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<mask> (born June 19, 1926) is an American historian who specializes in modern Europe, diplomatic history, and the Holocaust, and is currently the Dayton-Stockton Professor of History, Emeritus, at Princeton University. Early life and academic career
<mask> was born into a middle-class family in Luxembourg on 19 June 1926. His father was a wholesaler who had studied at the University of Heidelberg and had strong social democratic and Zionist beliefs. <mask> described his family as "fully emancipated and largely acculturated Luxembourgian Jews". The family fled into France amid the German invasion on 10 May 1940 and reached the France–Spain border by Autumn 1940 but were turned back by Spanish border guards and were in the Vichy-controlled "Free Zone" after the Fall of France. The family succeeded in boarding a ship to Oran in French Algeria on 18 October 1940 but were prevented from entering Morocco because they lacked a visa and were house arrested for several weeks in Oudja. They secured visas for the United States on 22 November 1940 and arrived in New York during January 1941.His maternal grandparents who had refused to leave Luxembourg were deported to the Theresienstadt Ghetto where his grandfather died in December 1943. <mask> became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1944 and enlisted in the United States Army. During his time in the Army, he was trained at Camp Ritchie, Maryland and is recognized as one of the Ritchie Boys. He served as an intelligence officer and eventually became a morale officer for high-ranking German prisoners of war. He was discharged in 1946. He received his education at the City College of New York, the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva and Yale University. He has been professor at Wesleyan University (1952–53), Brandeis University (1954–58) and Harvard University (1958–61).He has taught at Princeton University since 1961. Views
A self-proclaimed "left dissident Marxist", <mask>'s major interests are in modernization theory and what he terms "The Thirty Years' Crisis" between 1914 and 1945. <mask> posits that Europe was characterized during the 19th century by a rapid economic modernization by industrialization and retardation of political change. He has argued that what he refers to as "The Thirty Years' Crisis" was caused by the problems of a dynamic new society produced by industrialization coexisting with a rigid political order. He feels that the aristocracy of all of the European countries had too much power, and it was their efforts to keep power that resulted in World War I, the development of fascism, World War II, and the Holocaust. In a 1967 essay "The Primacy of Domestic Politics", <mask> made a Primat der Innenpolitik ("primacy of domestic politics") argument for the origins of World War I. <mask> rejected the traditional Primat der Außenpolitik ("primacy of foreign politics") argument of traditional diplomatic history on the grounds that it failed to take into account that in <mask>'s opinion, all of the major European countries were in a "revolutionary situation" during 1914, and thus ignores what <mask> considers to be the crucial effect that domestic politics had on foreign-policy making elites. In <mask>'s opinion, during 1914, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was on the verge of civil war and massive industrial unrest, Italy had been experienced the Red Week of June 1914, the French Left and Right were almost warring with each other, Germany suffered from ever-increasing political strife, Russia was close to suffering a huge strike, and Austria-Hungary was confronted with increasing ethnic and class tensions.<mask> insists that liberalism and centrist ideologies in general were disintegrating due to the challenge from the extreme right in the UK, France and Italy while being a non-existent force in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. <mask> ended his essay by arguing that World War I should be best understood as a pre-emptive "counterrevolutionary" strike by ruling elites in Europe to preserve their power by distracting public attention to foreign affairs. <mask> argued in his Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking (1967), which won the American Historical Association's 1968 Herbert Baxter Adams Prize, that the Paris Peace Conference was a struggle between what he termed the "Old Diplomacy" of the alliance system, secret treaties and brutal power politics and the "New Diplomacy" as represented by Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Peace of 1917 and Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which <mask> considers as promoting peaceful and rational diplomacy. He described the world of 1919 as divided between the "forces of movement", representing liberal and left-wing forces, representing the "New Diplomacy" and the "forces of order", representing conservative and reactionary forces, representing the "Old Diplomacy". <mask> considers all foreign policy as basically a projection of domestic politics, and much of his writing on international relations is devoted towards explaining just what domestic lobby was exerting the most influence on foreign policy at that particular time. In <mask>'s opinion, the "New Diplomacy", associated with Lenin and Wilson, was associated also with Russia and America, both societies that <mask> has argued either had destroyed or lacked the partial "modernized" societies that characterized the rest of Europe. He sees the United States' diplomacy at Versailles as an attempt to establish a "new", but "counter-revolutionary" style of diplomacy against "revolutionary" Soviet diplomacy.<mask>'s opinion is that the greatest failure of the Treaty of Versailles was that it was a triumph for the "Old Diplomacy" with only minor elements of "New Diplomacy". According to <mask>, the irrational fears generated by the Russian Revolution resulted in an international system designed to contain the Soviet Union. A major influence on <mask> was the British historian E. H. Carr, who was his friend and mentor. In 1961, <mask> played a major role in the American publication of Carr's book What Is History? Many of <mask>'s writings concerning international affairs during the interwar era use the assumptions of Carr's 1939 book The Twenty Year's Crisis. In his 1981 book, The Persistence of the Old Regime, <mask> argued that there was an "umbilical cord" linking all events of European history from 1914 to 1945. In <mask>'s opinion, World War I was proof that "[t]hough losing ground to the forces of industrial capitalism, the forces of the old order were still sufficiently willful and powerful to resist and slow down the course of history, if necessary by recourse to violence."<mask> argued that because of its ownership of the majority of the land in Europe and the middle class were divided and undeveloped politically, the nobility continued as the dominant class in Europe. <mask> argued that challenged by a world in which it was losing their function, the aristocracy promoted reactionary beliefs such as those of Friedrich Nietzsche and Social Darwinism, together with a belief in dictatorship and fascist dictatorship in particular. In <mask>'s opinion, "It would take two world wars and the Holocaust […] finally to dislodge the feudal and aristocratic presumption from Europe's civil and political societies." In his 1988 book Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, <mask> argues that Adolf Hitler ordered the Final Solution in December 1941 in response to the realisation that the Wehrmacht could not capture Moscow, hence ensuring Nazi Germany's defeat by the Soviet Union. In <mask>'s opinion, the Judeocide (<mask>'s preferred term for the Holocaust) was the horrific climax of the "Thirty Years' Crisis" that had been raging in Europe since 1914. The book considers the Holocaust as primarily an expression of anti-communism:
Anti-Semitism did not play a decisive or even significant role in the growth of the Nazi movement and electorate. The appeals of Nazism were many and complex.People rallied to a syncretic creed of ultra-nationalism, Social Darwinism, anti-Marxism, anti-bolshevism, and anti-Semitism, as well as to a party program calling for the revision of Versailles, the repeal of reparations, the curb of industrial capitalism, and the establishment of a völkisch welfare state. <mask> stated that one purpose of his in writing Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? was to put an end to a "cult of remembrance" that, in his opinion, had "become overly sectarian". In his opinion, Hitler's war was first and foremost against the Soviets, not the Jews. According to <mask>, the original German plan was to defeat the Soviet Union, and then to deport all the Soviet Jews to a reservation behind the Urals. In regard to the functionalist-intentionalist divide that once pervaded Holocaust historiography, <mask>'s work can be considered as intermediate between the two schools. <mask> argues that there was no masterplan for genocide and that the Holocaust cannot be explained solely in regard to Hitler's world view.At the same time, <mask> agrees with intentionalist historians such as Andreas Hillgruber (with whom <mask> otherwise has little in common) in considering Operation Barbarossa and the Nazi crusade to annihilate "Judeo-Bolshevism" as major developments in the genesis of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question." Critical responses to Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? had hostile reviews. The British historian Richard J. Evans, in summing up their reviews of the book, noted that some of their more "printable" responses included: "a mockery of memory and history" and "bizarre and perverse." Two prominent critics of Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? were Daniel Goldhagen and Lucy Dawidowicz.Both questioned <mask>'s account of the murder of Jews during the early phases of World War II. They argued that the organized and systemic role of Nazis was much greater than <mask> stated. Both accused <mask> of attempting to rationalize the Holocaust and compared him to the right-wing historian Ernst Nolte. The American historian Peter Baldwin considered that Goldhagen had missed <mask>'s overall point about the association between the war against the Soviet Union and the Holocaust, while Guttenplan described their "distortion" of <mask>'s opinions as "disgraceful", noting also that
<mask> <mask>'s book opens with "A Personal Preface" telling of his own hair-raising escape from Luxembourg and occupied France, and of the fate of his grandfather, who refused to leave Luxembourg and died in Theresienstadt. Such personal bona fides didn't prevent the Anti-Defamation League from including <mask> in its 1993 "Hitler's Apologists: The Anti-Semitic Propaganda of Holocaust Revisionism", where his work is cited as an example of "legitimate historical scholarship which relativizes the genocide of the Jews." <mask>'s crime is to "have argued, with no apparent anti-Semitic motivation"—- note how the absence of evidence itself becomes incriminating—- "that though millions of Jews were killed during WWII, there was actually no premeditated policy for this destruction." Reviewers criticized <mask>'s account of the Holocaust as emphasizing Nazi anti-communism too much at the expense of antisemitism.Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer alleged that

when a Holocaust survivor such as <mask> J<mask> of Princeton University ... popularizes the nonsense that the Nazis saw in Marxism and bolshevism their main enemy, and the Jews unfortunately got caught up in this; when he links the destruction of the Jews to the ups and downs of German warfare in the Soviet Union, in a book that is so cocksure of itself that it does not need a proper scientific apparatus, he is really engaging in a much more subtle form of Holocaust denial. He in effect denies the motivation for murder and flies in the face of well-known documentation.

Much of the controversy around Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? was due to the simple fact that by this book the general public first learned of the functionalist opinion that there was not any masterplan for the Holocaust dating to the days when Hitler wrote Mein Kampf.Another controversy concerned what <mask> van Pelt termed <mask>'s "well-meant but ill-considered reflection on the causes of death in Auschwitz". <mask> had concluded as follows: "certainly at Auschwitz, but probably overall, more Jews were killed by so-called 'natural' causes than by 'unnatural' ones." This conclusion removed the lingering restraints—if any actually remained—preventing David Irving from publicly announcing he did not believe the gas chambers at Nazi camps like Auschwitz existed. Guttenplan termed <mask>'s musing on differences between 'natural' and 'unnatural' deaths, even if the terms were used in quotation marks, "indefensible". Holocaust deniers have often quoted out of context <mask>'s sentences in the book: "Sources for the study of the gas chambers are at once rare and unreliable".As the authors Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman have noted, the entire paragraph from which the sentence comes states that the SS destroyed the majority of the documentation relating to the operation of the gas chambers in the death camps, which is why <mask> feels that sources for the operation of the gas chambers are "rare" and "unreliable". Since 2001
<mask> has been very critical of the policies of the United States government. When interviewed for a 2003 documentary, he described the Roman Empire as a "tea party" in comparison to its American counterpart. <mask>'s book, Plowshares into Swords (2008) is an anti-Zionist and pro-Palestinian account of Israeli history, tracing what <mask> regards as the degradation of Jewry in general and Zionism in particular with respect to what <mask> considers as Israeli colonial aggression against the Palestinians. In a largely favorable review, the British writer Geoffrey Wheatcroft termed Plowshares into Swords an enlightening account of Israeli history that traces such people as Martin Buber, <mask>, Yeshayahu Leibowitz and, perhaps unexpectedly, <mask> and critiques the "chauvinistic and brutalising tendencies of Zionism". In a negative review of the book, British scholar Simon Goldhill said it was of little value as history and criticized <mask> for his political bias, arguing that <mask> ignored Arab acts and media rhetoric against Jewish settlers and Israelis, falsely portrayed the Six-Day War in 1967 as a "calculated imperialist plot", claimed that all Western criticism of the Islamic world for human rights issues is nothing more than self-interested, and described Arab feeling toward Jews buying property in Palestine in the 1920s as "righteous anger". Partial publications list

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 Chapters and journal articles

 References

 Notes

 Bibliography

Reprinted as "History As Ideology" in

 Further reading

 Blackbourn, David & Eley, Geoff.The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth Century German History, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984
 Hesse, Carla. Review: Revolutionary Historiography after the Cold War: <mask> <mask>'s "Furies" in the French Context, pp. 897–907 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 73, Issue #4, December 2001
 Lammers, Donald. "<mask> <mask> and the British Decision for War: 1914", pp. 137–65 from The Journal of British Studies, Volume 12, Issue #2, May 1973
 Loez, André & Offenstadt, Nicolas. "Un historien dissident? Entretien avec <mask> J. <mask>", pp.123–39 from Genèses, Volume 49, December 2002 (an interview of <mask> J. <mask> by two French scholars)
 Lowenberg, Peter. "<mask> <mask>'s 'Internal Causes and Purposes of War in Europe, 1870–1956': An Inadquate Model of Human Behavior, National Conflict and Historical Change", pp. 628–636 from Journal of Modern History, Volume 42, December 1970
 Lundgreen-Nielsen, Kay "The <mask> Thesis Reconsidered: The Poles and the Paris Peace Conference, 1919", pp. 68–102 from International History Review, Volume 7, 1985
 Perry, Matt. "<mask>, <mask> J. ", pp. 786–87 from The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, Volume 2, edited by Kelly Boyd, Volume 2, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing, 1999
 Righart, Hans."`Jumbo-History': perceptie, anachronisme en `hindsight' bij <mask> J. <mask> en Barrington Moore", pp. 285–95 from Theoretische Geschiedenis, Volume 17, 1990
 Rosenberg, William G. Review: Beheading the Revolution: <mask> <mask>'s "Furies", pp. 908–30 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 73, Issue #4, December 2001
 Thompson, E. P. The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays, London: Merlin Press, 1978
 Wiener, <mask>. "Marxism and the Lower Middle Class: A Response to <mask> <mask>", pp. 666–71 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 48, Issue #4, December 1976

 External links

"Beyond the Drumbeat: Iraq, Preventive War, 'Old Europe by A. J. <mask>, Monthly Review'', Vol. 54, No. 10 (March 2003)
"Techniques of Holocaust Denial: The Mayer Gambit"  by Mike Stein, The Nizkor Project

1926 births
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of Nazism
Jewish American historians
American male non-fiction writers
American Marxist historians
United States Army personnel of World War II
Historians of the Holocaust
American people of Luxembourgian-Jewish descent
Luxembourgian Jews
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
Wesleyan University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Princeton University faculty
United States Army officers
Naturalized citizens of the United States

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<mask> (Korean: 이진욱; born September 16, 1981) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading role in the romance series Glass Castle, the time-traveling series Nine (2013), romance series The Time We Were Not in Love and I Need Romance 2012, crime thriller series Voice (seasons 2–3), a Netflix apocalyptic horror series Sweet Home and a supporting role in the comedy film Miss Granny. Career

2000–2009: Education and career beginnings
<mask>-wook studied Environmental Engineering at Cheongju University and made a switch for acting. He began his career in the entertainment industry modelling in commercials. His first minor acting roles consist of General Hospital The Movie : A Thousand Days and the 2004 South Korean film Once Upon a Time in High School starring Kwon Sang-woo, Ahn Nae-sang, Joo Jin-mo, and Seo Dong-won. <mask> landed his first television acting role in the TV Movie, Bad Girl, in 2004 and later scored other roles in the television dramas Alone in Love, Someday, Smile Again, and Resurrection (South Korean TV series) starring Uhm Tae-woong. In 2006, <mask> starred in the South Korean film A Dirty Carnival.<mask> achieved commercial success and Hallyu star status after his portrayal as the second male lead in the television series Air City where he went on to date his co-star Choi Ji-woo for three years. <mask> continued to land lead roles playing the president's son in Formidable Rivals, a plastic surgeon in the series Before and After, and a newly married chaebol in Glass Castle. He also made a cameo in The Road Home (South Korean TV series). 2009–2016: Military enlistment and further success
<mask> then served his two-year mandatory military service from May 6, 2009, to March 7, 2011, at the Defense Media Agency of the Ministry of National Defense. After his military discharge in 2011, <mask> starred in his comeback project, Myung-wol the Spy where he played a North Korean agent. He then went on to star in the romantic comedy drama I Need Romance 2012 alongside Jung Yu-mi. <mask> then landed his most high-profile role yet as a TV anchor named Park Sun-woo in the time-traveling romance Nine alongside Jo Yoon-hee.After receiving positive reception from his role in Nine, <mask> starred in a cinematic film for the first time in 7 years in the 2014 comedy Miss Granny. He then proceeded to land his first major big-screen role in the 2014 action film The Target, a remake of the 2010 French action movie Point Blank. After that,
<mask> then reunited with the writer and director of Nine in the television series The Three Musketeers, a period drama set during the Joseon era where he played Crown Prince Sohyeon. He continued to star in big-screen films, fantasy romantic comedy The Beauty Inside and the time-travel romance crime Time Renegade. <mask>'s appearance in The Beauty Inside as Woo-jin garnered headline attention in South Korea at the time of its cinematic release as the scene unveiling him as one of Woo-jin's reincarnations left all female audience members in the theatre exclaiming in awe of his appearance. In South Korean pop culture, it is considered one of the top legendary character unveilings in South Korean cinema. He then returned to the small screen with the South Korean remake of the Taiwanese drama In Time with You, The Time We Were Not in Love alongside Ha Ji-won.In 2016, <mask> starred in the crime drama, Goodbye Mr. Black, based on the manga of the same name. 2017–present: Transition in leading roles and reinvention
In 2017, <mask> was cast in three films; indie films A Tiger in Winter and Road to Utah; and romance thriller High Society. In 2018, <mask> returned to the small screen with successful crime dramas Return, and Voice season 2. The premiere of the second season of Voice set the record for the highest premiere viewership rating for an OCN original drama series. The second season of Voice continued on from the success of the first season, even exceeding first season ratings despite its shorter run. Due to its major success, Voice was picked up for a third season with <mask> reprising his role as Do Kang-woo. The third season of Voice continued to be just as successful as the second season.In 2019, <mask> signed an exclusive contract with BH Entertainment which houses many other top high-profile South Korean actors. In 2020, <mask> starred in Netflix original series Sweet Home, a webtoon-based drama about a secluded teen who lives cooped up in his room, scarred from memories of school violence, and experiences creepy events after moving to an apartment following the loss of his family. It premiered on Netflix Korea on December 18, 2020. On March 17, 2021, tvN released the full main cast for the drama, Bulgasal: Immortal Souls. <mask> Wook played Dan Hwal, a bulgasal who used to be human 600 years ago. He turns into a bulgasal during the Joseon dynasty while working as a military official and completing a mission to erase the remnants of the previous dynasty. “Bulgasal” is a fantasy drama that revolves around two characters.The first is a woman who has gone through several reincarnations over the course of 600 years and remembers all of her past lives, and the second is a man who has lived for over 600 years as a bulgasal—a mythical creature that feeds off human blood and is cursed with immortality. This drama is scheduled to air on December 18, 2021, and will be premier following Jirisan (TV series). It will also available for streaming on Netflix. On April 22, 2021, CJ ENM and TVing revealed a full cast for a new film with title, A Year-End Medley. <mask> will play as <mask>-Ho, a plastic surgeon who always appears at hotel’s lounge every Saturday night to wait for his destiny. A Year-End Medley centers around the people who come to Hotel Emrose, each with stories of their own, and build new relationships. A Year-End Medley is helmed by director Kwak Jae-yong of My Sassy Girl, and The Classic and produced by Hive Media Corp. of Inside Men, The Man Standing Next, and Deliver Us from Evil.Filming began on April 19, and the movie will be released in theaters and through TVing on December 29, 2021. On December 8, 2021, a news has been revealed that <mask> will have another drama project after Bulgasal: Immortal Souls. He will be the main character of Kakao TV's 'Marriage White Paper' and play as Seo Joon-hyung alongside with <mask>-hee.On January 1, 2022, BH Entertainment share the line up for upcoming of their actors activities on Instagram and Jinuk was confirmed to play in ‘Marriage White Paper’. The drama will start shooting on the second week of January and determine to broadcast in early March. Personal life

Relationships
After starring together in the 2007 South Korean television series, Air City, <mask> went on to date his co-star Choi Ji-woo for three years from 2009 to 2011. The pair cited excessive public and media attention as one of the reason for their split. In May 2014, <mask> was spotted out several times with actress Gong Hyo-jin and it was later confirmed by both their agencies that the pair were dating.However, three months after the confirmation of their dating news, it was revealed that the pair had broken-up. Filmography

Film

Television series

Variety show

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Awards and nominations

References

External links

 LEE JIN WOOK at BH Entertainment

People from Cheongju
21st-century South Korean male actors
South Korean male television actors
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1981 births
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<mask>, 1st Earl of Pembroke, 1st Baron Herbert of Cardiff  (c. 150117 March 1570) was a Tudor period nobleman, politician, and courtier. Herbert was the son of Sir Richard Herbert and Margaret Cradock. His father was an illegitimate son of <mask>, 1st Earl of Pembroke of the eighth creation (1468), by his mistress, Maud, daughter of Adam ap Howell Graunt. Early life
<mask>'s early life was distinguished by intense ambition coupled with an equally fierce temper and hot-headed nature. Described by John Aubrey as a "mad fighting fellow", the young Herbert began his career as a gentleman servant to the earl of Worcester. However, when a mercer called Vaughan was killed by Herbert, after an affray between some Welshmen and the watchmen for unknown reasons in Bristol, he fled to France. Upon arrival, he immediately joined the service of King Francis I as a soldier, earning a reputation for courage and great skill on the battlefield."In a short time he became eminent, and was favoured by the king, who afterwards recommended him to Henry VIII of England, who much valued him, and heaped favours and honours upon him". For his service to Henry, Herbert was granted the estates of Wilton, Remesbury, and Cardiff Castle, and his position as a man of means was secured. Herbert's first wife, Anne Parr, was sister of Queen consort Catherine Parr, sixth wife to Henry VIII. He rose with the Parrs after his sister-in-law's marriage and was knighted in 1544. He had been granted Wilton Abbey and other land by Henry VIII by 1544. He soon pulled down the abbey and built the first Wilton House in its place; the house continues to be the seat of his descendants. <mask>

Herbert was a guardian of the young King Edward VI after the death of Henry VIII in 1547.As an executor of Henry's will and the recipient of valuable grants of land, Herbert was a prominent and powerful person during Edward's reign, with both the protector Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset and his rival, John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, angling for his support. He threw in his lot with Northumberland, and after Somerset's fall obtained some of his lands in Wiltshire. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1549, and created Baron Herbert of Cardiff on 10 October 1551, and 1st Earl of Pembroke (of the tenth creation) the following day, by Edward VI. Herbert's eldest son and heir, Henry, married Lady Catherine Grey at Durham House on 25 May 1553, the same day as her sister, Lady Jane Grey, was married to Northumberland's son Guilford Dudley. The third couple married that day was Northumberland's youngest daughter, Katherine, to Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon. After the death of Edward VI, Herbert initially supported Northumberland's attempt to place Jane on the throne. When it became clear that Lady Mary Tudor would take the throne (as Mary I), he cast his daughter-in-law Catherine out of his house and had the marriage annulled.Lady Catherine's father and sister Jane were both executed for high treason in February 1554 by order of Queen Mary I. Herbert managed to distance himself from the Grey family after their fall, and obtained the new queen's favour by crushing Wyatt's rebellion. During the Italian War of 1551–1559, Herbert commanded the English army sent to France in support of Spain. His troops did not arrive in time for the Battle of St. Quentin (1557), but played a significant role in the capture of the city afterwards. <mask> was Mary's most effective commander in the war with France. Mary sometimes suspected <mask>'s loyalty, but he was employed as governor of Calais, as president of Wales and in other ways. He was also to some extent in the confidence of Philip II of Spain. The earl retained his place at court under Elizabeth I until 1569, when he was suspected of favouring the projected marriage between Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Duke of Norfolk.According to John Aubrey's very colourful Brief Life, he could "neither read nor write" but "had a stamp for his name." Aubrey wrote: "He was of good naturall parts, but very colericque. In Queen Mary's time, upon the return of the Catholique religion, the nunnes came again to Wilton Abbey; and this <mask>, Earl of Pembroke, came to the gate which lookes towards the court by the street, but now is walled up, with his cappe in his hand, and fell upon his knees to the Lady Abbess and nunnes, crying peccavi. Upon Queen Mary's death, the Earl came to Wilton (like a tigre) and turned them out crying, 'Out, ye jades! to worke, to worke—ye jades, goe spinne!'" Herbert had a secretary, Robert Streynsham, who lived in the parsonage in Ospringe (near Faversham in Kent). Herbert is reported to have had a close bond with his pet dog.Aubrey wrote that he "had a little cur-dog which loved him, and the earl loved the dog. When the earl died the dog would not go from his master's dead body, but pined away, and died under the hearse." Herbert's dog can be seen in the portrait at left. Arms

 1: Herbert with difference of a bordure componée gules bezantée and or, for illegitimacy of Sir Richard Herbert of Ewyas (d.1510), father of the 1st Earl);
 2: Sable, a chevron between three lance heads argent (Bleddin ap Maenarch) (per A.P. Shaw)
 3: Argent, three cockerels gules (Einion Sais and Gam, a Cradock heiress, per A.P. Shaw, "The Heraldic Stained Glass at Hassop Hall, co. Derby". Part I, published in Journal of the Derbyshire Archeological and Natural History Society; (Derbyshire Archaeological Journal), Volume 31, 1909, pp.191–220, esp. pp. 203–207, . [1]) (Source:[2])
 4: Argent, a lion rampant sable crowned or ("Arms of the valiant knight Sir John Morley", per File:Quarterings of 2nd Earl of Pembroke as recorded by York Herald, 1620.jpg, matched with File:Arms of 2nd Earl of Pembroke as recorded by York Herald, 1620.jpg)
 5: Gules (azure?) semée of cross-crosslets three boar's heads couped argent (Cradock, for his mother Margaret Cradock, heiress of Candleston Castle, Glamorgan; Cradock was heir of Horton))
 6: Argent, three bends engrailed gules a canton or (Horton of Candleston Castle, Glamorgan, and of Tregwynt, Pembrokeshire, heir of Cantilupe)
 7: Gules, three leopard's faces jessant-de-lys or (de Cantilupe of Candleston Castle, Glamorgan; as for Cantilupe (modern) feudal barons of Eaton Bray in Bedfordshire)

Marriages and issue
Herbert married twice:
Firstly to Anne Parr (b. 1515; d. 20 February 1552), the younger sister of Queen Catherine Parr, 6th and last wife of King Henry VIII, by whom he had progeny:
Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (c. 1539-1601), eldest son and heir, who in 1553 married Lady Catherine Grey. The marriage was annulled in 1554 and he married secondly Catherine Talbot, a daughter of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury.His third wife was Mary Sidney, a granddaughter of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, by whom he had issue, including <mask>, 3rd Earl of Pembroke and Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke. Sir Edward Herbert (1547–1595), who married Mary Stanley, a daughter of Sir Thomas Stanley, Under-Treasurer of the Mint, by whom he had issue including <mask>, 1st Baron Powis. Lady Anne Herbert (1550–1592), who in February 1562 married Francis, Lord Talbot, eldest son and heir apparent of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, whom he predeceased. There is no known issue from this marriage. Secondly he married Anne Talbot, a daughter of George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, and widow of Peter Compton. There was no issue from this marriage. Death
<mask> died on 17 March 1570, in Hampton Court.He was buried on 18 April 1570 in Old St Paul's Cathedral, where his first wife, Anne (Parr) Herbert, had been buried. His grave and monument were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. A modern monument in the crypt lists him as one of the important graves lost. References

Citations

Bibliography
G. E. Cokayne, Complete Peerage, 1910–1959

External links

Luminarium Encyclopedia: <mask>, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1501?–1570)

 |-

Place of birth missing
1500s births
1570 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
<mask>, 01st Earl of Pembroke (1551 creation)
1
Peers of England created by Edward VI
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Somerset
Lord-Lieutenants of Wiltshire
Members of the Privy Council of England
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
16th-century English politicians
Knights Bachelor

masks:
William Herbert
William Herbert
William Herbert
Earldom
Pembroke
Pembroke
William
William Herbert
William Herbert
William
William Herbert
William Herbert


text_chunks:
<mask> (29 February 1924 in Bad Waldsee, Württemberg, Germany – 18 April 2018 in Munich, Germany) was a German art historian specializing in Medieval French sculpture. From 1970 to 1989, he was director of the prestigious Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte, Munich. Life and work
The son of a late-Impressionist painter who disliked art historians, Sauerländer grew up in a house with works of old and modern art. Notwithstanding, he began studying art history in 1946, at a time when Munich was in ruins, the intellectual situation extremely truncated, and the center of everything the study of medieval art, in a curious kind of secular, "aesthetic mystical" spiritualism, which he did not like. He had his main focus on medieval sculpture and architecture with a strong focus on France, Nicolas Poussin, and the French 18th century, but at the same time he opposed Hans Sedlmayr for his reactionary fundamentalist views. He received his Ph.D. in art history at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich in 1953 under Hans Jantzen. After leaving university, he went to Paris for five years.During their early Paris years Sauerländer and his wife guided tourists and they worked in the Bibliothèque Nationale and at the Institut de l'Histoire de l'Art in order to gain their life. He also taught German at a French lycée. Early on, the personal friendship and scholarship of Louis Grodecki was formative to his art historical methodology. From 1959 to 1961, he taught art history in Paris, and in 1961 in Princeton, NJ at the Institute for Advanced Study. During this first phase in the United States, he met Meyer Schapiro and became a friend of the German émigrés Erwin Panofsky, Walter Friedländer and Richard Krautheimer. From 1961 to 1962 he lectured as an assistant professor at the University of Marburg and from 1962 to 1970 he was professor of art history at the University of Freiburg, where he utilized the photographic collection of its great medievalist, Wilhelm Vöge. From 1963 to 1965 and 1969 to 1970 he was also a visiting professor at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University.There he developed an interest in Pop Art, particularly in the works of Robert Rauschenberg, Claes Oldenburg and Andy Warhol. In 1970, after having published his best known book on Gothic Sculpture in France (English edition, 1971), he was appointed director at the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte, Munich. In 1973 he was elected member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In the 1970s he read Marc Bloch and had contacts with Georges Duby and closure with Jacques Le Goff, which essentially changed his work. In the 1980s he held several visiting appointments in France and the US, including the College de France, Paris; University of Wisconsin, Madison; Harvard University; and the University of California, Berkeley. In 1989 he retired from the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte. In 1991 he presented the A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.He is a friend of Thomas W. Gaehtgens, Director of the Getty Research Institute. Sauerländer is known for having rewritten the history of early French Gothic Sculpture. In his historiographic writing, he characterized post-World War II art history in Munich as "would-be Positivism," citing a shift toward empiricism and positivism. He also thinks that photography seems to be more interesting than other fields of modern art and has a special interest in the photographic work of August Sander, Thomas Struth, Thomas Demand and Andreas Gursky. Photographs by <mask> <mask> are held at the Conway Library in the Courtauld, London, and are being digitised. Awards
Honorary degree of the University of Strasbourg
Perfezionato d'Honore Scuola, Pisa
1994 Correspondent étranger de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
1995 Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
2007 Grand Prix de la Société française d'archéologie

Publications
Das gotische Figurenportal in Frankreich: Studien zur Geschichte der französischen Portalskulptur von Chartres West bis zum Reimser Josephsmeister. PhD dissertation.University of Munich, 1953. Die Kathedrale von Chartres. Stuttgart: Günther, 1954. "Beiträge zur Geschichte der "frühgotischen" Skulptur". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 19, 1956, pp. 1–34."Die Jahreszeiten: Ein Beitrag zur allegorischen Landschaft beim späten Poussin". Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst, vol. 7, 1956, pp. 169–184. "Die Marienkrönungsportale von Senlis und Mantes." Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch, vol. 20, 1958, pp.115–162. "Die kunstgeschichtliche Stellung der Westportale von Notre Dame in Paris." Marburger Jahrbuch für Kunstwissenschaft, vol. 17, 1959, pp. 1–56. "Les modèles de la Renaissance macédonnienne dans la sculpture de Paris et d’Amiens au début du XIII. siècle".In Actes du XIXe Congrès international d'histoire de l’art, Paris, 1959, pp. 125–133. "Sens and York: An Inquiry into the Sculptures from St. Mary’s Abbey in the Yorkshire Museum". The Journal of the British Archaeological Association, vol. 22, 1959, pp. 53–69. "Skulpturen des 12.Jahrhunderts in Chalons-sur-Marne". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 25, 1962, pp. 97–124. "Cathédrales". Art de France, vol. 3, 1963, pp.210–219. Die Bronzetür von Nowgorod. Munich: Piper, 1963. Jean-Antoine Houdon: Voltaire. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1963. Die Skulptur des Mittelalters. Frankfurt am Main: Ullstein, 1963."Tombeaux chartrains du premier quart du XIIIe siècle". L'Information d'histoire de l'art, vol. 9, 1964, pp. 47–60. "Die Kathedrale von Chartres". In Erich Steingräber, ed., Meilensteine europäischer Kunst. Munich, 1965, pp.131–170. (with Georg Kauffmann, eds. ), Walter Friedlaender zum 90. Geburtstag: Eine Festgabe seiner europäischen Schüler, Freunde und Verehrer. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1965. Von Sens bis Strassburg: Ein Beitrag Zur Kunstgeschichtlichen Stellung der Strassburger Querhausskulpturen. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter, 1966."Über die Komposition des Weltgerichtstympanons in Autun". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 29, 1966, pp. 261–294. "Das Stiftergrabmal des Grafen Eberhard in der Klosterkirche zu Murbach". In Kurt Badt and Martin Gosebruch, eds., Amici amico: Festschrift für Werner Gross zu seinem 65. Geburtstag am 25.11. 1966. Munich: Fink, 1968, pp. 59–77. "Über die ursprüngliche Reihenfolge von Fragonards 'Amours des Bergers' ". Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst, vol. 19, 1968, pp.127–156. Gotische Skulptur in Frankreich: 1140 – 1270. Munich: Hirmer, 1970. "Sculpture on Early Gothic Churches: The State of Research and Open Questions". Gesta, vol. 9, no. 2, 1970, pp.32–48. "Die kunstgeschichtliche Stellung der Figurenportale des 13. Jahrhunderts in Westfalen". Westfalen, vol. 49, 1971, pp. 1–76. Gothic Sculpture in France: 1140–1270.New York: Abrams, 1971. "Löwen in Lyon". In Artur Rosenauer and Gerold Weber, eds., Kunsthistorische Forschungen. Salzburg, 1972, pp. 215–224. "Cluny und Speyer". In Josef Fleckenstein, ed., Investiturstreit und Reichsverfassung.Sigmaringen, 1973, pp. 9–32. "Zu dem romanischen Kruzifix von Moissac". In Peter Bloch and Tilmann Buddensieg, eds., Intuition und Kunstwissenschaft. Berlin, 1973, pp. 303–317. Peter Paul Rubens.Zurich: Kindler, 1974. "Erweiterung des Denkmalbegriffs?" Denkmalpflege, 1975, pp. 187–201. "Reims und Bamberg: Zu Art und Umfang der Übernahmen". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 39, 1976, pp.167–192. "Spätstaufische Skulpturen in Sachsen und Thüringen: Überlegungen zum Stand der Forschung". Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 41, 1978, pp. 181–216. "Die Naumburger Stifterfiguren".

masks:
Willibald Sauerländer
Willibald
Sauerländer


text_chunks:
 In Reiner Haussherr and Christian Väterlein, eds., Die Zeit der Staufer, 5.Supplement: Vorträge und Forschungen. Stuttgart, 1979, pp. 169–245. "Architecture and the Figurative Arts: The North". In Robert L. Benson and Giles Constable, eds., Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century. Oxford, 1982, pp. 671–710."From 'Stilus' to Style: Reflection on the Fate of a Notion". Art History, vol. 6, 1983, 253–270. "Davids 'Morat à son dernier soupir' oder Malerei und Terreur". Idea, vol. 2, 1983, pp. 49–88.Das Königsportal in Chartres: Heilsgeschichte und Lebenswirklichkeit. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1984. "Stiftergedenken und Stifterfiguren in Naumburg". In Karl Schmid and Joachim Wollasch, eds., Memoria. Munich, 1984, pp. 354–383. (ed.), Studien zur mittelalterlichen Kunst 800–1250: Festschrift für Florentine Mütherich zum 70. Geburtstag. Munich: Prestel, 1985. "Der Kunsthistoriker angesichts des entlaufenen Kunstbegriffs: Zerfällt das Paradigma einer Disziplin?" Jahrbuch des Zentralinstituts für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 1, 1985, pp. 375–399."La cultura figurativa emiliana in età romanica". In Nicholaus e l’arte del suo tempo, vol. 1, 1985, pp. 51–92. "Die gotische Kathedralfassade". In Werner Busch, ed., Kunst. Weinheim, 1987, pp.54–79. "Style or Transition? The Fallacies of Classification Discussed in the Light of German Architecture 1190 – 1260". Architectural History, vol. 30, 1987, pp. 1–29. "Medieval Paris, Center of European Taste: Fame and Realities".In George Mauner, ed., Paris. Abington, 1988, pp. 12–45. "La cathédrale et la révolution". Conférences plénières, 1990, pp. 67–106. Das Jahrhundert der großen Kathedralen: 1140 – 1260.Munich: Beck, 1990. "Gothic Art Reconsidered: New Aspects and Open Questions". In Elizabeth C. Parker, ed., The Cloisters. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1992, pp. 26–40. "Romanesque Sculpture in its Architectural Context". In Deborah Kahn, ed., The Romanesque Frieze and its Spectator.London, 1992, pp. 17–44. Von den "Sonderleistungen Deutscher Kunst" zur "Ars Sacra": Kunstgeschichte in Deutschland 1945–1950. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1992. "Erweiterung des Denkmalbegriffs?" In Wilfried Lipp, ed., Denkmal, Werte, Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main, 1993, pp.120–149. "Dal gotico europeo in Italia al gotico italiano in Europa". In Valentino Pace and Martina Bagnoli, eds., Il Gotico europeo in Italia. Napoli, 1994, pp. 8–21. Initialen : Ein Versuch über das verwirrte Verhältnis von Schrift und Bild im Mittelalter. Wolfenbüttel, 1994."Gedanken über das Nachleben des gotischen Kirchenraums im Spiegel der Malerei". Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst, vol. 45, 1994, pp. 165–182. "Integration: a closed or open proposal?" In Virginia Chieffo Raguin and Kathryn Brush, eds., Artistic Integration in Gothic Buildings. Toronto, 1995, pp.1–18. "Benedetto Antelami: Per un bilancio critico". In Albert Dietl and Chiara Frugoni, eds., Benedetto Antelami e il Battistero di Parma. Torino, 1995, pp. 3–69. "Struggling with a deconstructed Panofsky". In Irving Lavin, ed., Meaning in the Visual Arts.Princeton, NJ, 1995, pp. 385–396. Das Königsportal in Chartres: Heilsgeschichte und Lebenswirklichkeit. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch, 1996. Kunsthistoriker/Kunsthistorikerin (Blätter zur Berufskunde). Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 1998. "Zur Stiftertumba für Heinrich den Löwen und Herzogin Mathilde in St. Blasius in Braunschweig".In Joachim Ehlers and Dietrich Kötzsche, eds., Der Welfenschatz und sein Umkreis. Mainz, 1998, pp. 439–483. Cathedrals and Sculpture. 2 volumes. London: Pindar Press, 1999–2000. Die Luft auf der Spitze des Pinsels: Kritische Spaziergänge durch Bildersäle.Munich: Hanser, 2002. Ein Versuch über die Gesichter Houdons: Thomas W. Gaehtgens zum 24. Juni 2000. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2002. "Antiqui et moderni at Reims". Gesta, vol. 42, no.1, 2003, pp. 19–37. "Centre et périphérie: Le cas du portail de Lausanne". In Peter Kurmann and Martin Rohde, eds., Die Kathedrale von Lausanne und ihr Marienportal im Kontext der europäischen Gotik. Berlin, 2004, pp. 203–217. Romanesque Art: Problems and Monuments.London: Pindar Press, 2004. "Strasbourg, cathédrale: Le bras sud du transept, architecture et sculpture". In Session, Congrès Archéologique de France. Société Française d’Archéologie, Paris, vol. 162, 2004, pp. 171–184. Essai sur les visages des bustes de Houdon.Paris, 2005. "Noch einmal Poussins Landschaften: Ein Versuch über Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der ikonologischen Interpretation". Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst, vol. 56, 2005, pp. 107–137. "The Fate of the Face in Medieval Art". In Charles T. Little, ed., Set in Stone.Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2006, pp. 3–17. "Herkules in der politischen Ikonographie: Zum Herkulesteppich in der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften". In Sabine Heym, Herkules besiegt die Lernäische Hydra. Munich, 2006, pp. 21–94. "Architecture gothique et mise en scène des reliques : l'exemple de la Sainte-Chapelle".In Christine Hediger, ed., La Sainte-Chapelle de Paris. Turnhout, 2007, pp. 113–136. "Kunstgeschichte und Bildwissenschaft". In Josef Früchtl and Maria Moog-Grünewald, eds., Ästhetik in metaphysikkritischen Zeiten. Zeitschrift für Ästhetik und allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft, special issue, Hamburg, 2007, pp. 93–108."Paysage de Poussin: Les limites de l’interprétation iconologique". Studiolo, vol. 6, 2008, pp. 191–232. "Romanesque Art 2000: A Worn Out Notion?" In Colum Hourihane, ed., Romanesque Art and Thought in the Twelfth Century. Princeton, NJ, 2008, pp.40–56. "Von Stilus zu Stil: Reflexionen über das Schicksal eines Begriffs". In Caecilie Weissert, ed., Stil in der Kunstgeschichte. Darmstadt, 2009, pp. 102–122. "Transzendenz nach dem Tode Gottes? Barnett Newmans 'Stations of the Cross' und Mark Rothkos 'Chapel' ".In Markus Kleinert, ed., Kunst und Religion, Mainz, 2010, pp. 79–108. Der katholische Rubens. Von den Heiligen und Märtyrern. Munich: C. H. Beck, 2011. Kunststadt München? Unterbrochene Lebenswege.Munich, 2012. Manet malt Monet: Ein Sommer in Argenteuil. Munich: Beck, 2012. Reims – die Königin der Kathedralen: Himmelsstadt und Erinnerungsort. Berlin and Munich, 2013. Meister von Meßkirch, Der Wildensteiner Altar, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart – Meister von Meßkirch, Der Heilige Martin mit Bettler und dem Stifter Gottfried Werner von Zimmern. Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe, 2014.References

Further reading
<mask> <mask>, "Zersplitterte Erinnerung". In Martina Sitt, ed., Kunsthistoriker in eigener Sache. Berlin, 1990, pp. 300–323. Werner Busch, Wolfgang Kemp and Martin Warnke, eds., <mask> Sauerländer: Geschichte der Kunst – Gegenwart der Kritik. Gesammelte Aufsätze. Cologne: Dumont, 1999 (bibliography, pp.343–359). Ulrich Rehm, "Vom Sehen zum Lesen: Eine Fallstudie zur ikonologischen Praxis der Nachkriegszeit". In Nikola Doll and Ruth Heftrig, eds., Kunstgeschichte nach 1945. Cologne, 2006, pp. 67–75. Sasha Suda, "In Conversation: <mask> Sauerländer with Sasha Suda." Brooklyn Rail: Critical Perspectives on Arts, Politics and Culture, February 2010.<mask> <mask>, "Afterthoughts to a Conversation with Sasha Suda." Brooklyn Rail: Critical Perspectives on Arts, Politics and Culture, April 2010. Pierre-Yves Le Pogam, " 'L’ oeil écoute': entretien avenc Willibald Sauerländer". Perspective, 2, 2010, pp. 285–300. External links
Dictionary of Art Historians: Sauerländer, Willibald

1924 births
2018 deaths
People from Bad Waldsee
People from the Free People's State of Württemberg
German art historians
German male non-fiction writers
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of

masks: Willibald Sauerländer Willibald Willibald Willibald Sauerländer


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 2 September 1972) is a former Australian rules footballer who is the senior coach of the Greater Western Sydney Giants (GWS) in the Australian Football League (AFL). His AFL playing career lasted from 1990 to 2003 and included 256 senior games – 172 for the Western Bulldogs and 84 for . AFL playing career
<mask> was recruited from South Warrnambool Football Club with the 7th selection in the 1988 National Draft for the Footscray Football Club (Bulldogs). He played 172 games and kicked 68 goals for the Bulldogs between 1990 and 1999 and won the Charles Sutton Medal in 1993 and The Age Footballer of the Year award in 1995. In 2000 <mask> was traded to the Richmond Football Club where he played a further 84 games and kicked 40 goals over four seasons before retiring at the end of the 2003 AFL season. AFL coaching career

Assistant coaching roles
After retirement <mask> returned to the Western Bulldogs as an assistant coach from 2004 to the end of 2010. In September 2010 he accepted an assistant coaching role with Hawthorn, playing an instrumental role in the club as they reached the 2012 AFL Grand Final, which was lost to the  Swans.It was <mask>'s first Grand Final as an AFL player or coach after three preliminary final losses as a player (two at the Western Bulldogs and one at ) and another four as an assistant coach (three at the Bulldogs and one at Hawthorn). <mask> then joined Greater Western Sydney as the senior assistant coach for the 2013 season with a contract that appointed him as the senior coach from 2014. First senior coaching role
On 1 September 2013, after Kevin Sheedy coached his 679th and final game as a senior coach in the VFL-AFL, the competing teams formed a guard of honour for Sheedy and a handover ceremony took place with Sheedy passing the baton to <mask> who succeeded him as senior coach. <mask>'s contract, signed in October 2012, stipulated one year as senior assistant coach to Sheedy and then 3 years as the senior coach. <mask> coached Greater Western Sydney to the 2019 AFL Grand Final, however they were soundly beaten by  by 89 points. During the 2020 AFL season the club signed <mask> to a 2 year extension contracting him to the end of the 2022 season. Statistics

Playing statistics

|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1990
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 20 || 8 || 10 || 258 || 129 || 387 || 74 || 13 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 12.9 || 6.5 || 19.4 || 3.7 || 0.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1991
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 19 || 10 || 11 || 241 || 79 || 320 || 57 || 10 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 12.7 || 4.2 || 16.8 || 3.0 || 0.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 22 || 7 || 29 || 1 || 0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 7.3 || 2.3 || 9.7 || 0.3 || 0.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 19 || 8 || 11 || 314 || 123 || 437 || 59 || 24 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 16.5 || 6.5 || 23.0 || 3.1 || 1.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 24 || 13 || 24 || 328 || 136 || 464 || 97 || 25 || 0.5 || 1.0 || 13.7 || 5.7 || 19.3 || 4.0 || 1.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 23 || 7 || 19 || 336 || 135 || 471 || 85 || 24 || 0.3 || 0.8 || 14.6 || 5.9 || 20.5 || 3.7 || 1.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 8 || 3 || 1 || 74 || 28 || 102 || 22 || 9 || 0.4 || 0.1 || 9.3 || 3.5 || 12.8 || 2.8 || 1.1
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 17 || 6 || 10 || 207 || 59 || 266 || 62 || 7 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 12.2 || 3.5 || 15.6 || 3.6 || 0.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 22 || 6 || 5 || 276 || 90 || 366 || 80 || 19 || 0.3 || 0.2 || 12.5 || 4.1 || 16.6 || 3.6 || 0.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 18 || 17 || 7 || 11 || 164 || 63 || 227 || 57 || 6 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 9.6 || 3.7 || 13.4 || 3.4 || 0.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 15 || 19 || 3 || 3 || 257 || 79 || 336 || 73 || 19 || 0.2 || 0.2 || 13.5 || 4.2 || 17.7 || 3.8 || 1.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 15 || 25 || 19 || 6 || 344 || 139 || 483 || 111 || 33 || 0.8 || 0.2 || 13.8 || 5.6 || 19.3 || 4.4 || 1.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 15 || 19 || 2 || 10 || 184 || 91 || 275 || 59 || 23 || 0.1 || 0.5 || 9.7 || 4.8 || 14.5 || 3.1 || 1.2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 15 || 21 || 16 || 4 || 175 || 57 || 232 || 90 || 15 || 0.8 || 0.2 || 8.3 || 2.7 || 11.0 || 4.3 || 0.7
|- class="sortbottom"
!colspan=3| Career
! 256
! 108
! 125
! 3180
! 1215
! 4395
!927
! 227
! 0.4
! 0.5
! 12.4
! 4.7
! 17.2
!3.6
! 0.9
|}

Coaching statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2018 season

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2014
|
| 22 || 6 || 16 || 0 || 27.3% || 16 || 18
|-
| scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2015
|
| 22 || 11 || 11 || 0 || 50.0% || 11 || 18
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
|-
| scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2016
|
| 24 || 17 || 7 || 0 || 70.8% || 4 || 18
|-
| scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2017
|
| 25 || 15 || 8 || 2 || 60.0% || 4 || 18
|-
|scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2018
|
|24 || 14 || 9 || 0 || 58.3% || 7 || 18
|-
|scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2019
|
|26 || 16 || 10 || 1 || 61.5% || 6 || 18
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=2| Career totals
! 143
! 83
! 61
! 3
!54.65%
! colspan=2|
|}

References

External links

GWS website

1972 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Richmond Football Club players
Western Bulldogs players
Greater Western Sydney Giants coaches
Charles Sutton Medal winners
South Warrnambool Football Club players
Victorian State of Origin players

masks:
Leon Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Leon Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron


text_chunks:
<mask> is an Argentinian-Belgian lawyer and businessman who is a leading figure in the Argentinian financial scandal known both as Boudougate and as “Caso Ciccone,” which happened in February 2012. As president of a Dutch-based firm called The Old Fund, he has been accused of being a front man for Argentinian Vice President Amado Boudou and for Boudou's business partner Núñez Carmona in a purported scheme involving the purchase and control of the printing house Ciccone Calcografica, later known as Compañía de Valores Sudamericana (American Securities Company), or CVS, which printed banknotes and documents for the government of Argentina. The public comments and testimony of Vandenbroele's wife, Laura Muñoz, played a major role in exposing the Boudougate scandal and in incriminating Vandenbroele and other principals. In addition to being tried in Argentina, Vandenbroele was also wanted in Uruguay on charges of money laundering. Career

2008
Vandenbroele first appeared in business records in March 2008 as a shareholder in Madrid-based Agroibérica de Inversiones SA, a firm purportedly involved in the “production, distribution, import and export of food and drinks.”

2009
In 2009, he became a shareholder in Buenos Aires-based Ruta Sur Rentals SA, which rents out motorhomes, RVs, and other vehicles and has German and Dutch owners. 2010
In July 2010, the Argentinian tax agency, the Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos (AFIP), called on Calcográfica Ciccone to declare bankruptcy. Calcográfica Ciccone was one of Argentina's most important printers, “often working for the state on such sensitive issues as the printing of banknotes, identity documents, and passports,” and owed the national treasury 239 million pesos.Two months later, with backing from Amado Boudou, who at the time was Economy Minister, the AFIP reversed itself and allowed Ciccone to refinance its debt. A Netherlands-based corporation named The Old Fund, described by Clarin as a “mysterious company,” whose only public face was Vandenbroele, thereupon invested 2.3 million pesos in Ciccone, and Vandenbroele assumed the presidency of what became known as the “new” Ciccone, the name of which was eventually changed to Compañía de Valores Sudamericana (American Securities Company), or CVS. The Old Fund owned 70% of the “new” Ciccone, of which it officially took control on October 29, 2010, two days after the death of Néstor Kirchner. One of the founders of the company, Nicholas Ciccone, and the two daughters of his deceased brother, Hector, owned 30%. A 2014 report indicated that The Old Fund was incorporated in 2008 by two Argentinians, Eduardo Alberto Razzetti and Carlos Fabian Dorado and that Vandenbroele took control of the firm as a shareholder in or shortly prior to September 2010. In that same month, according to the same 2014 report, a firm called London Supply contributed $1.8 million to The Old Fund, one of whose shareholders at the time was Michelangelo Castilian, a longtime friend of Boudou and Núñez Carmona. Vandenbroele officially became president of CVS on October 21, 2010, with Jose María Capirone, a former partner of Núñez Carmona and Boudou, serving as his second-in-command, and assumed the presidency of the Old Fund on November 17, 2010.In that same month, Vandenbroele became deputy director, owner, and president of The Old Fund, another shareholder in which was Sergio Gustavo Martinez, a fugitive from justice in the United States. At around the same time, The Old Fund was paid $7.8 million for alleged technical consultation for the government of Taiwan in regard to an exchange of public debt with Argentina, a matter in which Boudou was a central player. This report stated that The Old Fund spent 567,000 pesos to reverse the bankruptcy of Calcográfica Ciccone and that Núñez Carmona, according to Vandenbroele's wife, had represented The Old Fund in discussions with the creditors of Ciccone, whom he had persuaded to allow The Old Fund to take over that firm. It was noted by several news media that in 2010, immediately prior to his involvement in The Old Fund and Calcográfica Ciccone, Vandenbroele was listed in Argentinian tax rolls as a self-employed person or small-business proprietor in the very lowest tax bracket. 2012
These dealings began to erupt into a public scandal in February 2012. On February 24, prosecutor Carlos Rivolo traveled to Mendoza where he interviewed Vandenbroele's wife, Laura Muñoz, about her husband's connections to Boudou and Boudou's business partner José María Núñez Carmona. She told Rivolo that her husband was a front man for Boudou and provided Rivolo with documents and an audio tape of conversations between her and Vandenbroele.Muñoz said that her husband and Núñez Carmona ran a “ghost consultancy” in Puerto Madero that handled “money bribes” and that was a front for Boudou. Muñoz also told Rivolo that she had argued with her husband about the illegality of these activities and about his insistence that they move from Buenos Aires to Mendoza because of these activities. The audiotapes contained evidence of these arguments. Muñoz, who had been married to Vandenbroele since 2006, said that she had begun to suspect him of cheating, and while looking through his papers for evidence of an affair, she discovered documents outlining his relationship to Boudou and Núñez Carmona. Vandenbroele reportedly had known Boudou since their youth in Mar del Plata, where Boudou, in his teens, had dated Vandenbroele's cousin Guadalupe Escaray. As of 2012, Escaray was working under Boudou as regional chef of ANSES, the Argentinian social-security administration. When confronted with Muñoz's claims about her husband's business connections to Boudou, Boudou stated they were “all lies.” On April 4, 2012, the Justice Department raided an apartment owned by Boudou in Puerto Madero, and found evidence that the home expenses, including rent and cable bills, were paid by Vandenbroele, indicating that he was residing there.The raid, which was ordered by federal judge Daniel Rafecas at the request of Rívolo, established a firm link between Boudou and Vandenbroele. On April 22, it was reported that Vandenbroele was under investigation for money laundering in Spain. On May 12, it was reported that phone service at the Puerto Madero apartment was in Vandenbroele's name. On May 13, La Nación confirmed that Vandenbroele was living in the apartment. Boudou, however, denied knowing him. On May 14, Federal prosecutor Jorge Di Lello called for Boudou, José María Núñez Carmona, Vandenbroele, and Boudou's domestic partner, Agustina Kämpfer, to be investigated for embezzlement, in addition to 10 companies, including The Old Fund. A June 3, 2012, report in La Nación outlined details of a Ciccone Calcográfica contract to print money for the national mint, and suggested that money laundering was involved.A June 14 article in the same newspaper noted that <mask> was “the only face” of The Old Fund and that the origin of its assets was a mystery. On June 25, La Nación reported that the price charged by Calcográfica Ciccone to print money was higher than prices offered by other companies. On June 26, it was reported that a Uruguayan court had begun investigating CVS, and that The Old Fund owned a firm called Dusbel SA, which had been founded by Uruguayan accountant Fernando Castagno Schickendantz, who had then sold it to an Argentinian firm before its acquisition by The Old Fund. On July 4 came a report that Ariel Lijo, the judge who was investigating the Ciccone Case, had asked the government agency Unidad de Información Financiera (UIF) for a document from Spain containing information about Vandenbroele's financial actions. On August 21, La Nación reported on a “key document” signed on the previous June 13 by Boudou, Vandenbroele, and the apparent “controlling shareholder” of The Old Fund, Guillermo Reinwick, whereby Vandenbroele agreed to act on Reinwick's behalf “to try to salvage the former Ciccone” and thereby protect the firm from government investigation. According to La Nación, Reinwick had signed this agreement under pressure, and had also taken responsibility for the two companies that the newspaper described as being “behind The Old Fund: the Dutch fund Tierras International Investments CV, later replaced by a US firm called LLC, and the Uruguayan firm Dusbel SA.”

The operation of CVS was taken over  by the government in August 2012, and was placed under the direct control of the Minister of Economy, Hernán Lorenzino, and the head of the Mint, Katya Daura, both of whom reported to Boudou. In November 2012, Vandenbroele filed a document before the Criminal Court in which he claimed that Raul Moneta, a banker connected with the Kirchner administration, had financed the entire Ciccone operation.In response, Moneta “opted for public silence.”

2013
Diario Velez reported on January 6, 2013, that officials were tracing the origins of Vandenbroele's money, and that “all roads lead to the tax havens of Panama and the Isles [sic] of Man.”

Appearing in Commercial Court in April 2013, Vandenbroele accused the government of wanting to destroy the Ciccone printing firm and to take it over unconstitutionally. Vandenbroele complained that the government intervention in the printing business had caused “a severe decline” in its income. As of June 1, 2013, Vandenbroele was living in a private neighborhood, Vistalba, and was not paying alimony to Muñoz. In an October 2013 interview, Muñoz described Boudou as “an immoral man and a liar.” According to her, Vandenbroele had always “derided Boudou,” never spoken of him with respect, and invariably viewed him as a man who obtained things illicitly. It was reported on October 20, 2013, that a case against “Boudou and others” for illegal enrichment was on the desk of Judge Lijo, and that the “others” included Núñez Carmona, Kampfer, and Vandenbroele, as well as Juan Carlos López, Sandra Viviana Rizzo, Fabián Hugo Carosso, Hugo Nicolás Carosso, and Pable Pellet Lastra. The Court of Cassation ruled on November 1, 2013, that Vandenbroele's alleged role as a front man for Boudou should be investigated, and gave particular weight to Muñoz's testimony. Muñoz told Clarin she was happy with the ruling, especially given that the Kirchner administration and Boudou in particular had tried to discredit her, calling her “insane” and a “compulsive liar”.Muñoz said that she had been offered money to retract her statement that her ex-husband was a front man for Boudou, and that she was now celebrating the fact that “justice was done with my truths.” She also said that Vandenbroele had threatened to kill her “like a dog” so that she would end up “dead in a ditch,” or to commit her to a mental hospital so that “no one will believe you.”

It was reported on November 2, 2013, that the bank accounts of Dusbel, Vandenbroele's company in Uruguay, had been frozen by Uruguayan Judge Néstor Valetti at the request of prosecutor Juan Gomez. In mid November, Vandenbroele was banned from leaving the country before May 5, 2014. 2014
In early February 2014, Laura Muñoz told Radio Mitre that she did not regret having stated two years earlier that Vandenbroele was Boudou's front man. She also maintained that he had traveled to Chile at a time when he was banned from leaving the country. In addition, she accused him of “kidnapping” their daughter and said it was “crazy” that a judge could consider him to be “a responsible parent.” She said that he was surrounded by admirers, stating that “even my mother and many parents of classmates of my daughter, to those who really like this Government, have become fans of Vandenbroele.” She called Vandenbroele “a violent man” and claimed he had beaten his mother. Boudou reiterated on February 26, 2014, that he did not know or have any contact with Vandenbroele. “I don't know him, I didn't show him anything, I never met him,” he said.He asserted that Vandenbroele was living in his apartment because their mutual acquaintance Fabián Carosso Donatiello had transferred it to him. In late May 2014, Lijo issued summonses in the Ciccone Case, ordering Boudou, Vandenbroele, and others to testify in July, addressing charges that they had engaged in irregularities not only while Boudou was Minister of Economy, but also during his term as Vice President. Also called to testify were Núñez Carmona, former AFIP official Rafael Resnick Brenner, Nicholas Ciccone, and Guillermo Reinwick. Muñoz said on May 30 that she felt “relief” upon learning that Judge Ariel Lijo had summoned Boudou and Vandenbroele for questioning, because this indicated to her that “they are looking for the truth.” On June 11, <mask> filed a brief with Lijo asking him to delay the trial. Lijo refused. On June 26, 2014, La Nación reported that <mask> had traveled to Brazil in 2011 with Guido Forcieri and Núñez Carmona. On June 27, the trial of Boudou, Núñez Carmona, <mask>, and Resnick Brenner before Judge Lijo got underway, and all the defendants asked Lijo to delay the trial, a request he rejected.Lijo also prohibited all the defendants, except for Boudou, from leaving the country. In addition, he ruled that it had been established as a fact that Boudou and Núñez Carmona had bought Ciccone through The Old Fund with the objective of profiting from government printing contracts that Boudou would be able to arrange because of his official position. Muñoz said she felt relief upon hearing Lijo's ruling and that “for two and a half years I've been maintaining a truth that nobody believed...They did everything to make me look crazy. Finally the court agreed with me.”

La Nación reported on June 29, 2014, that Federal Judge Ariel Lijo had concluded that Boudou and Vandenbroele knew each other, despite Boudou's frequent and unequivocal claims to the contrary, and that they had a “strong link” and “mutual interests.” Lijo cited a substantial list of established facts demonstrating their relationship. Lijo concluded that “the links between Amado Boudou and <mask>ele are strong and numerous.”

La Nación reported on July 7, 2014, that Vandenbroele had appeared in Commercial Court No. 8 on September 3, 2010, in an effort to help reverse the bankruptcy of Ciccone. After the Ciccone scandal broke, however, the court verified that Vandenbroele had misrepresented information before the Commercial Court in 2010.Lijo stated on July 11, 2014, that Vandenbroele had indeed been a front man for Boudou and Núñez Carmona, and tried them all on charges of bribery and irregular negotiations. He noted that Núñez Carmona and Boudou had both become millionaires as a result of their joint activities, while Vandenbroele lost money. As of 2011, Vandenbroele had a negative net worth of $235,324. On June 11, 2014, he appeared in court, where his indictment was read and he was shown the evidence against him. Vandenbroele told the judge he wanted to answer questions later and expand his statement, and left a letter outlining the main points of his defense. The court ruled in late June 2014 that Boudou and Núñez Carmona had acquired Ciccone Calcográfica while Boudou was Minister of Economy via The Old Fund and Vandenbroele, “with the ultimate goal of contracting with the Federal Government to print money and official documentation.” The court determined that Boudou, using his position as a public official, and Núñez Carmona had arranged with Nicholas and Hector Ciccone and Guillermo Reinwick for a transfer of 70% of Calcográfica Ciccone in exchange for actions arranged by Boudou that would enable the firm to resume operations and obtain government contracts. La Nación reported on October 2, 2014, that Vandenbroele was under investigation by Valetti, the Uruguayan judge, on suspicion of money-laundering and that Valetti planned to ask for Vandenbroele's extradition so that Vandenbroele could explain the origin of funds that were transferred from Montevideo to Buenos Aires and used to acquire Ciccone.The report in La Nación further stated that <mask>, as head of the anonymous Uruguayan firm Dusbel, had invested US$2.4 million in The Old Fund. Personal life
Vandenbroele and Muñoz married in 2006. They have one child together, and she has two children from a previous marriage. In March 2010, he moved out of their home. References

Argentine businesspeople
Argentine people of Belgian descent

masks:
Alejandro Paul Vandenbroele
Alejandro Vandenbroele
Vandenbroele
Vandenbroele
Vandenbroele
Alejandro Vandenbro
Vandenbroele


text_chunks:
<mask> (nee Krivoshow, 12 December 1954 – 6 February 1986) was an Australian writer, sex worker and whistleblower, who was the victim of a homicide. She came to attention in 1981 for speaking out about police corruption in the Sydney, Australia. Huckstepp's murder remains unsolved. <mask> was born as Sallie-Anne Krivoshow into a middle class Jewish family and attended Dover Heights High School and Moriah College in Sydney. She left school at the age of 17 and married <mask>. After travelling to Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, her husband trafficked her into prostitution to help support his heroin addiction. They later returned to Sydney, where Huckstepp continued to be prostituted, eventually developing a heroin habit of her own.In 1981, Huckstepp met and began a relationship with Warren Lanfranchi. Lanfranchi was a heroin dealer and standover man who worked with Neddy Smith. In June 1981, Lanfranchi allegedly robbed a Sydney heroin dealer and later fired shots at a young policeman. In Neddy: the Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith claims that Lanfranchi asked him to negotiate a payment with then-Detective Sergeant Roger Rogerson to escape being charged with the shooting. Smith claims that Rogerson had instructed him to drive Lanfranchi to a meeting with him and to disarm him in the car. Rogerson took 18 police officers with him to the meeting. He claims that he was attempting to arrest Lanfranchi on suspicion of five bank robberies.At the meeting in Dangar Place, Chippendale, Rogerson shot and killed Lanfranchi. During the inquest into Lanfranchi's death, Rogerson claimed self defence. He was supported at the inquest by Smith and other police officers who were called as witnesses. The inquest found that on the balance of probabilities, Rogerson had been trying to arrest Lanfranchi, but refused to find he had acted in self defence. The matter went to the Supreme Court and was the subject of investigations by the New South Wales Ombudsman and Internal Affairs. No action was brought against Rogerson, and he was exonerated and commended for bravery. On 15 July 1981, Huckstepp, accompanied by her father, Jack Krivoshow, and a legal-aid solicitor, went to the New South Wales Police Headquarters in College Street, Darlinghurst, where she met with Detective Inspector Ralph and Detective Reith of the New South Wales Police Internal Affairs Branch.She made the following statement which eventually helped lead to the Independent Commission Against Corruption and the Wood Royal Commission:
 "I will tell you everything... I have the following criminal record: I have 31 convictions for prostitution. I have a conspiracy to defraud conviction which occurred shortly after I left Harry Bailey's tender care at "Chelmsford". I then had two further marijuana convictions. A heroin conviction when I was loaded up by Detectives Peter and Tomich at the Lido bar. I have a further "use" charge in which Detectives Peter George and Jungblut were involved. In both the latter offences, significant sums of money were paid to the police to affect the outcome...While operating as a prostitute, I made regular payments to members of the vice squad over 10 years. I have been involved in a number of transactions which I referred to in my statement which have involved substantial payment to members of the drug squad and other detectives relating to drug matters. I believe that the New South Wales Drug Squad and the Armed Hold-Up Squad are both totally corrupt and that they feed on the very activities which they are supposed to stop." Huckstepp also went to the media and gave extensive interviews, claiming that Rogerson had murdered Lanfranchi and stolen $10,000 Lanfranchi was carrying to bribe Rogerson. She also claimed that Neddy Smith had lied to the inquest and was involved in a conspiracy with Rogerson. Rogerson maintained his innocence. In Neddy: The Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Smith wrote that Lanfranchi was "attempting to bribe Rogerson.I was the person [who] took Warren to this fatal meeting. There was an inquest and both sides threw plenty of shit at one another. I was right in the middle of it all. I could do nothing to bring Warren back to life, so I did the best thing I could. I know Warren’s family suffered deeply, but I cannot do anything about it." He goes on to claim that as a result of his testimony at the inquest, Rogerson and other corrupt police officers gave him a "green light" to commit crime without fear of prosecution. Huckstepp continued lobbying the media.A documentary about her life was made and she began writing articles for a monthly magazine. However, she continued using heroin, and in 1985, her then-partner David Kelleher was arrested on charges of importing heroin worth more than $2 million. With Kelleher remanded into custody, Huckstepp began a relationship with a federal police officer, Constable Peter Parker Smith. Huckstepp visited Kelleher regularly in prison, telling him she was attempting to get information from Constable Smith which could be useful in his trial. In Catch and Kill Your Own, Neddy Smith claims that Huckstepp was trying to help Kelleher by making tape recordings of her conversations with Constable Smith. Death and inquest
On the evening of 6 February 1986, Huckstepp received a phone call in her Edgecliff apartment. She rushed out, telling Gwen Beecroft - an acquaintance with whom she stayed at the time - that she would be back shortly.The following morning, a man walking his dog found her body in Busby Pond, a lake in Centennial Park, New South Wales. <mask>'s murder resulted in one of the longest-running inquests of its kind in Australia. It began in 1987 and lasted until 1991, though it only sat for a total of 19 days in that time. It was alleged at the inquest that Huckstepp had gone to meet an unknown drug dealer to obtain a fresh supply of heroin and was then lured to Busby's Pond, a remote area of the park. She was then strangled and drowned. Peter Smith, the federal policeman with whom she was having an affair, testified that she had told him she was frightened that Neddy Smith and Roger Rogerson or David Kelleher (who was in prison at the time) may try to murder her. He later told the Administrative Appeals Tribunal that Huckstepp's death was a "traumatic event for (him)".The coroner found that the evidence was insufficient to recommend charges and made a finding that Huckstepp had been murdered by a person or persons unknown. Prior to the inquest, Neddy Smith was interviewed four times by four separate teams of detectives. He claims that he was at home with his wife the night Huckstepp was murdered. However, he was secretly recorded confessing to a cellmate at Long Bay Correctional Centre. He was recorded saying he had attacked Huckstepp from behind, punched her, grabbed her by the throat, lifted her off the ground, and then strangled her for about six minutes. Smith then claimed he dragged her into the pond and stood on her back to keep her head submerged for a few more minutes. He was also recorded saying, "strangling somebody is the hardest thing in the world...(but) the most satisfying thing I ever did in my life".Smith later dismissed his confession as lies, saying he knew he was being taped and wanted the publicity for his new book, Catch and Kill Your Own. He is also alleged to have confessed to his publisher. Smith was subsequently charged in September 1996 with Huckstepp's murder, and was committed to stand trial, but was acquitted in 1999. In an interview with writer John Dale, Smith claimed that Huckstepp was murdered because she kept "bugging Roger, ringing him up and leaving messages that he was a dog...The reason they didn't bury her or dispose of the body was Roger wanted her left floating in the pond as a message. The bloke who killed her has never been arrested and is not in jail". Huckstepp is survived by a daughter, Sascha <mask>, who was born in 1973, and is an actress and casting agent in Sydney. Sascha had a minor role as a nurse in the Australian miniseries Blue Murder, which featured a character (played by Loene Carmen) based on her mother.In 1991 and 1992, she appeared as Jade Williams in the British soap opera Families. Huckstepp was also the half-sister of Australian screenwriter and actor Matt Kay. In popular culture
Huckstepp inspired the song "Sallie-Anne" by Sydney band Spy vs. Spy. An episode of the documentary series Crime Investigation Australia depicted her murder. The 1995 Australian television miniseries Blue Murder featured the story of Huckstepp's homicide. See also
Shirley Brifman
Shirley Finn

References

Further reading
 Bacon, W., The Law & The Stitch, Australian Centre for Independent Journalism,
 Dale, J., Huckstepp: A Dangerous Life, Allen & Unwin, Australia, 2004,  New edition Xoum, Australia, 2014,
 Dale, J. Visiting Ned in Long Bay, newmatilda.com, 2005
 Goodsir, D. Line of Fire: The inside story of the controversial shooting of undercover policeman Michael Drury, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, 1995
 Dapin, M. "Jolly Rogerson", Sydney Morning Herald, November 2003
 Lennane, J., [http://journalism.uts.edu.au/subjects/ppc1_2000/transcript9.html Professional Dissent: Whistleblowing], University of Technology Sydney
 Reidenbach, S., Time is relative for those obsessed with truth, University of Technology Sydney, 2005
 Smith, A.S. Catch and Kill Your Own: Behind the Killings the Police Don't Want to Solve, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, 1997
 Smith, A.S., Noble, T. Neddy: The Life and Crimes of Arthur Stanley Smith, Noble House, Sydney, 1993,
 The Whistle, University of Wollongong, May 1998

Australian female prostitutes
Australian people convicted of drug offences
Australian Jews
Australian murder victims
Australian whistleblowers
People murdered in New South Wales
People from Sydney
1954 births
1986 deaths
Burials at Rookwood Cemetery
Australian female criminals

masks:
Sallie Anne Huckstepp
Life Huckstepp
Bryan Huckstepp
Huckstepp
Huckstepp


text_chunks:
<mask> (19 December 1804 — 9 December 1861) was a Finnish industrialist. <mask> studied jurisprudence but returned in his home area leading a sawmill together with his brother-in-law Johan Fabritius. Eventually he owned many sawmills and owned large forest areas. Due to economical regulation of forest resources, he started processing iron from local limonite resources. In 1832, <mask> built the first steamship of Finland. He also made experiments with forestry and agricultural methods. <mask> was married for three times and got altogether eleven children.Arppe's business led to development of Wärtsilä company. Early life and studies
<mask>'s parents were lagman <mask> <mask> and Margareta Sofia née Wegelius. <mask> <mask> was second oldest from eight children, who lagman <mask> <mask> got in his three marriages. The home language in the family was Swedish which he preferred to use in his letters. Also his Finnish was excellent, and when <mask> went to school in Savonlinna, the teaching language was German. He went to gymnasium in Turku and graduated in 1820. <mask> followed his father's steps and studied law.He graduated in 1823 as jurist. <mask> worked shortly as court of appeal trainee in Vaasa, but he left the lawyer career already in the same year. The reason was unexpected death of his father; <mask> supposed that he could not earn enough as a lawyer to be able to take care of his siblings, and therefore he decided to return to North Karelia. Puhos sawmill
<mask> became business partner with his brother-in-law Johan Fabritius who had a sawmill in Puhos. Fabritius was practically incapable to operate the sawmill, and therefore <mask> took care of the operations virtually alone. Fabritius died in 1833, after which <mask> continued operating the sawmill. After number of application, <mask> was finally allowed to saw 10,000 logs annually, which made the sawmill one of the largest in Finland.For several times Arppe applied for permission to convert the hydropowered sawmill steam powered, but this was denied, because there was a wide concern that the natural resource would run out. The sawmill employed 200–300 people at its best days. <mask> never owned the plant; after Fabritius's death it belonged to the widow Sofia, who was <mask>'s sister, and her children. Kuurna sawmill
After gaining some experience, Arppe started building a sawmill to Kuurna, Pielisjoki in 1832. The Kuurna river had enough of capacity to power a large sawmill and it was wide enough for transportation. In addition, <mask> commissioned building a channel in Utra, to ease access from lake Pyhäselkä to downstream from Kuurna rapids. He bought forests in Ilomantsi for raw material.The scale of the sawmill caused fear among local neighbourhood and politicians for adequacy of wood resource in forests. As soon as the plant was commissioned the Senate ordered <mask> to close it down. Following the order of closing down the new sawmill, Arppe lost 10,000 hectares of land in court case against the state, due to different interpretation of ownership of wilderness. <mask>'s main opponent in Senate in both cases was Lars Gabriel von Haartman. Freiherr von Haartman had a lot of political power, and <mask> had no chance to overrule him. Steamship Ilmarinen

Timber produced in Puhos was transported by ship to Joutseno or Lappeenranta, south side of lake Saimaa, and after that by horse carriage to Uuras. The narrow and curvy passages at lake Saimaa made sailing difficult.Therefore, in September 1832 <mask> applied from the Russian czar for a permission to build a steamship and to have a 50-year-long exclusive right for steamship traffic at lake Saimaa. The decision making was given to the Finnish Senate which granted him permission to build the ship, but limited the traffic privilege to 20 years. The ship was built by Ostrobothnian master builder Sandsund. The engine was bought from Saint Petersburg, but it was made in Clarke Engineering Works in England. Paddle steamer Ilmarinen was the first Finnish-built steamship; she made her maiden voyage from Puhos to Honkalahti in Joutseno in summer 1833. The captain was Taneli Rouvinen. Ilmarinen was used for tugging barges from Joensuu, Puhos and Varkaus to Joutseno.The ship could tug 5–6 barges Arppe also rented the vessel for other sawmill operators, getting a good profit. Ilmerinen served until 1844, when she was decommissioned, and <mask> handed over his steam traffic privilege to Kuopio Viikki brothers. One reason for ending the steam traffic was that Arppe built a sort of "horse railway" over isthmus between Orivesi and Pyhäjärvi, which eased transportation so much that steam ship became unnecessary. Move to Koivikko
<mask> lived with his siblings in Puhos estate which consisted about 30 rooms. In about 1835 there moved Carl Gustaf von Essen as a home teacher for Sofia's children. He brought a strict pietistic atmosphere with him, and Sofia fell in love with the young and fiery teacher, who she later married. <mask>, however, could not stand his pathos, and therefore moved apart from the family estate to northern side of lake Ätäsköjärvi in Koivikko where he built a house in 1840, the same year when he married his first wife Jeannette.Agriculture and forestry
<mask> travelled to Central Europe in 1845 gaining knowledge about agriculture and forestry. He applied the ideas at his own property. In order to get more land for fields, he reduced the mater level of lake Pyhäjärvi by opening Puhoksenkoski rapids. Consequently, water level went down by two metres and the other discharging river Hiiskoski almost dried out. Flow in Puhoskoski increased, while the height of fall got lower. As a result, <mask> gained 200 hectares of land. <mask> tested new farming methods in his property.He bought cattle from Netherlands and founded a dairy. <mask> promoted afforestation in order to maintain availability of the natural resource. He planted a larch forest between Koivikko and Puhos. The 1847 planted 12-ha forest included 3,000 saplings which were Siberian and European larch, and some local Scots pines and Norway spruces for reference. The forest is the largest larch forest of Finland and it is nowadays natural reserve. <mask> suggested obligating slash-and-burn farmers to plant larches on old fields, but his idea was not supported. Iron processing
Arppe was annoyed because of closing down the new Kuurna sawmill.Another cause of disappointment was sawmill act, promoted by Haartman, that came into force in 1851 setting limits to potential of the industry. When Sofia and her children wanted to sell the Puhos sawmill in 1856, <mask> was not interested in it any more; the plant was sold to Antti Mustonen and Simo Parviainen. Arppe had bought a sawmill in Värtsilä in 1836 with rights of processing 10,000 logs annually. The plant had been founded two years earlier, on 12 April 1834. After introduction of the sawmill act, the Finnish Senate wanted to encourage iron processing. <mask> was awarded a permission to build two furnaces in Värtsilä for limonite processing, four power hammers and a workshop. Arppe got a loan free of interest from the state and tax exemption for 15 years.<mask> bought rights of using hydro power from Jukajoki sawmill. The raw material, limonite, was collected in Ilomantsi, Kiihtelysvaara and Tohmajärvi. He opened another ironworks in Ilajankoski, but the production volume remained small due to unfavourable connections. Another, more prominent plant was built by Möhkönkoski rapids; it was operated by Rauch brothers since 1848. The ironworks was close to Arppe's lands and the owners had made mining claims in lakes which were inside Arppe's forests. Arppe raised court cases claiming for example that the iron mill is polluting meadows from which the local people get food for their animals. After the Rauch brothers got enough of Arppe's disturbance and left, <mask> redeemed the ironworks to himself in 1851.This happened before the Värtsilä plant was started. In Arppe's ownership the Möhkö became the largest limonite processor of Finland. The main problem in both ironmills was the high phosphorus content in the mineral; this made the iron hard but fragile. In 1859, Arppe got licence to build a steam-powered puddling and rolling plant in Värtsilä; it was used for the production of both Värtsilä and Möhkö. The ready ingots were transported to Värtsilä or through Pälkjärvi to shore of lake Ladoga. After the Saimaa Channel was taken into use in 1856, the products could be transported by water. The main market areas were Saint Petersburg and south side of Gulf of Finland.Crimean War increased the demand temporarily, but after that prices dropped. Although the Finnish iron ingots and bars were duty-free in the Russian market, the highly developed international iron producers could sell their products for a competitive price despite of tariffs. Arppe's other supporting leg  was his timber industry which enabled investments on ironmills. Ingots were further processed into bars in Värtsilä. Arppe's company employed thousands of people; Möhkö works alone gave work to 2,000 men for limonite digging, coal burning, operating of barges and driving horses. Arppe's plants provided significant income to the local people. The plants attracted many workers from distant locations and the local food production could not cover the need.<mask> printed his own notes, called "dog tongues", which could be used as payment in company shop. Läskelä sawmill
In 1859, Arppe stepped back to forest industry by buying Läskelä hydropowered sawmill. As the sawmill was situated by river Jänisjoki which also flows through Värtsilä, the significance of Värtsilä grew as the main location of <mask>'s company. Private life
<mask> was married to Jeannette Charlotta née Porthan in 1841, but she died already in 1843. In 1845, <mask> married her sister Matilds, who died ten years later. <mask>'s third wife was Amalia Kristina née Seitz. He had altogether eleven children.<mask> remained faithful to his home county and he had a reputation as a man on whose word one can count. While he was a hard industrialist, he had the ability to identify the capable people among uneducated peasants and put them to responsible positions; such were Taneli Rouvinen, Staffan Riikonen and Paul Hendunen, who worked as plant managers. <mask> had far-reaching plans for developing his business, but they did not materialise before he fell seriously ill. Despite of being partly paralysed, he wanted to be in place seeing when the last pieces of machinery of his rolling plant, warped along river Jänisjoki, arrived in Värtsilä. <mask> died in 1861, shortly before era of economical deregulation in Finland. <mask> left as inheritance a significant amount of land; according to estimates, it totalled 120,000–130,000 hectares. His business was continued after and led to development of Wärtsilä company.Sources

19th-century Finnish businesspeople
Wärtsilä
Finnish chief executives
People from Kitee
1803 births
1861 deaths

masks:
Nils Ludvig Arppe
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