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<mask> (11 November 1926 – 26 November 2009), was a British photographer, born and raised in South Africa. He started his career in Johannesburg and moved to London in 1968. <mask> is best known for his contribution to in-camera image montage, Haskins Posters (1973) and the 1960's figure photography trilogy Five Girls (book) (1962), Cowboy Kate & Other Stories (1964) and November Girl (book) (1967), plus an ode to sub-saharan tribal Africa "African Image (book) (1967)  . He suffered a stroke on 19 September 2009 the opening day of his exhibition to launch Fashion Etcetera at Milk Gallery in New York, and died at home in Bowral, Australia, nine weeks later. Youth
<mask> was born in Kroonstad in the province of the Orange Free State of South Africa. His father Ben was a goods inspector on South African Railways. Early creative influences were fueled by an interest in magic tricks, kite making, drawing and the circus.A talented athlete, as a teenager he excelled at hurdling and trained with a circus, resulting in a job offer as a trapeze catcher. Education
His formal higher education was at the Johannesburg Technical College 1945–1948, where he did a general arts course followed by a part-time photographic module. Between 1949 and 1951, he studied at the London School of Printing and Graphic Arts in Bolt Court, later renamed the London College of Printing, and now the London College of Communication. Marriage and children
<mask> married Alida Elzabe van Heerden in 1952 and they had two sons; Ludwig (4 August 1955) and Konrad (27 January 1963). They adopted a daughter, Heidi in 1960, but she died in infancy. Alida gave up a career in fashion soon after their marriage to become <mask>' business partner. She played a key role in the launch of his career by acting as a publishing agent for Five Girls when he was still an unknown photographer.She continued to negotiate worldwide publication of his books, apart from Fashion Etcetera, his last project, a book and exhibition in New York, managed by Ludwig. Alida died on 5 December 2012. <mask>' artistic estate is now owned and managed by his son Ludwig. <mask>, Ludwig's younger brother and only sibling died on 23 March 2014. Career summary
<mask> started his career as an advertising photographer in Johannesburg in 1953. He ran what was probably the first modern freelance advertising studio in Africa. He produced commercial work across a very broad spectrum of photography from still life to industrial, fashion and aerial.His first formal creative output was a one-man show at the popular Johannesburg department store John Orrs in 1960. This featured black-and-white photography of models in the studio and included some photographs of dolls made by the young Elisabeth Langsch, who went on to become Switzerland's leading ceramist. His international reputation and his signature photographic passions were established by four key books published in the 1960s. Five Girls (1962) explored a fresh approach to photographing the nude female figure and contained important first explorations with black-and-white printing, cropping and book design, which were a key feature of his subsequent books. Cowboy Kate & Other Stories (1964) was probably the first book to deliberately explore black-and-white photographic grain as a medium for expression and image design. It was highly influential at the time, sold roughly a million copies worldwide and won the Prix Nadar in France in 1964. It continues to influence contemporary photographers, film makers, fashion designers and make-up artists.Cowboy Kate & Other Stories or 'Kate' as the book is often referred to, had its place in photographic history cemented in 2005 when the International Center of Photography in New York included the book in their exhibition The Open Book: A History of the Photographic Book from 1878 to the Present.November Girl (1967) contained key image collages which formed the basis of many graphic and surrealist experiments in the 1970s and 1980s. African Image (1967) was a visual homage to the indigenous people, culture, landscape and wildlife of sub-Saharan Africa. The images represent a lifelong interest in photographing graphically stimulating environments and formally document his passion for indigenous craft. He broke bones on river rapids and wrote off two Volvo saloon cars on African dirt roads while shooting the book. Despite its international award, this meticulously constructed book, celebrating a love for sub-Saharan Africa, is probably the least known of his major creative projects, but it is coveted by serious collectors of African art and photography. In 1968, <mask> moved to London and ran a studio in Glebe Place just off the King's Road. He worked as an advertising photographer for international consumer brands Asahi Pentax, Bacardi, Cutty Sark whisky, Honda, BMW, Haig whisky, DeBeers, British Airways, Unilever and Zanders, and specialised in the art direction and shooting of calendars, especially for Asahi Pentax in Japan.Although he endorsed Hasselblad for a short period in the late 1960s and early 1970s, his loyalty to the medium format 6x7 camera and lenses from Asahi resulted in a rare long-term association between a camera manufacturer and photographer. From 1970 to 2000, Asahi Optical (later Pentax) produced 30 calendars, of which <mask> shot and art-directed 15 editions including the millennium calendar. No other photographer was invited to contribute more than once. He is still involved with the Pentax Forum Gallery in Tokyo, which hosts his exhibitions. His first contact came in 1967, when Asahi Optical presented him with a 35 mm camera after hearing that he had shot African Image with various competitors' products. In 1972, he produced his first colour book, Haskins Posters. The large-format publication contained pages printed on one side using a thick stiff paper and a soft glue perfect binding allowing the pages to be removed and used as posters.Haskins and Alida successfully published the book internationally through their own company, Haskins Press. The book won a gold award at the New York One Show. At the time the best-known image from Haskins Posters, a girl's face superimposed on an apple with a bee near the stem, appeared on the cover or in editorials of almost every major photographic magazine around the world. This image was part of a well-publicised visual and graphic experimentation with the apple theme in the 1970s that for a while resulted in photographic journalists nicknaming him '<mask> the Apple man'. The images in Haskins Posters traversed different creative themes that all became signature passions for <mask>' image-making over the next three decades; graphically strong compositions of nudes characterised by a natural essence in the models, while the image-making explored themes of graphic experimentation, humour and sensual eroticism. <mask> had a recurring theme (rooted in his training as a painter) of creating tension in the surface of his photographs between flat graphic elements and 3D chiaroscuro. Those results were often achieved with sophisticated lighting and/or double exposures.A highly creative and design driven approach to lighting almost always played a key role in <mask>' work, both in the studio and on location. He often developed complex lighting designs for a single specific shot that were never repeated, a late example being a fashion shoot for New York magazine's 75th anniversary issue shot in New York's Pier 57 studios in August 2006. <mask> also often sculpted and painted graphic elements for his photographs and drew inspiration from a combination of surrealism, illustration, film and modern graphic designers. The graphic experiments first seen in Haskins Posters and related exhibitions at London's Photographer's Gallery and National Theatre, resulted in a book called Photo Graphics (1980). The title of the book coined a new term in photography that has since become widely used. <mask>' next book, <mask> á Bologna (1984), resulted from an invitation by the mayor of Bologna to photograph the city. The publication was accompanied by an exhibition in the city.This project led to two more homages to visually rich locations shot over a series of visits; Barcelona (1991) and Kashmir (between 1992 and 1994). From 2000 to 2005, he focused on fashion photography for Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Allure and New York. A shortage of copies of the original edition of Cowboy Kate & Other Stories (1964), which was selling to collectors for up to US$3,000, led <mask> to bring out a digitally remastered 'director's cut' version in October 2006, published by Rizzoli in New York. Apart from image editing and layout revisions, the new version had 16 pages of new images. In 2002, <mask> and Alida moved to the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia, and built the third house-studio of their partnership. The move away from London resulted in a renaissance in <mask>' fashion photography. While he had always had a passion for fashion from the start of his career, and Cowboy Kate influenced fashion designers, who credited <mask>, he had not been courted by the mainstream fashion world and did not court them.A shoot for Yves Saint Laurent in Paris in 2002 resulted in a 'rediscovery' that led to a stream of assignments in London, New York, Paris, Tokyo and Sydney, working for fashion houses and magazines. In December 2006, a month after his 80th birthday, the first retrospective exhibition of his work (with a portraiture bias) opened at the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra (Australia). That was also his first exhibition at a national museum/gallery. The show ran for four and a half months to 22 April 2007. The exhibition contained several portraits of other artists never seen before, including one of the late Jean-Michel Folon, a graphic artist much admired by <mask>. Although one or two of the images from that personal portrait project had previously been published, the majority remained part of a quiet collection built up over decades of meeting and befriending other artists. In 2009, <mask> published, under the family imprint The Haskins Press, his first book in 24 years.Fashion Etcetera is a thematic slice through his archive that explores a lifelong passion for fashion, style and design. The book was produced over three years working in close collaboration with his son Ludwig and his grandson Oren, and is dedicated to Ludwig and Oren. In 2009, the last year of <mask>' life, his "Fashion Etcetera" book and exhibition received widespread global publicity, and in the process, turned images of Gill from 'Five Girls' (1962) into one of the new-found icons of the 1960s. Following the death of <mask>' wife, Alida <mask>, on 5 December 2012, the <mask> estate is now 100% owned and managed by Ludwig, who continues to publish and exhibit his father's work and negotiate image rights. Slide show

<mask> developed a medium format slide show comprising up to 500 images, each displayed for seven seconds, synchronised to music. They were shown with a traditional manual projector operated by <mask> using a darkroom timer. First shown in Brighton at an international photo conference in 1970, the show was hugely popular, filling theatres, cinemas and convention halls at photo conferences and public performances in over 50 cities around the world.The initial format of the slides was 6cmx6cm, because all <mask>' medium format images at that point had been shot using Hasselblad and Rolleiflex cameras. <mask> took delivery of his first Pentax 6x7 in 1970 in Tokyo but it took several years to build up a body of 6x7 slides. The conversion of the slides to 6x7 format took place in 1975 and it was at that point that the show gained a much higher profile internationally. Teaching and assessing
<mask> ran one-week photographic training workshops in Italy, Sweden and South Africa in the 1970s. He returned to his alma mater, The London College of Printing, in 1975 as outside assessor on the photographic diploma course, a position he maintained until 1982. Between 1980 and 1985, he ran one-week workshops for writers, cinematographers, directors and set designers at Norwegian Television's training school in Oslo. The rest of his teaching was usually at one-day workshops at photo conferences and to groups visiting his studio.<mask> maintained close links with Syracuse University in the US, hosting groups of visiting students at his studio in London every summer from 1975 to 1988. Bibliography

 Books by <mask>

 'Cowboy Kate and other stories — Director's Cut' published in 2006 is entirely digitally remastered by the author with edits to the original story and 16 additional pages of images. Printed in offset litho as opposed to the original which was photo gravure printed in Switzerland. The two editions of Fashion Etcetera are technically identical apart from the covers. Books with images by <mask>

(1) The Art Director's Index is a paid entry publication but on this occasion the publishers requested editorial material from <mask>. <mask> - Art history and criticism

(1) Masters of the 20th Century'' is a book featuring graphic designers and typographers with the work of only two photographers, viewed in this context as photographic illustrators; <mask> and Rankin Waddell. Awards

Solo exhibitions

Group exhibitions

Works in public collections
 Victoria and Albert Museum, London
 National Portrait Gallery, London
 National Portrait Gallery, Canberra
 City of Bologna, Italy
 Munich City Museum, Germany
 Museum of Art, Lugano, Switzerland

Documentaries

Notes

External links
 <mask>' site
 <mask>' blog
 Atlas Gallery, London
 Grob Gallery, Geneva

 <mask> on Instagram
 CNN Video
 New York Times video and article
 Eye magazine
 Professional Photographer magazine
 The New Yorker
 Tommy Hilfiger talking with <mask> in NY, 2009
 <mask> - a talk by his son Ludwig at Coventry University, 2011

1926 births
2009 deaths
South African photographers
Fashion photographers
Commercial photographers
Portrait photographers
Industrial photographers

masks:
Samuel Joseph Haskins
Haskins
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Konrad Haskins
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Sam
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<mask> (December 29, 1916 – March 25, 2016 ) was an American abstract expressionist artist who began his career as a federal artist for the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression and later became a member of the 10th Street galleries and part of the New York School during the 1940s-60s. His work has elements of the mid-20th-century New York artistic experience such as Surrealist and Abstract Expressionist and figurative aspects across several media such as watercolor, oil, and acrylic as well as etchings, lithographs and monoprints. His work has received a global reputation and is included in many collections in the United States and worldwide. Life

<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1916. He began his studies at the Samuel S. Fleisher Art Memorial School, then at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and at the Barnes Foundation. During the 1930s, he received funding from the Works Progress Administration. As a Pennsylvania artist, he produced paintings, murals and prints depicting Depression-Era themes of work and society.He also experimented with printmaking, which led to his co-invention (with Michael Gallagher and Dox Thrash) of the Carborundum printmaking process. Mesibov also invented the Color Carborundum Printmaking process. One of Mesibov's notable commissions by the United States Department of the Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture (later known as the Section of Fine Arts) was to paint the mural Steel Industry in the post office in Hubbard, Ohio. By the late 1930s, Mesibov's work displayed aspects of social commentary and current events with cubist, surrealist and modernist elements, such as his abhorrence of war's destruction in "Bombing of Nanking". In 1940, he had his first one-man exhibition at the Carlin Gallery, Philadelphia. During the 1940s, his style increasingly grew abstract, and after the United States entered World War II, he worked at a shipyard in Philadelphia, where his work reflected the ordeal of the war. After the end of World War II, Mesibov moved to New York City.His first New York one-man show in 1947 was at the Chinese Gallery, of increasingly cubist and abstract work in his preferred medium acrylic on canvas. During this period, he also experimented with artistic influences from earlier eras, which can be seen in his work named Byzantine Figure, which fuses elements of cubist style with forms and colors reminiscent of Byzantine art. In 1948 and 1949, he exhibited at the New School with the Formations Group. During the late 1940s, he shared exhibition spaces with Milton Avery, Nell Blaine, Ralph Rosenborg, John Ferron and Boris Margo. The abstract expressionist painters soon formed a school known as “The Club,” of which Mesibov was a member. Mesibov was close with Richard Pousette-Dart, Franz Kline and Ibram Lassaw. He also formed professional relationships with Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, Adolph Gottlieb, Robert Motherwell, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt and Mark Rothko.In 1949, he married an opera singer named Eudice <mask>, née Charney. During the 1950s, <mask> had shows at the Morris Gallery (1955), the Artists Gallery (1956, 1958) and the Gallery Mayer (1959). <mask> was dedicated to landscape painting during this period and made visits to various sites for painting. From 1951 to 1954, he produced increasingly abstract expressionist series of mostly watercolors based on the summertime landscapes of Aspen, Colorado, and later, from 1956 to 1958, of Monhegan, Maine. His landscape phase, combined with his development of abstract expressionism, found an outlet in famous literary works during the 1960s. Inspired by Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra's Don Quixote, he produced a series based on each. By the late 1960s, his acrylics on canvas and watercolors were becoming larger, at times 8 by 10 feet.In 1972, <mask> was commissioned to paint a mural for the Temple Beth El in Spring Valley, New York, which was composed of three combined canvases each measuring . Drawing on inspiration from biblical literature, the mural depicts the events from the Book of Job, primarily Job's challenge to God, his anguish, atonement and restitution. By the 1980s, <mask> restored his long abiding interest in pastoral and seasonal themes using primarily watercolors, of which he produced two major series, the “Pond” and “Sunroom” series. During the 1990s, he restarted experimenting with new techniques in print-making using various pigments, papers and adhesives. His work is well known in Rockland County, New York, where he lived from 1959, and his reputation as an American artist is not confined only to the New York metropolitan area, but stretches from his birthplace of Philadelphia across the United States of America, and around the world. In 1966, he joined the faculty of the State University of New York at Rockland Community College as a professor of fine art. He retired in 1989 and became Professor Emeritus in 1993.Over the course of his career, he received the Executive Arts Award for Visual Arts, Rockland Council on the Arts (1988) and an Arts Grant from the New York State Council on the Arts (1995/96). In 1997, he had a retrospective exhibition at the Rockland Center for the Arts and his work was shown at the Blue Hill Art and Cultural Center in Pearl River, New York, during 2003 and 2004, as well as the Morris M. Pine Library, Fairlawn, New Jersey (2006). Selected exhibitions
The following is a selected list of single-person exhibitions of <mask>'s work.

masks:
Hugh Mesibov
Hugh Mesibov
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Robert Franklin "<mask>" <mask> (born September 21, 1960) is an American college basketball coach and the current head men's basketball coach at The Citadel. <mask> was hired as the Citadel's head coach following the 2014–15 season. He was previously the head coach at Virginia Military Institute. He's also served a coach at Tusculum, Davidson, Western Carolina and Northwestern State. At the conclusion of the 2017–18 season, <mask>'s career record is 184–223 in Division I and 37–19 in Division II. Early life
<mask> was born on September 21, 1960, and grew up around Charlotte, North Carolina. He attended North Mecklenburg High School in Huntersville where he played basketball.Following graduation, Baucom took a career in law enforcement and worked as a policeman and North Carolina state trooper. He was initially assigned to North Mecklenburg as a school resource officer in 1987, and also coached the school's junior varsity basketball team. After four years, he was promoted to varsity head coach. Baucom's career in law-enforcement was short-lived. On Christmas Day of 1990, Baucom had a heart attack, which was discovered to be a case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a disease in which heart muscle thickens for no apparent reason. Narrowly avoiding death, Baucom was forced to pursue a low-stress occupation. He enrolled at UNC Charlotte where he earned a B.A.in history and graduated in 1995. Coaching career
Following his time at North Mecklenburg, <mask> first joined the collegiate ranks in 1995 as an assistant to the Davidson Wildcats. In his lone year at Davidson, the Wildcats went 25–5, 14–0 in the Southern Conference, and won the league's regular season championship while participating in the National Invitation Tournament. After spending two seasons as an assistant at Division II Mars Hill, where he was a scout and recruiting coordinator, Baucom served the same role for one year at Northwestern State in Natchitoches, Louisiana. Tusculum
<mask> then returned to the Southern Conference where he worked three seasons under head coach Steve Shurina at Western Carolina. His first head coaching job came in 2003 when he was hired by Tusculum College in the Tennessee town of the same name. <mask> immediately made an impression; his first year in 2003–04, he led the Pioneers to a 19–8 season en route to a South Atlantic Conference championship.For this, Baucom was named the SAC Coach of the Year. The next season produced similar results, and Tusculum advanced to the regional quarterfinals of the NCAA tournament. The team led their conference in scoring, field goal percentage, free-throw percentage, three-pointers made per game, and assists per game. VMI
Baucom was then hired in the summer of 2005 by the Virginia Military Institute and athletic director Donny White. The first VMI team under Baucom performed poorly. The Keydets went 7–20 and 2–14 in the Big South Conference, failing to qualify for the league tournament. In addition to the struggles on the court, <mask>'s heart problems returned, as his previously-installed pacemaker had calcified, rendering it difficult to remove and leading to infections and clotting.It was ultimately replaced with a defibrillator, but Baucom would end up missing twelve games on the season during four months of procedures. Shortly before the start of the 2006–07 season, the team's troubles continued. Two players were found guilty of committing honor violations and promptly expelled from the school, leaving VMI with no players taller than 6'7. To counter this, Baucom installed a fast-pace, high-scoring offense that was a mixture of the 1980s Loyola Marymount teams and Grinnell College, among others. Dubbed the "sprint and strike" and "loot and shoot", by the end of the year, VMI set NCAA records for three-pointers attempted (1,338), three-pointers made (442) and steals (450) that still stand today. The Keydets averaged over 101 points per game and shattered 75 school records. The method proved to increase success as well, as the Keydets went 14–19, the most wins in a season in nine years, and made an upset run through the Big South tournament, defeating Liberty and High Point.They ultimately fell to a 29–5 Winthrop team that went undefeated in conference play by a score of 83–80. The following year, VMI went 14–15 and lost in the conference quarterfinals, which marked the end of forward Reggie Williams' career. Williams led the NCAA in scoring that year and the year prior, and ended his VMI career as the school's all-time leading scorer with 2,556 points. Despite the loss of Williams, 2008–09 was the most successful year in Baucom's tenure. In the first game of the season, the Keydets upset the Kentucky Wildcats in Rupp Arena, 111–103. Led by senior twins Chavis and Travis Holmes, the new system was starting to pay dividends, and after a 4–2 start following a 28-point loss at Jacksonville State, VMI reeled off ten straight wins to go 14–2 and 6–0 in league play. The streak was broken at home by Liberty in the first and currently only sellout in Cameron Hall history with 5,029 fans in attendance.After defeating Charleston Southern to move to 20–3 and 11–2 in the conference, VMI skidded towards the end of the year with three straight losses, two of which were against weaker opponents. They managed to regroup, ending the season with two wins and advancing to another Big South tournament appearance. However, they were denied their first bid to the NCAA tournament since 1977 again, falling to Radford, 108–94, ending a 24–8 season. The 24 victories were the most since that 1977 campaign, and it was only the fourth twenty-win season in program history. The Keydets had a down year in 2009–10, going 10–19 and 5–13 in league play. They still managed to lead the nation in scoring, and did so again the following year. On July 18, 2011, Baucom was signed to a contract extension through the 2015 season.In 2011–12, VMI clinched its first back-to-back winning seasons since the teams of the late 1970s by going 17–16. This included yet another surprise run to the Big South tournament final, which was thwarted by UNC Asheville. It was, however, the first year in which VMI did not lead the country in points per game. They failed to do so again in 2012–13, and had another losing season. Baucom's contract was extended again through the end of the 2017–18 season (at the same salary) by VMI athletic director Donny White on August 21, 2013. Baucom's 2013–14 squad became the fifth in school history to have a twenty-win season, going 22–13 with an 11–5 Big South record. It was the last season for VMI in the Big South, as they had announced their transition back to the Southern Conference the previous spring.After falling in the conference tournament semifinals, VMI received and accepted an invitation to participate in the 2014 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament. It was the program's first national postseason tournament appearance in thirty-seven years, and the Keydets made the most of their second opportunity. Thanks in large part to the play of senior center D. J. Covington, VMI defeated Canisius, IPFW, and Ohio to advance to the tournament's semifinals. Covington scored 37 points against Canisius, and 41 points against IPFW, which was a CIT tournament record. VMI would fall to Yale, 75–62, in the semifinals, which was televised nationally on CBS Sports Network. On July 2, 2014, <mask> and VMI agreed to another contract extension (at the same salary) that would run through the 2018–19 season. The Citadel
<mask> was named head coach at The Citadel on March 30, 2015, succeeding Chuck Driesell.Head coaching record

}}

References

1960 births
Living people
Basketball coaches from North Carolina
The Citadel Bulldogs basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Davidson Wildcats men's basketball coaches
High school basketball coaches in North Carolina
Mars Hill Lions men's basketball coaches
Northwestern State Demons basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Tusculum Pioneers men's basketball coaches
University of North Carolina at Charlotte alumni
VMI Keydets basketball coaches
Western Carolina Catamounts men's basketball coaches

masks: Duggar Baucom Baucom Baucom Baucom Baucom Baucom Baucom Baucom Baucom Baucom


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{{Infobox comics creator
| name          = <mask>
| image         = <mask>iller JimLee DC's 2018PopUpShop2.jpg
| caption       = <mask> at SXSW 2018
| birth_name    =
| birth_date    =
| birth_place   = Olney, Maryland, U.S.
| nationality   = American
| area          = Writer, penciller, inker, film director
| cartoonist    = y
| write         = y
| art           =
| pencil        = y
| ink           = y
| edit          =
| publish       =
| letter        = y
| color         =
| alias         =
| notable works = The Dark Knight ReturnsBatman: Year One DaredevilElektraWolverineRonin300Sin City Cursed
| awards        = Awards
| website       = frankmillerink.com
| subcat        = American
}}
<mask> (born January 27, 1957) is an American comic book writer, penciller and inker, novelist, screenwriter, film director, and producer known for his comic book stories and graphic novels such as his run on Daredevil and subsequent Daredevil: Born Again, The Dark Knight Returns, Batman: Year One, Sin City, and 300. He also directed the film version of The Spirit, shared directing duties with Robert Rodriguez on Sin City and Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, and produced the film 300. His film Sin City earned a Palme d'Or nomination, and he has received every major comic book industry award. In 2015, <mask> was inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame. He created the comic book character Elektra for Marvel Comics' Daredevil series. <mask> is noted for combining film noir and manga influences in his comic art creations. "I realized when I started Sin City that I found American and English comics be too wordy, too constipated, and Japanese comics to be too empty.So I was attempting to do a hybrid". Early life
<mask> was born in Olney, Maryland, on January 27, 1957, and raised in Montpelier, Vermont, the fifth of seven children of a nurse mother and a carpenter/electrician father. His family was Irish Catholic. Career
<mask> grew up a comics fan; a letter he wrote to Marvel Comics was published in The Cat #3 (April 1973). His first published work was at Western Publishing's Gold Key Comics imprint, received at the recommendation of comics artist Neal Adams, to whom a fledgling <mask>, after moving to New York City, had shown samples and received much critique and occasional informal lessons. Though no published credits appear, he is tentatively credited with the three-page story "Royal Feast" in the licensed TV series comic book The Twilight Zone #84 (June 1978), by an unknown writer, and is credited with the five-page "Endless Cloud", also by an unknown writer, in the following issue (July 1978). By the time of the latter, <mask> had his first confirmed credit in writer Wyatt Gwyon's six-page "Deliver Me From D-Day", inked by Danny Bulanadi, in Weird War Tales #64 (June 1978).Former Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter recalled <mask> going to DC Comics after having broken in with "...a small job from Western Publishing, I think. Thus emboldened, he went to DC, and after getting savaged by Joe Orlando, got in to see art director Vinnie Colletta, who recognized talent and arranged for him to get a one-page war-comic job". The Grand Comics Database does not list this job; there may have been a one-page DC story, or Shooter may have misremembered the page count or have been referring to the two-page story, by writer Roger McKenzie, "Slowly, painfully, you dig your way from the cold, choking debris..." in Weird War Tales #68 (Oct. 1978). Other fledgling work at DC included the six-page "The Greatest Story Never Told", by writer Paul Kupperberg, in that same issue, and the five-page "The Edge of History", written by Elliot S. Maggin, in Unknown Soldier #219 (Sept. 1978). His first work for Marvel Comics was penciling the 17-page story "The Master Assassin of Mars, Part 3" in John Carter, Warlord of Mars #18 (Nov. 1978). At Marvel, <mask> settled in as a regular fill-in and cover artist, working on a variety of titles. One of these jobs was drawing Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man #27–28 (Feb.–March 1979), which guest-starred Daredevil.At the time, sales of the Daredevil title were poor but <mask> saw potential in "a blind protagonist in a purely visual medium," he recalled in 2000. <mask> went to writer and staffer Jo Duffy (a mentor-figure whom he called his "guardian angel" at Marvel) and she passed on his interest to editor-in-chief Jim Shooter to get <mask> work on Daredevil's regular title. Shooter agreed and made <mask> the new penciller on the title. As <mask> recalled in 2008:

Daredevil and the early 1980sDaredevil #158 (May 1979), <mask>'s debut on that title, was the finale of an ongoing story written by Roger McKenzie and inked by Klaus Janson. After this issue, <mask> became one of Marvel's rising stars. However, sales on Daredevil did not improve, Marvel's management continued to discuss cancellation, and <mask> himself almost quit the series, as he disliked McKenzie's scripts. <mask>'s fortunes changed with the arrival of Denny O'Neil as editor.Realizing <mask>'s unhappiness with the series, and impressed by a backup story <mask> had written, O'Neil moved McKenzie to another project so that <mask> could try writing the series himself. <mask> and O'Neil maintained a friendly working relationship throughout his run on the series. With issue #168 (Jan. 1981), <mask> took over full duties as writer and penciller. Sales rose so swiftly that Marvel once again began publishing Daredevil monthly rather than bimonthly just three issues after <mask>—who became a popular character and star in a 2005 motion picture—although her first cover appearance was four months earlier on <mask>'s cover of The Comics Journal #58. <mask> later wrote and drew a solo Elektra story in Bizarre Adventures #28 (Oct. 1981). He added a martial arts aspect to Daredevil's fighting skills, and introduced previously unseen characters who had played a major part in the character's youth: Stick, leader of the ninja clan the Chaste, who had been Murdock's sensei after he was blinded and a rival clan called the Hand.Unable to handle both writing and penciling Daredevil on the new monthly schedule, <mask> began increasingly relying on Janson for the artwork, sending him looser and looser pencils beginning with #173. By issue #185, <mask> had virtually relinquished his role as Daredevil's artist, and he was providing only rough layouts for Janson to both pencil and ink, allowing <mask> to focus on the writing. <mask>'s work on Daredevil was characterized by darker themes and stories. This peaked when in #181 (April 1982) he had the assassin Bullseye kill Elektra, and Daredevil subsequently attempt to kill him. <mask> finished his Daredevil run with issue #191 (Feb. 1983), which he cited in a winter 1983 interview as the issue he is most proud of; by this time he had transformed a second-tier character into one of Marvel's most popular. Additionally, <mask> drew a short Batman Christmas story, "Wanted: Santa Claus – Dead or Alive", written by Dennis O'Neil for DC Special Series #21 (Spring 1980). This was his first professional experience with a character with which, like Daredevil, he became closely associated.At Marvel, O'Neil and <mask> collaborated on two issues of The Amazing Spider-Man Annual. The 1980 Annual featured a team-up with Doctor Strange while the 1981 Annual showcased a meeting with the Punisher. As penciler and co-plotter, <mask>, together with writer Chris Claremont, produced the miniseries Wolverine #1–4 (Sept.-Dec. 1982), inked by Josef Rubinstein and spinning off from the popular X-Men title. <mask> used this miniseries to expand on Wolverine's character. The series was a critical success and further cemented <mask>'s place as an industry star. His first creator-owned title was DC Comics' six-issue miniseries Ronin (1983–1984). In 1985, DC Comics named <mask> as one of the honorees in the company's 50th-anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.<mask> was involved in a few unpublished projects in the early 1980s. A house advertisement for Doctor Strange appeared in Marvel Comics cover-dated February 1981. It stated "Watch for the new adventures of Earth's Sorcerer Supreme – - as mystically conjured by Roger Stern and <mask>!". <mask>'s only contribution to the series was the cover for Doctor Strange #46 (April 1981). Other commitments prevented him from working on the series. <mask> and Steve Gerber made a proposal to revamp DC's three biggest characters: Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman, under a line called "Metropolis" and comics titled "Man of Steel" or "The Man of Steel", "Dark Knight" and "Amazon". However, this proposal was not accepted.Batman: The Dark Knight Returns and the late 1980s
In 1986, DC Comics released the writer–penciler <mask>'s Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, a four-issue miniseries printed in what the publisher called "prestige format"—squarebound, rather than stapled; on heavy-stock paper rather than newsprint, and with cardstock rather than glossy-paper covers. It was inked by Klaus Janson and colored by Lynn Varley. The story tells how Batman retired after the death of the second Robin (Jason Todd) and, at age 55, returns to fight crime in a dark and violent future. <mask> created a tough, gritty Batman, referring to him as "The Dark Knight" based upon his being called the "Darknight Detective" in some 1970s portrayals, although the nickname "Dark Knight" for Batman dates back to 1940.The term appears on page seven of the story "The Joker" from Batman No. 1 (1940), which is reprinted in the book Batman Chronicles, Volume One (2005). In the lower right panel, Batman is shown swimming in the water after having been knocked off a bridge by the Joker, and the caption reads "THE SHOCK OF COLD WATER QUICKLY REVIVES THE DARK KNIGHT!" Released the same year as Alan Moore's and Dave Gibbons' DC miniseries Watchmen, it showcased a new form of more adult-oriented storytelling to both comics fans and a crossover mainstream audience.The Dark Knight Returns influenced the comic-book industry by heralding a new wave of darker characters. The trade paperback collection proved to be a big seller for DC and remains in print. By this time, <mask> had returned as the writer of Daredevil. Following his self-contained story "Badlands", penciled by John Buscema, in #219 (June 1985), he co-wrote #226 (Jan. 1986) with departing writer Dennis O'Neil. Then, with artist David Mazzucchelli, he crafted a seven-issue story arc that, like The Dark Knight Returns, similarly redefined and reinvigorated its main character. The storyline, "Daredevil: Born Again", in #227–233 (Feb.-Aug. 1986) chronicled the hero's Catholic background and the destruction and rebirth of his real-life identity, Manhattan attorney Matt Murdock, at the hands of Daredevil's nemesis, the crime lord Wilson Fisk, also known as the Kingpin. After completing the "Born Again" arc, <mask> intended to produce a two-part story with artist Walt Simonson but it was never completed and remains unpublished.<mask> and artist Bill Sienkiewicz produced the graphic novel Daredevil: Love and War in 1986. Featuring the character of the Kingpin, it indirectly bridges <mask>'s first run on Daredevil and Born Again by explaining the change in the Kingpin's attitude toward Daredevil. <mask> and Sienkiewicz also

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 produced the eight-issue miniseries Elektra: Assassin for Epic Comics. Set outside regular Marvel continuity, it featured a wild tale of cyborgs and ninjas, while expanding further on Elektra's background. Both of these projects were critically well received. Elektra: Assassin was praised for its bold storytelling, but neither it nor Daredevil: Love and War had the influence or reached as many readers as Dark Knight Returns or Born Again. <mask>'s final major story in this period was in Batman issues 404–407 in 1987, another collaboration with Mazzucchelli.Titled Batman: Year One, this was <mask>'s version of the origin of Batman in which he retconned many details and adapted the story to fit his Dark Knight continuity. Proving to be hugely popular, this was as influential as <mask>'s previous work. A trade paperback released in 1988 remains in print, and is one of DC's best selling books. The story was adapted as an original animated film video in 2011. <mask> had also drawn the covers for the first twelve issues of First Comics English language reprints of Kazuo Koike and Goseki Kojima's Lone Wolf and Cub. This helped bring Japanese manga to a wider Western audience. During this time, <mask> Wolfman, Alan Moore and Howard Chaykin) had been in dispute with DC Comics over a proposed ratings system for comics.Disagreeing with what he saw as censorship, <mask> refused to do any further work for DC, and he took his future projects to the independent publisher Dark Horse Comics. From then on <mask> was a major supporter of creator rights and became a major voice against censorship in comics. The 1990s: Sin City and 300
After announcing he intended to release his work only via the independent publisher Dark Horse Comics, <mask> completed one final project for Epic Comics, the mature-audience imprint of Marvel Comics. Elektra Lives Again was a fully painted graphic novel written and drawn by <mask> and colored by longtime partner Lynn Varley. Telling the story of the resurrection of Elektra from the dead and Daredevil's quest to find her, as well as showing <mask>'s will to experiment with new story-telling techniques. 1990 saw <mask> and artist Geof Darrow start work on Hard Boiled, a three-issue miniseries. The title, a mix of violence and satire, was praised for Darrow's highly detailed art and <mask>'s writing.At the same time <mask> and artist Dave Gibbons produced Give Me Liberty, a four-issue miniseries for Dark Horse. Give Me Liberty was followed by sequel miniseries and specials expanding on the story of protagonist Martha Washington, an African-American woman in modern and near-future North America, all of which were written by <mask> and drawn by Gibbons. <mask> also wrote the scripts for the science fiction films RoboCop 2 and RoboCop 3, about a police cyborg. Neither was critically well received. In 2007, <mask> stated that "There was a lot of interference in the writing process. It wasn't ideal. After working on the two Robocop movies, I really thought that was it for me in the business of film."<mask> came into contact with the fictional cyborg once more, writing the comic-book miniseries RoboCop Versus The Terminator, with art by Walter Simonson. In 2003, <mask>'s screenplay for RoboCop 2 was adapted by Steven Grant for Avatar Press's Pulsaar imprint. Illustrated by Juan Jose Ryp, the series is called <mask>'s RoboCop and contains plot elements that were divided between RoboCop 2 and RoboCop 3. In 1991, <mask> started work on his first Sin City story. Serialized in Dark Horse Presents #51–62, it proved to be another success, and the story was released in a trade paperback. This first Sin City "yarn" was rereleased in 1995 under the name The Hard Goodbye. Sin City proved to be <mask>'s main project for much of the remainder of the decade, as <mask> told more Sin City stories within this noir world of his creation, in the process helping to revitalize the crime comics genre.Sin City proved artistically auspicious for <mask> and again brought his work to a wider audience without comics. <mask> lived in Los Angeles, California in the 1990s, which influenced Sin City. He later lived in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of New York City, which was also an influence.Daredevil: The Man Without Fear was a five issue miniseries published by Marvel Comics in 1993. In this story, <mask> and artist John Romita Jr. told Daredevil's origins differently from in the previous comics, and they provided additional detail to his beginnings. <mask> also returned to superheroes by writing issue #11 of Todd McFarlane's Spawn, as well as the Spawn/Batman crossover for Image Comics. In 1994, <mask> became one of the founding members of the comic imprint Legend, under which many of his Sin City works were released via Dark Horse Comics. In 1995, <mask> and Darrow collaborated again on Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, published as a two-part miniseries by Dark Horse.In 1999 it became an animated series on Fox Kids. Written and illustrated by <mask> with painted colors by Varley, 300 was a 1998 comic-book miniseries, released as a hardcover collection in 1999, retelling the Battle of Thermopylae and the events leading up to it from the perspective of Leonidas of Sparta. 300 was particularly inspired by the 1962 film The 300 Spartans, a movie that <mask> watched as a young boy. Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again and 2000–2019
He was one of the artists on the Superman and Batman: World's Funnest one-shot written by Evan Dorkin published in 2000. <mask> moved back to Hell's Kitchen by 2001 and was creating Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again as the 9/11 terrorist attacks occurred about four miles from that neighborhood. His differences with DC Comics put aside, he saw the sequel initially released as a three-issue miniseries, and though it sold well, it received a mixed to negative reception. <mask> also returned to writing Batman in 2005, taking on the writing duties of All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder, a series set inside of what <mask> describes as the "Dark Knight Universe," and drawn by Jim Lee.All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder also received largely negative reviews. <mask>'s previous attitude towards movie adaptations was to change after Robert Rodriguez made a short film based on a story from <mask>'s Sin City entitled "The Customer is Always Right". <mask> was pleased with the result, leading to him and Rodriguez directing a full-length film, Sin City using <mask>'s original comics panels as storyboards. The film was released in the U.S. on April 1, 2005. The film's success brought renewed attention to <mask>'s Sin City projects. Similarly, a 2006 film adaptation of 300, directed by Zack Snyder, brought new attention to <mask>'s original comic book work. A sequel to the film, Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, based on <mask>'s second Sin City series and co-directed by <mask> and Robert Rodriguez, was released in theaters on August 22, 2014.On July 10, 2015, at the San Diego Comic-Con, <mask> was inducted into the Eisner Awards Hall of Fame. From 2015 to 2017, DC released a nine-issue, bimonthly sequel to The Dark Knight Returns and The Dark Knight Strikes Again, titled The Dark Knight III: The Master Race. <mask> co-wrote it with Brian Azzarello, and Andy Kubert and Klaus Janson were the artists. Issue one was the top-selling comic of November 2015, moving an estimated 440,234 copies. In 2016, <mask> and Azzarello also co-wrote the graphic novel, The Dark Knight Returns: The Last Crusade with art by John Romita Jr. and Peter Steigerwald. From April to August 2018, Dark Horse Comics published monthly <mask>'s five-issue miniseries sequel to 300, Xerxes: The Fall of the House of Darius and the Rise of Alexander, which marked his first work as both writer and artist comics creation since Holy Terror. In 2017 <mask> announced he was writing a Superman: Year One project with artwork by John Romita Jr.The three-issue series was released by DC Black Label from June to October 2019 and received mixed reviews. Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing published his and author Tom Wheeler's young-adult novel Cursed, about the King Arthur legend from the point of view of the Lady of the Lake in October 2019. In December 2019, DC released Dark Knight Returns: The Golden Child, the fifth series in The Dark Knight Returns universe to mixed reviews. It is written by <mask> with artwork by Rafael Grampa. The 2020s
In July 2020, Netflix released a 10-episode series based on Cursed with <mask> and Wheeler serving as both creators and executive producers. Legal issues
In October 2012, Joanna Gallardo-Mills, who began working for <mask> as an executive coordinator in November 2008, filed suit against <mask> in Manhattan for discrimination and "mental anguish", stating that <mask>'s former girlfriend, Kimberly Cox, created a hostile work environment for Gallardo-Mills in <mask> and Cox's Hell's Kitchen living and work space. In July 2020, producer Stephen L'Heureux, who worked on Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, filed a $25 million defamation and economic interference lawsuit against <mask> and fellow producer Silenn Thomas.L'Heureux alleged the pair had repeatedly made, "false, misleading and defamatory statements" about L'Heureux's ownership of the developmental rights of Sin City and Hard Boiled to Skydance Media CEO David Ellison and other Skydance executives and prevented the creation of a film adaptation of Hard Boiled and a TV series based on Sin City. <mask>'s attorney Allen Grodsky denied the allegation stating, "The claims asserted in Mr. L'Heureux's lawsuit are baseless, and we will be aggressively defending this lawsuit." Public image
In July 2011 at the San Diego Comic-Con International while promoting his upcoming graphic novel Holy Terror in which the protagonist hero fights Al-Qaeda terrorists, <mask> made a remark about Islamic terrorism and Islam saying, "I was raised Catholic and I could tell you a lot about the Spanish Inquisition but the mysteries of the Catholic Church elude me. And I could tell you a lot about Al-Qaeda, but the mysteries of Islam elude me too." In November 2011, <mask> posted remarks pertaining to the Occupy Wall Street movement on his blog, calling it "nothing but a pack of louts, thieves, and rapists, fed by Woodstock-era nostalgia and putrid false righteousness." He said of the movement, "Wake up, pond scum. America is at war against a ruthless enemy.Maybe, between bouts of self-pity and all the other tasty tidbits of narcissism you've been served up in your sheltered, comfy little worlds, you've heard terms like al-Qaeda and Islamicism." <mask>'s statement generated controversy. In a 2018 interview, <mask> backed away from his comments saying that he "wasn't thinking clearly" when he made them and alluded to a very dark time in his life during which they were made. Personal life
<mask> was married to colorist Lynn Varley from 1986 to 2005. She colored many of his most acclaimed works (from Ronin in 1984 through 300 in 1998) and the backgrounds to the 2006 movie 300. <mask> has been romantically linked to New York-based Shakespearean scholar Kimberly Halliburton Cox, who had a cameo in The Spirit (2008). In response to claims that his comics are conservative, <mask> said, "I'm not a conservative.I'm a libertarian." Style and influence

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 still conforming to traditional comic book styles, <mask> infused his first issue of Daredevil with his own film noir style. <mask> sketched the roofs of New York in an attempt to give his Daredevil art an authentic feel not commonly seen in superhero comics at the time. One journalist noted,Ronin shows some of the strongest influences of manga and bande dessinée on <mask>'s style, both in the artwork and narrative style. Sin City was drawn in black and white to emphasize its film noir origins. <mask> has said he opposes naturalism in comic art: "People are attempting to bring a superficial reality to superheroes which is rather stupid. They work best as the flamboyant fantasies they are.I mean, these are characters that are broad and big. I don't need to see sweat patches under Superman's arms. I want to see him fly." <mask> considers the renowned Argentinian comic book artist Alberto Breccia as one of his personal mentors, even declaring that (regarding modernity in comics): "it all started with Breccia". In that same regard, <mask>'s work in Sin City has been analyzed by South American writers and artists as being based or inspired in Breccia's groundbreaking style,"Interviews: Eduardo Risso", in Comiqueando #22, by Andrés Accorsi. Comiqueando Press, Buenos Aires (VII-1996) Tebeosfera.com  especially regarding the latter's chiaroscuros and strong use of stark black-and-white technique. Praise and criticismDaredevil: Born Again and The Dark Knight Returns were both critical successes and influential on subsequent generations of creators to the point of being considered classics of the medium.Batman: Year One was also met with praise for its gritty style, while comics including Ronin, 300 and Sin City were also successful, cementing <mask>'s place as a legend of comic books. However, later material such as Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again received mixed reviews. In particular, All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder was widely considered a sign of <mask>'s creative decline.Biggers, Cliff. Comic Shop News #1064, November 7, 2007

Fellow comic book writer Alan Moore has described <mask>'s work from Sin City-onward as homophobic and misogynistic, despite praising his early Batman and Daredevil material. Moore previously penned a flattering introduction to an early collected edition of The Dark Knight Returns, and the two have remained friends. Moore has praised <mask>'s realistic use of minimal dialogue in fight scenes, which "move very fast, flowing from image to image with the speed of a real-life conflict, unimpeded by the reader having to stop to read a lot of accompanying text". <mask>'s graphic novel Holy Terror was accused of being anti-Islamic.<mask> later said that he regretted Holy Terror, saying, "I don't want to wipe out chapters of my own biography. But I'm not capable of that book again." In terms of <mask>'s film career, his 2008 adaptation of The Spirit received negative reviews, earning a Rotten Tomatoes approval rating of 14% based on 111 reviews, with an average rating of 3.58/10, Metacritic gave it an aggregate score of 30 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally negative reviews". and a metascore of 30/100 at Metacritic.com. Meanwhile, his film adaptation of Sin City was well received by audiences and critics. (a, with Evan Dorkin, among other artists, one-shot, 2000)Orion #3: "Tales of the New Gods: Nativity" (a, with Walt Simonson, 2000) collected in O: The Gates of Apokolips (tpb, 144 pages, 2001, )Superman: Year One #1–3 (w, with John Romita Jr., 2019)

Marvel ComicsJohn Carter, Warlord of Mars #18: "Meanwhile, Back in Helium!" (a, with Chris Claremont, 1978) collected in Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter, Warlord of Mars (tpb, 632 pages, Dark Horse, 2011, ) and John Carter, Warlord of Mars Omnibus (hc, 624 pages, 2012, )The Complete Frank Miller Spider-Man (hc, 208 pages, 2002, ) collects:The Spectacular Spider-Man #27–28 (a, with Bill Mantlo, 1979)The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #14–15 (a, with Dennis O'Neil, 1980–1981)Marvel Team-Up:
 "Introducing: Karma!"(w/a, with Chris Claremont, in #100, 1980)
 "Power Play!" (w, with Herb Trimpe, in Annual #4, 1981)Marvel Two-in-One #51: "Full House—Dragons High!" (a, with Peter B. Gillis, 1979) collected in Essential Marvel Two-in-One Volume 2 (tpb, 568 pages, 2007, )Daredevil:Daredevil by <mask> & Klaus Janson Omnibus (hc, 840 pages, 2007, ) collects:
 "A Grave Mistake" (a, with Roger McKenzie, in #158, 1979)
 "Marked for Death" (a, with Roger McKenzie, in #159–161, 1979–1980)
 "Blind Alley" (a, with Roger McKenzie, in #163, 1980)
 "Exposé" (a, with Roger McKenzie, in #164, 1980)
 "Arms of the Octopus" (w/a, with Roger McKenzie, in #165, 1980)
 "Till Death Do Us Part!" (w/a, with Roger McKenzie, in #166, 1980)
 "...The Mauler!" (a, with David Michelinie, in #167, 1980)
 "Elektra" (w/a, in #168, 1981)
 "Devils" (w/a, in #169, 1980)
 "Gangwars" (w/a, in #170–172, 1981)
 "The Assassination of Matt Murdock" (w/a, in #173–175, 1981)
 "Hunters" (w/a, in #176–177, 1981)
 "Paper Chase" (w/a, in #178–180, 1982)
 "Last Hand" (w/a, in #181–182, 1982)
 "Child's Play" (w/a, with Roger McKenzie, in #183–184, 1982)
 "Guts & Stilts" (w, with Klaus Janson, in #185–186, 1982)
 "Widow's Bite" (w, with Klaus Janson, in #187–190, 1982–1983)
 "Roulette" (w/a, in #191, 1983)What If? #28: "What If Daredevil became an agent of SHIELD" (w/a, in What If? #28, 1981)Daredevil Omnibus Companion (hc, 608 pages, 2008, ) includes:
 "Badlands" (w, with John Buscema, in #219, 1985)
 "Warriors" (w, with Dennis O'Neil and David Mazzucchelli, in #226, 1986)
 "Born Again" (w, with David Mazzucchelli, in #227–233, 1986)
 Daredevil: Love and War (w, with Bill Sienkiewicz, graphic novel, tpb, 64 pages, 1986, )
 Daredevil: The Man Without Fear #1–5 (w, with John Romita Jr., 1993)What If?#34: "What If Daredevil Were Deaf Instead of Blind?" (w/a, 1 page in What If? #34, 1982)Elektra by <mask> & Bill Sienkiewicz  (hc, 400 pages, 2008, ) collects:
 "Untitled" (w/a, in Bizarre Adventures #28, 1981)What If? #35: "What If Bullseye Had Not Killed Elektra?" (w/a, in What If? #35, 1982)
 Elektra: Assassin #1–8 (w, with Bill Sienkiewicz, 1986–1987)
 Elektra Lives Again (w/a, graphic novel, hc, 80 pages, 1991, )Marvel Spotlight vol. 2 #8: "Planet Where Time Stood Still!"(a, with Mike W. Barr and Dick Riley, 1980)Marvel Preview #23: "Final Warning" (a, with Lynn Graeme, 1980)Power Man and Iron Fist #76: "Death Scream of the Warhawk!" (a, with Chris Claremont and Mike W. Barr, 1981)Bizarre Adventures #31: "The Philistine" (a, with Dennis O'Neil, 1982)Fantastic Four Roast (a, with Fred Hembeck, among other artists, one-shot, 1982)Wolverine #1–4 (a, with Chris Claremont, 1982) collected as Wolverine (hc, 144 pages, 2007, ; tpb, 2009, )Incredible Hulk Annual #11: "Unus Unchained" (a, with Mary Jo Duffy, 1981)Marvel Fanfare #18: "Home Fires!" (a, with Roger Stern, 1984)Sensational She-Hulk #50: "He's Dead?!" (in The Babe Wore Red and Other Stories one-shot, 1994)
 "Blue Eyes" (in Lost, Lonely, & Lethal one-shot, 1996)
 "Rats" (in Lost, Lonely, & Lethal one-shot, 1996)
 "Daddy's Little Girl" (in A Decade of Dark Horse #1, 1996)
 Sex & Violence (one-shot, 1997)
 "The Babe Wore Red" (in The Babe Wore Red and Other Stories one-shot, 1994)Hell and Back (tpb, 312 pages, 2001, ) collects:
 Hell and Back, a Sin City Love Story #1–9 (1999–2000)RoboCop vs. The Terminator #1–4 (w, with Walt Simonson, 1992)Madman Comics #6–7 (w, with Mike Allred, 1995) collected in Madman Volume 2 (tpb, 456 pages, 2007, )The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot #1–2 (w, with Geof Darrow, 1995) collected as TBG and RtBR (tpb, 80 pages, 1996, )Dark Horse Presents (w/a):
 "Lance Blastoff!" (in #100-1, 1995)
 "Lance Blastoff, America's Favourite Hero!" (in #114, 1996)300 #1–5 (w/a, 1998) collected as 300 (hc, 88 pages, 2000, ; tpb, 2002)Dark Horse Maverick 2000: "Mercy!"(w/a, anthology one-shot, 2000)9-11: Artists Respond, Volume One: "Untitled" (w/a, graphic novel, tpb, 196 pages, 2002, )Dark Horse Maverick: Happy Endings: "The End" (w/a, anthology graphic novel, tpb, 96 pages, 2002, )Autobiografix: "Man with Pen in Head" (w/a, anthology graphic novel, tpb, 104 pages, 2003, )Usagi Yojimbo #100 (w/a, among others, 2009) collected in UY: Bridge of Tears (hc, 248 pages, 2009, ; tpb, 2009, )Xerxes: The Fall of the House of Darius and the Rise of Alexander #1-5 (w/a, 2018)

Other publishersMs. Tree #1–4: "<mask>'s Famous Detective Pin-Up" (w/a, Eclipse, 1983)Strip AIDS U.S.A.: "Robohomophobe!" (w/a, anthology graphic novel, tpb, 140 pages, Last Gasp, 1988, )AARGH! #27 (Marvel, 1981)Ghost Rider #59 (Marvel, 1981)Amazing Heroes #4, 25, 69 (Fantagraphics Books, 1981–1985)Marvel Fanfare #1 (Marvel, 1982)World's Finest Comics #285 (DC Comics, 1982)Wonder Woman #298 (DC Comics, 1982)Spider-Man and Daredevil Special Edition (Marvel, 1984)The New Adventures of Superboy #51 (cover, 1984)Batman and the Outsiders Annual #1 (cover, 1984)Destroyer Duck #7 (Eclipse, 1984)Superman: The Secret Years #1–4 (DC Comics, 1985)'Mazing Man #12 (DC Comics, 1986)Anything Goes! #2 (Fantagraphics Books, 1986)Lone Wolf and Cub #1–12 (First Comics, 1987–1988)Death Rattle #18 (Kitchen Sink, 1988)Eternal Warrior #1 (Valiant, 1992)Archer & Armstrong #1 (Valiant, 1992)Magnus, Robot Fighter #15 (Valiant, 1992)X-O Manowar #7 (Valiant, 1992)Shadowman #4 (Valiant, 1992)Rai #6 (Valiant, 1992)Harbinger #8 (Valiant, 1992)Solar, Man of the Atom #12 (Valiant, 1992)Comics' Greatest World: Arcadia #1 (Dark Horse, 1993)John Byrne's Next Men #17 (Dark Horse, 1993)Marvel Age #127 (Marvel, 1993)Comics' Greatest World: Vortex #4 (Dark Horse, 1993)Zorro #1 (Topps, 1993)X: One Shot to the Head #4 (Dark Horse, 1994)Medal of Honor #4 (Dark Horse, 1995)Mickey Spillane's Mike Danger #1 (Tekno Comix, 1995)Prophet #2 (Extreme Studios, 1995)X #18–22 (Dark Horse, 1995–1996)G.I. Joe #1 (Dark Horse, 1995)Batman Black and White #2 (DC Comics, 1996)Dark Horse Presents #115 (Dark Horse, 1996)Heavy Metal #183 (HM Communications, 1999)Bone #38 (Cartoon Books, 2000)Spawn #100 (Image, 2000)Green Lantern/Superman: Legend of the Green Flame #1 (DC Comics, 2000)Dark Horse Maverick 2001 (Dark Horse, 2001)The Escapists #1 (Dark Horse, 2006)Jurassic Park #1 (IDW Publishing, 2010)Dark Horse Presents #1 (Dark Horse, 2011)The Creep #0 (Dark Horse, 2012)Detective Comics vol. 2, #27 (variant) (DC Comics, 2014)Moonshine #1 (image, 2016)Shaolin Cowboy: Who'll Stop the Reign'' #1 (Dark Horse, 2017)

Filmography

Films

Television

References

External links

 The Complete Works of Frank Miller

 Frank Miller at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

1957 births
American comics artists
American comics writers
American graphic novelists
American libertarians
American male novelists
American people of Irish descent
Artists from Maryland
Artists from Vermont
Bob Clampett Humanitarian Award winners
Eisner Award winners for Best Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team
Eisner Award winners for Best Writer/Artist
Film directors from Maryland
Inkpot Award winners
Living people
Marvel Comics people
DC Comics people
Novelists from Maryland
Novelists from Vermont
People from Montpelier, Vermont
People from Olney, Maryland
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
Writers who illustrated their own writing
Film directors from Vermont
American Noir

masks:
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Frank Miller
Frank Miller
Frank Miller


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<mask> (February 21, 1906 – 1995) was an American aviator and businessman. He was a pioneer in aviation, circumnavigating the globe with adventure writer Richard Halliburton in 1931, and co-founding Northrop Aircraft, Inc.

Family
His father was also named <mask>; his mother was <mask>. His grandparents, Judge and Mrs. <mask>, had a ranch in the mountains near Pomona, California. He married Contessa Gadina de Turiani, an aviator from Trieste, Italy, who had divorced millionaire aviator Ross Hadley. In later years <mask> lived in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico; he died in Calistoga, California in 1995. Friends and acquaintances
<mask> knew barnstormers and World War I flying aces, pioneers of early aviation. These were people such as Frank Clarke, Pancho Barnes, Sandy Sandblom, Leo Nomis, Bud Creeth, Eddie Bellande, Ross Hadley,  and <mask>'s lifelong best friend, Dick Rinaldi.He knew movie stars such as Richard Arlen, Ramon Novarro, Sue Carol, Reginald Denny, <mask>, and Dolores del Río. He also knew movie executives and directors such as Cecil B. DeMille, Victor Fleming, Howard Hawks, and Howard Hughes. Early life

First encounter with planes
Not quite four, he saw his first planes in 1910 at the Los Angeles International Air Meet  at Dominguez Field, in today's Dominguez Hills, California, on the southern outskirts of Los Angeles, and the boy became enamored of aeroplanes. His most vivid image was of a French Blériot flown by Louis Paulhan into the Southern California sky; in 1910 it was the only monoplane to have successfully flown, including the first flight across the English Channel. Flying lessons
After classes at Hollywood High, <mask> rushed to Rogers Airport  at the corner of Wilshire Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue to look at the biplanes and to talk with the pilots. (Today, not a trace of the airport remains.) As months passed, the men came to like the lad, and taught him what they knew, even taking him on short hops.Eventually, <mask>, airport manager, agreed—with parental permission—to give him flying lessons in exchange for work around the hangars. In his lessons he was a quick learner, and after logging more cockpit time he finally soloed. This, of course, was an era before the Federal Aviation Administration, with its requisite ground courses and instruction hours. When a pilot first took him aloft, he saw a Los Angeles unrecognizable today. He looked down on a Wilshire Boulevard surrounded by countryside, bordered by "a row of stunted palms." He sometimes flew out of Mines Field, one day to become Los Angeles International Airport. In 1923, he flew for the first time in an OX-5-powered Standard J-1 from Rogers Airport   at the corner of Wilshire Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue.That same year he persuaded the manager to allow him flying lessons in exchange for work. As a sixteen-year-old at Hollywood High in Los Angeles, he was taught to fly by pilots such as Leo Nomis. First plane purchased
His first plane was a Thomas-Morse S-4C Scout, A single-seat biplane with fabric-covered wooden airframe it had been an advanced trainer for World War I pilots. Its engine was quite common at the time, while being most unusual today - a rotary Le Rhône Rotary, in which the engine crankcase with cylinders rotate and drive the propeller, while the crankshaft is stationary, being attached to the firewall. <mask> paid movie stunt pilot Leo Nomis  $450 for the Scout after his father relented and allowed the boy to buy the plane. (In 2007 a "Tommie" was on sale for $125,000.) <mask>' plane weighed 961 pounds empty and had no throttle.It did have two power-control levers, or manettes, in its place, which served in lieu of carburetor, one controlling air intake, the other, fuel. Engine speed was controlled by a so-called blipper, a switch. To manage speed as he taxied for take off, the pilot cut ignition with the blipper switch, then let it start again. With this plane <mask> really learned how to fly. In 1926, he bought his first airplane for $450, a war surplus Thomas-Morse S-4C Scout from Leo Nomis, a leading motion picture stunt pilot. In 2007, a "Tommie" was listed for sale at $125,000. Link to a picture of a Thomas-Morse S-4 Scout

Education
He graduated Hollywood High School at age 17.His parents kept him from college for a year. He attended Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, graduating in 1928 with an AB in law, then entering Stanford graduate school for a JD so he could one day practice law in his father's firm, mainly to satisfy his father. In 1924 he began study at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, and majored in law. His father, an attorney, had plans for his son to join his law firm. That summer <mask> returned to his flying lessons at Rogers Airport. In the fall he resumed his studies at Stanford. Early work
During his summer vacations, he soon started flying in movies as a paid stunt pilot.This included work in Cecil B. DeMille's  film, Corporal Kate and in Howard Hughes' ' Hell's Angels, famous today for its harrowing World War I aerial combat scenes. In summer 1928 he taught the donor of the Los Angeles La Brea Tar Pits, Captain G. Allan Hancock, to fly in an OX-5-powered Travel Air 2000. Hancock backed the Kingsford-Smith Southern Cross Pacific flight. Jack Northrop, Jerry Vultee, and Cliff Garrett, each eventually founding, respectively, Northrop Aviation, Vultee Aircraft, and Garrett AiResearch, were given their initial flying instruction by <mask> <mask> in the same OX-5 Travel Air. <mask> <mask> was a stunt pilot for Hollywood movies produced by Howard Hughes and Cecil B. DeMille. He gave Hughes flying lessons, and knew Victor Fleming, Gone With The Wind director, as well as various movie stars. In 1926 with J.M.Hiatt, a Stanford classmate, he wrote stories, "The Assault Upon Miracle Castle", and "Ghosts of the Air", both published in Weird Tales, a magazine still in existence. He also co-authored science-fiction for Weird Tales, gave flying lessons to Howard Hughes and flew as a stunt pilot in Hughes' silent movie extravaganza, Hell's Angels. Maddux

In 1928 he left Stanford just when beginning law school as he was hired as captain for Maddux Airlines to fly Ford Tri-Motors, although he had no multi-engine experience. He had no co-pilot at Maddux. Instead the right hand seat was occupied by a mechanic with the title "mate." For aircraft checkout, he rode shotgun on a trip to San Diego, and a trip to Alameda, California. He handled the controls while in the air.He was checked-out for take off and landing by doing a quick circuit of Grand Central Air Terminal in Glendale, California, with the pilot observing from the right-hand seat. Then the pilot got out and <mask> did three quick solo circuits. The pilot had not stayed to observe. In June 1929 he resigned from Maddux to join Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT) which eventually became Trans World Airlines (TWA). TAT was the first United States transcontinental passenger airline. At TAT he flew Ford Tri-Motors. In 1929 he was elected to a term as president of the Professional Pilots Association .In the same year he became one of the founders of the Los Angeles Hangar of the Quiet Birdmen. The Flying Carpet expedition

A few years after Charles Lindbergh's New York City to Paris flight, <mask> flew an open cockpit biplane around the world. He was approached by travel-adventurist Richard Halliburton, who proposed up to two years away, visiting well-known and less known places. <mask> chose a Stearman C-3B with Halliburton, taking eighteen months, and reaching places such as Timbuktu in Africa, Mount Everest in the Himalayas, The Taj Mahal in India, Petra in Jordan, Singapore in Southeast Asia, and Sarawak in Borneo. The two men simply shook hands. <mask> had no pay, but would cover all expenses. When Crown Prince Ghazi of Iraq was a boy, <mask> and Halliburton flew the lad over a school yard so classmates could see the Prince in an open-cockpit airplane.They performed acrobatics for the Maharajah of Nepal. They were feted by Sylvia Brett, wife of the White Rajah of Sarawak. In a January 23, 1932, letter to his parents, Halliburton wrote, "<mask> continues to be the world's best pilot. Once we are in the air, no matter where, everything goes like clock-work." For Halliburton, he piloted a Stearman C-3B biplane, named The Flying Carpet, and Halliburton wrote a book of the same name, published in 1932, which became a best seller. They flew to French Foreign Legion outposts, and across the Sahara to Timbuktu. Their flight took them to Asia, including India, Persia, Malaysia, and other countries.In Iran, they met young German aviator Elly Beinhorn, famous in her day, who had also flown to Timbuktu in a Klemm, although her plane had been forced down because of mechanical failure. In 1931, Richard Halliburton, a famous travel-adventure writer of the time, asked <mask> to pilot and mechanic for him in an around the world flight. The purpose was to gather material for Halliburton's next book, The Flying Carpet, which became a best seller. The trip in a biplane called The Flying Carpet, a Stearman C-3B, took eighteen months, covered 33,660 miles, visited 34 countries, and included France, the Sahara, Persia, Singapore, and the Philippines. In that global flight, <mask> performed aerobatics for the first air meet in Oran, Algeria, aerobatics for the first air meet in Fez, Morocco, rescued Elly Beinhorn a famous German aviator, and flew aerobatics for the Maharajah of Nepal. Among the highlights of his trip was the first aerial photograph of Mount Everest. He and Halliburton were the first Americans to fly to the Philippines.He flew Crown Prince Ghazi of Iraq. In Persia, Princess Mahin Banu  climbed into the front cockpit for a ride with him. In Borneo, he took Sylvia Brett, known as Ranee Sylvia of Sarawak, for a ride, the first woman to fly in that country. At the Rajang River there, he took the chief of the Dyak head-hunters for a flight. Northrop Corporation
In the Northrop News, March 27, 1981, <mask> is described as "one of the founders of Northrop Corporation." <mask> said, "Tom Ellsworth was talking to my brother-in-law <mask>re. He said, 'It's a shame for that fellow Northrop to be working for other people.He should head his own company.'" In 1939, <mask> used his lawyerly skills to scout the countryside for a site to erect Northrop Aviation's first buildings. He was one of the men who brought John K. "Jack" Northrop together with Gage H. Irving  and La Motte Cohu. <mask> was appointed to the board as secretary and was chief of the flight division. As chief test pilot, he flew the first flying wing, the Northrop N-1M, prototype of today's B-2 bomber. In 1939 he was instrumental in the promotion and organization of Northrop Aircraft, Inc., in consideration of which he was awarded stock interest in the company and was made Assistant Corporate Secretary. Following the departure of the original secretary, he was moved into that position by the board of electors.The Northrop N-1M , was the first aircraft Northrop produced. The "M" stood for "mock-up", as the craft was intended to explore the controllability and stability of the all-wing aircraft concept. <mask> did most of the experimental test flying in the two-year test program. The ship was vastly overweight, severely underpowered, and was plagued with constant engine problems. Still, it fulfilled its design purpose. The test program produced the general configuration for the subsequent Northrop flying wings. <mask> also tested other experimental Northrop aircraft: the N-3PB float plane patrol bomber, the A-31 Vengeance dive bomber, and the P-61 Black Widow night fighter.In the 1920s he had given Jack Northrop flying lessons. (He also taught Jerry Vultee, of Vultee Aircraft, maker of jets such as the F-102, F-106 and B-58.) Further career and recognition
In 1932, shortly after the return of the Flying Carpet, he was invited to become an inaugural member of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Aero Squadron. In 1937 he became a founder and board member of the Aviation Country Club of California, Inc. That same year he took leave of absence from Pacific Aircraft Sales, and enjoyed his honeymoon on a lengthy business trip: Lockheed sent him to New Zealand and Australia to promote sales and to check out the pilots of Union Airways and Ansett Airways in their new Lockheed Model 10 Electra airplanes. In 1942, he was presented an award of Distinguished Service by the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce in recognition of this work. At the close of World War II, <mask> and Ted Coleman, Northrop sales manager, left Northrop to start an air cargo business in the interior of Brazil. They obtained a franchise from the Brazilian government, but the climate severely affected his young son's health so <mask> returned to the United States.In 1948, John K. Northrop awarded him a lifetime membership in the Flying Wing Club as "one of a small group of distinguished pilots who have participated in the historical development and pioneered in the public acceptance of this revolutionary and highly efficient type of aircraft". In 1982, he was made a member of the OX-5 Aviation Pioneers. In 1989, he was elected to the OX-5 Aviation Pioneers Hall of Fame; he was chosen to join Charles Lindbergh, Howard Hughes, Jimmy Doolittle and some 50 other "carefully selected...eminent individuals in the aerospace field" "<mask> <mask>: Aviation Pioneer and Adventurer" by Ronald Gilliam, originally published in the July 1999 issue of Aviation History. In 1983, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of The Society of Experimental Test Pilots in the San Diego Aerospace Museum. In 1990, his interview as a pioneer aviator appeared on a PBS television series, The American Experience, on the life of Charles Lindbergh, produced by Ken Burns. References

Further reading
Alt, John H. Don't Die in Bed: The Brief, Intense Life of Richard Halliburton. Atlanta: Quincunx Press, 2013.Chapters on <mask> <mask> from his private papers. Gilliam, Ronald, "<mask> <mask> Piloted More Than 100 Types of Aircraft and Flew Around the World in the Flying Carpet." Aviation History, vol. 9, issue 6 (July 1999). Max, Gerry, Horizon Chasers - The Lives and Adventures of Richard Halliburton and Paul Mooney. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishers, 2007. Root, Jonathan, Halliburton - The Magnificent Myth.New York: Coward-McCann, 1965. Schultz, Barbara H., Flying Carpets, Flying Wings - The Biography of <mask> <mask> (PlaneMercantile, c2011)
Taylor, <mask>., A Shooting Star Meets the Well of Death, Why and How Richard Halliburton Conquered the World. Moonshine Cove Publishing, 2013

External links
 History Net (About <mask> <mask>)

1907 births
1995 deaths
Aviation pioneers

masks:
Moye Wicks Stephens
Moye Wicks Stephens
Mary Hendrick Stephens
Albert Moye Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Wallace Beery
Stephens
Jim Webster
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Wesley LeFev
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
Moye
Stephens
William R
Moye
Stephens


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<mask> (May 31, 1963 – August 21, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and visual artist. Diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1989, <mask> began a career as an underground singer-songwriter in the outsider music tradition. <mask>' songs are typically partially spoken in an MC style, and partially sung in a nasal and out-of-tune manner reminiscent of punk rock vocals. They feature bizarre, humorous and sometimes obscene or absurd lyrics sung over melodies created by using the auto accompaniment feature on his Technics KN keyboard. His songs cover a wide variety of topics, with mental illness and consumerism being the most prominent themes. <mask> gained a large cult following in the 1990s, particularly after the release of his 1995 Greatest Hits album on the Alternative Tentacles label. Jello Biafra compiled the album's track list.In addition to a large body of solo musical work, <mask> fronted his own punk rock band, the <mask> Willis Fiasco, during the 1990s. He was a visual artist long before he developed an interest in music, and produced hundreds of intricate, unusual, colored ink-pen drawings, most of them depicting Chicago streetscapes; he frequently sold these on the street for between $20 and $40. Despite his mainly underground career, <mask> has influenced a variety of media. For example, music software company Nullsoft took their slogan "It really whips the llama's ass!" for Winamp from <mask>'s song "Whip the Llama's Ass". Life and career
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on May 31, 1963, to Walter and <mask>. He had a brother named Ricky, who is also a disabled artist.According to the Los Angeles Times, "<mask> grew up in Chicago's projects as one of 10 children of parents who had a violent relationship and separated when he was young; he spent time in several foster homes and was essentially raised by two older brothers, who went with him from home to home." <mask> began hearing voices during a period of living at his mother's home in the 1980s, when her abusive boyfriend Roger Lee Carpenter held a gun to his head and robbed him of $600 <mask> had saved. By the end of the 1980s, he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and institutionalized for two months after his diagnosis. During childhood, <mask> developed an interest in art, and in 1988, he was featured in a Chicago public access documentary feature created by Carl W. Hart titled <mask>: Artist of the Streets. In Artist of the Streets, he was shown walking through Chicago's Loop neighborhood, producing his ink pen drawings outside of the Marshall Field and Company Building, and interacting with people curious about his art. The drawings typically encompass detailed Chicago streetscapes, including buildings, vehicles, trees, and landmarks. <mask> was known for his ability to draw from memory a completely different location than the one in which he was sitting.During his lifetime, he frequently gave his drawings away to friends or sold them for small amounts (typically $10 or $20) in Chicago parks. However, after his death, <mask> began to receive recognition in the art community for his large body of visual art. In 2008 his artwork was exhibited at the Mohamed Khalil Museum of Egypt, and he was the subject of a special exhibit entitled Drawn By <mask> at Dominican University. In 1991, after befriending some musicians from Chicago's alternative rock scene and recording several solo albums, he formed the punk rock band The Wesley <mask> Fiasco. The band developed a popular underground following as well as attention from musicians such as Eddie Vedder, Henry Rollins, Mike D., Jello Biafra, and the members of White Zombie; and soon caught the attention of Rick Rubin at American Recordings, an independent label distributed by The Warner Group. In early 1994, <mask> recorded with the Canadian industrial-metal band Monster Voodoo Machine and appeared on their Juno Award-winning debut album Suffersystem (RCA Records). In 1995, American Recordings signed <mask> as a solo musician; the <mask> Fiasco subsequently broke up in 1996.He went on to record numerous solo albums of novelty rock (two for American Recordings and the remainder for several independent labels or recorded, marketed and released independently by <mask> himself), toured frequently, and was profiled on MTV. On September 26, 1996, he was a guest on The Howard Stern Show where he played nearly identical songs about Baba Booey and Howard Stern. During his many tours and live appearances, <mask> became "famous for greeting fans with a headbutt"; this left him with a distinctive permanent bruise on his forehead. In early 2003 the documentary The Daddy of Rock 'n' Roll was released, chronicling <mask>' daily life and interests. In 2004, <mask>'s song "Rock N Roll McDonald's", about the McDonald's restaurant of the same name, was used in the soundtrack of the documentary Super Size Me. Death
On August 21, 2003, <mask> died due to complications from chronic myelogenous leukemia in Skokie, Illinois. Legacy
In 2013, a supporting character named Milan was introduced for the ongoing Wonder Woman comic.A blind demigod with the power of far-sight and half-brother to Wonder Woman, his physical appearance and mannerisms are based on <mask>. <mask> has been honored with a star on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis", according to journalist Steve Marsh. <mask> is referenced on the song "Get Famous" by American indie rock band The Mountain Goats, released on September 14, 2020, with the line "<mask> taught me how to write about you". The song references themes of fame and the exploitation and downfall of those who achieve it. Song structure and themes
"Hellride" was the term used by <mask> to describe his encounters with "demons" (delusions brought on by schizophrenia), which occurred mainly on the CTA bus lines in Chicago. According to <mask>, his demons were trying to ruin his "Harmony Joy Music" or "Joy Rides".He used the term in many of his songs, such as "I Deserve a Warhellride". The <mask> Fiasco songs were punk rock songs with <mask> howling his obscene, absurd rants as lyrics. The band recorded three cover songs: Thin Lizzy's "Jailbreak", Pure Prairie League's "Amie", and Duran Duran's "Girls on Film", the last of which was recorded for a 1997 Duran Duran tribute album. Another song by the <mask> Fiasco, "The Bar Is Closed", recreates a section of Rush's "Tom Sawyer"; the song "Casper the Homosexual Friendly Ghost" does the same with Van Halen's "Jamie's Cryin'". As a solo artist, <mask> filled his albums with funny, bizarre, tense, and often obscene statements about crime, fast food, cultural trends, bus routes, violent confrontations with superheroes, commands for his "demons" to engage in bestiality (in The Daddy of Rock 'n' Roll, <mask> explained that these songs would "gross out" the demons enough to make them leave him alone), and praise for his favorite actors, friends, politicians, and hip hop and rock artists. Songs about rock artists were usually confined to describing a show performed by the band that <mask> had attended or opened for, recycling key phrases such as "The crowd roared like a lion", "A lot of people met the band", or "The band got down like a Magikist". Most songs end with the phrase "Rock over London, rock on, Chicago", followed by a product slogan, such as "Wheaties: Breakfast of Champions", "Ford: Quality is Job One", "Diet Pepsi: Uh-Huh!"or "Blockbuster Video: Wow, What a Difference!" Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that despite <mask>' prolific output his songs were essentially variations on the same simple structure, melody and lyrical themes. He also questioned record company motives for releasing albums by <mask>: "It's certainly admirable that <mask> has decided to not be tied down by his schizophrenia, but it often seems that his audience is laughing at him, not with him." Erlewine also wrote that listening to a <mask> record felt "exploitive". Partial discography
The only records from <mask> that were professionally released for download or streaming are Greatest Hits Vol. 1-3, "Rock 'n' Roll Will Never Die", and "Rock Power". 1994 Radiohead
 1994 Double Door
 1994 Machine Gun Kelly
 1994 Mr. Magoo Goes to Jail
 1994 Prisonshake
 1994 Rev Norb #1
 1994 Reverent Norb No.2
 1995 Atomic Records
 1995 Delilah's
 1995 Drag Disharmony Hellride
 1995 Fireman Rick
 1995 Greatest Hits
 1995 Jason Rau
 1995 Rock Power
 1995 Tammy Smith
 1995 Never Love A Fish
 1995 Dr. Wax
 1995 <mask> (Fuse Records)
 1995 Daren Hacker (Wesley Willis Records)
 1995 <mask> (Alternative Tentacles)
 1996 Spookydisharmoniousconflicthellride (with the <mask> Fiasco) (Urban Legends Records)
 1996 Mr. Magoo Goes to Jail Vol. 1
 1996 Mr. Magoo Goes to Jail Vol. 2
 1996 Mr. Magoo Goes to Jail Vol. 3
 1996 New York New York
 1996 Fabian Road Warrior (American Recordings)
 1996 Feel the Power (American Recordings)
 1996 Rock 'n' Roll Will Never Die (Oglio Records)
 1996 Black Light Diner
 1997 Metal Clink Punishment Jail
 1998 Rock 'N' Roll Jackflash
 1998 SMD Promotions
 1999 Dead End Street
 1999 Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (Alternative Tentacles)
 1999 Silver Fish Sea World
 2000 Guitar Rock of Ages
 2000 Shake Your Piggy Bank (Coldfront Records)
 2000 Joe Hunter (Wesley Willis Records)
 2000 Joe Hunter #2
 2000 Never Kill an Ape (Wesley Willis Records)
 2000 Rush Hour (Alternative Tentacles)
 2001 ASCAP
 2001 Fool's Gold
 2001 Torture Demon Hellride
 2001 Full Heavy Metal Jacket
 2001 Live EP (with the <mask> Fiasco) (Cornerstone R.A.S.) 2001 North Carolina Highway Patrol (Wesley Willis Records)
 2003 Greatest Hits Vol. 3 (Alternative Tentacles)

References

External links

 <mask> Art (archive), drawings by <mask> of scenes in Chicago

1963 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
American electronic musicians
Outsider musicians
Singers from Chicago
People with schizophrenia
American street performers
Outsider artists
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
Culture of Chicago
Alternative Tentacles artists
African-American Christians
American punk rock singers
American rock keyboardists
African-American rock musicians
American alternative rock musicians
20th-century African-American male singers
Artists with disabilities
African-American male  singer-songwriters
21st-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Illinois

masks:
Wesley Lawrence Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley
Willis
Willis
Willis
Annie Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Willis
Wesley Willis
Wesley Willis
Wesley Willis
Wesley Willis
Wesley Willis
Willis


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<mask> (born after 1610, died after 1670) was a Poor Clare nun, abbess, and Irish historian. Background
A daughter of <mask> fitz Oliver, a wealthy merchant and a member of The Tribes of Galway. She was a niece of <mask>, whose townhouse doorway, the Browne doorway, now stands in Eyre Square. Andrew was a first cousin of Sir <mask>, former Mayor of Galway and the father of <mask>, OFM, Provincial of Franciscans 1629-1635. Her elder brother, Francis, later joined the Franciscans, while <mask> and her sister Catherine joined the Poor Clares in 1632. In that year her father Andrew was elected one of the town sheriffs but refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, as had his father in 1609, and thus was not sworn in. The Poor Clares
Following their banishment from Dublin in November 1630, the Poor Clares removed to Bethleham, in what was then the townland of Bleanphuttogue, parish of Kilkenny West, County Westmeath, a remote area on the shores of Lough Ree some eight miles (13 km) north-west of Athlone and four and a half miles southwest of Ballymahon, County Longford.Within a few years there were sixty members. Following a request from some citizens of Galway, twelve sister and two novices moved there during or immediately after January 1642. <mask> and Catherine, who were professed at Bethlehem in 1633, were among the group. The Abbess at Bethleham was Mother Cicely Dillon, a sister of Sir James Dillon (officer) and both children of Theobald Dillon, 1st Viscount Dillon. At Galway the Abbess was, successively, <mask> Martyn, <mask> Kennedy, and <mask> during 1647-50, being succeeded by her sister Catherine. The convent was located in or near what is now St. Augustine Street. Abbess in Galway
In her first year, <mask> commissioned Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh to complete the work of translating The Rule of St. Clare and related documents into Irish.This had been begun prior to October 1636 by Father Aodh O Raghailligh and Séamus Ó Siaghail. It was transcribed in mid-October 1636 by Brother Mícheál Ó Cléirigh. Mac Fhirbhisigh translated and transcribed the remaining sections (some two-thirds of the total) from English into Irish and "designed it to be a continuation of the manuscript executed by Ó Cléirigh". It was completed on 8 December 1657, and is now Royal Irish Academy MS D i 2. Helena Concannon remarks that "It is additional proof of <mask>'s keen interest in Irish to find that she had brought this MS with her from Bethleham". The fact that she commissioned Mac Fhirbhisigh to complete the work is a very interesting marker of the high status of the Irish language, all the more surprising in a convent twelve of whose members were of Old English stock. While Abbess, <mask> oversaw plans for founding a daughter-house of the Galway convent at Loughrea.The foundation document, now preserved in the Poor Clare archives in Galway, led to the house's apparent existence in 1649-50, but due to the warfare which soon arose in the county seems to have been short-lived. In the summer of 1649, <mask> sent a petition to the "Mayors, Sheriffs, Free Burgesses and Commonalty of the Towne of Galway" stating that, due to excessive rent, they would be obliged to leave their current home at the end of the lease, which occurred the following May. Therefore, she petitioned that "you may be pleased to grant them sufficient room for building a monastery and rooms convenient thereunto a garden and orchard in the next island adjoining to the bridge Illaun Altenagh." The Mayor and Recorder recommended the grant on 1 July and on 10 July the Corporation unanimously agreed and granted the petition. The convent on Oileán Ealtanach - now called Nun's Island - was "a good large and spacious house with other conveniences with the cost and charge of two hundred and odd pounds of the Sisters' portions in timber and other materials". Exile
Though at least one new sister was professed as late as 1652, the years during and after the move to Nun's Island was marked by a visitation of plague, a nine-month siege, warfare and famine. Galway surrendered to Sir Charles Coote and his army in April 1652, marking the advent of a very different regime.In January 1653 an edict "commanding all nuns of whatsoever condition, to marry or quit the kingdom." Most of the Galway community travelled by ship to Spain; Mother Cicely Dillon died en route. <mask>'s sister, Mother Catherine <mask>, died in Madrid in 1654. Her work as a historian
During her years of exile in Madrid, <mask> wrote "a huge work, in quarto, in the Irish language." Written c. 1670 at the convent of El Cavallero de Garcia, "it is particularly regrettable that the original of the great work is no longer extant, since a prose work in Irish by a pre-twentieth century female author would be a very rare thing indeed." While almost the entire of the records of El Cavallero de Garcia, including this book, are now thought to be lost, there is a strong suggestion that the narrative which opens the annals of the Poor Clares of Galway could be an English translation of the second tractae of her book. <mask>'s work comprised the following:

I    - Historical disquisition concerning haeresiarchs and the persecutions for which they are responsible.II   - The Martyrdom of certain Poor Clares and Tertiaries during the reign of terror in Ireland. III  - The Life of Henry VIII. IV   - the Life of Anne Boleyn. V    - the Life of Queen Catherine. VI   - the Acts of Saint Colette. VII  - The Life of Blessed Margaret del Pilar, Poor Clare. VIII - The Life of the Saintly Queen of Sicily.IX   - Historical Tract concerning various people who lived devout lives in the world. X    - Concerning the Devotion of the Rosary and its origin. XI   - Concerning other Rosaries granted by the bounty of God to those devout to him. Celsus O'Brien quotes the Poor Clare Annalist: "The Third Abbess of said Convent, <mask> (alias) <mask>, was a very good holy and perfect religious Sister, and was endowed with many rare virtues, as obedience, poverty, chastity, humility and charity. She was prudent and wise, well spoken in English, Irish and Spanish. She was the mirror and looking glass of religious observance that belonged to her Rule and status all of her lifetime. She left a True Chronicle written under her own hand, which she sent to this convent of Saint Clare, Galway, and a Remonstrance, a chalice, a holy curious relic, many pictures, books, ornaments, and other fine things fitting for the altar and Divine Service.All the aforesaid things were lost and burnt in the late wars, 1691." In addition, she is said to have written a life, in English, of her sister, <mask>. The dowry of Catherine - "due by bond of <mask> and Sir Dominick <mask>, knight, was put in trust for them in the names of Patrick D'Arcy and Richard Óge Martyn, Esq." Sir Dominick's wife was a sister of Darcy, while he and Richard Martyn were married to two of the sisters and heiress, <mask> and Magdalene, who were daughters of Sir Peter French. Her year of death is unknown, but she is believed to have been after 1670, and before 1691. See also
 Tadhg Og Ó Cianáin
 Peregrine Ó Duibhgeannain
 Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh
 Mícheál Ó Cléirigh
 James Ussher
 Sir James Ware
 Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh
 Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh
 Uilliam Ó Duinnín
 Charles O'Conor (historian)
 Eugene O'Curry
 John O'Donovan (scholar)

Sources
 Historic Galway Convents. I.The Poor Clares, Studies, xxviii (1949), pp. 439–46, Helena Concannon
 Poor Clares, Galway, 1642-1992, by Celsus O'Brien, 1992
 Aspects Intellectual Life in Seventeenth Century Galway, Nollaig Ó Muraíle, in Galway:History and Society, ed. Gerard Moran and Raymond Gillespie, pp. 149–211, 1996. .
 Martyn, Adrian (2016). The Tribes of Galway:1124-1642

External links
 Profile, poorclares.ie
 Profile, ainm.ie

1610s births
1670s deaths
17th-century Irish historians
Irish women non-fiction writers
People from County Galway
Irish book and manuscript collectors
Poor Clares
Roman Catholic activists
Franciscan nuns
Irish chroniclers
Irish scribes
17th-century Irish women writers
Year of birth unknown
Irish emigrants to Spain
Irish-language writers
Women historians
Irish Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Irish Roman Catholic abbesses

masks:
Mother Mary Bonaventure Browne
Andrew Browne
Martin Browne
Dominick Browne
Valentine Browne
Mary
Mary
Mary Gabriel
Mary Clare
Mary
Mary
Mother Bonaventure
Mother Mary
Mother Mary
Mary
Bernard Browne
Mother Mary
Mother Mary
Mary Bonaventure
Browne
Catherine Browne
Andrew Browne
Browne
Mary