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<mask> (born 30 April 1986) is an English  football player and coach. He is currently the Lead u23s coach for Sheffield United. As a player, he has played club football for Huddersfield Town, Scunthorpe United, AFC Wimbledon, Oxford United, York City, Leyton Orient and F.C. Halifax Town; he also had a spell playing in India for I-League side Bengaluru and represented the Republic of Ireland under-18, under-19 and under-21 teams. Club career

Huddersfield Town
<mask> was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. Having come through Huddersfield Town's academy, he made his first team debut in a 1–0 home win over Blackpool on 19 February 2005. <mask> made eight appearances in the 2004–05 season, with seven of them being starts.He signed a professional contract with the club on 11 May 2005. He made his first start of the 2005–06 season coming on as an 89th-minute substitute in a 3–1 home win over Swansea City on 13 August 2005. His first start came in a 4–2 away win in the League Cup over Chesterfield on 24 August 2005. <mask> scored his first goal on 18 February 2006 in a 5–0 win over Milton Keynes Dons. He came on as a substitute in the FA Cup third round tie in January 2006 against Premier League champions Chelsea, and set-up Gary Taylor-Fletcher for an equaliser. <mask> made 21 appearances in all competitions Huddersfield in 2005–06. <mask> made his first appearance of 2006–07 on the opening day of the season, coming on in the 66th minute in a 2–1 away defeat away to Gillingham.He made his first start of the season in a 2–0 defeat by Mansfield Town at home in the first round of the League Cup on 22 August 2006. His first league start of the season came on 26 August 2006 in a 1–1 draw at home with Nottingham Forest. <mask> scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 away win over Port Vale on 21 October 2006. He scored in the last two matches of the season; first in a 4–2 win over Millwall on 21 April 2007 and then on the final day in a 3–1 win over Leyton Orient on 5 May. <mask> finished 2006–07 with 46 appearances in all competitions, starting 41 with five coming of the bench, scoring four goals. He scored his first league goal of 2007–08 in Huddersfield's 2–0 win over Yeovil Town at Huish Park on 2 February 2008. During 2007–08, Huddersfield manager Andy Ritchie tended to use <mask> as cover in right-back and right-midfield positions, but he mainly tended to use <mask> in tandem with Andy Holdsworth in Huddersfield's central midfield.On 16 February 2008, <mask> equalised Frank Lampard's goal on the stroke of half-time in the FA Cup fifth round at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea. However, Huddersfield lost the match 3–1. After being left out of the first-team squad for the most of the first part of 2008–09 by manager Stan Ternent, he was re-called to the team by caretaker manager Gerry Murphy to play in the FA Cup first-round tie at home to Port Vale. <mask> scored Huddersfield's equaliser, but was unable to prevent them losing 4–3. A week later, <mask> scored his first league goal of the season, with a 90th-minute winner in a 2–1 win at Elland Road against local rivals Leeds United. <mask> scored 10 goals in 2008–09, from 39 appearances. <mask> gained a red card in Huddersfield's first match of 2009–10 away to Southend United on 8 August 2009.His first goal of the season came in the 65th minute of Huddersfield's 2–1 home victory over Yeovil Town on 29 August 2009. <mask> was ruled out for the remainder of 2009–10 in April 2010, following surgery on a broken finger, but he returned as a substitute in the 2–1 defeat at Exeter City. He then came on as an 89th-minute substitute in the first leg of Huddersfield's play-off semi-final match with Millwall, and was an unused substitute in the second leg defeat at The Den on 18 May 2010. <mask> made 35 appearances in 2009–10, scoring three goals. Along with seven other players, he was added to the transfer list by manager Lee Clark in May 2010. Scunthorpe United
<mask> joined Championship club Scunthorpe United on 6 July 2010 for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. On 20 February 2014, <mask> joined AFC Wimbledon on loan for the rest of the 2013–14 season.Oxford United
On 15 July 2014, <mask> signed a one-year deal at Oxford United, becoming new manager <mask>'s first signing. Appleton said: "<mask> has played 300 league games, most of them at a higher level, and will bring a little bit of know-how and quality to the squad." He made 43 appearances for Oxford, scoring twice, before joining their League Two rivals York City on 2 October 2015 on a one-month loan. <mask> left Oxford by mutual agreement on 7 January 2016, after failing to make any first-team appearances in the 2015–16 season. Bengaluru
On 21 January 2016, <mask> signed for I-League club Bengaluru. He played a total of 11 league matches for the Blues' and left the club in May 2016. Leyton Orient
On 28 October 2016, <mask> signed for Leyton Orient on a three-month contract.He turned down the offer of a new one-year contract with Orient at the end of 2016–17, after the club's relegation to the National League. F.C. Halifax Town
On 9 December 2017, <mask> came out of retirement to sign for his hometown club, F.C. Halifax Town of the National League. Alfreton Town
He returned to playing in December 2018 with Alfreton Town. International career
Qualifying through the parentage rule, <mask> made his international debut in a Republic of Ireland under-18 match in April 2003. He was the captain of the Irish under-19 squad and on 14 March 2007, he got his first call-up to the Republic of Ireland under-21 squad for a match against the Netherlands.However, he was forced to withdraw from the squad after picking up a shoulder injury in a league match for Huddersfield against Brighton & Hove Albion. <mask> made his under-21 debut against Germany in a friendly match at the Sportpark Ronhof in Fürth on 21 August 2007. His home debut came against Portugal at Turners Cross in Cork on 7 September 2007. On 15 May 2008, he scored his first goals for the under-21s in a 3–1 win over Malaysia in an Intercontinental Cup match in Malaysia. <mask> made six appearances scoring twice between 2007 and 2008. Coaching career

Bradford Under 18's
In July 2017, <mask> joined League One club Bradford City as their under-18s lead coach. Bradford head coach
He was appointed head coach of Bradford City on 18 June 2018, with Martin Drury and Greg Abbott named as his assistants.He won his first league game, 1-0 away at Shrewsbury, but won only one more game out of 7 in total, and  was sacked by the club on 3 September 2018. He later became a coach at Sunderland's Academy. Personal life
He is the cousin of professional rugby league players Scott Grix and Simon Grix. Career statistics

Managerial statistics

Honours
Scunthorpe United
Football League Two runner-up: 2013–14

Bengaluru
I-League: 2015–16

References

External links
<mask> profile at the Football Association of Ireland website

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Halifax, West Yorkshire
English footballers
English expatriate footballers
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
Association football midfielders
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
AFC Wimbledon players
Oxford United F.C. players
York City F.C.players
Bengaluru FC players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
FC Halifax Town players
English Football League players
I-League players
Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Expatriate footballers in India
English expatriate sportspeople in India
Irish expatriate sportspeople in India
English people of Irish descent
English Football League managers
Alfreton Town F.C. players
English football managers
Sunderland A.F.C. non-playing staff

masks:
Michael Anthony Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Michael Appleton
Michael
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Collins
Michael Collins


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<mask> is a British comedian, writer, director and actor best known for playing Chabuddy G in the BBC mockumentary series People Just Do Nothing, which he co-created. For this role, he won a Royal Television Society Award and was nominated for two British Academy Television Awards. In 2015 and 2016, Chaudhry starred in the mockumentary Hoff the Record alongside David Hasselhoff. In 2018, Chaudhry appeared in series six of the panel show Taskmaster and starred in the television film Click & Collect alongside Stephen Merchant. At college, Chaudhry met Hugo Chegwin, Steve Stamp, and Allan Mustafa, with whom he created YouTube mockumentary videos about a fictional pirate radio station. This led to the group being commissioned for People Just Do Nothing. Chaudhry also authored How To Be a Man under the name Chabuddy G, and the group produced music as Kurupt FM.Chaudhry wrote and directed the short film Love Pool, and has appeared in Happy New Year, Colin Burstead, Wonder Woman 1984 and Black Mirror: Bandersnatch. Early life
<mask> <mask> is from Hounslow, London. In high school, Chaudhry made a play parodying the 1972 crime film The Godfather, called The Poppadom Father. On a media studies course at college, he met Hugo Chegwin, Steve Stamp, and Allan Mustafa. The group made a series of YouTube mockumentaries, filmed by Chaudhry, based on their experiences as DJs on a pirate radio station in London. The mockumentaries were seen by Ash Atalla, producer of the mockumentary series The Office, and Atalla commissioned the group to make the BBC Three series People Just Do Nothing. Career

People Just Do Nothing
Chaudhry co-created and starred in People Just Do Nothing, a BBC mockumentary sitcom which premiered in 2014.The series is largely improvised. <mask> plays Chabuddy G, a failed entrepreneur with high ambitions who manages the group Kurupt FM. The character is partially based on <mask>'s father. The programme ended in 2018 after five series, as the group found it increasingly difficult to come up with new ideas. A film, People Just Do Nothing: Big in Japan, was released in 2021. A US remake is planned, in which <mask> will serve as an executive producer. Chaudhry won a 2017 Royal Television Society Award for Best Comedy Performance.He was nominated for two British Academy Television Awards for Best Male Comedy Performance, in 2017 and 2018. The show also won awards for Best Scripted Comedy at the 2017 BAFTAs and 2017 RTS Awards. <mask>, Hugo Chegwin, Steve Stamp, and Allan Mustafa also perform as the group Kurupt FM. Their single "Heart Monitor Riddem" was released in 2016 after featuring in People Just Do Nothing, and a music video shot by Chaudhry was released in 2018. Kurupt FM were signed to independent music label XL Recordings. Their single "Suttin Like That" was released in October 2017, and their mixtape The Lost Tapes was released in November 2017. <mask> has also released a comedy book, How to Be a Man, under the name Chabuddy G.

Film
In 2016, Chaudhry starred in the short film Donald Mohammed Trump as Donald Trump.The black comedy shows Trump inexplicably turning into an Asian man before a Republican Party rally. Though Chaudhry watched hours of Trump speaking in preparation, he was told by the director to instead play Trump as "a real person", so that the film could focus on the politics of the situation rather than Trump himself. Chaudhry also appeared in the comedy film Chubby Funny, about two struggling London actors, in which he played a corner shop owner. In February 2018, the 17-minute short film Love Pool was released, which Chaudhry wrote and directed. In Love Pool, single man Mark meets a woman while carpooling with the service Uber. The film was <mask>'s directorial debut, produced by DMC Film and released on the app Vero. It was inspired by a dinner party in which Chaudhry felt pressure from his friends to settle down, and by his carpooling experiences.<mask> plays the taxi driver, imagining the character as the "pissed off, sour, bitter cousin" of Chabuddy G—his character in People Just Do Nothing. The film won the 2018 People's Choice Award at Thunderdance, an independent film festival in London. In 2018, Chaudhry appeared in the comedy film Eaten by Lions, which is about half-brothers Omar and Pete who search for Omar's estranged father after their parents are eaten by lions. It premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June 2018. In a three-star review, Steve Bennett of Chortle called Chaudhry a "scene-stealer". On 24 December 2018, <mask> starred alongside Stephen Merchant in the BBC One television film Click & Collect, with a runtime of 53 minutes. The pair play Dev and Andrew, respectively, who travel  on a road trip on Christmas Eve to buy Andrew's daughter a Christmas present.Chaudhry took inspiration for Dev from a former neighbour who recognised him from the television and waved at Chaudhry when he was in the kitchen, which he could see from his living room window. Adam Starkey of Metro and Jasper Rees of The Telegraph gave the film four out of five stars. Rees commented that Chaudhry performed as Dev like "slipping into an old coat". Starkey praised the actors for "convincing, likeable performances" and wrote that Dev "takes the natural course from irritatingly vibrant neighbour to having a sympathetic, misunderstood circumstance for his enthusiasm". In 2018, Chaudhry appeared in the Ben Wheatley black comedy Happy New Year, Colin Burstead, playing Sham. The film had a limited release at film festivals before airing on BBC Two on 30 December; a BBC television series spin-off is planned for 2019. Neil Maskell stars as Colin Burstead, who hires a manor for a New Year celebration with his extended family.Sham is an estranged character who wallows in sorrow. Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter criticised <mask>'s character as one of several whose secondary subplots detract from the film. Chaudhry appeared in the interactive film Black Mirror: Bandersnatch, which was released on Netflix on 28 December 2018. Part of the science fiction anthology series Black Mirror, Bandersnatch allows the viewer to make choices that affect the resultant story. Most storylines involve the young programmer Stefan adapting a book into an adventure game and descending into madness. Chaudhry stars as Mohan Thakur, the founder of the video game company Tuckersoft. The film received a mostly positive critical reception.Chaudhry received racist comments following the episode, but said of the online response that "99.9% of the stuff is positive and lovely". He commented that he and his friends have all played through the film multiple times. Television
Chaudhry starred in the mockumentary Hoff the Record, which aired for twelve episodes on Dave in 2015 and 2016. The programme follows David Hasselhoff as he struggles to find work in the UK, with Chaudhry playing his driver. The show won an International Emmy Award for Best Comedy Series in 2016. In a four-star review of the first episode for The Telegraph, Michael Hogan called Chaudhry "the standout among the supporting cast". In 2017, Chaudhry appeared on the quiz show Celebrity Mastermind, finishing third of four.In April 2018, he appeared in an episode of Rob Beckett's Playing For Time, in which Rob Beckett plays a series of video games with his guest. In May 2018, Chaudhry played Arnab in the Channel 4 sitcom High & Dry. The six-episode series is about a group of people who survive a plane crash, and was filmed in the Seychelles. <mask> was a contestant on the sixth series of Dave panel show Taskmaster; the episodes premiered between May and July 2018. Taskmaster challenges its panellists to complete humorous and absurd tasks, such as "bring in the best liquid". The sixth series featured Chaudhry alongside Alice Levine, Liza Tarbuck, Russell Howard, and Tim Vine; it set record ratings for the programme, with an average viewership of 900,000. Sam Wollaston of The Guardian called Chaudhry "absolutely hopeless at everything, but hilariously and very likably so".In 2018, Chaudhry appeared on chat shows The Jonathan Ross Show and The One Show, with the latter appearance in a Christmas special. In 2019, Chaudhry appeared on the first episode of The Lateish Show with Mo Gilligan. In January 2021, Chaudhry was cast in the Netflix adaptation of The Sandman. Other
Chaudhry appears in British Airways' safety video as Director Chabuddy G. and in Riz Ahmed's album The Long Goodbye, also as Chabuddy G.

Filmography

Television

Film

Awards and nominations

Bibliography

Notes

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British people of Indian descent
Place of birth missing (living people)
British male comedians
British male actors
People from Hounslow

masks:
Asim Chaudhry
Asim
Chaudhry
Chaudhry
Chaudhry
Chaudhry
Chaudhry
Chaudhry
Chaudhry
Chaudhry
Chaudhry
Chaudhry
Chaudhry


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<mask> (1948 – June 6, 1984) was the President of the All India Sikh Students Federation.He was killed in the Indian Army's operation on the Golden Temple on June 6, 1984. <mask> was the son of <mask>e, the 13th leader of the Damdami Taksal. He was well versed in Gurbani and Sikh literature, and devoted much of his life to Sikh progressive activities. He had passed his Masters in Punjabi from Khalsa College in Amritsar after which he began research work on his Ph.D. thesis. <mask> was a prominent leader of the Damdami Taksal along with  <mask>e. He contested the 1979 Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) election, backed by Bhindranwale, but lost to <mask>l. On 26 April 1982, he led a campaign to get Amritsar the status of a "holy city".During the agitation, he was arrested on 19 July 1982 along with other members of the Damdami Taksal. Jarnail <mask>e began the Dharam Yudh Morcha to implement the Anandpur Resolution which primarily requested more autonomy for Punjab, arguing that it was being oppressed and treated unfairly by the Indian government. As part of the Morcha, he also demanded freedom for <mask> <mask> and other prominent Sikhs. Biography

Birth and family
<mask> <mask> was born in 1948 as the son of Giani Kartar <mask>e, the 13th leader of the Damdami Taksal. Manjit <mask> was his younger brother. Education
<mask> <mask> studied at Khalsa College and received his MA and was on his way to completing his PhD before pursuing promotion of Sikh teachings. Work with AISSF
<mask> <mask> was made president of the AISSF on July 2, 1978 at large AISSF meeting held at Tagore Theatre, Chandigarh.Building Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj in honor of the Sikhs massacred in 1978

<mask> <mask> contributed significantly to opposing the Sant Nirankaris and to the building of the Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj, in B-Block Amritsar, at the spot where the 13 Sikh protesters were murdered by the Nirankaris. When no other organization came forth and the government refused to sell the land to <mask> <mask> and the AISSF the AISSF Sikhs began building the Gurdwara wall at night so they could claim the land by force. Sikh youth would spend the entire night building the wall and it would be knocked down by the police the next day. A stand off between the police and the AISSF began and the police threatened they would shoot anyone on site, they were met with resolve from <mask> <mask> who said they would do anything to raise the memorial for the martyred Sikhs. Eventually the police acceded to the demands of the Sikhs and the Gurdwara remains there today. Running for SGPC Elections
In the General House Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) elections of 1979, the first in 13 years, <mask> <mask> ran and lost to Jiwan Umramangal. <mask> <mask> was in the Dal Khalsa and Bhindranwale's group (who fielded about 40 candidates) running against the Akali Dal and ran for the SGPC Beas constituency.Notably one of The Dal Khalsa aim included establishing an independent Sikh State. Some elements of the Congress party supported and backed Dal Khalsa's and Bhindranwale's group so they could undermine the Akalis. Strikes and agitations
The AISSF held a strike on October 25, 1980 and another on November 14, 1980 to protest against the high bus fare increase and some other issues in such districts as Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, Patiala, Ludhiana with trains not being able to operate then. This resulted in student-police clashes at numerous places causing the police to open fire at Dasuya and Jhabhal. On the November 14, 1980 strike against the bus fare increase organized by the AISSF there was jammed traffic in the province. The residents of the province provided full support for the Sikh students. Following these agitations all political parties joined the struggle against the increased bus fares.Some reports are there of police stations being attacked. The AISSF held numerous agitations, strikes, street riots against various causes and politicians. During the time of the bus fare agitations the AISSF also held numerous demonstrations against various political leaders including the chief minister of Punjab, Darbara <mask>. Some notable agitations including Sikh students besieging various Punjab ministers and lock themselves inside their offices or residences during early December 1980. The students responsible were arrested and tortured and more subsequent agitations was launched for the release of these students with these agitations were so forceful that the police release the students within a couple of days. The success of the AISSF, which this time numbered to a membership of 300,000 members, at one point compelled the non-government political parties to join in and hold a demonstration in front of the state secretariat at Chandigarh from making a speech, in January 1981. Thousands of AISSF volunteers joined the demonstration with more than a thousand being arrested and eventually police throwing tear-gas and also caning them, however the AISSF were successful in delaying the Punjab governor from making a speech making the government invite all the political parties for a dialogue.Anti-tobacco march
This issue of banning tobacco in and other improvements to Amritsar also put leeway to get the Sikh issues to mainstream politics. In May 1981 The AISSF alongside Dal Khalsa put forth to pass the bill of banning tobacco in the city of Amritsar, tobacco is strictly forbidden in Sikhism, this bill was originally introduced in 1977 by the Akali Dal for the 400 years founding of Amritsar celebrations. The AISSF gave an ultimatum to the Punjab government to ban tobacco in the city by March 30 or there would be an agitation. The Government of Punjab seemed to agree with the issue but they said that technically passing such a ban would be unconstitutional and therefore could not. Meanwhile, AISSF members forcibly started preventing merchants from selling tobacco and to add to the heat Harchand Longowal also publicly expressed his support for the ban. Opposition's pro-tobacco march
On May 29, 1981 thousands of Hindus marched in Amritsar to protest against the AISSF ban for tobacco demand. They carried sticks with lit cigarettes through the Amritsar bazaar, beating up Sikhs along the way and yelling provocative slogans.Bhindranwale's march
In response to the pro tobacco march, on May 31, 1981, the AISSF, Damdami Taksal, Dal Khalsa joined together led by Sant Jarnail <mask>wale and with over 20,000 supporters put out a procession. No major Akali leader participated in the march. The march went a route of about two and a half kilometres. Following the march there were eruptions of Hindu-Sikh clashes in Amritsar with the government then initiating new laws banning non-religious processions from taking place. These events died down once the government agreed to form a committee to discuss 'holy-city' status for Amritsar. Outcome
Holy-city status was not given to Amritsar however on February 27, 1983 the Prime Minister passed a law making meat, alcohol and tobacco sale prohibited in the areas around the Harmandir Sahib and the Hindu Durgiana temple in Amritsar. On September 10, 2016 Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal promised 'holy-city' status to Amritsar as well as Anandpur Sahib on his visit to the city.He declared liquor, tobacco, cigarette and meat will be completely banned in these cities, it is notable the sales of such items are currently rampant in the city. Arrest

On July 19, 1982 <mask> <mask> was arrested for vehemently pleading the case of the arrested workers causing offense and attention to Chenna Reddy, the Governor of Punjab, as well as a possible connection in the attack on Joginder <mask>, a senior Nirankari leader. Sant Jarnail <mask> started a morcha (agitation) on July 19, 1982 for the immediate release of Bhai <mask> <mask> and had popular support throughout Punjab, including support from Akali Dal, Darbara <mask>, and the farmers of Majha's country side. Harcharan Longowal, leader of the Akali Dal than announced that his morcha would also be for the release of <mask> <mask> and the 45 original demands presented to Indira Gandhi. Upon news of Akali Dal's new morcha for the release of Bhai <mask> <mask>, Jarnail <mask> agreed to discontinue his agitation and join the Akali Dal's planned Dharam Yudh Morcha which began on August 4, 1982. <mask> <mask> was released in the summer of 1983 and subsequently honoured at the Akal Takht with flowered garland  (robes of honour). References

1948 births
1984 deaths
Indian Sikhs
Sikh missionaries

masks:
Amrik Singh
Amrik Singh
Giani Kartar Singh Bhindranwal
Amrik Singh
Jarnail Singh Bhindranwal
Jiwan Singh Umrananga
Singh Bhindranwal
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Singh Bhindranwal
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Singh
Singh Bhindran
Amrik
Singh
Singh Sandhu
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Amrik
Singh
Singh
Amrik
Singh


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<mask>, viscount <mask>, was a French general and politician. He was born on 21 March 1786 in La Porta (Haute-Corse) and died on 16 September 1871 in Bastia (Haute-Corse). Deputy of Corsica from 1828 to 1837, and Peer of France, he was the brother of the Marshal of France and politician <mask>. Life

Youth
<mask> was born in La Porta (Haute-Corse) on 21 March 1786. He was the son of Joseph-<mask>, a wealthy tailor and craftsman, and of the signora Maria Pietra Francesca Alterice Franceschi. His older brother was the future Marshal of France and politician <mask>. <mask> would later marry Marie Laetitia Paravicini on 19 November 1817.In 1789, during the French Revolution, the Sébastiani family was forced to move to France to flee the revolutionary troubles in Corsica. <mask> was then a pupil of the National military Prytaneum of Paris, then of the Military School of Fontainebleau (Saint-Cyr), from where he left in October 1806 with the rank of Second lieutenant in the 1st regiment of Dragoons. Napoleonic Wars
He participated first in the expedition of Portugal led by General Junot, where he took part in the battle of Vimeiro, then in Spain, under the orders of his brother General <mask> (1809–1811), where he distinguished in the battles of Ciudad Real, Santa-Cruz, Talaveira, Almonacid, in the passage of the Sierra Morena (where he was elevated to the rank of Knight of the Legion of Honour on 23 June 1810) and in the take of Malaga. He received command of mobile columns, at the head of which he fought in turn the Spaniards and the English, notably at Motril, which he captured, and under the walls of Gibraltar. Called in 1812 to the Grande Armée, he was appointed aide-de-camp to the Count of Narbonne. He participated in the campaign of Russia, showed bravery there at the battle of Borodino, and was part of the vanguard that entered Moscow, as squadron commander of the 11th regiment of Horse Chasseurs. He was made Colonel in 1813 at the battle of Dresden and fought at the battles of Leipzig and Hanau.He showed real courage during the 1814 campaign and at the battle of Ligny. Very weak, he could not take part in the battle of Waterloo. After a final battle in Patte-d'Oie to protect the retreat of the French army, he retired with the remains of the army behind the Loire. Under the Restoration
On the return of the Bourbons, he went to his native country, and three years later, in 1818, he was given command of the Corsican legion (12th Regiment of Horse Chasseurs). Appointed Maréchal de camp at the seniority, in 1823, he was rapidly being put in non-activity because of his political ideas and especially because of the political attitude of his brother Horace. On 28 April 1828, the Grand College of Corsica, by 20 votes out of 35 voters, sent him to sit at the Chamber of Deputies. He voted with the constitutional party, in the opposition.By the ordinance of 24 July 1828, he was then sent to Greece as a field marshal to participate in the Morea expedition (1828), under the orders of Marshal Maison, during the Greek War of Independence. At the head of the 1st brigade of the expeditionary forces, he liberated the city of Coron (on 7 October 1828) from the Turkish-Egyptian occupation troops of Ibrahim Pasha. He finally left the Greek soil after four months of mission in the Peloponnese, in 1829, after having completely liberated Greece from the occupier. Upon returning from this campaign, he was promoted by king Charles X Commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint-Louis and then, Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer by the new independent Greek State, in 1830. Following the July Revolution, Sébastiani was re-elected deputy (17 November 1830) by 22 votes (out of 37 voters), and received from the July Monarchy the rank of Lieutenant general on 27 February 1831. In 1832 he received command of the First Division of the Army of the North and campaigned in Belgium, where he attended the siege of Antwerp. Re-elected deputy, on 5 July 1831, in the first college of Corsica (Ajaccio), by 93 votes out of 97 voters, 148 registered, and then, on 5 July 1834, by 97 votes out of 98 voters, 150 registered, he did not cease support with his votes the government of king Louis-Philippe.Raised to the Peerage on 3 October 1837, he followed the same line of conduct at the Luxembourg Palace (seat of the Chamber of Peers), became commander of the military division of Marseille, and, in 1842, of that of Paris, which he kept until the eve of the French Revolution of 1848. <mask> Sébastiani withdrew to Corsica after the revolution of 1848 and remained away from politics. He was raised to the rank of Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on 5 January 1845. He died in Bastia (Haute-Corse) on 16 September 1871. Decorations
 French decorations:
  Commander of the Royal and Military Order of Saint-Louis (22 February 1829). Knight of the Order of the Legion of Honour (23 June 1810). Officer of the Legion of Honour (18 February 1814).Commander of the Legion of Honour (16 November 1832). Grand-officer of the Legion of Honour (29 April 1833). Grand-croix of the Legion of Honour (5 January 1845). Foreign decorations:
  Grand-Commander of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece)
  Grand-commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
  Viscount (30 June 1830). Pair de France on 3 October 1837

See also
 Morea expedition
 List of members of the Morea expedition (1828-1833)

Notes and references

Bibliography
 « Sébastiani (Jean André Tiburce, vicomte) », dans Adolphe Robert et Gaston Cougny, Dictionnaire des parlementaires français, Edgar Bourloton, 1889–1891 [détail de l’édition] [texte sur Sycomore] ;
 Sébastiani (Tiburce, vicomte), « Biographies et nécrologies des hommes marquants du XIXe siècle », Volume 2, p. 193, Victor Lacaine et H.-Charles Laurent, 1845. <mask> Tiburce, « Dictionnaire des colonels de Napoléon », pp. 787–788, Danielle and Bernard Quintin (preface by Jean Tulard), editions SPM-Lettrage, Paris, 2013.External links
 Resources related to his public life: Base Léonore ; Base Sycomore :
 (National Order of the Legion of Honour)
« List of the parliamentary terms of Jean, André, Tiburce Sébastiani (1786–1871) », base Sycomore, (French National Assembly). Defence Historical Service – Fort de Vincennes – Dossier S.H.A.T. Côte : 7 Yd 1 103. Cote S.H.A.T., state of services, distinctions on

People from Corsica
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Commanders of the Order of Saint Louis
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
19th-century Viscounts of France
French generals
1786 births
1871 deaths
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

masks:
Jean André Tiburce
Sébastiani de La Porta
Horace Sébastiani
Tiburce Sébastiani
Marie Sébastiani
Horace Sébastiani
Tiburce
Tiburce
Horace Sébastiani
Tiburce
Sébastiani


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<mask> (born 1948) is a Brazilian conceptual artist, installation artist and sculptor. He is noted especially for his installations, many of which express resistance to political oppression in Brazil. These works, often large and dense, encourage a phenomenological experience via the viewer's interaction. <mask> was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1948. From an early age, <mask> showed a keen interest in drawing and spatial relations. He was especially interested in how this has been explored in animated film. His father, who encouraged <mask>' creativity, worked for the Indian Protection Service and their family traveled extensively within rural Brazil.In an interview with Nuria Enguita, Meireles described a time when he was "seven or eight" and living in the countryside that had a huge impact on him. He said that he was startled by an impoverished man wandering through the trees. The next day, the young Meireles went to investigate, but the man was gone and only a small but perfect hut the man had apparently made the night before remained. Meireles said that this hut "was perhaps the most decisive thing for the path [he] followed in life...The possibility one has of making things and leaving them for others." During his time in rural Brazil, <mask> learned the beliefs of the Tupi people which he later incorporated into some of his works in order to highlight their marginalization in, or complete disappearance from, Brazilian society and politics. Installations which contain allusions to the Tupi include Southern Cross (1969–70) and Olvido (1990). Meireles cites Orson Welles' 1938 radio broadcast War of the Worlds as one of the greatest works of art of the 20th century because it "seamlessly dissolved the border between art and life, fiction and reality."Recreating this concept of total audience investment was an important artistic goal of Meireles that is seen throughout his body of work. He began his study of art in 1963 at the District Federal Cultural Foundation in Brasilia, under the Peruvian painter and ceramist Felix Barrenechea. In the late 1960s, Meireles discovered the work of Hélio Oiticica and Lygia Clark, thereby introducing him to the Brazilian Neo-Concrete movement. These artists, as well as Meireles, were all concerned with blurring the boundary between what is art and what is life, and responding to current political situations within their pieces. Meireles unintentionally participated in a political demonstration in April 1964, when he was sixteen years old. He has cited this moment has his "political awakening" and began to take an interest in student politics. In 1967 he moved to Rio de Janeiro and studied at the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes.<mask> currently lives and works in Rio de Janeiro. Career

<mask> has stated that drawing was his main artistic medium until 1968, when he altogether abandoned expressionistic drawing in favor of designing things that he wanted to physically construct. A topic that he especially explored in his art was the concept of the ephemeral and the non-object, art that only exists with interaction, which prompted him to create installation pieces or situational art. This led to his Virtual Spaces project, which he began in 1968. This project was "based on Euclidian principles of space" and sought to show how objects in space can be defined by three different planes. He modeled this concept as a series of environments made to look like corners in rooms. Following the military coup in 1964, <mask> became involved in political art.When <mask> was "first getting started as an artist," governmental censorship of various forms of media, including art, was standard in Brazil. Meireles found ways to create art that was subversive but subtle enough to make public by taking inspiration from Dadaist art, which he notes had the ability to seem "tame" and "ironic." In the early 1970s he developed a political art project that aimed to reach a wide audience while avoiding censorship called Insertions Into Ideological Circuits, which was continued until 1976. Many of his installation pieces since this time have taken on political themes, though now his art is "less overtly political." He was one of the founders of the Experimental Unit of the Museu de Arte Moderna in Rio de Janeiro in 1969 and in 1975, edited the art magazine Malasartes. In 1999, <mask> was honoured with a Prince Claus Award and in 2008 he won the Velazquez Plastic Arts Award, presented by the Ministry of Culture of Spain. Key Works

Red Shift (1967-84)
A large-scale, three-room exploration of an entirely red environment.The title of the installation refers both to the scientific concept of chromatic shift (or chromatic aberration) as well as to the idea of a "shift" as a displacement or deviation. The first room, called Impregnation, is approximately 50 m² and filled with a number of everyday, domestic objects in a variety of different shades of red. The effect is an overwhelming visual saturation of the color. Upon entering the room, the participant experiences an initial shock from the visual inundation of red. Dan Cameron writes that "one's gaze is literally thwarted in an effort to gain a purchase on the specificity of things." Because of its lack of chromatic differentiation, the environment appears to lack depth. Cameron argues that the longer a participant stays in the room the more aware they become of the color's negative, unsettling psychological impact on them.The second room is called Spill/Environment and consists solely of a large pool of red ink spilled from a small bottle on the floor, evoking mental associations with blood. The amount of liquid on the floor in comparison to the amount which the bottle could conceivably hold is disproportionate. The redness on the floor extends throughout the small room to the edge of the darkened third room, an effect which lends itself to feelings of foreboding and uncertainty. The third room, Shift, contains a washbasin attached to the wall at a 30° angle illuminated by a direct beam of overhead light. A red stream pours into the washbasin from a tap, also at a 30° angle, allowing the liquid to pool in the sink before draining. The feelings of disturbance experienced by the participant throughout the installation culminate in this final room. Since the room is completely dark, the sole focus is placed on the washbasin.While the connotations of blood which appear throughout the installation are at first rather vague, like in the initial saturation of red in the first room and in the ink spill of the second room, in the third room this association with blood becomes much more explicit, creating a final, visceral reaction to the color within the participant. Art historian Anne Dezeuze has commented that the "cinematic" installation as a whole articulates a certain sense of menace within participants because of the intense repetition of the color red throughout the three rooms. Like most of <mask>' other artworks, Red Shift takes on political undertones when examined in light of Brazil's military dictatorship which lasted throughout the creation and exhibition of this piece. For instance, the red liquid pouring into the washbasin has been seen by some art historians as a visual representation of the blood of victims murdered by government authorities. Southern Cross (1969-70)
A minimalist sculpture, on a Lilliputian scale: <mask> calls it an example of “humiliminimalism” – a humble brand of minimalism. He wanted it to be even smaller, “but when [he] sanded it down to [his] nails, [he] lost patience and stopped at nine millimeters." Unlike most minimalist sculptures it is no mere object, but it is meant to be as richly symbolic, sensuous and potent as an amulet.Each half of the tiny 9mm by 9mm by 9mm cube is made of pine and oak. These two types of wood are considered sacred by the Tupi people of Brazil. The title refers to an unofficial geographical (and metaphysical) region that lies to the west of Tordesillas. According to <mask> in a statement he made about the artwork in 1970, this region is "the wild side, the jungle in one's head, without the lustre of intelligence or reason...our origins." It is a place where "there are only individual truths." In the same statement, he notes that he wants Southern Cross to be perceived as a physical representation of the memory of the Tupi ("people whose history is legends and fables") and a warning to modernity of the growing self-confidence of the primordial which will eventually result in an overtaking of the urban by the natural. <mask>' statement is also political.It is a caution against indifference, especially against indifference towards Brazil's fading indigenous population. The tiny cube is meant to be placed alone in the middle of an empty room in order to emphasize the reality and the power of indigenous belief systems in the context of Eurocentric modernism. Insertions Into Ideological Circuits (1970-76)
An art project with political undertones that was designed to reach a mass-audience. This project manifested in multiple ways, two of the most well-known being the Coca-Cola project, and the Banknote project. Insertions Into Ideological Circuits was based upon three principles as defined by Meireles: 1) In society there are certain mechanisms for circulation (circuits); 2) these circuits clearly embody the ideology of the producer, but at the same time they are passive when they receive insertions into the circuit; 3) and this occurs whenever people initiate them. The goal of Insertions... was to literally insert some kind of counter-information or critical thought into a large system of circulated information. Meireles inserted something that is physically the same, though ideologically different, into a pre-existing system in order to counteract the original circuit without disrupting it.The project was achieved by printing images and messages onto various items that were already widely circulated and which had value discouraging them being destroyed, such as Coca-Cola bottles (which were recycled by way of a deposit scheme) and banknotes. Meireles screen-printed texts onto the Coca-Cola bottles that were supposed to encourage the buyer to become aware of their personal role in a consumerist society. The project simultaneously conveyed anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist messages. Building off of that concept, <mask> also used money as a theme and produced his own replica banknotes and coins (1974–1978) which appeared very similar to genuine Brazilian and US currency but with zero denominations clearly written on them, e.g. Zero Dollar. Mieireles also wrote critiques of the Brazilian government on the banknotes, such as "Who killed Herzog?" (in reference to journalist Vladimir Herzog), "Yankees go home!"and "Direct elections." Through (1983-89)
A labyrinthine structure which invites the visitor to walk across eight tons of broken plate glass. The maze is composed of "velvet museum ropes, street barriers, garden fences, blinds, railings, and aquariums" and in the center of it is a three-meter ball of cellophane. <mask> notes that an essential part of Through is the sense of psychological unease that comes from the participant's realization of the different sensory capacities and capabilities between the eyes and the body. For instance, the eyes can see through the glass parts of the work, but the body is physically impeded from passing through parts of the space. Furthermore, the sound of crunching glass underfoot while navigating the maze can be off-putting. He wanted the participant to experience psychological tension between the appreciation of the sonic and the appreciation of the visual.The work, Meireles says, "is based on the notion of an excess of obstacles and prohibitions." <mask> drew some of his inspiration for this installation from writer Jorge Luis Borges, whose subject matter sometimes included the concept of the labyrinth. <mask> also wanted the participant to experience feelings of awareness and attentiveness that come from walking a labyrinth. Babel (2001)
A tower of hundreds of radios, each just audible and tuned to stations of different languages to evoke resonances of the Tower of Babel in the Bible. In the story, before the destruction of the Tower of Babel by God, every person on Earth spoke the same language. <mask>' Babel acknowledges the multiplicity of language that resulted from the Tower's destruction in the story. The artwork contradicts the notion of one universal language, emphasizing that the pursuit of commonality is futile.Paul Herkenhoff points out that Babel also has autobiographical meaning for Meireles, as radio was a common method of widespread communication in Brazil during the artist's youth. The work also speaks to globalization. Meireles parallels the unity of humanity before the fall of the Tower of Babel with the present-day unity which has resulted from globalization despite numerous language barriers. Exhibitions

<mask> considers his first exhibition to have taken place in 1965, when one of his canvases and two of his drawings were accepted by the Segundo Salão Nacional de Arte Moderna in Brasilia. A retrospective of his work was presented at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York in 1999. It then traveled to the Museu de Arte Moderna in Rio de Janeiro and the São Paulo Museum of Modern Art. In conjunction with the exhibition, a book entitled Cildo Meireles, was published by Phaidon Press (1999).The first extensive presentation of the artist’s work in the UK opened at Tate Modern in October 2008. <mask> was the first Brazilian artist to be given a full retrospective by Tate. This exhibition then moved to the Museu d'Art Contemporani in Barcelona, and later to the Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC) in Mexico City until January 10, 2010. From March to July 2014 a major retrospective of <mask>'s work was presented at Milan's HangarBicocca. It featured twelve of his most important works. Another important retrospective took place at SESC Pompeia from September 2019 to February 2020. In the exhibition entitled "Entrevendo" (Glimpsing) many of his most noteworthy installations were on display and an important catalogue was created for the exhibition.References

Selected bibliography
 Basualdo, Carlos. "Maxima Moralia: The Work of C. Meireles", Artforum International, v. 35 (February 1997) p. 58-63. Cameron, Dan, Paulo Herkenhoff, and Gerardo Mosquera. <mask> Meireles. London: Phaidon Press, 1999. Carvalho, Denise. "Cildo Meireles: New Museum of Contemporary Art" Sculpture, v. 19 no.10 (December 2000) p. 74-5. Cohen, Ana Paula. "<mask> Meireles: Museu de Arte Moderna Aloisio Magalhaes", Art Nexus no. 44 (April/June 2002) p. 125-6. Dezeuze, Anna. "<mask> Meireles." Artforum International 47, no.8 (2009): 182. Farmer, John Alan. "Through the Labyrinth: An Interview with <mask> <mask>", Art Journal v. 59 no. 3 (Fall 2000) p. 34-43. Gilmore, Jonathan. "<mask> Meireles at Galerie Lelong", Art in America v. 93 no. 3 (March 2005) p. 132.<mask>, <mask>. <mask> <mask>. Valencia: IVAM, 1995. <mask>, <mask> and Charles Merewether. “Memory of the Senses.” Grand Street, no. 64 (1998): 221-223. Mosquera, Gerardo.<mask> <mask> (London: Phaidon), 1999. Weinstein, Joel. "Industrial Poetry: A Conversation with <mask> <mask>", Sculpture v. 22 no. 10 (December 2003) p. 50-5. Zamudio, Raul. "<mask> Meireles at Tate Modern", ArtNexus v. 8. no. 73 (June/August, 2009) p. 76-78.Zamudio, Raul. "Knowing Can Be Destroying", TRANS> arts.cultures.media no. 7 (2000) p. 146-152. External links
 Review of <mask> <mask> at Tate Modern, 2009
 List of exhibitions by <mask> <mask> (covers 1967-2007)
 TateShots: <mask> Meireles The artist talks about his interactive work Meshes of Freedom. 20 November 2008
<mask> <mask>' profile at Kadist Art Foundation
Materiality and Memory: An interview with <mask> Meireles
Cildo Meireles from sense to concept

1948 births
Brazilian sculptors
Brazilian contemporary artists
Living people
Conceptual artists
Artists from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Date of birth missing (living people)
Political artists

masks:
Cildo Meireles
Life Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Meireles
Cildo
Cildo
Cildo
Cildo
Meireles
Cildo
Meireles
Cildo
Cildo
Meireles
Meireles
Cildo
Cildo
Meireles
Cildo
Meireles
Cildo
Cildo
Meireles
Cildo
Meireles
Cildo
Cildo
Meireles
Cildo


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<mask> (born <mask> 21 March 1893 – 19 September 1976) was a Swiss romance scholar, editor publisher and writer, originally from the Suisse Romande. She created the Librairie Droz, a publisher and seller of academic books, at Paris in 1924, moving the business to Geneva at the end of the war. Biography

<mask> was born at La Chaux-de-Fonds in the francophone northwest of Switzerland. Her father, Frédéric Zahn, was a well known member of the business community in the town, where he worked as an editor. In 1900 the family relocated to nearby Neuchâtel. Here she completed her secondary education and obtained a teaching diploma. Between 1910 and 1913 she taught French at the Moravian Institute of Gnadenberg in Silesia, taking the opportunity at the same time to perfect her German.Returning to Neuchâtel in 1913, she was admitted to the Université de Neuchâtel where during the next three years she studied successfully for her degree. She was a pupil of Arthur Piaget, who also became a good friend. He encouraged her to study the history of ancient poetry and renaissance literature. It is apparent that the second volume of Piaget's work "Jardin de Plaisance et Fleur de rhétorique, d'Antoine Vérard (vers 1501)", which was published only in 1925, subtitled "Introduction and notes" and signed off by <mask> and Arthur Piaget, was largely the work of Piaget's erudite pupil. The compilation of 672 verses, ballads, sounds, rondeaux etc., many of them anonymous, was described in an obituary of Eugénie <mask> as an "inestimable contribution to mid-century French literature" ("contribution inestimable aux lettres françaises du milieu du siècle"). In 1916 her parents divorced. Three years later she sought and received permission to use her mother's pre-marriage name in place of her father's name.<mask> Zahn became <mask> <mask>. Sources covering this period may identify her under either name. She moved to Paris in 1916 and enrolled, at this stage as Eugénie Zahn, at the École pratique des hautes études (Section IV – Sciences historiques et philologiques (loosely, History and Philology). Her teachers included Alfred Jeanroy, Abel Lefranc and Georges Doutrepont. She received exceptionally positive reports from the outset and completed her degree in 1923. In 1924 she opened the Librairie Droz, initially at 34 rue Serpente, moving within a year to 25 Rue de Tournon, both addresses located appropriately in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. Her business was in essence a specialist bookshop and publisher.The core product would be her own academic output as an editor-publisher with a particular interest in sixteenth century texts and the history and social impact of books through history more generally. The business continues to focus on medieval and humanist titles and on literary criticism and art history. She described the Paris premises proudly in her first catalogue:  "Accommodated in the House of the Bronze Horse, given by Francis I to [the renaissance poet] Clément Marot in 1539, the 'Librairie Droz' [book business] has been established by <mask> <mask>, graduate of the École pratique des hautes études and docteur ès lettres. Her doctorate came from the Université de Neuchâtel. Her work for it consisted of 35 ancient texts accompanied by translations into contemporary French, a piece of work currently conserved in the rare books collection of the National Library of France. Despite the Librairie Droz having been established in Paris, the printed device appearing as a form of trade mark on publications acknowledged the Swiss provenance of the proprietress. She copied the design used by Jean de Stalle who operated a printing house in Geneva between 1487 and 1493.The only change involved removing the initials "IdeS", incorporated in the centre of the device, and replacing them with her own initials, "ED". Shortly after opening the Librairie Droz, still aged only 32, she found time to take on a position as assistant treasurer of the Société des anciens textes français, a learned society founded in Paris in 1875 with the purpose of publishing all kinds of medieval documents written either in langue d'oïl or langue d'oc. (The society's treasurer was Baron Edmond de Rothschild.) In 1934 she founded "Humanisme et Renaissance", an academic journal which in effect replaced "Revue du seizième siècle". Most prominent among the many erudite collaborators on it were her old tutor, Abel Lefranc and Robert Marichal. She also created the non-profit association "Humanisme et Renaissance". During the occupation she changed the name of the (much diminished) review, which became the "Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance".In 1945, while still based in Paris, she created the series "Textes littéraires français". This was an early series of paperback books, with the focus as before on her own areas of academic expertise. In 1950, by which time she had moved to Geneva, she launched the series "les Travaux d'Humanisme et Renaissance" which became and remains an important body of reference for renaissance scholarship. In November 1944 she found herself mandated by the Provisional Government to study the files of political deportees at Geneva. The later 1940s were a period of acute austerity and political uncertainty in France. It was probably around this time that she decided to relocate permanently from Paris to Geneva. She sold the premises at 25 Rue de Tournon in 1947 and moved the business permanently to 8 rue Verdaine in Geneva.In 1963, the year of her seventieth birthday, she sold the business, which passed to the control of Alain Dufour and Giovanni Busino, two young historians with complementary skills whom she had personally selected. Publications (selection)

As author

 Notice sur un manuscrit ignoré de la Bibliothèque nationale : Imprimés, vélin 2231; XVe siècle in Romania, 1918–1919
 La correspondance poétique du rhétoriqueur Jehan Picart, bailli d'Ételan in la Revue du seizième siècle, 1921
 Jean Castel chroniqueur de France in le Bulletin philologique et historique, 1921
 Notice sur un recueil de louanges in Romania, 1923
 Poètes et musiciens du au XVe siècle, 1924 (with G. Thibault)
 Pierre de Nesson et ses œuvres, 1925 (with A. Piaget)
 Un chansonnier de Philippe le Bon in la Revue de Musicologie, 1926 (with G. Thibault)
 Les sept Pseaumes penitenciaulx et Letanie en françoys (with Cl. Dalbanne), 1926
 Relation du souper offert par le duc Sigismond d'Autriche aux commissaires bourguignons, Thann, 21 juin 1469 in Mélanges de philologie et d'histoire offerts à M. Antoine Thomas, 1927
 L'imprimerie à Vienne en Dauphiné au XVe siècle, 1930 (with Cl. Le carme Jean Bodin, hérétique in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et renaissance, 1948
 Les dernières années de Clément Marot : d'après des poèmes inédits (with P.-P. Plan), ibid. L'Inventaire après décès des biens d'Agrippa d'Aubigné in Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 1949
 Jean de Sponde et Pascal de l'Estocart in Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 1951
 Les ancêtres suisses de Guillaume Apollinaire in Revue de Suisse, 1952
 Simon Goulart, éditeur de musique in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1952
 Claude Baduel, traducteur de Bucer in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1955
 Les Étudiants français de Bâle in Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance, 1958
 Une impression inconnue de Pierre de Vingle : les Prières et oraisons de la Bible, Lyon : 19 août 1530, ibid. Autour de l'affaire Morély : La Roche Chandieu et Barth. Berton suivi de À propos du retour de Henri III de Pologne in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1960
 Barthélemy Berton : 1563–1573, 1960
 La veuve Berton et Jean Portau : 1573–1589, 1960
 Note sur les impressions genevoises transportées par Hernández in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1960
 L'imprimeur de l'Histoire ecclésiastique, 1580 : Jean de Laon, ibid.Fausses adresses in Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance, 1961
 Complément à la bibliographie de Pierre Haultin, ibid. 236–249. Dalbanne), 1927
 Joan Evans, La civilisation en France au Moyen Âge, 1930
 François Villon, Deux manuscrits : Bibliothèque nationale, fonds français 1661 et 20041 (with A. Jeanroy), 1932
 Le recueil Trepperel (with H. Lewicka), 1935–1961
 Joachim Du Bellay, Les antiquitez de Rome et Les regrets, 1945
 Alain Chartier, Le Quadrilogue invectif , 1950
 La farce du pauvre Jouhan : pièce comique du XVe siècle (with M. Roques), 1959
 Agrippa d'Aubigné, Le printemps : Stances et Odes'', 1972

Honours (selection)
 1951 Docteur honoris causa, University of Geneva
 1964 Docteur honoris causa, University of Lausanne
 Docteur honoris causa, University of Cologne
 The reading room of the Public and University Library of Geneva, constructed in 1905, carries her name. References

People from La Chaux-de-Fonds
People from the canton of Neuchâtel
People from Geneva
Romance philologists
University of Neuchâtel alumni
École pratique des hautes études alumni
20th-century publishers (people)
Swiss publishers (people)
20th-century Swiss women writers
20th-century Swiss businesspeople
1893 births
1976 deaths

masks:
Eugénie Droz
Eugénie Zahn
Laure Eugénie Zahn
E Droz
Droz
Eugénie
Eugénie
Droz
Eugénie
Droz


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<mask> (November 12, 1928 – November 12, 2017) was an American political adviser to Lyndon B. Johnson, and an organizer for the Democratic Party. He became the Senate's Secretary to the Majority Leader. In 1963, he resigned during an investigation by the Democratic-controlled Senate into <mask>'s business and political activities. The investigation included allegations of bribery and arranging sexual favors in exchange for Congressional votes and government contracts. The Senate investigation looked into the financial activities of <mask> and Lyndon Johnson during the 1950s. The investigation of Lyndon Johnson as part of the <mask> investigation was later dropped after President Kennedy's assassination and Johnson's ascension to the presidency. <mask> was born in Pickens, South Carolina, the son of the town postmaster, and lived in a house on Hampton Avenue.He attended Pickens Elementary and Pickens High School, until he was 14 years old, when he received an appointment as a U.S. Senate page, with the help of Harold E. Holder. In 1942, <mask> became a page for Senator Burnet Maybank, and quickly became friends with several important Democrats. When Lyndon Johnson was elected to the Senate in 1948, John Connally took <mask> in to introduce him to Senator-elect Johnson. Johnson jumped up and said, 'Mr. <mask>, they tell me you're the smartest son of a bitch over there.' I said, 'Well, whoever told you that lied.' I said, 'I know all of the staff on our side.I know who the drunks are. And I know whose word is good.' He said, 'You're the man I want to know.' So they became great friends. After Senator McFarland became the [Majority] Leader and Senator Johnson the Whip, Johnson talked Senator McFarland into making <mask> the assistant Secretary for the Majority." <mask> quickly became Johnson's protégé. <mask> was eventually promoted to Secretary to the Majority Leader in 1953, who at the time was a Democrat; this was his highest-ranking official position, as well as the position from which he would later resign.Prior to resigning, <mask> had been a major power on Capitol Hill. He resigned due to allegations of misconduct and a well-publicized scandal involving government contracts. He later served 18 months in prison for tax evasion. In 1978, he coauthored a memoir entitled Wheeling and Dealing, with Larry L. King. Scandal
<mask> frequently mixed politics with personal business. He was one of the initiators and the treasurer of the Quorum Club, located in the Carroll Arms Hotel adjacent to a Senate office building. The society was a place for lawmakers and other influential men to meet for food, drink, and ladies, away from the press that were constantly downstairs in the hotel lobby.<mask> contends that, "The Quorum Club, of all the things I was involved in, it is the most insignificant thing. It was located in the Carroll Arms Hotel. When they first put it together, they asked me to get attorney Ernie Tucker to draw up the papers, which he did. The Quorum Club was a place where a guy wanted to get away, you know, from being at the bar downstairs at the Carroll Arms, where there were too many reporters or too many gawkers. It was an easy place for a lobbyist to get together with a Senator, or a Senator's girlfriend. ... I was very close to all the administrative assistants and legislative assistants.I would say 90% were like me. [We] All had girlfriends. And the Quorum Club was a place that you could be met there and nobody would know about it. It was a social club. One time I was in there and Ellen Rometsch was at my table. She was as pretty as Elizabeth Taylor. She was married to a sergeant in the German Army, but stationed at their embassy in Washington.She was sort of like me. She was ambitious. She'd come from Germany broke." <mask> alleged that one of "President Kennedy's best friends and his wingman, [lobbyist] Bill Thompson was there too, and he came over to me and he said, 'where in the hell did you get this beautiful girl?' And Bill Thompson asked me if she could go have dinner with the President. So I arranged for Ellen Rometsch to go to Bill Thompson's apartment and he took her to the White House on many occasions." Rometsch was of German origin.As a youth, she had been a Socialist Unity Party member in East Germany before fleeing with her parents and then coming to the United States. In 1962, <mask> established the Serv-U Corporation with his friend, Fred Black. The company was designed to provide vending machines for companies working for programs established under federal grants. Though a part of numerous other deals involving both politics and private financial affairs, this particular business venture would cause a scandal. In November 1962, electronic microphones ("bugs") in Ed Levinson's office at the Fremont Hotel in Las Vegas picked up references to <mask>. The FBI agent notified FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover of the references early in 1963 because, "I thought it was important for Washington to be aware of the possible political influence of Ed Levinson." Levinson and Benjamin Seigelbaum arranged with an Oklahoma City bank for a $400,000 start-up loan for the Serv-U Corporation to buy equipment and supplies.The Serv-U Corporation deal became the subject of allegations of conflict of interest and corruption after a disgruntled former government contractor, represented by David Carliner, sued <mask> and Black in civil court. That lawsuit eventually generated a great deal of press. In September 1963, an investigation was begun by the Republican-led Senate Rules Committee into <mask>'s business and political activities. <mask> was investigated for allegations of bribery using money allocated by Congress and arranging sexual favors in exchange for votes and government contracts. Under increasing criticism, <mask> resigned as Secretary to the Majority Leader on October 7, 1963. According to author Evan Thomas, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, President Kennedy's younger brother, was able to arrange a deal with J. Edgar Hoover to quell mention of the Rometsch allegations in the Senate investigation of <mask>. Hoover successfully limited the Senate investigation of <mask> by threatening to release embarrassing information about senators contained in FBI files.In exchange for this favor, Robert Kennedy assured Hoover that his job as FBI Director was secure. Robert Kennedy also agreed to allow the FBI to proceed with wiretaps that Hoover had requested on Martin Luther King Jr. to try to prove King's close confidants and advisers were communists. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so", Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. Even though Lyndon Johnson was not involved in <mask>'s business dealings after 1960, the Senate investigation looked into their questionable financial activities in the 1950s. This was such a problem for Johnson that there were rumors he would be dropped from the 1964 presidential ticket. After word of the assassination of John F. Kennedy reached Washington on November 22, 1963, the Senate investigation was delayed. Thereafter, any investigation of Lyndon Johnson as part of the <mask> investigation was dropped.<mask>, however, was convicted of tax evasion and spent 18 months in prison. In the 1964 presidential election, Republican candidate Senator Barry Goldwater in speeches and campaign materials brought up the <mask> scandal as an issue against Johnson, demanding Johnson bring the issue out into the open. Death
In 2017, <mask> died on his 89th birthday in St. Augustine, Florida. Notes and references

Bibliography
 Robert A. Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate (2002)
 Robert A. Caro, Lyndon Johnson: Passage of Power (2012)
 <mask> with Larry L. King, Wheeling and Dealing: Confessions of a Capitol Hill Operator (1978)

1928 births
2017 deaths
American memoirists
American people convicted of tax crimes
People from Pickens, South Carolina
South Carolina Democrats
Writers from South Carolina

masks:
Robert Gene Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Life Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Bobby Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Bobby Baker
Baker
Bobby Baker


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<mask> (4 February 186728 January 1941) was a prolific author of serial fiction and melodramatic novels. She married fellow writer Robert Leighton and her most famous work Convict 99 was written jointly with him. However her writing income was far in excess of his. Paternity and birth
While most sources describe <mask> as the daughter of James Nenon <mask> (183521 June 1897) this is not accurate as <mask>'s mother Elizabeth Ann Treglown (c. 184216 April 1908) had a different husband when <mask> was born and only married <mask> in the first quarter of 1869, when <mask> was already two years old. While Elizabeth Anne Treglown was living at Camborne, Cornwall, with her parents, Josiah Henry Harris (c. 184818 April 1917), a newspaper reporter, visited her and courted her. He was accepted as her fiancé by her family and the couple had been engaged for some time. In April 1865, the pair travelled to Paris, and were married there, on 6 April 1865, at the English Episcopal Church, in the presence of the British Ambassador.The marriage had been a surprise to the family, and Harris had announced it by letter. The new couple returned to England, and lived with Elizabeth's parents in Camborne, but after a week, Harris walked out, without saying where he was going. Elizabeth found that he had gone to Bristol and joined him there, but after a time, he again left, this time for Torquay. She joined him in Torquay, but after a time, he again deserted her. By now, her family had moved to Montpelier in Bristol, where Elizabeth gave birth to her daughter at 7 York Road, on 4 February 1867, initially registered as Martha Annie, but later known as <mask>. Elizabeth registered the birth at Clifton on 13 February 1867. Elizabeth was running a school in Montpelier with her sisters Mary Ann (c. 1851 August 1913)and Ellen (c. 1845) while living with her mother.Josiah seemed fond of the child, caressed it, and treated it as his own. However, after Josiah had again failed in his promises of support for his wife and child, they entered the Workhouse at Clifton, Bristol, on 30 April 1867. The parish authorities, who were responsible for the Workhouse, sought a warrant to arrest Harris for failing to support his wife. Josiah was arrested at Merthyr in South Wales where he worked for The Merthyr Telegraph. He was tried on 9 May 1867 at Bristol Police Court. Josiah's defence was that he was not liable for maintenance as the couple were not legally married. There was some discussion of this, and the court held, that until a superior court determined that there was no marriage, Josiah was liable.Josiah met with the parish authorities and came to an agreement to pay maintenance. The case was suspended for a month to ensure that he followed through on this promise. It was understood that proceedings to set aside the marriage would be taken in another court. In the first quarter of 1869, Elizabeth married widower James Nenon <mask> in Kensington.. James was a widower, his first wife Eziza Jones (c. 1828May 1864) had died five years earlier. Elizabeth described herself as a widow on the marriage certificate. They had one child themselves, Valentine Alexander Nenon <mask> (5 June 187510 May 1927), who emigrated to Canada and worked an engineer there before dying of stomach cancer and pneumonia in Toronto. Early life
Her step-father had sold his commission in the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot and so lost his pension, to that the family lived a hand to mouth existence, living the high life when in funds and hiding out in a small house in St John's Wood when creditors became too insistent.Clare Leighton's biography of <mask> states that <mask> had a strange upbringing. Neither her mother or father had much interest in her and she was left to her own devices. She copied an entire novel by hand and sent it to a London publisher, who recognised it, and was so puzzled by the childish handwriting that he visited to find out who was responsible. Her next project was writing names and random from a street directory and sending anonymous letters, warning the recipients that their wives or husbands were being unfaithful with people whose names and addresses she had also picked at random. Clare Leighton also related what <mask> told her children about her first love affair. When she was ten, <mask> fell in love with a window-cleaner, a married father of eight. Their correspondence was discovered and the window cleaner threatened with the law.<mask>'s parents packed her off to a convent in France where she fell in love with the Mother Superior and the Priest and became a devout Catholic for the rest of her life. After returning from France, <mask> got stage-struck, falling in love with the actor Wilson Barrett (18461904), and writing poems inspired by him. Her parents decided that the only cure was to give her a taste of the stage, so she went on tour with Barrett, chaperoned by one of her maternal aunts. The experience cured her of her love of the theatre. Early writing
<mask> published her first novel Beauty's Queen, a three-volume melodrama, in 1884 when she was 17.The Graphic, after noting that the novel "contains some very remarkable incidents indeed" concluded by saying "The novel is tragical to the highest pitch. All the characters of any consequence are left dead except one little boy, who, it is cordially to be hoped, grows up to meet with more ordinary experiences. The story is altogether ridiculously impossible, and is told in a style of sentimental exaggeration to which no description can do any sort of justice."Sutherland calls this book "An extraordinary mishmash of romantic and religious passion" and said that "it provoked most reviewers to sarcastic drollery", but that "women readers liked it." Marriage and children
<mask> quickly followed up with another and had published five novels before her marriage to Robert Leighton (5 June 185811 May 1934). Born in Scotland but growing up in Liverpool, Leighton moved to London in 1879 and began working for Young Folks magazine as an assistant editor. Leighton was the editor from 1884 to 1885. <mask> was a contributor to the magazine. In 1886 Leighton left Little Folks to move to the Bristol Observer, but returned to London in 1887. Kemp and Mitchell state that the <mask> and Leighton eloped to Scotland, but the UK marriage records show that they got married in Marylebone, London in the first quarter of 1889.It is clear that they did elope. <mask>'s mother traced her to a hotel in Fleet Street, and was only placated when the couple were able to show her their marriage certificate. The family lived at 'Vallombrosa' at 40 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, London, where they led a chaotic bohemian existence. Every summer they migrated to a turreted seaside cliff-top villa at Lowestoft in Suffolk. <mask> and her husband had four children:
Their first child was accidentally smothered in infancy by a nurse. Roland Aubrey Leighton (27 March 189523 December 1915), a poet who was killed in the First World War. He was Vera Brittain's fiancé and features largely in Testament of Youth, the first instalment of her memoirs.He was his mother's favourite. "He is the only one of my children who is beautiful enough to be worth dressing" her daughter reports her as saying. His mother's love for him "stopped just short of idolatry". <mask> was devastated when Roland was killed and published an anonymous memoir of him as Boy of My Heart in 1916. Clare Leighton (12 April 18984 November 1989), a writer and artist. She wrote several novels as well as the biography of her mother, and was a noted wood engraver. <mask> had been dismissive of Clare's looks, ambitions and talents.Evelyn Ivor Robert Leighton (31 May 190121 October 1969) was destined from boyhood for the Navy. He joined the navy on 15 January 1915, and remained in the Navy after the Great War, being posted to the Royal Australian Navy for a while, and marrying an English bride while he was there. Works
The following is a list, principally drawn from the Jisc Library Hub Discover collated catalogue. One title not listed on the Jisc catalogues was found in the list of titles on Holland's blog about <mask>. The notes indicate if and where online copies of the texts can be found. Convict 99
<mask> continued to churn out novels after her marriage, writing four in total with Leighton, including her most successful work Convict 99. A true story of penal servitude.Sutherland describes this as: "a powerful anti-prison tract which became their best-known work. It has a highly sensational plot in which the hero, Laurence Gray, is framed by a rival in love on false charges of embezzlement and murder. Sent to Grimley Prison as Convict 99 on a life sentence, Laurence suffers various indignities before escaping and proving his innocence. The force of the book lies in its graphic and credible depictions of life in jail (particularly the part played by corporal punishment, or the ‘cat’)." The story was published first as a serial in Answers one of the publications produced by Alfred Harmsworth (18651922), for whom both <mask> and Leighton worked. It was published by Grant Richards in London. Quoting Grant Richards, the head of that publishing house, Kemp and Mitchell say that Convict 99 was hugely successful as a serial and was used time and again in different papers, but that it never attract as large a public in book form.Kemp and Mill also say that Convict 99 was <mask>'s greatest success. Few of <mask>'s novels were illustrated, and even those which had any illustration usually only had a front-piece. This was normal for novels intended for adults. However Convict 99, like the first three books jointly written with Leighton, was illustrated. The eight illustrations below were made by Stanley L. Wood (1866-1928), and are from the online copy at The British Library. Later life
Clare Leighton says of her mother that "all men fell in love with her". During her childhood, she relates, there were three men who, with her father, were in love with her mother.Roland called them "Mother's Old Men". From 1891 both <mask> and Leighton worked for Alfred Harmsworth, he as an editor, and she as a writer of serial fiction. Harmsworth put his editors in their place when she was pregnant, and they were worried about a delayed installment, telling them that <mask> would go on just the same even if she were about to give birth to triplets the next day. Many of <mask>'s stories were, like Convict 99 serialised first in Harmsworth's Answers. From 1896 <mask> and Leighton were writing almost exclusively for Harmsworth's Daily Mail. <mask> continued to produce "potboiling crime stories" sometimes include female heroines. The Times said that her stories were "of the crude, rapidly-moving type, that a pre-cinema public read with approval and delight".<mask> published her last novel in 1937, but in practical terms she had given up all serious writing in the 1920s. <mask> died in hospital in Aylsbury, on 28 January 1941. Leighton had died seven years earlier. Mark Bostridge says that <mask> "was the archetypal romantic novelist", that she was eccentric and larger than life. Perhaps the best summary comes from the sub-title of her daughter's biography, <mask> was an invincible Edwardian. Notes

References

External links

Books by <mask> available online at the British Library. Books by <mask> in the collated catalogues of the Jisc Discover Library Hub.Tempestuous Petticoat, Clare Leighton's biography of <mask>. British writers
British women writers
1867 births
1941 deaths

masks:
Marie Connor Leighton
Connor
Alexander Connor
Marie
Connor
James Nenon Alexander Connor
Marie Connor
Marie
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Marie
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor


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<mask> (born October 10, 1949) is a Chicago photographer and composer. His photography is concerned with natural form and line and his music is theatrical, technology-based work sourced from liturgical and folk traditions. <mask> first earned critical acclaim for his work defining a Chicago style of new music theater and opera as the creator and producer of
many full-length original works for the American Ritual Theater Company (ARTCO). Concurrent with these projects, and subsequently, <mask>’s opera, music theater,
dance, orchestra, chorus, and electro-acoustic works have been commissioned and
performed by companies including The Minnesota Opera Company, The New Music
Theater Ensemble of Minneapolis, INTAR Hispanic American Cultural Center, The
Goodman Theater, Hartford Stage and The Music Theatre Group. <mask>’s recently
completed Unquiet Myths, a suite of electro-acoustic pieces was commissioned by The
Ellen Sinopoli Dance Company for Spill Out!, which premiered in 2006 and is scheduled
to begin a national tour this year. <mask> received a PhD in music composition
from the Eastman School of Music, and has received support from many foundations
including the National Institute for Music Theater, the Djerassi Foundation, the Yaddo
Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Illinois and New York State Arts
Councils and The MacArthur Foundation. <mask> has three sisters including a twin sister, <mask>, <mask> duPont and  <mask>.He also has two brothers, <mask> and <mask>. Chicago, IL

Music: Selected Works

Operas and Music Theatre
 2000        Heroism with Frederick Feirstein, Nassau Community College, New York
 1997 	  The Bacchae Harvard University, Katherine Walker, Music Theater Group, New York
 1995 	  Extraordinary Measures with Eve Ensler, Music Theater Group, New York
 1993 	El Greco INTAR Hispanic American Arts Center, New York
 1992 	Martin Guerre (Orchestrations) with Roger Ames Hartford Stage, Hartford
 1992 	Cooking the World with Bob Berkey Music Theater Group, New York
 1989 	Snow Leopard Minnesota Opera Company, Minneapolis
 1987 	Tantracidal Mania Minnesota Opera Company, Minneapolis
 1986 	Peyote Roadkill ARTCO, Chicago
 1983 	John Ball Shot Them All N.A.M.E. Gallery, Chicago

Recordings
 2006   Unquiet Myths, A collection of electro-acoustic pieces
 2005	   Requiem, Mass for chorus, SATB and electronic accompaniment
 2004	   Marlidendur, Music for strings, percussion, and boys choir
 2002	   The Banjo of Death Sleeping, Three electro-acoustic pieces
 2000	   El Greco, Opera

Works for Orchestra
 1999 	Marlidendur Gudmundur Emilsson, The Baltic Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, Reykjavik
 1997 	Scenes from the Valley of the Black Pig  Full Orchestra, ARTCO, Chicago
 1996 	Requiem Mass Chorus, Orchestra and Alto Solo, Harle & Ken Montgomery Foundation
 1994 	Seasons of the Heart Song for Soprano Solo and String Orchestra. Texts by Bernardo Solano, INTAR, New York. 1990 	Marouska Variations Full Orchestra, ARTCO, Chicago

Dance, Film, and Incidental Music
 2012-13   Reflections on the way o the Gallows - Eight films and a Dark Tourism project by Collette Copeland
 2006     Unquiet Myths for Spill Out! Ellen Sinopoli Dance Company, Troy
 1992 	Words Divine INTAR Hispanic American Arts Center, New York
 1987 	Waiting in the Dark For Bay Area Playwrights, Mill Valley
 1986 	Changing Habits WTTW-TV, Chicago
 1986 	Macando Dreiske Performance Ensemble, Chicago
 1985 	Illinois Turner Broadcasting, Atlanta
 1985 	Light Kanopy Dance Theater, Madison
 1984 	Crimson Cowboy (Opera/Dance Work) ARTCO, Chicago
 1984 	Julius Caesar Alliance Theater, Atlanta
 1984 	Red River The Goodman Theater, Chicago
 1983 	Dead Birds (Opera/Dance Work) ARTCO, Chicago
 1983 	Calyx Columbia Dance Center, Chicago
 1983 	I've Known Rivers (Dance/Opera Work) MoMing, Chicago

References
 Link to Center for Fine Art Photography show Water! NPR report on Harper's photography show at Flatfile Gallery, Chicago
 Art Institute Faculty Bio
 NY Times review of Harper's opera, El Greco
 NY Times review of Extraordinary Measures
  NY Times review of Words Divine
 NY Times review of "I've Known Rivers"
 William Harper, Requiem Survey
 Chicago Tribune Article about Harper's opera, El Greco
 Chicago Tribune review of Harper's opera Peyote Roadkill
 List of composers who have spent time at Yaddo
  NY Times article about Marlidendur
  Recordings by the Riga Dome Boys Choir
 Playlist - Classical Discoveries 04/06/05
 Summary of News in Latvia 11/99 - See Calendar of Arts Events
  21st Century Music calendar entry for Voyages Concert 11/9/99
  Brown University Press release on Voyages Festival 11/99
 Prayer Wheels Into Turbines (William Harper's Snow Leopard) - Kyle Gann, Village Voice December 19, 1989 (Vol.XXXIV No. 51, p. 84)
 Dad Was an Old Master (<mask>'s El Greco) - Kyle Gann, Village Voice October 12, 1993 (Vol. XXXVIII No. 41, p. 82)
 Link to doctoral dissertation: Olivier Messiaen's Et Exspecto Resurrectionem Mortuorum

External links
 .mp3s available from Amazon.com
 <mask> music website
 <mask> - Photography website
http://whharper.tumblr.com O Vos Omnes - Blog

American male composers
21st-century American composers
American photographers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1949 births
21st-century American male musicians

masks:
William Harper
Harper
Harper
Harper
William Harper
Harper
Jessica Harper
Lindsay Harper
Diana Harper
Sam Harper
Charles Harper
William Harper
William Harper
William Harper


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<mask>  (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. <mask> made many substantial contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948, the German scientific institution Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which <mask> was twice president) was renamed Max Planck Society (MPG). The MPG now includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions. Life and career

<mask> came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor at the University of Kiel and Munich. One of his uncles was also a judge.<mask> was born in 1858 in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius <mask> and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptized with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx <mask>; of his given names, Marx (a now obsolete variant of Markus or maybe simply an error for <mask>, which is actually short for <mask>) was indicated as the "appellation name". However, by the age of ten he signed with the name <mask> and used this for the rest of his life. He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. War was common during <mask>'s early years  and among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Second Schleswig War in 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and <mask> enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy.<mask> graduated early, at age 17. This is how <mask> first came in contact with the field of physics. <mask> was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics. The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised <mask> against going into physics, saying, "In this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." <mask> replied that he did not wish to discover new things, but only to understand the known fundamentals of the field, and so began his studies in 1874 at the University of Munich.Under Jolly's supervision, <mask> performed the only experiments of his scientific career, studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum, but transferred to theoretical physics. In 1877, he went to the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin for a year of study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry and monotonous. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Clausius's writings, which led him to choose thermodynamics as his field. In October 1878, <mask> passed his qualifying exams and in February 1879 defended his dissertation, Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the second law of thermodynamics). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.By the year 1880, <mask> had obtained the two highest academic degrees offered in Europe. The first was a doctorate degree after he completed his paper detailing his research and theory of thermodynamics. He then presented his thesis called Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures), which earned him a habilitation. Academic career
With the completion of his habilitation thesis, <mask> became an unpaid Privatdozent (German academic rank comparable to lecturer/assistant professor) in Munich, waiting until he was offered an academic position. Although he was initially ignored by the academic community, he furthered his work on the field of heat theory and discovered one after another the same thermodynamical formalism as Gibbs without realizing it. Clausius's ideas on entropy occupied a central role in his work. In April 1885, the University of Kiel appointed <mask> as associate professor of theoretical physics.Further work on entropy and its treatment, especially as applied in physical chemistry, followed. He published his Treatise on Thermodynamics in 1897. He proposed a thermodynamic basis for Svante Arrhenius's theory of electrolytic dissociation. In 1889, he was named the successor to Kirchhoff's position at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin – presumably thanks to Helmholtz's intercession – and by 1892 became a full professor. In 1907 <mask> was offered Boltzmann's position in Vienna, but turned it down to stay in Berlin. During 1909, as a University of Berlin professor, he was invited to become the Ernest Kempton Adams Lecturer in Theoretical Physics at Columbia University in New York City. A series of his lectures were translated and co-published by Columbia University professor A. P. Wills.He retired from Berlin on 10 January 1926, and was succeeded by Erwin Schrödinger. Family
In March 1887, <mask> married Marie Merck (1861–1909), sister of a school fellow, and moved with her into a sublet apartment in Kiel. They had four children: Karl (1888–1916), the twins Emma (1889–1919) and Grete (1889–1917), and Erwin (1893–1945). After the apartment in Berlin, the <mask> family lived in a villa in Berlin-Grunewald, Wangenheimstrasse 21. Several other professors from University of Berlin lived nearby, among them theologian Adolf von Harnack, who became a close friend of <mask>. Soon the Planck home became a social and cultural center. Numerous well-known scientists, such as Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner were frequent visitors.The tradition of jointly performing music had already been established in the home of Helmholtz. After several happy years, in July 1909 <mask> died, possibly from tuberculosis. In March 1911 <mask> married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin (1882–1948); in December his fifth child Hermann was born. During the First World War <mask>'s second son Erwin was taken prisoner by the French in 1914, while his oldest son Karl was killed in action at Verdun. Grete died in 1917 while giving birth to her first child. Her sister died the same way two years later, after having married Grete's widower. Both granddaughters survived and were named after their mothers.<mask> endured these losses stoically. In January 1945, Erwin, to whom he had been particularly close, was sentenced to death by the Nazi Volksgerichtshof because of his participation in the failed attempt to assassinate Hitler in July 1944. Erwin was executed on 23 January 1945. Professor at Berlin University
As a professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, <mask> joined the local Physical Society. He later wrote about this time: "In those days I was essentially the only theoretical physicist there, whence things were not so easy for me, because I started mentioning entropy, but this was not quite fashionable, since it was regarded as a mathematical spook". Thanks to his initiative, the various local Physical Societies of Germany merged in 1898 to form the German Physical Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, DPG); from 1905 to 1909 <mask> was the president. <mask> started a six-semester course of lectures on theoretical physics, "dry, somewhat impersonal" according to Lise Meitner, "using no notes, never making mistakes, never faltering; the best lecturer I ever heard" according to an English participant, James R. Partington, who continues: "There were always many standing around the room.As the lecture-room was well heated and rather close, some of the listeners would from time to time drop to the floor, but this did not disturb the lecture." <mask> did not establish an actual "school"; the number of his graduate students was only about 20, among them:

1897 <mask> (1875–1922)
1903 <mask> Laue (1879–1960)
1904 Moritz Schlick (1882–1936)
1906 Walther Meissner (1882–1974)
1907 Fritz Reiche (1883–1960)
1912 Walter Schottky (1886–1976)
1914 Walther Bothe (1891–1957)

Black-body radiation
In 1894, <mask> turned his attention to the problem of black-body radiation. The problem had been stated by Kirchhoff in 1859: "how does the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body (a perfect absorber, also known as a cavity radiator) depend on the frequency of the radiation (i.e., the color of the light) and the temperature of the body?". The question had been explored experimentally, but no theoretical treatment agreed with experimental values. Wilhelm Wien proposed Wien's law, which correctly predicted the behaviour at high frequencies, but failed at low frequencies. The Rayleigh–Jeans law, another approach to the problem, agreed with experimental results at low frequencies, but created what was later known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe" at high frequencies. However, contrary to many textbooks, this was not a motivation for <mask>.<mask>'s first proposed solution to the problem in 1899 followed from what <mask> called the "principle of elementary disorder", which allowed him to derive Wien's law from a number of assumptions about the entropy of an ideal oscillator, creating what was referred to as the Wien–Planck law. Soon it was found that experimental evidence did not confirm the new law at all, to <mask>'s frustration. <mask> revised his approach, deriving the first version of the famous Planck black-body radiation law, which described the experimentally observed black-body spectrum well. It was first proposed in a meeting of the DPG on 19 October 1900 and published in 1901. This first derivation did not include energy quantisation, and did not use statistical mechanics, to which he held an aversion. In November 1900 <mask> revised this first approach, relying on Boltzmann's statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics as a way of gaining a more fundamental understanding of the principles behind his radiation law. As <mask> was deeply suspicious of the philosophical and physical implications of such an interpretation of Boltzmann's approach, his recourse to them was, as he later put it, "an act of despair ...I was ready to sacrifice any of my previous convictions about physics". The central assumption behind his new derivation, presented to the DPG on 14 December 1900, was the supposition, now known as the Planck postulate, that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form, in other words, the energy could only be a multiple of an elementary unit:

where  is <mask>'s constant, also known as <mask>'s action quantum (introduced already in 1899), and  is the frequency of the radiation. Note that the elementary units of energy discussed here are represented by  and not simply by . Physicists now call these quanta photons, and a photon of frequency  will have its own specific and unique energy. The total energy at that frequency is then equal to  multiplied by the number of photons at that frequency. At first <mask> considered that quantisation was only "a purely formal assumption ... actually I did not think much about it ..."; nowadays this assumption, incompatible with classical physics, is regarded as the birth of quantum physics and the greatest intellectual accomplishment of <mask>'s career (Ludwig Boltzmann had been discussing in a theoretical paper in 1877 the possibility that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete). The discovery of <mask>'s constant enabled him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants upon which much of quantum theory is based.In recognition of <mask>'s fundamental contribution to a new branch of physics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1918 (he actually received the award in 1919). Subsequently, <mask> tried to grasp the meaning of energy quanta, but to no avail. "My unavailing attempts to somehow reintegrate the action quantum into classical theory extended over several years and caused me much trouble." Even several years later, other physicists like Rayleigh, Jeans, and Lorentz set <mask>'s constant

masks:
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Wilhelm Planck
Planck
Max
Maximilian
Max
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Marie Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Max Abraham
Max von
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Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck
Planck