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<mask> (; c. 990 – 10/11 May 1034) was King of Poland from 1025 to 1031, and Duke from 1032 until his death. He was the second son of Bolesław I the Brave, but the eldest born from his third wife Emnilda of Lusatia. He was probably named after his paternal grandfather, <mask> I. His second name, <mask>, sometimes erroneously considered to be a nickname, was given to him as a reference to <mask>. However, it is also probable that the name was chosen after Bolesław's half-brother <mask>c. It is thought that the choice of this name for his son was an expression of warming relations between Bolesław I and his stepmother Oda of Haldensleben. He organized two devastating invasions of Saxony in 1028 and 1030.Then, <mask> <mask> ran a defensive war against Germany, Bohemia and the Kievan princes. <mask> II was forced to escape from the country in 1031 after an attack by Yaroslav I the Wise, who installed <mask>'s older half-brother Bezprym onto the Polish throne. <mask> II took refuge in Bohemia, where he was imprisoned by the Duke Oldrich. In 1032 he regained power in one of the three districts, then united the country, making good use of the remaining power structures. At this time, several Polish territorial acquisitions of his father were lost: Upper Lusatia (also known as ), part of Lower Lusatia, Red Ruthenia, the western and central parts of Upper Hungary (now Slovakia), and probably Moravia. <mask> <mask> was very well educated for the period. He was able to read and write, and knew both Greek and Latin.He is unjustly known as <mask> II  (the "Lazy," "Stagnant" or "Slothful"). He received that epithet due to the unfortunate way his reign ended; but in the beginning he acted as a skillful and talented ruler. Early years

<mask> was a son of King Bolesław the Brave. Since <mask> II was politically active before his father's death, Bolesław appointed him as his successor. He participated mainly in German politics, both as a representative of his father and the commander of the Polish troops. In 1013, <mask> II went to Magdeburg, where he paid homage to Emperor Henry II. A few months later, Bolesław I paid homage in person.The real purpose of <mask> II's visit is unclear, especially since soon afterwards, his father paid homage to the Holy Roman Empire. Presumably, the young prince paid homage to Milsko, Lusatia and Moravia. The relevant treaty stipulated that it was only a personal tribute, not entailing any legal obligations. Another hypothesis assumes that the territories were transferred by Bolesław to him, and as a result made <mask> II a vassal of the Empire. The position of the young prince, at both the Polish and Imperial courts, became stronger in 1013 when he married Richeza, daughter of Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia and niece of Emperor Otto III. Ezzo was a prince of considerable influence as a great leader of the opposition against Henry II. Through marriage with his daughter, <mask> II entered the circle of the Imperial family and became a person equal to, if not higher than the Emperor himself.Probably after the wedding, and in accordance with prevailing custom, Bolesław I the Brave gave a separate district to <mask> II to rule: Kraków. One of his towns, Wawel (now part of the city), was chosen by the prince as his residence. In the year 1014, <mask> II was sent by his father to Bohemia as an emissary. He had to persuade Duke Oldřich to make an alliance against Emperor Henry II. The mission failed as Oldřich imprisoned <mask> II. He was released only after the intervention of the Emperor, who, despite the planned betrayal of Bolesław I, loyally acted on behalf of his vassal. As a result, <mask> II was sent to the Imperial court in Merseburg as a hostage.<mask> probably wanted to force the presence of Bolesław I in Merseburg and make him explain his actions. The plan failed however, because, under pressure from his relatives, the Emperor soon agreed to release <mask> II. A year later, <mask> <mask> stood at the head of Polish troops in the next war against the Emperor. The campaign was not favorable to Henry. His army needed over a month to reach the line of the Oder River, and once there, his troops encountered strong resistance led by <mask> II and his father. <mask> sent a delegation to the Polish rulers, in an effort to induce them to conclude a peace settlement. <mask> <mask> refused, and after the Emperor's failure to defeat his troops in battle, Henry decided to begin retreating to Dziadoszyce.The Polish prince went in pursuit, and inflicted heavy losses on the German army. When the Polish army advanced to Meissen, <mask> <mask> unsuccessfully tried to besiege the castle of his brother-in-law, Margrave Herman I (husband of his sister Regelinda). The fighting stopped in autumn and was resumed only in 1017 after the failure of peace talks. Imperial forces bypassed the main defensive site near Krosno Odrzańskie and besieged Niemcza. At the same time, at the head of ten legions, <mask> <mask> went to Moravia and planned an allied attack together with Bohemia against the Emperor. This action forced the Emperor to give up on any plan of a frontal attack. A year later, the Peace of Bautzen (30 January 1018) was concluded, with terms extremely favorable to the Polish side.Beginning in 1028, <mask> <mask> successfully waged war against the Holy Roman Empire. He was able to repel its invading army, and later even invaded Saxony. He allied Poland with Hungary, resulting  in a temporary Hungarian occupation of Vienna. This war was probably prompted by family connections of <mask> <mask>'s in Germany who opposed Emperor <mask>. Due to the death of Thietmar of Merseburg, the principal chronicler of that period, there is little information about <mask> II's life from 1018 until 1025, when he finally took over the government of Poland. Only Gallus Anonymus mentions the then Prince on the occasion of the description of his father's trip to Rus in 1018: "due to the fact that his son (...) <mask> wasn't considered yet capable of taking the government by himself, he established a regent among his family during his trip to Rus". This statement was probably the result of the complete ignorance of the chronicler, since in 1018, <mask> II was 28 years old and was already fully able to exercise power by himself.Kingship

Accession
King Bolesław died on 17 June 1025. Six months later, on Christmas Day, <mask> II <mask> was crowned king of Poland by the archbishop of Gniezno, Hipolit, in the Gniezno Cathedral. Contemporary German chroniclers considered this to be an abuse of power on the part of the Archbishop, which was made necessary by the existing political situation. After his father's death, <mask> II inherited a vast territory, which in addition to Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Silesia and Gdańsk Pomerania, also included Lusatia, Red Ruthenia and the territory of present-day Slovakia. Whether Moravia was still under his reign or was lost earlier is disputed. Once his solo reign had begun, as an important Central European ruler, he was now very important to the Holy Roman Empire. Later developments during his reign had their source in dynastic and familial issues.His older half-brother Bezprym was the son of the Hungarian princess Judith, Bolesław's second wife. <mask> II also had a younger full-brother, Otto. According to Slavonic custom, a father was expected to divide his legacy among all his sons. However, since Bolesław I did not wish to break up the kingdom, <mask> II's brothers received nothing from their father's legacy. As Bezprym was the oldest son, there were some who felt that he should have succeeded his father as king. Bezprym had, however, always been disliked by his father, as indicated by his name (the Piasts tended to give names such as Bolesław, <mask> and later Kazimierz, Władysław and emperors' names, such as Otto, Konrad (Conrad), and Henryk (Heinrich). Bezprym was rather a commoner's name, which implied that Bolesław did not wish Bezprym to succeed him).For that reason, Bezprym was sent to a monastery. According to some chroniclers, <mask> II expelled his two brothers from the country. Otto took refuge in Germany and Bezprym escaped to the Kievan Rus. Role in German conflict
In 1026, King <mask> of Germany went to Italy for his Imperial coronation. His absence increased the activity of the opposition centered around Dukes <mask> of Swabia and <mask> of Upper Lorraine. <mask>'s opponents conspired to acquire <mask>'s favor. Historical evidence of these efforts is in the prayer book sent to <mask> by Frederick's wife, Matilda of Swabia, around 1027.The volume is entitled: . In it, a miniature showed the Duchess presenting the Book to <mask> II while sitting on a throne. The gift was accompanied by a letter, wherein Matilda named him a distinguished king and a model for the spread of Christianity. Also written was praise of the merits of <mask> II in the building of new churches, as well his knowledge of Latin, very unusual in those times when Greek was more widely used. In this book are found the earliest records of the Kingdom of Poland: neumes at the margins of the sequence Ad célèbres rex celica. The gift caused the expected effect, and <mask> II promised to take military action. The preparations for the war began in the autumn of 1027.In the middle of that year, <mask> returned to Germany and began to fight the rebels. Soon, he defeated Duke Ernest II, depriving him of his lands. Only when the rebel fight was nearly lost did <mask> <mask> arrive to their aid. In 1028, Polish troops invaded Saxony and took a number of prisoners. The devastation was so great that, according to Saxon sources, "where <mask> II's troops put their feet grass never thence grew". The Emperor accused the Polish ruler of an illegal coronation as King and declared him a usurper. This invasion involved the lands of the Lutici tribe.In October 1028, the Emperor's opportunity came as the Lutici district of Pöhlde asked the Emperor to defend against the attacks of <mask> II, promising support in the fight against the Polish ruler. Retaliatory expeditions
Despite the treaty which secured peace between Poland and Germany, the Emperor soon armed a retaliatory expedition against <mask> II. <mask>'s army arrived to Lusatia in the autumn of 1029 and began the siege of Bautzen, but the German troops did not receive the promised support of the Lutici tribe and the expedition failed. Threatened by the Hungarians, the Emperor was forced to retreat. Probably in this same year, the son of Oldřich, Bretislaus I, attacked and took Moravia. In 1030, <mask> <mask> secured an alliance with Hungary and once again invaded Saxony. In the meanwhile, his southern ally attacked Bavaria and temporarily occupied Vienna.In response, the Emperor organized another expedition against the Polish king, this time by organizing a coalition against <mask> II. Already in 1030, Yaroslav I the Wise began the offensive and conquered Red Ruthenia and some Bełz castles. In 1031, the Emperor concluded a peace with the Kingdom of Hungary. Probably in exchange for Stephen I's support, <mask> ceded to Hungary the territories between the Leitha and Fischa Rivers. Now that the Emperor was less concerned about an attack from the south, in the autumn of 1031, he went on the offensive against Poland and besieged Milsko. The offensive ended with a complete success, and <mask> <mask> was forced to surrender some lands. As a result, the Polish King lost portions of the lands taken by his father, who warred often against Emperor Henry II.Deposition and division
Historians estimate that the reason for the rapid capitulation of <mask> II was the bad internal situation in the country. Bolesław left an unstable kingdom to his son, who had to defend his autonomy and position amongst neighboring rulers. Also, the cost of <mask> II's extensive war against Emperor Conrad II caused his popularity to decline among his subjects, despite the fact that during the invasion of Saxony the King only defended their territory. Furthermore, the final loss of the war against the Holy Roman Empire weakened the position of the King, who had to face several rebellions from the opposition, who claimed that the previous war did not produce the expected benefits. An additional problem was a dynastic crisis: <mask> II's brothers continued their attempts to gain power with the help of foreign forces. The brother who caused the first problems to <mask> II was most likely Bezprym, who allegedly won the alliance of Kiev in order to take power with the support of Otto. When <mask> II was busy defending Lusatia from the troops of Conrad II, the Kievan expedition came from the east with Yaroslav I the Wise as the leader.In 1031, Poland was invaded and then Bezprym was settled on the throne. <mask> <mask> and his family were forced to flee the country. Queen Richeza and her children found refuge in Germany. The King could not escape to Hungary because, during his travel, he was stopped by Rus' troops. King Stephen I of Hungary was not favorable to accepting him in his country. Without alternatives, <mask> <mask> went to Bohemia. Duke Oldřich once again imprisoned him.This time, the King could not count on Imperial support. <mask> II was not only imprisoned but also castrated, which was to be a punishment to Bolesław I the Brave, who blinded Duke Boleslaus <mask> the Red (Oldřich's brother) thirty years before. <mask> II and his wife never reunited again; according to some sources, they were either officially divorced, or only separated. Bezprym probably made bloody persecutions against the followers of <mask> II. At the time, power was exercised in the face of mutiny by the people, an event known as the "Pagan Reaction". Having degraded the structure of power, the Duke's authority collapsed, and he was forced to send the Polish regalia to the Emperor. After only one year of reign, Bezprym was murdered (1032), probably at the instigation of his brothers.After the death of Bezprym, the Polish throne remained vacant. <mask> <mask> was still imprisoned in Bohemia and Otto probably in Germany. German sources report that the Emperor organized an expedition in order to invade Poland. It is unknown what happened after this, but certainly <mask> II was released by Duke Oldřich and he could return to the country. After his recent opponent had regained power, the Emperor immediately reacted and began the preparations for the expedition against Poland. <mask> <mask> was not prepared for the confrontation, so he used his influence in the German court in order to resolve the conflict. On 7 July 1032, in Merseburg, a meeting took place between Conrad II and the surviving heirs of the Piast dynasty.Without alternatives, <mask> II was forced to surrender the crown and agreed to the division of Poland between him and the other two competitors: his brother Otto and a certain Dytryk () —his cousin, grandson of Duke <mask> I and his third wife, Oda von Haldensleben. <mask> <mask> probably received Lesser Poland and Masovia, Otto obtained Silesia, and Dytryk took Greater Poland. According to another hypothesis, <mask> II received Greater Poland, and other neighborhoods were given to Otto and Dytryk. Although the distribution was uncertain, this division was short-lived: in 1033, Otto was killed by one of his own men, and <mask> II took his domains. Shortly afterwards, he likely had Dytryk expelled and thus was able to reunite the whole country in his hands. <mask> II regained full power, but he still had to fight against the nobility and his own subjects. In Poland, his renunciation of the crown was disregarded, and after 1032, he was still called king in the chronicles.Death
<mask> II died suddenly on either 10 or 11 May 1034, probably in Poznań. The Polish chronicles clearly stated that he died of natural causes; the information given by the chronicles of Gottfried of Viterbo that he was murdered by the sword-bearer (Miecznik) refers in fact to Bezprym. He was buried in the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul. After <mask> II's death, Poland's peasants revolted in a "pagan reaction." The exact reasons and date are unknown. <mask> II's only son and heir, Casimir I, was either expelled by this insurrection, or the insurrection was caused by the aristocracy's expulsion of him. Some modern historians argue that the insurrection was caused more by economic than by religious issues, such as new taxes for the Church and the militarization of the early Polish polity.Priests, monks and knights were killed; cities, churches and monasteries were burned. The chaos became still greater when, unexpectedly, the Czechs invaded Silesia and Greater Poland from the south (1039). The land became divided among local rulers, one of whom is known by name: Miecław, ruler of Masovia. Greater Poland was so devastated that it ceased to be the core of the Polish Kingdom. The capital was moved to Kraków, in Lesser Poland. Marriage and issue
In Merseburg ca. 1013, <mask> II married Richeza (b. bef.1000 – d. Saalfeld, 21 March 1063), daughter of Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia. They had at least three children, possibly four:
Ryksa (b. 22 September 1013 – d. 21 May 1075), married by 1039/42 to King Béla I of Hungary. Casimir I the Restorer (b. 25 July 1016 – d. 19 March 1058). Gertruda (b. 1025 – d. Kiev, 4 January 1108), married by 1043 to Grand Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev.possibly Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile, whose origins are unknown. One theory that has been put forward is that she was the daughter of <mask> II and Richeza. See also
 History of Poland (966–1385)

Notes

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990s births
1034 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
11th-century Polish monarchs
Polish Christians
Piast dynasty
Burials at Poznań Cathedral
11th-century Christians
Christian monarchs

masks:
Mieszko II Lambert
Mieszko
Lambert
Saint Lambert
Lambert Mieszkowi
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Henry II
Mieszko
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Henry II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
II
Conrad II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Lambert
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Conrad II
Ernest II
Frederick II
Conrad II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Conrad II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Conrad II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Conrad II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
III
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
II
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko
Mieszko


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<mask>  (Schwyz, Switzerland, January 12, 1834 – Saint Cloud, Minnesota, September 19, 1896) was a Swiss-born Benedictine missionary and bishop in the United States. He was the first Abbot of St. Meinrad Monastery in Indiana, the first vicar apostolic of Dakota Territory, where he ministered to the Lakota Sioux; and the second bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Cloud. His zeal for the Indian Missions earned him the title, "The Apostle of the Sioux". Early life
<mask> was born in the Canton Schwyz, Switzerland, on January 12, 1834, the son of a shoemaker and church sexton and his wife. Before the age of two, he severely burned his mouth and face in an accident when trying to drink from a bottle of acid in his father's shop. The acid caused swelling that nearly suffocated him; it left his face permanently disfigured. After graduating from the Jesuit-run gymnasium in his hometown, <mask> was granted a musical scholarship to the Jesuit college at Fribourg.There he heard about the work of Jesuit Father Pierre De Smet in western North America, and was inspired to work as a missionary among the American Indians. After the Sonderbund War of 1847, the Jesuit Order was expelled by Switzerland's Anti-Catholic government. The Benedictine Order worked to fill the ensuing educational vacuum. On December 21, 1847, young <mask> was enrolled at the Benedictine school attached to Einsiedeln Abbey. Monk and priest
After graduation, <mask> entered the novitiate at the age of 20; he took his final vows on May 29, 1855, taking the name Brother <mask>. He was ordained to the priesthood about a year later in 1856. In 1859, he was assigned a professorship of moral theology.United States of America
In 1860, Abbot Heinrich Schmid von Baar ordered the 26-year-old priest to take over responsibility for the Abbey's debt-ridden daughter house at St. Meinrad, Indiana. Although the assignment was intended to last only one year, <mask> proved so adept at building up the formerly failing monastery that Abbot Schmid von Baar decided that it was God's will for his young protégé to remain in America. When the conventual priory was established five years later, <mask> was selected as the first prior. On September 30, 1870, Saint Meinrad was upgraded to an independent Abbey by decree of Pope Pius IX. In January of the following year, Father <mask> was elected as its first Abbot. The investiture ceremony the following May was conducted by Bishop de Saint Palais of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana and Abbot Boniface Wimmer of Latrobe, Pennsylvania. In 1875, Abbot <mask> instituted a change in the devotional practice of the St. Meinrad Abbey, substituting the Roman Breviary for the Benedictine Breviary.When this policy caused a major uproar, the dispute was referred to the Sacred Congregation of Rites in Rome. On March 9, 1876, word reached the Abbot that the Congregation had ruled against him and ordered him to reinstate the Traditional Breviary. Although Abbot <mask> immediately obeyed, he would always feel that he had undergone a "temporary defeat" in his dream of drawing the Benedictine Order closer to diocesan clergy, who used the Roman Breviary. His failure would leave him disheartened with life at St. Meinrad and anxious to obtain a new pastorate. During <mask>'s tenure as Abbot, he initiated an agreement with the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad (LR&FS), which offered the Order land in Arkansas to establish a monastery and school to serve the German Catholic population the railroad was attracting to the region. The railroad had control of thousands of acres through government subsidies. It granted St. Meinrad Abbey    to establish a Benedictine monastery for monks and an additional  to found a monastery for Benedictine nuns.<mask> is credited with the founding of St. Benedict's Priory in Arkansas in 1878, with three monks from St. Meinrad Archabbey. An additional monk and eight candidates for the monastery came from Switzerland the following year. This monastery became independent in 1886, as a conventual priory, and in 1891 it was raised by the pope as an abbey, to be known as Subiaco Abbey. Dakota Territory
In July 1876, <mask> departed Indiana by steamer for Standing Rock in Dakota Territory, along the upper Missouri River, where he intended to found a Benedictine monastery to assist the Indian Missions. In August 1879, <mask> was appointed Vicar Apostolic of the Dakota Territory; after he
was consecrated bishop on February 1, 1880, he resigned the abbacy. Fintan Mundwiler succeeded him as Abbot of St. Meinrad. <mask> worked among the Lakota Sioux living on the Standing Rock Reservation.The Hunkpapa Dakota called him "Black Robe Lean Chief". The area was first under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Vicariate of Nebraska. As the Dakota Territory had only 12 Catholic priests, <mask> actively recruited priests from the eastern U.S. and Europe. In 1880 <mask> persuaded Benedictine sisters from Missouri to assist him in ministering at Fort Yates, a center of Yankton Lakota. In 1884, he attended the Third Plenary council in Baltimore, Maryland. He served on the committee to establish the Catholic University of America, which was founded in Washington, DC, the capital. <mask> was appointed president of the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions, which oversaw and encouraged efforts in the West.Legacy and honors
<mask>, South Dakota is named after the bishop. Mount Marty College in Yankton, South Dakota is also named for him. In his early years in Indiana, Bishop <mask> was a pastor of St. Mark's Parish in Perry County. He had blessed what is still the current church building there, and a portrait of him hangs in the church. In 2013 the parish held its 150th anniversary celebration. Bishop
In November 1889, he was installed as first bishop of the Diocese of Sioux Falls which, at that time, comprised all of the state of South Dakota. Upon his appointment to the Diocese of St.Cloud in 1895, Bishop <mask> was already quite ill. He died the following year at the age of sixty-two. Quote
 "Happy would I be if I could sacrifice for God what Custer threw away to the world." References

External links

 Bishop <mask> (in German)

1834 births
1896 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops of Sioux Falls
Roman Catholic bishops of Saint Cloud
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
People of Dakota Territory
Swiss emigrants to the United States
People from Spencer County, Indiana
People from St. Cloud, Minnesota
American Benedictines
Catholics from Indiana
Benedictine bishops
Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States

masks:
Martin Marty
James Joseph Alois Marty
Marty
Marty
Marty
Martin Marty
Father Marty
Marty
Martin Marty
Martin
Marty
Marty
Marty
Marty
Marty
Marty
Marty
Marty
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Martin Marty
Marty
Martin Marty


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<mask>vi <mask> (, Sephardic/Israeli: Natan Tzvi; ; 1849–1927) was an influential Lithuanian Jewish leader of Orthodox Judaism in Eastern Europe and founder of the Slabodka yeshiva, in the town of Vilijampolė (a suburb of Kaunas). He is also known by the Yiddish appellation der Alter ("the Elder") and as the Alter of Slabodka. Many of his pupils were to become major leaders of Orthodox Judaism in the USA and Israel. Early years
<mask> was born in 1849 to <mask> and was orphaned at an early age, not much is known about his formative years. At a young age, he went to study at the Kelm Talmud Torah under Rabbi Simcha Zissel Ziv, "the Alter of Kelm." Philosophical approach
Despite his influence, he was an intensely private person. Yet, he personally oversaw the complete student body of the yeshiva.His motto was summed up in the words Gadlus HaAdam ("Greatness of Man"). He stressed the need for mussar (ethics), using works such as those of Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, polishing the character traits of his students so that they would aspire to become gedolim - "great ones" in all areas of both scholarship, and personal ethics. He spent ten out of every twelve months with his students full-time, only returning to his wife for the Jewish holidays. He had special agents who would keep an eye out all over Europe for teenagers with an aptitude for both scholarship and leadership, recruiting them and bringing them back to Slobodka. He attained unusual success, and his students subsequently reflected that he was a master of the human psyche and knew just which psychological buttons to press to give direction to his students' lives. He would monitor the extracurricular behavior of students, judging their character faults and strengths. He was responsible for deciding which boys would share rooms together, weighing the strengths of one against the other.Some were chosen to be his personal assistants. He stressed the importance of outer appearance and the need for neatness and cleanliness. He did not want the image of the poor, tattered, down-trodden yeshiva bochur (yeshiva student) to be associated with the alumni of his institution. The rabbinical and Talmudical graduates of the Slobodka Yeshiva tried to live up to a higher code of dress and deportment, to the point of being accused of being dandies. He would send teams of his trained prized pupils to places that needed a boost in religious observance and learning of Torah. His own son, Eliezer Yehudah (Leizer Yudel) Finkel eventually became the head of the far older Mir yeshiva, eventually leading it all the way to Jerusalem where it is today the largest post-high school yeshiva in the world with thousands of students. Opposition
His main opponents in the "yeshiva world" were first and foremost Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik and as a result the Brisk yeshivas, who were adamantly opposed to any changes in what they believed to be the time-tested ways of yeshiva education.To this day, their yeshivos, based mainly in Jerusalem today, do not teach mussar (ethics) as a separate curriculum, but focus on pure Talmud study. <mask>'s opponents argued that the pure focus on the Talmud would automatically create greatness in both scholarship and ethics. But <mask> believed that, while this might have been true in previous generations, the modern age was different. In his view, too many new enticing secular ideologies, such as Socialism and Zionism and the very real lure of atheism in universities, were becoming a replacement for traditional Judaism for many young Jews. He was determined to prove that what he had to offer was more appealing than anything the outside world could offer. Land of Israel

<mask> staged one of the most dramatic moves in the history of yeshivos. In the 1920s he decided to create a branch of his yeshiva in the Land of Israel, together with the dean Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Epstein, setting it up in Hebron and sending waves of hand-picked students there, culminating with his own permanent aliyah, "going up", to the Holy Land two years before his passing.In the region of Palestine he founded his own institution in the town of Hebron called Knesses Yisroel - "Gathering of Israel", which moved to Jerusalem following the massacre of Jews during the 1929 Palestine riots in which many of the yeshiva students perished. This yeshiva today, Yeshivas Chevron in Jerusalem, has about a thousand students and is one of the most prestigious Lithuanian yeshivos in Israel. Influence
During his lifetime, he molded many who would eventually become the heads (roshei yeshiva) of most of the so-called Lithuanian-style yeshivas that were established in the United States and Israel during the 20th century, and which continue to grow dramatically in the 21st century. Some of the more famous students are:
 Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda <mask> (son of the Alter) of the Mirrer Yeshiva in Mir and Jerusalem, Israel
 Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin of Brooklyn, New York
 Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetsky of Yeshiva Torah Vodaas in Brooklyn, New York
 Rabbi Avrohom Eliyahu Kaplan of Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin, Germany
 Rabbi Aharon Kotler, of Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood, New Jersey
 Rabbi Dovid Leibowitz of Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim: Rabbinical Seminary of America in  Queens
 Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchok Ruderman of Yeshivas Ner Yisroel in Baltimore, Maryland
 Rabbi Yechezkel Sarna, head of Chevron Yeshiva, Jerusalem, Israel
 Rabbi Isaac Sher, head of the Slabodka Yeshiva of Bnei Brak, Israel
 Rabbi Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg of Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin, Germany

The Alter did not author any books or essays personally, but some of his ethical discourses were published under the name Ohr HaTzafun - "The Hidden Light" (also meaning "The Light of the Hidden (One)"). The word Ha-Tz[a]-F[u]-N also being the four initials of his name, but not in order ("Hirsh-Tzvi-Finkel-Nota"). The title alludes to the hidden and mysterious nature of its subject, as he used to sign his name as Hatzafun. References

External links

Spending time in Slabodka
Learning from the Alter
1929 Palestine riots Slabodka victims
JTA news item March 1, 1927 - Rabbi Finkel, Former Head of Slobodka Yeshiva, Dies.Article from Hebron.com - The Slabodka Yeshiva and the Renaissance of Hebron. 1849 births
1927 deaths
Musar movement
Haredi rabbis in Europe
Haredi rabbis in Mandatory Palestine
Mashgiach ruchani
Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives
Lithuanian Haredi rabbis
People from Raseiniai
Faculty of Slabodka yeshiva
Rabbis that emigrated to the Land of Israel
Rabbis of Kaunas

masks:
Nosson Tz
Finkel
Finkel
Reb Moshe Finkel
Finkel
Finkel
Finkel
Finkel


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<mask>. (born May 11, 1987) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football for the University of Florida, where he was a member of two BCS National Championship teams. The Oakland Raiders drafted him in the fourth round of the 2009 NFL Draft, and he has also played for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and San Francisco 49ers. Early years
<mask> was born in St. Petersburg, Florida in 1987, of mixed Samoan and African-American descent. As a teenager, he completed the requirements to be an Eagle Scout. <mask> attended Lakewood High School in St. Petersburg, where he played for the Lakewood Spartans high school football team. In addition to playing quarterback and wide receiver for the Spartans football team, he was also a power forward for the basketball team, and anchored the 4x100 and 4x400-meter relay events for the track team—winning the state championship as a sophomore, with times of 41.59 seconds and 3:24.07 minutes, respectively.Following his senior football season in 2005, he was ranked as the thirty-seventh best wide receiver in the country by Rivals.com. College career
<mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played wide receiver for coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football team from 2005 to 2008. As a freshman in 2005, he mostly played on special teams. During his sophomore season in 2006, he didn't play much, but he did score his first touchdown reception from freshman quarterback Tim Tebow against the LSU Tigers. <mask> earned a spot on the 2007 starting roster during spring practice, and became one of the top receivers on the team. After the end of the regular season, he had 36 catches for 544 yards and five touchdowns. As a senior team captain in 2008, <mask> led the team in receiving yards (655) and ranked second in receptions (38) and average receiving yards per game (46.8), averaging 17.2 yards per catch; he was also the recipient of the Gators' Fergie Ferguson Award.He surpassed the 1,000 career-receiving yards mark with 54 yards in the Gators' victory over South Carolina. <mask> extended his streak of consecutive games with a reception to twenty-seven, and scored his final college touchdown on a 20-yard pass in the first quarter of the Gators' 24–14 BCS National Championship Game victory over the Oklahoma Sooners. <mask> had knee surgery following the season. <mask> also competed for the Florida Gators men's track and field team, posting a personal best of 6.36 seconds in the 55 meters. He graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in 2008. Professional career

Oakland Raiders (2009–2011)
<mask> was chosen in the fourth round of the 2009 NFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders, and he played for the Raiders from  through . He made his NFL debut on Monday Night Football against the San Diego Chargers on September 14, 2009, and caught a 56-yard touchdown pass from JaMarcus Russell.In 2009, <mask> caught a touchdown pass that helped the Raiders overcome the Cincinnati Bengals. Later in 2009, <mask> again led his team to a victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers by grabbing an 11-yard touchdown pass from Bruce Gradkowski with nine seconds left in the game that put the Raiders up 27–24. <mask>'s role in the offense decreased over time seeing time as a rotational player in the Raiders offense. Carolina Panthers (2012)
On July 23, 2012, <mask> was traded to the Carolina Panthers. With the Panthers, he recorded 25 receptions for 336 yards and one touchdown. It was his second season in which he played all 16 games. New York Giants (2013)
On March 16, 2013, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the New York Giants.Giants general manager Jerry Reese, said, "I think he's going to add another dimension to our offense. We have a scout named Jeremiah Davis and he talks about guys being a knife. This guy is a knife. This guy can take the top off your defense. He's an interesting guy. He gives us a different dimension in our offense. If we have the same guys, if we have Hakeem Nicks back healthy and we have Victor Cruz, back, this guy gives you a deep threat that we haven't had.We haven't had a guy who can run like this guy." Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2014–2016)
On March 26, 2014, <mask> signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. They released him the day before the season opener on September 6, 2014, to make room for rookie Brandon Dixon. He was re-signed September 23 and played against the Steelers on September 28 (including a crucial 41-yard reception on the Bucs' final drive leading to a touchdown and a win). At the conclusion of the 2014 season, <mask> proved to be valuable as a third receiver, primarily in the slot. Despite some injuries and issues with the team's low-scoring offense, <mask> compiled 31 catches for 308 yards and two touchdowns. On December 26, 2014, <mask> signed a three-year contract extension with Tampa Bay through the 2017 season.He was placed on the team's injured reserve on October 27, 2015 after suffering a torn ACL. <mask> began the 2016 season on PUP to continue his recovery from his torn ACL. He sustained another injury while practicing in an attempt to return in 2016 and was released from PUP on November 29, 2016. San Francisco 49ers (2017)

On July 31, 2017, <mask> signed with the San Francisco 49ers. He was released on September 1, 2017. He was re-signed by the 49ers on November 6, 2017. On November 26, 2017, <mask> caught his first touchdown pass on the season from quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo, who also threw his first touchdown pass as a 49er since being traded from the New England Patriots.Personal life
<mask> is cousins with former New England Patriots running back Mike Gillislee. On April 12, 2017, <mask> was arrested for having possession of a loaded gun at the Tampa International Airport. A Glock 23 pistol was discovered in <mask>'s backpack, loaded with 11 round of ammunition. <mask> did not have a concealed weapons permit, and was released from jail on a $2,000 bond. See also

 List of Florida Gators in the NFL Draft

References

Bibliography
 Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007).  . External links

 Florida Gators bio
  Oakland Raiders bio
 Tampa Bay Buccaners bio

1987 births
Living people
Players of American football from St. Petersburg, Florida
American football wide receivers
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
African-American players of American football
Carolina Panthers players
Florida Gators football players
Florida Gators men's track and field athletes
American male sprinters
Track and field athletes from Florida
Track and field athletes in the National Football League
New York Giants players
Oakland Raiders players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
San Francisco 49ers players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Louis Morris Murphy Jr
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy


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Jean-<mask> (born 4 December 1953) is a French actor and filmmaker. He was born in Courbevoie, France. Theater

Filmography

Actor

1992: Riens du tout (directed by Cédric Klapisch starring Fabrice Luchini, Daniel Berlioux) - Domrémy
1993: Cuisine et dépendances (directed by Philippe Muyl starring Zabou Breitman, Sam Karmann) - Fred
1993: L'Argent fait le bonheur (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride) - Le Curé
1994: Cache Cash (directed by Claude Pinoteau) - Jean
1994: L'Eau froide (directed by Olivier Assayas starring Virginie Ledoyen, Cyprien Fouquet) - Inspecteur
1995: Le Fabuleux Destin de Mme Petlet (directed by Camille de Casabianca) - Hervé Reyter
1995: À la vie, à la mort! (directed by Christine Carrière avec <mask>, Garance Clavel) - Lucien
1999: C'est quoi la vie ? (directed by François Dupeyron starring Éric Caravaca, Jacques Dufilho) - Marc, le père
1999: Inséparables (directed by Michel Couvelard starring Catherine Frot) - Robert
1999: La Bûche (directed by Danièle Thompson starring Sabine Azéma, Emmanuelle Béart) - Gilbert
2000: Le Goût des autres (The Taste of Others), directed by Agnès Jaoui starring Anne Alvaro, Gérard Lanvin) - Un spectateur au théâtre (uncredited)
2000: À l'attaque! (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride, Jacques Boudet) - Jean-Do
2000: La ville est tranquille (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride) - Paul
2000: Ça ira mieux demain (directed by Jeanne Labrune starring Nathalie Baye) - Xavier
2000: Poitiers, voiture 11 (Short, directed by François Dupeyron et Yves Angelo starring Rabah Loucif)
2001: Pas d'histoire ! (Regards sur le racisme au quotidien de Philippe Jullien et Yamina Benguigui) - (segment "Poitiers, voiture 11")
2001: L'Art (délicat) de la séduction (directed by Richard Berry starring Patrick Timsit, Cécile de France) - Monsieur Hubert
2001: 15 août (directed by Patrick Alessandrin starring Richard Berry, Charles Berling) - Raoul
2002: A Private Affair (directed by Guillaume Nicloux starring Thierry Lhermitte, Marion Cotillard) - Homme Apolus
2002: Marie-Jo et ses deux amours (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride) - Daniel
2002: Mille millièmes, fantaisie immobilière (directed by Rémi Waterhouse starring Irène Jacob) - Patrick Bertil
2002: Ah !si j'étais riche (If I Were a Rich Man) (directed by Michel Munz et Gérard Bitton) (starring Valeria Bruni-Tedeschi) - Aldo
2002: C'est le bouquet ! (directed by Jeanne Labrune starring Hélène Lapiower, Richard Debuisne) - Raphaël
2003: Le Cœur des hommes (directed by Marc Esposito starring Gérard Darmon) - Manu
2003: The Car Keys - Un comédien qui refuse de tourner avec Laurent
2003: Red Lights (Feux rouges) (directed by Cédric Kahn avec Jean-Pierre <mask>, Carole Bouquet) - Antoine
2004: Cause toujours ! (directed by Jeanne Labrune) - Bruno
2004: Mon père est ingénieur (directed by Robert Guédiguian starring Ariane Ascaride, Jean-Pierre <mask>) - Jérémie / Joseph
2004: Un long dimanche de fiançailles (A Very Long Engagement) (directed by Jean-Pierre Jeunet starring Audrey Tautou) - Benjamin Gordes
2005: Saint-Jacques... La Mecque (directed by Coline Serreau) - Claude
2005: How Much Do You Love Me? (Combien tu m'aimes?)

masks:
Pierre Darroussin
Jean Pierre Darroussin
Darroussin
Darroussin


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<mask> (2 February 1745 – 7 September 1833) was an English religious writer, philanthropist, poet and playwright in the circle of Johnson, Reynolds and Garrick, who wrote on moral and religious subjects. Born in Bristol, she taught at a school her father founded there and began writing plays. She became involved in the London literary elite and a leading Bluestocking member. Her later plays and poetry became more evangelical. She joined a group opposing the slave trade. In the 1790s she wrote Cheap Repository Tracts on moral, religious and political topics, to distribute to the literate poor (as a retort to Thomas Paine's Rights of Man). Meanwhile, she broadened her links with schools she and her sister Martha had founded in rural Somerset.These curbed their teaching of the poor, allowing limited reading but no writing. <mask> was noted for her political conservatism, being described as an anti-feminist, a "counter-revolutionary", or a conservative feminist. Early life
Born in 1745 at Fishponds in the parish of Stapleton, near Bristol, <mask> was the fourth of five daughters of <mask> (1700–1783), a schoolmaster from a strong Presbyterian family in Harleston, Norfolk, who had joined the Church of England. He sought to pursue a clerical career, but after losing a lawsuit over an estate he had hoped to inherit he moved to Bristol, where he became an excise officer and later taught at the Fishponds free school. The sisters were first educated by their father, learning Latin and mathematics. <mask> was also taught by elder sisters, through whom she learned French, which she improved conversationally by spending time with French prisoners of war in Frenchay during the Seven Years' War. She was an assiduous, discerning student.Family tradition has it that she began writing at an early age. In 1758 Jacob established a girls' boarding school at Trinity Street, Bristol, for the elder sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, to run, while he and his wife moved to Stony Hill in the city to open a school for boys. <mask> became a pupil in the girls' school when she was twelve and taught there in early adulthood. In 1767 <mask> gave up her share in the school on becoming engaged to William Turner of the Belmont Estate, Wraxall, Somerset, whom she had met when he began teaching her cousins. After six years the wedding had not taken place. Turner seemed reluctant to name a date and in 1773 the engagement was broken off. It seems this led <mask> into a nervous breakdown, from which she recuperated in Uphill, near Weston-super-Mare.She was induced to accept a £200 annuity from Turner as compensation. This freed her for literary pursuits. In the winter of 1773–1774 she went to London with her sisters, Sarah and Martha – the first of many such trips at yearly intervals. Some verses she had written on David Garrick's version of King Lear led to an acquaintance with him. Playwright
<mask>'s first literary efforts were pastoral plays written while she was still teaching and suitable for young ladies to act. The first was The Search after Happiness, written in 1762. By the mid-1780s over 10,000 copies of this had been sold.Among her literary models was Metastasio, on whose opera Attilio Regulo she based a drama, The Inflexible Captive. In London, <mask> sought to associate with the literary elite, including Samuel Johnson, Joshua Reynolds and Edmund Burke. Johnson is quoted as scolding her: "Madam, before you flatter a man so grossly to his face, you should consider whether or not your flattery is worth having." He would later be quoted as calling her "the finest versifatrix in the English language". Meanwhile she became prominent in the Bluestocking group of women engaged in polite conversation and literary and intellectual pursuits. She attended the salon of Elizabeth Montagu, where she met Frances Boscawen, Elizabeth Carter, Elizabeth Vesey and Hester Chapone, some of whom would be lifelong friends. In 1782 she wrote a witty verse celebration of her friends and circle: The Bas Bleu, or, Conversation, published in 1784.Garrick wrote a prologue and epilogue to <mask>'s tragedy Percy, which was successful at Covent Garden in December 1777 and revived in 1785 with Sarah Siddons at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. A copy of Percy was found among Mozart's possessions in 1791. Another drama, The Fatal Falsehood, produced in 1779 after Garrick's death, was less successful and she stopped writing for the stage. However, a tragedy entitled The Inflexible Captive appeared in 1818. In 1781 she met Horace Walpole and corresponded with him. At Bristol she discovered the poet Ann Yearsley. When Yearsley became destitute, <mask> raised a considerable sum of money for her benefit.Lactilla, as Yearsley was known, published Poems, on Several Occasions in 1785, earning about £600. <mask> and Montagu held the profits in trust to protect them from Yearsley's husband. However, Ann Yearsley wished to receive the capital and made insinuations of stealing against <mask>, forcing her to release it. These literary and social failures prompted <mask>'s withdrawal from London intellectual circles. Evangelical moralist

In the 1780s <mask> became a friend of James Oglethorpe, who had long been concerned with slavery as a moral issue and who was working with Granville Sharp as an early abolitionist. <mask> published Sacred Dramas in 1782, which rapidly ran through 19 editions. These and the poems Bas-Bleu and Florio (1786) mark a gradual transition to graver views, expressed in prose in Thoughts on the Importance of the Manners of the Great to General Society (1788) and An Estimate of the Religion of the Fashionable World (1790).By this time she was close to William Wilberforce and Zachary Macaulay, sympathising with their evangelical views. Her poem Slavery appeared in 1788. For many years she was a friend of Beilby Porteus, Bishop of London and a leading abolitionist, who drew her into a group of anti-slave traders that included Wilberforce, Charles Middleton and also James Ramsay at Teston in Kent. In 1785 <mask> bought a house at Cowslip Green, near Wrington in northern Somerset, where she settled with her sister Martha and wrote several ethical books and tracts: Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education (1799), Hints towards Forming the Character of a Young Princess (1805), Coelebs in Search of a Wife (only nominally a story, 1809), Practical Piety (1811), Christian Morals (1813), Character of St Paul (1815) and Moral Sketches (1819). She was a rapid writer. Her work, though discursive and animated, was deficient in form. Her popularity may be explained by her originality and forceful subject-matter.The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 did not worry <mask> initially, but by 1790 she was writing, "I have conceived an utter aversion to liberty according to the present idea of it in France. What a cruel people they are!" She praised Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France for combining "the rhetoric of ancient Gaul" and the "patriot spirit of ancient Rome" with "the deepest political sagacity". Part II of the Rights of Man, Thomas Paine's reply to Burke, appeared in 1792. The government was alarmed by its concern for the poor and call for world revolution, coupled with huge sales. Porteus visited <mask> and asked her to write something for the lower orders to counteract Paine. This prompted a pamphlet, Village Politics (1792).<mask> called it "as vulgar as [the] heart can wish; but it is only designed for the most vulgar class of readers." The pamphlet (published pseudonymously as by "Will Chip") consists of a dialogue in plain English between Jack Anvil, a village blacksmith, and Tom Hood, a village mason. After reading Paine, Tom Hood expresses admiration for the French Revolution to Jack Anvil and speaks in favour of a new constitution based on liberty and the "rights of man". Jack Anvil responds by praising the British constitution, saying Britain already has "the best laws in the world". He attacks French liberty as murder, French democracy as tyranny of the majority, French equality as a levelling down of social classes, French philosophy as atheism, and the "rights of man" as "battle, murder and sudden death". Tom Hood finally accepts Anvil's conclusion: "While old England is safe I'll glory in her, and pray for her; and when she is in danger I'll fight for her and die for her." <mask>'s biographer summed up the pamphlet against Paine as "Burke for Beginners".It was well received: Porteus called it "a masterpiece of its kind, supremely excellent, greatly admired at Windsor". Frances Boscawen thought it exceeded William Paley's The British Public's Reasons for Contentment and Richard Owen Cambridge claimed "Swift could not have done it better." <mask>'s next anti-Jacobin tract, Remarks on the Speech of M. Dupont, condemned atheism in France. Its profits were passed to French Catholic priests exiled in England. The two pamphlets attracted praise from the Association for the Discountenancing of Vice, an evangelical publishing society founded in Dublin in 1792. The membership wrote to her in June 1793 congratulating her on it and inviting her to become an honorary member. Accepting, <mask> asked the Association to send her "two or three printed papers explaining the nature of the Association as perhaps I may use them to advantage with a friend or two, distinguished

masks:
Hannah More
More
Hannah More
Jacob More
Hannah
Hannah More
More
More
More
More
Hannah More
More
More
More
More
Hannah More
More
More
More
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 for their piety and active zeal."Cheap Repository Tracts
In 1794, when Paine published The Age of Reason, a deist attack on Christianity, Porteus again requested <mask>'s help in combating Paine's ideas, but she declined, being preoccupied with her charity-school work. However, by the end of the year, <mask>, encouraged by Porteus, decided to embark on a series of Cheap Repository Tracts, three of which appeared every month from 1795 to 1798. In January 1795, <mask> explained to Zachary Macaulay: "Vulgar and indecent penny books were always common, but speculative infidelity brought down to the pockets and capacity of the poor forms a new era in our history. This requires strong counteraction." Her scheme developed from the ideas of the Association for discountenancing vice, though written in a more "readable and entertaining a style". The tracts sold 300,000 copies in March and April 1795, 700,000 by July 1795 and over two million by March 1796. They urged the poor in rhetoric of ingenious homeliness to rely on virtues of contentment, sobriety, humility, industry, reverence for the British Constitution, hatred of the French, and trust in God and the kindness of the gentry.Perhaps the most famous is The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, describing a family of phenomenal frugality and contentment. This was translated into several languages. She also invited the Association for the Discountenancing of Vice to reprint her tracts in Ireland, which they did with success in more than 230 editions of 52 titles. <mask> was shocked by the strides made for female education in France: "They run to study philosophy, and neglect their families to be present at lectures in anatomy." Views on schooling for poor and for girls
Intending "to escape from the world gradually", <mask> moved in 1802 to Wrington in rural Somerset, where she had built a comfortable house and laid out a garden. She remained, however, active with several Somerset schools for the destitute that she and her sister Martha had founded from the 1780s, with Wilberforce's encouragement. She modelled the idealised hero and heroine in Coelebs in Search of Wife (1809) on the schools' prodigious benefactors: John and Louisa Harford of Blaise Castle.The schools taught the Bible and the catechism on Sundays and in the week "such coarse works as may fit them for servants." For the poor, <mask> declared, "I allow of no writing": they were not to be "made scholars and philosophers." There was local opposition: Church of England vicars suspected her of advancing Methodism and landowners saw even rudimentary literacy as a step above the children's proper station. At Wedmore, the Dean of Wells was petitioned to have <mask> removed from the school. To the Bishop of Bath and Wells she protested that her schools taught only "such coarse works as may fit them [their charges] for servants. I allow no writing for the poor. My object is... to train up the lower classes in habits of industry and piety."<mask> refused to read Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792). While many women may be "fond of government", they are not, she believed, "fit for it": "To be unstable and capricious is but too characteristic of our sex." <mask> turned down honorary membership of the Royal Society of Literature, seeing her "sex alone a disqualification". Those heeding Wollstonecraft's call to embrace the liberty without which women could "neither possess virtue or happiness" or reading with equal ardour the pedagogy of Anna Laetitia Barbauld and Elizabeth Hamilton saw <mask> much as Wollstonecraft had seen Burke in her earlier Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790): as a writer with a "mortal antipathy to reason". Having met <mask> and her sisters in Bath and discussed their schools and other good works, Jane Greg reported to a friend, Martha McTier in Belfast, that she found their "minds crippled in an astonishing degree". McTier was proud that in her school for poor girls her pupils "do not gabble over the testament only" and that she had those who "can read Fox and Pitt". <mask> in 1820 donated money to Philander Chase, the first Episcopal Bishop of Ohio for the foundation there of Kenyon College.A portrait of <mask> hangs in its Peirce Hall. Last years

In Hannan <mask>'s last years, philanthropists from all parts made pilgrimages to Wrington, and after 1828 to Clifton, where she died on 7 September 1833. <mask> left about £30,000, chiefly in legacies to charitable institutions and religious societies. The residue was to go to a new Church of St Philip and St Jacob in Bristol. She was buried beside her sisters at the Church of All Saints, Wrington, which has a bust of her in the south porch, beside one of the local son John Locke. Legacy
Several local schools and St. Michael's Church (Reisterstown, Maryland) are named after <mask>. <mask> Primary School was built in Bristol Old Market in the 1840s.Her image appeared in 2012 on the Bristol Pound, a local currency. The street in Wrington where she was buried has been named <mask> Close. However, the Liberal politician Augustine Birrell, in his 1906 work Hannah More Once More, claimed to have buried all 19 volumes of Moore's works in his garden in disgust. Archives
Letters to, from and about <mask> are held by Bristol Archives, including one from William Wilberforce (Ref. 28048/C/1/2) (online catalogue). Records relating to <mask> appear at the British Library, Manuscript Collections, Longleat, Newport Central Library, the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University: St John's College Library, the Victoria and Albert Museum, Bristol Reference Library, Cambridge University Library, The Women's Library, Gloucestershire Archives, and National Museums Liverpool: Maritime Archives and Library. References

Sources

Resources

Primary sources
<mask>, Works of <mask>, 2 vols.New York: Harper, 1840

Biographies
Anna Jane Buckland, The life of <mask>. A lady of two centuries. London: Religious Tract Society, 1882,
Jeremy and Margaret Collingwood, <mask>. Oxford: Lion Publishing, 1990,
Patricia Demers, The World of Hannah More. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996,
Charles Howard Ford, <mask>: A Critical Biography. New York: Peter Lang, 1996,
Marion Harland, <mask>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1900
Mary Alen Hopkins, <mask> and Her Circle.London: Longmans, 1947
M. G. Jones, <mask> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952
Helen C. Knight, <mask>; or, Life in Hall and Cottage. New York: M. W. Dodd, 1851
Elizabeth Kowaleski-Wallace, Their Fathers' Daughters: <mask>, Maria Edgeworth, and Patriarchal Complicity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991
Annette Mary Budgett Meakin, <mask>: A Biographical Study. London: John Murray, 1919
Karen Swallow Prior, Fierce Convictions: The Extraordinary Life of <mask>—Poet, Reformer, Abolitionist. Nashville: Nelson Books, 2014,
 William Roberts, ed., Memoirs of Mrs <mask>. New York: Harper & Bros., 1836
Anne Stott, <mask>: The First Victorian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003,
Thomas Taylor, Memoir of Mrs. <mask>.London: Joseph Rickerby, 1838
Henry Thompson, The Life of <mask> With Notices of Her Sisters. London: T. Cadell, 1838
Charlotte Yonge, <mask>. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1888

Other sources

Jacqueline McMillan, "<mask> More: From Versificatrix to Saint", In Her Hand: Letters of Romantic-Era British Women Writers in New Zealand Collections. Otago Students of Letters. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago, Department of English, 2013. pp. 23–46. Includes five letters and a poem, hitherto unpublished.Mitzi Myers, "<mask>'s Tracts for the Times: Social Fiction and Female Ideology", Fetter'd or Free? British Women Novelists, 1670–1815. Mary Anne Schofield and Cecilia Macheski, eds. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1986

Mona Scheuerman, In Praise of Poverty: <mask> Counters Thomas Paine and the Radical Threat. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002

Kathryn Sutherland, "<mask>'s Counter-Revolutionary Feminism", Revolution in Writing: British Literary Responses to the French Revolution. Kelvin Everest, ed. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991

A Comparative Study of Three Anti-Slavery Poems Written by William Blake, <mask> and Marcus Garvey: Black Stereotyping by Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini for GRAAT On-Line, January 2010

Archives
Papers of <mask> are held at The Women's Library in the Library of the London School of Economics.9/16

External links

<mask> at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

Works by <mask> at Osborne Collection of Early Children's Books (Toronto Public Library)

<mask> from Brycchan Carey's listing of British abolitionists
The full text of Slavery, A Poem available online
The full text of The Sorrows of Yamba available online
Original 1797 edition of a printed pamphlet of The Sorrows of Yamba

1745 births
1833 deaths
English religious writers
British women essayists
English philanthropists
English Anglicans
English abolitionists
Evangelical Anglicans
Writers from Bristol
Clapham Sect
English children's writers
English dramatists and playwrights
British women dramatists and playwrights
18th-century British women writers
18th-century British writers
English women non-fiction writers
Women religious writers
Burials in Somerset
18th-century essayists
Anglican writers
Christian abolitionists
British evangelicals
English evangelicals
Conservatism in the United

masks:
More
More
More
More
More
More
More
More
More
More
Hannah More
More
More
More
More
More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More
Hannah More


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<mask> (born 1950) is a computer-animation artist who became active in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Born in 1950 in Atlanta, Georgia, he received A.B. from Washington University in St. Louis in 1972 and his Master's Degree from California Institute of the Arts which includes parallel schools of Dance, Music, Film, Theater, Fine Arts, and Writing. The Cal Arts faculty included abstract animator Jules Engel, Expanded Cinema critic Gene Youngblood, and special effects artist Pat O'Neill. In 1975, John Whitney, Sr. invited Cuba to be the programmer on one of his films. The result of this collaboration was Arabesque. Subsequently, Cuba produced three more computer-animated films: 3/78 (Objects and Transformations), Two Space, and Calculated Movements.Cuba also provided computer graphics for Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope in 1977. His animation of the Death Star is shown to pilots in the Rebel Alliance. Cuba received grants for his work from the American Film Institute and The National Endowment for the Arts and was awarded a residency at the Center for Art and Media Technology Karlsruhe (ZKM). He has served on the juries for the Siggraph Electronic Theater, the Montpellier Festival of Abstract Film, The Ann Arbor Film Festival and Ars Electronica. Cuba currently serves as the director of the iotaCenter in Los Angeles, California. Death Star sequence
Cuba used a Vector General 3D connected to a PDP-11/45 computer to make the computer animations shown during the briefing scene near the end of the film Star Wars. George Lucas wanted to use computer animation to show the Death Star blueprints during this scene.He asked Ben Burtt, the film's sound designer, to get bids on the project. Cuba won the contract after he showed Lucas footage from his 1974 short film First Fig and mentioned that he had recently worked with famed animator John Whitney Sr.

Cuba produced the sequences using the GRASS programming language at the University of Illinois, Chicago's Circle Graphics Habitat. There are two main sequences in the resulting animation. The first shows the Death Star as a whole, while the second shows a series of views of the flight down the equatorial trench. The final few seconds of the animation, showing the proton torpedo flying into the Death Star's reactor core, were drawn by hand to look similar to the computer footage and added six months later. The first part of the animation, showing the exterior of the Death Star, was created programmatically. Working from an early matte painting, GRASS's internal system for creating arcs and circles was used to produce the drawing.The 3D terminal's own transformation system was then used to automatically zoom into the image and rotate it on the display. The image was copied to film frame-by-frame using a Mitchell Camera whose motor was stepped by wiring it to one of the terminal's register-controlled indicator lamps. The sequence was filmed by having the GRASS program send new values to the zoom and rotation hardware in the terminal, then setting the register value that would turn on the lamp, thereby taking one image. The entire system was covered by cloth to reduce stray light. The second segment was much more difficult to produce. The physical model used during filming was constructed by making many copies of six key shapes and then arranging them in different ways to produce a more random-looking trench. The completed model was over  long.Cuba had previously used the GRASS system to create a program that allowed freehand drawings to be digitized manually on the graphics tablet. For this project he modified the code so that every time a point was entered on the tablet it would ask for a Z value to be entered on the keyboard, thereby producing a 3D point set. This was used to digitize the six characteristic features visible in the matte paintings he had been provided. Using the GRASS system, these shapes were loaded and moved to produce sections of the U-shaped trench. Since the VG3D terminal was not able to calculate perspective internally, the portions of the animation showing the view along the trench had to be rendered on the host computer and then composited into the resulting frame. Each frame took about two minutes to create on the PDP-11/45 host, which then triggered the camera as before. The animation as a whole was expected to take a total of 12 hours to render, but it invariably crashed after about 30 minutes.Eventually, they gave up late on Saturday before the film had to be delivered on Monday. Cuba turned down the air conditioning before going to sleep on a bed in the computer room. On a lark, he ran it one last time and then went to sleep. That time it managed to run through the night and completed successfully. It was later realized the air conditioning had been too high. Of the two minutes of film produced on the system, about 40 seconds appear in the movie, back projected into the scene. As of 2017, the original system was still operational.Films
First Fig (1974)
Created at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory using borrowed mainframe time. Arabesque (1975)
Collaborative project with John Whitney, Sr.

3/78 (Objects and Transformations) (1978). 6 minutes. Created in Chicago with Tom DeFanti's Graphic Symbiosis System GRASS, consists of sixteen "objects", each composed of 100 points of light, some of them geometric shapes like circles and squares, others more organic shapes resembling gushes of water. Each object performs rhythmic choreography, programmed by Cuba to satisfy mathematic potentials. In 2018 it was displayed in Chicago New Media 1973-1992 exhibition. Two Space (1979).8 minutes. Full-screen image- patterns which parallel the layered continuities of classical gamelan music. Using a programming language called RAP at the Los Angeles firm Information International Inc. (III), <mask> was able to systematically explore the classic 17 symmetry groups, a technique used by Islamic artists to create abstract temple decorations. Calculated Movements (1985). 6 minutes. Cuba programmed solid areas and volumes instead of the vector dots of the previous two films. It also in four "colors": black, white, light grey and dark grey.In five episodes, he alternates single events involving ribbon-like figures following intricate trajectories, with more complex episodes consisting of up to 40 individual events that appear and disappear at irregular intervals. Electronic sound scores accompany. References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Official homepage

 , 10 minute explanation of <mask>'s work. 1950 births
Living people
Animators from Georgia (U.S. state)
Artists from Atlanta
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni

masks:
Larry Cuba
Larry
Larry Cuba


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<mask> (born <mask>; 14 May 1946) is a German-born Australian philosopher and award-winning writer. He was, until 2011, foundation professor of philosophy at the Australian Catholic University and professor of moral philosophy at King's College London. He is currently professorial fellow in the Melbourne Law School and the Faculty of Arts, University of Melbourne and emeritus professor of moral philosophy at King's College London. He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Life

<mask> (later styled as <mask>) was born in Dortmund, Westphalia, Germany, on 14 May 1946, to a Yugoslav-born Romanian father, Romulus Gaiţă (28 December 1922May 1996) and a German mother, Christine ("Christel") Anna Dörr (16 November 19281958). In Germany, from 1942 to 1945, Romulus was employed as a smith and metal worker. The <mask> family migrated to Australia in April 1950, just before <mask> turned four.He attended St. Patrick's College, Ballarat (Victoria), Melbourne High School (Victoria), the University of Melbourne (BA Hons, MA) and the University of Leeds (PhD). The story of his childhood and the lives of his family members and close friends is told in his memoir Romulus, My Father, which was made into a film starring Eric Bana (Romulus), Franka Potente (Christine), Kodi Smit-McPhee (Raimond) and Marton Csokas (Hora). In a later book, After Romulus, a collection of essays, "he reflects on the writing of the Romulus, My Father, the making of the film, his relationship to the desolate beauty of the central Victorian landscape, the philosophies that underpinned his father's relationship to the world and, most movingly, the presence and absence of his mother and his unassuaged longing for her". (from the publisher)

He is married to Yael <mask>, who was born in Tel Aviv and until 2008 was a teacher at King David School, Melbourne, where she taught Hebrew. Gaita has two children, Katerina and Eva and two stepchildren, Dahlia and Michelle. Awards and recognition

Romulus My Father won the Nettie Palmer Prize for Non-Fiction in the Victorian Premier's Literary Award and was shortlisted for the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards for Contribution to Public Debate, the Braille Book of the Year, the National Biography Award. It was nominated by the New Statesman, London, as one of the best books of 1999 and, in 2000, by The Australian Financial Review as one of the ten best books of the decade.In 2007 it was made into an award-winning feature film of the same name. A Common Humanity: Thinking about Love and Truth and Justice was nominated by The Economist as one of the best books of 2000. The Philosopher's Dog was shortlisted for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, 2003 and The Age Book of the Year, 2003. It was nominated by the Kansas City Star as one of the ten best books of 2005. In 2009, the University of Antwerp awarded Gaita the degree of Doctor Honoris Causa "for his exceptional contribution to contemporary moral philosophy and for his singular contribution the role of the intellectual in today's academic world". In 2011, Routledge published Christopher Cordner (ed.) Philosophy, Ethics, and a Common Humanity: Essays in Honour of <mask> <mask>.Also in 2011, Flinders University held a conference in Gaita's honour: A Sense for Humanity: The Ethical Thought of <mask> <mask>, which was published as a book of the same title in 2014 by Monash University Press. Bibliography

Books

 A Common Humanity: Thinking about Love and Truth and Justice, Melbourne: Text Publishing, 1999; London & New York: Routledge, 2000. The Philosopher's Dog, Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2002. Why the War Was Wrong (ed. ), Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2003. Breach of Trust: Truth, Morality and Politics, Melbourne: Black Inc., 2004. Good and Evil: An Absolute Conception, Revised edition, London & New York: Routledge 2004.Gaza: Morality, Law and Politics (ed. ), Perth: University of Western Australia Press, 2010. Essays on Muslims and Multiculturalism (ed. ), Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2011. Singing For All He's Worth: Essays in Honour of J. G. Rosenberg, Alex Skovron, <mask> <mask> and Alex Miller (eds. ), Sydney: Picador, 2011. After Romulus, Melbourne: Text Publishing, 2011.'Who's Afraid of International Law' (ed. with Gerry Simpson), Monash University Publishing, 2017

Translated editions
 Other editions and translations of The Philosopher's Dog
 The Philosopher's Dog, London: Routledge, 2003. The Philosopher' Dog: Friendship with Animals, New York: Random House, 2003. De Hond Van De Filosoof, Amsterdam: Ambo/Anthos, 2003. Der Hund des Philosophen, Berlin: Rogner & Berhnard, 2003. 部分地区明天即可送达, Taipei: The Bookery, 2004. 部分地区明天即可送达, Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 2004.Filozofun Köpeği, Istanbul: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, 2005. Tokyo, Shuei-Sha, 2005. Ha-Kelev shel ha-filosof, Jerusalem: The Attic, 2005. Il cane del filosofo, Genoa: Il Melangola, 2007. O Cão do Filósofo, Cruz Quebrada (Portugal): Casa das Letras, 2007. O Cão do Filósofo, São Paulo: Difel, 2011. 철학자의 개, Korea, Dolbegae Publishers, 2017
 Other editions and translations of Romulus My Father
 Romulus, My Father, London: Review, 2000.Romulus, Mi Padre, Barcelona: Ediciones Del Bronce, 2001. Romuls, Mein Vater, Salzburg and Hamburg, Salzburg and Vienna: Residenz Verlag, 2001
 Romulus, mijn vader, Amsterdam: Ambo, 2004. Avi, Romulus, Jerusalem: Carmel, 2008. Romulus, Mio Padre, Rome: Elliot Edizioni, 2011. Moj ojciec Romulus, Warsaw: Czarne 2013
   Romulus, My Father, Korea, Dolbegae Publishers 2019

Essays

References

Further reading
J. Franklin (2003), Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia, Macleay Press, ch. 16. External links
YouTube videos
<mask> <mask> – Emeritus Professor of Moral Philosophy at King's College London
Professor <mask> <mask> interviewed on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
<mask> <mask> interviewed about Torture on Philosophy Bites
Gaita and Robert Connolly discuss Romulus, My Father (the film)
Video: <mask> <mask> lecture on Plato

1946 births
Living people
Academics of King's College London
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Australian Catholic University faculty
Australian people of Romanian descent
Australian philosophers
Australian ethicists
German emigrants to Australia
People educated at Melbourne High School
Quadrant (magazine) people
University of Melbourne alumni
People educated at St Patrick's College, Ballarat
German people of Romanian descent

masks:
Raimond Gaita
Raimund Gaita
Raimund Gaita
Raimond Gaita
Gaita
Raimond
Gaita
Raimond
Gaita
Raimond
Gaita
Raimond
Gaita
Raimond
Gaita
Raimond
Gaita
Raimond
Gaita
Raimond
Gaita


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<mask> (born 13 November 1985) is a Barbadian TV Host, model and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Barbados World 2009. Born and raised in Barbados, Marville started her international career after being spotted at Barbados Fashion Week (2006) by Dwight Peters. Marville was encouraged to participate in the Fashion Face of the Caribbean competition in Jamaica, where she came third. Recommended by international pageant scouts, <mask> was flown to New York to develop her portfolio. She was first signed internationally to South African agency Base Model Management
 and German model agency East West Models. <mask> is signed to RED model management in New York. Dubbed the ""Sexiest Woman Alive"" in 2009 by Global Beauties, <mask> is a former host on Splash, a Caribbean lifestyle series on Black Entertainment Television (BET) sister network Centric.Biography

Childhood and education
Marville attended Erdiston Primary school and Queen's College. She went on to study law at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill campus, Barbados. She received her Bachelor of Laws with honours in 2007. She completed her Legal Education Certificate at the Hugh Wooding Law School in Trinidad in August 2012. She has interned at a prominent entertainment law firm, Gordon-McGrath in Jamaica, and had oversight responsibilities for high-profile clients such as Beenie Man and family members of the late Reggae icon Bob Marley. Marville was also employed at the Jamaica Human Rights Council, where she was responsible for overseeing the human rights of death row inmates throughout prisons in Kingston, Jamaica. While at Queens college she briefly served on her school's Cadet programme where her cousin Shontelle, who is signed to Street Records Corporation/Universal Motown Records was her drill sergeant.Career

Marville started modeling professionally in 2008 in Cape Town, South Africa for Base Model Management. Marville has participated in several Caribbean fashion weeks: Barbados Fashion Week, Style Week Jamaica, Saint Kitts fashion weekend, Guyana Fashion week, Dominicana Moda, and Fashion Week Trinidad and Tobago. On 24 October 2010, Marville was given the award for Top Caribbean Female model, at the Caribbean fashion awards. Her tenth anniversary She magazine cover, was also awarded best Caribbean magazine cover for 2010. In 2011, <mask> signed on as the face and spokesmodel for the inaugural staging of Caribbean International Fashion Week. Television
In 2006, <mask> attended the BET Awards where she met with executive producers for the BET J Caribbean music show Wicked Style. In 2008, she secured a place on the show as a guest host, and by 2009 she was promoted to the main host and co-produced the Barbados and Jamaican episodes.In 2009, <mask> produced her own lifestyle reality show, Passport 246 in partnership with Mykal Cushnie of DSE Media in Jamaica. In 2010 she launched the second season Passport246: Journey to Miss World. This series was later syndicated on Tempo Networks in July 2011  In 2010, she joined the cast of Splash!, with Tamara Ennis and Crystal Cunningham, on a lifestyle Caribbean show on Centric. In 2011, she was retained for the second season of Splash on Centric. Journalism
<mask> is a freelance journalist for The Daily Nation newspaper, The Barbados Advocate, and the Jamaican Gleaner Company newspaper. In June 2009, <mask> secured an exclusive interview feature with Larry Nimmer, about his documentary, Michael Jackson: The Untold Story of Never Land. The interview later aired on Television Jamaica (TVJ) and on CBC TV 8 Barbados.Miss Barbados World
On 3 October 2009, she was crowned Miss Barbados World 2009, and represented her country at the 59th staging of the Miss World pageant, hosted in Johannesburg South Africa where Miss World Kaiane Aldorino was the winner. At the Miss Barbados pageant, Marville won two fast track events: "Most Photogenic" and "Beauty With A Purpose". At Miss World 2009, Marville won the "Continental Queen of Beauty" award for being the highest placed Caribbean delegate. Her Love Campaign won second place for the Miss World Beauty with a Purpose fast track category. The Love Campaign was entered as <mask>'s "Beauty With A Purpose" project for the Miss Barbados World competition and received an award from the HIV Commission of Barbados and the HIV Food Bank. In April 2011, Stephanie Chase-Yates, former Miss Barbados World 2001 and CEO of SFC International, handed over the Miss Barbados World franchise to Marville Management, which is owned and operated by <mask>. The new Miss Barbados World, 2011 competition was launched 1 July, at the Limegrove lifestyle centre.Philanthropy

<mask>'s humanitarian efforts began in 2007, when she hosted a charity walkathon dubbed "Fashion with a Mission". The charity benefited several children who had lost their families in accidents. The funds were donated to the Barbados Media Disaster Relief Fund. Through corporate and public donations, the fund went on to generate over five hundred thousand Barbadian dollars. Founded in March 2009, The Love Campaign, as conceived by <mask>, aimed to regenerate a culture of giving and awareness in Barbados and to encourage people to abandon the HIV social stigma. The campaign was officially endorsed by the former Prime Minister of Barbados David Thompson, the Ministry of  Health, and the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture. The Love Campaign partnered with Barbadian designer Toni Thorne in 2009, to launch the "Martha's Smile" campaign in Jamaica.Donations from the partnership went towards the rebuilding fund for Martha's Home, a hospice for abandoned children living with HIV/AIDS, after it had been destroyed by an electrical fire By October 2010, the campaign has raised more than US$70,000. In 2010, Marville launched Love Campaign School Tour, which delivered the message of healthy lifestyles to children at several secondary schools under the banner "respect yaself". The Love Campaign won second place at the 2009 Miss World "Beauty with a Purpose" competition. The campaign has earned Marville several local awards, including two national youth awards: the Bayan Award and the Humanitarian Award; and the Phenomenal Woman award presented by the Girlfriends Foundation in the category of philanthropy. References

External links
 Official Site
 MBW Official site

1985 births
Living people
Miss World 2009 delegates
Barbadian television personalities
People from Saint James, Barbados
University of the West Indies academics
Barbadian beauty pageant winners
Queen's College (Barbados) alumni

masks:
Leah Janine Marville
Leah
Leah
Leah
Marville
Marville
Marville
Leah Marville
Marville
Leah
Leah Marville
Marville
Marville


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<mask> (20 August 1935 – 29 March 1988) was a South African anti-apartheid political activist. Born in Athlone, Western Cape, South Africa, she was assassinated in Paris, France. Early life
The second eldest daughter of Jakobus and <mask>, September grew up in Gleemore, a suburb of Cape Town, where she developed her interest in political activism. She began her primary schooling at Klipfontein Methodist Mission, and later attended Athlone High School. In 1954, she enrolled at the Wesley Training School in Salt River to pursue a career in teaching, and completed her Teacher's Diploma in 1955. She began her teaching career, first at City Mission School in Maitland, then at Bridgetown East Primary School in Athlone in 1956, and in 1957 became a member of the newly established Cape Peninsula Students' Union (CPSU), affiliate of the Unity Movement of South Africa, which aimed at overcoming racial divisions and forging solidarity among students of different cultural backgrounds. She belonged to the Athlone branch of the Teacher's League of South Africa (TLSA).Activism
September subsequently joined the African Peoples Democratic Union of Southern Africa (APDUSA), established in 1960. She went on to be a member of the militant study group Yu Chi Chan Club, which was disbanded at the end of 1962, to be replaced by the National Liberation Front (NLF) in January 1963. While engaged in NLF activities, she was arrested and detained without trial at Roeland Street Prison on 7 October 1963. Together with nine others she was charged under the Criminal Procedure Act, the principal charge being "conspiracy to commit acts of sabotage, and incite acts of politically motivated violence". After months of court proceedings, judgment was delivered on 15 April 1964. September was sentenced to five years imprisonment, during which time she endured severe physical and psychological abuse. On her release in April 1969, the Pretoria regime controlled her activities with a five-year banning order, which prohibited her from engaging in political activity and from practising her profession.September then went to live with her sister in Paarl. In 1973, as her banning order drew to a close, September applied for a permanent departure permit, having secured a position at Madeley College of Education in Staffordshire. She left South Africa on 19 December 1973. In London, she joined the activities of the Anti-Apartheid Movement and was in the frontline of numerous political rallies and demonstrations at South Africa House in Trafalgar Square. Later she gave up her job as a teacher and joined the staff of the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa. In 1976 she joined the African National Congress (ANC) where she worked in the ANC Women's League. In 1979, International Year of the Child (IYC), she was elected chairperson of the IYC Committee of the ANC Women's Section in London.At the end of 1983, September was appointed ANC Chief Representative in France, Switzerland and Luxembourg. Death
On the morning of 28 March 1988, September was assassinated outside the ANC's Paris office at 28, Rue des Petites-Écuries, as she was opening the office after collecting the mail. She was shot five times in her head with a 22-calibre silenced rifle. She was 52 years old. Her death stoked a strong popular reaction in Paris where more than 20,000 gathered to mourn. Before her assassination, September had been investigating trafficking of weapons between France and South Africa. Supposedly, this trafficking included nuclear materials.On the day after her murder, Alfred Nzo commented: "If ever there was a soft target, Dulcie September was one." Legacy

Arts and media
Jean-Michel Jarre composed a song for his 1988 Revolutions album named "September", dedicated to September. The song was performed at his Destination Docklands concert at London's Royal Victoria Dock in October 1988. The conceptual artist Hans Haacke devoted his piece "One Day, The Lions of Dulcie September Will Spout Water in Jubilation" to her. The site-specific intervention that modified an existing but defunct fountain in front of the Grande halle de la Villette in Paris, was part of the exhibition Magiciens de la terre by Jean-Martin Hubert. Cold Case: Revisiting Dulcie September is a play that pays tribute to Dulcie September. A book about her murder, Dulcie: Een Vrouw Die Haar Mond Moest Houden by Evelyn Groenink, was published in the Netherlands in 2001.A podcast about the murder of Dulcie <mask>, They Killed Dulcie by Open Secrets and Sound Africa was released in March 2019. The 2021 documentary, Murder in Paris, explores the life and assassination of September. Memorials and dedications
A square in the 10th arrondissement of Paris is named after Dulcie September, and was officially inaugurated on 31 March 1998, ten years after her death. A street in Cléon, near Rouen, is named after her. There is also a Place Dulcie September in Nantes, and a primary school in Évry-sur-Seine carries her name as well as a middle school (collège in French) in Arcueil, the town near Paris where she last lived. In August 2010, the first Dulcie September Memorial Lecture took place at The Centre for Humanities Research of the University of the Western Cape, as well as the launch of the Dulcie September Fellowship Awards in the Humanities and Social Sciences that featured speakers including Barbara Masekela and Margaret Busby. In October 2011, Staffordshire University Students’ Union honoured Dulcie September by renaming their boardroom the "September Room" and erecting a plaque in her memory.She was a former student of Madeley College of Education, one of the founding colleges of North Staffordshire Polytechnic. In 2013 the Athlone Civic Centre was renamed the Dulcie September Civic Centre. In Amsterdam, Netherland, a road in the city's Transvaalbuurt is named Dulcie Septemberpad. Other buildings and streets in the neighbourhood have also been named after prominent historic South Africans, including Steve Bikoplein, Nelson Mandela School en Retiefstraat. See also
 List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid

References

South African activists
South African women activists
Assassinated South African people
Assassinated activists
1935 births
1988 deaths
Anti-apartheid activists
Deaths by firearm in France
South African people murdered abroad
People murdered in Paris
Assassinated South African activists
Women civil rights activists

masks:
Dulcie Evonne September
Susan September
September


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Runa <mask> (, ; born 17 November 1952) is a Bangladeshi  playback singer and composer. She started her career in Pakistan film industry in the late 1960s. Her style of singing is inspired by Pakistani playback singer Ahmed Rushdi and she also made a pair with him after replacing another singer Mala. Her playback singing in films – The Rain (1976), Jadur Banshi (1977), Accident (1989), Ontore Ontore (1994), Devdas (2013) and Priya Tumi Shukhi Hou (2014) - earned her seven Bangladesh National Film Awards for Best Female Playback Singer. She won the Best Music Composer award for the film Ekti Cinemar Golpo (2018). Early life
<mask> was born in Sylhet to Syed Mohammed Imdad Ali, a civil servant posted in Karachi, and <mask>. She started taking dance lessons of Kathak and Bharatanatyam genre.In those days, Ahmed Rushdi was the leading film singer who introduced rock n roll, disco and other modern genres to South Asian music. Following Rushdi's success, Christian bands specialising in jazz started performing at various night clubs and hotel lobbies in Karachi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Dhaka and Lahore. Laila became a fan of singer Ahmed Rushdi whom she considered her guru (teacher), and tried to emulate not only his singing style but also the way he used to perform on the stage. She then learned classical music with her elder sister Dina <mask> (d. 1976). While she was a student of Saint Lawrence Convent, she won an inter-school singing competition in Karachi in the then West Pakistan. She, along with her sister, were trained by Ustad Abdul Kader Peyarang and Ustad Habibuddin Ahmed. Her cousin, Anjumara Begum, had already been a known singer.When Laila was 12, she performed as a playback singer for a male child actor in the Urdu language film Jugnu. The song was titled Gudia Si Munni Meri. Career

In 1966, <mask> made her breakthrough in the Pakistani film industry with the song Unki Nazron Sey Mohabbat Ka Jo Paigham Mila for the Urdu film Hum Dono. She used to perform on PTV. In PTV, she had a show called Bazm E Laila. She started appearing on the Zia Mohyuddin Show (1972–74) and later sang songs for films in the 1970s such as the film Umrao Jaan Ada (1972). Laila moved to Bangladesh along with her family in 1974.Her first Bengali song was O Amar Jibon Shathi for the film Jibon Shathi (1976), composed by Satya Saha. Shortly after had her first concert in India in 1974 in Mumbai. She started in Bollywood with director Jaidev, whom she met in Delhi, got her the chance to play at the inauguration of Doordarshan. She first worked with the music composer Kalyanji-Anandji for the title song of a film called Ek Se Badhkar Ek (1976). She gained popularity in India with the songs O Mera Babu Chail Chabila and Dama Dam Mast Qalandar. In 1974, she recorded Shaadher Lau in Kolkata. Laila's name has been written on the Guinness World Records for recording 30 songs within 3 days.In 1982, she won Golden Disk Award as her album Superuna composed by Bappi Lahiri was sold over 1 lakh copies on the first day of its release. In October 2009, she released Kala Sha Kala, a collection of Punjabi wedding songs, in India. In 2012, Laila served as a judge on the show Sur Kshetra, an Indian television contest show for amateur singers. She described her relationship with fellow judge Asha Bhosle as that of sisters. In 2014, she collaborated with Sabina Yasmin on a song for a television play "Dalchhut Projapoti", the first time they worked on a song together. Runa has sung in seventeen languages including her native Bengali, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Pashto, Baluchi, Arabic, Persian, Malay, Nepalese, Japanese, Italian, Spanish, French and English. Personal life
Laila has been married three times.She first married Khawaza Javed Kaiser, secondly a Swiss citizen named Ron Daniel and then actor Alamgir. She has a daughter Tani. Her grandson Zain Islam had been selected for the Arsenal progression center in 2012 when he was eight. Charity
After her sister died in 1976 from cancer, Laila held several charity concerts in Dhaka. The money raised was used to build a cancer hospital in Dhaka. Laila was named a SAARC Goodwill Ambassador for HIV/AIDS. She is the first Bangladeshi to hold this post.She visited New Delhi in 2013 on her first trip as the SAARC ambassador. She met India's External and Health ministers.

masks:
laila Laila
Laila
Amina Laila
Laila
Laila