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<mask> (; born 23 March 1942) is an Austrian film director and screenwriter. His work often examines social issues and depicts the feelings of estrangement experienced by individuals in modern society. Haneke has made films in French, German, and English and has worked in television and theatre, as well as cinema. He also teaches film direction at the Film Academy Vienna. His directorial debut, The Seventh Continent, won the Bronze Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival in 1989. He later won the Grand Prix at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival for The Piano Teacher and the Best Director Award for Caché at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. He subsequently directed the 2007 remake of his controversial 1997 film Funny Games.At the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, his film The White Ribbon won the Palme d'Or, and at the 67th Golden Globe Awards the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In 2012, his film Amour premiered and competed at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. The film would go on to win the Palme d'Or, making it his second win of the prestigious award in three years; this made him the seventh director to have won it twice and the only Austrian director to have accomplished this. The film received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Actress in a Leading Role for Emmanuelle Riva; it won in the category of Best Foreign Language Film. In 2013, <mask> won the Prince of Asturias Award for the arts. His twelfth and most recent film, Happy End, was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival. Life and career
Haneke is the son of German actor and director <mask> and Austrian actress .His stepfather, the composer , had later married the mother of actor Christoph Waltz. Haneke was raised in the city of Wiener Neustadt, Austria. Haneke showed a strong interest in Literature and Music, but as an adolescent developed a "downright contempt for any form of school". During this period of his life, he has later described himself as a "rebel". He had ambitions of becoming an actor in his youth, later abandoning these plans after failing an entrance examination at the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna. He later attended the University of Vienna to study philosophy, psychology and drama. Not a committed student, he would spend most of his time attending local movie theatres.After leaving university, he began working odd jobs, before working as an editor and dramaturge at the southwestern German television station Südwestfunk from 1967 to 1970, a time during which he also worked as a film critic. He made his debut as a television director in 1974. Haneke's feature film debut was 1989's The Seventh Continent, which served to trace out the violent and bold style that would bloom in later years. Three years later, the controversial Benny's Video put Haneke's name on the map. Haneke achieved great success in 2001 with the critically successful French film The Piano Teacher. It won the prestigious Grand Prize at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival and also won its stars, Benoît Magimel and Isabelle Huppert, the Best Actor and Actress awards. He has worked with Juliette Binoche (Code Unknown in 2000 and Caché in 2005), after she expressed interest in working with him.Haneke frequently worked with real-life couple Ulrich Mühe and Susanne Lothar – thrice each. His film, The White Ribbon, premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival and won the Palme d'Or. The film is set in 1913 and deals with strange incidents in a small town in Northern Germany, depicting an authoritarian, fascist-like atmosphere, where children are subjected to rigid rules and suffer harsh punishments, and where strange deaths occur. In 2012, his film Amour also won the Palme d'Or. <mask> says that films should offer viewers more space for imagination and self-reflection. Films that have too much detail and moral clarity, Haneke says, are used for mindless consumption by their viewers. His 2012 film Amour won the Best Foreign Language Oscar and was nominated for the Best Picture Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards.In 2013, he was the subject of the documentary film <mask> – Profession: Director. That year, Haneke won the Prince of Asturias Award for the arts. In 2017, his twelfth film, Happy End, was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 70th Cannes Film Festival. Stage work
Haneke has directed a number of stage productions in German, which include works by Strindberg, Goethe, and Heinrich von Kleist in Berlin, Munich and Vienna. In 2006 he gave his debut as an opera director, staging Mozart's Don Giovanni for the Opéra National de Paris at Palais Garnier when the theater's general manager was Gerard Mortier. In 2012, he was to direct Così fan tutte for the New York City Opera. This production had originally been commissioned by Jürgen Flimm for the Salzburg Festival 2009, but Haneke had to resign due to an illness preventing him from preparing the work.Haneke realized this production at Madrid's Teatro Real in 2013. Filmography

Feature films

TV films
 ...Und was kommt danach? (After Liverpool, 1974) — (based on a play by James Saunders)
 Drei Wege zum See (Three Paths to the Lake, 1976) — (based on a story by Ingeborg Bachmann)
 Sperrmüll (Household Rubbish, 1976)
 Lemminge, Teil 1: Arkadien (Lemmings, Part 1: Arcadia, 1979)
 Lemminge, Teil 2: Verletzungen (Lemmings, Part 2: Injuries, 1979)
 Variation (1983)
 Wer war Edgar Allan? (Who Was Edgar Allan?, 1984) — (based on a novel by Peter Rosei)
 Fraulein (Miss, 1986)
 Nachruf für einen Mörder (Obituary for a Murderer, 1991)
 Die Rebellion (The Rebellion, 1992) — (based on Rebellion by Joseph Roth)
 Das Schloß (The Castle, 1997) — (based on The Castle by Franz Kafka)
Kelvin's Book (TBA)

Short films
 Lumière and Company (1995) (segment "<mask>eke/Vienne")

Bibliography
 Catherine Wheatley: <mask>'s Cinema: The Ethic of the Image, New York: Berghahn Books, 2009,  review
 <mask>e. Special Issue of Modern Austrian Literature. 43.2, 2010. Alexander D. Ornella / Stefanie Knauss (ed.): Fascinatingly Disturbing. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on <mask>'s Cinema, Eugene, Pickwick, 2010, . References

External links

1942 births
Living people
Austrian film critics
Austrian film directors
Austrian opera directors
Austrian television directors
Austrian theatre directors
Austrian screenwriters
Best Director César Award winners
Best Director German Film Award winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director winners
Directors of Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award winners
Directors of Palme d'Or winners
European Film Award for Best Director winners
European Film Award for Best Screenwriter winners
Filmmakers who won the Best Foreign Language Film BAFTA Award
Film directors from Munich
French-language film directors
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Georges Delerue Award winners
Male screenwriters
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
People from Wiener Neustadt
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
University of Vienna alumni

masks:
Michael Haneke
Haneke
Fritz Haneke
Haneke
Michael H
Michael Han
Michael Haneke
Michael Hanek
Michael Haneke


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<mask> (died 16 December 1448) was the 31st Doge of the Republic of Genoa. Biography
Son of Bartolomeo Fregoso and Caterina Ordelaffi, daughter of the lord of Forlì Antonio <mask>delaffi, he was born in Genoa around 1405. Grandson of the three-time doge <mask>regoso. <mask> was educated in literary subjects, politics, use of weapons and in the management of the flourishing commercial traffic that his family had in the Genoese colonies in the east. Precisely on behalf of his uncle-doge he fought between 1436 and 1437 in the Alessandrian domains of the Republic of Genoa conquering the local castle of Voltaggio, destroying the troops of the Duchy of Milan of Filippo Maria Visconti and other victorious clashes in Gavi. In 1438, still during the dogate of <mask>o, he quelled a revolt led by Giovanni Antonio Fieschi and in the same year he was appointed governor of Corsica, a position he held for six years. The Corsican chronicles will testify to a decidedly negative and power government by Fregoso, but these reports, also in the opinion of the historians themselves, should however be sought in the well-known bad coexistence and hostility between the locals and the Genoese dominion on the island that have always generated clashes or different interpretations of the facts.Still in 1438 he participated in the struggle of  René of Anjou, supported by Genoa, against Alfonso V of Aragon in the war of succession for the throne of the Kingdom of Naples; <mask> Fregoso, in exchange for the aid provided, was invested by the Anjou the title of count of Traetto (present day Minturno). Called back to Genoa in December 1442 to the rescue of his uncle Doge Tomaso <mask>, he could not do anything against the subsequent deposition of the latter and which led, after a monthly government of eight Captains of Liberty, to the election of the new doge Raffaele Adorno. Refugee in Corsica to avoid a probable imprisonment by Adorno, he found on his arrival on the island a situation unfavorable to him consequently to the fresh appointment of the two new Genoese governors, Antonio and Nicolò Montaldo, who, in fact, took his place . Now confined to his island possessions, and surrounded by the troops of the ruling governors on behalf of the Republic of Genoa, he tried after a few months on the defensive to negotiate with the new governor Giovanni Montaldo a division of power with the division of Corsica into two mega areas, the first under Genoese influence and second under his control and other local squires. The agreement between the two, however, was short-lived as his brother, Lodovico <mask> was captured and imprisoned, accepting the surrender of hostility on the island with the Genoese dominion in 1444. In that year, on the advice of his uncle Tomaso <mask>o, he prepared his personal "revenge" against the Adornos aiming, if possible, also to his triumphant return to power over Genoa. A peace treaty was signed with Duke Visconti (1444), he moved from the Sarzana family fiefdom to Nice where he made an agreement (1446) with the ambassadors of Charles VII of France, bartering the submission of the Genoese republic in exchange for economic or financial aid.The most propitious situation to implement his plan took in January 1447 with the dissatisfaction of the Genoese people towards the stave of Barnaba Adorno. On the night of January 29, Campofregoso made his armed entrance in Genoa, conquered the Doge's Palace and after a fierce fight he drove the doge Adorno away. On the morning of January 30, by popular acclamation, the thirty-first doge of the republic was elected. Life as Doge
The dogate of <mask> <mask>o immediately had to face the internal problems related to the historical enmities of his family with the Adorno and the Fieschi, but also in the Italian and European scenario the figure of the new doge had to respond to the problems that arose with the French crown of <mask> for failure to comply with the agreements of 1446, with the Crown of Aragon, that previously allied to the two doges Raffaele Adorno and Barnaba Adorno, and with the Duchy of Milan. The unfavorable situation for the new Doge changed, however, little by little with the death of Filippo Maria Visconti, who, due to a dispute over the succession, "messed up" the international chessboard and looked away at Genoa. France itself of Charles VII was more concerned with reorganizing the defenses, and above all the economic resources, after the Hundred Years' War against the Kingdom of England. For his part, Campofragoso sought an anti-Aragonese alliance with the Milanese Duke, <mask> Sforza, financing the latter in his cause of succession with about 10,000 ducats, regulating with the Milanese state the new borders with the Genoese republic, also granting a large autonomy to the important fiefdom of Novi, and marrying Drusiana Sforza, the daughter of Ludovico.The relationship with Galeotto Del Carretto, lord of the Marquisate of Finale was more difficult and contrasted, which during the Campofregoso's Dogate repeatedly plundered and attacked several centers and territories controlled by the Genoese republic. The doge also sought a peaceful agreement, even combining marital ties, which eventually became a clash in the end of 1447 and the beginning of 1448 when two armed ships and an army of 8000 soldiers were sent to the Finale Ligure under the command of his cousin <mask> Campofregoso. The Genoese assault led to the destruction of Castel Gavone and the burning of the city of Finalborgo which, shortly afterwards, surrendered to Genoa. The proceeds confiscated from the Marquisate of Finale, were transferred to the Bank of Saint George, also allowing the subsequent conquest of Castelfranco and the fief of Giustenice. During his dogate, thanks to Pope Nicholas V, he also established excellent relations with the Papal States and in particular with the apostolic secretary Flavio Biondo. For Genoa he reinforced the city walls and rebuilt the fortress of Castelletto, that was previously demolished by the population in the clashes of 1436. He increased trade and traffic in threatened eastern colonies with new tax relief, after the beginning of the waning phase of the Byzantine Empire, by the Turks.Also in 1448 he foiled the conspiracies of Giovanni Antonio Fieschi, supported by the French king as an act of retaliation for the failed commitments of 1446, who was executed with the beheading. The other suspects Niccolò Giustiniani and Battista Giustiniani, perhaps financed by Alfonso V of Aragon, were sentenced to exile from Genoa. In July he purchased the lordship of Sarzana from his uncle Tomaso <mask> for 10,000 ducats. Death
<mask> <mask> fell ill in September 1448. With a serious illness, died on 16 December of the same year in Genoa despite the efforts and medical treatment provided to him. The funeral, celebrated with "great majesty", took place in the Cathedral of San Lorenzo by Pietro Pierleoni of Rimini. The body was buried in the church of San Francesco di Castelletto (later demolished) and with the inauguration of a marble monument in his honor.Personal life
From his first marriage with Violante <mask>, daughter of the noble Corso <mask> Brando, he had four children: Tommasino, who was lord of Sarzana and governor of Corsica, Leonarda, Battistina and Tommasina. From the second marriage with Drusiana Sforza instead had no children. See also

 Republic of Genoa
 Doge of Genoa
 Genoese colonies
 Genoese Navy
 Fregoso

References

Campofregoso, Giano 1
Campofregoso, Giano 1
Giano 1

masks:
Giano I di Campofgoso
I Or
Tomaso di Campof
Giano Fregoso
Tomaso di Campofgos
Giano
di Campofgoso
di Campofgoso
di Campofgos
Giano
di Campofgos
Charles VII
Francesco I
Pietro di
di Campofgoso
Giano
di Campofgoso
di Brando
Francesco di


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<mask> (December 7, 1917 – December 26, 1998) was an American actor. He is best known for having played characters of handsome, narcissistic young men, most notably Dorian Gray in the film The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945). Early life
<mask> was born in New York City to <mask> (died 1954), an attorney who served as deputy attorney general for New York, and his wife, Adele (née McGuire). He was educated at Columbia University, then moved to London, England where he studied drama and began acting in theatre. Acting career
He returned to America for his film debut in Dragon Seed (1944), in which he and his co-stars (Katharine Hepburn, Akim Tamiroff, Aline MacMahon, Turhan Bey) portrayed Chinese peasants, some more convincingly than others. <mask>'s second film, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945), made him a star. As Oscar Wilde's ageless anti-hero, <mask> received widespread acclaim for his dark good looks as much as for his acting ability.However, the actor was ambivalent about the role and his performance. "The film didn't make me popular in Hollywood," he commented later. "It was too odd, too avant-garde, too ahead of its time. The decadence, the hints of bisexuality and so on, made me a leper! Nobody knew I had a sense of humour, and people wouldn't even have lunch with me." His follow-up films, The Diary of a Chambermaid (1946), The Beginning or the End (1947), and The Unsuspected (1947), were successful, but Joan of Arc (1948) was a critical and financial failure. <mask>'s film career began to lose momentum very quickly in the 1950s, and he returned to the stage.His subsequent movies included supporting roles in The Left Handed Gun (1958), King of Kings (as Pontius Pilate) (1961), El Cid (1961), Harlow (1965) (as Paul Bern), and The Boston Strangler (1968). He cut back on performing in the 1970s. His later movies included King David (1985) and Her Alibi (1989). He appeared frequently on television and received an Emmy Award nomination for the Hallmark Hall of Fame videotaped play The Invincible Mr. Disraeli (1963). In 1957, he appeared in Beyond This Place, directed by Sidney Lumet. <mask>'s other television credits include three guest appearances on Murder, She Wrote opposite his Picture of Dorian Gray costar Angela Lansbury, who had become a lifelong friend, and who had a home in County Cork. He also appeared as the villain in the second episode of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, titled "The City Beneath the Sea".He appeared in Alfred Hitchcock Presents in "None Are So Blind", which first aired October 28, 1956. In 1952, <mask> appeared as Joseph in Westinghouse Studio One'''s The Nativity. This was a rare commercial network staging of a 14th-century mystery play, adapted from the York and Chester plays. In 1966, he appeared on the television series The Wild Wild West in an episode titled "The Night of the Man-Eating House". In a twist on his Dorian role, his character starts as an old man who, upon entering a house inhabited by the ghost of his mother, is turned back into a youthful Confederate soldier. A second appearance in the third season episode "The Night of the Undead" had him portray the vengeful and mad Dr. Articulus. According to the magazine Films in Review, <mask> was ambivalent about having played Dorian Gray, feeling that it had typecast him."You know, I was never a great beauty in Gray...and I never understood why I got the part and have spent my career regretting it", he is reported to have said. Personal life and death
Having been introduced to Ireland by actress and former co-star Angela Lansbury, <mask> lived at Ballinterry House, Rathcormac, County Cork from the early 1970s. He purchased the structure to save it from demolition and he spent 24 years restoring and renovating it. A keen collector of antiques and art, he referred to Ballinterry House as a painting which he never would finish. He died in his sleep of a heart attack at a friend's home, aged 81, after celebrating Christmas dinner. <mask> never married. His long-time close friend and colleague Maggie Williams was heir of both Ballinterry House and his collection.She maintained the historic Irish country home exactly as it was at the time of <mask>'s death. The house was sold in late 2006, and the entire contents of the Hurd Hatfield Collection were sold at an auction on the premises by Country House Antique & Fine Art Auction in March 2007. At the time of his death, <mask> was writing his autobiography. He was cremated, and his ashes scattered. <mask> was a Democrat, supporting Adlai Stevenson's campaign during the 1952 presidential election. He performed several times in the Soviet Union and developed a deep interest in Russian culture and religion. His interest ran so deep that on his deathbed, a Russian Orthodox priest attended him and officiated at his funeral.

masks:
William Rukard Hurd Hatfield
Hatfield
William Henry Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield
Hatfield


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<mask>, Jr. (August 1, 1839 – November 21, 1920) was an American coal tycoon, attorney and philanthropist, active primarily in Knoxville, Tennessee, and the vicinity, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was president of the Coal Creek Coal Company, president of the Virginia-Tennessee Coal Company, a director of Knoxville's Third National Bank, and at his height, was one of the wealthiest men in East Tennessee. His prominent North Knoxville mansion, Greystone, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A Union officer during the Civil War, <mask> arrived in Knoxville in 1865. In 1868, he killed Confederate colonel Henry Ashby in a notorious shootout in downtown Knoxville. <mask> first rose to prominence as U.S. District Attorney for East Tennessee, serving from 1869 until 1871. During the late 1860s, he organized the Coal Creek Coal Company, which in subsequent decades grew to become one of the major coal producing companies in the region.In the 1890s, <mask> helped establish Knoxville's Florence Crittenton Home and <mask>'s Home for Friendless Women. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in 1839 on the Mount Vernon, Ohio-area farm of his parents, <mask> <mask>, Sr. (1804–1896) and Minerva Mallory Hinman. His parents were both primarily of English descent. <mask> attended school in nearby Chesterville, and trained to be a teacher. He taught school at Richmond, Kentucky, from 1857 to 1860, and at Platte City, Missouri, from 1860 until 1861. While in Platte City, he began studying law. At the outbreak of the Civil War, <mask> returned to Ohio and enlisted in the 142nd Regiment of the Ohio Volunteer Infantry.<mask> saw action at the Battle of Island Number Ten and the Battle of Petersburg. In June 1864, <mask>'s regiment successfully guided supplies through the hostile Virginia wilderness to reinforce General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Cold Harbor. In February 1865, shortly before he was mustered out with the rank of major, <mask> accompanied General Joseph Alexander Cooper to Knoxville. Impressed with the virtually untouched mineral resources of the surrounding region, <mask> decided to make the city his permanent home. <mask> shooting

Shortly after the war, <mask> became embroiled in a quarrel with Colonel Henry Ashby, a native Virginian who had fought for the Confederacy. In 1866, <mask> accused Ashby of cruelly mistreating 431 Union soldiers that had been captured by Confederate forces in 1862, leading to Ashby's arrest and indictment for treason. Ashby posted bail and fled to Atlanta, but returned to Knoxville in 1868 after the charges were dropped.On July 9, 1868, Ashby encountered <mask> on Gay Street, and a brief struggle ensued, with Ashby attacking <mask> with a cane, and <mask> striking Ashby with an umbrella. The following day, Ashby confronted <mask> at the latter's law office near the corner of what is now Walnut and Main. According to some reports, Ashby attempted to strike <mask> with a cane, and according to others, Ashby drew a derringer. In any case, <mask>  drew a pistol and fired, killing Ashby. After <mask> was arrested for murder, his bail was posted by several former Unionists, among them future Knoxville Journal editor William Rule. Knoxville's pro-Democratic newspaper, the Daily Press and Herald, dubbed <mask> a cold-blooded killer, while the city's pro-Republican paper, the Knoxville Whig, hailed him as a hero. The county's acting district attorney eventually issued a nolle prosequi, and <mask> was never prosecuted for the killing.District attorney

In 1869, <mask> was appointed United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Tennessee by President Ulysses S. Grant, having been recommended for the position by Congressman Horace Maynard. Most of his cases involved false pension and bounty claims, although he prosecuted sixty-three moonshining cases during his tenure. He argued several cases before the Tennessee Supreme Court, among them a case regarding the validity of payments in Confederate money during the Civil War (co-argued with future congressman Leonidas Houk), a case involving a horse stolen by federal soldiers during the war, and a case involving a man who claimed his son-in-law tricked him into selling his property while he was intoxicated. In 1871, <mask> was suspended by Grant on recommendation from Senator William G. Brownlow and congressmen Maynard and Roderick Butler, whose constituents were complaining that <mask> was bringing too many prosecutions, and thus enriching himself with legal fees. While he was eventually reinstated in November 1871, <mask> resigned the office just three weeks after his reinstatement for what he believed was the good of the Republican Party. Business interests

In 1868, shortly after railroad construction connected the Coal Creek Valley of western Anderson County with Knoxville, <mask> organized the Coal Creek Coal Company and opened a mine near the center of the valley, around which the mining village of Fraterville developed. This company initially produced approximately 30,000 tons of coal per year.By 1900, the company was operating three mines in the valley— the Fraterville and Hollow Entry mines at Fraterville, and a mine at Thistle Switch (near Briceville)— and its annual production had increased to over 200,000 tons. Coal Creek Coal was one of the few mining companies in Tennessee that never used convict labor, and as a result, avoided much of the strife that plagued most Cumberland Plateau-area mining companies during the Coal Creek War of 1891. In 1902, the Fraterville Mine disaster, the deadliest mine explosion in the state's history, occurred at Coal Creek Coal's Fraterville Mine. <mask>'s son, George, who was superintendent of the company's Fraterville mines, oversaw the rescue operations in the explosion's aftermath. In spite of his efforts, 216 miners died. The company was subsequently sued for over one million dollars in damages, but the suit (Slover, et al. v. Coal Creek Coal Company) was thrown out.Along with Coal Creek Coal, <mask> also served as president of two other companies: the Virginia–Tennessee Coal Company, which operated mines in the Raven, Virginia area, and  the Knoxville Acetylene Company, which manufactured gas generators. During the 1890s, <mask> was a director of Knoxville's Third National Bank, serving on the bank's board alongside Knoxville Iron Company president W.R. Tuttle. In 1887, <mask> co-organized a streetcar line, the Knoxville and Edgewood Street Railroad Company. Civic improvements

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, <mask> advocated numerous civic and infrastructural improvements. He was vice president of the National Rivers and Harbors Congress in 1910, and persistently sought better shipping facilities and lower freight rates on the Tennessee River. While he was focused primarily on his business interests, he remained active in the Tennessee Bar Association, and continuously pushed for stricter bar admission requirements. In 1895, <mask> helped establish the Knoxville's Florence Crittenton Home, which helped unwed mothers find gainful employment.Around the same time, he established Camp's Home for Friendless Women, which cared for destitute elderly women. See also

Charles McClung McGhee
Edward J. Sanford

References

People from Knoxville, Tennessee
People from Mount Vernon, Ohio
Businesspeople from Tennessee
American businesspeople in the coal industry
Tennessee Republicans
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Tennessee

masks:
Eldad Cicero Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Eldad
Cicero Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp Ashby
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp
Camp


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<mask> MBE (born 1960) is a Scottish radio broadcaster best known as the producer and host of The Thistle & Shamrock, an hour-long Celtic music program that airs weekly throughout the United States on National Public Radio (NPR). She also curates ThistleRadio, a 24/7 web-based music channel devoted to new and classic music from Celtic roots and is co-author of The New York Times Best Seller Wayfaring Strangers. The radio program has won numerous awards since its inception in 1981, offering a fusion of traditional and contemporary Celtic sounds, interwoven with interviews, in-studio performances and <mask>'s own trademark commentary in her "soft Scots" dialect. Early years
<mask> was born and raised in Scotland, where she went to the University of Stirling for her undergraduate education. While there, she was invited to spend one semester in North Carolina in the United States, and that was when she first heard NPR. After graduating in Scotland she returned to North Carolina and, although initially pursuing post-graduate research, was hired by WFAE FM, the NPR station in Charlotte, to oversee fundraising and promotion efforts. In her early years, <mask> guest hosted live radio shows featuring everything from Big Band to Classical music, also producing and presenting many live concerts.WFAE was a new station open to new ideas and in 1981 <mask> began a weekly hour of Celtic music for its local audience. The Thistle & Shamrock was picked up for national broadcast less than two years after this debut. The program's national following grew quickly and it was soon established as one of NPR's most widely heard and best-loved music offerings. During her years based in North Carolina, <mask> visited radio stations coast-to-coast across the US, presenting live broadcasts and events, and in 1989 and 1990, travelled to 22 US cities with The Thistle & Shamrock Concert Tour. Return to Scotland
<mask> has come full circle to re-settle and create her radio programs at home in Scotland. On numerous return trips to the United States, she has visited and raised funds for NPR member stations everywhere from Louisiana to Alaska, and hosted festival concerts from Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts to Chicago's Grant Park. Along the way she has forged a strong association with the United States, and made a unique contribution to the American airwaves.In the UK, <mask> has presented numerous programs for BBC Radio Scotland and BBC Radio 2, launching the Radio Scotland world music series "Celtic Connections" in 1993. She has produced and presented many live concert performances and broadcasts, including a musical event for Prince Charles in 2001 at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, and has acted in an advisory capacity for arts organisations in the US and UK, including serving on the Scottish advisory committee for the British Council. In 2006 <mask> launched Thistlepod, a free podcast from NPR, which ran until her radio programs became available to stream via NPR Music and <mask>'s Thistleradio website. Her partnership with NPR Music gave rise to ThistleRadio in 2012, a 24/7 web-based music channel devoted to new and classic music from Celtic roots, now hosted by SomaFM internet radio. <mask> has also produced several CD compilations and authored a 2005 volume on Celtic music for the NPR Curious Listener's Guide book series. In 2014, Wayfaring Strangers: The Musical Voyage from Scotland and Ulster to Appalachia, her major book, with CD, which was named after The Wayfaring Stranger folk song, was published by UNC Press. The book was co-authored by Doug Orr with a Foreword by Dolly Parton.Wayfaring Strangers appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list in two different categories. Awards and honours
<mask>'s awards include six World Medals from the New York Festivals International Competition for Radio Programming, and a Flora Macdonald Award from St. Andrews University (North Carolina), which also conferred upon her the degree of honorary doctorate. Hundreds of Thistle & Shamrock tapes and vinyl albums, along with concert recordings, playlists, newsletters, and related materials are now part of a working archive in the Scottish Heritage Center at St. Andrews University (North Carolina). The archive is open to anyone interested in studying the rich heritage of Celtic music. <mask> also serves on the Advisory Board of the Swannanoa Gathering folk arts workshops at Warren Wilson College in North Carolina. In 2003 the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage honoured her for "creating an on-air community, serving as a musical ambassador, and connecting listeners with the best of traditional and contemporary artistry.”

<mask> was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting and traditional Scottish music. In 2016 she received the Hamish Henderson Award for Services to Traditional Music, named for the influential folklorist, poet, songwriter and scholar who died in 2002.The award is presented annually to an individual who has made a substantial difference to the Scottish traditional music world. Upon receiving this honour, <mask> was also inducted into Scottish Traditional Music Hall of Fame. <mask>'s ThistleRadio music channel on SomaFM was awarded Best Music Show: Country/Folk/Blues in the 2017 Online Radio Awards presented by the British streaming service Mixcloud. In 2018, Folk Alliance International inducted <mask> into their Folk DJ Hall of Fame. References

External links
Thistle Radio – official site
The Thistle & Shamrock via streaming audio
Thistle Radio on SomaFM
"Hamish Henderson Services to Traditional Music Award"

1960 births
Living people
American information and reference writers
American writers about music
American women podcasters
American podcasters
NPR personalities
Scottish expatriates in the United States
Scottish radio presenters
Alumni of the University of Stirling
Members of the Order of the British Empire
21st-century American women

masks:
Fiona Karen Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Fiona Ritchie
Fiona Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie
Ritchie


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<mask> (born 24 September 1963 in Jindřichův Hradec, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech-Australian astrophysicist and professor at the University of Bonn. Biography and career
After the 1968 failure of Prague spring, <mask>'s family fled from Czechoslovakia losing all possessions; as a consequence <mask> grew up in Germany and South Africa. He acquired in 1983 his Abitur final exams in Göttingen and afterwards studied physics at The University of Western Australia in Perth. In 1988 he won the Isaac Newton scholarship at the University of Cambridge and in 1992 the senior Rouse Ball research scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge and attained a doctorate in England in 1992 with a dissertation on the distribution of low mass stars in the Milky Way. Afterwards <mask> worked until 2000 in astronomical research groups at Heidelberg University and at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, before he went to the University of Kiel and earned his Habilitation there. He was awarded a Heisenberg Fellowship in 2002. In April 2004 he was appointed to the observatory of the University of Bonn, which is today a department of the Argelander Institute for Astronomy.He was honoured in 2007 by a Swinburne University Visiting Professorship in Melbourne and by a Leverhulme Trust Visiting Professorship at the University of Sheffield. <mask> leads the research group on stellar populations and stellar dynamics at the University of Bonn. His research work began in 1987 in Australia with an investigation of Proxima Centauri. <mask> is well known for his work for the distribution of stellar masses. In Cambridge in 1990–1992 by means of observational data on star counts and on binary stars and with detailed computations of stellar structure with Christopher A. Tout and Gerard F. Gilmore he deduced the contemporary, generally used canonical IMF (initial mass function), which describes the distribution of the star masses at their birth. In 2004 in Kiel together with Carsten Weidner he suggested the existence of a physical maximum star mass of approximately 150 solar masses. In Heidelberg he presented the first stellar-dynamic computations in 1993–1995 of star clusters, in which all stars are born as binary stars.He thus solved the problem that field populations have a significantly lower double star rate than star formation areas, because the binary stars are broken up as the star clusters evolve and disperse. He mathematically formulated and applied a theory of the evolution of binary stars (eigenevolution), created the method of dynamic population synthesis, and predicted the existence of binary stars forbidden by previous theory (forbidden binaries). He suggested in co-operation with Ingo Thies and Christian Theis in 2003–2004 in Kiel that brown dwarves and extrasolar planetary systems can develop in circumstellar disks due to passing stars which disturb the disks. Our Solar System is likely to have been shaped by such events. In Kiel he also theoretically formulated the concept that galaxies ought to be described by stars forming in populations of embedded star clusters. With this he explained in 2002 the observed heating or thickening with age of the disk of the Milky Way, and with Carsten Weidner he formulated the "IGIMF (integrated galactic initial mass function) theory". In 2008 in Bonn together with Jan Pflamm-Altenburg he pointed out that the IGIMF theory implies that disk galaxies have a radial star formation law, in which the star formation density is proportional to the radial gas density.The IGIMF theory also implies that the star formation rates of irregular dwarf galaxies are proportional to their gas masses and must be corrected to clearly higher values as compared to previous theory. Simple star-formation laws for galaxies emerge from this work. The IGIMF theory gives good predictions for the mass distributions of the various metals within galaxies. In 1997 and in Heidelberg Kroupa, together with Ulrich Bastian, took the first precise measurement of the spatial movement of two extragalactic systems. In 1997 he also discovered stellar-dynamic solutions for the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way without the need for exotic dark matter. His work implies a possible connection of the satellite galaxies with the Bulge of the Milky Way. This connection can be explained by a collision of the early Milky Way with another young galaxy during which the satellite galaxies formed as tidal dwarf galaxies about 11 Gyr ago.This is shown in a series of research papers with Manuel Metz and Marcel Pawlowski. As a result of this work and since 2010 <mask> has concerned himself increasingly with cosmology. While the cosmological standard model does not offer a unique solution to the cosmic background radiation and to cosmological expansion, he claims that the observed structures on scales of about 1kpc and above falsify the standard model. The implication of his work is that effective gravity must be non-Newtonian in the ultra-weak field limit. Works
 The distribution of low-mass stars in the disc of the galaxy. University of Cambridge, 1992 (PhD thesis)
 Binary systems, star clusters and the galactic-field population: applied stellar dynamics. Kiel, 2002 (Habilitation thesis)
 The initial mass function of stars: evidence for uniformity in variable systems.Volume 295, Issue 5552 of Science Weekly, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2002

Journal articles
 P<mask>, R.R. Burman, D.G. Blair, "Photometric observations of flares on Proxima Centauri",PASA 8, 119 (1989). P<mask>, C. A. Tout, G. Gilmore, "The distribution of low-mass stars in the Galactic disc",MNRAS 262, 545 (1993). P<mask>, "The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems",Science 295, 82 (2002). C. Weidner, P<mask>, "Evidence for a fundamental stellar upper mass limit from clustered star formation",MNRAS 348, 187 (2004). P. <mask>, "Inverse dynamical population synthesis and star formation", MNRAS 277, 1491 (1995).P<mask>, "The dynamical properties of stellar systems in the Galactic disc", MNRAS 277, 1507 (1995). I. Thies, P<mask>, C. Theis, "Induced planet formation in stellar clusters: a parameter study of star-disc encounters", MNRAS 364, 961 (2005). I. Thies, P<mask>, S.P. Goodwin et al., "Tidally Induced Brown Dwarf and Planet Formation in Circumstellar Disks", ApJ 717, 577 (2010). P<mask>, "Thickening of galactic discs through clustered star formation", MNRAS 330, 707 (2002). C. Weidner, P. Kroupa, "The Variation of Integrated Star Initial Mass Functions among Galaxies",ApJ 625, 754 (2005). J. Pflamm-Altenburg, P.Kroupa, "Clustered star formation as a natural explanation for the Hα cut-off in disk galaxies", Nature 455, 641 (2008).J. Pflamm-Altenburg, P.<mask>, "The Fundamental Gas Depletion and Stellar-Mass Buildup Times of Star-Forming Galaxies", ApJ 706, 516 (2009). J. Köppen, C. Weidner, P. Kroupa, "A possible origin of the mass-metallicity relation of galaxies",  MNRAS 375, 673 (2007). S. Recchi, F. Calura, P. Kroupa, "The chemical evolution of galaxies within the IGIMF theory: the [ α/Fe] ratios and downsizing", A&A 499, 711 (2009). P<mask>, U. Bastian, "The HIPPARCOS proper motion of the Magellanic Clouds", NewA 2, 77 (1997). P<mask>, "Dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies without dark matter",  NewA 2,139 (1997). P<mask>, B. Famaey, K.S. de Boer, J. Dabringhausen, M. Pawlowski, C.M.Boily, H. Jerjen, D. Forbes, G. Hensler, M. Metz, "Local-Group tests of dark-matter concordance cosmology . Towards a new paradigm for structure formation", A&A 523, 32 (2010). P<mask>, "The Dark Matter Crisis: Falsification of the Current Standard Model of Cosmology", PASA 29, 395 (2012). P<mask>, M. Pawlowski, M. Milgrom, "The Failures of the Standard Model of Cosmology Require a New Paradigm", IJMPD 21, 1230003 (2012). P<mask>, "Lessons from the Local Group (and beyond) on dark matter", arXiv1409.6302 (2014). P<mask>, "Galaxies as simple dynamical systems: observational data disfavor dark matter and stochastic star formation", CaJPh 93, 169 (2015). See also

External links

 <mask>'s webpage at the Argelander Institute for Astronomy
 <mask>a: Dark Matter, Cosmology and Progress website
 <mask>, The Dark Matter Crisis, SciLogs website
 Dark Matter Debate between Simon White and <mask>, YouTube, Nov. 18, 2010
 <mask> – The vast polar structures around the Milky Way and Andromeda, YouTube, Nov. 18, 2013
 10 Problems with Dark Matter - <mask>, YouTube, Apr.10, 2021
 P. <mask> @ Astrophysics Data System

21st-century Australian astronomers
Australian physicists
Czechoslovak emigrants to Australia
University of Western Australia alumni
1963 births
Living people
20th-century Australian astronomers

masks:
Pavel Kroupa
Kroupa
Kroupa
Kroupa
Kroupa
Kroupa
Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
. Kroupa
Pavel Kroupa
Pavel Kroup
Pavel Kroupa
Pavel Kroupa
Pavel Kroupa
Pavel Kroupa
Kroupa


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<mask> (born February 27, 1964) is an American former professional stock car racing driver and current racing analyst for Fox NASCAR. <mask> is the younger brother of former racers Geoffrey and <mask>. <mask> is known for his bald head, which has given him the nickname The Onion. Early career
<mask> would make his Busch Series debut in 1986, for Pistone Racing at Martinsville. He qualified and finished 27th in the 30-car field, falling out of the race early with an engine problem. 1990s
<mask> went on a three-year hiatus from the series until 1990, when he would drive eight races for the Highline Racing #42/#81 Ames-sponsored Pontiac, making his season debut at Martinsville. He started 11th and finished in the eighth position.He then followed that up with finishes of seventh at Orange County and third at Dover Downs. In 1991, he signed to drive for Frank Cicci. In his first full season in the series, he won his first career race, one of 15 Top 10s in 1991. <mask> also won his first two poles: Back to back at Dublin and South Boston. He ended the year seventh in points. <mask>'s career in Cup started at Watkins Glen International Raceway on August 9, 1992 when he was 28 years old. He raced the No.34 Ford Thunderbird for Cicci-Welliver Racing, finishing 37th. His first full-time season came in 1994 when he raced for Butch Mock Motorsports. He raced the No. 75 Ford Thunderbird sponsored by Factory Stores. He missed one race the whole season and scored two Top 5s and seven Top 10s on his way to a 20th-place position in the points standings. He was unable to match those statistics in 1995 as he finished 33rd in the points with only one Top 5 and three Top 10s. Following his release from Butch Mock, <mask> spent 1996, filling in for Bill Elliott in a four-race span, finishing 10th at Pocono.He also drove three races apiece for David Blair Motorsports and Andy Petree Racing. In 1997, he filled in for Ricky Craven at Hendrick Motorsports at Texas and for his brother, Geoff at Charlotte Motor Speedway, before he won the pole at Watkins Glen for Cicci-Welliver in a one-race deal. He finished 35th due to engine problems in that race. <mask> started races for five different teams in 1997. At Loudon, he relieved Jeff Burton, who had an inner ear problem, and exited his Roush Racing car after 68 laps. For 1998, he signed with a new team called ISM Racing. The team struggled and he was temporarily replaced by Loy Allen, Jr. for the Pepsi 400 in July, then after the race was delayed to October was fired by the team before the next race at New Hampshire International Speedway.He went back to Cicci-Welliver in the Busch Series, replacing rookie Mike Cope in the No. 30 Slim Jim-sponsored car. He finished 33rd in points despite running 13 races and posted a string of five consecutive Top 5 finishes. He also ran part-time in cup for LJ Racing, posting a fifth at Atlanta. In 1999, his Cicci-Welliver team switched to No. 66, and he posted ten Top 5's en route to a fourth-place points finish. In addition, he ran seven races for Eel River Racing at the Cup level, his best finish being 15th at Bristol.In 2000, he won a pole at Talladega as well as the race at Michigan. 2000–2004

He would get back into Cup racing full-time in 2001 while racing the No. 66 K-Mart-sponsored Ford Taurus which was owned by Haas-Carter Motorsports. Despite getting three poles, he only scored two Top 5s, missed the Daytona 500, and was plagued with 12 DNFs, causing him to finish 29th in points. He also won the exhibition No-Bull Sprint, which put him into the Winston at Lowe's Motor Speedway. He also ran half the schedule in the Busch Series, winning two of the first three races of the season with Buckshot Racing, before ending the season driving for Fitz Motorsports. He started 2002 with the 66, but lost his ride after Kmart filed for bankruptcy.He signed on to Herzog Motorsports and won the Kroger 300, finishing 23rd in points. During the season, he rejoined Haas-Carter when Discover Card became the team's primary sponsor. He garnered a fifth-place run at Richmond, and finished 38th in points. In 2003, Carter partnered with Sam Belnavis to field the No. 54 United States National Guard-sponsored Ford for Bodine. Bodine's best finish that year was an eighth at Pocono and he finished 31st in standings. After that year, Belnavis abandoned the operation and took sponsors National Guard and Subway to Roush Racing and the Carter team closed its doors due to the lack of sponsorship.<mask> also got a win at Darlington in the Busch Series for Herzog and led the Busch Series points standings but again a lack of sponsorship forced his team to close. He ended the season at Innovative Motorsports. He split 2004 between Mach 1 Racing, Arnold Motorsports, and R&J Racing, his best finish a 23rd at Bristol. He ran five Busch races for GIC-Mixon Motorsports and Marsh Racing, finishing fifth at Homestead. Camping World Truck Series
<mask> made his Craftsman Truck Series debut in 1995 driving for Roush Racing's No. 61 Ford for 5 races. In his debut, <mask> qualified 3rd on the road course at Heartland Park Topeka, and finished fourth.His worst finish was at Mesa Marin Raceway, where he finished eighth an 8th place, earned his best start of 2nd, and led his first career lap. <mask> did not run the Trucks again until 2004, when he competed for Fiddleback Racing at Charlotte, finishing 20th and also ran for HT Motorsports's No. 59 Dodge at Kansas with a 15th. Later, he signed with the new Germain-Arnold Racing team, finishing 4th in their debut at Richmond. After losing in Vegas to Shane Hmiel, <mask> won his first two career races back-to-back at Fontana and Texas. Competing in ten events, <mask> averaged a 13th-place finish in his events, despite falling out of three with mechanical issues. Unfortunately, neither <mask> nor crew chief Mike Hillman Jr. was happy with contract issues and the team leadership.So <mask> parted ways with the team and went back to Fiddleback Racing, where he would drive in 2005. <mask> was able to earn four top-10s with the team in ten starts, but inconsistency was weighing him down to 8th place in points. Fiddleback also had no funding and after a 9th place at Michigan the team was disbanded. Germain-Arnold signed to have him come back. He won in his second race with the team at Kansas and rolled to four more victories, including three straight at the end of the season. By winning the final three races of the season, he made a serious run for the title. With four races remaining in the season <mask> was fourth in the standings, 256 points behind leader Ted Musgrave.With <mask>'s three wins, he was able to gain one spot to third and an entire 183 points on Musgrave to finish only 73 points behind. In 2006, <mask> was once again behind the wheel of the No. 30 Lumber Liquidators Toyota. Bodine won at Atlanta, Gateway, and Texas. <mask> won the 2006 Craftsman Truck Series championship on November 17, 2006, by 122 points over Johnny Benson, with 3 wins, 12 top fives, 16 top tens, a pole at Atlanta, an average finish of 8.4, and zero DNFs; it was Bodine's and Toyota's first-ever championship in any division. Starting in 2009 Lumber Liquidators left the No. 30 truck, while Copart came along to become the sponsor for the season, while still driving for Germain Racing.In 2010, <mask> stayed consistent all season long to capture the championship title. Driving for Germain Racing, <mask> won 4 races, and picked up 17 top-fives and 20 top-tens, along with 2 poles at Nashville and Chicagoland, and an average finish of 6.4. The consistency had caused him to clinch the championship with one race to go in the season. For 2011, <mask> struggled with consistency, as he suffered bad luck in most of the first 10 races. In spite of the team's success, sponsorship had been a constant issue for the No. 30 team since as far back as 2005; in 2011, they managed to run 10 races with limited sponsorship. However, after Kentucky, Germain was unable to send the 30 team to Iowa without a sponsor.The week before the race at Iowa, Germain partnered with Randy Moss Motorsports to put <mask> in their 5 truck for the rest of 2011. Although his results improved in the #5 team, <mask> went winless in 2011 (his best finish being a third at Bristol) and subsequently left Germain when the team decided to put its focus on the Sprint Cup Series. In 2012, <mask> was picked up by Red Horse Racing to run a full schedule. <mask> would run subsequent races with ToyotaCare sponsorship, and won the sixth race of the season, at Dover International Speedway, in a rain-shortened event. <mask> started the 2013 season driving for ThorSport Racing at Daytona International Speedway, finishing 11th. He followed it up with another 11th in the following race at Martinsville Speedway and ran the next six races for ThorSport before departing from the team following the race at Texas Motor Speedway. Four weeks later, he made what would be his final career start in the Camping World Truck Series at Pocono, driving the #30 truck for Turner Scott Motorsports.He finished 11th. <mask> ran a total of eight Nationwide Series races from 2014 to 2017 for SS-Green Light Racing and DGM Racing, his best finish being a 19th at Watkins Glen International in 2015. He ran his final race at Charlotte Motor Speedway in 2017 and finished 30th. He has since retired, however, a potential comeback is in the works for 2022 with sponsorship from Good Sam Enterprises, after Camping World CEO Marcus Lemonis offered to sponsor <mask> for 6 races in the truck series to get <mask> to 800 overall starts in NASCAR. <mask> has been confirmed to make a return to the Camping World Truck Series, for 6 races. He will drive for Halmar Friesen Racing. Broadcasting career
<mask> currently works on Fox Sports 1 as a color analyst for select Camping World Truck Series races when Michael Waltrip is unavailable.Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) Sprint Cup Series

Daytona 500

Xfinity Series

Camping World Truck Series

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points

ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) References

External links

Living people
1964 births
People from Chemung, New York
Racing drivers from New York (state)
NASCAR drivers
NASCAR Truck Series champions
ARCA Menards Series drivers

masks:
Todd Bodine
Todd
Brett Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Todd
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Todd
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
Bodine
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Bodine


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<mask> (; born 31 January 1933) was a senior Israeli intelligence officer who was arrested for spying for the Soviet Union in 1991. He is considered to have been one of the highest-ranking KGB moles in Israel. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Jerusalem during the British Mandate era in 1933. In 1950, he enlisted in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). From 1950 to 1953, he served as a member of the Israel-Jordan Armistice Committee. In 1954, he was appointed army attache to Turkey, but that same year, he returned to the armistice committee as a coordinator between the IDF Intelligence Corps and the Jordanian Army, serving in this position until 1960. Though he repeatedly failed his officer exams, he was repeatedly promoted and eventually reached the honorary rank of Colonel.From 1960 to 1961, he participated in a vocational high course for intelligence, and was appointed head of the documentation section of the Military Intelligence Directorate. He eventually left the IDF out of frustration for not being promoted any further, and for a year, served as CEO of the Government Coins and Medals Corporation, but was forced into resignation after he filed a false complaint on corruption and mismanagement. In March 1963, he was recruited by Shin Bet, Israel's internal security service, and served in its Jerusalem field office as head of a security vetting team. In 1965, he was transferred to Mossad, the Israeli external intelligence service, at his own request, and was employed in credibility checks. He was employed in Mossad until March 1967, and returned to the Israel-Jordan Armistice Committee until its dissolution in July 1967. He later joined Israel's United Nations liaison unit, and eventually became its commander, serving until 1970. He then returned to Mossad and joined TEVEL, the Mossad department responsible for liaison with allied governments, and served two years as head of the TEVEL station in Ethiopia.He was in charge of organizing secret military aid to the Ethiopian government in its war against Eritrean rebels. He was reposted to Israel after causing a security mishap, and served as special assistant to the head of special liaison until 1973. In July 1973, he was reposted as IDF liaison colonel to the UN. He served in this position until 1978, when he retired from the IDF out of frustration over the refusal of IDF Chief of Staff Rafael Eitan to promote him any further. After retiring from the IDF, Levinson exploited his connections with senior UN officials and arranged for himself to be posted to Thailand as head of a UN agency fighting the drug trade in East Asia, a job with a high salary. He served until June 1983, and near the end of his UN service in Thailand, he ran into financial troubles after repeated failed attempts to start his own businesses. KGB career
In April 1983, Levinson entered the Soviet embassy in Bangkok and offered to spy for the KGB, hoping to earn enough money to bail him out of his financial problems.He would later admit to his Shin Bet interrogators that his sole motivation was money. Levinson would spy for the Soviet Union for a total of seven years, during which he would make $31,000 - far less than what he had hoped for. Levinson was accepted, and sent to Moscow for tests. He was trained in the art of coded messages, radio communications, and secret rendezvous, and told what kind of information the KGB was interested in. He subsequently provided his handlers the structure of the Israeli intelligence community, providing detailed information including names and details of units, sub-units, identities of their chiefs, and their modus operandi, details on the Israeli Foreign Ministry, and even provided to KGB with original documents, and information on US intelligence officers in contact with Israeli intelligence. He also described to them the Israeli political system. In 1984, he returned to Israel and tried to rejoin Mossad, but was rejected due to his character and traits.However, in May 1985, one of his friends, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Avraham Tamir, who was serving as Director-General of the Prime Minister's Office, appointed Levinson Chief Security Officer upon the recommendations of Prime Minister <mask> Peres and former IDF and Shin Bet officers. This new job gave him access to all classified information available to the Prime Minister, which he turned over to the KGB. He also provided his KGB handlers with the structure of the Prime Minister's Office. Capture and trial
In May 1991, Mossad, through information from a foreign source, identified Levinson as a spy. He was lured back to Israel from abroad and arrested at Ben-Gurion International Airport.During his interrogation, he made a full confession. He was tried in the Tel Aviv District Court. The details of the trial were kept secret. During his trial, some of his friends from the military and security services, including Ariel Sharon and Rafi Eitan, testified on his behalf. He was found guilty and sentenced to 12 years in prison. Imprisonment and later life
Levinson served seven years of his twelve-year sentence, and was released in 1999 after a third of his sentence had been deducted for good behavior. While imprisoned, his cellmate was Marcus Klingberg, another convicted Soviet spy.While he was imprisoned, his wife left him, his friends and colleagues dissociated themselves from him, and he was expelled from various organizations that he had been a part of, including the IDF Veterans Association. Following his release, he was subjected to a stay of exit order that prevented him from leaving Israel until the end of his original sentence in 2003. When Levinson was released, he rented an apartment in Jerusalem, and became socially secluded. When his stay of exit term expired, he moved to Thailand, where he found work as an agricultural consultant. He currently lives in Thailand, and only returns to Israel for brief visits. External links
 Why did a top Israeli intelligence officer join the KGB - Haaretz - 1 January 2009
 <mask> <mask> (Lavi) Affair - Shin Bet English Website

1933 births
Living people
Israeli spies
Israeli people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
People of the Mossad
People of the Shin Bet

masks:
Shimon Levinson
Shimon Levinson
Shimon
Shimon
Levinson


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<mask> is a British musician. He is best known as a multi instrumentalist with Hefner but is also an acclaimed folk singer-songwriter in his own right. Hayter also played with alt-country band Spongefinger and folktronica band Dollboy. <mask> is also frequently used as a session pedal steel guitar player in the London alternative scene. Biography

Early years and Spongefinger (1994–1999)
<mask> first made a mark in the UK with the Alt.Country group Spongefinger who released two well received albums on Volcano Records/Cargo Distribution. The group were referred to as "Dennis Hopper's House Band" by Organ and NME press. They also served as the backing band on the "Immortal Rich" album by TV Smith (of The Adverts) in 1996.During this time he also contributed to the "Big Stick" EP from Rhatigan. Hefner (1998–2002)
Despite modest success with Spongefinger, <mask> came into prominence when he joined Hefner full-time in 1999 as a multi-instrumentalist (though he had been playing live with them in 1998), alongside Darren Hayman, Antony Harding and John Morrison. In Hefner, Hayter recorded and released numerous albums, singles and EPs for the Too Pure label. They had several top 75 singles and recorded a number of sessions for John Peel and Steve Lamacq. Hefner would play all over the world, including sets at festivals like Festival Internacional de Benicàssim, Big Chill Festival, V Festival and headline slots at Festivals like Reading & Leeds. They would also play bills with artists like Sebadoh, Elliott Smith, Flaming Lips, Billy Bragg and Life Without Buildings. Hefner would quietly dissolve in 2002 after the "Dead Media" album on which <mask> gave his first lead vocal performance.<mask> would later compile the posthumous live album "Kick, Snare, Hats, Ride" and provide liner notes for "The Best of Hefner". Solo (2001–present)
Since Hefner went quiet in 2001, <mask> debuted as a solo artist with the solo album "Practical Wireless" on Absolutely Kosher Records. Pitchfork complimented <mask>'s voice, calling it "one of the weariest, most world-beaten voices around" and remarked that "Hefner's just holding you back, <mask>.". The album was remembered nearly a decade later when featured by Faded Glamour in a 'Buried Treasure' article. Save for a number of remixes and compilation appearances, <mask>'s output was sparse following the release of the album, though he would play pedal steel and other instruments on a large number of records from musicians as diverse as Tram, Mark Mulcahy and The Wildhearts. He would also be seen opening for artists like KT Tunstall, Martin Grech, Darren Hayman & The Secondary Modern, Wreckless Eric, Amy Rigby and fellow Absolutely Kosher alumni The Mountain Goats. He made his solo return at the start of 2011.Through the encouragement of Benjamin Shaw, <mask> signed with UK independent record label Audio Antihero (best known at the time for Nosferatu D2) and released a new EP called "Sucky Tart". The EP was well received by press with isthismusic? giving it 5/5, The Organ naming it their 'thing of the day' and calling it "his finest moments yet" and The Line of Best Fit praised him for having "the imagination to break from the usually tough (and boring/overdone/tiresome) grasps of folk". Tom Robinson also played opening track "I Stole The Cutty Sark" prior to release on his BBC 6 Music show and "A Doll's House" was subsequently played by Tom Ravenscroft (whose father John Peel had been a notable supporter of Hefner). <mask> promoted the release with sessions for regional stations like Resonance FM, X-Stream East and Dandelion Radio. In April 2012, <mask> unveiled his next project, "The Sisters of St. Anthony" – a 12 part singles series, to last a full year. The series was launched with a show opening for The Wave Pictures and live sessions for the likes of This Is Fake DIY, Phoenix FM and Triple R FM.The series has featured musical contributions from Hefner alumni Darren Hayman and Antony Harding and guest artwork from Benjamin Shaw and Sexton Ming. The series enjoyed praise and acclaim from press and radio, including Tom Robinson's Fresh on the Net, 4FM, GoldFlakePaint, 7BitArcade, The Music Fix, This Is Fake DIY, The 405 and others. In November 2012, <mask> contributed a re-working of his "The West Beach" single for the Audio Antihero produced "Hüsker Doo-wop" Charity EP to raise money to repair damages to independent music organisations in New York following Hurricane Sandy. On 17 December, <mask> gave his final live session of 2012 for "The Wrong Rock Show" on the legendary Bush Radio, featuring the rarely performed "So Farewell Then Peter Murphy" and a cover of "Save Me" by Melanie Safka, recent single "Glass Bells Chime" was aired to close the show. The show was co-hosted by Audio Antihero and included a session from label-mate and Fighting Kites guitarist Broken Shoulder, it was promoted and featured by Rolling Stone. Hayter kicked off 2013 with a session for The Joyzine Radio Show on Croydon Radio and a new single, "Charlotte Badger" which found airplay on FM4. Follow up single "Sisters of St. Anthony" featured guest vocals from Suzanne Rhatigan of Rhatigan.The series ended with the 12th and final single "Quotes". In July 2017 The WIAIWYA label commissioned and released a 77 minute long lighthouse inspired concept piece called "Flashes and Occultations" by Hayter. Tracing the journey of a light-vessel captain and drawing on the imagery of 1940's propaganda films such as Men of the Lightship. The Irish poet Aoife Mannix supplied some poetry This was one of a series of 7 such pieces produced for the label by 7 acts. <mask> also contributed to the Papernut Cambridge contributionto the 77 at 7 series ("Anything You Touch is Art")

Other Post Hefner works
Though Hefner have not fully reformed, <mask> and Darren Hayman toured in 2008 playing Hefner songs and Hayter has contributed to various post-Hefner recordings/projects from both ANT and Darren Hayman and both of them appear on his "Sisters of St. Anthony Series"

Outside of his Hefner and solo work, <mask> is probably best known for his work as a studio and live mainstay of acclaimed progressive folktronica act Dollboy. <mask> also contributed the music to the short film by the director John Hardwick titled To Have And To Hold, which starred Susanne Lothar and had two poems published in the second Tall Lighthouse poetry review "Automatic Lighthouse" (). Since 2008, he has also worked extensively with the British Film Institute on various educational film projects made with children in North Kent.He has more recently been working with the Gare Du Nord label (co-run by Ian Button), contributing to recordings and live performances by Raleigh Long and Papernut Cambridge. Hayter also played Pedal Steel on Mark Fry's album, South Wind, Clear Sky (2014). Since 2014, <mask> has been a member of Papernut Cambridge, The 1980s inspired electronic soul band FXU2 Ralegh Long's and Non-Blank (a Hastings-based arts project with Oliver Cherer, Riz Maslen and Darren Morris) Non-Blank have performed a number of improvised soundtracks to classic films in South coast independent cinemas and at The Latitude Festival in 2017. Solo discography

Albums
Practical Wireless (Absolutely Kosher Records, 2002)
The Sisters of St. Anthony – A singles series in 12 parts (Audio Antihero, 2012–2013)
Flashes and Occultations (WIAIWYA, 2017)
Abbey Wood (Gare Du Nord, March 2018)

EPs
Sucky Tart (Audio Antihero, 2011)
Dandelion Sessions – March 2011 (BarelyOut Recordings, 2011)

Singles
"The Anti-Santa" (Fika Recordings, 2011)
"The Shackleton" (Audio Antihero, 2012)
"Farewell Jezebel" feat. Darren Hayman and Anthony Harding (Audio Antihero, 2012)
"Sweet JD" (Audio Antihero, 2012)
"Yr Lucky Charm [Bad Ju Ju Version]" (Audio Antihero, 2012)
"Yankee Dancy" feat. Anthony Harding (Audio Antihero, 2012)
"King of The Shale" (Audio Antihero, 2012)
"The West Beach" (Audio Antihero, 2012)
"Cathy's Wedding" (Audio Antihero, 2012)
"Glass Bells Charm" with Woodcraft Folk (Audio Antihero, 2012)
"Charlotte Badger" (Audio Antihero, 2013)
"Sisters of St. Anthony" with Suzanne Rhatigan (Audio Antihero, 2013)
"Quotes" (Audio Antihero, 2013)
You & Me – EP with Benjamin Shaw, Cloud and Broken Shoulder (Audio Antihero, 2014)

Compilations
A Very Cherry Christmas (Cherryade Records, 2006) – contributes "Bugger All To Do in Wagin"
Bob Hope Would: A charity compilation of exclusives and otherwise with all proceeds to be split between Japan Society, Shelterbox, Red Cross, Save The Children and The Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Relief Fund. (Audio Antihero, 2011) – contributes "So Farewell Then Peter Murphy"
Five Years: Volume One (Unwashed Territories, 2011) – contributes "I Stole The Cutty Sark (Dandelion Session)"
Audio Antihero Presents: "Some.Alternate.Universe" for FSID: A charity compilation for The Foundation for the Study of Infant Deaths.(Audio Antihero, 2012) – contributes "It Will"
Audio Antihero's Commercial Suicide Sampler (Audio Antihero, 2012) – contributes "I Stole The Cutty Sark"
Do I Have to be Alright, All of the Time?'

masks:
Jack Hayter
Hayter
Jack Hayter
Hayter
Jack Hayter
Jack
Hayter
Jack
Jack
Jack
Hayter
Hayter
Hayter
Hayter
Hayter
Hayter
Hayter
Hayter
Hayter
Hayter


text_chunks:
<mask>  (; , translit.Şäyexzada Möxämmätzäkir ulı Babiç; 1895–1919) was a Bashkir and Tatar poet, writer and playwright. <mask> was born on January 14, 1895, in the village of Asyanovo, in the Ufa Governorate (now Dyurtyulinsky District of Bashkortostan), in Russia. He is considered a classic author of Bashkir national literature. He was a member of the Bashkir national liberation movement, and a member of the Bashkir government (1917–1919). Biography
Babich was born in the village of Asyanovo, Birsk county, Ufa Governorate, in the Russian Empire, a place formerly called the Bashkir-patrimonial Kuyukovoy Kanlinskoy parish (now Dyurtyulinsky District of Bashkortostan). He did his primary education in his native village, in a madrassas directed by his father, Muhametzakir, with an Orenburg governor appointed Mullah from the Asyan mahalallah. In 1910, he traveled the Kazakh steppes and taught Kazakh children.Between the years 1911 and 1916, Babich studied in the madrassas Galia in Ufa, a time during which he  became deeply interested in literature. He participated in literary and musical circles, and published manuscripts in the  madrassas publication Parlak. After graduation, he went to the Troitsk to work as a teacher, a period during which he also worked for the magazine Akmulla. Most of <mask>'s literary work was created in the Tatar language, he was published in Tatar magazines and newspapers. <mask> began to write poetry in the Bashkir language since 1917. He lived in Ufa for a short time during the summer of 1917, and then moved to Orenburg, where he worked for the satirical magazine Carmack (meaning "Rod"). Babich became more invested in the Bashkir liberation movement in the autumn of 1917, when he became member of a party for the Bashkir movement and worked as the Secretary of the Bashkir regional (central) shuro (Council) of the Autonomous Bashkurdistana, as well as working as the editor of the newspaper Bashkort, and head of the youth organization of the Bashkirs, Тулҡын (meaning "Wave").He worked as a war correspondent in 1918–1919, following the Bashkir troops into combat. He only published one book in his lifetime, a collection of poems entitled Blue Songs, Young Bashkortostan, released in 1918 in Orenburg. On February 25, 1919, he was appointed an employee of the department of the Bashkir Soviet press Bashrevkoma. On March 28, 1919, during the transition of the Bashkir Army to the Red Army, <mask> <mask> was brutally murdered by a member of the Red Army in the village of Zilair Zilairsky District, in what had become the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. He was only 24. Poems

 "We"
 "In memory of Amir Karamysheva"
 "Prayer Warrior"
 'Poetic appeal to the Bashkir people about the agreement with the Bolsheviks "(1919). "Hyyalbay"
 "Reconcile"
 "For the sake of the people" (1914)
 "In the fight hold a short life" (1915, ed.1922)
 "Open eyes, brave!" "Kura"
 "Proofreaders and typesetters'
 "Long live the workers!" (1917)
 "Socialist traitors"
 "Oh, the book"
 "I'm Unhappy"
 "Our Garden"
 "Rain, lei!" "Complaint"
 "Long live the working!" "Gift of Freedom"
 "Partial similarity"
 "Spring Song"
 "Beauty"
 "My Angel"
 "Flower Garden Names"
 "Violin"
 "Mandolin"
 "Suddenly"
 "Hasten"
 "Two Shakirds"
 "Edification (to himself)"
 "Efendi Gabdulla Tukaev"
 "A goat and a pig"
 "Stop shutting up ..."
 "Soul"
 "Sadness"
 "Songs" Gaul ""
 "They say"
 "The Conscience and ambition"
 "Regret"
 "On the Death Tukaya"
 "The Waiting Song"
 "Do not compare?" "Impromptu"
 "You sent, aunt ..."
 "In a depressed state"
 "In the blissful state"
 "The river flowed towards ..."
 "For the People"
 "One Minute"
 "Prosperity and knowledge"
 "Greed — the devil"
 "The rich man and the poor man"
 "Kol not in my chest ..."
 "On the moon ascended"
 "According to ..."
 "The Bat"
 "Confusion of thought"
 "Forward, my nation!" "Sorrow of the Poet"
 "Give me liberty ..."
 "Lament drunkards"
 "Impromptu"
 "I am!""Those years"
 "Flour"
 "In a moment of despair"
 'Tips'
 "Spring Holidays"
 "In memory of the Honorable Khazret Sunchaleya"
 "Timer my blessing '
 "My Angel"
 "The World"
 "Waiting"
 "Who?" "Goose (Childhood Memories)
 "Days Past"
 "The allegorical verses (the tenth madrassas" Galia ")"
 "The Voice"
 "Flown"
 "Winter Road"
 "The Awakening (Memories of boyhood)"
 "Blessed day (Memories of Summer)"
 "I — a genius"
 "Song of Joy"
 "Six Years"
 "In the darkness of life"
 "Happiness"
 "Allah or Iblis"
 "I know, Mahmut ..."
 "After the Haiti"
 "Toothless Girl"
 "For whom?" "Flowers"
 "Silent Night (In the village)"
 "Near the nightingale, that in a cage"
 "The Girl"
 "All gone"
 "The inscription on the tomb of the young poet"
 "I want"
 "I was walking without a trace ..."
 "The scene of our life"
 "Bayamo"
 "Through the window of the frozen ..."
 "Go, Sabiya!" "Aklima"
 "Beaver hats give ..."
 "Shamsikamar"
 "My soul!" "The Metamorphosis of a Muslim"
 "The Triumph of critters"
 "Gift of Freedom"
 "Bloody Shadow"
 "Mulla"
 "War"
 "Waiting"
 "Hey, Bolshevik!" "The orgy of doom"
 "Fake socialist"
 "I'm alive and well ..."
 "Kryvosheya my ..."
 "List of number-one"
 "Red calls"
 "Soil"
 "In response to a letter from another soldier"
 "I am strong!" "Cud bitter words"
 "Songs Demskoi coast"
 "The hour of departure"
 "Songs"
 "Inflating the sea ..."
 "I'm at the station ..."
 "Who does what?""Holiday"
 "Trays"
 "The right leg and left leg"
 "Carry"
 "Clouds hang ..."
 "The military march (to the tune of the song" Squadron ")"
 "Enemies"
 "Love"
 "Two swans"
 "Day 2 of January"
 "Spring Song"

Other works
 Ballad "Bug" (1916)
 The poem "Gazaz" (1916)
 The cycle of epigrams "Kitabennas"

Works
 Şiğirlär. X. Ğosman kereş süze.— Qazan: Tatkitap näşr., 1958. - 155 b.
 Haylanma äśärźär. - Öfö 1958. In Russian translation: Selected poems. - Ufa 1966. "I'm waiting"
Pass a herbalist Bashkir land —
The soul will rush in flight.I hear a song from a distance Kurai —
My whole being will sing. Climb up to the highlands to the plain of the Bashkir —
I will open a wonderful world. But the principality of death, but a dark mountain
I see in the villages of the Bashkirs. The living dead are smoldering in the grave,
They do not hear the cry of pain,
But the sad tale of the sad villages
Sakmar and bring us Iaik. And I myself do not know who to curse,
When I look to the Urals. There will come a time Bashkir edge
Find out and see the dawn? And it seems that the great and strong,
I keenly listens to the Urals,
And it seems that anxiety disappeared,
And the day flashed, began to play.It seems to me: the song flies from a distance,
Fly to dispel misfortune
And I believe: I'll wait for the desired period —
And I believe, and I cry, and wait! 1916

Salavat-warrior
Who is he, the formidable Salavat? What he is famous and rich? He — the native land damask,
He daring rich! Neither sleep nor waking
Is not equal to such a lion,
In heaven and on earth
Not equal his arm. Our Ural — his father. He — the desire of all hearts.On the ground — it is the light of the earth,
In the sky the moon glows. He — the fatherland eyes
He — the invaders storm
Saber mountain he will roll,
Shouted lake scare. Salavat as our Ural
Never died. His blood — the covenant alive
We do not profane! References

Links
 , priuchrochenny the Third World Kurultay of Bashkirs
 article in Bashkortostan: a brief encyclopedia
 Статья в Башкирской энциклопедии
 Ravil Bikbau. "Winged Babic"
 Poems S. Babic (translated into Russian)
 S. Babic. The poem "Bashkortostan" (translated into Russian)
 Pedigree Shaikhzada Babich
 Asyanovo village — the birthplace of the poet
 Decree / Farman number 1 / Bashkir Central Council / Shuro / Everything Bashkir people, Bashkir district and county councils, Orenburg, Caravanserai November 1917]

1895 births
1919 deaths
Bashkir writers
Tatar poets
Bashkir-language poets
Poets of the Russian Empire

masks:
Shaikhzada Muhametzakirovich Babich
Babich
Babich
Babich
Shaikhzada
Babich


text_chunks:
Admiral of the Fleet Sir <mask>,  (18 November 1923 – 26 April 2011) was a Royal Navy officer who, as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff during the early 1980s, was instrumental in convincing the British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, that retaking the Falkland Islands from Argentina was feasible. On account of the determination he showed in the matter, journalist and political commentator Andrew Marr described him as Thatcher's "knight in shining gold braid". Early life
<mask> was born the third son of <mask>, a naval officer, and <mask> (née Lee). He was educated at St Peter's Court, Broadstairs, and the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. Naval career
<mask> joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1937. After the Second World War started in 1939, he served on the battleship  in the South Atlantic and the cruiser  in the Indian Ocean. Promoted to midshipman on 1 January 1941, he was assigned to .Before he could take up the post, however, his father was given command, so he was reassigned to . Mauritius soon went into refit in Singapore, during which time <mask> was assigned to the war room there as a plotting officer. While in Singapore, Prince of Wales was sunk by the Japanese off Singapore, and <mask>'s father died in this action. His obituary in The Daily Telegraph noted that "[s]urvivors of the action remembered a forlorn midshipman searching for his father, who was among those lost. Only two nights earlier, <mask> and his father had enjoyed a gin sling and a swim." His next post was on the destroyer  before being promoted to sub-lieutenant on 1 October 1942 and posted to , the flagship of the Home Fleet, in January 1943. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant in October 1943.<mask> was in command of the "A" turret and he was involved in the Battle of the North Cape in December 1943. In autumn 1944, he was posted to  as the navigating officer. During his posting on Javelin, a mutiny broke out whilst <mask> was the duty officer: he "conducted himself well under difficult circumstances" and, after the mutiny was put down, the captain and first lieutenant were re-appointed. <mask> was given the position as first lieutenant and the ship was transformed within a few weeks. In April 1946, <mask> transferred to the destroyer . He was at this post for only a short time as he decided to gain his qualifications as a gunnery specialist at the shore establishment . After qualifying, he remained at the school as a gunnery instructor until he was posted as gunnery officer to the Second Minesweeping Flotilla in the Aegean Sea.He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 February 1952 and attended the Royal Naval Staff College, before becoming a staff officer for the Naval Brigade in London for the coronation of the Queen. In July 1953, he was posted as gunnery officer of the 5th Cruiser Squadron in  and saw service at the end of the Korean War. He also saw service in the Malayan Emergency of 1955 when HMS Newcastle supported the Army and Royal Marines. He was promoted to commander on 30 June 1955 and served as application commander responsible for bringing the navy's first surface-to-air missile, the Sea Slug, into service. He was then posted to the Admiralty in 1957 and was given his first command in charge of the destroyer  in the Mediterranean in 1959. <mask> was posted to the Training Directorate in the Admiralty in July 1961 and then attended the Joint Service Defence College before receiving promotion to captain on 31 December 1961. He became Chief Staff Officer (Plans and Operations) for the Far East Fleet in July 1962 and organised naval support for British ground forces deployed during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.He was appointed captain of the 27th Escort Squadron, which he commanded from the Leander-class frigate , in November 1965. An appointment at the Ministry of Defence followed when he became Director of Naval Plans there in February 1968 before he was given another command, that of the aircraft carrier , in March 1970. <mask> was a strong supporter of the abolition of the daily issue of rum at that time. He was appointed Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen on 7 July 1970. <mask> became Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Policy) at the Ministry of Defence in April 1971, receiving promotion to rear admiral on 7 July 1971, and then became Flag Officer, First Flotilla in May 1974, with promotion to vice admiral on 6 July 1974. He became Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in January 1976, and having been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1977 New Year Honours, he was promoted to full admiral on 30 March 1977 on appointment as Commander-in-Chief Fleet and NATO Commander-in-Chief, Channel and Commander-in-Chief Eastern Atlantic. He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1978 Birthday Honours.<mask> was appointed First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff on 6 July 1979 and in that role fiercely resisted naval cuts proposed by Defence Secretary John Nott. Falklands War

On 31 March 1982, soon after the Argentine invasion of the Falklands, <mask> brushed aside serious doubts from the Secretary of State for Defence Sir John Nott and addressed the Prime Minister on the appropriate course of action. The Chief of the Defence Staff at the time was on his way back from a foreign visit, and in addressing the Prime Minister, <mask> effectively bypassed the Acting Chief of the Defence Staff. When he was asked if retaking the islands was possible, he replied "Yes we can recover the islands." He then added "and we must!" Thatcher replied "Why?" <mask> exclaimed "Because if we do not, or if we pussyfoot in our actions and do not achieve complete success, in another few months we shall be living in a different country whose word counts for little."<mask> then explained how the task force would take shape and what ships would be involved: when asked about the lack of available aircraft carriers, <mask> reassured the Prime Minister that the two small carriers available would suffice. Thatcher approved this and preparations were made to send a task force to set sail to retake the Falklands. On account of his determination, Andrew Marr referred to <mask> as Thatcher's "Knight in Shining Gold Braid" in his documentary series History of Modern Britain. Upon his retirement in December 1982, <mask> was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet. Later life
In retirement, <mask> published his memoirs entitled Endure no Makeshifts. He involved himself in several charitable organisations and acted as President of the Sea Cadet Association from 1983 to 1993. He was the Chairman of the Council of the King Edward VII Hospital as well as being a chairman of the Royal Navy Club of 1765 & 1785 (United 1889).In 2004, it was announced that the new Navy Command Headquarters building of the Royal Navy at Whale Island, Portsmouth, was to be named the "<mask> <mask> Building" in his honour. <mask> lived at Wonston in Hampshire and served as Deputy Lieutenant of Hampshire. His interests included shooting, fishing and gardening. He died on 26 April 2011 at the age of 87. A Service of Thanksgiving held in his honour was attended by representatives of the British Royal Family, including the then First Sea Lord Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope in attendance on behalf of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh. <mask> married Mary Jean McCall, daughter of Admiral Sir <mask>, in 1958. They had two daughters.References

Sources

External links

 Imperial War Museum Interview

|-

|-

1923 births
2011 deaths
First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff
People educated at St Peter's Court
Royal Navy admirals of the fleet
Royal Navy officers of World War II
Royal Navy personnel of the Falklands War
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Deputy Lieutenants of Hampshire
Military personnel from Devon

masks:
Henry Conyers Leach
Henry Leach
John Leach
Evelyn Burrell Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Leach
Sir Henry
Leach
Leach
Family Leach
Henry McCall


text_chunks:
<mask> () was founder of the first nongovernmental cable and essential television network in the USSR (1988); initiator and organizer of the first direct satellite broadcast from the territory of the former USSR (1994); founder of the first nongovernmental TV stations in Ukraine: TONIS and TET; television and cinema producer; and public figure. Education

His father was a career military man. From 1961 to 1971 he attended a school in Simferopol. In 1974 he enrolled into Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding in Mykolaiv, and successfully graduated in 1980. Career

After graduation from the National University of Shipbuilding, <mask> proceeded to work at the Central Research Institute of Shipbuilding Technology in Mykolaiv. This period is marked by several authors' certificates for innovative developments in the field of shipbuilding. For several years <mask> worked at the criminal investigation department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Mykolaiv.He resigned his post as captain after becoming enamored with the idea unprecedented in those days: that of creating a nongovernmental TV broadcast in the USSR. Dreaming about independent television

Years 1987 and 1988 were completely dedicated to creating the first nongovernmental cable television network in the USSR. Having managed to schedule a meeting with academician Dmitry Likhachev and Raisa Gorbacheva at the Soviet Culture Fund, Vladimir was able to convince them to support the idea of the channel. On February 13, 1988, in Mykolaiv (then part of Ukrainian SSR), the first experimental Youth Video Channel (“Molodezhny Videokanal”) started broadcasting on the grounds of Mykolaiv City Komsomol Committee. <mask> became the channel's first Director. In late 1988, Youth Video Channel left the care of City Komsomol Committee. At <mask>'s initiative the name was changed to Creative Union of New Informational Systems (“Tvorcheskoye Obyedinenie Novykh Informatsionnykh Sistem”, shortened to TONIS).In 1991, during the self-declared State Emergency Committee, TONIS (or Channel-22) became the only source of independent broadcast in southern Ukraine. The channel prepared stories for the popular youth program by Moscow's Ostankino studio, Look (“Vzglyad”). It is symbolic that the TONIS independent television company launched its broadcast in early 1990 with the help of a transmitter (capacity of 1 kW) placed on a tower which had been previously used by KGB to silence foreign radio stations. In late 1991 TONIS moved its headquarters from Mykovaiv to Kyiv and was eventually renamed to TET-a-TET (TONIS-Enter Television). International TONIS Union

In early 1992 <mask> initiated the first congress of independent TV companies in Kharkiv (Ukraine) under the slogan “For copyright protection”. It was at that congress that the International TONIS Union was created. <mask> was unanimously chosen as its president, and he successfully united more than 80 cable and essential broadcasters from different regions of the former USSR under the brand name TONIS.Large regional centers emerged: TONIS-South (Mykolaiv, Ukraine); Tonis-Center (Kharkiv, Ukraine); TONIS-Asia (Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan); TONIS-Orenburg; TONIS-Vladivistok; TONIS-Tumen... Thus, for the first time in the history of the former USSR a powerful nongovernmental essential cable resource had been created. In 2002 <mask> headed the board of the Garant-Media-International Agency for the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights. Production Activity

<mask> was one of the first independent producers on the territory of the former USSR. He produced such films as «The Passion According to Vladimir» (director Mark Rozovski); «Winter Cherry 2» (director Igor Maslennikov); «Men's Games» (director Andrey Rostotski). In 1991 <mask> became one of the initiators and organizers of the legendary Pierre Cardin's show on the Red Square in Moscow. The Velvet Season International Television Program Festival

In 1993 Vladimir and Valeria <mask> organized and successfully carried out the first Velvet Season (“Barkhatny Sezon”) international television program festival.10 festivals were held. Slavonic Channel International

During 16 years of his life and until his very last day <mask> was engaged in the implementation of the project called “Slavonic Channel International”. “- The most important thing for Ukraine today is to break through the informational space, meaning it has to find the means to create a network of ground reception in Europe and neighboring countries. (...)
- SCI broadcasts from Kyiv, the oldest Slavic capital. Ukraine has sufficient authority in Europe and the decision suggests itself: basing the largest informational system of European scale in Kyiv.”
“Shalwar trousers won't help us join Europe” (Secret Materials publishing house, February 1995). “- Slavonic Channel International is a real chance for our country to enter the international informational arena, make itself known to the world not only for our shalwar trousers, flower chains and hopak dancing, but for the generosity, originality and talents of our people; for the beauty and richness of our country. By learning to value ourselves, respect our country, we will make the world value and respect us.- We believe that creating an international television center of this kind, one that has real political and economical influence in European countries, can not only increase Ukraine's authority but also attract much needed investments to our country. - Having an independent satellite channel on the territory of Europe will strengthen the ties with diaspora and become a source of objective information about Ukraine. - … my dream: in any city of the Earth, any family will be able to push a button on their TV and watch our channel. I believe that one day this will happen.”
“Slavonic Channel is not only for Slavs” (Vseukrainskie Vesti, September 1994). After obtaining a special authorization from the Ukrainian government, through a satellite trunk rented from the EUTELSAT International Space Corporation, in December 1994 a team headed by <mask> with the assistance of Ukrainian BRT Concern launched and for the first time in CIS countries successfully carried out direct satellite broadcast for the European continent, North Africa and the Middle East. The content of the innovation was constituted by SCI programs. <mask> declined the offer from the Russian Union of Oil Producers about broadcasting the channel from the territory of the Russian Federation.Until the end of his days he was convinced that Slavonic Channel International as a platform for joint broadcast for 13 independent countries needed to be located on the territory of Ukraine, in Kyiv – the ancient Slavic capital. The emergence of a new thematic channel was a noticeable occurrence in the field of international television, which was confirmed at the most prestigious congress on television industry, European Forum on Television in Rome in October 1995. Most of the world's informational agencies reported on this question being raised at the forum. In his book called Television de facto, theoretician Ivan Mashchenko wrote: “It was a break-through in space telecasting on the territory of the former USSR. The six-month broadcast (14.12.1994 – 15.05.1995) covered Europe, North America and Middle East: the territory populated by 550 ml people in total.”

SCI's experimental broadcast had been funded by the project's author. There were two obstacles in the way of its further implementation: the country's lack of enabling environment for attracting investments from abroad, and the high cost of technology required to conduct broadcast with several different language tracks. This reduced the possibilities for channel's distribution in other countries and would have undoubtedly affected the commercial component of the global project.These factors caused SCI's authors to put the project on hold in May 1995. At the same time, the six months of broadcasting confirmed Slavonic Channel International's ability to occupy a prominent position among other thematic projects addressed to the audience all around the globe. The authors of the project had seen proof that SCI should not focus solely on the Slavic countries and Slavic diaspora. The largest amount of positive feedback had been received from non-Slavic countries: Germany, France, England, Italy, Portugal and Israel. Up to 2003, <mask> was responsible for the organization and conduct of The Velvet Season international television program festival, while remaining the president of TONIS, the television company he had created. From early 2006 and up until his death, <mask> was the CEO of Slavonic Channel International (SCI), and working on its updated concept of broadcasting since 2005. <mask> died on October 15, 2006.He is buried in Baikove cemetery in Kyiv. Honors and awards

 2000 – Member of the International Academy of Television and Radio Broadcasting;
 2001 – Member of the Eurasian Academy of Television;
 2000 – The Golden Quill award by the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine;
 2001 – The Golden Quill award by the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine;
 2002 – Laureate of the Prometheus-Prestige award (national program Man of the Year 2002) in the category Cultural Project of the Year as the author and organizer of The Velvet Season. External links
 Памяти коллеги-журналиста
 Рыцарь ТВ печального образа

1954 births
Ukrainian television people
People from Kerch
People from the Crimean Oblast
2006 deaths
21st-century Ukrainian politicians

masks:
Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko
Ivanenko
Ivanenko
Ivanenko
Vladimir Ivanenko