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<mask> (born 8 October 1960) is an Indonesian actor and politician. From his acting career he is known for starring in the 1979 film Gita Cinta dari SMA. On 30 October 2011 he was elected Deputy Governor of Banten. He has served as acting Governor of Banten since 14 May 2014. Biography
<mask> was born on 8 October 1960 in Jakarta, the son of actor Soekarno M. Noer and Istriati Rawumali, and grew up in Kemayoran, Central Jakarta. Due to his father's low earnings, he was raised in poverty; he later quipped that his family had had one plate to feed five people, like a popular dangdut song. Although the family's finances would not have been enough to see him through his schooling, he was able to finish his schooling after the fees were reduced by half.As an escape from his family's poverty, <mask> would go to a Balai Pustaka-run library and read classic works of Indonesian literature, including novels such as Abdul Muis' Salah Asuhan and the traditional folktale Malin Kundang. His habit of reading later helped him to land his first acting job. At the age of ten, he attended an audition for a film production of Malin Kundang and, displeased with the changes to the story, blurted out "That's not how the story goes." The director, impressed with <mask>'s knowledge of the story, cast him. At first, his father did not support his choice as the elder Noer was worried that <mask> would continue to be poor. After Malin Kundang, in 1972 <mask> starred in the film adaptation of Si Doel Anak Betawi (Doel, the Betawi Child). After the film's success, <mask> starred in several other films, including Rio Anakku (Rio, My Child; 1974) and Di Mana Kau Ibu?(Where Are You Mother? ; 1974). In 1979, he starred as Galih in Arizal's film Gita Cinta dari SMA (Love Song from High School); for a period after the film, he was rumoured to be dating his costar, Yessi Gusman. In 1990, <mask> switched to directing; his serial adaptation of Si Doel Anak Betawi, although initially refused by studios for being too "provincial", was highly successful and ran for six seasons. From 1997 to 2002, he served as a member of the People's Consultative Assembly, and from 2002 to 2007, <mask> served as UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, promoting literacy. His first book, The Last Barongsai, was published in 2010; that same year, he released another film,  Satu Jam Saja (Just One Hour). , <mask> was planning to make a film adaptation of The Last Barongsai.Political career

In 2008, <mask> ran for deputy regent (wakil bupati) of Tangerang as the partner of incumbent regent (bupati) Ismet Iskandar. The pair won the election and were expected to serve until 2013. While serving as deputy regent <mask> continued to be active in the world of entertainment. In early 2011, <mask> began campaigning for governor of Jakarta against incumbent Fauzi Bowo on the Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle ticket. Despite showing an early lead, in early July <mask> cancelled his candidacy for governor of Jakarta to run as Deputy Governor of Banten as the running mate of incumbent Bantan governor Ratu Atut Chosiyah. On 30 October the Banten General Elections Commission announced that Chosiyah-<mask> had won the election, with 50% percent of the votes; in mid-December 2011 he resigned as Deputy Regent of Tangerang. He was to be sworn in on 11 January 2012 and was expected to serve until 2017.After Ratu Atut was arrested for a graft case, <mask> took over her position and became governor in 2015. He tried to run for a second term in the 2017 gubernatorial election, but was defeated by Wahidin Halim. Accolades
At the 1974 Indonesian Film Festival, <mask> won a Citra Award for Best Child Actor for his work in the film Rio Anakku; that same year, he won Best Child Actor at the Asia Pacific Film Festival for Di Mana Kau Ibu?. Six years later, he won another Citra Award for his role in Taksi. In 1995, he won Best Actor and Best Director for the serial Si Doel Anak Sekolahan. Personal life
<mask> is married to Dewi Indriati, with whom he has a daughter and a son. , he was valued at Rp 13 billion (US$1.5 million).Selected filmography
, <mask> has acted in more than 70 films. Malin Kundang (1971)
Lingkaran Setan (Satan's Circle; 1972)
Si Doel Anak Betawi (Doel, the Betawi Child; 1972)Tabah Sampai Akhir (Patient to the End; 1973)
Yatim (Orphan; 1973)
<mask> (Rano; 1973)
Rio Anakku (Rio, My Child; 1974)
Di Mana Kau Ibu (Where are You Mother? 1974)
Romi dan Juli (Romi and Juli; 1974)
Jangan Biarkan Mereka Lapar (Don't Let Them Go Hungry; 1974)
Perawan Malam (Virgin of the Night; 1974)
Anak Bintang (Star Child; 1974)
Ratapan Si Miskin (The Poor Man's Tears; 1974)
Senyum Dipagi Bulan September (Smile on a September Morning; 1974)
Senyum dan Tangis (Smiles and Tear; 1974). The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 332. External links

Living people
1960 births
People from Jakarta
Indonesian male actors
Citra Award winners
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle politicians
Vice Governors of Indonesian provinces
Governors of Banten

masks:
Rano Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Rano
Karno
Karno
Karno
Si Rano


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<mask> (; 20 November 1925 – 2 May 2015) was a Soviet and Russian ballet dancer, choreographer, ballet director, and actress. In post-Soviet times, she held both Lithuanian and Spanish citizenship. She danced during the Soviet era at the Bolshoi Theatre under the directorships of Leonid Lavrovsky, then of Yury Grigorovich; later she moved into direct confrontation with him. In 1960, when famed Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova retired, <mask> became prima ballerina assoluta of the company. Her early years were marked by political repression and loss. Her father, Mikhail Plisetski, a Soviet official, was arrested in 1937 and executed in 1938, during the Great Purge. Her mother, actress Rachel Messerer, was arrested in 1938 and imprisoned for a few years, then held in a concentration camp together with her infant son, .The older children were faced with the threat of being put in an orphanage but were cared for by maternal relatives. <mask> was adopted by their aunt Sulamith Messerer, and Alexander was taken into the family of their uncle Asaf Messerer; both Alexander and Azary eventually became solo dancers of the Bolshoi. <mask> studied ballet at The Bolshoi Ballet School from age nine, and she first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. She studied ballet under the direction of Elizaveta Gerdt and also her aunt, Sulamith Messerer. Graduating in 1943 at the age of eighteen, she joined the Bolshoi Ballet company, quickly rising to become their leading soloist. In 1959, during the Thaw Time, she started to tour outside the country with the Bolshoi, then on her own. Her fame as a national ballerina was used to project the Soviet Union's achievements during the Cold War.Premier Nikita Khrushchev considered her to be "not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world". As an artist, <mask> had an inexhaustible interest in new roles and dance styles, and she liked to experiment on stage. As a member of the Bolshoi until 1990, she had international exposure and her skills as a dancer changed the world of ballet. She set a higher standard for ballerinas, both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence. As a soloist, Plisetskaya created a number of leading roles, including Juliet in Lavrovsky's Romeo and Juliet; Phrygia in Yakobson's Spartacus (1958); in Grigorovich's ballets : Mistress of the Copper Mountain in The Stone Flower (1959); Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty (1963); Mahmene Banu in  (1965); Alberto Alonso's Carmen Suite (1967), choreographed especially for her; and Maurice Bejart's Isadora (1976). Among her most acclaimed roles were Kitri in Don Quixote, Odette-Odile in Swan Lake, and The Dying Swan, first danced as a pre-graduate student under the guidance of Sulamith Messerer. A fellow dancer said that her dramatic portrayal of Carmen, reportedly her favorite role, "helped confirm her as a legend, and the ballet soon took its place as a landmark in the Bolshoi repertoire".Her husband, composer Rodion Shchedrin, wrote the scores to a number of her ballets. Having become "an international superstar" and a continuous "box office hit throughout the world", <mask> was treated by the Soviet Union as a favored cultural emissary. Although she toured extensively during the same years that other prominent dancers defected, including Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, and Mikhail Baryshnikov, <mask> always refused to defect. In 1991, she published her autobiography, I, <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born on 20 November 1925 in Moscow, into a prominent family of Lithuanian Jewish descent, most of whom were involved in the theater or film. Her mother, Rachel Messerer, was a silent-film actress. Bolshoi Ballet principal dancer Asaf Messerer was a maternal uncle and Bolshoi prima ballerina Sulamith Messerer was a maternal aunt.Her father, Mikhail Plisetski (Misha), was a diplomat, engineer and mine director; he was not involved in the arts, although he was a fan of ballet. Her brothers Alexander Plisetski and Azari Plisetski became renowned ballet masters, and her niece <mask> would also become a ballerina. She was the cousin of theater artist Boris Messerer. In 1938, her father was arrested and later executed during the Stalinist purges, during which thousands of people were murdered. According to ballet scholar Jennifer Homans, her father was a committed Communist, and had earlier been "proclaimed a national hero for his work on behalf of the Soviet coal industry". Soviet leader Vyacheslav Molotov presented him with one of the Soviet Union's first manufactured cars. Her mother was arrested soon after and together with her seven-month-old baby Azary sent to a labor camp (Gulag) in Kazakhstan for the next three years.<mask> was taken in by their maternal aunt, ballerina Sulamith Messerer, until her mother was released in 1941. During the years without her parents, while barely a teenager, <mask> "faced terror, war, and dislocation", writes Homans. As a result, "<mask> took refuge in ballet and the Bolshoi Theater." As her father was stationed at Spitzbergen to supervise the coalmines in Barentsburg, she had stayed there for four years with her family, from 1932 to 1936. She subsequently studied at the Bolshoi School under the ex-ballerina of the Mariinsky imperial ballet, the great Elizaveta Gerdt. <mask> first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. In 1943, at the age of eighteen, <mask> graduated from the Bolshoi School.She joined the Bolshoi Ballet, where she performed until 1990. Career

Performing in the Soviet Union
From the beginning, <mask> was a different kind of ballerina. She spent a very short time in the corps de ballet after graduation and was quickly named a soloist. Her bright red hair and striking looks made her a glamorous figure on and off the stage. "She was a remarkably fluid dancer but also a very powerful one", according to The Oxford Dictionary of Dance. "The robust theatricality and passion she brought to her roles made her an ideal Soviet ballerina." Her interpretation of The Dying Swan, a short showcase piece made famous by Anna Pavlova, became her calling card.<mask> was known for the height of her jumps, her extremely flexible back, the technical strength of her dancing, and her charisma. She excelled both in adagio and allegro, which is very unusual in dancers. Despite her acclaim, <mask> was not treated well by the Bolshoi management. She was Jewish at a time of Soviet anti-Zionist campaigns combined with other oppression of suspected dissidents. Her family had been purged during the Stalinist era, and she had a defiant personality. As a result, <mask> was not allowed to tour outside the country for sixteen years after she had become a member of the Bolshoi. The Soviet Union used the artistry of such dancers as Plisetskaya to project its achievements during the Cold War period with United States.Historian Christina Ezrahi notes, "In a quest for cultural legitimacy, the Soviet ballet was shown off to foreign leaders and nations." <mask> recalls that foreigners "were all taken to the ballet. And almost always, Swan Lake ... Khrushchev was always with the high guests in the loge", including Mao Zedong and Stalin. Ezrahi writes, "the intrinsic paranoia of the Soviet regime made it ban <mask>, one of the most celebrated dancers, from the Bolshoi Ballet's first major international tour", as she was considered "politically suspect" and was "non-exportable". In 1948, the Zhdanov Doctrine took effect, and with her family history, and being Jewish, she became a "natural target . . . publicly humiliated and excoriated for not attending political meetings". As a result, dancing roles were continually denied her and for sixteen years she could tour only within the Soviet bloc.She became a "provincial artist, consigned to grimy, unrewarding bus tours, exclusively for local consumption", writes Homans. In 1958, <mask> received the title of the People's Artist of the USSR. That same year, she married the young composer Rodion Shchedrin, whose subsequent fame she shared. Wanting to dance internationally, she rebelled and defied Soviet expectations. On one occasion, to gain the attention and respect from some of the country's leaders, she gave one of the most powerful performances of her career, in Swan Lake, for her 1956 concert in Moscow. Homans describes that "extraordinary performance":

International tours

Soviet leader Khrushchev was still concerned, writes historian David Caute, that "her defection would have been useful for the West as anti-Soviet propaganda". She wrote him "a long and forthright expression of her patriotism and her indignation that it should be doubted".Subsequently, the travel ban was lifted in 1959 on Khrushchev's personal intercession, as it became clear to him that striking <mask> from the Bolshoi's participants could have serious consequences for the tour's success. In his memoirs, Khrushchev writes that <mask> "was not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world". Able to travel the world as a member of the Bolshoi, <mask> changed the world of ballet by her skills and technique, setting a higher standard for ballerinas both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence. Having allowed her to tour in New York, Khrushchev was immensely satisfied upon reading the reviews of her performances. "He embraced her upon her return: 'Good girl, coming back. Not making me look like a fool. You didn't let me down.'"Within a few years, <mask> was recognized as "an international superstar" and a continuous "box office hit throughout the world". The Soviet Union treated her as a favored cultural emissary, as "the dancer who did not defect". Although she toured extensively during the same years that other dancers defected, including Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov, "Plisetskaya always returned to Russia", wrote historian Tim Scholl. Plisetskaya explains that for her generation, and her family in particular, defecting was a moral issue: "He who runs to the enemy's side is a traitor." She had once asked her mother why their family didn't leave the Soviet Union when they had the chance, at the time living in Norway. Her mother said that her father "would have abandoned [her] with the children instantly" for even asking. "Misha would never have been a traitor."Style

Although she lacked the first-rate training and coaching of her contemporaries, <mask> "compensated" by "developing an individual, iconoclastic style that capitalized on her electrifying stage presence", writes historian Tim Scholl. She had a "daring rarely seen on ballet stages today, and a jump of almost masculine power". Critic and dance historian Vadim Gaevsky said of her influence on ballet that "she began by creating her own style and ended up creating her own theater." Among her most notable performances was a 1975 free-form dance, in a modern style, set to Ravel's Boléro. In it, she dances a solo piece on an elevated round stage, surrounded and accompanied by 40 male dancers. One reviewer wrote, "Words cannot compare to the majesty and raw beauty of <mask>'s performance":

Performances

Plisetskaya created a number of leading roles, including ones in Lavrovsky's Stone Flower (1954), Moiseyev's Spartacus (1958), Grigorovich's Moscow version of The Stone Flower (1959), Aurora in Grigorovich's staging The Sleeping Beauty (1963), Grigorovich's Moscow version of The Legend of Love (1965), the title role in Alberto Alonso's Carmen Suite (1967), Petit's La Rose malade (Paris, 1973), Bejart's Isadora (Monte Carlo, 1976) and his Moscow staging of Leda (1979), Granero's Maria Estuardo (Madrid, 1988), and Julio Lopez's El Reñidero (Buenos Aires, 1990). After performing in Spartacus during her 1959 U.S. debut tour, Life magazine, in its issue featuring the Bolshoi, rated her second only to Galina Ulanova.Spartacus became a significant ballet for the Bolshoi, with one critic describing their "rage to perform", personified by <mask> as ballerina, "that defined the Bolshoi". During her travels, she also appeared as guest artist with the Paris Opera Ballet, Ballet National de Marseilles, and Ballet of the 20th Century in Brussels. By 1962, following Ulanova's retirement, <mask> embarked on another three-month world tour. As a performer, notes Homans, she "excelled in the hard-edged, technically demanding roles that Ulanova eschewed, including Raymonda, the black swan in Swan Lake, and Kitri in Don Quixote". In her performances, <mask> was "unpretentious, refreshing, direct. She did not hold back." Ulanova added that <mask>'s "artistic temperament, bubbling optimism of youth reveal themselves in this ballet with full force".World-famous impresario Sol Hurok said that <mask> was the only ballerina after Pavlova who gave him "a shock of electricity" when she came on stage. Rudolf Nureyev watched her debut as Kitri in Don Quixote and told her afterwards, "I sobbed from happiness. You set the stage on fire." At the conclusion of one performance at the Metropolitan Opera, she received a half-hour ovation. Choreographer Jerome Robbins, who had just finished the Broadway play, West Side Story, told her that he "wanted to create a ballet especially for her". <mask>'s most acclaimed roles included Odette-Odile in Swan Lake (1947) and Aurora in Sleeping Beauty (1961). Her dancing partner in Swan Lake states that for twenty years, he and Plisetskaya shared the world stage with that ballet, with her performance consistently producing "the most powerful impression on the audience".Equally notable were her ballets as The Dying Swan. Critic Walter Terry described one performance: "What she did was to discard her own identity as a ballerina and even as a human and to assume the characteristics of a magical creature. The audience became hysterical, and she had to perform an encore." She danced that

masks:
Maya Mikhailovna Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Maya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Maya Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Anna Plisetskaya
Maya
Plisetskaya
Maya
Maya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya


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 particular ballet until her late 60s, giving one of her last performances of it in the Philippines, where similarly, the applause wouldn't stop until she came out and performed an encore. Novelist Truman Capote remembered a similar performance in Moscow, seeing "grown men crying in the aisles and worshiping girls holding crumpled bouquets for her". He saw her as "a white spectre leaping in smooth rainbow arcs", with "a royal head". She said of her style that "the secret of the ballerina is to make the audience say, 'Yes, I believe.'"Fashion designers Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Cardin considered <mask> one of their inspirations, with Cardin alone having traveled to Moscow over 30 times just to see <mask> perform. She credits Cardin's costume designs for the success and recognition she received for her ballets of Anna Karenina, The Seagull, and Lady with the Dog. She recalls his reaction when she initially suggested he design one of her costumes: "Cardin's eyes lit up like batteries. As if an electrical current passed through them." Within a week, he had created a design for Anna Karenina, and over the course of her career he created ten different costumes for just Karenina. In 1967, she performed as Carmen in the Carmen Suite, choreographed specifically for her by Cuban choreographer Alberto Alonso. The music was re-scored from Bizet's original by her husband, Rodion Shchedrin, and its themes were re-worked into a "modernist and almost abstract narrative".Dancer Olympia Dowd, who performed alongside her, writes that <mask>'s dramatic portrayal of Carmen, her favorite role, made her a legend, and soon became a "landmark" in the Bolshoi's repertoire. Her Carmen, however, at first "rattled the Soviet establishment", which was "shaken with her Latin sensuality". She was aware that her dance style was radical and new, saying that "every gesture, every look, every movement had meaning, was different from all other ballets... The Soviet Union was not ready for this sort of choreography. It was war, they accused me of betraying classical dance." Some critics outside of Russia saw her departure from classical styles as necessary to the Bolshoi's success in the West. New York Times critic Anna Kisselgoff observed, "Without her presence, their poverty of movement invention would make them untenable in performance.It is a tragedy of Soviet ballet that a dancer of her singular genius was never extended creatively." A Russian news commentator wrote, she "was never afraid to bring ardor and vehemence onto the stage", contributing to her becoming a "true queen of the Bolshoi". Her life and work was described by the French ballet critic André Philippe Hersin as "genius, audacity and avant-garde". Acting and choreography
After Galina Ulanova left the stage in 1960, <mask> was proclaimed the prima ballerina assoluta of the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1971, her husband Shchedrin wrote a ballet on the same subject, where she would play the leading role. Anna Karenina was also her first attempt at choreography. Other choreographers who created ballets for her include Yury Grigorovich, Roland Petit, Alberto Alonso, and Maurice Béjart with "Isadora".She created The Seagull and Lady with a Lapdog. She starred in the 1961 film, The Humpbacked Horse, and appeared as a straight actress in several films, including the Soviet version of Anna Karenina (1968), which featured music by Shchedrin later reused in his ballet score. Her own ballet of the same name was filmed in 1974. While on tour in the United States in 1987, Plisetskaya gave master classes at the David Howard Dance Center. A review in New York magazine noted that although she was 61 when giving the classes, "she displayed the suppleness and power of a performer in her physical prime". In October that year, she performed with Rudolf Nureyev and Mikhail Baryshnikov for the opening night of the season with the Martha Graham Dance Company in New York. <mask>'s husband, composer Rodion Shchedrin, wrote the score to a number of her ballets, including Anna Karenina, The Sea Gull, Carmen, and Lady with a Small Dog.In the 1980s, he was considered the successor to Shostakovich, and became the Soviet Union's leading composer. <mask> and Shchedrin spent time abroad, where she worked as the artistic director of the Rome Opera Ballet from 1984 to 85, then the Spanish National Ballet of Madrid from 1987 to 1989. She retired as a soloist for the Bolshoi at age 65 in 1990 and on her 70th birthday, she debuted in Maurice Béjart's piece choreographed for her, "Ave Maya". Since 1994, she has presided over the annual international ballet competitions, called Maya, and in 1996 she was named President of the Imperial Russian Ballet. After the Soviet Union collapsed <mask> and her husband lived mostly in Germany spending summers in their house in Lithuania and occasionally visiting Moscow and St. Petersburg. She was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts in 2005 with the ballerina Tamara Rojo also. She was awarded the Spanish Gold Medal of Fine Art.In 1996, she danced the Dying Swan, her signature role, at a gala in her honor in St. Petersburg. On her 80th birthday, the Financial Times wrote:  In 2006, Emperor Akihito of Japan presented her with the Praemium Imperiale, informally considered a Nobel Prize for Art. Death
<mask> died in Munich, Germany, on 2 May 2015 from a heart attack. Plisetskaya was survived by her husband, and a brother, former dancer Azari Plisetsky, a teacher of choreography at the Béjart Ballet in Lausanne, Switzerland. According to her last will and testament, she was to be cremated, and after the death of her widower, Rodion Shchedrin, who is also to be cremated, their ashes are to be combined and spread over Russia. Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences, and Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said that "a whole era of ballet was gone" with Plisetskaya. Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko extended condolences to her family and friends:

Tributes
Brazilian mural artist Eduardo Kobra painted a 40-foot tall mural of Plisetskaya in 2013, located in Moscow's central theater district, near the Bolshoi Theatre.Conductor and artistic director Valery Gergiev, who was a close friend of Plisetskya, gave a concert in Moscow on 18 November 2015, dedicated to her memory. On 20 November 2015, the government of Russia named a square in her honor in central Moscow, on Ulitsa Bolshaya Dmitrovka, near the Bolshoi Theatre. A bronze plaque affixed at the square included an engraving: "<mask>kaya Square is named after the outstanding Russian ballerina. Opened 20 November 2015." In St. Petersburg, the Mariinsky Theater Symphony Orchestra paid homage to <mask>'s memory with a concert on 27 December 2015. It was conducted by Valery Gergiev and included a performance with ballet dancer Diana Vishneva. The Mariinsky Ballet later performed a four-program "Tribute of <mask>etskaya" at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in February 2016.The Bolshoi Theater performed a concert in memory of <mask> at the London Coliseum on 6 March 2016. A monument to <mask> was unveiled in the center of Moscow, on Bolshaya Dmitrovka, in the square named after her. The opening took place on 20 November 2016, the date of her birth, and shows her in a pose from Carmen. Describing the monument, one observer commented about sculpturist Viktor Mitroshin and the statue's design:

Personal life

Career friendships
<mask>'s tour manager, Maxim Gershunoff, who also helped promote the Soviet/American Cultural Exchange Program, describes her as "not only a great artist, but also very realistic and earthy ... with a very open and honest outlook on life". During Plisetskaya's tours abroad, she became friends with a number of other theater and music artists, including composer and pianist Leonard Bernstein, with whom she remained friends until his death. Pianist Arthur Rubinstein, also a friend, was able to converse with her in Russian. She visited him after his concert performance in Russia.Novelist John Steinbeck, while at their home in Moscow, listened to her stories of the hardship of becoming a ballerina, and told her that the backstage side of ballet could make for a "most interesting novel". In 1962, the Bolshoi was invited to perform at the White House by president John F. Kennedy, and <mask> recalled that first lady Jacqueline Kennedy greeted her by saying "You're just like Anna Karenina." While in France in 1965, <mask> was invited to the home of Russian artist Marc Chagall and his wife. Chagall had moved to France to study art in 1910. He asked her if she wouldn't mind creating some ballet poses to help him with his current project, a mural for the new Metropolitan Opera House in New York, which would show various images representing the arts. She danced and posed in various positions as he sketched, and her images were used on the mural, "at the top left corner, a colorful flock of ballerinas". Plisetskaya made friends with a number of celebrities and notable politicians who greatly admired and followed her work.She met Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, then living in the U.S., after a performance of Anna Karenina. Bergman told her that both their photographs, taken by noted photographer Richard Avedon, appeared on the same page in Vogue magazine. Bergman suggested she "flee Communism", recalled <mask>, telling her "I will help you." Actress Shirley MacLaine once held a party for her and the other members of the Bolshoi. She remembered seeing her perform in Argentina when Plisetskaya was sixty-five, and writes "how humiliating it was that Plisetskaya had to dance on a vaudeville stage in South America to make ends meet". Dancer Daniel Nagrin noted that she was a dancer who "went on to perform to the joy of audiences everywhere while simultaneously defying the myth of early retirement". MacLaine's brother, actor Warren Beatty, is said to have been inspired by their friendship, which led him to write and produce his 1981 film Reds, about the Russian Revolution.He directed the film and costarred with Diane Keaton. He first met <mask> at a reception in Beverly Hills, and, notes Beatty's biographer Peter Biskind, "he was smitten" by her "classic dancer's" beauty. <mask> became friends with film star Natalie Wood and her sister, actress Lana Wood. Wood, whose parents immigrated from Russia, greatly admired <mask>, and once had an expensive custom wig made for her to use in the Spartacus ballet. They enjoyed socializing together on Wood's yacht. Friendship with Robert F. Kennedy
U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, the younger brother to president John F. Kennedy, befriended <mask>, with whom he shared the birth date of 20 November 1925. She was invited to gatherings with Kennedy and his family at their estate on Cape Cod in 1962.They later named their sailboat <mask>, in her honor. As the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended a few weeks earlier, at the end of October 1962, U.S. and Soviet relations were at a low point. Diplomats of both countries considered her friendship with Kennedy to be a great benefit to warmer relations, after weeks of worrisome military confrontation. Years later, when they met in 1968, he was then campaigning for the presidency, and diplomats again suggested that their friendship would continue to help relations between the two countries. <mask> summarizes Soviet thoughts on the matter:

Of their friendship, <mask> wrote in her autobiography:

Robert Kennedy was assassinated just days before he was to see <mask> again in New York. Gershunoff, <mask>'s manager at the time, recalls that on the day of the funeral, most of the theaters and concert halls in New York City went "dark", closed in mourning and respect. The Bolshoi likewise planned to cancel their performance, but they decided instead to do a different ballet than planned, one dedicated to Kennedy.Gershunoff describes that evening:

Awards and honors

<mask> was honored on numerous occasions for her skills:

Russia
 Order of Merit for the Fatherland
1st class (20 November 2005) – for outstanding contribution to the development of domestic and international choreographic art, many years of creative activity
2nd class (18 November 2000) – for outstanding contribution to the development of choreographic art
3rd class (21 November 1995) – for outstanding contributions to national culture and a significant contribution to contemporary choreographic art
4th class (9 November 2010) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture and choreography, many years of creative activity
 Made an honorary professor at Moscow State University in 1993. Soviet Union
 Hero of Socialist Labour (1985)
 Three Orders of Lenin (1967, 1976, 1985)
 Lenin Prize (1964)
 People's Artist of USSR (1959)
 People's Artist of RSFSR (1956)
 Honoured Artist of the RSFSR (1951)

Other decorations
 Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (France, 1984)
 Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)
 Commander of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
 Great Commander's Cross of the Order for Merits to Lithuania (2003)
 Gold Medal of Gloria Artis (Poland, 2008)
 Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class (Japan, 2011)
 Officer of the Légion d'honneur (France, 2012; Knight: 1986)

Awards
 First prize, Budapest International Competition (1949)
 Anna Pavlova Prize, Paris Academy of Dance (1962)
 Gold Prize, Slovenia, 2000. "Doctor of the Sorbonne" in 1985. Gold Medal of Fine Arts of Spain (1991)
 Triumph Prize, 2000. Premium "Russian National Olympus" (2000)
 Prince of Asturias Award (2005, Spain)
 Imperial Prize of Japan (2006)

See also
 List of Russian ballet dancers

References

External links

, 1 hr. 11 min. , documentary biography, 1 hr.20 min. , 3 1/2 min. <mask> and Alexander Godunov in "Carmen", at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow
, 2 1/2 min. "<mask>kaya – Bolero, by Ravel", video, 20

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<mask> (born October 15, 1967) is an American politician who served as the 34th lieutenant governor of North Carolina from 2013 to 2021. He is the son of former congresswoman  Sue Myrick. An architect by trade, he was the Republican nominee for Governor of North Carolina in the 2020 election, losing to incumbent governor Roy Cooper. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia, and grew up in Charlotte, North Carolina. His mother, Sue Myrick, was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, who represented a Charlotte-based congressional district from 1995 to 2013. <mask> received a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in architecture from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. An architect, <mask> was a senior partner at an architectural firm in Charlotte before being elected lieutenant governor.Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina (2013–2021)

Elections

In 2012, in his first run for office, <mask> placed first in a five-way May primary election, with 32.98% of the vote; Wake County commissioner Tony Gurley received 24.83% of the vote, Speaker Pro Tempore of the North Carolina House of Representatives Dale Folwell received 24.25% of the vote; state representative Grey Mills received 14.67% of the vote, and Arthur Jason Rich received 3.28% of the vote. <mask> and Gurley advanced to the July 2012 second primary (runoff election), in which <mask> secured the Republican nomination, defeating Gurley 67.87%–32.13%. In the November 2012 general election, <mask> defeated the Democratic nominee, former state representative Linda Coleman, by an extremely small margin—<mask> received 2,187,728 votes (50.08%) to Coleman's 2,180,870 (49.92%). Coleman opted not to seek a recount, although the margin was small enough for her to be entitled to one. He was sworn in on January 7, 2013. In a November 2016 rematch against Coleman, <mask> was re-elected lieutenant governor, receiving 2,393,514 votes (51.81%) to Coleman's 2,093,375 votes (45.32%); Libertarian Party candidate Jacki Cole received 132,645 (2.87%). His second term began on January 1, 2017.Tenure in office
As lieutenant governor, <mask> was the state's second-highest elected official and the president of the North Carolina Senate, as well as a member of the Council of State. <mask> began a one-year term as the chairman of the Republican Lieutenant Governors Association in 2018. <mask> emphasized his fiscally conservative and socially conservative views. He was a strong supporter of North Carolina's controversial H.B. 2, state legislation that overrode an ordinance passed by the City of Charlotte that extended the protection of anti-discrimination laws to LGBT persons. <mask> was also a leading supporter of proposals to adopt a state "religious freedom restoration" act, a controversial bill on religion. <mask> supports the elimination of income tax and its replacement by a "consumption tax".As lieutenant governor, <mask> appeared with Trump at a rally in 2016, at which he voiced support for Trump. In a 2018 speech to the conservative think tank Civitas, <mask> asserted that political issues such as climate change and gun control "really is the religion of the left" and that "the left...don't have a hope in God. They have no hope in a higher power." <mask>'s remarks were criticized by Democrats; state senators Paul Lowe Jr. and Mike Woodard said that the comments "only serve to insult, belittle and divide people of faith, no matter their political beliefs." In a June 2019 speech to a church, <mask> stated that no nation "has survived the diversity and multiculturalism that America faces today"; the remark prompted criticism. In mid-March 2020, <mask> opposed Governor Roy Cooper's closure of bars and restriction of restaurants to take-out and delivery only on the grounds it didn't give bars and restaurants enough time to prepare, and in mid-April, <mask> called for the immediate reopening of public places with non-binding guidance from state government. In June 2020, <mask> announced that he was suing Governor Cooper over his coronavirus executive orders, alleging that the governor could not issue the directives without the concurrence of the Council of State.The lawsuit was later withdrawn after a loss in Superior Court. 2020 North Carolina gubernatorial election

In January 2019, <mask> announced the formation of an exploratory committee to run for governor to challenge incumbent Democratic governor Roy Cooper in 2020. At the outset, Representative Mark Meadows, Chair of the House Freedom Caucus, indicated his support for <mask>. In August 2019, <mask> formally launched his campaign. In announcing his run, <mask> denounced "socialism" and highlighted his strongly anti-abortion views. During his campaign, <mask> also called for an expanded state-funded school voucher program for which all North Carolinians, irrespective of income, would be eligible, making this proposal a centerpiece of his campaign. In the Republican primary election in March 2020, <mask> won the party's nomination, defeating state Representative Holly Grange of New Hanover by a broad margin.Although the race for governor in North Carolina occurred in an important swing state, attention to the campaign was largely overshadowed by the 2020 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In late March 2020, Cooper issued a stay-at-home directive and ordered the temporary closure of nonessential businesses to control the spread of the virus, beginning a phased, multi-step reopening in early May 2020 tied to benchmarks. By contrast, <mask> suggested that the dangers of the virus to most Americans had been exaggerated and echoed "Liberate" protesters. <mask> incorrectly claimed that influenza had killed more North Carolinians in 2020 than the coronavirus. In September 2020, <mask> said that, if elected, he would immediately reopen all K-12 public schools for in-person learning. When asked whether K-12 students returning to school should wear masks, <mask> said, "I don't think so, I don't think there's any science that backs that up. That's my personal opinion."In April 2020, the <mask> campaign said it had given nearly $200,000 from the gubernatorial campaign fund for COVID-19 economic assistance in North Carolina. <mask> also asserted that COVID-19-related restrictions were being used by "the left" to hurt the church. During the pandemic, <mask> met in close contact with others without wearing a face mask, in contravention of social distancing guidelines; he dismissed criticism as "ludicrous" and "stupid leftist talk." On November 3, 2020, Cooper defeated <mask> by 4.51% in the general election

Following his loss, <mask> has been mentioned as a potential candidate for the 2022 North Carolina Senate race to fill the seat currently held by Senator Richard Burr who will not be running for re-election. Electoral history

References

External links
Official government website (Office of the Lieutenant Governor)
Official campaign website capture

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21st-century American politicians
Architects from North Carolina
Articles containing video clips
Candidates in the 2020 United States elections
Lieutenant Governors of North Carolina
Living people
North Carolina Republicans
People from Harrisonburg, Virginia
Politicians from Charlotte, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Charlotte alumni

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<mask> (Middle Persian: Māh-Izād; Mazandarani/) was an Iranian prince from the Qarinvand dynasty, who was the ruler (ispahbadh) of the mountainous region of Tabaristan from 825/6 to 839. For his resistance to the Abbasid Caliphate, <mask> is considered one of the national heroes of Iran by twentieth-century Iranian nationalist historiography. His name means "protected by the yazata of the moon". Origin
Mazyar belonged to the Qarinvand dynasty, which was descended from Sukhra, a powerful magnate from the House of Karen, who was the de facto ruler of the Sasanian Empire from 484 to 493. However, due to his great influence and power, he was exiled and executed by the Sasanian king Kavadh I (r. 488–496 & 498–531). Sukhra was survived by eight sons, one of them being Karin, who in return for aiding Kavadh I's son and successor Khosrow I (r. 531–579) against the Western Turkic Khaganate in the 550s, received land to the south of Amol in Tabaristan, thus starting the Qarinvand dynasty. Accession, flight, and rise to power
<mask> succeeded his father Qarin ibn Vindadhhurmuzd in ca.817. However, his territories were soon invaded by the neighbouring Bavandid ruler Shahriyar I, who defeated Mazyar and forced him to flee. Mazyar took refuge with his cousin Vinda-Umid, who betrayed him and handed him over to Shahriyar. However, Mazyar managed to escape and reach the court of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. There he met one of his astrologers, Yahya ibn al-Munajjim, a Persian who had recently converted to Islam and belonged to the Banu Munajjim family. Mazyar soon also embraced Islam, and al-Ma'mun gave him the title of "Servant of the Commander of the Faithful" (mawlā amīr al-muʾminīn) and the Muslim name of Abu'l-Hasan Muhammad. Mazyar was also granted two towns of Ruyan and Damavand in Tabaristan as his fief, and was named as the co-governor of Tabaristan with the Abbasid statesman Musa ibn Hafs.In 822/3, <mask> returned to Tabaristan with Abbasid reinforcements, and began to deal with his enemies—he had his brother Quhyar exiled, and did the same to Shahriyar I's son Qarin I, who was his nephew. In 825/6, Mazyar invaded the domains of the Bavandids, and captured Shahriyar's son and successor, Shapur. His uncle, Vinda-Umid, was also defeated, and shortly afterwards killed. Mazyar thus united the highlands under his own rule. He then assumed the titles of Gil-Gilan, Ispahbadh, and Padishkhwargarshah, all titles used by the 8th-century Dabuyid king of Tabaristan, Farrukhan the Great (r. 712-728). Reign

Early rule as Ispahbadh of Tabaristan

Shapur, knowing that Mazyar planned to have him killed, sent a secret message to Musa, willing to pay him 100,000 dirhams if he would assert him as his own prisoner. Musa responded by saying his best shot would be to convert to Islam and become a client of the caliph.Musa, nervous of Mazyar learning of his secret communication with Shapur, asked him how he would react if Shapur converted to Islam and offered to become a client of the caliph. Mazyar gave no answer, but had Shapur beheaded the same day, which greatly angered Musa. Mazyar, fearful of the consequences of having Shapur killed without consensus, apologized to Musa. Mazyar now began constructing mosques in several towns, and successfully plundered the territories of the Daylamites, and had a large number of them resettled in the border place of Muzn. In 826/7, Musa died and was succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Musa, to whom Mazyar paid no attention. Mazyar continued to expand his influence, but his policies were regarded by the Muslims of Tabaristan as oppressive. The Muslims of Tabaristan and the Bavandid prince Qarin I now began complaining to al-Ma'mun about Mazyar's behavior, but did not manage to turn al-Ma'mun against Mazyar.After al-Ma'mun became involved in a war against the Byzantine Empire, Mazyar used the opportunity to imprison Muhammad ibn Musa on the charge of being secretly involved with the Alids. Al-Ma'mun soon acknowledged Mazyar's rule over Tabaristan and its surrounding regions. When al-Ma'mun died in 833, he was succeeded by his half-brother al-Mu'tasim, who also acknowledged Mazyar as the ruler of Tabaristan. However, when the Tahirid ruler Abdallah ibn Tahir demanded the payment of the land tax (kharaj) from Mazyar, the latter refused. Abdallah, claiming Tabaristan as his own fief, then demanded that Mazyar should release Muhammad ibn Musa. <mask>, however, once again refused to obey Abdallah, and the latter went before al-Mu'tasim to accuse <mask> of infidelity and tyranny. Rebellion
Feeling threatened, <mask> rebelled against the Abbasid Caliphate, an act which was widely supported by the native Zoroastrians, who began plundering the Muslim villages and the Abbasid-controlled border regions.Mazyar tried to secure the loyalty of the noblemen of Tabaristan and imprisoned anyone he did not trust. According to the medieval historian Ibn Isfandiyar in his Tarikh-e-Tabaristan, Mazyar is said to have proclaimed:

Abdallah and al-Mu'tasim sent five armies that entered Tabaristan from all sides. Mazyar named his brother Quhyar as the defender of the Qarinvand mountains, and the Bavandid Qarin I as the defender of eastern Tabaristan. However, Tabaristan fell quickly to the Abbasid invasion: several cities were taken by surprise, while Qarin I betrayed <mask> and agreed to aid the Abbasids in exchange for being restored as the ruler of his family's domains. The people of Sari revolted against Mazyar, and <mask> was betrayed by his brother Quhyar, who captured him and surrendered him to al-Mu'tasim. <mask> was brought to Samarra, where he was executed. His body later was gibbeted along with the body of Babak Khorramdin.<mask>'s brother Quhyar was shortly after killed by his own Daylamite soldiers because of his betrayal  of Mazyar. This marked the end of the Qarivand dynasty. This left the Tahirids as the rulers of Tabaristan, and Qarin I was restored as the ruler of the Bavand dynasty as a vassal. Notes

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<mask> (born 12 March 1980) is an Australian politician and a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. <mask> serves as the Federal Member for Goldstein in the Australian House of Representatives. He was elected in 2016 and re-elected in 2019, and served as the Chair of the Standing Committee on Economics from September 2018 to September 2021. He is currently the Assistant Minister to the Minister for Industry, Energy and Emissions Reduction. Before entering politics, <mask> was a policy director at the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) from 2007 to 2013 and Australia's Human Rights Commissioner from 2014 to 2016. Early life
<mask> was born on 12 March 1980 in Prahran, Victoria. He is the second of three children.His maternal grandfather immigrated to Australia from Armenia and was a survivor of the Armenian genocide. <mask> has been described by the Armenian National Committee of Australia as a "vocal and prominent supporter of Armenian-Australian issues, fiercely advocating for his government's recognition of the Armenian genocide and solidarity with the indigenous Armenian self-determined Republic of Artsakh". In his early years, <mask>'s parents ran pubs in Richmond and on Little Collins Street. Following their divorce he moved to Mount Martha and attended Mount Martha Primary School and The Peninsula School, Mount Eliza. At Monash University, <mask> studied fine arts before transferring and completing a Bachelor of Arts (Policy Studies) and a Masters of Diplomacy and Trade (International Trade). He was elected President of the Monash University Student Union Caulfield in 2002 and again in 2003. Early career

Institute of Public Affairs (IPA)
<mask> was employed by the Institute of Public Affairs for seven years, serving as Director of Climate Change Policy and of Intellectual Property and Free Trade.Human Rights Commissioner (HRC)

During his time at the IPA, <mask> was a vocal critic of the Human Rights Commission and called for the abolition of the Commission. He was appointed as Australia's Human Rights Commissioner between February 2014 and February 2016. On appointment to the Human Rights Commission, <mask> resigned his membership of the Liberal Party. It was reported that in the first year following his appointment he charged out $77,000 in expenses including almost $15,000 in taxi fares on top of his other benefits that he was entitled to. <mask>'s response to these charges was "You'd rather I sit in my office all day?". In July 2020, it was revealed that, while a commissioner, he had used his Commission email account to introduce a prominent international speaker to the Institute of Public Affairs for an event, as well as arrange his attendance at the free market think-tank's functions, and to obtain from someone an endorsement in support of his campaign to gain Liberal preselection for Parliament. <mask> acknowledged that he had opposed release of the emails, which had been sought through a freedom of information application, but considered them "utterly irrelevant" and a "non-story”, saying his support of the IPA was publicly disclosed and well known throughout his term.Furthermore <mask> stated he originally halted the release of the emails to toy with the freedom of information applicant to "make sure the applicant thought there was something salacious in these emails only to be disappointed that they were utterly irrelevant and they'd wasted their time, and sadly that of the hard-working people at the Australian Human Rights Commission, who had to compile and redact these documents". Politics

Early campaign
In 2008, <mask>, then a Liberal Party member, ran for the position of deputy mayor of the City of Melbourne in a joint ticket with Peter McMullin, a former Labor mayor of Geelong. <mask> and McMullin lost. Federal parliament
On 19 March 2016, <mask> was preselected as the Liberal candidate for the seat of Goldstein. He defeated Denis Dragovic by two votes. Fellow IPA member, Georgina Downer was also a preselection candidate, but lost in the first round of voting. As recently as 2014, <mask> did not live in the electorate, but moved into the electoral boundaries in anticipation for the election.<mask> was subsequently elected to the Australian House of Representatives at the 2016 election. He is a member of the Moderate/Modern Liberal faction of the Liberal Party. In his first term he served on the Standing Committee on Health, Aged Care and Sport, the Standing Committee on Industry, Innovation, Science and Resources and the Standing Committee on Social Policy and Legal Affairs. When Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull called a spill of leadership positions in 2018, <mask> supported Turnbull against Peter Dutton. Following the vote to remove Turnbull, <mask> moved his support behind the eventual winner, Scott Morrison as the new Liberal leader and Prime Minister. In 2018, <mask> was appointed by Scott Morrison as the chair of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics. <mask> won a second term at the 2019 election, though there was a swing against him of 4.9%.<mask> was promoted to be an assistant minister in September 2021. He was named as the assistant to Angus Taylor responsible for the areas of industry, energy and emissions reduction. Political positions and controversies

Climate and Environment
One of <mask>'s roles at the IPA was Director of Climate Change Policy. He had also studied environmental issues in a variety of postgraduate studies. When he was at the IPA, <mask> argued against Australia being a party to the Kyoto Protocol and he was against any government prices on carbon. Following the 2019 election win, <mask> endorsed the cuts under the Kyoto and Paris Agreement and claimed that the Liberal party would meet their targets, even though they had been against them in the election a few months earlier. Prior to his time in parliament <mask> was strongly opposed to many environmental policies including calling Tony Abbott's Direct Action plan an "undesirable solution".During <mask>'s tenure as a policy director at the IPA, the group called for the closing of the Climate Change Authority, the ending of the Renewable Energy Target and defunding of the Australian Renewable Energy Agency and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation. Despite personally not expressing climate change denial, <mask> has endorsed people's right to express such views, and was opposed to universities preventing such views from being taught in their institutions. <mask> voted to discontinue funding the Australian Renewable Energy Agency while a member of the Abbott Government. The vote was unsuccessful. LGBT issues
While human rights commissioner, <mask> claimed that asylum seekers were going to brothels to get a blow job from a male prostitute, and use the receipt to prove their status as a gay man. This would be used to assist in their claim for asylum, as they would be have persecuted had they been returned to their country of origin. In writing the story, Crikey contacted a number of sex workers who called the claim 'absurd' and they could not find a single asylum lawyer who could verify the claims.<mask> also defended the rights of religious groups to discriminate against LGBTI people. He was praised by the Australian Christian Lobby for this stance. In 2022 he defended the free speech rights of Margaret Court who was accused of homophobic beliefs, and rejected the public calls to remove her name from Margaret Court Arena. Same sex marriage

<mask> had been a public advocate for same-sex marriage for more than a decade prior to its becoming legal in Australia. The Abbott Government in 2015 promised a public vote on same-sex marriage, which was remained the coalition policy for the Turnbull Government. Following the 2016 federal election, <mask> supported the legislation for a public plebiscite on the basis that it was the fastest route to reform, although other advocates for the amendments to the law suggested the quickest and cheapest way was through a conscience vote on the floor of parliament. <mask> opposed efforts to block the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey in the High Court and continued as a prominent Liberal campaigner for the 'YES' vote during the plebiscite process.Freedom of speech and human rights
<mask> has been a strong advocate for freedom of speech from his time in the IPA. He is an advocate of almost all speech to be able to be expressed in public. He also argued against plain package cigarettes as an attack on the property rights of the cigarette companies, and was against the anti-bikie laws in Queensland, that aimed to hamper the criminal activities of several motorcycle gangs. In 2019 he tweeted his support for the protests in Hong Kong against the Chinese government, and the importance of their voices being heard. However a tweet surfaced from several years earlier where he said of the Occupy Melbourne protests "all people who think freedom of speech = freedom 2 b heard, time wasters ... send in the water cannons". In November 2021, <mask> made amendments to a bill that was outside his ministerial purview to grant legal immunity to aged care providers if they restrain a resident against their will. The government claimed that this was an outcome that was called for from the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety.In February 2022, <mask> wrote in his newsletter that supporters of Zoe Daniel were breaking the law and were liable for significant fines for having election signs outside their houses prior to the election being called. <mask> called on people to pass on the personal details of anyone with a sign supporting Daniel to his office. Daniel responded by calling the tactics "bullying and intimidation". The council confirmed that they had no intention of fining residents and that the signs were erected legally as it was within three months of 21 May, the last date for a joint House and Senate election, but <mask> claimed that the council had "flipped" as their initial advice to him was different. The council later removed the advice from their website on appeal from <mask>, since technically a House election can happen separately from the Senate and be held as late as 3 September. 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act
During his time in the IPA, he pushed to repeal Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act which outlaws offensive behavior because of "race, colour or national or ethnic origin". When testifying before the senate committee he was unsure if freedom from discrimination should exist, and that he was defending the human rights of minorities to express their opinions.<mask> called the laws "democratically dangerous". During the term of his appointment he supported the Abbott Government's attempted changes to Section 18C of the 1975 Racial Discrimination Act. <mask> argued that 18C was ineffective in preventing racial discrimination and instead asserted civil codes of conducts imposed by employers, industry and community groups would bring cultural change. President of the Australian Human Rights Commission, Gillian Triggs, stated that <mask> was "on board" with the rest of the Commission regarding the removal of 18C. In one instance, when questioned if he accepted that any person had the right to use racial slurs including the word "nigger" he replied "I won't say it, but that's right", while adding that "even petty and casual racism is unacceptable". <mask> argued that under the existing laws it would create severe limits on what could be said in the public sphere, for example, he claimed that a magazine such as Charlie Hebdo would not be able to be published in Australia without censorship. However the Executive Council of Australian Jewry called <mask>'s arguments "wrong" and "hysterical nonsense".Franking credits
When Scott Morrison ascended to the prime ministership he appointed <mask> as Chair of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics. Under <mask>'s tenure, the Committee launched an inquiry into Labor's election promise, the proposed changes to refundable franking credits, holding a series of public hearings around the country. <mask> argued that Labor's policy constituted a 'retiree tax' that would damage the savings and superannuation balances of up to one million retirees. Opponents of the hearings saw the process as a series of sham hearings aimed at advancing the Coalition's agenda. It was later revealed that the inquiry had a number of legal and procedural issues that were directly linked back to <mask>. On 31 October <mask> anonymously registered the domain stoptheretirementtax.com to allow people to register to speak before the inquiry. The site had a commonwealth coat of arms and also solicited submissions.<mask> sent a letter out urging people "to campaign against Labor's retirement tax". The letter had both the Commonwealth logo and Liberal party branding, a clear breach of commonwealth guidelines. <mask> arranged for meetings to coincide with an activist group opposing Labor's policy and contained the "possible intention to engage in protest activity at the hearing". As the chair he also tolerated the handing out political party material at the hearings. This was one of the actions he would later be rebuked for by the speaker. <mask> brought in a cousin, <mask>, to assist in the inquiry. <mask> managed an investment fund that he founded.The fund was revealed to have the value of $3 billion, and <mask> had funds under management. <mask> was recorded talking about how he was using a taxpayer funded inquiry to defeat a policy that he was opposed to. In February 2019, Labor accused <mask> of improperly interfering with the committee's inquiry into dividend imputations and had committed a contempt of parliament. The Speaker found that while no contempt had been committed, <mask> had not honoured committee conventions and rebuked <mask> for the manner in which the inquiry took place. Superannuation and housing
<mask> has been a long time opponent of the superannuation industry and an advocate for using super contributions to fund a deposit on housing. In September 2020, <mask> was criticised in responding to concerns regarding the level of the superannuation guarantee rate for women on Twitter with "[I'd prefer that] they can buy their own home so they're not homeless". He then began a push for people to be able to use their superannuation to pay for a deposit on a house.<mask> began using the hashtag on Twitter of #homefirstsupersecond to support his campaign. There were a number of negative reactions to <mask>'s policy including former prime minister Malcolm Turnbull calling it "the craziest idea I've heard" and said that the policy had "some really poor arguments". According to a study by The McKell Institute <mask>'s idea would send house prices soaring and would leave most investors worse off in the long term. Others focused on several tweets by <mask>'s that appeared to be giving unlicensed financial advice. The chief executive of Industry Super Australia said that <mask> had "a clear conflict of interest", <mask> responded by saying the group was "bullying" the government. COVID-19
Amid the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> wrote to the Australian Human Rights Commission (as a previous head) and the Victorian Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission asking whether the Andrews Government's COVID-19 curfew could be justified on human rights grounds and whether there were ground for the commissions to take action to protect rights and freedoms. <mask> stated that he believed the curfew was "unjustified and does not meet the justification for a limitation on Victorians' human rights" due to public statements by the Chief Health Officer and Victorian Police Commissioner.During the pandemic, <mask> was also critical of the actions of commercial airlines in relation to excessive fees charged to stranded overseas Australians describing the process as "gouging". <mask> called on National Cabinet to increase the number of Australians able to return from overseas on a state-by-state basis. MyHealth
Following the announcement by the Turnbull government of a deadline for Australians to opt out of the MyHealthRecord scheme, <mask> publicly opted-out and called for the Government to make 'opt-in' the default position because of privacy concerns. Wikipedia editing
In October 2021, Crikey reported that a Wikipedia user account named "TimWilsonMP" claiming to be <mask> suggested a series of edits to remove negative parts of <mask>'s article. <mask> did not respond to questions regarding the user account. The block was removed after a week. Australian relations with China
When he was at the IPA, <mask> accepted an all expenses paid trip to China, paid for by Huawei.After entering parliament, <mask> became a member of the "Wolverines", an informal parliamentary group that take a critical view of Chinese diplomatic policy. Alongside fellow Wolverine James Paterson, <mask> accused Chinese telecoms company Huawei of creating surveillance systems for the Chinese government and urged the United Kingdom to ban the company. He has said that Huawei is a “greater moral evil” than poker machines. <mask> has supported anti-government protestors in Hong Kong. <mask> has been criticised by Chinese dissident artist Badiucao for being “all talk, no action”. Personal life
<mask> grew up in the Mornington Peninsula, with his mother, Linda. His stepfather is Victorian politician David Morris.<mask> is openly gay. <mask> proposed to his partner, Ryan Bolger, on the floor of parliament while giving a speech on the amendments to the marriage act on 4 December 2017. Both the proposal and Bolger's affirmative answer were recorded in Hansard and went viral on the internet. They were married on 11 March 2018. <mask> said about his religious beliefs "I'm more of an agnostic, but I prefer to say that I haven't found God but I'm on a journey and I may one day find God." Publications
 <mask>, <mask> (2020). The New Social Contract: Renewing the liberal vision for Australia Kapunda Press.ISBN 978-1922449030

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Australian agnostics
Gay politicians
Politicians from Melbourne
LGBT legislators in Australia
Monash University alumni
Free speech activists
LGBT rights activists from Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Goldstein
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
Australian people of Armenian descent

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<mask> (born March 11, 1920) is an American lawyer. He was an investigator of Nazi war crimes after World War II and the chief prosecutor for the United States Army at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, one of the 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Trials held by the U.S. authorities at Nuremberg, Germany. Later, he became an advocate of international rule of law and for the establishment of an International Criminal Court. From 1985 to 1996, he was adjunct professor of international law at Pace University. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born on March 11, 1920, in Csolt, Szatmár County, Kingdom of Hungary, located close to the historical Transylvania region (today part of Șomcuta Mare, Romania). A few months later, Transylvania was ceded to Romania under the Treaty of Trianon (1920), the result of World War I. When <mask> was ten months old, his family emigrated to the United States, which, according to his own account, was to avoid the persecution of Hungarian Jews by Romania after Romania gained formal control of Transylvania and Eastern Hungary.The family settled in New York City, where they lived on the Lower East Side in Manhattan.<ref name="ushmm">USHMM: "Chief prosecutor <mask> presents his case at the Einsatzgruppen Trial", encyclopedia.ushmm.org; accessed November 23, 2021.</ref>

<mask> studied crime prevention at the City College of New York, and his criminal law exam result won him a scholarship to Harvard Law School. At Harvard, he studied under Roscoe Pound and also did research for Sheldon Glueck who, at that time, was writing a book on war crimes. <mask> graduated from Harvard in 1943. After his studies, he joined the U.S. Army. His time as a soldier in the army began bleakly with a job as a typist in Camp Davis in North Carolina. At that time, he was not familiar with using a typewriter, and he couldn't fire a weapon. His job duties also consisted of unceremoniously cleaning toilets and scrubbing pots and floors.In 1944, he
served in the 115th AAA Gun Battalion, an anti-aircraft artillery unit. In 1945, he was transferred to the headquarters of General Patton's Third Army, where he was assigned to a team tasked with setting up a war crimes branch and collecting evidence for such crimes. In that role, he was sent to the concentration camps that had been liberated by the U.S. army. Nuremberg trial prosecutor

On Christmas 1945, <mask> was honorably discharged from the Army with the rank of sergeant. He returned to New York, but was recruited only a few weeks later to participate as a prosecutor (and now made a full Colonel as part of his agreement to go) in the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials in the legal team of Telford Taylor. Taylor appointed him chief prosecutor in the Einsatzgruppen Case —<mask>'s first case. All of the 22 men on trial were convicted; 13 of them received death sentences, of which four were eventually carried out.Apart from East Germany, they were the last executions performed on German soil, and in the federal republic. In a 2005 interview for The Washington Post, he revealed some of his activities during his period in Germany by way of showing how different military legal norms were at the time:

<mask> stayed in Germany after the Nuremberg Trials, together with his wife Gertrude, whom he had married in New York on March 31, 1946. Together with Kurt May and others, he participated in the setup of reparation and rehabilitation programs for the victims of persecutions by the Nazis, and also had a part in the negotiations that led to the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany signed on September 10, 1952 and the first German Restitution Law in 1953. In 1956, the family—they had four children by then—returned to the U.S., where <mask> entered private law practice as a partner of Telford Taylor. While pursuing claims of Jewish forced laborers against the Flick concern (the subject of the Flick trial), <mask> observed the "interesting phenomenon of history and psychology that very frequently the criminal comes to see himself as the victim". Role in forming the International Criminal Court
Experiences just after World War II left a defining impression on Ferencz. After 13 years, and under the impression of the events of the Vietnam War, <mask> left the private law practice and henceforth worked for the institution of an International Criminal Court that would serve as a worldwide highest instance for issues of crimes against humanity and war crimes.He also published several books on this subject. Already in his first book published in 1975, entitled Defining International Aggression-The Search for World Peace, he argued for the establishment of such an international court. From 1985 to 1996, <mask> also worked as an adjunct professor of international law at Pace University at White Plains, New York. An International Criminal Court was indeed established on July 1, 2002, when the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court came into force. Under the Bush administration, the U.S. signed the treaty, but didn't ratify it. The administration of George W. Bush concluded a large number of bilateral agreements with other states that would exclude U.S. citizens from being brought before the ICC. <mask> has repeatedly argued against this procedure and suggested that the U.S. join the ICC without reservations, as it was a long-established rule of law that "law must apply equally to everyone", also in an international context.In this vein, he has suggested in an interview given on August 25, 2006, that not only Saddam Hussein should be tried, but also George W. Bush because the Iraq War had been begun by the U.S. without permission by the UN Security Council. He also suggested that Bush should be tried in the International Criminal Court for '269 war crime charges' related to the Iraq War. In 2013, <mask> stated once more that the "use of armed force to obtain a political goal should be condemned as an international and a national crime." <mask> wrote in 2018, in a preface to a book on the future of international justice, that "war-making itself is the supreme international crime against humanity and that it should be deterred by punishment universally, wherever and whenever offenders are apprehended". Later years
In 2009, <mask> was awarded the Erasmus Prize, together with Antonio Cassese; the award is given to individuals or institutions that have made notable contributions to European culture, society, or social science. On May 3, 2011, two days after the death of Osama bin Laden was reported, The New York Times published a Ferencz letter which argued that "illegal and unwarranted execution – even of suspected mass murderers – undermines democracy".Letter to NY Times re: Bin Laden's Killing  2011-05-03 Also that year he presented a closing statement in the trial of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo in Uganda. On March 16, 2012, in another letter to the editor of The New York Times, <mask> hailed the International Criminal Court's conviction of Thomas Lubanga as "a milestone in the evolution of international criminal law".In April 2017, the municipality of The Hague announced the naming of the footpath next to the Peace Palace the <mask>cz Path"), calling him "one of the figureheads of international justice". The city's Deputy Mayor Saskia Bruines (International Affairs) traveled to Washington to symbolically present the street sign to Ferencz. In 2018, <mask> was the subject of a documentary on his life, Prosecuting Evil, by director Barry Avrich, which was made available on Netflix. In the same year, <mask> was interviewed for the 2018 Michael Moore documentary, Fahrenheit 11/9. On June 20, 2019, artist & sculptor Yaacov Heller honored Ferencz -- presenting him with a bust he created -- commemorating his extraordinary life dedicated to genocide prevention. On January 16, 2020, The New York Times printed <mask>'s letter denouncing the assassination of the Iranian general Qassem Soleimani, unnamed in the letter, as an "immoral action [and] a clear violation of national and international law". He became a centenarian two months later.Six months later on September 7, the documentary Two Heads Are Better Than One: Making of the Ben Ferencz Bust, starring <mask> and sculptor Yaacov Heller, had a world premiere, produced by Eric Kline Productions and directed by Eric Kline. On June 22, 2021, he became the first recipient of the Pahl Peace Prize in Liechtenstein. Personal life
<mask> married his teenage sweetheart Gertrude Fried, in New York in 1946. They were  married for more than 70 years, “without a quarrel”, until her death in 2019. They had four children. He is the last surviving individual of all the prosecutors who served at the Nuremberg Trials. Selected bibliography
 <mask>, B.: "The 'Immoral' Killing of the Iranian General", New York Times Letter to Editor, January 16, 2020.<mask>, B.: "Kriegsverbrechen, Restitution, Prävention. Aus dem Vorlass von <mask>. <mask>", ed. by Constantin Goschler, Marcus Böick, Julia Reus, Göttingen 2019 (collection of documents, open access). <mask>, B.: Mémoires de Ben, procureur à Nuremberg et avocat de la paix mondiale, (an autobiography), Michalon, Paris, 2012. <mask>, B.: New Legal Foundations for Global Survival: Security Through the Security Council, Oceana 1994; . <mask>, B.: Keyes, K. Jr.: Planethood: The Key to Your Future, Vision Books 1988. Reprint 1991; .<mask>, B.: A Common Sense Guide to World Peace, Oceana 1985. <mask>, B.: Enforcing International Law: A Way to World Peace, Oceana 1983. <mask>, B.: Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation, Harvard 1979. Reprint 2002, Indiana University Press & USHMM; .

masks:
Benjamin Berell Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Benjamin Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Benjamin Ferenren
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Benjamin B
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz
Ferencz


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<mask> (23 January 1873 – 13 July 1958) was a militant French trade unionist and communist. During World War I (1914–18) he took an internationalist and pacifist position. After the war he tried to establish a radical Communist party that blended Bolshevism with anarchist concepts. Early years

<mask> was born on 23 January 1873 in Gretz-Armainvilliers, Seine-et-Marne. He entered the building trade, and soon became involved in union activities. He was secretary of the Building Federation (Fédération du Bâtiment) from 1908 to 1912. Péricat represented the Federation of Building Trades Workers at the CGT's Conférence Ordinaire des Fédérations Nationales et des Bourses du Travail held on 13–15 July 1913.This was the last general meeting of the CGT before World War I (1914–18). Péricat was in favor of fusing the national federations and bourses, while Léon Jouhaux and Alphonse Merrheim were in favor of keeping a degree of autonomy. World War I

During World War I (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) Péricat devoted much effort to fighting the nationalist unions that supported the war, along with Merrheim, Albert Bourderon and Fernand Loriot. On 31 July 1914 he was the only member of the National Confederal Committee of the CGT to propose to implement the decision made by its congress and launch an insurrection against the war. The International Action Committee (CAI: Comité d'action internationale) was founded in December 1915 by French syndicalists who supported the pacifist declarations of the Zimmerwald Conference. Péricat was secretary of the CAI. In 1916 the CAI merged with the Socialist Minority Committee to form the Committee for the Resumption of International Relations (Comité pour la réprise des rélations internationales).<mask> was a member of the executive of this committee. Albert Bourderon proposed and Louise Saumoneau supported a manifesto that said the Committee would function "until the party majority and the International Socialist Bureau resume international relations." In February 1917 the Committee for the Resumption of International Relations split up. Alphonse Merrheim withdrew to concentrate on union work. Pierre Brizon, Jean Raffin-Dugens and Bourderon joining the SFIO minority led by Jean Longuet. The socialists Fernand Loriot, Charles Rappoport, Louise Saumoneau and François Mayoux took control of the committee. <mask> disagreed with the committee's direction and founded a Committee of Syndicalist Defense (Comité de défense syndicaliste) early in 1917 to campaign for a general strike and demand an immediate peace.When a series of strikes began in the spring of 1918 in the Loire Basin, centered on Saint-Étienne, Pericat and Andrée Andrieux tried to convert the strikes into a general strike against the war along the same lines as the Bolshevik actions in Russia. The strikes were suppressed and the leaders of the Committee of Syndicalist Defense were arrested. Merrheim had disagreed with the strikes, but defended Péricat and told the premier Georges Clemenceau and the Left deputies that they must listen to the proletariat and understand their grievances if France was to avoid the fate of Russia in being forced into peace on disadvantageous terms. Péricat was released in November 1918. Later career

Péricat's position after the war has been called "Ultra-Left", a blend of Bolshevism with syndicalist anarchism. He founded and became editor of the newspaper L'Internationale. In the first edition, published on 15 February 1919, he disparaged the Second International and called for a true International to be established.On 8 May 1919 the Committee for Resumption, the Committee of Syndicalist Defense and other anarchist elements decided to combine into the Committee for the Third International (Comité pour la 3e Internationale.) The secretaries of the committee were Alfred Rosmer, Péricat, Loriot and Saumoneau, all Anarcho-Syndicalists. They decided not to break with the CGT, but to spread propaganda for the new International. Pericat disagreed with this approach, wanting to form a Communist Party. Péricat accused the committee of being unrevolutionary, and even of taking a parliamentary approach. He wanted to expand the strikes that broke out in the spring of 1919 into a full-scale revolution. Péricat founded a new party, officially the Parti Communiste, Section Française de l'Internationale, which published a manifesto and by-laws at the start of June 1919.It called for a general strike to overthrow the state. The civil service and the state itself were to be abolished, replaced by a system of corporations, or soviets, administering themselves with a confederation. On 1 September 1919 Leon Trotsky chose to ignore Péricat's dispute with the mainstream French Communists and wrote a letter to Pierre Monatte, Loriot, Péricat and Alfred Rosmer in which he talked of his "bonds of friendship" with them all, and said the revolution in France would be in strong hands. In October 1919 Lenin wrote in an article that Pericat's L'Internationale and Georges Anquetil's Titre Censuré were the two Communist newspapers in Paris. He did not mention La Vie Ouvrière. At the CGT's first post-war congress, held in Lyon on 15–21 September 1919, Monatte, Péricat, Gaston Monmousseau and Joseph Tommasi led the minority that wanted to bring the CGT into the Third International, seize power and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat. They led a committee of 26 minority unions that was formed in October 1919, later named the Comité Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CST).L'Internationale was forced to stop publication in September 1919. In late December 1919 <mask>'s group, harassed by the government and the press, split into a Parti Communiste and a Fédération Communiste des Soviets. In 1920 the anarchist militants in these two groups became disillusioned with the Bolsheviks, and in 1921 and 1922 became extremely hostile opponents of the Communist Party. <mask> died in Paris on 13 July 1958 at the age of 85. References

Sources

1873 births
1958 deaths
People from Seine-et-Marne
French Communist Party politicians
Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France)
French pacifists
French military personnel of World War I

masks:
Raymond Péricat
Raymond Louis Péricat
Péricat
Péricat
Péricat
Raymond Péricat


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<mask> (born 1964, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire) is a British artist who lives and works in New York City. Gillick deploys multiple forms to make visible the aesthetics of the constructed world and examine the ideological control systems that have emerged along with globalization and neoliberalism. He utilizes materials that resemble everyday built environments, transforming them into minimalist abstractions that deliver commentaries on social constructs, while also exploring notions of modernism. Life and career
<mask> graduated from Goldsmiths College in 1987 with a degree in fine art. In 1989 he mounted his first solo gallery exhibition, 84 Diagrams, through Karsten Schubert in London. <mask> has exhibited in galleries and institutions in Europe and the United States, many of which have been collaborative projects with other artists, architects, designers and writers. In 1991, together with art collector, and co-publisher of Art Monthly, Jack Wendler, <mask> founded the limited editions and publishing company G-W Press.The company produced limited editions by artists including Jeremy Deller and Anya Gallaccio. In the early 1990s <mask> was a member of the band Soho and is credited with providing samples during their live performances. Together with Damien Hirst, Sarah Lucas, Angela Bulloch and Henry Bond, he was "the earliest of the YBAs" — the Young British Artists who dominated British art during the 1990s. Gillick was  included in the 1996 exhibition Traffic, curated by Nicholas Bourriaud, which first introduced the term Relational Aesthetics. In 2002, Gillick was selected to produce artworks for the canopy, the glass facade, the kiosks, the entrance ikon, and the vitrines, of the then-recently completed Home Office building, a United Kingdom government department, at Marsham Street, London. In 2002, Gillick was nominated for the annual British Turner Prize. In the Winter 2006 edition of October (No.115) Gillick's response to Claire Bishop's October article "Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics", was published as "Contingent Factors: A Response to Claire Bishop's 'Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics'." <mask> has contributed written articles to fine art journals Frieze and Artforum. In 2008, <mask> was short-listed for the Vincent Award of the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. In 2009, <mask> represented Germany in the Giardini Pavilions of the Venice Biennale. On 1 October 2010, in an open letter to the British Government's culture secretary Jeremy Hunt — co-signed by a further 27 previous Turner Prize nominees, and 19 winners—<mask> opposed any future cuts in public funding for the arts. In the letter the cosignatories described the arts in Britain as a "remarkable and fertile landscape of culture and creativity." In October 2010, <mask> contributed a recipe for a vodka and lime juice-based cocktail as his participation in the Ryan Gander art project "Ryan's Bar".The beverage titled "Maybe it would be better if we worked in groups of two and a half," was sold for £50 per serving. In 2010, he composed a score of "zingy electronica" for the artists' film Beijing, made by his ex-wife, Sarah Morris. In 2019, <mask> and New Order (band) released a new live album. The album, titled "? (No,12k,Lg,17Mif)", was recorded live at the 2017 Manchester International Festival. It features new renditions of New Order (band) classics, as well as rarities that the band had not performed in years. Alongside Ingrid Schaffner, Tirdad Zolghadr and others, <mask> is a member of the Graduate Committee of the Center for Curatorial Studies and Art in Contemporary Culture at Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.He has been on the faculty of Columbia University School of the Arts in New York City since 1997. Since 2017, he has been a founding member of The American Friends of the ICA, a support group for the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA). <mask> is on the board of Artists Space, which is a non-profit arts organization, founded in 1972 in New York. Artistic practice
<mask>'s artistic output is characterized by diversity. As Caoimhin Mac Giolla Leith of University College Dublin has said, "<mask>'s practice to date has encompassed a wide range of media and activities (including sculpture, writing, architectural and graphic design, film, and music) as well as various critical and curatorial projects, his work as a whole is also marked by a fondness for diversions and distractions, tangents and evasions." The focus of <mask>' practice is evaluations of the aesthetics of social systems with a focus on modes of production rather than consumption. He is interested in forms of social organization.Through his own writings and the use of specific materials in his artworks, <mask> examines how the built world carries traces of social, political and economic systems. As art critic Ina Blom has said,

"Artists such as <mask> ... no longer address abstraction as the principle for the creation of distinct minimalist objects, but rather try to create through design spaces for open social interaction [artworks] whose actual use is to be constantly redefined within the situation of the exhibition - without necessarily producing relational-aesthetic models of community." Central to <mask>'s practice are the publications that function in parallel to his artworks. An anthology of these "Allbooks" was published by Book Works, in 2009. Documents Series with Henry Bond

Between 1990 and 1994, <mask> collaborated with artist Henry Bond on their Documents Series, a group of 83 fine art works which appropriated the modus operandi of a news gathering team, in order to produce relational art. In order to make the work, the duo posed as a news reporting team—i.e., a photographer and a journalist—often attending events scheduled in the Press Association's Gazette — a list of potentially newsworthy events in London. Bond worked as if a typical photojournalist, joining the other press photographers present; whilst <mask> operated as the journalist, first collecting the ubiquitous press kit before preparing his audio recording device.The series was first shown commercially in 1991, at Karsten Schubert Limited and then, in 1992, at Maureen Paley's Interim Art —two of the galleries that were pioneers in the development of the YBA art movement. The series was subsequently exhibited at Tate Modern in the show Century City held in 2001, and at the Hayward Gallery in the exhibition How to Improve the World, in 2006. Artist books

Exhibitions
Major solo exhibitions include <mask>ick: Annlee You Proposes at Tate Modern, London, 2001-2002; The Wood Way at Whitechapel Gallery in London 2002; Projects 79: <mask>, Literally at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2003; A short text on the possibility of creating an economy of equivalence at Palais de Tokyo, Paris, 2005; and the retrospective project <mask>: Three perspectives and a short scenario 2008-2010, which toured the Kunsthalle Zürich, the Witte de With in Rotterdam, Kunstverein München, and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. The U.S. presentation of the exhibition was the most comprehensive of <mask>'s work in an American museum. Accompanying his solo exhibition at the MCA was the show The one hundred and sixty-third floor: <mask> Curates the Collection, curated by <mask> from the MCA collection. In 2016, <mask> presented a solo exhibition, titled Campaign at Serralves Museum of Contemporary Art, Porto. Art market
<mask> is represented in the UK by Maureen Paley, in the US by Casey Kaplan, and in Ireland by Kerlin Gallery.Personal life and family
<mask> is cousin to British artists James and <mask>. He was married to artist Sarah Morris, in 1998 at a ceremony in Miami. They divorced in 2012. Other relatives include sculptor <mask>, medallionist <mask>, and anti-abortion activist <mask>. References

Further reading

Literature
 <mask>, Proxemics: Selected writing 1988-2006 (JRP Ringier, 2007). Lilian Haberer, <mask>: Factories in the Snow (JRP-Ringier, 2007). Monika Szewczyk (ed.)Meaning <mask> (MIT Press, 2009). 1964 births
Living people
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
British conceptual artists
English contemporary artists
English installation artists
Columbia University faculty
People from Aylesbury
English art critics
English expatriates in the United States
Bard College faculty
Young British Artists

masks:
Liam Gillick
Liam Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Liam Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Liam Gill
Liam Gillick
Liam Gillick
Gillick
Liam Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Theodore Gillick
Ernest Gillick
Mary Gillick
Victoria Gillick
Liam Gillick
Liam Gillick
Liam Gillick


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<mask> () née Feinberg, a dual Israeli-British citizen, was a hostage on Air France Flight 139 from Tel Aviv to Paris. The flight was hijacked on 27 June 1976 after a stopover in Athens and rerouted to Entebbe, Uganda. <mask> became ill on the plane and was taken to a hospital in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. She was not rescued with the other hostages during Operation Entebbe, and went missing from the hospital. Her disappearance led to Britain cutting diplomatic ties with Uganda. Her body was discovered in 1979 in a sugar plantation near the capital. In February 2007, declassified British documents confirmed that she was killed on the order of Ugandan president Idi Amin.Biography
<mask> was born in Jaffa, then a part of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire and now a part of Israel. Her father, Joseph Feinberg, was among the founders of the Jewish agricultural settlement of Rishon LeZion along with his brother, <mask>'s uncle, Israel Feinberg. After her father's death, she was raised by an uncle in Egypt. She moved to Jerusalem as an adult. She spoke Hebrew, Arabic, Russian, German, Italian, and English. In 1920, she met Aharon <mask> () whilst he was serving in the British Army in Palestine. The two married in 1925.As Aharon <mask> was a naturalised citizen of the United Kingdom, this gave <mask> British citizenship. They had three sons. In 1976 she was a grandmother and a widow living in Tel Aviv. Disappearance

On 27 June 1976, Bloch, aged 74 or 75, was on Air France Flight 139, an Airbus A300 plane, travelling to New York City for her youngest son Daniel's wedding. The flight was hijacked by terrorists after a stopover in Athens and was redirected to Entebbe, Uganda. With her fluency in languages, Bloch served as an interpreter between the hostages and hijackers. Bloch became ill on the plane and was transferred to Mulago Hospital in Kampala.She is believed to have choked on food, and Foreign and Commonwealth Office papers say that she was also being treated for leg ulcers while at the hospital. <mask>'s son Ilan Hartuv, who was released during the subsequent Operation Entebbe counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission, was able to speak to a Ugandan doctor about his mother's health. Henry Kyemba, then Uganda's Minister of Health, said that he had allowed <mask> to stay in hospital for an extra night before being returned to the other hostages. As a result of this, Bloch was not with the other hostages, and so was not freed during the Operation Entebbe raid. During Operation Entebbe, <mask>'s family in Israel were taken to the HaKirya military complex in Tel Aviv, before going to the airport. Once at the airport, they were told that Bloch was still in Uganda. They spent an hour observing the traditional mourning ritual (shiva), but no longer as she was not confirmed dead.On 4 July, the British Government were informed that Bloch was not among the hostages released during Operation Entebbe. As a result, she was visited by James Hennessy, then-High Commissioner of the United Kingdom to Uganda, and Peter Chandley, second secretary of the British High Commission in Kampala. <mask> told Chandley that she had been treated well in the hospital, but did not like the food. They were also told that Bloch was going to be moved to the Grand Imperial Hotel in Kampala. Chandley and his wife went to get some food for Bloch, but when they returned, they were denied entry to the hospital. The reason for this was that four men including Farouk Minawa, head of the State Research Bureau (Ugandan secret police) and Idi Amin's Chief of Protocol Nasur Ondoga had taken Bloch from her hospital bed and murdered her. The policeman guarding Bloch was also killed.Aftermath

A Ugandan police search did not find Bloch, and the Ugandan government informed the UK that they "had no responsibility" for Bloch after Operation Entebbe. In early July, a Ugandan traveller reported seeing a body, which he believed to be Bloch, near a group of Ugandan soldiers, around  from Kampala. On 9 July, the United Nations debated the Entebbe hijacking incident. The United Kingdom suggested a resolution that condemned both the hijack and the loss of life, so as not to endanger the lives of Britons in Uganda, including Bloch. During the debate, the Ugandan government reiterated their claim that <mask> had been returned to Entebbe airport. On 13 July, Minister of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Ted Rowlands said that Bloch was presumed dead. On 15 July, the British Government demanded a full search for "Bloch or her body", a request that was never fulfilled.A suggested motive for her killing was retaliation for the deaths of 50 Ugandan soldiers during Operation Entebbe. Amin later expelled Chandley from the High Commission, alleging that he was pro-Israeli and had supported the death of Ugandan troops. As a result of <mask>'s disappearance, Britain withdrew their High Commissioner to Uganda, and on 28 July, Britain cut all diplomatic ties with Uganda. It was the first time in 30 years that Britain had severed ties with a Commonwealth country. The British Government said that the main reason for cutting ties was the disappearance of <mask>, although other events during Amin's leadership had also contributed. In retaliation, Amin declared himself the "Conqueror of the British Empire (CBE)", and the unofficial King of Scotland. He added "Conqueror of the British Empire" to his list of official titles.After the fall of Amin in 1979, Britain recommenced diplomatic relations with Uganda. In 1987, Kyemba said that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and murdered by members of the Ugandan Army loyal to Amin. Declassified British documents released in February 2007 confirmed that <mask> had been killed on Amin's orders. According to the documents, a Ugandan citizen told the British High Commissioner in Kampala that Bloch had been shot and her body deposited into the boot of a car with Ugandan intelligence services number plates. The documents also showed that Britain continued to press Amin for information on <mask>'s whereabouts, and that Amin continually denied knowledge of her fate. Recovery of body

After the Uganda–Tanzania War, Tanzanian troops discovered <mask>'s body in 1979 in a sugar plantation around  from Kampala, near the Jinja Road. Visual identification was impossible because her face was badly burned, but the corpse showed signs of a leg ulcer.A pathologist working with the Israel Defense Forces formally identified <mask> from the remains. Her remains were returned to her son in Israel, where she was given an Israeli state funeral. She was buried in Jerusalem's Mount of Quietudes. References

1970s missing person cases
1976 murders in Africa
Burials at Har HaMenuchot
Deaths by firearm in Uganda
Deaths by person in Africa
Female murder victims
Formerly missing people
Jewish martyrs
Missing person cases in Greece
Operation Entebbe
People from Jaffa
Uganda–United Kingdom relations

masks:
Dora Bloch
Bloch
Dora Feinberg
Dora
Bloch
Bloch
Dora
Bloch
Bloch
Bloch
Bloch
Bloch
Bloch
Bloch
Bloch
Bloch
Bloch
Bloch