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<mask> (11 June 1588 O.S. (21 June 1588 NS) – 2 May 1667 O.S. (12 May 1667 NS)) was a prolific English poet, pamphleteer, satirist and writer of hymns. Wither's long life spanned one of the most tumultuous periods in the history of England, during the reigns of Elizabeth I, James I, and Charles I, the Civil War, the Parliamentary period and the Restoration period. Biography

Early life
Wither was born in Bentworth, near Alton, in the heart of Hampshire, the son of <mask> of that place and his wife, Mary, who was possibly from the family of Hunt. His grandfather, <mask>, lived at Manydown in Wootton St Lawrence, where the family had resided since at least 1344. His early schooling took place under Rev.John Greaves, the father of John, Sir Edward and Thomas Greaves. Between the ages of fifteen and seventeen he studied at Magdalen College, Oxford. Despite his neighbors' advice that his father put him to some mechanic trade, he was sent to one of the Inns of Chancery, eventually obtaining an introduction at Court. It is thought that he spent some time in Ireland, perhaps with Adam Loftus at Rathfarnham Castle. He wrote what amounted to a masque for a wedding that took place there in 1610, of the parents of Francis Willughby. He wrote an elegy (1612) on the death of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, and a volume of gratulatory poems (1613) on the marriage of the princess Elizabeth. Imprisonment and release

Some time between 1611 and 1613 he wrote Abuses Stript and Whipt, twenty satires directed against Revenge, Ambition, Lust.These satires—aimed at exposing "th'abuses of these wicked Times"—achieved some popular success and there were seven printings from 1613 to 1617. The volume included a poem called "The Scourge", in which the Lord Chancellor was attacked, and a series of epigrams. Despite the fact that the satires referenced nobody by name, and that Wither had published them a year before with no trouble, he was arrested for libel "on or about 20 March 1614" and held in the Marshalsea prison for four months before being released. In A Satyre: Dedicated to His Most Excellent Majestie, Wither made a bold appeal to King James for his release, claiming that he had "not sought to scandalize the state, nor sowne sedition." The cause for his initial imprisonment is somewhat unclear, as the Abuses were in fact very general, and had not satirized any one person by name. Charles Lamb commented

that a man should be convicted of libel when he named no names but Hate, and Envy, and Lust, and Avarice, is like one of the indictments in the Pilgrim's Progress, where Faithful is arraigned for having 'railed on our noble Prince Beelzebub, and spoken contemptibly of his honourable friends, the Lord Old Man, the Lord Carnal Delight, and the Lord Luxurious'. This view has been held by most later critics and scholars, in addition to the possibility of earlier editions containing text which was erased in later editions.Several scholars in the late 19th and early 20th centuries also claimed that Wither had offended Lord Chancellor Ellesmere with one of the verses in Abuses. This claim, however, was rejected by Pritchard, who blames the misreading of the verses. Pritchard makes the case that the reason for Wither's imprisonment was that he angered Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, by accusing him and others of colluding with the Spanish—and Catholic—government. Pritchard mentions that Northampton was at the height of his power when Wither was arrested, and notes that he was not able to secure his release until after Northampton's death in June 1614. After his release from prison, Wither was admitted, in 1615, to Lincoln's Inn

In 1621, Wither's satirical Wither's Motto: Nec habeo, nec careo, nec curo (Latin for "I have not, I want not, I care not") sold over 30,000 copies of this poem were sold, according to his own account within a few months. Like his earlier invective, it was said to be libellous, and Wither was again imprisoned, but shortly afterwards released without formal trial on the plea that the book had been duly licensed. Ben Jonson turned satire back on <mask>, portrayed as the Chronomastix of the masque Time Vindicated.<mask> avenged himself, by a reference to Jonson's drunken conclave. He was obliged to print this book with his own hand, in consequence of his quarrel with the Stationers Company. Under Charles I

<mask> was in London during the plague of 1625, and in 1628 published Britain's Remembrancer, a voluminous poem on the subject, interspersed with denunciations of the wickedness of the times, and prophecies of the disasters about to fall upon England. It reflects on nature of poetry and prophecy, explores the fault lines in politics, and rejects tyranny of the sort the king was denounced for fostering. In 1635 he was employed by Henry Taunton, a London publisher, to write English verses illustrative of the allegorical plates of Crispin van Passe, originally designed for the emblem book Gabriel Rollenhagens Nucleus emblematum selectissimorum (1610–1613). The book was published as a Collection of Emblemes, Ancient and Moderne, of which the only perfect copy known is in the British Museum. In 1636 he translated The Nature of Man by Nemesius.Civil War soldier
<mask> had served as captain of horse in 1639 in the expedition of Charles I against the Scottish Covenanters, and his religious rather than his political convictions must be accepted as the explanation of the fact that, three years after the Scottish expedition, at the outbreak of the English Civil War, he is found definitely siding with the Parliament. He sold his estate to raise a troop of horse, and was placed by a parliamentary committee in command of Farnham Castle. After a few days occupation he left the place undefended, and marched to London. His own house near Farnham was plundered, and he himself was captured by a troop of Royalist horse, owing his life to the intervention of Sir John Denham, on the ground that so long as Wither lived he himself could not be accounted the worst poet in England. A reported episode from 1642 or 1643 has Wither with Henry Marten mocking the coronation regalia. At this time, in any case, <mask>'s views were converging with those of the advocates of true popular sovereignty, and his political poem Vox Pacifica called for a purge of Parliament. He was promoted to the rank of major.He was present at the siege of Gloucester (1643) and at Naseby (1645). He had been deprived in 1643 of his nominal command, and of his commission as justice of the peace, in consequence of an attack upon Sir Richard Onslow, who was, he maintained, responsible for the Farnham disaster. In the same year parliament made him a grant of £2000 for the loss of his property, but he apparently never received the full amount, and complained from time to time of his embarrassments and of the slight rewards he received for his services. An order was made to settle a yearly income of £150 on Wither, chargeable on Sir John Denham's sequestrated estate, but there is no evidence that he ever received it. Commonwealth and Restoration
He became a political and religious writer using verse as his medium. He is considered to stand out as a supporter of the Commonwealth who also proposed a more egalitarian social vision. His Respublica Anglicana (1650) was a reply to the Anarchia Anglicana (1649) of Theodorus Verax (Clement Walker), a Presbyterian opponent of the Independents.It defended 'engagement', the notion that recognition of the Parliamentary regime should be required. A small place given him by the Protector was forfeited after Wither expressed criticism of Cromwell. He was involved in 11 court cases, from 1643 to 1661, including Onslow's libel suit over the poem Justiarius Justificatus. At the Restoration he was arrested, and remained in prison for three years. He was a conforming Anglican; but by this time he had moved closer to the Quakers. In Parallelogrammaton (1662) he compared to them as predecessors the prophets Ezekiel and Habakkuk. Death
Wither died in London.Works
His extant writings, noted by Thomas Park in Brydges's British Bibliographer, number over a hundred. Wither wrote, generally, in a pure English idiom, and preferred the reputation of rusticity. According to the Dunciad "Withers, Ward, and Gildon rest" together "Safe, where no Critics damn, no duns molest". Pastoral and later satires
He was early known in the pastoral genre. He had figured as one of the interlocutors, Roget, in his friend William Browne's Shepherds Pipe, with which were bound up eclogues by other poets, among them one by Wither. During his imprisonment he wrote what may be regarded as a continuation of Browne's work, The Shepherd's Hunting (printed 1615)—eclogues in which the two poets appear as Willie and Roget (in later editions Philarete). It is largely allegorical.The fourth of these eclogues contains a famous passage in praise of poetry; the poets are explicit that pastoral is just a preliminary to other work. In 1615, the year of hisrelese from prison and admission to Lincoln's Inn, Wither printed privately Fidelia, a love elegy, of which there is a unique copy in the Bodleian Library. Other editions of this book, which contained the lyric "Shall I, wasting in despair", appeared in 1617 and 1619. In 1621, he returned to the satiric vein with Wither's Motto: Nec habeo, nec careo, nec curo (Latin for "I have not, I want not, I care not"). It was said to be libellous, and Wither, for the second time, was imprisoned, but shortly afterwards released. In 1622 appeared his Faire-Virtue, The Mistresse of Phil Arete, a long panegyric of a mistress, partly real, partly allegorical, written chiefly in the seven-syllabled verse of which he was a master. Psalmody and hymnody

Wither had begun as a moderate in politics and religion, but his Puritan leanings became more pronounced, as he moved from an Arminian to a more Calvinist position.His later work consists of religious poetry, and of controversial and political tracts. From 1614 he began to work on a new psalm translation, a project in tune with the circle round Sir Edwin Sandys that Wither frequented. Preparation to the Psalter (1619) was an early work in English on literary aspects of the Bible, and initiated a campaign by Wither to substitute his own writings for the dominant psalms. His Hymnes and Songs of the Church (1622–1623) were aimed to counter exclusive psalmody, represented by the Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter. Orlando Gibbons provided tunes for some of them. They were issued under a patent of King James I ordaining that they should be bound up with every copy of the authorized metrical psalms offered for sale. This patent was opposed, as inconsistent with their privilege to print the singing-psalms, by the Stationers Company, to Wither's great mortification and loss, and a second similar patent was finally disallowed by the House of Lords.<mask> defended himself in The Schollers Purgatory (1624). In this document, a 140-page diatribe against the Stationers Company for their refusal to print his work, Wither blames them for his financial ruin and hardship. Some more of <mask>'s religious poetry is contained in Heleluiah: or Britain's Second Remembrancer, which was printed in Holland in 1641. This work assumed the knowledge of metrical psalms. Besides hymns, the book contains songs, especially the Cradle Song, Part 1 No. 50 ("Sleep, baby, sleep, what ails my dear"), the Anniversary Marriage Song, Part 2 No. 17 ("Lord, living here are we"), the Perambulation Song, Part 2 No.24 ("Lord, it hath pleased Thee to say"), the Song for Lovers, Part 3 No. 20 ("Come, sweet heart, come, let us prove"), the Song for the Happily Married,  Part 3 No. 21 ("Since they in singing take delight") and the Song for a Shepherd, Part 3 No. 41 ("Renowned men their herds to keep"). Context and poetic reputation
Wither has been classified as a Spenserian, with Michael Drayton, Giles Fletcher, Phineas Fletcher, and Henry More. The early Jacobean Spenserians were generally republican rather than imperial (at least in terms of ancient Rome), of the "country party" rather than the "court party", nostalgic for Elizabeth I, and in favour of the older ornateness rather than the plain style of James I,  however Wither is described by Joan Grundy as adopting a deliberate plainness of style. According to Christopher Hill:

... we can trace a line from Spenser ... through a group of poets ... ranging from Shakespeare, Drayton, the two Fletchers, William Browne and Samuel Daniel to <mask>er.Or again:

A line of poets could be traced from Sidney and Spenser through Sylvester and Browne to Wither— not, admittedly, of a rising quality, but of a consistent political attitude. Where Hill identifies connections via the aristocratic patrons and politics, Alastair Fowler takes Drayton to be the poetic centre of a group, which besides Wither comprised Browne, John Davies of Hereford, William Drummond of Hawthornden, <mask> and Joshua Sylvester. From c.1640 onwards, Wither assumed an overtly prophetic voice. His wide range of publication, in prose as well as various poetic genres over nearly half a century, has left a very uneven impression of his interests and affected his poetic reputation. <mask> wrote that "Wither was a man of real genius, but seems to have been partially
insane". Herbert Grierson found something to praise in early love poems, but spoke of "endless diffuse didactic and pious poems, if they can be called poems". C. V. Wedgwood wrote "every so often in the barren acres of his verse is a stretch enlivened by real wit and observation, or fired with a sudden intensity of feeling".Later publication
After a period of neglect, <mask> anthologised <mask> in Specimens of the Early English Poets (1790). Samuel Egerton Brydges published The Shepherds Hunting (1814), Fidelia (1815) and Fair Virtue (1818), and a selection appeared in Ezekiel Sanford's Works of the British Poets, vol. v. (1819). Most of <mask>'s works were edited in twenty volumes for the Spenser Society (1871–82); a selection was included by Henry Morley in his Companion Poets (1891); Fidelia and Fair Virtue are included in Edward Arber's English Garner (vol. iv, 1882; vol. vi, 1883), and The Poetry of <mask>er was edited by Frank Sidgwick in 1902. A selection of Wither's hymns was published in 2011 by The Phoenix Press in The Gibbons Songbook.Whilst primarily a realisation of the tunes Orlando Gibbons wrote for The Hymns and Songs of the Church a selection of verses from the hymns is paired with the original verses from the King James Bible which inspired Wither to create the hymns. Footnotes

References
 McRae, Andrew. "Remembering 1625: <mask>'s Britain's Remembrancer and the Condition of Early Caroline England" English Literary Renaissance 46.3 (2016): 433-455. Grundy, Joan, The Spenserian Poets, Edward Arnold (1969)

External links

Selected Poetry of <mask> (1588-1667)

1588 births
1667 deaths
English Anglicans
17th-century English poets
17th-century English male writers
Inmates of the Marshalsea
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
People from Bentworth
English male poets

masks:
George Wither
George Wither Senior
Richard Wither
Wither
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George With
George Sandys
George Gilfillan
George Ellis
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<mask> (born January 16, 1986) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim from 2010 through 2013, for the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2014 and 2015, the Seattle Mariners in 2015 and the Baltimore Orioles from 2016 to 2019. <mask> was an All-Star in 2012 and 2016. Amateur career
<mask> was born in Anaheim, California, and played high school baseball at Villa Park High School in Villa Park, California. Growing up, Trumbo played travel baseball against future major leaguers Phil Hughes and Brandon Barnes. At Villa Park, Trumbo was a pitcher and infielder, and was a 2005 High School All-American after hitting .425 and going 10-2 with a 2.20 ERA on the mound. Professional career

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Trumbo was selected by the Anaheim Angels in the 18th round (533rd overall) of the 2004 Major League Baseball Draft.He was promoted to the major leagues as part of the September roster expansions on September 3, 2010. He made his major league debut on September 11, 2010, as a pinch hitter for Mike Napoli and then remained in the game to play first base. <mask> entered the 2011 season looking for some early-season playing time at first base after a spring in which he displayed his over credited power. <mask> hit his first career home run on April 12, 2011, off Fausto Carmona of the Cleveland Indians. Although he planned to be a shortstop until Kendrys Morales' returned from injury, he became the Angels' full-time first baseman for the 2011 season due to Morales' season-ending surgery. He led all rookies with 29 home runs and 87 RBIs while batting .254 in his rookie campaign, but finished second in Rookie of the Year voting to Jeremy Hellickson of the Tampa Bay Rays. <mask> also led the American League in putouts with 1,284 in 2011.The Angels acquired Albert Pujols on December 8, 2011, which forced <mask> to change positions. In the early stages of the 2012 season <mask> and Alberto Callaspo shared time at third base; <mask> also started games in left and right field as well as designated hitter. On June 10, 2012, <mask> had a career-high six RBIs on two three-run home runs in a game against the Colorado Rockies. <mask> was selected for the 2012 Home Run Derby by AL captain Robinson Cano, advancing to the second round before being ousted in a playoff by José Bautista. <mask> was elected to his first all-star game, which was the 2012 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, in his sophomore season. In 2013, he batted .234/.294/.453 in 620 at bats. Arizona Diamondbacks
The Angels traded <mask> to the Arizona Diamondbacks in a three-team trade also involving the Chicago White Sox.The Angels received Tyler Skaggs and Hector Santiago, while the White Sox received Adam Eaton and the Diamondbacks also received two players to be named later. On April 6, <mask> hit his 100th career home run against the Rockies. On April 24, <mask> was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a stress fracture in his left foot. He was removed from the disabled list on July 7. In 2014, he batted .235/.293/.415 in 328 at bats. Seattle Mariners
On June 3, 2015, the Diamondbacks traded <mask> and Vidal Nuño to the Seattle Mariners for catcher Welington Castillo, reliever Dominic Leone, and prospects Gabby Guerrero and Jack Reinheimer. Trumbo played in 96 games for the Mariners and slashed .263/.316/.419 while hitting 13 home runs, 13 doubles, and driving in 41 runs.Baltimore Orioles

2016
On December 2, 2015, the Mariners traded <mask> and C. J. Riefenhauser to the Baltimore Orioles for Steve Clevenger. <mask> went 4-for-5 in the first game of the 2016 season, his sixth career game with four hits. <mask> hit his first home run in an Orioles uniform on April 11. He homered again the next day. <mask> homered for the third time in four games on April 14, and on April 15, <mask> became the first Oriole to hit two home runs in the same inning, driving in a total of five runs in the Orioles 11-5 comeback victory over the Rangers. It was <mask>'s eighth career multi-homer game. Through his first ten games, <mask> hit .400, five home runs, and had 11 RBIs.<mask> was later named AL co-Player of the week after slashing .320/.346/.960, hitting five home runs, driving in 11 runs, and scoring eight times. For the month of April, <mask> slashed .337/.385/.573 with a .958 OPS, six home runs, 19 RBIs, and three doubles. <mask> collected his ninth career multi-homer game on May 3 in a 4-1 victory over the Yankees. On May 11, <mask> had his tenth career multi-homer game. <mask> finished May with a slash line of .239/.291/.550. Despite the low average, he hit nine home runs in the month and collected 18 RBIs. He also added five doubles and a triple.In a 12-7 victory over the Red Sox on June 2, <mask> and the Orioles blasted a season-high seven home runs, two of which belonged to <mask>. <mask> had a strong June, as he slashed .281/.328/.553 while blasting eight home runs and driving in 23 runs. He was later selected to participate in the Home Run Derby and was selected to his second career All-Star Game. In the derby, <mask> hit 16 home runs in the first round and 14 in the second, eventually losing to the Derby champion Giancarlo Stanton. On August 18, <mask> set a new career high in home runs, 35, against the Houston Astros. On August 22, <mask> hit a go-ahead 2-run home run against the Washington Nationals. With the home run, he collected his 500th career RBI.The home run was also his seventh consecutive hit being a home run. On August 28, <mask> hit his 40th home run of the season. He became the fifth-fastest Oriole to hit their 40th home run in a season (Chris Davis, Jim Gentile, Brady Anderson & Frank Robinson). On September 18, <mask> set a new career high in RBIs, with 101, by hitting his 43rd home run of the year against the Tampa Bay Rays. <mask> hit his league-leading 44th home run of the year on September 23 in a 3-2 walkoff victory over the Diamondbacks. It was the fifth walkoff home run of his career. <mask> ended the year having played in 159 games, slashing .256/.316/.533 while hitting a Major League-leading 47 home runs and driving in 108 RBIs, while seeing the lowest percentage of fastballs of all MLB hitters (47.5%).<mask> tied a career-high in games played and on-base percentage, while setting career-highs in runs scored, hits, home runs, RBIs, slugging percentage and OPS. His 47 home runs tied him for fourth most home runs in a single season in Orioles franchise history, tied with teammate Chris Davis. The Orioles finished the season 89-73, qualifying for the final postseason spot. In the Orioles Wild Card game, <mask> hit a fourth inning 2-run home run to give the Orioles an early 2-1 lead. The Orioles lost 5-2 in 11 innings. <mask> won the AL Sporting News Comeback Player of the Year Award for his accomplishments during the 2016 season. He also won the Silver Slugger Award, the first of his career.2017
On January 20, 2017, <mask> signed a three-year contract with the Orioles. On Opening Day, <mask> hit a walk-off home run for the Orioles, against the Blue Jays, in the eleventh inning. He finished the game with two hits, a double, a home run and two RBIs. The blast was <mask>'s sixth career walk-off homer. On September 5, 2017, <mask> hit his 200th career home run off of CC Sabathia. In 2017, he batted .234/.289/.397 in 559 at bats. He had four walk-off hits during the season, the most in MLB.2018
<mask> began the season on the disabled list, missing the first month of the season. He was activated on May 1. <mask> had season ending knee surgery in August. He finished the year with a .261 batting average along with 17 home runs and 44 RBIs in 358 plate appearances. He played only 90 games due to injuries. 2019
After spending most of the 2019 season on the injured list following his knee surgery, <mask> was activated off the IL on September 2, 2019. He played in only 12 games, hitting .172 in 29 at bats.References

External links

Baseball Almanac

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Orange, California
Baseball players from California
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball right fielders
American League All-Stars
American League home run champions
Los Angeles Angels players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Seattle Mariners players
Baltimore Orioles players
Orem Owlz players
Cedar Rapids Kernels players
Arkansas Travelers players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Gigantes del Cibao players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Salt Lake Bees players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Arizona League Diamondbacks players
Reno Aces players
Silver Slugger Award winners

masks:
Mark Trumbo
Trumbo
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<mask> (born July 28, 1941) is a Canadian voice actor. He is best known as the voice of Optimus Prime in the original 1980s Transformers animated series, and most other incarnations of the character. He has also voiced many other characters across a wide variety of popular media, including Eeyore in the Winnie the Pooh franchise, Monterey Jack in Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, the first voice of KARR in Knight Rider and the vocalizations of the title character in Predator. In 2007, <mask> returned to the role of Optimus Prime in Transformers media, starting with the first live-action film. Early life
<mask> was born on July 28, 1941, in Montreal, Quebec, to Henry and Muriel (née McCann) <mask>. He has three siblings: Michaela, Sonny, and Larry. <mask> attended Regiopolis-Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School.He is a member of the first graduating class of the National Theatre School of Canada, which he graduated in 1963. His brother, <mask> Prime. Career

1960s–1970s
In 1968, he and Joan Stuart appeared as "Giles" and "Penelope" in L'Anglaise, a recurring segment about a French-Canadian man with an English-Canadian wife, on the CBC Radio comedy series, Funny You Should Say That. <mask> played a French-Canadian astronaut character named Commander Bi Bi Latuque alongside Ted Zeigler for the 1969 children's show, The Buddies on CFCF-TV in Montreal. He honed his voice skills by working as a radio announcer, notably in his home town of Montreal on (then) MOR station CKGM doing the overnight and weekend swing shifts. From 1967 to 1969, he was the announcer for Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. From 1971 to 1974, he, Zeigler and Billy Van were series regulars on The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour.In 1974, <mask> was the announcer and a series regular (with Ted Zeigler and Billy Van) on The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show. He lent his voice to a character in the album "The Story of Halloween Horror" in 1977. As Optimus Prime
<mask> recalls auditioning for the role of the robot superhero Optimus Prime at a casting house in Burbank, California, explaining that as he read Prime's character breakdown, he saw that it was "the opportunity of the year", and heeded his brother Larry's advice: "<mask>, don't be a Hollywood superhero, be a real superhero. Real superheroes don't yell and act tough; they are tough enough to be gentle, so control yourself." <mask> later learned from his agent, Steve Tisherman, that he not only won the part of Prime, but also, to his surprise, the role of Ironhide as well, which he saw as a "home run". He has stated that Optimus is his favorite voice role, and that he based the voice of the Autobot leader on his older brother Larry, who served in Vietnam. "When he came home, I could see a change.He was quieter and he was a man and a superhero to me," says the actor. "I watched him and listened to him. I'd never had an opportunity to do a superhero, and when that came, [that voice] just came right out of me and I sounded like Optimus." He has also stated that he had no idea of Prime's popularity until the character's controversial death in the 1986 animated film, because the studio had never given him fan letters from children addressed to Optimus. The public backlash over Optimus's death surprised producers greatly. Children were leaving the theaters distraught because of the character's death. The writers temporarily revived the character for a single episode in Season 3 called "Dark Awakening".Initially, this was intended to be his final appearance, but after fan requests continued, "The Return of Optimus Prime", a two-part episode was produced. The original ending of "Dark Awakening" was altered in reruns to include a teaser about the return of the character, and indeed, Optimus returned once and for all to lead the Autobots for the final five episodes of the original American cartoon series. <mask> reprised the role of Optimus Prime in the 2007 Transformers live-action film, and then in its sequels Revenge of the Fallen, Dark of the Moon, Age of Extinction, and The Last Knight, the spin-off Bumblebee film, and the video games based on the film series. <mask> is contractually obligated to voice Optimus in at least one more sequel. Currently, it is unknown if he will continue to voice Optimus Prime following Rise of the Beasts. <mask> again reprised his role as Optimus Prime in the video games Transformers: War for Cybertron, Transformers: Fall of Cybertron and Transformers: Devastation, and in the recent television series Transformers: Rescue Bots, Transformers: Prime and Transformers: Robots in Disguise. His performance in the premiere season of Transformers: Prime earned him a nomination for a 2011 Daytime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program category.Other work

In the 1980s and 1990s, <mask> appeared on a number of television shows. He has played Coran, Stride the Tiger Fighter, and King Alfor in the Lion Voltron series, the transforming spaceship/robot Ramrod, the heroic Commander Eagle and the villainous Nemesis in the 1980s anime series Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs, Commander James Hawkins in the Vehicle Voltron series, Eeyore in the Winnie the Pooh franchise, Original First Voice of KARR in Knight Rider, Antor and Bomba, and Gunner, in Dino-Riders, Airborne, Zandar and Nemesis Enforcer in G.I. Joe, He played Mantor/Mantys in Coleco's 5 episode mini-series Sectaurs in 1986; Red Skull in the 1981 cartoon series of Spider-Man, Klaar and Zanzoar in Megas XLR and Mantus in The Pirates of Dark Water. He also had a voice part in the 1984 motion picture Gremlins (as a gremlin) and in the first season of the 2008 Knight Rider series, where he reprised his vocal role as KARR (from the original Knight Rider series). He also did voicework in The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible series, notably as Japheth, one of Noah's sons in the "Noah's Ark" episode, and the King of Nineveh in the "Jonah" episode. He was well known by some as the main villain Venger in the animated series of Dungeons and Dragons. He played the evil sorcerer Renwick in the lesser known series Little Wizards and played Cindarr in the short-lived series Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light.Among many other television series and films, he has also lent his basso voice to many film trailers and television commercials, including announcing for the Toonami and You Are Here blocks on the Cartoon Network. <mask> spent some of his early professional years in Montreal as a radio announcer/DJ on CKGM; and as a character in a then-popular local television kids show. He acted the role of a French-Canadian astronaut, along with writer and his partner on the show, Ted Ziegler. Both Ziegler and <mask> were in the supporting cast of The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, as well as other network comedies of the era. He voiced Nintendo's mascot Mario in the Donkey Kong segments on Saturday Supercade, making him the first person to ever provide a voice for the character in western media. <mask> has done voicework on drum and bass DJ Dieselboy's 2004 album, The Dungeonmaster's Guide, and narration on the 2013 album Tetragrammaton by the Dutch extreme metal band The Monolith Deathcult. Tetragrammaton also featured <mask> on bass in "God's Among Insects."Additionally, he did voicework for the unreleased Blizzard Entertainment game Warcraft Adventures: Lord of the Clans, and provided narration for the Star Wars fan film series I.M.P.S. : The Relentless. <mask> is a voice announcer on Police Story 4: First Strike in advertisements for New Line Cinema, lending his experience as an ex-cop for the Santa Monica division to the cast. Personal life
<mask> has four children: Clay, Angus, Claire, Pilar and three grandchildren. He is a good friend of his longtime Dungeons and Dragons and Transformers co-star and fellow voice actor Frank Welker. Honours
At BotCon 2010, Hasbro named <mask> Prime. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Live-action

Theme park rides

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1941 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian expatriate male actors in the United States
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male video game actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian Roman Catholics
Canadian sketch comedians
Male actors from Montreal
National Theatre School of Canada alumni
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Comedians from Montreal

masks:
Peter Claver Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Larry Cullenmus
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Peter
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullen
Cullenmus


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<mask> (17 August 1923 – 22 October 2009) was a French historian. His specialty was Latin American history; he also studied French social and religious history of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. A leading figure in French quantitative history as the founder of "serial history", he was professor emeritus at Paris IV-Sorbonne, a member of the Institut de France, and a commander of the Légion d'Honneur. A convert to Protestantism from Roman Catholicism, he defended his Gaullist views most notably in a longtime column in Le Figaro and on Radio Courtoisie. Biography
A native of Belleville-sur-Meuse, "on the outskirts of the battle of Verdun" in his own words, and raised by his uncle and aunt, <mask> was deeply scarred by his own family tragedies, which explained the reasons for his conservatism. He was however a Republican and a Democrat, rejecting totally the far-right ideologies that were widespread during his youth. He became a strong supporter of general Charles de Gaulle and of Gaullism in the aftermath of World War II.<mask> taught in the lycée of Bar-le-Duc in 1947, where he was a professor of history. He was admitted to the École des hautes études hispaniques in 1948 and stayed in Madrid and Seville until 1951. Strongly influenced by Fernand Braudel, who was his mentor, and the Annales School (where he was secretary to Lucien Febvre), Chaunu defended his dissertation on Séville et l’Atlantique in 1954. Nonetheless, Braudel denied him entry into the sixth section of the École practique des hautes études. He was professor at the lycée at Vanves (1951–1956), part-time lecturer at the faculté des lettres in Paris (1956), researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), elected member of CNRS after 1957 and of the Comité consultant des universités, and in 1959 chargé d’enseignement (assistant professor). In 1960, Chaunu became maitre de conferences (associate professor) in 1960 and full professor in 1962 at the University of Caen Lower Normandy, where he founded the Centre de recherche d’histoire quantitative in 1966. He was named professor of modern history at Paris-Sorbonne University in 1970.Beginning in 1976, he was a member of the Conseil économique et social's section for the adaptation of research technique and for economic information, and from 1980 he was a member of the historical section of the Conseil scientifique of CNRS. In 1982, he was elected as a member of the historical and geographical section of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. He became a member of the Haut conseil a l’intégration (High Council on Immigration) in 1994. From 1988 to 1990, he was president of the Fédération nationale des syndicats autonomes de l’enseighment supérieur. Until 2005, he directed the weekly broadcast of "Les Mardis de la mémoire" on Radio Courtoisie. From the early 1980s he had a column in "Le Figaro." <mask>u converted to Protestantism as an adult (having previously been a Roman Catholic).He was a lay preacher in the temple at Courseulles-sur-Mer (Reformed Church of France) and a committee member of the Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Français. He was also the father of six children, including the illustrator and cartoonist Emmanuel Chaunu (born in 1966). He was a commander of the Légion d’honneur. Death
Chaunu died at Caen on 22 October 2009, aged 86. Works
The central thesis of several of his works, including "La Peste blanche", is that the contemporary West is committing suicide because of demographic decline and low birth rate; hence the subtitle, "How can the suicide of the West be avoided?" In evoking the word "plague", the historian very explicitly recalled the terrible epidemic that decimated the European population in the fourteenth century. He equally echoed the study of Latin America that made his reputation: South America experienced a steep drop in population at the arrival of the Spanish.From 80 million, the population went to 10 million in the span of half a century. (This claim has provoked very significant controversy; see e.g., Henige, who argues that the population at the relevant dates is essentially unknowable.) Thus, according to Chaunu, the demographic index became a prime indicator to understand the rise and fall of civilizations. The historian maintained that population growth could reverse itself rapidly, to the point of resulting in the phenomena of near-disappearance of some peoples. Influence
Chaunu had an important impact on historiography, whether with regard to quantitative history, his studies of Latin America, or the social and religious history of France during the Ancien Régime. Publications

Books
 Histoire de l'Amérique latine, Paris, PUF, "Que sais-je? ", 1949.Réédition en 2009. Séville et l'Atlantique (1504–1650), Paris, SEVPEN, 12 volumes, 1955–1960. (Prix de Loubat, 1962). Les Philippines et le Pacifique des Ibériques, Paris, SEVPEN, 2 volumes, 1960–1966. L'Amérique et les Amériques de la préhistoire à nos jours, Paris, Armand Colin, 1964. La Civilisation de l'Europe classique, Paris, Arthaud, 1966. L'Expansion européenne du XIIIe et XVe siècles, Paris, PUF, 1969.(English translation European expansion in the later Middle Ages, Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing.) Conquête et exploitation des nouveaux mondes, Paris, PUF, 1969. La Civilisation de l'Europe des Lumières, Paris, Arthaud, 1971. L'Espagne de Charles Quint, Paris, SEDES, 2 volumes, 1973. Démographie historique et système de civilisation, Rome, EFR, 1974. Histoire, science sociale, Paris, SEDES, 1974. Le Temps des Réformes, Paris, Fayard, 1975.De l'histoire à la prospective, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1975. Les Amériques, XVIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, Armand Colin, 1976. La peste blanche (with Georges Suffert), Paris, Gallimard, 1976. Séville et l'Amérique aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles, Paris, Flammarion, 1977. La Mort à Paris (XVIe et XVIIe siècles, Paris, Fayard, 1978. Histoire quantitative, histoire sérielle, Paris, Armand Colin, 1978. Le sursis, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1978
 La France ridée, Paris, Pluriel, 1979
 Un futur sans avenir, Histoire et population, Calmann-Lévy,1979
 Histoire et imagination.La transition, Paris, PUF, 1980. Église, culture et société. Réforme et Contre-Réforme (1517–1620), Paris, SEDES, 1980. Histoire et décadence, Paris, Perrin, 1981. (Grand Prix Goubert, 1982)
 La France, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1982. Pour l'histoire, Paris, Perrin, 1984. L'Aventure de la Réforme.Le monde de Jean Calvin, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1986. (English translation, The Reformation, Gloucester, Sutton.) Apologie par l'histoire, Paris, Œil, 1988. Le Grand Déclassement, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1989. Reflets et miroir de l'histoire, Economica, Paris, 1990
 Histoire économique et sociale de la France. Tome 1, 1450-1660, (with Ernest Labrousse) PUF, "Quadrige", 1993. Colomb ou la logique de l'imprévisible, Paris, F. Bourin, 1993.Baptême de Clovis, baptême de la France, (in collaboration), Paris, Balland, 1996. Le Basculement religieux de Paris au XVIIIe siècle, (in collaboration), Paris, Fayard, 1998. Charles Quint, (with Michèle Escamilla), Paris, Fayard, 2000. La femme et Dieu, (with Jacques Renard), Paris, Fayard, 2001
 Essai de prospective démographique, (with Huguette Chaunu and Jacques Renard), Paris, Fayard, 2003
 Des curés aux entrepreneurs: la Vendée au XXe siècle, Centre Vendéen de Recherches Historiques, 2004. Le livre noir de la Révolution française, Cerf, 2008

Article
 La philosophie et l'histoire, (with Roger Arnaldez) in Jean-François Mattéi, Le Discours philosophique, volume IV of the Encyclopédie philosophique universelle, Paris, PUF, 1998. Endnotes

External links
 Le legs monumental de <mask>unu à l’Histoire
 Portrait of <mask>unu on herodote.net, février 2007
 " Surpopulation de la planète : Les chiffres donnés par l’ONU sont-ils truqués ? ", 6 octobre 1999
 C.R.H.Q, Centre de Recherche d'Histoire Quantitative

References
Obituary in French

1923 births
2009 deaths
People from Meuse (department)
French Calvinist and Reformed Christians
French Protestants
Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism
Historians of France
Economic historians
University of Paris faculty
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
20th-century French historians
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Le Figaro people

masks:
Pierre Chaunu
Pierre René Chaunu
Pierre Chaunu
Pierre Chaun
Pierre Cha
Pierre Cha


text_chunks:
<mask> (16 November 1885 – 15 September 1968) was a Pallottine priest and founder of the Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement. He is also remembered as a theologian, educator and pioneer of a Catholic response to an array of modern issues, whose teachings underwent a series of challenges from political and ecclesiastical powers. He attempted to teach Christians how to live out their faith. His case for sainthood is currently at the diocesan level in the diocese of Trier, pending the compilation of his writings and correspondences. Early life

Childhood
<mask> was born on 16 November 1885 in Gymnich, near Cologne, and baptised "Peter Josef Kentenich" on 19 November at the parish church of St. Kuniberts. His mother was <mask> and his father was Matthias Köp, a manager on a farm in Oberbolheim, where Katharina was one of the domestic staff. Because his parents were not married (and never married), <mask> was born at the house of his maternal grandparents, Anna Maria and <mask>, where he spent the first years of his life.From the end of 1891 until the second half of 1892, <mask> lived with his mother in Strasbourg, where she worked as housekeeper for her elder brother, <mask>, after his wife's death on 25 December 1891. The boy attended a school there for a few months. After her brother remarried on 25 June 1892, Katharina and her son returned to Gymnich. Katharina had to look for a permanent job in order to support her child. <mask> was sent to St. Vincent orphanage in Oberhausen on 12 April 1894. Upon arrival, Katharina gripped the neck of a statue of the Virgin Mary, a gold chain with a cross, one of the few precious objects she owned; she asked the Mother of Jesus to take care of the education of her son; then she put the cross on <mask>'s neck. Entrance into the seminary
In 1897, Kentenich expressed the wish to become a priest for the first time.Two years later, he entered the Pallottines minor seminary in Ehrenbreitstein. In 1904, he entered the novitiate of the Pallottines in Limburg an der Lahn. In his diary, he formulates his spiritual journey, "God is my only goal, He must also be the star that guides my life." However, he faces difficulties because of his intellectualist character. He is obsessed by the primary philosophical question: "Is there a truth, and how to know it?" He had a strong aspiration for perfection, but felt great insensitivity, a sort of incapacity to love God and his neighbor. Marian devotion allowed him to overcome this crisis and discover the personal love that God, Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary had for him, a love that is not an abstract idea but a living reality.Priesthood

Admitted to the religious profession in 1909, <mask> was ordained as a priest in Limburg an der Lahn on 8 July 1910. Although he wished to become a missionary in Africa with the Pallottines, his poor health prevented him from doing so. He was first a professor at the Minor Seminary of Ehrenbreistein. From 1912 to 1919, he served as spiritual director at the minor seminary of the Pallottine Fathers in Vallendar-Schoenstatt, near Koblenz (Germany) on the Rhine. Chaplain
Indeed, a storm stirred the seminarians of Vallendar-Schoenstatt: students protested against the internal regulations that they considered too severe, while some protesters spread graffiti on the walls. Two priests in charge of their spiritual direction resigned. Under this situation, a young <mask> is named as a replacement to try to restore confidence among the seminarians.In his first talk, he said to his students: "I am at your disposal with all that I am and all that I have: my knowledge and my ignorance, my competence and my incompetence, but especially my heart... We will learn to educate ourselves under the protection of Mary, to become strong, free and priestly men." Founding the Schoenstatt Movement

Beginning the "Covenant of Love" with Mary
 <mask> interpreted the ideas of his order's founder, Vincent Pallotti, to be calling for a worldwide effort to involve lay people in apostolic work, and to unite the various factions in the church. With some of his pupils, on 18 October 1914, Kentenich laid the first milestone of the foundation of the work of Schoenstatt. In an old chapel of St. Michael, formerly abandoned and used for the storage of the gardening tools, he gathers about twenty seminarians, where they seal with the Mother of God a covenant that he will call "Covenant of Love". What makes unique this approach is that this "Covenant" is conceived not as a pious symbol, but a bilateral contract between the two contracting parties. Moreover, through the voice of the young priest, the Holy Virgin is requested to kindly establish Her throne in the chapel to spread Her treasures. Each group member agrees to give up now entirely to the Mother of God, and to let themselves be guided by Her through their existence.The group founds a Marian Congregation. This was the beginning and the lasting foundation of today's worldwide development of the Schoenstatt Movement. This movement was named after its place of origin, a word meaning "Beautiful Place". Indeed, deeply convinced about Mary's love for all men, he implored by prayer and sacrifice for that small chapel becomes a privileged place of grace and that it may attract multitudes of men and educate them for the work of God's Kingdom. The speech he delivered on this occasion is considered the Schoenstatt Movement's Foundation Act.The young seminarians grasped his intentions and testified by their spirit of sacrifice during the difficult years of World War I. Some of them, amid the dangers of the front, sacrificed their lives for the cause of Schoenstatt. Among these, the Servant of <mask> Engling was particularly distinguished: fervent seminarian, supporter of the peace between nations and an apostle among his fellow soldiers, he offers his life to the Our Lady for the development of Schoenstatt.On 4 October 1918, he is killed by a shell in Northern France, next to Thun-Saint-Martin; Father Kentenich would present him as a model. His process of beatification is underway. In 1915, a teacher gave to Kentenich a picture of the Virgin Mary with her child. Despite the low artistic value of the work, Kentenich was charmed by the tenderness of the gesture of Mary clutching Jesus on her heart; he placed the picture above the altar. Revered as Mater Ter Admirabilis (Mother Thrice Admirable), she was put in all the foundations of Schoenstatt. During the war, a magazine under the same patronage was sent to the youth who fight at the front. Between WWI and WWII
The project, initially purely local, expanded rapidly after the World War I.It gradually encompassed many categories; young people, priests, women, sisters, and pilgrims. They are structured according to the German practical spirit, with leagues, federations, and later with secular institutes, according to the degree of commitment of each of their members. Father Kentenich traveled through all of Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland, to preach retreats and lead training sessions. From 1928 to 1935, he preached every year for more than 2,000 priests, and many other lay retreatants. In 1926, Kentenich founded the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary. During Hitler's reign
Kentenich observed with concern the rise of Nazism, which he ranked among the products of what he calls "the idealistic and mechanistic thinking" that engulfed Europe since nineteenth century like an oil spill. In 1933, when the Nazis took power in Germany and closed religious houses one after the other, Father Kentenich took little time to send groups of  the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary groups to South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay to allow the movement to survive in case the persecution of the Church in Germany intensified.His opposition to Nazism attracted persecutory reactions towards him. Father Kentenich said about the swastika: "We, it is the Cross of the Christ that we follow." About Nazism, he said, "I see no place where the water of baptism could run there". On 20 September 1941, <mask> was arrested by the Gestapo in Koblenz and subsequently sent to Dachau concentration camp. He spent over 3 years in the camp, where he became a support for many people, especially among the priests, and according to firsthand accounts, he guided many prisoners to show compassion, to be good men even in the midst of certain death. In Dachau, new branches of the Schoenstatt Movement, including its first international and family branches, were founded. Arrest by the Gestapo
Once in power, the Nazis were quick to classify Schoenstatt among the main opponents to destroy.After endless vexations, on 20 September 1941, <mask> was summoned by the Gestapo; quoting some of his words spoken in private, but reported by an informer: "My mission is to reveal the inner emptiness of National Socialism, and by there to defeat it." The police imprisoned him for a month in a cell without ventilation, in order to break his resistance. This was a small massive concrete cell without any opening than the door. <mask> was kept for four weeks in this dark and airless bunker, which was previously the vault of a branch of the Reichsbank. He left physically debilitated, but calm and peaceful as before. He was then transferred to a prison in Koblenz, a former Carmelite convent. He spent 5 months there, after which he was sent on to Dachau.Sent to the Dachau concentration camp

In March 1942, <mask> was sent to the Dachau concentration camp at a moment when the living conditions there were worsening. Of the 12,000 prisoners, there were 2,600 priests. He was inmate number 29392. The Germans were grouped in a block where they have the right to attend daily Mass celebrated by one of them; it is only on 19 March 1943 that  <mask> would finally celebrate his first Mass at the camp. He gave a nightly spiritual conference to his fellow prisoners thanks to the protection of the "kapo" (inmate block chief) Guttmann, a Communist with a rather violent temper, but fascinated by the behavior of the Father. Guttman saw Kentenich sharing his meager daily bread and soup with a detainee in need. Guttmann will save the priest who is destined to die in the gas chamber because of his poor health.On the day of the selection visit by an S.S. physician, the kapo hides Father Kentenich; assigned to the disinfection commando, he can now circulate in the camp. Foundation of Schoenstatt International at Dachau
On 16 July 1942 two new Schoenstatt branches were created at Dachau under the responsibility of two lay deportees: the Secular Institute of the Families and the Institute of the Brothers of Mary. Transferred into various blocks, Kentenich restarted his apostleship each time despite the personal risk he incurred. Over the last three months of 1944, the tightening of the Nazi regime and epidemics cause the death of 10,000 prisoners in Dachau. It was at this point that, in a surprising act of faith and hope in this hellish place, <mask> formed,  with a group of disciples, the International Movement which extended the foundation of Schoenstatt out into the world. He wrote under unimaginable material conditions treaties of spirituality, prayers, and a didactic poem of over 20,000 verses. In December, Bishop Gabriel Piguet, a French prisoner, ordained under the highest secrecy a priest Blessed Karl Leisner, a seminarian from Schoenstatt.Suffering from tuberculosis and very weakened, Leisner will celebrate only one Mass before dying; he will be beatified by John Paul II on 23 June 1996. On 6 April 1945, upon the arrival of American troops, the prisoners are released. On 20 May, at the feast of Pentecost, <mask> returned to Schoenstatt. He immediately restarted his

masks:
Peter Joseph Kentenich
Kentenich
Katharina Kentenich
Joseph
Matthias Kentenich
Joseph
Peter Joseph
Joseph Kentenich
Joseph
Kentenich
Father Kentenich
Kentenich
God Joseph
Kentenich
Kentenich
Father Kentenich
Kentenich
Kentenich
Father Kentenich
Father Kentenich


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 work, in order to establish a barrier against those whom he considered the biggest dangers to the world: communism in the East, and practical materialism in the West. The experience of deportation helped him teach his disciples on how to maintain inner freedom. Fathers Albert Eise and Franz Reinisch, two martyrs from Schoenstatt, the first who died from disease in Dachau, the second executed by the Nazis, were invoked as heavenly protectors by all members of the Movement. International development of Schoenstatt

In March 1947, <mask> was received in a private audience by Pope Pius XII.He thanked the Pope for the publication, two days earlier, of the constitution Provida Mater Ecclesia, which created the Secular Institutes.In October 1948, the Holy See erected in a Secular Institute the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary. At the same time, <mask> traveled to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, the United States, and Africa to establish the movement there, with the construction of replicas of the Schoenstatt Shrine, training centers, and religious houses. Exile
However, opposition continued to grow against the movement whose presence and reach engendered jealousy. These opponents did not focus on points of doctrine, but primarily on terms used in certain prayers and the role of the founder that were deemed too exclusive. The Bishop of Trier, in whose diocese Schoenstatt is located, ordered a canonical visitation. The overall visitor's report praised the movement, but made some minor criticisms to which <mask> was invited to reply. He raised the debate by writing a long document on the work of Schoenstatt which was presented as a cure for the disease of Western thought, idealism.For Kentenich, Schoenstatt was an antidote to this poison, because it is not an abstract theory but a practical application of Christian doctrine. However, his long response upset the Apostolic Visitor, who sent the file to the Holy Office in Rome. In 1951, Father Tromp, a Dutch Jesuit, was appointed Apostolic Inspector with extensive powers. Baffled by the unconventional terminology used by Father Kentenich, he accused him of being an agitator, an innovator, and even a sectarian. After being stripped of all his functions in the movement, Kentenich was assigned a residence in the convent of Pallottines in Milwaukee; all further correspondence with the leaders of the work was prohibited. More than three decades later, when witnesses were examined for the cause of Father Kentenich's beatification, a 78-year-old priest still in office declared, "Kentenich never received any official act of indictment. There was no official lawyer and he was never brought before a judge, much less faced a complainant or a witness."His exile lasted fourteen years. However, Kentenich accepted the punishment and writes: "God does not speak clearly by events? The Church wants to test our obedience, to recognize that if the work and the holder of the work are marked by God." In 1959, <mask> was appointed as parish priest of the German-speaking Catholic community of Milwaukee, with many immigrants from that nation. "He spoke about the Heavenly Father, will say some of his parishioners, as we had never heard anyone to do it." In 1953, Pope Pius XII, by suggestion, refused to dissolve Schoenstatt. The status of the movement became a matter of whether it should be integrated into the Congregation of the Pallottines, or have its autonomy.The superiors of the Order advocated for the first option, but other Pallottines agreed with Father Kentenich that Schoenstatt should be fully autonomous under penalty of wither. In 1962, under the intervention of several bishops, John XXIII entrusted the case to the Congregation for Religious. Return from exile
In December 1963, Pope Paul VI appointed Bishop Höffner, from Münster, as moderator and protector of Schoenstatt. A new apostolic visitor is appointed, who delivered a favorable report. In 1964, under the unanimous opinion of the German bishops, a papal decree declared the separation of Schoenstatt from the Pallottines. In October 1965, <mask> was reinstated at the direction of the Movement. Now in his eighties, he was received by Paul VI a few days after the closing of the Second Vatican Council.He predicted that the council "will bear fruit, but will have first negative effects, because of the uncertainty of large sections of the hierarchy, clergy and laity about the image of the Church... This uncertainty can be overcome by turning our eyes to Mary, the first image and Mother of the Church. His last actions in Schoenstatt: a father to many
On Christmas of 1965, Father Kentenich, his face now adorned with a long white beard, was enthusiastically welcomed at Schoenstatt. His work now included five secular institutes: the Schoenstatt Fathers, the Diocesan Priests, the Brothers of Mary, the Sisters of Mary, the Ladies of Schoenstatt, and the Families. This also encompassed the several Federations and Leagues gathering priests, lay people, and families. Kentenich now devoted his strength to exert his spiritual fatherhood for all. An influential theology in the years after the council demanded an "adult faith", the autonomy of the individual, the application of the democratic principle in the Church.In opposition to these ideas in fashion, Father Kentenich stressed the fatherhood of God and that of the priesthood in the Church, especially the episcopate. Originating from charity, the fatherhood is also the principle of authority, and implies obedience. The motherly presence of Mary is another essential point of the movement; the practical way to live it is the covenant of love with the Mother Thrice Admirable. In a speech at the annual conference of German Catholics in 1967, Father Kentenich said: "We are living in apocalyptic times... Heavenly and devilish powers clash in this earth... This confrontation is to challenge the domination of the world; today this is clearly visible." The solution is to appeal to the Virgin Mary, "favorite weapon in the hands of the living God". Death
During his last year on earth, Kentenich constantly returned to this theme: "The task of Mary is to bring Christ to the world and the world to Christ... We are convinced that the great crises of the present times cannot be overcome without Mary" (12 September 1968).On 15 September 1968, on the Feast of Our Lady of Sorrows, Kentenich celebrated Mass at the recently inaugurated Church of the Adoration, newly consecrated on the heights of Schoenstatt. Six hundred Sisters of Mary attended the ceremony. Back in the sacristy for the thanksgiving prayer just after Mass, he suffered a heart attack; after receiving the last sacraments he died minutes later. His mortal remains are buried in the place where he took his last breath. On his tomb figure, according to his wish, is the inscription: Dilexit Ecclesiam ("He loved the Church"; Eph 5:25), influenced by the same inscription engraved on the tomb of Cardinal Gaspard Mermillod, Bishop of Geneva (Switzerland) in the 19th century who was exiled from his own country for 11 years for refusing to adhere to a national church separated from Rome. Beatification process
The process for his beatification was opened on 10 February 1975 in the Diocese of Trier, Germany. The process is in the final phase of the diocesan stage.Life-size sculptures of Kentenich, created by American artist Gwendolyn Gillen, now stand outside Schoenstatt chapels in Lamar, Texas, Pewaukee, Wisconsin, Rome, Puerto Rico and many other countries. Investigations into accusations of sexual abuse

In July 2020, Alexandra von Teuffenbach, a former professor at the Pontifical Lateran University and the Regina Apostolorum university, alleged that Kentenich manipulated and coerced community members, specifically from the Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary, into sexually inappropriate conduct. Von Teuffenbach cited particular accusations found in documents of the archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith after Pope Francis had allowed the consultation of documents concerning the pontificate of Pius XII. Von Teuffenbach claims that these accusations are the reason for which Kentenich was investigated by Fr. Sebastiaan Tromp, Apostolic Visitator from the Holy See, in the 1950s and eventually separated from the Schoenstatt Movement during his exile from 1951-1965. The possibility of sexual or psychological abuse was strongly denied by the General Presidency of the Schoenstatt Movement. In a formal statement the movement indicated that the allegations had long been known about and the fact that Kentenich was reinstated from exile by the Vatican in 1965 was evidence that the allegations were not considered true.It was also stated that at the opening of Kentenich's process of beatification in 1975 a nihil obstat ("no obstructions") was granted by the church and that this would not have been granted if the previously known accusations were found to have any substance. The Schoenstatt Sisters of Mary also released their own formal statement, as von Teuffenbach's discovery concerned their community in particular. The Sisters emphatically rejected the accusations and said that "successive generations of our community have experienced the founder as an authentic and credible personality.” Like the statement from Schoenstatt's General Presidency, the Sisters were already aware of the allegations made against Kentenich and emphasized that when he was reinstated as the founder and returned from his exile in 1965, all accusations had already been considered by the Church and deemed insufficiently substantiated to make a formal accusation. A few days after the reports and responses, the postulator of Kentenich's cause and key representatives of Schoenstatt met with Bishop Stephan Ackermann of the Diocese of Trier. The end result was an announcement of an independent commission of historians, organized by the diocese, to review the beatification process of Kentenich, a decision that was welcomed by Fr. Juan Pablo Catoggio, international president of the Schoenstatt Movement. It will also be the task of the commission "to reconcile the newly found material with what has already been gathered and evaluated from other archives by the previous commission."At the end of their work, the commission "will write a report in which a statement will also be made about the personality and spirituality of Fr. Josef Kentenich as depicted in the collected documents." Reacting to the announcement, Fr. Catoggio issued a statement addressed to the “Schoenstatt Family throughout the world” on July 8, saying that “we very much welcome this decision of the bishop," since in this way "the clarification of the questions regarding the person and actions of Father Kentenich” can be found. Fr. Eduardo Aguirre, postulator for the cause of beatification of Kentenich, pointed out that Kentenich was not formally accused by the Holy Office, at that time the highest tribunal of the Church, at any time before, during, or after the exile for immoral conduct of any form, including the mention of sexual misconduct or deviance of any kind. Aguirre claims that "any assertion to the contrary is simple false."See also
 Karl Leisner
 John Pozzobon
 Franz Reinisch
 Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa
 Schoenstatt Shrine
 Pilgrim Mother Campaign

References

External links
 Official Secretariat of <mask>'s canonization campaign
 The founder: <mask>
 Heavenwards -  collection of writings of Fr. <mask> during his detention in Dachau
 Fr. Kentenich's writings downloadable at the Schoenstatt Cloud

1885 births
1968 deaths
People from Erftstadt
Dachau concentration camp survivors
German Servants of God
Pallottines
20th-century German Roman Catholic

masks:
Father Kentenich
Kentenich
Father Kentenich
Father Kentenich
Father Kentenich
Joseph Kentenich
Joseph Kentenich
Kentenich


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<mask> "Bamm Bamm" <mask> (born September 28, 1988) is a Dutch welterweight kickboxer fighting out of Bullys gym Arnhem for Team Aerts/Afafa. He is the K-1 World MAX 2009 Europe Tournament champion currently competing in K-1 MAX. Career and biography
Kaestner idolized Peter Aerts and began training in kickboxing at the age of 10. After five years of fighting at smaller Dutch events, <mask> made his K-1 debut at the K-1 World MAX 2009 Europe Tournament in Utrecht, Netherlands on March 1, 2009, becoming the surprise winner of the competition, beating Marco Pique in the final by unanimous decision. As a result of his victory <mask> would qualify for the K-1 World MAX 2009 Final 16, losing by decision to eventual runner up Andy Souwer. <mask>'s performance against Souwer would lead to him being invited to the K-1 World MAX 2009 Final 8 as a reservist, although he would lose his bout to local fighter Yasuhiro Kido. Since that tournament <mask> has continued his progress claiming a notable win over K-1 MAX finalist Gago Drago at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam.Despite this recent run of good form <mask> was not re-invited back to the K-1 Max final in 2010. At the end of 2010, <mask> won his second major title by defeating Cagri Ermis to win the W.F.C.A. European title -72.5 kg. style=background:white colspan=9 |
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| 2009-08-08 || Win||align=left| Andy Ristie || Slamm!! Soema Na Basi IV || Paramaribo, Suriname ||Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 26-4-1
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|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2009-07-13 || Loss ||align=left| Yasuhiro Kido || K-1 World MAX 2009 Final 8, Reserve Fight || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 25-4-1
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|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2009-04-21 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Souwer || K-1 World MAX 2009 Final 16 || Fukuoka, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 25-3-1
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! style=background:white colspan=9 |
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|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2009-03-01 || Win ||align=left| Marco Pique || K-1 World MAX 2009 Europe, Final || Utrecht, Netherlands || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 25-2-1
|-
!

masks:
Leroy
Kaestner
Leroy Kaestner
Kaestner
Kaestner
Leroy
Kaestner
Kaestner


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John W. "<mask><mask> (April 1, 1830 – August 12, 1878) was an early pioneer in the Arizona Territory. He is commonly credited as one of the original founders of the city of Phoenix, Arizona. Swilling also played an important role in the opening of the central Arizona highlands to white settlement. His discoveries resulted in a gold rush to the region, and this in turn led to the establishment of Arizona's first territorial capital at the mining town of Prescott. <mask> was both a Confederate States Army minuteman and a civilian aid to the United States Army during the American Civil War. He worked in a variety of disciplines throughout his life, including as a teamster, prospector, mine and mill owner, and saloon and dance hall owner, as well as a canal builder, farmer, rancher, and public servant. All of this was accomplished while he suffered from periods of excruciating pain resulting from major injuries he suffered in 1854.He took morphine to assuage the pain, which led to dependency problems for the rest of his life. Life and career

Early life
John William "<mask><mask> was born on April 1, 1830, at Red House Plantation, Anderson, South Carolina, to <mask> and Margaret Farrar <mask>, the eighth of their 10 children. <mask> was the son of the plantation manager, while Margaret Farrar's father, Thomas Farrar, was the owner. (Incidentally, Thomas Farrar's mother was Judith Jefferson, the sister of Peter Jefferson and aunt to the third president, Thomas Jefferson.) Farrar's parents did not approve of the marriage, so the young couple eloped. It took three years for her parents to accept the match. In time, <mask> became owner of the plantation.When <mask> was 14, the family moved from South Carolina to Georgia. Three years later he and an older brother enlisted in a mounted battalion of Georgia volunteers for service during the Mexican–American War. After the war, the two young men returned to Georgia. <mask>ing's whereabouts are unknown for a brief time afterwards, although he was reported in Georgia for the Christmas of 1849. The next recorded events in his life are his marriage at Wetumpka, Alabama in 1852 to Mary Jane Gray and the birth of their daughter Elizabeth a year later. Swilling wrote in 1854 that he suffered serious injuries—a broken skull and a bullet lodged in his back—in unstated circumstances. Those injuries plagued him for the rest of his life and led to a dependency on drugs and alcohol.In 1856, on his 26th birthday, something happened to cause him to leave permanently for the West. There is more than a year's break in the historical record, but <mask> apparently joined the Leach Wagon Road Company at Fort Smith, Arkansas as a teamster in the summer of 1857, probably staying with the slow-moving oxen-drawn wagon train until its arrival a year later at Mesilla, in Traditional Arizona, which was then part of the New Mexico Territory. The years between <mask>'s arrival in Arizona in 1858 and the founding of Phoenix almost a decade later were active and varied ones. After his arrival in Arizona, <mask> moved to southern California, where he joined in a gold rush near Los Angeles. A few months later he was drawn back to Arizona by the gold rush at Gila City, where he also worked for the Butterfield Overland Mail Company. Apache Wars and the American Civil War
He was elected captain of the Gila Rangers militia company that was formed to provide protection from Apache stock raids on the miners and the stage company. The Gila Rangers, with the support of warriors from the friendly Maricopa tribe, made a January 1860 expedition to the unexplored Bradshaw Mountains of central Arizona in pursuit of Apache raiders.The expedition resulted in some noteworthy discoveries: the existence of the Hassayampa River and traces of mineral riches, including gold, in an area that appeared well-suited for ranching and farming. However, the area was too remote and dangerous for settlers at the time. Soon afterwards, the Gila City gold deposits ran out and <mask> followed his friend Colonel Jacob Snively to Pinos Altos, where he both mined and ran a saloon and dance hall. When the Union Army withdrew from the New Mexico Territory at the beginning of the Civil War, the men of Pinos Altos formed a militia company they named the Arizona Guards for defense against Apache attack. The secession of Confederate Arizona from the Union was officially declared in 1861, a territory which included all of the New Mexico Territory south of the 34th parallel. <mask> was elected second-in-command of the company, or First Lieutenant, and retained that rank when the Arizona Guards were absorbed into the Confederate Army. Swilling likely fought at the Battle of Pinos Altos, a Confederate victory and a battle which killed his commander, Captain Thomas J. Mastin (1839-1861).After a time spent defending against Apaches and acting as the de facto police force for the area around Pinos Altos, <mask> led a portion of the Arizona Guards that reinforced the garrison of Tucson in 1862. He is believed to have commanded a party of rebels who burned Stanwix Station and skirmished with the Union Army's California Column there in March. He was also involved in the noted incident at White's Mill at Casa Blanca, Arizona when Union Captain James McCleave was captured. Following the Union's capture of Tucson in May 1862, <mask>'s company retreated and he became a civilian employee of the United States Army, first as a dispatch rider between General James Carleton's California Column and Union forces up the Rio Grande, and later as a scout in an anti-Apache campaign. He was involved in the campaign to take Mesilla which ended with a Union takeover of Confederate Arizona's capital. Near the end of that employment, he encountered the Joseph R. Walker exploratory party near Pinos Altos when Swilling led the capture of the famous Apache chief Mangas Coloradas. Further prospecting and marriage

Swilling's war ended there and he convinced Joseph Walker and his group that there was gold in the central highlands of the new Arizona Territory.He then guided them to where the first Yavapai County mining district was formed, just a few miles south of present-day Prescott, on May 10, 1863. The expedition called it the Pioneer Mining District, and the rules they adopted were the area's first recorded laws. <mask> left the Walker party shortly after the formation of the Pioneer Mining District and joined up with the exploratory party of Pauline Weaver and Abraham Harlow Peeples (1842-1892), which arrived in the area shortly after the Walker group. He made a small fortune from the unusual surface gold mine at Rich Hill between Wickenburg and Prescott. News of his successes spread eastward when two gold samples from <mask>'s claim sent to General James Henry Carleton were forwarded for presentation to President Abraham Lincoln. Next, Swilling was briefly part owner of a flour mill in Tucson, apparently in partnership with his neighbor Charles T. Hayden. Quickly tiring of Tucson, he returned to Yavapai County where he prospected, owned gold mines and gold milling operations, and farmed.In addition he also was the mail contractor between Prescott and the Pima villages below the Salt River Valley on the Gila River. In the midst of all this activity, <mask> married a young Mexican woman of Spanish heritage named Trinidad Mejia Escalante (1847-1925). They were married on April 11, 1864, at Tucson's San Agustin Cathedral when Trinidad was about seventeen. Over the next fourteen years they had seven biological children, five girls and two boys, and adopted two Apache orphans, a boy and a girl. Swilling Irrigation and Canal Company

<mask> had the inspiration to form a canal company which would open the Salt River Valley to farming. On November 16, 1867, he formed the Swilling Irrigating and Canal Company at Wickenburg. Soon after, a small group of men headed by Swilling started construction of the first modern-era irrigation canals in the Salt River Valley; other pioneers and travelers had seen and commented on ancient Hohokam canals in the area, but it was Swilling who organized the first successful modern irrigation project.The following summer, the first crops of wheat, barley and corn were harvested. He promoted the irrigation system, which was in part inspired by the ruins of the Hohokam canals. Swilling Irrigating and Canal Company started the small farming community of Phoenix that has since grown into one of the United States' largest metropolitan areas. <mask> claimed a quarter section south of what became Van Buren Street between 32nd and 36th Streets for his own farm. He built a nine-room,  home there. His farm was a local showplace, featuring an artificial pond with tame ducks, a vineyard and an orchard with a variety of fruit trees. In the early days, <mask> was one of the most prominent leaders of the Phoenix settlement.The first post office was established on June 15, 1868, in <mask>'s homestead, with <mask> serving as the postmaster. He was also the first justice of the peace. He was involved in the planning and construction of additional canals, including the first ditch south of the Salt River in partnership with an old acquaintance and business partner, Charles T. Hayden, the founder of Tempe, Arizona and father of long-time Arizona Senator Carl T. Hayden. Death

Once Phoenix was well-established and the so-called "original townsite" was located over three miles (5 km) to the west of his holdings, he lost interest and moved his growing family back to central Arizona. There he mined, farmed and ranched until he became a suspect in a stagecoach robbery near Wickenburg. By the spring of 1878, he and his family were living in the small mining community of Gillett, around the area of Black Canyon City. His health was failing, and his drinking had become a problem.<mask> suggested that he go on a trip to recover and rebury the remains of their old friend, Colonel Jacob Snively, who had been killed by Apaches in the Wickenburg Mountains near the peak called White Picacho. While Swilling and two companions were on this journey, three hooded men—one tall, one medium-size, and one short—robbed a stagecoach near Wickenburg. This description matched that of Swilling and his companions and they became suspects in the robbery. Pima County Sheriff Wiley W. Standefer arrested <mask> and Andrew Kirby, but dropped the state charges so the federal courts could prosecute them and absorb the prosecution costs. Deputy U.S. Marshal Joseph W. Evans brought warrants for the two men to Prescott, where they were turned over to him, and Evans escorted them to the federal jail in Yuma. The sanitary conditions inside the prison at Yuma were very poor and, combined with the August heat plus the fact of his usage of a combination of narcotics and liquor to relieve the pain caused by old injuries ruined <mask>'s health further and eventually led to his death.He was released to the Hodges family, friends of the Swillings, and died in their home. The real culprits of the massacre were caught proving his innocence too late. The real robbers—led by a man Swilling and others had publicly accused—were identified only after <mask>'s death. Yuma Pioneer Cemetery

According to the written documents provided by <mask>' wife, <mask>, her husband was released to their friends, the Hodges family, who resided in Yuma. She also stated that Swilling died in the Hodges family house. The Hodges family owned two lots in the Yuma Pioneer Cemetery behind the old Catholic Church, and Swilling was buried in one of lots before his family could be notified. A headstone once marked his grave, however for some unknown reason the headstone is no longer there.After his death, <mask>'s reputation as a badman grew so fast that by the end of the 19th century a prominent Arizona historian described him as a "typical desperado." By many accounts he was a joker and yarn spinner and while drinking he spread tall tales about his exploits to all who would listen. Friends remembered <mask>ing as an honest, hard-working, and generous man always ready to help those in need of a meal or a place to sleep. He was known to put his own life at risk for others, literally riding to the rescue when help was needed in the face of an Apache attack. On Thursday afternoon, February 19, 1931, the Maricopa Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, in a simple ceremony with the presence of Arizona Governor George W. P. Hunt, unveiled and dedicated to the memory of <mask> and Trinidad <mask>, a fountain which stands in the park directly in front of the courthouse building in Phoenix. The fountain has a small bronze plaque with the following inscription: "In memory of Lieut. <mask>. <mask>, 1831-1878, who built the first modern irrigation ditch, and Trinidad, his wife, 1850-1925, who established in 1868 the first pioneer home in the Salt River Valley."See also

Phoenix, Arizona
List of historic properties in Black Canyon City, Arizona

References

Further reading
Bates, Albert R.  (2008) <mask>ing: Arizona's Most Lied About Pioneer  (Wheatmark Publishing Co., Tucson, AZ)
Sheridan, Thomas E. (1995) Arizona: A History (Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press)
Wilson, R. Michael (2007) Tragic Jack: The True Story of Arizona Pioneer John William <mask> (TwoDot)

External links
<mask>willing Exhibit, 1992 with historic documents and photos,  at Salt River Project
Swilling's cabin in Black Canyon City

1830 births
1878 deaths
Confederate States Army officers
Arizona folklore
American city founders
People from Anderson, South Carolina
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Military personnel from Phoenix, Arizona
Businesspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
People of Arizona in the American Civil War
Arizona pioneers
Arizona Territory
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Jack
" Swilling
Swilling
Jack
" Swilling
George Swilling
Swilling
George Swilling
George Swilling
Jack Swilling
Jack Swill
Swilling
Swilling
Swilling
Swilling
Swilling
Swilling
Swilling
Swilling
Swilling
Jack Swilling
Jack Swilling
Swilling
Jack Swilling
Swilling
Swilling
Trinidad Swilling
Swilling
Jack Swilling
Swilling
Swillings
Trinidad Swilling
Swilling
Jack Swill
Jack
Swilling
Jack W
Swilling
Jack Swill
Swilling
Jack S


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<mask> (, also known as <mask> ) is a famous figure in the history of mountaineering in West Bengal, India. He was the pioneer in India for organizing high altitude scientific expeditions in the Himalayan region. He took part in many such expeditions as a climber between 1959 and 1974, and organised a few more in that period and later as an administrator. He was one of the main organisers of the first successful climbing on Nanda Ghunti and Tirsuli peaks by any non-government Indian organisation. <mask> is also known for his vast knowledge on Pali, Buddhist literature and culture. Early life, education, and teaching career
<mask> was born in Kolkata, India, the second son of <mask>, a famous advocate who appeared for Kazi Nazrul Islam in Banksal Court, Kolkata. He is the third of a family of four sisters and six brothers.He passed Matriculation in 1946 from Collins Institute, Lenin Sarani, Kolkata. He completed his Intermediate in 1948 and Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Pali from Vidyasagar College, Kolkata. He passed Master of Arts in Pali from University of Calcutta in 1952. He got great scholars like Suniti Kumar Chatterji, Nalinaksha Dutta, Sukumar Sen and Sukumar Sengupta as teachers during the same period. Sukumar Sengupta was Head of the Department of Pali department of the University of Calcutta and research guide in the Asiatic Society. <mask> was a teacher during 1953–1962 in Calcutta Corporation Primary School. He joined as a teacher of Pali in Ultadanga United High School in January 1963.He continued in the same school up to his retirement in 1992. He was President of Calcutta Corporation Teachers' Union for four years. He was also member of Board of Studies, West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education during 1973–1977 as a representative of Pali. Interest in Himalaya

<mask> started feeling of exploring challenges in life after completing his M.A. in 1952. He and his friend Gouranga Banerjee, working as in charge of reading section in Anandabazar Patrika started from Kolkata in October of the same year. They reached to Uttarkashi via Haridwar, Devprayag, Rudraprayag by bus and walked to Badrinath via Joshimath.After trekking of about 11 miles to Vasudhara falls on Alakananda, they returned to Kolkata. Mukhopadhyay organised a few expeditions to Himalaya before he completed his mountaineering training in 1962 in spite of being a little heavy and aged for the training at that time. He had to make himself physically fit by losing weight and quitting smoking forever. Famous Tibetan mountaineer Nawang Gombu was the main coach and trainer. Kalindi Pass Expedition, 1959
Mukhopadhyay took part in the expedition, the first by a non-government group in India, along with Sailesh Chakrabarty and Sukumar Ray. However, it was not recognised as an expedition by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation. Nanda Ghunti Expedition, 1960
Mukhopadhyay was one of the main organizers of the famous Nanda Ghunti Expedition, the first successful climb to the pick ever.The budget of the expedition was about INR 45000. They approached many industrialists including Krishna Kumar Birla, Alamohan Das for monetary help. Finally Ashok Sarkar, editor of the Anandabazar Patrika agreed to sponsor the expedition. A reporter Gour Kishore Ghosh and a photographer accompanied the climbers for regular reporting to Anandabazar. The expedition was carried out under leadership of Sukumar Ray, an employee of Calcutta Corporation. Other team members were Dilip Banerjee, Nemai Bose, Dhruba Majumder, Bishwadeb, Pemba Norbu, Nima Tashi and others. Sukumar Ray and Nima Tashi climbed Nandaghunti on 22 October 1960.Roopkund Expedition, 1963
Swami Pranavanand wrote an article named "Mysterious lake of Roopkund" on The Illustrated Weekly of India in 1962. Swami mentioned his finding of more than five hundred dead bodies at north western side of Roopkund lake. He also mentioned about local legend of king Jasdhawal and queen Ballabha sung by villagers of Wan village. The legend says that the bodies are of companions of the king. Queen gave birth of a child in the place and the whole group died due to earthquake and a snow storm created by goddess Nandadevi because of not maintaining the sanctity of the holy place. Sukumar Ray formed a new organisation named "Hikers Club Bengal" with Anima Banerjee as president. Mukhopadhyay and the other members of the club were inspired by the article and wrote a letter to Swami mentioning their planned expedition.Pranavanand initially discouraged them as the area is really dangerous for an expedition. Yet the group planned for an expedition to resolve the mystery of the dead bodies. A team of eight led by Sukumar Ray reached the ashram of Swami at Garur belongs to present Uttarakhand. <mask> joined the team as an archaeologist. Other members of the team were Charu Das, Kalidas Banerjee, Sushanta De Sarkar, Sushanta Gupta (photographer)and a few more. Raichand Sing was taken as guide as he accompanied Swami Pranavanand too. The final destination by bus was Gwaldam.The team started trekking from there. They faced a problem related to remuneration of the high altitude porters in a village called Pathar Nachuni on the way. The people of Wan village could not sing the legendary story of king Jasdhawl. Mukhopadhyay concluded that the legend was not true as was described by Raichand Singh, who is from the same village, to Swami. They reached to Roopkund on 2 October. However the area was covered with almost 20 feet of snow because of heavy snow fall. So the bodies could not be seen.The team took a different route to reach Gwaldam, the end point of expedition. Sushanta Gupta created a one-hour documentary film on the expedition. A parallel expedition to the same place and at the same time was organised by Himalayan Association too. Tirsuli Expedition, 1966
Secretary of Himalayan Association Chanchal Kumar Mitra requested <mask> to join the team as chief patron and advisor. <mask> did not join the expedition to organize the activities from Kolkata. He was the main interface to the printing media, mainly UNI and PTI who were publishing the reports during and after the expedition. This was the first successful summit to the peak after six failed attempts earlier.Nirapada Mullik and Shyamal Chakravarty were the submitters. Other notable members were Manik Banerjee, Marcopolo Srimal, Dr. Amitabha Sen (medical officer). The team was congratulated by many mountaineering organisations around the world after the success. Council of Himalayan Exploration and Research
During his exploration of Himalaya <mask> felt the necessity of organizing scientific expeditions with scholars from different academic fields to conduct studies on mostly unexplored high altitude Himalayan region. He called for a convention with scholars of Botany, Zoology, Anthropology, Geology, Biochemistry etc. from different colleges and universities and a few experienced mountaineers in the month of January 1968. It was decided to form an organisation to conduct such scientific explorations.Thus the council, brain child of Mukhopadhyay was formed in 1968 with himself as the first chairman and Kalidas Banerjee as vice-chairman. Other notable members were Netai Roy (secretary), Pradip Dasgupta (secretary), Arun Mukherjee (secretary), Sailesh Chakravorty (accountant/treasurer). The registered office of the council was in 24 Creek Row, Kolkata. Being first of its kind in India, the organisation was established to promote mountaineering based scientific explorations, publication of research papers etc. Research scholars associated with the organisation were Pradip Dasgupta (Lecturer, Department of Geology, Presidency College, Kolkata), Himanshu Banerjee (Lecturer, Department of Zoology, Presidency College, Kolkata), Bishwanath Banerjee (Professor of Anthropology, Science College, Kolkata), Rasomoy Dutta (Botanical Survey of India), Narendra Mohon Dutta (Lecturer, Department of Botany, City College, Kolkata). Later joined Tridib Bose (Geography, National Atlas Organisation), Kamal Banerjee (Lecturer, Department of Zoology, Presidency College, Kolkata), Prabal Dey (Zoological Survey of India), Dr. Gour Gopal Maiti (Lecturer, Department of Botany, Kalyani University), Mukul Hajra (Anthropological Survey of India). Many samples were collected and research papers were published from the expeditions conducted by the council.Kuti Valley Expedition, 1968
This was the first expedition conducted by the council. Mukhopadhyay along with Prof. Pradeep Dasgupta was the main organiser of the expedition. The initial scheme was rejected by Indian Mountaineering Foundation mentioning that it was out of their scope to grant money for such a scientific exploration. IMA suggested seeking support from University Grant Commission, who also refused to provide the support. The scheme was re-planned to divide into two parts in order get financial support within the rules and regulations of IMA. Education department of West Bengal Government, Amrita Bazar Patrika and Jugantar Patrika were also co sponsors. Under the leadership of Pradip Dasgupta two peaks beside Nama Pass were under plan for climbing, although could not be climbed due to heavy snow fall in the region.A new virgin peak, unnamed on map but locally called Sangtang (6630 m), was targeted for climbing. It is the highest peak in Zanskar range. There was an unsuccessful attempt to climb Sangtang by two Swiss geologists Dr. Heim and Dr. Gansaar in 1936. Special permission was taken from the Indian military base located there as the peak was very close to the India-Tibet border. Kalidas Banerjee, Shanti Chatterjee, Charuchandra Das, Sushanta Gupta(photographer), Anil Kumar Dutta and Sushanta Kumar De Sarkar were notable among the team members. The summit party, led by Dilip Bhattacharya, sherpa Pemba Tharkay and sherpa Wanchoo conquered the peak at 2.55 PM on 25 September. The peak was named "Ramkrishna Paramhansa Girishringa"by the team after the famous Indian mystic Ramakrishna Paramhansa.The research papers published out of this expedition were:
 "A collection of Aphides ([Hemiptera]) from Kuti Valley, West Himalaya" – by H. Banerjee, A.K. Ghosh, D.N. Roychoudhury, Entomology Laboratory, University of Calcutta – Oriental Insects, Vol. 3, pp. 255–264, 1969
 "The Flora of Kuti Valley" – by R. Datta, Botanical Survey of India – Himalayan Mountaineering Journal Vol. 5, pp. 42–43 1969
 "Adrenomedullary response of the Pigeon exposed to high altitude" – by P. Lahiri & H. Banerjee, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta – Indian Journal of Physiology and Allied Science, Vol.23, pp. 100–106
 On Textural peculiarities observed in Muth Quartzites of Kuti Valley – by P. Dasgupta, Presidency College Calcutta – Journal of the Geological Society of India, Vol. 12, pp. 152–156, pp. 413–416, 1972
 "On the zoological collection during Kuti Valley expedition 1968" – by Himanshu Banerjee
 "An outline of cultural life in Kuti – a high altitude village" – Prof. Biswanath Banerjee, lecturer, dept. of Anthropology, University of Calcutta

Upper Spiti Exploration, 1970

The pre monsoon expedition was carried out under leadership of Prof. Pradip Dasgupta. Other members were Kalidas Banerjee and Dr. Chatterjee (Anthropological Survey of India).This was the second expedition organised by the council. Manirang Expedition, 1974
Manirang is one of the highest peaks in Himachal Pradesh. A six-week-long expedition for climbing the peak was organised by Council of Himalayan Exploration and Research under the leadership of Pradip Dasgupta. Apart from Mukhopadhyay the other members were Sailesh Chakravorty, Dilip Dutta and Prashanta Roy. The purpose of the expedition was to conduct a survey on socio religious life of the indigenous people with special reference to Buddhist culture. Different phases of the evolution of Buddhism, Buddhist art and architecture were studied. The team started from Kolkata on 2 June 1974.The team had a meeting with Dr. Y.S. Parmar, chief minister of Himachal Pradesh and got Raptan Chhering Budh, a local interpreter through him. The journey started from Tabo and continued through Poh and Dankhar. Monasteries including Tabo, Kee and Dankhar were visited and the culture and lifestyle of Buddhist were studied in detail. In Dankhar monastery they found young monks painting about Buddhist mythology on the inner walls of caves. Pradip Dasgupta met with an accident and his thigh got severely injured during the journey to the Babeh pass. After preliminary first aid, he was carried by sherpas as the journey continued.On 2 July <mask> fell down from a height of about 200 ft and managed to escape from a sure death by falling into Spiti river as he somehow managed to hang on to a rock at the last moment. However his knee got fractured due to the impact with the stone. This was his last expedition as a climber. Kuti Valley Project (2nd phase) 1976
The potential of Kuti valley in terms of research work on various branches of science inspired the council to conduct the second scientific expedition in the region. The team led by Dilip Kumar Dutta started from Kolkata on 3 October and reached Tawaghat in Pithoragarh district, the final point by bus, on 10th. They reached in Kuti village on 22nd. Zoological collections were not up to the mark as anticipated earlier.Zoologists Probal Dey and Kamal Banerjee collected some reptiles including a poisonous snake, butterflies, parasites etc. Botanist Dr. Gour Maiti collected about two hundred plant species. Anthropology data were collected emphasizing on marriage system, Philology and physical studies. Anthropologist Mukul Hazra found that consanguineous marriage was common in this region earlier. Dr. Tridib Kumar Bose, a geographer, recorded a complete weather chart from Pithoragarh to Kuti. Some plants used by local people for medicinal purpose were also collected. <mask> organised the expedition and handled its administrative side.Exploration SPINGPA Valleys 1978
SPINGPA stands for Spiti Valley, Pin, Yang valleys of Spiti district, Ropa, Baspa valleys of Kinnaur district, Manirang pass and Manirang peak (6593 m). The budget for the expedition was about INR 25000. The twelve member team consisted of research scholars from different fields of science and a few mountaineers. The team, led by Dr. Pulak Lahiri started on 21 May from Kolkata. A few of the targeted research areas are mentioned below. Study on presence and distribution on high altitude fish Fauna in different rivers and lakes in the region
 Parasitological study of high altitude fauna
 Study on human biology of the inhabitants of the adjoining area of Manirang pass of Spiti and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh
 Limnological studies enrooted Manirang pass and specially of the Yang lake adjacent to the pass
 Politico-Historical background, physical and cultural settings of the entire area under coverage

Rock Climbing course in Susunia Hill, Bankura

Mukhopadhyay and Sukumar Ray surveyed Ajodhya Hills, Purulia to find out possibilities of rock climbing course in 1961. It was found unsuitable for the same.They also surveyed Jaichandi Hills, Adra, Purulia and found it dangerous for such a course. Finally Susunia hills in Bankura was surveyed in 1962 and found suitable for the course. The course was formally started in 1963 on a regular basis under the banner of Himalayan Association. Later other mountaineering clubs also included such courses to Susunia and other places. Council of Himalayan Exploration and Research later organised rock climbing courses in their training programs for new aspiring mountaineers. References

External links
 Alpinejournal.org.uk
 Contentwriter.in

Indian mountain climbers
Vidyasagar College alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
1929 births
Living people
Bengali people

masks:
Asim Mukhopadhyay
Asim Mukherjee
Mukhopadhyay
Mukhopadhyay
Malin Kumar Mukhopadhyay
Mukhopadhyay
Mukhopadhyay
Mukhopadhyay
Mukhopadhyay
Mukhopadhyay
Mukhopadhyay
Mukhopadhyay
Mukhopadhyay