lyceum of Kishinev, then the school of Kamenets-Podolskiy and Odessa's Richelieu Lyceum.Later, he studied law at the universities of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Berlin. The latter awarded him a doctorate of law. An erudite, Stroiescu reportedly spoke all Slavic languages, German, French, English and Italian, in addition to his native Romanian. Upon graduation, he traveled throughout Europe, including in the Kingdom of Romania, and also visited the Western colonies in Africa. This was a passion shared by his older brother Mihail, who was once shipwrecked in the Pacific, and later wrote memoirs of his adventures. <mask> was appointed a judge at the Hotin city tribunal in 1867, becoming colleagues with writer Alexandru Hâjdeu. Following his father's death, he withdrew from the legal profession altogether, making Brînzeni his main residence.There, he began his trade as a gentleman farmer, peasant educator, and amateur agronomist, while maintaining a lively interest in historical research. After receiving his inheritance, <mask> owned 9,000 hectares (22,000 acres), but later came to purchase 16,000 more hectares (some 4,000 acres) of land, with several manors, ranches, and stables, making him one of the richest people in the region. Many of his properties he auctioned off, using the money to finance his philanthropy, or divided between the peasant obshchiny, with <mask> as a pioneer of cooperative farming and cooperative forestry. He personally verified his plowmen's techniques and corrected their mistakes. As noted by Brînzeni native Ion Buzdugan, he was "modest and balanced", but also "ruthless with those who squandered his wealth." Fellow activist Pan Halippa noted that <mask> was a "real democrat" and "true Christian", who "never married and lived modestly." "This man", Halippa claims, "used his great managerial competence to please those living on his estate.He [...] helped everyone own a proper home grange, acting as a statesman ought to. [...] If only those ministers who call themselves democrats and socialists could know how the great Bessarabian Romanian <mask> <mask> used to live!" By 1918, <mask> only had some 8,000 hectares left to his name, spread about between Trinca, Bădragii Vechi, Druța and Zăbriceni. Nationalist sponsor
As noted by historian Iurie Colesnic, <mask> and Nicolae Ștefan Casso stood among those boyars who reverted Russification or Moldovenism, "neutralizing the influence" of pro-imperial adversaries such as Alexander N. Krupensky. <mask> built of refurbished several schools in Bessarabia, founded hospitals in his native village and in Brătușeni, and became ktitor of Bessarabian Orthodox churches in Trinca, Pociumbăuți, Șofrîncani, and Zăicani. In 1899, he offered to sponsor state schools, provided that they be allowed to teach classes in Romanian. This proposal was simply disregarded by government.With the liberalization made possible by the Revolution of 1905, <mask> began participating in conspiratorial meetings of the Romanian elite in Kishinev, exchanging ideas with Halippa, Nicolae Alexandri, Ion Inculeț, Nicolae Bivol, Alexis Nour, Ion Pelivan, and Paul Gore, where they first discussed the prospect of Romania and Bessarabia uniting. As Pelivan notes, he and Emanuil Gavriliță tried to persuade <mask> to finance a magazine for the Romanian-speaking populace, but the landowner "seemed rather skeptical". However, in 1906 he sponsored Halippa in setting up a democratic-and-nationalist newspaper, Basarabia, eventually shut down by the Russian authorities in March 1907. By 1910, <mask> had expatriated himself to Switzerland, and was living in Davos Platz. His charity work continued to have a profound effect among the Romanian communities of Transylvania, in Austria-Hungary, where <mask> notably founded the boarding house serving the Diocese of Arad, as well as "tens of churches, schools and hospitals". Although a patron of Romanian Orthodoxy, he was critical of the church's claim to have preserved Romanian identity, noting that its nationalist discourse was a recent "invention of the parsons, to emphasize their own merits". He saw Orthodoxy as equal to its rival Romanian Greek-Catholic Church, arguing that "a religious difference cannot divide us", since "Romanians of both religions behave one to the other as true Christians and therefore as brethren".As such, in 1910 <mask> allied himself with the Greek Catholics to tackle the effects of Magyarization, donating 100,000 Kronen to the cultural fund in Blaj. Other estimates suggest that his sponsorship of schools, including Orthodox ones, ran at 950,000 Kronen in 1913–500,000 of these were channeled through Partenie Cosma, and 200,000 more through the Archbishopric of Sibiu, while 100,000 went to the creation of a girls' school in Arad. His contribution also included a Stroescu Fund at ASTRA Society and various payments to the Cultural League for the Unity of All Romanians. In Romanian-ruled Western Moldavia, he fitted primary schools from a special fund, which ran at 200,000 lei, and, in 1906–1908, put up 300,000 lei for the building of a Romanian People's Salvation Cathedral. In May 1910, as recognition of his activities, and in particular for his work with the Blaj foundations, <mask> was elected an honorary member of the Romanian Academy. This appointment left him indifferent, as he considered his deeds "only natural". He declared himself "at my country's disposal, with all this mind God gave me, from all my heart and with my entire wealth".According to Halippa and Pelivan, his focus fell on Transylvania and elsewhere only because censorship and repression prevented him from openly financing nationalism in his native province. Another account is that he was felt called into action by the anti-Magyarization writings of Ioan Slavici. Moreover, his philanthropic activity was preceded by that of his late brother Mihail, who, as early as 1882, had set up ten model schools in Romania-proper, after having failed to create a Romanian studies department at Novorossiya University. Also noted for founding a school in Stolniceni, Mihail had set up a rural hospital at Bekir, eventually splitting his wealth between ASTRA, the Romanian vocational schools of Brașov, and his tenant farmers. The family's renewed contributions have led various authors to refer to Vasile as Transylvania or Bessarabia's "Maecenas". Transylvanians such as Justinian Teculescu dedicated him verse of praise; others believed that he was not a real man, but a fictional character created by the Romanian state to hide its direct involvement in Austro-Hungarian affairs. <mask> also sponsored individual Bessarabians to pursue their education abroad, as he did with physician and fellow Romanian nationalist Elena Alistar, and founded an eponymous Stroescu Help Club for the Romanian Americans of Cleveland.Between June 1910 and August 1911, he paid for Nour to publish a Russian-language paper, Bessarabets, and, after 1913, financed the newspaper Cuvânt Moldovenesc, published by Halippa and Alexandri, also helping peasants with their subscriptions. By 1912, <mask> was living in Lausanne, but still appeared incognito to celebrate the golden jubilee of Petru Maior Society in Budapest. However, he was expressing his disenchantment with his Transylvanian colleagues. His letters to his fund's beneficiaries often included "drastic reprimands." In early 1913, he published a piece in the newspaper Românul of Arad, attacking Romanian banks for paying dividends higher than 5%, and their clients for accepting them; the difference, he argued, could go toward sponsoring culture. Responding to this "judicious and unusually categorical" critique, the economist Ion Mateiu suggested that the reduction demanded by <mask> was needlessly abrupt. <mask>, who donated 50,000 Kronen to settling disputes between ASTRA and the popular banks, and then to the creation of alternative credit unions, found sympathy with the writing team at Luceafărul, which basked in his critique of "our petty bourgeoisie [and] its plutocratic ideals".Through ASTRA, he also distributed his brochure Statutele și îndrumările pentru băncile poporale ("Statutes and Guiding for the People's Banks"). The Bihar County bankers objected to such initiatives, seeing <mask> as an unfair competitor to their business. Revolution and union
By 1914, <mask>'s relations with the Austro-Hungarian authorities were noticeably strained. His sponsoring of a Christmas 1913 folk party in Beiuș almost ended with the prosecution of its organizer, Nicolae Coroiu. The outbreak of World War I caught <mask> on the Russian side, ending all his work in Transylvania; the government of István Tisza listed him as a "public menace", suspected of wanting to incite a Romanian rebellion in Transylvania. He returned to Odessa in 1914, and managed to persuade the authorities to release his protégée Alistar, who had been arrested for sedition. In late 1916, Romania entered the war, siding with Russia against Austria-Hungary and the other Central Powers.Following the February Revolution, which inaugurated an episode of social rebellion and national emancipation throughout Russia, the Stroescus were targeted by Russian revolutionaries. Gheorghe's former manor in Bălceana was ransacked by deserters from the Romanian Front, who burned down his manuscripts, and so were other country homes owned by the family. The Brânzeni estate was spared: the peasants there, having already set up a network for trafficking Romanian books into Bessarabia, also formed a self-defense unit which protected their shared wealth. <mask> was at Soroca, where he signed a manifesto for Bessarabian self-determination, officially backed by the zemstvo and the gentry assembly. He then took part in the establishment of Bessarabia's own National Moldavian Party (PNM), formed on . This came only after protracted negotiations with a Transylvanian refugee, Onisifor Ghibu, who was perplexed that Bessarabians "hardly understood the importance of having a political party [...] that would militate for the national cause." <mask> held on to an apolitical stance, replying that "he was ready to give as much as he had, but only for cultural enterprises, because politics, he said, was a dirty activity."At Kishinev in early 1917, he met the Transylvanian activist Hortensia Goga, who described him as "healthy and content, [...] seems not to be preoccupied by anything except his own person." Eventually, the PNM, representing the more right-wing and nationalist politicians in the Governorate, proposed Bessarabian autonomy and the creation of a national legislature, Sfatul Țării. <mask>, as the "Grand Old Man" of nationalism, was the PNM's honorary leader, with Paul Gore as the executive president and Halippa as secretary. Later, he and Halippa attended the Soldiers' Congress in Odessa, which affirmed its support for "autonomous Bessarabia" and a federated Russian Republic. The uniformed procession paid him homage by parading in front of London Hotel, where he was staying. In June of the same year, as the gentry assembly formed a Society for Assisting Popular Education and the Study of National Customs, <mask> became honorary chairman; Gore and Vladimir Herța were its "active presidents". During the October Revolution and Russia's disintegration, Sfatul Țării was established and <mask> nominally stood in the regional election.At the time, Pelivan argues, <mask> was "a great nationalist, but less of a democrat", and alienated from his constituents because "(since 1900) he lived mostly abroad." As

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 noted by Halippa, <mask> and Herța were trying to set up a distinct PNM for the boyars: "their action did not lead to much [...], although we revolutionaries never objected to them being elected to Sfatul Țării [...], since we believed that all intellectual forces needed to be consulted in political matters". Historian Charles Upson Clark claims that he even served for a while as the legislature's president, during Bessarabia's brief existence as a nominally independent Moldavian Democratic Republic. However, <mask> is known to have been seriously ill from September 1917 to the early months of 1919, leaving for England and France, and only championed the union of Bessarabia with Romania from afar. According to a report by Iustin Frățiman, some of <mask>'s charity works were destroyed during a wave of vandalism instigated by the Bolshevik soldiers in Bessarabia: "The books donated by <mask> <mask> to one library were used to set a fire that lasted for three days on end!" In March, when Sfatul Țării was visited by the Romanian Prime Minister Alexandru Marghiloman and voted in favor of union, <mask> was in Paris. This was an uncertain period, with him in Allied territory while Romania capitulated to the Central Powers.At the time, <mask> wrote his will, with Pelivan as his executor. It called for redistributing his land (much of it already taken over by the zemstvo), or, alternatively, donating it to the Romanian state; in exchange, he only demanded that peasants receive education in Romanian. As noted in 1927 by Clark, this document reflected the "comfortable old Russian patriarchal atmosphere", and was already outdated by the pace of "militant equalization"—although the dream of Romanian education was eventually fulfilled by the state itself, with its mandatory literacy programs. Assembly President and dissenter
On September 1, 1918, returning to Paris, <mask> joined <mask> Lucaciu and Ioan Cantacuzino in creating a National Romanian Action Committee for promoting the cause of Greater Romania in Allied countries. He later attached himself to Take Ionescu's National Committee for Romanian Unity. Following the November Armistice, Marghiloman was deposed and Romania, Bessarabia included, reentered the war. In December, this step ensured the Transylvanian union, with the new borders awaiting international recognition at the Paris Peace Conference.Throughout the following months, to Marghiloman's worry, Western powers seemed to favor placing Bessarabia, in whole or in part, under a League of Nations mandate. In March 1919 (some two months into the conference), <mask> also came out in support of other pan-Romanian causes. He became honorary president of the League for the Liberation of Romanians in Timoc and Macedonia; its executive leaders included George Murnu, Sever Bocu and Tache Papahagi. In the national election of November 1919, Halippa enlisted <mask> as a candidate for his Bessarabian Peasants' Party (PȚB), which resulted in him representing Orhei County in the Assembly of Deputies. <mask> shared his ticket with historian Nicolae Iorga, although the latter was not a PȚB man. As recalled by Halippa, he ran simultaneously (and won) in three other electoral precincts—Hotin, Soroca, and Bălți; and, according to other sources, also in Tighina County and Lăpușna. On November 20, as an homage to his work in promoting the Romanian cause, <mask> was also selected to preside upon Greater Romania's first parliamentary session, effectively as the Assembly's honorary President.Praised by Iorga for its composition and style, the speech forewarned: "With a habit that has become second-nature, we scour the scene to find ways in which we may partake in the fruit of other people's labor. No, Gentlemen, this will no loger do! We must labor ourselves and commit to providing for ourselves. [...] In this life of ours we must maintain clean thoughts and clean hands." This drew attention from Marghiloman's Progressive Conservatives, disgraced for their sympathy for the Central Powers. Marghiloman was drawn to <mask>'s anti-corruption hints, namely that "the new administrations of Bessarabia should keep their hands clean." Also on November 20, the Assembly Presidency went to Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, replaced on December 1 by Iorga; <mask> still preserved his role as a dean of the Bessarabian caucus: on December 29, he presented for ratification the law on Romanian–Bessarabian unification, which was unanimously carried.Within months, however, he became a critic of the Romanian administration, speaking at the Assembly rostrum about the deteriorating situation of his native province and the state of siege it was placed under. On February 10, 1920, he took a stand against Ion Inculeț, the PȚB Minister for Bessarabia, accusing him of tolerating "oppression in savage fashion", and concluding, to his colleagues' dismay, that "the situation was better under the old Russian régime." This pitted him against the mainstream of his party, and also against Iorga. Despite shows of support from the Socialist Party benches and some PȚB deputies, Iorga suspended the session, accusing <mask> of having "insult[ed] all the past and the future of the nation"; he was supported in this by Marghiloman. In his diary, Iorga summarized the incident: "<mask> insulted from the rostrum this country as one of exploiters and awful clerks. I asked him to step down." <mask> was also censured by Inculeț, who dismissed his speech as "café gossip" and a landowner's malcontent, noting that the Bessarabian gentry as a whole reacted with "profound egotism" to the proposed land reform.Nevertheless, <mask>'s position was endorsed by the daily Adevărul, which referred to Inculeț as a "satrap" who simply ignored criticism, and called Iorga's moderating stance "absurd diplomacy". The paper also denounced Inculeț's suggestion that those dissatisfied with his administration, <mask> included, could opt to move to Soviet Russia. In March, according to the same Iorga, <mask> voted "discreetly" against land reform, and then spoke out against the majority of supporters. According to historians Sorina and Ioan Bolovan, "<mask> kept apart from the demagoguery, careerism and pettiness of political intrigues." In August 1923, partly as a protest against government arbitrariness, he participated in the founding of a League for Human Rights, with such members as Constantin Costa-Foru, Dem I. Dobrescu, Victor Eftimiu, Grigore Iunian, Ioan Pangal, Istrate Micescu, Ilie Moscovici, Constantin Titel Petrescu, Radu D. Rosetti, and Ștefan Voitec. He was elected its first president, with Costa-Foru serving as his secretary. His criticism of government was followed with interest in White émigré circles, where it was believed that a restored Russian monarchy should include Bessarabia.On their behalf, Alexander N. Krupensky suggested that <mask>, "an honest man in spite of his accepting to be 'elected' by the Roumanian Government as one of the Bessarabian deputies", openly spoke on topics that Iorga and other establishment politicians wanted kept secret. In Soviet Russia, which advanced its own claim to Bessarabia, propagandist Christian Rakovsky also used <mask>'s words against Romanian nationalist claims in his 1925 exposé, Rumynia i Bessarabia. Death and legacy

With his final donation of land, <mask> renounced his manor in Brînzeni to set up an agricultural and technical school. His prewar fund for ASTRA's public libraries, comprising 25,000 Kronen in 1914, was supplemented by the Transylvania's Directing Council and put to use in 1920. Before his death in Bucharest on April 14, 1926, <mask> served in Senate, representing a Transylvanian constituency. His funeral service was held on April 17 at the Orthodox White Church on Calea Victoriei, and witnessed orations by priest Ioan Lupaș, who was also the incumbent Minister of Health, and by Patriarch Miron Cristea; the following day, a memorial service was held at Sibiu Cathedral. Reportedly, <mask> had wanted to be cremated and have his ashes scattered all over Romania.He was instead awarded a state funeral at Bucharest's Sfânta Vineri Cemetery. His tomb there was later decorated with a bust by the Moldavian Mihai Onofrei, and a Bucharest street was renamed after him. The funeral itself was attended by his former colleague and rival Iorga. He noted delegates of all those who had been helped by the deceased—the church, the Bessarabian Peasantists, and the nationalists—but also that the establishment itself was absent. In his obituary, Iorga referred to <mask> as a "great charitable man and generous benefactor". Other obituaries appeared during the following week. They included front-page editorials in Universul, Gazeta Transilvaniei, Telegraful Român, Cuvântul Ardealului and (penned by Ghibu) Biruința, with additional coverage in ASTRA's Societatea de Mâine.As argued by journalist M. Gh. Carpen, <mask> had already been forgotten in Transylvania a full decade before his death; the brief revival of interest in 1920 had given way to his being tarnished by the "mud puddle" of politics. <mask>'s activity was first explored methodically in an essay by Alexandru Ciulcu, published by Viața Basarabiei magazine in 1940. Just months later, Bessarabia fell under a Soviet occupation, during which Ciulcu himself was killed by the NKVD. <mask>'s memory was repressed in the resulting Moldavian SSR and, later, in Communist Romania. Nationalized, the Brînzeni manor was turned into a psychiatric clinic. During the national communism of the 1960s, Halippa and the Bessarabian community in Bucharest tried to commemorate their former leader, but were reportedly prevented to do so by the authorities.However, in 1968, Halippa managed to invoke <mask> and bring up the issue of his being "forgotten", with a formal address to the Academy. Such work was partly continued in America by a nephew of <mask>'s, the journalist Gheorghe Ștefan Donev (1909–1993). The repressive trend was reversed following the Romanian Revolution of 1989: in 2013, a Palace of the Parliament hall was renamed in his honor, but, as historian Sever Dumitrașcu noted, no Transylvanian school once funded by his money ever accepted to acknowledge him in the same fashion. In independent Moldova, the lyceum in Brînzeni took his name. A Moldovan Vasile Stroescu Foundation was created, a memorial plaque was put up in 1996 at Trinca, and efforts have been made to establish a memorial house in Brînzeni. Notes

References
The Roumanian Occupation in Bessarabia. Documents.Paris: Imprimerie Lahure, [1920]. Rodica Andruș, "Sufletul românesc nu cunoaște frontiere. Boierul Vasile Stroiescu", in Sargetia, Vol. XXX, 2002, pp. 587–592. Andrei Bârseanu, Romul Simu, "Raportul general al comitetului central al »Asociațiunii pentru literatură și cultura poporului român« asupra lucrărilor sale și a situației acesteia în annul 1919", in Transilvania, Nr. 5–9/1920, pp.547–579. Alberto Basciani, La difficile unione. La Bessarabia e la Grande Romania, 1918–1940. Rome: Aracne Editore, 2007. Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, Boierimea Moldovei dintre Prut și Nistru, Vol. II. Bucharest: National Institute of History, 1943.Sorina Paula Bolovan, Ioan Bolovan, "<mask> <mask> dans la conscience publique de Transylvanie", in Transylvanian Review, Vol. XI, Issue 2, 2002, pp. 22–29. Ștefan Ciobanu, La Bessarabie. Sa population—son passé—sa culture (Académie Roumaine. Études et recherches XIII). Bucharest: Monitorul Oficial, 1941.Charles Upson Clark, Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1927. Iurie Colesnic, Chișinăul din inima noastră. Chișinău: B. P. Hașdeu Library, 2014. Ion Constantin, Gherman Pântea între mit și realitate. Bucharest: Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, 2010.Ion Constantin, Ion Negrei, Pantelimon Halippa: tribun al Basarabiei. Bucharest: Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, 2009. Ion Constantin, Ion Negrei, Gheorghe Negru, Ioan Pelivan: istoric al mișcării naționale din Basarabia. Bucharest: Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, 2012. Dragoș Galbur, "«Soarta poporului român din Basarabia se află în mâinile noastre. Să voim și vom face totul»", in Alexe Rău (ed. ), Basarabenii în lume.(Colecție de materiale și documente prezentate la polipticul cultural-istoric și științific omonim), Vol. VI, pp. 160–166. Chișinău: National Library of Moldova, 2012. Mihai Iliev, "Vasile Stroescu și românii din Bihor", in Tyragetia, Vol. VI, Issue 2: "Istorie. Muzeologie", pp.253–256. Nicolae Iorga, Memorii, Vol. II: (Însemnări zilnice maiu 1917–mart 1920). Războiul național. Lupta pentru o nouă viață politică. Bucharest: Editura Națională Ciornei, 1930. Alexandru Marghiloman, Note politice, 4.1918–1919. Bucharest: Editura Institutului de Arte Grafice Eminescu, 1927. Paweł Henryk Rutkowski, "Zjednoczenie Besarabii z Królestwem Rumunii w 1918 roku", in Marcin Kosienkowski (ed. ), Spotkania polsko‑mołdawskie. Księga poświęcona pamięci Profesora Janusza Solaka, pp. 139–149. Lubin: Episteme, 2013.Constantin I. Stan, "Activitatea Episcopului Justinian Teculescu pentru realizarea și consolidarea Marii Uniri", in Angvstia, Vol. 13, 2009, pp. 159–170. Svetlana Suveică, Basarabia în primul deceniu interbelic (1918–1928): modernizare prin reforme. Monografii ANTIM VII. Chișinău: Editura Pontos, 2010. 1845 births
1926 deaths
National Moldavian Party politicians
Bessarabian Peasants' Party politicians
Moldovan MPs 1917–1918
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Members of the Senate of Romania
Nobility of the Russian Empire
Romanian nobility
Moldovan judges
Russian judges
Moldovan philanthropists
Philanthropists of the Russian Empire
Romanian philanthropists
Cooperative organizers
Russian agriculturalists
Romanian agriculturalists
Moldovan magazine founders
Russian magazine founders
Moldovan newspaper founders
Russian newspaper founders
Literacy advocates
School founders
Moldovan human rights activists
Romanian human rights activists
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
People from Edineț District
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Moldova
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Moscow State University alumni
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Russian expatriates in Switzerland
Russian people of World War I
Moldovan expatriates in the United Kingdom
Moldovan expatriates in France
Romanian people of Moldovan descent
Culture of Transylvania
History of Transylvania (1867–1918)
Burials at Sfânta Vineri

masks: Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Vasiles Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Vasile Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Stroescu Vasile Stroescu


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Lieutenant colonel <mask> (2 October 1912 – 23 December 2008) was an English British Army officer and colonial administrator. He received the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. At the time of his death, he was last surviving British Army recipient of the Victoria Cross in the Second World War, and the earliest and oldest recipient. Early life
<mask> was born at Sandown on the Isle of Wight, where his father <mask> was a curate. His mother's maiden name was Twelves. His grandfather <mask> was the first missionary from the Church Mission Society to visit Buganda, in 1877. He was educated at Marlborough College, where fees were reduced for the sons of clergymen, and he became a house captain.Although he wore glasses, he was awarded a prize cadetship to attend the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Military career
<mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant in The East Surrey Regiment on 2 February 1933. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in 1936 and was seconded to the 2nd (Nyasaland) Battalion The King's African Rifles in 1937 serving in East Africa, where he learned to speak Nyanja. He was then seconded to the Somaliland Camel Corps in 1939. In August 1940, <mask> was 27 years old, and by then an acting captain attached to the Somaliland Camel Corps, when Italian forces commanded by General Guglielmo Nasi invaded British Somaliland (now Somaliland). During the Italian conquest of British Somaliland the heavily outnumbered British-led forces made their stand on the hills around Tug Argan. During this battle, from 11 to 15 August 1940 at Observation Hill, Captain <mask> kept a Vickers machine-gun post in action in spite of being wounded and suffering from malaria.Some of his guns were blown to pieces by the enemy's field artillery fire, and his spectacles were smashed. He was wounded in the right shoulder and the left eye, and he was assumed to have been killed. For his actions, likened in the Daily Sketch to another Rorke's Drift, <mask> was awarded the Victoria Cross. <mask> has the rare distinction of being mistakenly awarded a "posthumous" VC, announced in The London Gazette on 16 October 1940. At the time the award was made, he was believed to be missing in action, presumed dead. He had, however, been captured by the Italians. An official report in The Times on 16 October indicated that he had survived, but another captured officer was surprised to find the "late" Captain <mask> still alive in a prisoner of war camp in Eritrea.In 1941, when the Italian forces in East Africa surrendered following the East African Campaign, <mask> was released from captivity. He returned to England and received his Victoria Cross at Buckingham Palace in July 1942. With his captain's rank made permanent in 1941, and with the rank of temporary major, he served as adjutant of the Long Range Desert Group and then as second in command of the 11th (Kenyan) King's African Rifles, part of the 25th East African Brigade in 11th East African Division, in the Burma Campaign. Having contracted scrub typhus he was hospitalised for two months and then returned to East Africa to command an infantry training establishment at Jinja in Uganda. He was promoted to acting lieutenant-colonel in June 1945 and was seconded to The Northern Rhodesia Regiment in 1946. He retired from the Army in 1949 and although at this time his permanent rank was major, he was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant-colonel. Victoria Cross citation
The formal citation for <mask>'s VC, published in the London Gazette in October 1940 when he was still presumed dead, reads:

Later life
<mask> married Ann Pleydell-Bouverie (a descendant of the Earls of Radnor) in 1943.They had two sons. After they divorced in 1953, <mask> married Angela Joy Gordon, and they had one son. After <mask> left the Army in 1949, he joined the Overseas Civil Service in Tanganyika. He learned several African languages, and served in Tanganyika until independence of the British East African countries which led to his retirement in 1961. In 1962 <mask> was appointed Deputy Warden of London House, a residence at Goodenough Square in the Bloomsbury district of London. This residence is for university graduates from the Commonwealth of Nations pursuing graduate studies in the United Kingdom. In 1966 <mask> was promoted to Warden of London House, holding the position until he retired in 1977, after which he lived in Stowell, Somerset.At the time of his death, he was one of only ten Victoria Cross recipients still alive. He was the last surviving British Army recipient of the Second World War, as well as being the earliest and oldest recipient. His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London. He suffered from prostate cancer in later life, and died after a stroke. He was buried in Stowell, survived by his second wife and their son, and both of his sons from his first marriage. See also
East African campaign (World War II)
Italian conquest of British Somaliland
List of solved missing person cases

Footnotes

References
British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
 Roger T. Stearn, '<mask>, <mask> Twelves (1912–2008)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press, 2012) [accessed 5 Oct 2012]

External links
Captain E.C<mask> in The Art of War exhibition at the UK National Archives

 Imperial War Museum Interview

1912 births
2008 deaths
People from Sandown
People educated at Marlborough College
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
East Surrey Regiment officers
British Army personnel of World War II
British colonial governors and administrators in Africa
British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross
Somaliland Camel Corps officers
King's African Rifles officers
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Military history of British Somaliland during World War II
Tanganyika (territory) people
Missing in action of World War II
British World War II prisoners of war
Formerly missing people
World War II prisoners of war held by Italy
Military personnel from the Isle of Wight

masks:
Eric Charles Twelves Wilson VC
Wilson
Cyril Charles Clissold Wilson
Charles Thomas Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Eric Charles
. Wilson


text_chunks:
<mask> (), or Kyrylo Turychenko (), was born January 13, 1983 in Odessa, Ukraine. He is a Ukrainian musician, singer and actor. <mask> has been a member of the Russian boy band Ivanushki International since 2013. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on January 13, 1983  in Ukraine, Odessa. In 1989–1997 he studied at high school no. 82, and in 1997–2000 at high school no. 37 drama class in Odessa under the direction of Olga Kashneva.In 1997 he finished a musical school where he learned to play piano. In 2004 he finished the South Ukrainian State Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushynsky, the faculty of music and art. As a child he was in love with music. From his early years he took part in Odessa show-team "Star Hour", which has participated in many festivals and contests. Music career

In 1994, <mask> took part in popular TV contests "Morning star", "Small stars" and "5 + 20". In 1995 as the participant of "Star Hour" he played a leading part in the musical "The Magic Aladdin's Lamp".Later the art director of show-team Svetlana Vetryak had created a vocal quartet KA2U, in which <mask> became a soloist. In 1999 this quartet has won the first award of the Second All-Ukrainian Charitable festival Black Sea games. As a result young musicians were able to perform at the Tavria Games festival – a popular music festival of Ukraine. As a part of KA2U. Turichenko-operated for a long time with the largest and popular concert clubs of Odessa, where public gathers specially for their performances 5 days a week. After studying in the drama school <mask> came to grips with a theatre artist’s career. On May 7, 8, 2002 at the Odessa Music Comedy theatre a premiere of the rock-opera "Romeo and Juliet" took place, where <mask> has played a leading part.The "Romeo and Juliet" is in the repertoire of the Odessa academical Music Comedy theatre and now. It had been played over 300 times. <mask> became laureate of the International Competition of Actors of Operetta and Musical. In January 2004, <mask> became laureate of the Man of the Year award in nomination The opening of the year. The award for the best representatives in the opinion collected from citizens of Odessa was presented at Odessa Opera and Ballet Theatre. From August 2004, <mask> played a leading part in a performance “The Canterville Ghost”, based on the Oscar Wilde's book. In November 2009 took place a premiere of youth musical Siliconovaya dura.net on the stage of the Odessa academical Music Comedy theatre.One of the major parts also plays <mask>. The turning point in <mask>'s career began in 2005. Then, among of several thousand applicants, he has received a part in the Moscow performance, namely in Andrew Lloyd Webber`s  musical "Cats". He has also perfectly recommended himself at the following qualifying contests: Pop Idol, New wave and 5 stars. The jury of one of the contests included well-known musical and theatrical producer Katerina von Gechmen-Valdek, who saw a huge who saw a huge creative potential in the upcoming artist, introduced him to Michael Topalov (producer of a popular vocal ex-duet Smash!!). In late 2005 Sergey Lazarev left and M. Topalov offered <mask> to join the band. At the same time, the qualifying contest You're a Star, which can give a chance to participate in Eurovision Song Contest 2006, started in Ukraine.The singer has decided to try his skills there. As a result <mask> was one of the top twelve finalists, selected among thousand applicants from all country. The Artist had to make a choice what to prefer – to work in already over-hyped Russian project or to risk and try luck in representing Ukraine at the international song contest and to conquer Europe. The last seemed to <mask> more attractive. He moved to Kyiv and he appeared in the TV project final round, where he took an honourable second place. After the TV contest Kyiv producers got interested in <mask> so he started his solo career. His songs were on the top list of radio charts at the leading radio stations of Ukraine.His first music videos were his on musical TV channels of the country. He performed at some musical festivals of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. In May 2010, the single "4 Seasons of Love", written by <mask> with Ray Horton, the ex-member of The Real Milli Vanilli, was presented in Ukraine. The Russian clip-maker Pavel Khudyakov and operator Maxim Osadchy shot a summer music video "4 Seasons of Love". The singer prepared solo album, recorded at major studios in Russia and Ukraine. Mastering of the album took place in February 2011 in London Metropolis studio, which at one time Lady Gaga, Justin Timberlake, Michael Jackson and other world stars recorded their songs. In November 2010, in Crystal Hall in Kyiv <mask> presented his new music video "Prosti menya" /Forgive me/, directed by Katya Tsarik.The singer presented also his new concert show, which included 12 songs from the new album. In February 2011, <mask> signed with leading recording company in Ukraine, MOON records, to release his debut album, "". In just one year <mask> fully updated his stage concert show. <mask>'s album "Peresechenie sudeb" includes 13 songs, some of which have become successfully all-Ukrainian hits. In August 2011, <mask> was appreciated by music experts of show business "Crystal Microphone" award. <mask>'s album "Peresechenie sudeb" was recognized as the best in the category  "Album of the Year" , and <mask> himself as the "Idol of the year." In 2011 he took part also in a reality television show "Survivor", becoming a finalist in the last episode of the project.In early 2012 <mask> became a participant of the main Ukrainian vocal show "The Voice" on 1+1 TV channel. Theater works

The theater came to <mask>'s life in his early years. When he was 13 years old his parents sent him to study at Odessa high school № 37 drama class under the direction of Olga Kashneva. Famous stars of movie and theater such as Nonna Grishaeva, Irina Apeksimova and many other studied here. After studying at the drama school <mask> came to grips with a theater artist’s career. At this moment in the repertoire of actor there are three leading parts in sensational performances. Moreover he is laureate of one theatrical award (in 2004 he became laureate of the International Competition of Actors of Operetta and Musical).Rock-opera Romeo and Juliet

The premiere took place on May 7, 2002, on the stage of the Odessa academical Music Comedy theatre named after M.Vodyanoy. A leading part (Romeo) was played by <mask> and he continues to play it. The stage director of the performance Georgiy Kovtun made the serious demands to all actors. So, they should not only sing, play and dance perfectly, but also execute difficult acrobatic tricks. All of these elements were dictated by scenography: two board constructions moved by the stage, transforming in imagination of spectators to locks of Montague and Capulet, to fighting vehicles, to serf towers. The textures of suits of heroes well-matched to all atmosphere of performance: "skin-bast mat-zamsh-metal". The stage director of performance, the choreographer, the honoured worker of arts of Russia, the winner of the international contests considered that the majority of performances, based on the Shakespeare's works are very refined and coddled, that is why he wanted to show a power and pressure, epoch – barbarous.And it has given an original colouring. Young sincerely enamoured Romeo and Juliet are especially fragile, defenceless and pure against a huge and blind power on the background. This rock opera is being sold out for every performance for many years. The Canterville ghost

In January 2004, <mask> became a laureate of the Man of the Year award in nomination The opening of the year. And in August on the stage of the Odessa academical Music Comedy theatre named after M.Vodyanoy took place “The Canterville Ghost” premiere, based on the same named Oscar Wilde's book. <mask> acts a leading role again – the ghost sir Simon. The musical was produced by the Honoured worker of Arts of Russia Georgiy Kovtun.<mask> plays a three hundred-years-old ghost. Siliconovaya dura.ne

The musical Siliconovaya dura.net is a modern tragicomedy about life of senior pupils. Along with an appreciation of experts, this performance has caused the rough discussions and disputes that the theatre did not know yet. <mask>’s hero Mitya became a victim of the Internet. Discography

Peresechenie sudeb (2011)

 Track list

Music videos
 2010 : 4 Seasons of Love (in duet with Ray Horton)
 2010 : Prosti mrenya

References

External links
 Official site (available in Russian, English)
 YouTube channel

 Facebook official community()
 Facebook official community ()

1983 births
21st-century Ukrainian male actors
Ukrainian musicians
Living people
Ukrainian male musical theatre actors

masks:
Kirill Turichenko
Turichenko
Kirill Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko
Turichenko


text_chunks:
<mask> (; born 6 September 1947) is a football manager and former player for the Scotland national team. His last managerial post was at AaB in the Danish Superliga in 2008. As a player, he made more than 550 appearances in the Football League and, by virtue of his parents' birthplaces, represented Scotland in 24 matches; he became the first player born in England to captain Scotland. As a manager, he has taken charge of clubs in England, including Arsenal where he signed the famous Dennis Bergkamp, the United States, and Denmark. His brother Neil, son Gregor and nephew Matty Holmes were also professional footballers. Playing career
<mask> was born in Aldershot, Hampshire: his father was serving there with the Scots Guards, eventually as a sergeant-major. His father had been born in Kinneff, Aberdeenshire, and his mother in Skye, each qualifying him to play for Scotland.After moving to Luton, Bedfordshire, at the age of 14, he joined his local side, Luton Town, turning professional in September 1964. He made his first team debut later that month, and his league debut in November 1964 in a 1–0 defeat at home to Southend United. He spent a couple of years establishing himself and was a regular member of the Luton team, scoring 24 goals, that won the Fourth Division title in 1968. He moved to Aston Villa in July 1969 for a fee of £100,000, then a record fee paid by a Second Division side. He won a League Cup runners up medal in 1971, Villa losing 2–0 to Tottenham Hotspur. He moved to Derby County in February 1974, winning a League Championship medal. He joined Everton in December 1976, but returned to Derby County in September 1977.After a dispute with the Derby manager, Tommy Docherty, Rioch had brief loan spells with Birmingham City in December 1978 and with Sheffield United in March 1979. He then left the Baseball Ground to play for NASL side Seattle Sounders. While playing with Seattle Sounders in 1980 he was named to the NASL First Team All-Stars. He returned to England in October 1980 when he joined Torquay United as player-coach, working at first under Mike Green and then under Frank O'Farrell. Managerial career

Torquay United
In July 1982, Rioch became player-manager of Torquay United, but left in January 1984. In February 1985, after 13 months out of the game he was appointed manager of FC Seattle, of the US Western Soccer Alliance, but resigned in September 1985 to return to England. Middlesbrough
He was appointed as manager of Middlesbrough in February 1986 and his first success in management came in 1987 when he guided Middlesbrough to runners-up spot in the Third Division and promotion to the Second Division at the end of a season which had started with them locked out of Ayresome Park by the official receiver and on the verge of bankruptcy.A year later they won a second successive promotion, this time as winners of the Second Division promotion/First Division relegation playoffs. Middlesbrough showed great promise in the first half of 1988–89, but fell away badly and were relegated on the last day of the season (despite having not occupied a relegation place prior to that). He was sacked the following March as the Teessiders hovered just above the Second Division drop zone but on the brink of their first ever Wembley final in the Zenith Data Systems Cup. Millwall
<mask> made a quick return to management the following month with Millwall and guided them to a playoff place in the 1990–91 Second Division campaign, but left in March 1992. Bolton Wanderers
Rioch's next stop was at Bolton Wanderers, becoming manager in May 1992. In his first season they beat cup holders Liverpool 2–0 at Anfield in an FA Cup replay which many fans feel was the start of Bolton's resurgence. They finished runners-up in Division Two and won promotion to Division One.The following year Bolton finished in a respectable mid-table position as well as beating Premier League opponents Arsenal, Everton and Aston Villa in the F.A cup. In the 1994/95 season they were League Cup losing finalists to Liverpool and beat Reading 4–3 in extra time in the Division One playoff final after being 2–0 down at half time. The playoff final victory was <mask>'s last game as Bolton manager. A few weeks later he accepted the Arsenal manager's job and was replaced at Bolton by Roy McFarland. He is considered to be one of the best Bolton managers of all time by the club's supporters. Arsenal
In 1995–96, his only season at Arsenal, <mask> guided Arsenal to a UEFA Cup place, finishing fifth in the Premiership. It was achieved on the last day of the season, at the expense of Everton, Blackburn Rovers and Tottenham Hotspur.Arsenal also reached the League Cup semi-finals, but lost on away goals to Aston Villa, and were knocked out of the FA Cup in the third round by First Division side Sheffield United. Just before the beginning of the 1996–97 season, <mask> was sacked, after a dispute with the club's board of directors over transfer funds. <mask> was also known for his intensive training methods, according to former Arsenal player Adrian Clarke. Queens Park Rangers
After leaving Arsenal, he worked as assistant manager under Stewart Houston (his former assistant at Arsenal) at Queens Park Rangers, but was sacked along with Houston after just over a year at Loftus Road. Norwich City
In May 1998, <mask> was appointed manager of Norwich City in Division One. He resigned after less than two seasons at the helm after failing to get the Canaries anywhere near the promotion and playoff places that the club had long been hoping for. He cited a perceived lack of ambition at the club as the main reason for his decision to resign (he correctly predicted that the club's star player Craig Bellamy would inevitably be sold), however he also acknowledged that the club's uncertain financial position meant that the transfer funds available to him were limited.Wigan Athletic
Rioch made a swift return to management with Wigan Athletic for the 2000–01 season. He won the Manager of the Month award for November 2000, but left the club the following February, as they occupied the Division Two play-off zone. The club said that <mask> had resigned, but he said he was dismissed. Odense Boldklub (OB)
<mask> was intent on returning from management, and was linked with the Derby County manager's job after John Gregory was sacked at the end of the 2002–03 season. But it was four years before he made his return to management. He was appointed as head coach of Danish Superliga side OB in June 2005. He led OB to a third place in his first season in charge, but decided to leave the club on 12 March 2007 due to his wife's illness, as the official explanation.The media, however, reported that the actual cause was a dispute between <mask> and the management of OB. Aalborg BK (AaB)
In June 2008, <mask> returned to management with Danish champions AaB after former head coach Erik Hamrén moved to Rosenborg BK. His first priority was to try to qualify AaB for the Champions League which they entered in the second qualifying round. He guided them into the group stage after defeating FK Modriča and FBK Kaunas. By beating Celtic, AaB came third and thus entered the UEFA Cup. <mask>, however, did not witness this victory from the bench: On 23 October 2008 he was dismissed as AaB had only two victories from ten games and were second from bottom of the Danish league. Later career

In November 2009, <mask> was linked with a return to football as manager of the Scotland national team, this following the departure of George Burley.In March 2010, he took training sessions at Cornish non-League club Falmouth Town, near his home. He later became involved with coaching at another Cornish club, Penryn Athletic of the South West Peninsula League. Honours

Player
Luton Town
Football League Fourth Division: 1967–68

Aston Villa
Football League Third Division: 1971–72
Football League Cup Runners-up: 1970–71

Derby County
Football League First Division:  1974–75
FA Charity Shield: 1975

Scotland
British Home Championship: 1975–76, 1976–77

Manager
Bolton Wanderers
Football League First Division Play-offs: 1994–95
Football League Second Division Promotion: 1992–93
Football League Cup Runners-up: 1994–95

Middlesbrough
Football League Second Division Play-offs: 1987–88
Football League Third Division Promotion: 1986–87
Full Members Cup Runners-up: 1989–90

Managerial statistics

See also
 List of Scotland international footballers born outside Scotland
List of Scotland national football team captains

References

External links

Profile at the League Managers Association
Career information at ex-canaries.co.uk

1947 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Aldershot
English footballers
English people of Scottish descent
Scottish footballers
Scotland international footballers
Luton Town F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C.players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Seattle Sounders (1974–1983) players
Torquay United F.C. players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
English football managers
Premier League managers
Torquay United F.C. managers
Middlesbrough F.C. managers
Millwall F.C. managers
Bolton Wanderers F.C. managers
Arsenal F.C.managers
Queens Park Rangers F.C. non-playing staff
Norwich City F.C. managers
Wigan Athletic F.C. managers
Western Soccer Alliance coaches
Odense Boldklub managers
AaB Fodbold managers
Seattle Storm (soccer) coaches
Expatriate football managers in Denmark
Association football midfielders
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scottish expatriate football managers
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
English expatriate footballers
Footballers from Hampshire

masks:
Bruce David Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch
Rioch


text_chunks:
<mask> (née Slate; born October 8, 1972) is an American former nurse who was convicted of murdering her husband on April 28, 2004, in what media dubbed the "suitcase murder". She was sentenced to life in prison on July 19, 2007 and is serving her sentence at the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women in Clinton, New Jersey. She will not be eligible for parole until she is 100 years old. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in Ridgewood and Middletown Township, New Jersey, attending Middletown High School South. She enrolled at Rutgers University with a double major in math and psychology and graduated in 1994. She graduated, second in her class, from the Charles E. Gregory School of Nursing (now Raritan Bay Medical Center) in 1997 with a nursing diploma. She married United States Navy veteran William T. "Bill<mask> (born September 21, 1964) in 1999.Murder
By April 2004, the <mask>s had been married for five years. <mask> was a nurse at a fertility clinic and Bill was a computer programmer. The couple had two sons and lived in a Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, apartment, but planned to move that month to a larger home in Warren County. They closed the documents on their new house on April 28, but never moved in. That night, according to the prosecution, <mask> drugged her husband, shot him dead, and subsequently dismembered his body. She put his remains into a 3-piece suitcase set, and those three pieces were later found dumped in Chesapeake Bay. Investigation
On May 5, the first suitcase, containing human legs, was found washed up in Virginia Beach, Virginia; a murder investigation was launched.On May 11, a second larger suitcase was found floating in the bay, containing a head and torso with two bullet wounds. The third and smallest suitcase, containing arms, was recovered on a beach on May 16. Police released a facial reconstruction sketch of the victim, which an acquaintance of <mask>'s recognized. <mask> then became the prime suspect in the investigation. Because the murder did not occur in Virginia, however, authorities turned over their investigation to the New Jersey State Police. During the investigation, incriminating evidence was uncovered against <mask>. On April 26, 2004, <mask> had purchased a .38 caliber handgun with unusual wadcutter bullets from a store in Easton, Pennsylvania; Bill had been killed with a .38 caliber handgun with wadcutter bullets.On April 30, Bill's 2002 Nissan Maxima was found outside the Flamingo Motel in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and police discovered a security video of the car being moved. <mask> later claimed she had moved the car as a "prank", even though she had applied for a protection from abuse order days earlier after being allegedly slapped by her husband. Police also learned that <mask> had been having a long-term affair with a co-worker named Bradley Miller. Her E-ZPass tag was recorded at a toll booth in Delaware two days after the murder; she claimed that this was the result of her going furniture shopping in Delaware since it has no sales tax. Before she was charged with murder, <mask> called E-ZPass and attempted to have the $0.90 charge removed from her account history. Days later, an unidentified man, believed by many to be her stepfather, also called and attempted to have the charge removed. The plastic bags that contained Bill's body parts were demonstrated by forensics to be from the same roll of bags that <mask> had in her home.The luggage that the body was found in matched a set that she had in her basement, which was missing the same size bags as those the body was found in. Further, fibers found in the body matched those from the type of sofa (now missing) that the couple had owned (indicating that a cushion had probably been used as a makeshift silencer). Similarly, a medical grade towel found with Bill's body matched those in the house and others stocked at the clinic <mask> worked in. Police believed that she used a syringe and prescription from her work to obtain the drug used as her means to incapacitate her husband. Trial
On June 2, 2005, more than a year after the murder, <mask> dropped her children off at child care and preschool. After exiting the oldest child's school, <mask> started walking towards her vehicle when law enforcement emerged from the bushes, taking her into custody without incident. She was immediately booked into the Middlesex County Adult Correctional Center on first-degree murder charges, but made her $750,000 bail ($ million today).Through her attorneys, Joe Tacopina, Steve Turano, and Marc Ward, she pleaded not guilty to the charges. After being released on bail, <mask> faced additional charges on October 11, 2005. A four-count indictment came down from a state grand jury. Her bail was raised to $2.1 million ($ million today), but she was again released. More than a year later, on October 26, 2006, <mask> was charged with two counts of hindering apprehension for allegedly writing letters to police aimed at getting them off her trail. She again pleaded not guilty and was released after posting $10,000 bail. Almost three years after the crime, <mask>'s murder trial commenced at the Middlesex County Courthouse in New Brunswick on March 5, 2007.Prosecutors contended her motive for murder was to take up a new life with her lover. <mask> persisted in claiming she was innocent, and claimed her husband had become increasingly moody and unpredictable and was a compulsive gambler. On April 23, 2007, <mask>'s murder trial jury found her guilty of first-degree murder, finding that the evidence established her culpability for the murder beyond a reasonable doubt. She was also convicted of the lesser charges of perjury, desecration of human remains, and possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose. However, <mask> was acquitted of the two counts of hindering apprehension, as well as tampering with evidence and possession of Xanax without prescription. Shortly after her conviction, but before sentencing, <mask> appealed for a new trial on the basis of the story of a jailhouse informant (Christopher Thieme) that her husband was deeply in debt and may have been killed by Atlantic City mobsters. However, prosecutors established that the informant was "entirely incredible and routinely and habitually fabricates stories", according to a New Jersey State Police investigation, before recanting and accusing <mask>'s attorney of suborning perjury.With the story debunked, the request for a new trial was withdrawn. On July 19, 2007, at the age of 34, <mask> was sentenced to life in prison. Aftermath
During her arraignment on murder charges, <mask>'s case was dubbed the "Suitcase Murder" by various media outlets. Author John Glatt wrote a book about the case, entitled To Have and To Kill. The case has been profiled on television outlets: Snapped Oxygen Network; Dateline NBC; 48 Hours Mystery CBS;  and The Investigators TruTV; Deadly Affairs Investigation Discovery, and Forensic Files II, among other true crime television shows. <mask>'s conviction was affirmed by an appeals court on March 16, 2011. She must serve more than 63 years before she is eligible for parole.On September 20, 2011, the New Jersey Supreme Court declined to hear her further appeal. On April 29, 2014, <mask> filed a motion for post-conviction relief, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel and newly discovered evidence. On September 25, 2014, <mask> appeared in court with her new attorney Lois DeJulio, a public defender, to try to get a hearing that could overturn her 2007 murder conviction, on the grounds that her previous legal representation (by Joe Tacopina) was inadequate or ineffective. The request was subsequently denied. References

1972 births
American female murderers
American murderers
American female criminals
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People convicted of murder by New Jersey
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New Jersey
Living people
Middletown High School South alumni
People from Brick Township, New Jersey
People from Middletown Township, New Jersey
People from Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
Rutgers University alumni
Mariticides
21st-century American criminals

masks:
Melanie Lyn McGuire
Melanie Lyn Slate
" McGuire
McGuire
Melanie
McGuire
Bill McGuire
Melanie
Melanie
Melanie
Melanie
Melanie
Melanie
Melanie
Melanie
Melanie
Melanie
Melanie
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire
McGuire