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<mask> (c. 125after 180 AD) was a Roman author and grammarian, who was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He was educated in Athens, after which he returned to Rome. He is famous for his Attic Nights, a commonplace book, or compilation of notes on grammar, philosophy, history, antiquarianism, and other subjects, preserving fragments of the works of many authors who might otherwise be unknown today. Name
Medieval manuscripts of the Noctes Atticae commonly gave the author's name in the form of "Agellius", which is used by Priscian; Lactantius, Servius and Saint Augustine had "A. Gellius" instead. Scholars from the Renaissance onwards hotly debated which one of the two transmitted names is correct (the other one being presumably a corruption) before settling on the latter of the two in modern times. Life
The only source for the life of <mask>us is the details recorded in his writings. Internal evidence points to Gellius having been born between AD 125 and 128.He was of good family and connections, possibly of African origin, but he was probably born and certainly brought up in Rome. He attended the Pythian Games in the year 147, and resided for a considerable period in Athens. Gellius studied rhetoric under Titus Castricius and Sulpicius Apollinaris; philosophy under Calvisius Taurus and Peregrinus Proteus; and enjoyed also the friendship and instruction of Favorinus, Herodes Atticus, and Fronto. He returned to Rome, where he held a judicial office. He was appointed by the praetor to act as an umpire in civil causes, and much of the time which he would gladly have devoted to literary pursuits was consequently occupied by judicial duties. Writings
His only known work, the Attic Nights (), takes its name from having been begun during the long nights of a winter which he spent in Attica. He afterwards continued it in Rome.It is compiled out of an Adversaria, or commonplace book, in which he had jotted down everything of unusual interest that he heard in conversation or read in books, and it comprises notes on grammar, geometry, philosophy, history and many other subjects. One story is the fable of Androcles, which is often included in compilations  of Aesop's fables, but was not originally from that source. Internal evidence led Leofranc Holford-Strevens to date its publication in or after AD 177. The work, deliberately devoid of sequence or arrangement, is divided into twenty books. All have survived except the eighth, of which only the index survives. The Attic Nights are valuable for the insight they afford into the nature of the society and pursuits of those times, and for its many excerpts from works of lost ancient authors. The Attic Nights found many readers in Antiquity.Writers who used this compilation include Apuleius, Lactantius, Nonius Marcellus, Ammianus Marcellinus, the anonymous author of the Historia Augusta, Servius, and Augustine; but most notable is how Gellius' work was mined by Macrobius, "who, without mentioning his name, quotes Gellius verbatim throughout the Saturnalia, and is thus of the highest value for the text". Editions
The editio princeps was published at Rome in 1469 by Giovanni Andrea Bussi, bishop-designate of Aleria. The earliest critical edition was by Ludovicus Carrio in 1585, published by Henricus Stephanus; however, the projected commentary fell victim to personal quarrels. Better known is the critical edition of Johann Friedrich Gronovius; although he devoted his entire life to work on Gellius, he died in 1671 before his work could be completed. His son Jakob published most of his comments on Gellius in 1687, and brought out a revised text with all of his father's comments and other materials at Leyden in 1706; this later work became known as the "Gronoviana". According to Leofranc Holford-Strevens, the "Gronoviana" remained the standard text of Gellius for over a hundred years, until the edition of Martin Hertz (Berlin, 1883–85; there is also a smaller edition by the same author, Berlin, 1886), revised by C. Hosius, 1903, with bibliography. A volume of selections, with notes and vocabulary, was published by Nall (London, 1888).There is an English translation by W. Beloe (London, 1795), and a French translation (1896). A more recent English translation is by John Carew Rolfe (1927) for the Loeb Classical Library. More recently, Peter K. Marshall's edition (Oxford  U. Press, 1968, 1990 (reissued with corrections) seems widespread both in print and digital (open access) formats. Translations

 John Carew Rolfe (1927), The Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius. Loeb Classical Library. 3 Volumes., ,

See also
 Ex pede Herculem
 Gellia gens

Notes

References

Further reading
 Anderson, Graham. (1994). "Aulus Gellius: a Miscellanist and His World," in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, vol. II.34.2. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. Beall, S. (1997). "Translation in Aulus Gellius."The Classical Quarterly, 47(1), 215–226. Ceaicovschi, K. (2009). "Cato the Elder in Aulus Gellius." Illinois Classical Studies, (33-34), 25–39. Lakmann, Marie-Luise. (1995). Der Platoniker Tauros in der Darstellung des Aulus Gellius.Leiden, The Netherlands, and New York: Brill. Garcea, Alessandro. (2003). "Paradoxes in Aulus Gellius." Argumentation 17:87–98. Gunderson, Eric. (2009).Nox Philologiae: <mask> Gellius and the Fantasy of the Roman Library. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press. Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. (2003). <mask> Gellius: An Antonine Scholar and his Achievement. Oxford: Oxford Univ.Press. Holford-Strevens, Leofranc. (1982). "Fact and fiction in Aulus Gellius." Liverpool Classical Monthly 7:65–68. Holford-Strevens, Leofranc, and Amiel Vardi, eds. (2004).The Worlds of <mask> Gellius. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Howley, Joseph A. (2013). "Why Read the Jurists ? : <mask> Gellius on Reading Across Disciplines."In New Frontiers: Law and Society in the Roman World. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis. Edinburgh:  Edinburgh University Press. Howley, Joseph A. (2018). Aulus Gellius and Roman Reading Culture. Text, Presence, and Imperial Knowledge in the Noctes Atticae.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Johnson, William A. (2012). "Aulus Gellius: The Life of the Litteratus" In Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire: A Study of Elite Communities. Classical Culture and Society. Oxford; New York:  Oxford University Press. Ker, James (2004)."Nocturnal Writers in Imperial Rome: The Culture of Lucubratio." Classical Philology, 99(3), 209–242. Keulen, Wytse. (2009). "Gellius the Satirist: Roman Cultural Authority in Attic Nights." Mnemosyne Supplements 297. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.McGinn, Thomas A.J. (2010). "Communication and the Capability Problem in Roman Law: <mask> Gellius as Iudex and the Jurists on Child-Custody." RIDA 57, 265–298. Russell, Brigette. (2003). "Wine, Women, and the Polis: Gender and the Formation of the City-State in Archaic Rome."Greece & Rome, 50(1), 77-84

External links

 Works by <mask> Gellius at Perseus Digital Library

The Attic Nights of <mask> Gellius, 1795 translation, Vol. I, Vol. II, Vol. III. Attic Nights (Latin text: complete; English translation: Preface thru Book 13)
 Attic Nights (Latin text: Books 1–11, 13, 20)
 Noctes atticae at Somni

125 births
2nd-century deaths
2nd-century Romans
2nd-century writers
Ancient Roman antiquarians
Aulus
Grammarians of Latin
Middle Platonists
Roman-era students in Athens
Silver Age Latin writers
Writers from Rome

masks:
Aulus Gellius
Aulus Gelli
Aulus
Aulus
Aulus
Aulus
Aulus
Aulus
Aulus


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<mask> is a Vancouver-based Canadian installation artist. She uses film, video, photography and sculpture, and makes "immersive environments". Life and work
<mask> graduated from University of British Columbia (BFA) in 1990 and from the School of Contemporary Art at Simon Fraser University (MFA) in 1998. From 1998 to 2000, <mask> was a co-curator of the Western Front Society Exhibitions Program, and was the editor of ~scope, the exhibition catalogue of the 2001 Western Front Exhibitions Program. From 2012 to 2020, she created, constructed and directed (and operated her studio from) Orbitas, a Residency in Sámara, Costa Rica, where international artists and curators visited in order to work on research-based projects. <mask> is Professor Emeritus, Media Arts, Emily Carr University, where she taught across faculties in both the undergraduate and graduate degree programs. Public Art Works

Surface
In 2010, <mask> created Surface, an ongoing live documentary of the underwater life of False Creek.False Creek is a short inlet in the heart of Vancouver. Once teeming with marine life, it was heavily industrialized in the early 20th century. Now starting to rebound, the inlet supports seabirds such as cormorants, ducks, herons, kingfishers. Herring and other sealife are now populating the inlet, though in comparatively small numbers. The live documentary is transmitted from a camera mounted underneath an Aquabus (a commuter ferry servicing Science World, Yaletown and Granville Island ) via a Wireless mesh network to an LED screen mounted on the water side of Ocean Concrete, one of the last industrial businesses still operating on False Creek. The live video stream of surface is broadcast via the mesh network online at www.surfacer.ca, allowing remote viewing and enabling visitors to False Creek to watch the stream on their smart phones as the Aquabus passes by. <mask> emphasizes that Surface is meant to reflect the current state of the underwater flora and fauna, rather than serve as entertainment typical of glass bottom boats in Marine Parks or the collections of public aquariums.<mask> chose this body of water for Surface to serve as an analogy of environmental pressures affecting marine life, such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in the North Pacific Gyre. "Surface will evolve over time, reflecting the health of marine life as evidence of our collective activity: the future of the work and what is manifest, is wholly dependent on us." – <mask>

Flow

In 2009, <mask>'s "Flow"  opened at the Civic Centre at 1 Kingsway. Vancouver's first video/photography-based permanent public art installation. Flow, produced by <mask> with Sidney Fels, a University of British Columbia computer scientist, was commissioned by the City of Vancouver. Rebecca Belmore, initially part of the artist team, could not participate in the project due to time constraints. This was the first permanent installation of timebased photo and media work in the City of Vancouver.Flow is a continually changing Mise en scène that uses open source software to access a library of images shot by <mask> over a period of four years. Made up of hundreds of portraits and landscapes, the work has been programmed so that 'figures shot at different times appear as if they simultaneously present, with a core group of these figures or actors recurring in a manner that implicitly suggests they're part of a larger narrative'. The landscapes photographed as backgrounds for the evolving tableaus were landscapes in a state of transition from one thing to another: building sites, fallow lands, hurricane scapes, and Vancouver Archive historical photographs of newly colonized and deforested areas of the unceded and ancestral territories of the xwməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam), Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish) and Səl̓ílwətaʔ/Selilwitulh (Tsleil- Waututh) Nations in the neighbourhood of Main Street in East Vancouver where the public artwork is installed. As the viewer draws close to the image, the special glass projection material, Smart glass, causes portions of the imagery to disappear as the projection surface switches from translucent to clear, fragmenting the image and frustrating its coherence: the immediate environment suddenly becomes part of the mis en scene. Thus the viewer is suddenly transitioned from a conventional indexical observer to the here and now; experiencing their immediate environment. Another feature of the work that speaks to the construction and fragility of the image(es), is the rate at which transitions occur from one image (such as a particular individual or background layer of the tableau) to another. These transitions can last up to two minutes, causing individuals pictured or the backgrounds they are set upon to disappear very gradually: creating ghost-like residues of once crisp images as they fade away."Flow" also has an interactive web component where visitors are encouraged to add dialogue to images captured from a live feed of the work. The dialogue consists of phrases penned by <mask> and bands such as the New Pornographers and The Residents. Once images and dialogue are captured by visitors to the site, these are preserved as stills in the websites archive

Gallery Art Works

In March 2007, Sliphost (2006), featuring Alan Cumming in the two lead roles, was exhibited at the  Western Front Society  Exhibitions Program in Vancouver and exhibited in November 2007 at Open Space in Victoria. Curated by Candice Hopkins, she said of the work: "Sliphost plays with conventions of media, narrative, and scale and draws on the reciprocities between two disparate worlds to reconsider notions of consciousness, consumption, beauty and oblivion." According to <mask>:

<mask> has several works that are created and added to over periods of time, such as Phenotypes (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004). 'Conceptually, the work is an ongoing installation. Each year, another narrative aspect is added to the visual record to mirror the flux of an individual dwelling or neighbourhood over time.Each time it is exhibited, the artist chooses which particular years(or chapters) of activity are represented.' , Subsequent exhibitions of the work in 2004 in Vancouver and 2007 in Whitehorse presented entirely different sets of narratives set within the same Cul-de-sac setting. In 2001, <mask> created "Faltering Repetition", a synchronous multichannel photo-video based narrative work that used a 360 degree projector to create the backdrop setting for the work. This work, portraying a chance conversation between two strangers at a traffic intersection, used separate, non-diegetic sound feeds to represent the setting and the dialogue of the characters. <mask> has created several works using this template including 'deliverance' (1998), 'Phenotypes'(ongoing), Nature Morte (2005) and 'Sliphost' (2006). Music
In 2008, <mask> formed SLickerslacker with ex-Chopper bandmate Jim Peers. SLickerslacker debuted at Light Bar, a series of art and music events curated by the Canadian collective Instant Coffee, featuring contemporary visual artists.<mask> was bass player, songwriter and singer for the Vancouver three piece Chopper from 2000 to 2007. Absence, a commissioned soundtrack composition was performed live at Songroom in June 2006, by Jim Peers (Free Radicals), Stephen Taylor (trike). Exhibitions
<mask>'s work has been exhibited at:
Or Gallery Vancouver, BC. (2017)
Western Gallery, Bellingham, Washington (2017). Libby Leshgold Gallery (formally Charles H. Scott Gallery) (2012), The Voyage, or Three Years at Sea Part III. curated by Cate Rimmer
Pacific Cinematheque (2009)
Open Space Gallery Victoria (2007)
Yukon Arts Centre Museum (2007),
Western Front (2007)
Belkin Satellite (2006),
Pendulum Gallery, Vancouver (2006)
New Media Symposium (2004)
New Forms Festival (2004)
Consolidated Works, Seattle, Washington (2002)
Presentation House Gallery (2001)
The Vancouver Art Gallery (2001)
A Prior Video-Salon. VandeVelde, Brussels, Belgium (2000)
Or Gallery (1998)
 grunt gallery (1996)
A major installation as part of Tamto Misto - Five Vancouver Artists.Galerie Mladych u Recickych, Prague,Czech Republic (1995). Publications and reviews
Mullen, Sean with Hsieh, Esther. Radio Interview of <mask> on Public Artwork Flow, 2009. Live radio interview December 2009, released for podcast on Rabble.ca, 2010 : http://rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/redeye/2010/01/flow-permanent-media-art-exhibit
Keenlyside, Sarah. Surface, Documentary film on <mask>'s Surface, 2009. released for broadcast on Knowledge Network, Air Canada, City of Vancouver
Hiebert, Ted. "Fifth Iteration: Digital Dreams and Delusions", from Behind the Screen: Installation from the Interactive Future, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.ISSN 1865-0929 (Print)  (Online)https://web.archive.org/web/20110724092559/http://www.tedhiebert.net/site/downloads/writings/behind.pdf
Randy Adams, Steve Gibson, Stefan Muller, eds. Transcisciplinary Digital Art.Sound, Vision and the New Screen Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. Cutler, Randy Lee. Vancouver Singular Plural Vancouver Art and Economies, Arsenal Pulp Press, 2007. Burnham, Clint. Vancouver, Akimbo, March 29, 2007. Burnham, Clint. "Compelling Look at how Artists use Video".Vancouver Sun, June 29, 2006. New Forms, exhibition catalogue, 2004. Devuono, Frances. "Binocular Parallax at Consolidated Works," in Artweek, December, 2002. Hall, Emily. "A Tale of Two Cities." The Stranger, Seattle, September 26, 2002.Hackett, Regina. "Binocular Parallax." Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 20, 2002. Turner,Micheal. "These Days". Art/Text, No. 75.,2001-2.Roy, Marina. "These Days". Last Call Fall issue. Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery Publication. Turner, Michael. "These Days". Mix magazine 26.1 Fall, 2001.O'Brien, Melanie. "Mis.Com.". Last Call Summer issue,2001 . Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery Publication. Henry, Karen. "Mis.Com.". Presentation House Exhibition Monograph, 2001.Green, Bethany. "Killing the Commute". ARTSCULTURE, 2000. Brock University Press. Mix magazine 26.1 summer 2000. Achong, Deanne. "deliverance", OR Gallery Monograph.1998
Sawyer, Carol. "swell". grunt Publication Monograph.1996

Notes and references

Flow, City of Vancouver News Release
Burnham, in Ambiko
Public Library Public Art
commsvcs/oca/publicart/projects.htm City of Vancouver Public Art Projects

External links

fionabowie.org
slickerslacker.com
front.bc.ca/exhibitions/events/3143
rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/redeye/2010/01/flow-permanent-media-art-exhibit

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian installation artists
21st-century Canadian women artists
Artists from Vancouver
University of British Columbia alumni
Simon Fraser University alumni

masks:
Fiona Bowie
Fiona Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Fiona Bowie
Fiona Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Fiona Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Bowie
Fiona Bowie
Fiona Bowie


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<mask> (often anglicized as <mask> or Chanah Senesh; ; ; 17 July 19217 November 1944) was a poet and a Special Operations Executive (SOE) member. She was one of 37 Jewish SOE recruits from Mandate Palestine parachuted by the British into Yugoslavia during the Second World War to assist anti-Nazi forces and ultimately in the rescue of Hungarian Jews about to be deported to the German death camp at Auschwitz. <mask> was arrested at the Hungarian border by Hungarian gendarmes. She was imprisoned and tortured, but refused to reveal details of her mission. She was eventually tried and executed by firing squad. She is regarded as a national heroine in Israel but has largely been forgotten in her birthplace of Hungary according to The Guardian. In Israel her poetry is widely known and the Yad Hana kibbutz as well as several streets, are named after her.Early life

Szenes was born on July 17, 1921, to an assimilated Jewish family in Hungary. Her father, Béla, a journalist and playwright, died when <mask> was six years old. She continued to live with her mother, Kathrine, and her brother, György. She enrolled in a Protestant private school for girls that also accepted Catholic and Jewish pupils; however those of the Catholic and Jewish faith had to pay double and three times the amount Protestants paid. After her mother thought it was too expensive, Szenes was declared a "gifted student" and allowed to only pay double the usual amount. This, along with the realization that the situation of the Jews in Hungary was becoming precarious, prompted Szenes to embrace Zionism, and she joined Maccabea, a Hungarian Zionist students organization. Immigration to Nahalal

Szenes graduated in 1939 and decided to emigrate to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine in order to study in the Girls' Agricultural School at Nahalal.In 1941, she joined Kibbutz Sdot Yam and then joined the Haganah, the paramilitary group that laid the foundation of the Israel Defense Forces. The scholar of Jewish Mysticism Joseph G. Weiss was in love with her and parts of their correspondence were published after his death. In 1943, she enlisted in the British Women's Auxiliary Air Force as an Aircraftwoman 2nd Class. Later the same year, she was recruited into the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and was sent to Egypt for parachute training. The parachutists’ mission
Between 1943 and 1944, the Jewish community in Palestine (Yishuv) decided to send Jewish parachutists behind enemy lines to assist both Allies forces and the Jews in occupied Europe. The mission was a cooperation between the Yishuv and British forces to create Jewish commando unit within the British army. Szenes volunteered and was selected along with 32 others, out of 250 candidates, to be sent on active missions.Arrest and torture
On March 14, 1944, she and two colleagues were parachuted into Yugoslavia and joined a partisan group. After landing, they learned the Germans had already occupied Hungary, so the men decided to call off the mission as too dangerous. Szenes continued on and headed for the Hungarian border. At the border, she and her companions were arrested by Hungarian gendarmes, who found her British military transmitter, used to communicate with the SOE and other partisans. She was taken to a prison, stripped, tied to a chair, then whipped and clubbed for three days. She lost several teeth as a result of the beatings. The guards wanted to know the code for her transmitter so they could find out who the parachutists were and trap others.Transferred to a Budapest prison, Szenes was repeatedly interrogated and tortured, but only revealed her name and refused to provide the transmitter code, even when her mother was also arrested. They threatened to kill her mother if she did not cooperate, but she refused. While in prison, Szenes used a mirror to flash signals out of the window to prisoners in other cells and communicated using large cut-out letters that she placed in her cell window one at a time and by drawing the Magen David in the dust. Trial and execution
She was tried for treason in Hungary on 28 October 1944 by a court appointed by the fascist Arrow Cross regime. There was an eight-day postponement to give the judges more time to find a verdict, followed by another postponement, this one because of the appointment of a new Judge Advocate. She was executed by a firing squad on November 7, 1944. She kept diary entries until her last day.One of them read: "In the month of July, I shall be twenty-three/I played a number in a game/The dice have rolled. I have lost," and another: "I loved the warm sunlight." Her diary was published in Hebrew in 1946. Her remains were brought to Israel in 1950 and buried in the cemetery on Mount Herzl, Jerusalem. Her tombstone was brought to Israel in November 2007 and placed in Sdot Yam. During the trial of Rudolf Kastner, <mask>'s mother testified that during the time her daughter was imprisoned, Kastner's people had advised her not to obtain a lawyer for her daughter. Further, she recalled a conversation with Kastner after the war, telling him, "I don't say that you could have saved my daughter <mask>, but that you didn't try – it makes it harder for me that nothing was done."After the Cold War, a Hungarian military court officially exonerated her. Her kin in Israel were informed on November 5, 1993. Poetry, songs and plays
Szenes was a poet and playwright, writing both in Hungarian and Hebrew. The following are four of her better known poems. The best known of these is "A Walk to Caesarea", commonly known as Eli, Eli ("My God, My God"). The well-known melody was composed by David Zahavi. Many singers have sung it, including Ofra Haza, Regina Spektor, and Sophie Milman.It was used to close some versions of the film Schindler's List. In popular culture
 The Legend of <mask>, a play about Szenes written by Aharon Megged, was produced and directed by Laurence Merrick at the Princess Theatre in Los Angeles in 1964. Szenes was played by Joan Huntington. Hanna's War, a film about Szenes's life directed by Menahem Golan, was released in 1988. Szenes was portrayed by Maruschka Detmers. Blessed is the Match: The Life and Death of <mask>, directed by Roberta Grossman, is a documentary film that recounts the events of <mask>'s life. It was released in 2008.Darkness (one two three), a musical pilot project of the Association of Global Art, led by the musician and singer , in which <mask>'s last poem was composed and sung (English and Hebrew, 2019). See also
 Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine

References

Bibliography
 חנה סנש: חייה, שליחותה ומותה, in Hebrew. 1952. Diario, cartas, iniciación literaria, misión y muerte, memorias de la madre, 1966. in Spanish. 396 pages. <mask>, Her Life & Diary, Schocken Books, 1972. Masters, Anthony.The Summer That Bled; The Biography of <mask>. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1972. Goldenberg, Linda. In Kindling Flame: The Story of <mask>, 1921-1944. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books, 1985. Hay, Peter. Ordinary Heroes: Chana <mask> and the Dream of Zion.G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1986. Whitman, Ruth. The Testing of Hannah Senesh Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1986. Maxine Rose Schur, <mask>es: A Song of Light, Philadelphia, 1986. Betzer, Oded. The Paratrooper Who Didn't Return.World Zionist Organization, 1989. Ransom, Candice F.  So Young to Die: the Story of <mask>. Scholastic, 1993. Senesh, <mask>, and Marge Piercy (foreword). <mask>: Her Life and Diary. Jewish Lights Publishing, 2004. Gozlan, Martine, <mask>, l'étoile foudroyée.Paris: Ed. de l'Archipel, 2014. In French.

masks:
Hannah Szenes
Hannah Senesh
Szenes
Hannah
Hannah
Hannah
Hannah Senesh
Hannah Senesh
Hannah
Hannah
Hannah Senesh
Hannah Senesh
Hannah Senesh
Szenes
Hannah Szen
Hannah Senesh
Hannah
Hannah Senesh
Hannah Szenes


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<mask><mask> is an American comic book editor and writer, best known for his work for DC Comics. As an editor, he oversaw numerous comic books featuring the Justice League, including series starring various members of that team such as Batman, Aquaman, Martian Manhunter, Green Lantern, and the Flash. As a writer, he has written titles featuring Batman-related characters, such as Batman and Robin and The Outsiders, and Green Lantern-related series such as Blackest Night (alongside Geoff Johns), Brightest Day and Green Lantern: Emerald Warriors. He also wrote the screenplay for the animated movie The Death of Superman. Early life
<mask> became a fan of comics at a young age through the Batman comic books his father bought him, and through TV shows such as the Super Friends animated series and the Adam West Batman series. Batman was the first superhero who entered his consciousness, as it was the first character he dressed up as for Halloween, and the first comic book whose creators he recognized. Specifically he cites the work of Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams as the first to draw him into the character, as well as Bob Haney's work on The Brave and the Bold and that of Jim Aparo.Career
Starting as an editor at DC Comics in 1993, and working on such titles as Green Lantern, the Batman titles, Aquaman, Hawkman, and JSA, <mask> was an occasional writer on various titles, including JSA, The Outsiders, Steel, and The Light Brigade. In 2003, DC promoted him to Senior Editor. In 2007, <mask> left his 14-year role as an editor and transitioned to writing. He began on the limited series Black Adam: The Dark Age. In 2008, he wrote Requiem, a tie-in to Final Crisis that paid tribute to the fallen Martian Manhunter. <mask> wrote the Nightwing title for 14 issues until its cancellation in April 2009 due to events in the "Battle for the Cowl" storyline. In 2011, <mask> took over as writer on Batman and Robin with issue No.20 from Paul Cornell, writing the three part "Tree of Blood" storyline that ran until issue No. 22. From 2009 to 2010, <mask> co-wrote the creator-owned title The Mighty with Keith Champagne, as well as Green Lantern Corps through the "Blackest Night" storyline. <mask> co-wrote the "Blackest Night" follow-up maxiseries Brightest Day in 2010–2011, with Geoff Johns. During that same period, he was the regular writer on the monthly Green Lantern: Emerald Warriors and The Outsiders, which ended in 2011 as part of DC's The New 52 line-wide relaunch. As part of that relaunch, <mask> became the writer on the relaunched volumes of Batman and Robin and Green Lantern Corps which were released in September 2011. As part of the DC Rebirth relaunch of DC's titles, <mask> and artist Patrick Gleason became the creative team on Superman vol.4 in June 2016. <mask> and Jorge Jimenez produced a new version of the Super Sons beginning in 2017. The two new super-kids are Damian Wayne, son of Bruce Wayne and Talia al Ghul, and Jonathan Kent, son of Superman and Lois Lane. The series ran for 16 issues and one annual. <mask> and Gleason crafted the "Never-Ending Battle" chapter in Action Comics #1000 (June 2018). <mask> launched the Adventures of the Super Sons limited series in August 2018. He penned the screenplay for the animated feature film The Death of Superman.Directed by Jake Castorena and Sam Liu, this is the eleventh film in the shared animated film continuity series: The DC Animated Movie Universe and the first of a two-part animated feature based on the comic book story arc of the same name, with part one released on August 7, 2018. <mask> became the new writer for Detective Comics as of issue No. 994. He concluded his run with Detective Comics issue No. 1033. Personal life
<mask> has a son. In a February 2011 interview with Comic Book Resources, <mask> discussed how his then-eight-year-old son influenced his approach to writing Damian Wayne in Batman and Robin.<mask> also spoke about his son's influence on the way he writes Superman's son, Jon. Bibliography

DC Comics
Showcase '95 #7–9, "Exit to Eden", "Deep Down" (with Scot Eaton and Eduardo Barreto, June–August 1995)
The Lobo Gallery: Portraits of a Bastich, one-shot, "Portraits of a Bastich" (with among other artists, July 1995)
The Flash Annual vol. 2 No. 9, "Silent Running" (with J. H. Williams III, 1996)
Steel vol. 2 No. 28, "The Drowning Room", No. 33, "Withdrawal Symptoms" (with Andrew Robinson and Jim Aparo, May–October 1996)
Showcase '96 No.9, "Honor Bound" (with Eduardo Barreto, July 1996)
The Light Brigade (four-issue limited series, with <mask>nejbjerg, December 2003 – March 2004, collected in Light Brigade, hc, 224 pages, 2014, )
Outsiders vol. 3 #26–27, "Tick Tock" (with Will Conrad, July–August 2005)
JSA Classified #8–9, "The Spear and the Dragon" (with Don Kramer, February 2006) collected in JSA Classified: Honor Among Thieves (tpb, 125 pages, 2007, )
Black Adam: The Dark Age (six–issue limited series, with Doug Mahnke, August 2007 – January 2008, collected in Black Adam: The Dark Age, tpb, 144 pages, 2008, )
Infinite Halloween Special, one-shot, "The 13 Stories of Halloween" (with among other artists, October 2007)
Green Lantern Corps vol. 2 #18–46 (November 2007 – April 2010)
 "The Sinestro Corps War: Hammer to Fall" (with Patrick Gleason and Jamal Igle, in No. 18, 2007) collected in Green Lantern: The Sinestro Corps War vol. 2 (hc, 192 pages, 2008, )
Ring Quest (tpb, 144 pages, 2008, ) collects:
 "Liberty's Light" (with Patrick Gleason, in #19, 2007)
 "Ring Quest" (with Patrick Gleason and Carlos Magno, in No. 2 #140–153 (January 2008 – February 2009)
Freefall (tpb, 168 pages, 2008, ) collects:
 "Freefall" (with Rags Morales and Don Kramer, in #140–146, 2008)
The Great Leap (tpb, 192 pages, 2009, ) collects:
 "The Great Leap" (with Don Kramer and Rags Morales, in #147–150, 2008)
 "The Great Leap Epilogue:...And Into the Black" (with Doug Mahnke, in #151, 2008)
 "Eminence Front" (with Don Kramer, in #152, 2009)
 "Black Dawn" (with Don Kramer, in #153, 2009)
 "Origins & Omens" (with Joe Bennet, in No. 153, 2009)
Final Crisis: Requiem, one-shot (with Doug Mahnke, July 2008)
Justice Society of America Kingdom Come Special: Magog, one-shot, "Magog: The Real Me" (with Fernando Pasarin, November 2008)
Outsiders vol.4 #15–25 (February 2009 – December 2009)
The Deep (tpb, 192 pages, 2009, ) collects:
 "The Deep" (with Lee Garbett and Fernando Pasarin, in #15–20, 2009)
 "Origins & Omens" (with Lee Garbett, in No. 15, 2009)
The Hunt (tpb, 144 pages, 2010, ) collects:
 "The Hunt" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #21–23, 2009)
 "Matter of Trust" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #24, 2009)
 "Turn to Stone" (with Fernando Pasarin and Derec Donovan, in No. 25, 2009)
The Mighty #1–12 (February 2009 – January 2010)
The Mighty (tpb, 304 pages, 2014, ) collects:
 "The New World" (with Keith Champagne and <mask>g, in No. 1, 2009)
 "New Blood" (with Keith Champagne and <mask>g, in No. 2, 2009)
 "Dirge" (with Keith Champagne and <mask>, in No. 3, 2009)
 "Everybody Pays" (with Keith Champagne and <mask>, in No. 4, 2009)
 "World Gone Wrong" (with Keith Champagne and Chris Samnee, in No.5, 2009)
 "Blue Moon" (with Keith Champagne and Chris Samnee, in No. 6, 2009)
 "Ring of Fire" (with Keith Champagne and Chris Samnee, in No. 7, 2009)
 "Wide Awake" (with Keith Champagne and Chris Samnee, in No. 8, 2009)
 "Chums" (with Keith Champagne and Chris Samnee, in No. 9, 2009)
 "Gates of Eden" (with Keith Champagne and Chris Samnee, in No. 10, 2009)
 "Twilight of the God" (with Keith Champagne and Chris Samnee, in No. 11, 2009)
 "And in the End" (with Keith Champagne and Chris Samnee, in No.12, 2010)
Blackest Night: Tales of the Corps limited series (July 2009)
Blackest Night: Tales of the Corps (hc, 176 pages, 2010, ) collects:
 "Tales of the Sinestro Corps: Mongul – For Your Love" (with Chris Samnee, in #1, 2009)
 "Tales of the Orange Lanterns: Blume Godhead" (with Tom Mandrake, in No. 2, 2009)
 "Tales of the Green Lantern Corps: Kilowog in New Blood" (with Chris Samnee, in #3, 2009)
 "Tales of the Green Lantern Corps: Arisia in Daddy's Girl" (with Mike Mayhew, in No. 3, 2009)
Blackest Night: Batman limited series (August 2009 – October 2009)
Blackest Night: Black Lantern Corps (hc, 256 pages, 2010, ) collects:
 "Who Burns Who" (with Ardian Syaf, in #1–3, 2009)
The Phantom Stranger vol. 2 No. 42, "Deadman Walking" (with Ardian Syaf, January 2010)
Brightest Day #0–24 (April 2010 – April 2011)
Volume 1 (hc, 256 pages, 2010, ) collects:
 "Carpe Diem" (with Geoff Johns and Fernando Pasarin, in No. 0, 2010)
 "Second Chances" (with among other artists, in No. 1, 2010)
 "Nuclear Options" (with among other artists, in No.2, 2010)
 "Revelations" (with among other artists, in No. 3, 2010)
 "Thresholds" (with among other artists, in No. 4, 2010)
 "Under Pressure" (with among other artists, in No. 5, 2010)
 "Dead Zone" (with among other artists, in No. 6, 2010)
 "The Secret of Life, Part One" (with among other artists, in No. 7, 2010)
Volume 2 (hc, 240 pages, 2011, ) collects:
 "The Secret of Life, Part Two" (with among other artists, in #8, 2010)
 "Lost & Found" (with among other artists, in #9, 2010)
 "A Change is Gonna Come" (with among other artists, in #10, 2010)
 "Father's Day" (with among other artists, in #11, 2010)
 "All This Useless Beauty" (with among other artists, in #12, 2010)
 "Under a Blood Red Sky" (with among other artists, in #13, 2010)
 "Acrobats" (with Geoff Johns, Ivan Reis and Joe Prado, in No. 14, 2010)
 "Whatever Happened to the Manhunter from Mars?"(with Geoff Johns, Patrick Gleason and Scott Clark, in No. 15, 2010)
 "Short Fuse"

masks:
Peter J
. Tomasi
Peter Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Peter S
Peter Snejbjer
Peter Snejbjer
Peter Snebg
Peter Snejbg


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 (with among other artists, in No. 11, 2011)
 "The Beast" (with Chris Batista, in No. 12, 2011)
 "2011: A Space Oddity" (with Ron Frenz, in No. 13, 2011)
Superman/Batman No. 75, "We can be Heroes" (with Gene Ha, August 2010)
Batman and Robin #20–22 (February–April 2011)
"Dark Knight vs. White Knight: Tree of Blood" (with Patrick Gleason, in #20–22, 2011) collected in Dark Knight Vs. White Knight (hc, 208 pages, 2012, )
Green Lantern Super Spectacular, "New Blood" (with Chris Samnee, May 2011)
Green Lantern Movie Prequel: Kilowog, one-shot, "To Build a Better Lantern" (with Carlos Ferreira, July 2011)
Green Lantern Corps vol. 3 #1–20 (September 2011 – May 2013)
Volume 1: Fearsome (hc, 160 pages, 2012, ) collects:
 "Triumph of the Will" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #1, 2011)
 "Willful" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #2, 2011)
 "Force of Will" (with Geraldo Borges, in No.3, 2011)
 "Prisoners of War" (with Fernando Pasarin, in No. 4, 2011)
 "Mean Machine" (with Fernando Pasarin, in No. 5, 2012)
 "Fearsome" (with Fernando Pasarin, in No. 6, 2012)
 "Rendering Honor" (with Claude St. Aubin, in No. 7, 2012)
Volume 2: Alpha War (hc, 192 pages, 2013, ) collects:
 "Alpha War" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #8, 2012)
 "Alpha War: Tried and True" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #9, 2012)
 "Alpha War: Executioner's Song" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #10, 2012)
 "Alpha-War: Brilliant Mistakes" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #11, 2012)
 "The Conclusion of Alpha Wars: Meditations in Green" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #12, 2012)
 "Freshman" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #0, 2012)
Volume 3: Willpower (hc, 256 pages, 2013, ) collects:
 "Rise of the Third Army: Torn" (with Carlos Urbano, in No. 13, 2012)
 "Rise of the Third Army: Nothing Man" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #14, 2012)
 "Rise of the Third Army: Falling Star" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #15, 2012)
 "Rise of the Third Army: Bad Guys" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #16, 2013)
 "Rise of the Third Army: Rise of the First Lantern" (with ChrisCross, in Annual No. 1, 2013)
 "Wrath of the First Lantern Part 2: Decimated" (with Fernando Pasarin, in No.17, 2013)
 "Wrath of the First Lantern Part 6: Pieces of You" (with ChrisCross, in No. 18, 2013)
 "Wrath of the First Lantern Part 10: Willing" (with Fernando Pasarin, in No. 19, 2013)
 "Wrath of the First Lantern Epiligue: Coda" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #20, 2013)
Batman and Robin vol. 2 #1–40, 23.1, Annual #1–2 (September 2011 – March 2015)
Volume 1: Born to Kill (hc, 192 pages, 2012, ) collects:
 "Born to Kill" (with Patrick Gleason, in #1, 2011)
 "Bad Blood" (with Patrick Gleason, in #2, 2011)
 "Knightmoves" (with Patrick Gleason, in #3, 2011)
 "Matter of Trust" (with Patrick Gleason, in #4, 2011)
 "Mutineer" (with Patrick Gleason, in #5, 2012)
 "The Real Me" (with Patrick Gleason, in #6, 2012)
 "Driven" (with Patrick Gleason, in #7, 2013)
 "Born to Kill: Black Dawn" (with Patrick Gleason, in #8, 2013)
Volume 2: Pearl (hc, 176 pages, 2013, ) collects:
 "Someday Never Comes" (with Patrick Gleason, in #0, 2012)
 "Night of the Owls: Robin Hears a Hoo" (with Lee Garbett and Andy Clarke, in No. 9, 2012)
 "Terminus: Scar of the Bat" (with Patrick Gleason, in #10, 2012)
 "Terminus Branded" (with Patrick Gleason, in #11, 2012)
 "Terminus: Last Gasp" (with Patrick Gleason, in #12, 2012)
 "Eclipsed" (with Patrick Gleason and Tomás Giorello, in No. 13, 2012)
 "Devoured" (with Patrick Gleason and Tomás Giorello, in No. 14, 2012)
Volume 3: Death of the Family (hc, 160 pages, 2013, ) collects:
 "Little Big Man" (with Patrick Gleason, in #15, 2012)
 "Cast a Giant Shadow" (with Patrick Gleason, in #16, 2013)
 "Life Is But A Dream" (with Patrick Gleason, in #17, 2013)
 "The Punchline" (by Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo, in Batman No.17, 2013)
 "Batman Impossible" (with Ardian Syaf, in Annual No. 1, 2013)
Volume 4: Requiem for Damian (hc, 176 pages, 2014, ) collects:
 "Undone" (with Patrick Gleason, in #18, 2013)
 "Denial" (with Patrick Gleason, in #19, 2013)
 "Rage" (with Patrick Gleason and Cliff Richards, in No. 20, 2013)
 "The Bargain" (with Cliff Richards, in No. 21, 2013)
 "Despair" (with Patrick Gleason, in No. 22, 2013)
 "Acceptance" (with Patrick Gleason, in No. 3, 2015)
 "A Boy's Life" (with Ian Bertram, in Secret Origins vol. 3 No.4, 2014)
G.I. Combat vol. 2 #5–7, "Mettle" (with Howard Chaykin, October–December 2012) collected in Volume 1: The War That Time Forgot (tpb, 256 pages, 2013, )
Batman vol. 2 #23.4: Bane, "Dark Destiny" (with Graham Nolan, September 2013)
Detective Comics vol. 2 #23.3, 27, 45–46, 48–52 (September 2013 – July 2016)
 "City of Fear" (with Szymon Kudranski, in #23.3: The Scarecrow, 2013)
 "Better Days" (with Ian Bertram, in No. 27, 2014) collected in Volume 5: Gothtopia (tpb, 208 pages, 2008, )
Volume 8: Blood of Heroes (hc, 192 pages, 2016, ) collects:
 "Of Giants and Men" (with Marcio Takara, in No. 45, 2015)
 "Blood on Blood" (with Marcio Takara, in No.46, 2015)
Volume 9: Gordon at War (hc, 176 pages, 2016, ) collects:
 "The Bronze Age – Blood of Heroes" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #48, 2016)
 "The Bronze Age – Salt of the Earth" (with Fernando Pasarin, in #49, 2016)
 "The Bronze Age – Martyrs and Madmen" (with Fernando Pasarin and Scot Eaton, in No. 50, 2016)
 "Our Gordon at War" (with Fernando Pasarin, in No. 51, 2016)
 "Untitled" (with Fernando Pasarin, in No. 52, 2016)
Forever Evil: Arkham War #1–6 (limited series) (October 2013 – April 2014)
Forever Evil: Arkham War (tpb, 200 pages, 2014, ) collects:
 "Arkham War: Batman Death March" (Scot Eaton, in #1, 2013)
 "Arkham War: The Bane Mutiny" (Scot Eaton, in #2, 2013)
 "Arkham War: Das Bat!" (Scot Eaton, in #3, 2013)
 "Arkham War: Empire of the Bat" (Scot Eaton, in #4, 2014)
 "Arkham War: Evolution" (Scot Eaton, in #5, 2014)
 "Arkham War: World War Gotham" (Scot Eaton, in #6, 2014)
 "Batman vs. Bane: Black Dawn" (Scot Eaton, in Forever Evil Aftermath: Batman vs. Bane, 2014)
Superman/Wonder Woman #13–29 (November 2014 – July 2016)
Volume 3: Casualties of War (hc, 144 pages, 2015, ) collects:
 "Battlefield of Love" (with Doug Mahnke, in #13, 2014)
 "All that Burns" (with Doug Mahnke, in #14, 2014)
 "Dark Testament" (with Dough Mahnke and Ed Benes, in No. 15, 2015)
 "Vengeance So Dear" (with Dough Mahnke and Ed Benes, in No. 16, 2015)
 "Casualties of War" (with Dough Mahnke and Ed Benes, in No.17, 2015)
Volume 4: Dark Truth (hc, 192 pages, 2016, ) collects:
 "Dark Truth" (with Dough Mahnke, in #18–20, 2015)
 "Lies" (with Dough Mahnke, in #21, 2015)
 "Heart of the Sun" (with Dough Mahnke, in #22, 2015)
 "Ravenous" (with Dough Mahnke, in #23, 2015)
 "Power Hungry" (with Dough Mahnke, Ardian Syaf and Tom Derenick in No. 24, 2015)
Volume 5: A Savege End (hc, 208 pages, 2016, ) collects:
 "A God Somewhere" (with Dough Mahnke, in #25, 2016)
 "Skyfall" (with Dough Mahnke, in #26, 2016)
 "Slam Bang" (with Cliff Richards, in #27, 2016)
 "The Final Days of Superman, Part 4: Last Kiss" (with Ed Benes, in #28, 2016)
 "The Final Days of Superman, Part 7: Fire Line" (with Jorge Jiménez, in No. 29, 2016)
Batman: Arkham Knight #1–12, Annual No. 1 (March 2015 – December 2015)
Volume 1 (hc, 144 pages, 2015, ) collects:
 "Death of a Rival" (with Viktor Bogdanovic, in No. 1, 2015)
 "The Last Will and Testament of the Joker" (with Viktor Bogdanovic, in No. 2, 2015)
 "You Can Fight City Hall" (with Ig Guara, in No. 3, 2015)
 "Need for Speed" (with Robson Rocha, in No.4, 2015)
 "Roadkill" (with Viktor Bogdanovic, in No. 4, 2015)
 "Bane of Existence" (with Viktor Bogdanovic and Ig Guara, in #5–6, 2015)
Volume 2 (hc, 144 pages, 2016, ) collects:
 "Who Wants To Kill A Billionaire?" (with Viktor Bogdanovic and Ig Guara, in #7–8, 2015)
 "Suicide Blues" (with Ig Guara and Viktor Bogdanovic, in #9, 2015)
 "Burning the Days" (with Ig Guara and Viktor Bogdanovic, in #10, 2015)
 "Scare Tactics" (with Ig Guara and Viktor Bogdanovic, in #11–12, 2015–2016)
 "Fear City" (with Stephen Segovia, in Annual No. 1, September 2015)
 "The Apprentice" (with Robson Rocha, in Robin Special, November 2015)
Batman: Arkham Knight Genesis (six-issue limited series, with Alisson Borges and Dexter Soy, August 2015 – January 2016, collected in Batman: Arkham Knight Genesis, hc, 144 pages, 2016, )
Justice League: Darkseid War: Batman, one-shot, "God Only Knows" (with Fernando Pasarin, October 2015)
Superman Annual No. 3, "Savage Dawn" (with various artists, December 2015) collected in Superman: Savage Dawn (hc, 200 pages, 2016, )
Superman vol. 3 #51–52 (with Mikel Janín and Miguel Sepulveda, June–July 2016)
Action Comics vol. 2 #51–52 (with Paul Pelletier, Dale Eaglesham and Scot Eaton, June–July 2016)
Batman/Superman #31–32 (with Doug Mahnke, June–July 2016)
Superman: Rebirth #1 (co-written with Patrick Gleason, August 2016)
Superman vol.4 #1–25, 27-28, 33-39, 42-45, Annual #1, Special #1  (co-written with Patrick Gleason, August 2016 – July 2018)
Super Sons #1–16, Annual #1 (with Jorge Jimenez, April 2017 – July 2018)
Batman:The Merciless #1 (with Francis Manapul, December 2017)
Action Comics #1000 (with Patrick Gleason, June 2018)
Super Sons / Dynomutt Special No. 1 (with Fernando Pasarin, July 2018)
Superman Special No. 1 (with Patrick Gleason, July 2018)
Adventures of the Super Sons #1–12 (with Carlo Barberi, October 2018 – September 2019)
Detective Comics vol. 1 #994-1033, Annual #2-3 (with Doug Mahnke among other artists, February 2019 - February 2021)

Dark Horse Comics
House of Penance (with Ian Bertram and Dave Stewart, 2017)

References

External links

<mask> at Mike's Amazing World of Comics

American comics writers
Comic book editors
DC Comics people
Living people
1967


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<mask> (born July 24, 1945) is the Emeritus Reva and David Logan Distinguished Chair in Investigative Reporting at the Graduate School of Journalism at UC Berkeley and founder of the Investigative Reporting Program, where he taught lecture classes and then seminars dedicated to investigative reporting for 28 years. He was also a producer/correspondent for the PBS documentary series Frontline. <mask>’s career spans nearly five decades, most notably as a producer, a reporter and then the director of investigative reporting at ABC News and as a producer for CBS's 60 Minutes leaving in 1998 as the senior producer of investigations for CBS News. In 2019, <mask> retired after a 50-year career in journalism. The story of his investigation into the tobacco industry was chronicled in Michael Mann’s The Insider, which was nominated for seven Academy Awards. <mask> was portrayed by Al Pacino. From 1999 to 2008, <mask> was an investigative correspondent for The New York Times.He forged a partnership between The Times and PBS Frontline in 1999 creating collaborative investigative projects using broadcast, print and the Web. <mask> has received honors for both print and broadcasting, including the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, awarded to The New York Times in 2004 for "A Dangerous Business" which detailed a record of worker safety violations coupled with the systematic violation of environmental laws in the cast-iron sewer and water pipe industry. That story is the only winner of the Pulitzer Prize to also be acknowledged with every major award in broadcasting. The recipient of numerous Emmys, <mask> has also been honored with six Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Silver and Golden Baton awards, three Peabodys, two Harvard Goldsmith Awards for Investigative Reporting, a Polk Award, the RFK Grand Prize, a Sidney Hillman Award for Labor Reporting, a Bart Richards Award for Media Criticism, the National Press Club’s Arthur Rowse Award for Press Criticism, a Mirror Award from the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University, and the James Madison Freedom of Information Award for Career Achievement from the Society of Professional Journalists. <mask> was named one of the 30 most notable investigative reporters in the United States, according to Christopher H. Sterling’s six-volume Encyclopedia of Journalism. Through the non-profit production company, Investigative Studios, he has continued to work on documentaries and documentary series serving as Co-Executive Producer with Brian Knappenberger on Netflix’s The Trials of Gabriel Fernandez and as Executive Producer and reporter on Agents of Chaos, a co-production with Alex Gibney’s Jigsaw Productions, and is currently at work on a number of documentary series and a book.Early life and career
<mask>'s grandmother was the first secretary-treasurer of a ILGWU local in New York; his grandfather was also a founder. His father, <mask>, emigrated to the U.S. from Hungary via Cuba in 1938. His mother was born in the United States and had a career in the fashion industry, taught gourmet cooking and then managed 48 apartment units in Mt. Vernon, NY until she passed away at 101 in 2019. <mask> graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, with Honors, in Sociology and History, and was a graduate fellow in philosophy at the University of California, San Diego, where he studied under Herbert Marcuse. In 1969, he co-founded San Diego Free Press (later San Diego Street Journal), an alternative newspaper, with several fellow students. <mask> and others including a former UCSD undergraduate student Richard "Black Dick" Blackburn instigated the probe which later toppled the San Diego financial empire of C. Arnholt Smith, President and CEO of U.S. National Bank in San Diego.<mask> went on to contribute to Ramparts and The San Francisco Examiner. He later worked as an associate editor at Rolling Stoneand as a correspondent for The New York times from 1999 to 2008. His work for The New York Times included guiding its first documentary partnerships with PBS' Frontline, covering the energy crisis in California in print and film along with coverage of Al Qaeda both before and after 9/11. Those films and print coverage garnered numerous awards. In 1977, <mask> helped found the Center for Investigative Reporting. He was part of the reporting team that continued the work of Arizona Republic reporter Don Bolles, who was assassinated in 1976 while investigating land fraud committed by organized crime. Television career
From 1978 until 1983, <mask> was a producer, reporter and then in charge of investigative reporting at ABC News.He was one of the original producers of 20/20. In 1983, <mask> joined CBS News as a producer for the weekly newsmagazine 60 Minutes and its lead correspondent, Mike Wallace. Over the course of 14 years, he produced more than 50 stories, ranging from exposes of organized crime, international arms dealing featuring Sarkis Soghanalian, then the world's main supplier to Saddam Hussein, and others to international drug trafficking in Venezuela involving the CIA to the Iran-Iraq and Persian Gulf wars. His five stories on California's then expanding prison system including the super max at Pelican Bay revealed everything from the horrors of solitary confinement to the staging of "gladiator" matches by its correctional officers. He also produced the first U.S. television interviews with Lebanon's Hezbollah leadership in the early 1990s, when they were considered the world's most dangerous terrorists. The story of <mask>'s investigation of the tobacco industry for 60 Minutes was chronicled in the 1999 feature film The Insider, in which <mask> was played by Al Pacino. The success of the film and its allegedly negative characterization of 60 Minutes correspondent Mike Wallace and producer Don Hewitt, led to <mask>'s virtual blacklisting from the show, according to <mask> himself.Reporting across multiple platforms
An early adopter and advocate of the multimedia model, <mask> forged an alliance between The New York Times and Frontline after leaving network news in the late 1990s. The collaboration resulted in a series of stories including California's energy crisis; the country's war on drugs; the rise of Islamic fundamentalism; the roots of 9/11; the credit card and gold industries; the post-9/11 hunt for "sleeper cells" in America; and Al Qaeda's recent attacks in Europe. It also yielded a number of award-winning projects—all with print, broadcast, and online components. Extensive web sites prepared in large part by students in <mask>'s seminar have accompanied many of these projects, i.e. : "Secret History of the Credit Card", "Al Qaeda's New Front", "The Enemy Within", "The Real CSI" and "News War". Drawing on more than 80 interviews with key figures in the print, broadcast and electronic media, and with unequaled, behind-the-scenes access to some of today's most important news organizations, "News War" examined the challenges facing the mainstream news media and the media's reaction. The Poynter Institute has called these sites a “prime example of what many who touted "convergence journalism" hoped might happen—journalism that leverages the strengths of each media to tell a more complete story than any one media could tell on its own.”

Collaborating with other New York Times reporters, <mask> helped produce a series of in-depth articles detailing the financial arrangements between Vice President Dick Cheney and Halliburton, both before and after his retirement as CEO of that firm to re-enter politics.Awards and honors
<mask> has received top honors in both print and broadcasting. The New York Times won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, citing "the work of David Barstow and <mask> that relentlessly examined death and injury among American workers and exposed employers who break basic safety rules." The series, "A Dangerous Business", detailed a record of egregious worker safety violations coupled with the systematic violation of environmental laws in the iron sewer and water pipe industry. That story, which appeared as both a print series and a documentary, is the only winner of the Pulitzer Prize also to be acknowledged with every major award in broadcasting. In May 2006, <mask> was named the Reva and David Logan Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Berkeley's Graduate School of Journalism. He is the recipient of numerous Emmys and other honors including six Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University silver and golden awards, three Peabodys, a Writers Guild Award, the National Press Club's Consumer Journalism Award for Television on the credit card industry, a George Polk Award, a Sidney Hillman award for labor reporting, and the James Madison Freedom of Information Award for Career Achievement from the Society of Professional Journalists. Academic highlights
In addition to being a mentor to a generation of journalists from around the world, working with and directing them on major investigations, <mask> also serves as the conduit between student projects and their publication in some of the country’s top media outlets.Projects produced out of his investigative reporting seminars at the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California, Berkeley have reached mass audiences and have had significant impact, appearing on national television, including PBS' Frontline and Frontline/World, as well as ABC's '20/20', Nightline, CBS Evening News, and 60 Minutes II; and in print, where students have been the primary authors or contributors of stories that have appeared in the pages of The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, "The Washington Post", and San Francisco Chronicle, as well as a wide variety of magazines, The Atlantic, and international and local newspapers. This work, especially in recent years, demonstrated that investigative reporting written and produced by students – and guided by veteran reporters – can help raise the standards of journalism nationally. <mask> also helps in securing financial support from both private donors and foundations for travel and research expenses that facilitate the students’ work. In addition to being the first President of the Center for Investing Reporting in 1997, he was a consultant involved in the creation of Pro Publica thirty years later as well as being founder of the Investigative Reporting Program {IRP} at UC Berkeley in 2006. His served as Executive Director and Chairman of the Board of the then UC, Berkeley affiliated Investigative Studios, a non profit production company until late 2019. Investigative Studios and the IRP helped support Russian journalists in the creation of an independent newsroom, The Bell,  on the ground in Moscow. In May 2007, <mask> established three annual Fellowships in Investigative Reporting at UC Berkeley.This year-long program is without peer at any academic institution in the nation and is designed to nurture young journalists who want to pursue a career in in-depth public service reporting by providing them with a salary, benefits and editorial guidance. "With the economics of major news organizations deteriorating," said <mask>, "this kind of public interest journalism involving time-consuming investigative work is endangered as never before. These fellowships will provide both a refuge and a base of operations for a new generation of investigative reporters. The program had is last group of fellows in residence through 2020. " Interviews
 "Smoke In The Eye: a Talk With <mask>", PBS Frontline (1999). "There's a major difference between All The President's Men and The Insider", <mask> has said of the comparison between the 1976 film on Watergate and Hollywood's new version of the events depicted in Frontline's report, "Smoke in the Eye". "In All the President's Men, the editors and reporters are heroes.That's not the case here." "Long March through the Institution" of Television Journalism; Conversation with <mask>. Part of the "Conversations with History" series, Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley with Harry Kreisler, (2001)
 On September 27, 2006, <mask> appeared on The Colbert Report. On February 27, 2007, <mask> was interviewed by Terry Gross of WHYY's Fresh Air about the Frontline documentary "News War: Secrets, Spin and the Future of the News." The four-part series, which <mask> co-produced, is about the mainstream news media and the political, legal and economic forces acting on it. The third installment looks at how the pressure for profits and shifting advertising dollars are affecting the news business. On February 27, 2007, <mask> was interviewed for the What's happening to the news?segment by Marketplace's Kai Ryssdal about how the Internet has changed journalism. On June 11, 2007, <mask> was interviewed by George Stroumboulopoulos for CBC Television's news magazine, The Hour''. On January 26, 2009, <mask> discussed Halliburton's record $560 million settlement with the Justice Department and the SEC for violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act with NPR's All Things Considered. <mask>'s documentary on bribery in international commerce will air on PBS "Frontline"  April 7, 2009. References

External links

 <mask>'s home page at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. CNN on The Insider, (November 1999). A chronology of the 60 Minutes decision not to air the tobacco industry exposé.(1999). American investigative journalists
American journalism academics
University of California, Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism faculty
The New York Times writers
Television producers from California
University of California, San Diego alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
People from Madison, Wisconsin
1945 births
Living people
Television producers from New York City

masks:
Lowell Bergman
Bergman
Bergman
Bergman
Bergman
Bergman
Bergman
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Alex Bergman
Bergman
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Lowell Bergman
Bergman
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Lowell Bergman
Lowell Bergman
Lowell Bergman
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Lowell Bergman


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<mask> (born 28 September 1965) is a French politician who has represented the 1st constituency of Alpes-Maritimes in the National Assembly since 2007. A member of The Republicans (LR), he sought the party's nomination for the 2022 presidential election at its 2021 congress; he placed first in the first round of voting but was defeated by Valérie Pécresse in the second round. <mask> previously briefly served as First Deputy Mayor of Nice under Mayor Christian Estrosi in 2008, before he assumed the presidency of the Departmental Council of Alpes-Maritimes from 2008 to 2017. Political career

Early career in local politics
<mask> was elected to the General Council of Alpes-Maritimes in 2008 in Saint-Martin-Vésubie following the resignation of incumbent councillor Gaston Franco. He was elected by his peers to the body's presidency the same year, succeeding Nice Mayor Christian Estrosi. <mask> had previously failed to be elected in the canton of Nice-1 in the 2008 cantonal election, having been defeated by incumbent Socialist Marc Concas. Following the 2015 departmental election, in which he was elected in Tourrette-Levens, the Departmental Council of Alpes-Maritimes replaced the General Council of Alpes-Maritimes.After the adoption of a new law organising cumul des mandats restrictions, <mask> resigned the presidency in 2017 while keeping his councillor mandate. Member of the National Assembly, 2007–present

<mask> was elected to the National Assembly during the 2007 election; he was reelected in 2012 and 2017. In parliament, <mask> has been serving on the Committee on Legal Affairs since 2007. Since 2017, he has also been a quaestor and therefore part of the Assembly's Bureau in the 15th legislature of the French Fifth Republic, under the leadership of president Richard Ferrand. He recently recognized having had an affair with Nadine Morano while in office. Ahead of the UMP's 2012 leadership election, <mask> managed François Fillon's campaign. When Fillon's opponent Jean-François Copé eventually won, <mask> was one of more than 50 party members who threatened to form a new centre-right caucus within the UMP parliamentary group under the leadership of Fillon.In September 2014, <mask> joined Fillon, Étienne Blanc, Pierre Lellouche and Valérie Pécresse on an official trip to Iraq. Ahead of the Republicans' 2016 primaries, <mask> managed former President Nicolas Sarkozy's campaign for the presidential nomination, alongside Catherine Vautrin. Also in 2016, he formally requested that prosecutors investigate President François Hollande over a potential breach of security allowing revelations that Hollande disclosed classified information to journalists. Amid the Fillon affair, <mask> succeeded Gérald Darmanin as deputy of the Republicans' secretary general Bernard Accoyer and subsequently became a vocal defender of Fillon as the party's candidate for the 2017 presidential election. When magistrates put Fillon under formal investigation on suspicion of embezzling state funds, Ciotti publicly state "I trust and support Francois Fillon more than ever". When Fillon called on members to vote for Emmanuel Macron in the second round of the election against Marine Le Pen, Ciotti refused to endorse Macron. In The Republicans' 2017 leadership election, Ciotti endorsed Laurent Wauquiez.In 2018, Wauquiez included him in his shadow cabinet; in this capacity, he served as opposition counterpart to Minister of the Interior Christophe Castaner. In 2020, <mask> became the Parliament's rapporteur on how the government handled the COVID-19 pandemic in France. In 2021, <mask> announced his intention to run as The Republicans's candidate in the 2022 presidential election. <mask> narrowly placed first at the 2021 The Republicans congress and proceeded to the primary second round, in which he was defeated by Valérie Pécresse. Political positions

Domestic policy
In 2019, Ciotti successfully added an amendment to an education bill to make it mandatory for classrooms to display both a French and European Union flag in all classrooms. In 2020, Ciotti proposed a bill to the National Assembly which would prohibit the dissemination of images depicting functions of the national police, municipal police, military and customs officers; with a maximum penalty of 15,000 euros and a year in prison for violators. For the Marianne magazine, <mask> <mask> joined Marine Le Pen's positions on security, identity, immigration and Islamism, sharing with her "an ethnic and identity-based vision of the nation".He thus proposes to change the nationality code in order to abolish the jus soli in favour of the jus sanguinis alone, to include in the Constitution "our Christian origins", as well as to accentuate security policies (creation of 100,000 additional prison places, lowering of the criminal majority to 16 years, suppression of family allowances to "parents of children who do not respect the values of the Republic"). He seems to adhere to the Great Replacement theory; in 2021, he stated "our society is changing, if we have to talk about 'great replacement', I talk about 'replacement'". In 2021, he stated that "what differentiates [The Republicans] from the National Rally is our capacity to govern. In the face of Islamic terrorism, he advocated the creation of a "French-style Guantanamo", where Camembert cheese would be used to re-educate, and the adoption of "specially adapted laws, like the Patriot Act in the United States. On economic issues, he defends, as part of his candidacy for the primary of his party for the presidential election of 2022, the elimination of 250,000 positions in the civil service, the return to 39 hours as the legal duration of working time, raising the retirement age to 65, the lowering of corporate taxes, the abolition of inheritance tax as well as the reduction of unemployment benefits and social assistance. Foreign policy
During his presidential campaign in 2021, Ciotti argued that France should reassert itself by leaving NATO's integrated command. He claims an "immense admiration" for the state of Israel and wants the recognition of Jerusalem as the unified capital of that country, as well as the transfer of the French embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, in order to "break with a form of diplomatic tradition that is globally pro-Arab" of France.Other activities
 French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons (OFPRA), Member of the Board of Directors

References

1965 births
Living people
21st-century French politicians
French people of Italian descent
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
Sciences Po alumni
People from Nice
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Departmental councillors (France)
Presidents of French departments

masks:
Éric Ciotti
Ciotti
Éric Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Ciotti
Éric
Ciotti


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<mask>. (October 20, 1946 – March 20, 1994) was an American writer and humorist, known for his Southern demeanor and commentary on the American South. Although he spent his early career as a newspaper sports writer and editor, becoming the sports editor of the Atlanta Journal at age 23, he is much better known for his humorous newspaper columns in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. He was also a popular stand-up comedian and lecturer. <mask> also published a total of 25 books, including collections of his columns (e.g. Chili Dawgs Always Bark at Night), expanded versions of his stand-up comedy routines (I Haven't Understood Anything Since 1962), and the autobiographical If I Ever Get Back to Georgia, I'm Gonna Nail My Feet to the Ground. Although much of his comedy discussed the South and <mask>'s personal and professional lives, it was also a commentary on issues prevalent throughout America, including relationships between men and women (e.g. If Love Were Oil, I'd Be About a Quart Low), politics, and health, especially heart health.<mask> was also the stepbrother of the Southern humorist Ludlow Porch. Biography
<mask> was born in Fort Benning, Georgia. His father, <mask>, Sr., was a soldier in the United States Army who served in both World War II and the Korean War, and was a sole survivor of a Chinese attack that wiped out his platoon. <mask>. left his wife Christine, a school teacher, when <mask>. was young, and mother and son moved in with Christine's parents in Moreland, Georgia, where <mask> spent the rest of his childhood. <mask> recounted his often frustrating relationship with his father in My Daddy Was a Pistol and I'm a Son of a Gun, and blamed his father's difficulties in civilian life on what at the time was called "battle fatigue" and is now called post-traumatic stress disorder, saying, "Daddy came home from his second war" (the Korean War) "a complete mess, the Army did nothing to help him, and he died young." He began his writing early, publishing stories of his Little League team in the nearby Newnan Times-Herald, Newnan, Georgia. <mask> attended the University of Georgia in Athens, where he was a member of the Sigma Pi fraternity and Gridiron Secret Society.During his time in Athens, he became an avid Georgia Bulldogs fan. He studied journalism, but he shunned the school newspaper in favor of the independent Athens Daily News. Before graduating with an bachelor's degree in journalism, <mask> moved on to Atlanta, joining the Atlanta Journal, and becoming the youngest-ever executive sports editor of the Journal at the age of 23. The executive editor of the Journal, Jim Minter, said that had <mask> stayed there, he would be remembered today as one of the great newspaper editors of the 20th century. His time there included the Marshall University football team tragedy and the Journals coverage of Hank Aaron's 715th home run. <mask> then left to become the executive sports editor at the Chicago Sun-Times. He later recalled this as the most miserable period of his life.His tenure included a controversy involving the removal of several news columns written by Lacy Banks, the Sun-Times first African-American sports columnist, from the newspaper, which resulted in Banks charging racism against <mask> and led to Banks's subsequent firing. Although the newspaper, under editor Jim Hoge, supported Grizzard, a federal arbitrator reinstated Banks, and he criticized <mask> as "racially insensitive". <mask>, for his part, contended that the arbitrator did not understand the newspaper business, and he pointed out that he had replaced Banks with Thom Greer, a writer who was also African-American. <mask> felt this invalidated any charge of racism. One Chicago radio announcer who sympathized with <mask> said that Grizzard had been pronounced "guilty by geography". Grizzard was also divorced for the second time while living in Chicago. <mask>'s career as a newspaper man in Chicago is recalled in If I Ever Get Back to Georgia, I'm Gonna Nail My Feet to the Ground.In 1977, <mask> returned to Atlanta as a columnist for the sports section of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper. After eight months, he switched to writing the humor/life column that eventually made him famous. He published this column about four days per week. At his peak, he was syndicated in 450 newspapers and making regular appearances on television and the stand-up comedy circuit. His popularity in Atlanta was such that the alternative newspaper Creative Loafing, in its annual "Best of Atlanta" poll, included the categories "Best Columnist" and "Best Columnist besides <mask>". <mask> often drew criticism for his disparaging remarks about gay people and feminists, and his dislike for the New South and reflections on the "Old South" of his youth were frequently misinterpreted. Nevertheless, he was extremely popular in the South, and he had enduring popularity across the nation because of the perceived humor, humanity, patriotism, and "old-fashioned" values that permeated his writing.His frequent bewilderment by sociocultural trends in the 1980s and 1990s struck a chord with many baby boom readers. <mask> refused to use computers, writing every column or book on a regular typewriter. ("When I write, I like to hear some noise", he wrote.) In 1988, <mask> made his acting debut on the sitcom Designing Women, in the episode "Oh Brother", which first aired on 18 January 1988. <mask> played the role of Clayton Sugarbaker, the half-brother of Julia and Suzanne Sugarbaker. Clayton was a former mental patient aspiring to be a stand-up comedian. <mask> had a somewhat troubled life, battling alcoholism, and going through three divorces.He was voted "the Author From Hell" at a publishing convention for his behavior on book tours. He also suffered from a congenital heart defect — a valve problem. In his own words, "There are three little leaflets that control the flow of blood to the heart. I was born with only two of those leaflets. It was just after the Great War, so there may have been a shortage. Either that or my daddy didn't get a good toe-hold." His near-death after his third valve-replacement surgery in 1993 brought in over 50,000 letters from well-wishers.He later attributed his miraculous recovery to the prayers of his fans. A few days after marrying for the fourth time, <mask> died of complications of his fourth heart-valve surgery. Prior to his surgery, he was asked if he had any questions; his reply: "I just have one question: When's the next bus to Albuquerque?" As a result of the surgery, <mask> suffered from brain damage, according to one report, from lack of oxygen to his brain. Had he survived, he would have been quite impaired. In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated, and some of his ashes were scattered at the 50-yard line of the Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia. The typewriter he used to author columns about the Atlanta Braves' 1991 "worst to first" season is on display in the library of the University of Georgia's Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication.<mask> never fathered any children, but he did adopt Jordan, the daughter of his fourth wife. A <mask>zard Museum, featuring personal effects and professional memorabilia such as his typewriter, is now open in Moreland, Georgia. Originally housed in a gas station by a fan, it has been moved to a new, two-story museum complex (the former Moreland Mill). Published works
Kathy Sue Loudermilk, I Love You: A Good Beer Joint Is Hard to Find and Other Facts of Life (1 December 1979) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
Won't You Come Home, Billy Bob Bailey? : An Assortment of Home-Cooked Journalism for People Who Wonder Why Clean Underwear Doesn't Grow on Trees (1 November 1980) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
Glory! Glory! Georgia's 1980 Championship Season: The Inside Story (1981) (Loran Smith with <mask>)
Don't Sit Under the Grits Tree With Anyone Else but Me (1 November 1981) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
They Tore Out My Heart and Stomped That Sucker Flat (1 October 1982)
If Love Were Oil, I'd Be About a Quart Low (1 October 1983)
Elvis Is Dead and I Don't Feel So Good Myself (1 October 1984)
Shoot Low Boys - They're Riding Shetland Ponies (1 October 1985)
My Daddy Was a Pistol and I'm a Son of a Gun (1 October 1986)
When My Love Returns From the Ladies Room, Will I Be Too Old To Care?(1 October 1987) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
Don't Bend Over in the Garden, Granny - You Know Them Taters Got Eyes (1 October 1988)
<mask> on Fear of Flying (1 April 1989)
<mask>'s Advice To The Newly Wed ... & the Newly Divorced (1 April 1989)
Chili Dawgs Always Bark At Night (1 September 1989) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
Does a Wild Bear Chip in the Woods? (1 May 1990)
If I Ever Get Back to Georgia, I'm Gonna Nail My Feet to the Ground (1 October 1990)
Don't Forget To Call Your Momma; I Wish I Could Call Mine (1 April 1991)
You Can't Put No Boogie Woogie on the King of Rock and Roll (1 October 1991) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
I Haven't Understood Anything Since 1962 and Other Nekkid Truths (1 October 1992)
I Took a Lickin' and Kept on Tickin' and Now I Believe in Miracles (1 January 1994)

Posthumous collections
The Last Bus To Albuquerque (1 September 1994) (collection of columns previously published in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)
It Wasn't Always Easy But I Sure Had Fun (1 November 1994) (collection of previously published material)
Life Is Like a Dogsled Team ... If You're Not the Lead Dog, the Scenery Never Changes — The Wit and Wisdom of <mask> (1 May 1995) (collection of previously published material)
Grizzardisms: The Wit and Wisdom of <mask> (1 June 1995) (collection of previously published material)
Southern by the Grace of God — <mask> Grizzard on the South (1 May 1996) (collection of previously published material)

Live comedy albums
On the Road With <mask> Grizzard (1985)
Live! (From Moreland to Moscow) (1986)
Let's Have a Party! With <mask> Grizzard (1987)
Addicted to Love (Live) (1989)
Don't Believe I'da Told That (1991)
The Best of <mask> Grizzard (1994) (collection of previously released material)
One Last Time (1994)
Alimony: The Bill You Get, for the Thrill You Got (1994)
Lewis Grizzard (2001) (collection of previously released material)
An Evening with Lewis Grizzard (2001) (DVD)

References

External links
Georgia Encyclopedia entry on Lewis Grizzard

1946 births
1994 deaths
American columnists
American humorists
American male journalists
American sportswriters
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Coweta County, Georgia
University of Georgia alumni
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution people
Chicago Sun-Times people
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Lewis McDonald Grizzard Jr
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Lewis Grizzard
Lewis Sr
Lewis Jr
Lewis
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Lewis Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Grizzard
Lewisriz
Lewis Grizzard
Lewis Grizzard
Lewis Grizzard
Lewis Grizzard
Lewis Grizzard
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis


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<mask> (; 1125–1209) was a Chinese historian and poet of the Southern Song Dynasty (南宋). Career

Early life and marriage
<mask> was born on a boat floating in the Wei River early on a rainy morning, October 17, 1125 (Chinese calendar). At the time of his birth, China was divided and the Song dynasty in the northern part of the country had been invaded by the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty in the Jin–Song wars. The southern part of China continued to hold out as the Southern Song dynasty for another 150 years, but during <mask>'s entire life, the country was threatened by invasion from the north. He is known for his many patriotic poems. One year after his birth, the troops of the Jin dynasty conquered the capital of the Northern Song dynasty; his family fled to the south. <mask>'s family included government officials, and he received a good education.He was brought up to be patriotic, and grew up determined to expel the foreign Jurchen from the North and bring about the reunification of China under the Song dynasty. <mask> grew up with his cousin Tang Wan (唐琬), who was quiet but loved literature. They fell deeply in love and were married when he was 20. But they had no children, and his mother did not like Tang Wan. Though they had lived happily together, his mother forced them to divorce in order to make <mask> concentrate on studying to fulfill his aspiration of saving the Song dynasty. In traditional Chinese culture, children were required to obey their parents. <mask> loved his mother and reluctantly divorced Tang Wan.She later married a nobleman named Zhao Shicheng (趙士程), and he married a woman from the Wang clan (her personal name eludes most researchers). <mask> was sad after his first marriage broke up. One spring day, at age 31, eight years after their divorce, he passed by Shen's Garden (沈園) and by chance encountered Tang Wan and her husband. Tang Wan asked her husband to let her send a cup of wine to <mask>. When her hands passed the wine to him, he saw her eyes brimmed with tears. His heart was broken, and he drank the cup of bitter wine to the bottom. He turned away and on the spot wrote the poem "Fonqhwang Hairpinin" (Chai Tou Feng, 釵頭鳳)  on the wall of Shen's Garden.After this meeting with Tang Wan, <mask> went to the North to struggle against the foreign Jin dynasty, before returning to southern Shu (蜀, today's Sichuan) to pursue his dream of unifying China. When Tang Wan read <mask>'s poem in the garden, she immediately wrote one in the same form in response. Less than a year later, she died. In the year before <mask>'s death, at age 85, he wrote another poem called “Shen's Garden” to commemorate Tang Wan, his first love. A traditional Yue opera was written about <mask> and Tang Wan, and their love story is very famous in China. Official career

At age 12, <mask> was already an excellent writer, had mastered the skill of sword fighting, and had delved deeply into war strategy. At age 19, he took the civil service examination, but did not pass.Ten years later, he took it again; this time he not only passed it, he was the first winner in the Lin An region. But this triumph brought him trouble. Qin Sun, the grandson of the powerful Qin Hui (秦檜, a notorious aristocratic traitor in the Song Dynasty), had also taken the exam. <mask>'s win threatened Qin Sun's position, as <mask> was now likely to take first place in the next year's national examination. In fact, not only <mask>, but all the potential winners of the next year's nationwide competition were excluded, along with even some of the examination officers. After Qin Hui's death, <mask> started his official career in government. Because he avidly insisted on fighting against the Jin dynasty and did not follow the mainstream official lethargy on the subject, he was dismissed from his job.In 1172, he was hired to do strategic planning in the military. Military life opened his eyes and mind; he hoped to fulfill his aspiration of bringing a divided China back together. He wrote many unrestrained poems to express his passionate patriotism. But the Song Dynasty was by now corrupt and indolent; most officers just wanted to make a nice living; <mask> had no opportunity to deploy his talent. "Entering upon a public career by virtue of his father's services, he fell into disfavour with Qin Hui; but after the latter's death he received an appointment, and in 1163 the Emperor Xiaozong(孝宗) made him a Compiler for the Privy Council and conferred upon him the honorary degree of Jinshi(進士)." He was unsuccessful in his official career: he adopted a patriotic irredentist stance, advocating the expulsion of the Jurchen from northern China, but this position was out of tune with the times. In 1175, Fan Chengda(范成大) asked him to join his party.They shared literary interests, and now behaved casually in official society. <mask> felt there was no place for him in official life, and started to become self-indulgent, enjoying drinking to forget his lack of success in his personal life and career pursuit. He gave himself the art name "Fangweng" (放翁), meaning "Liberated Old Man", and was sarcastic about himself in his poems. After several promotions and demotions, <mask> retired in 1190 to live in seclusion in his hometown Shaoxing (紹興, now in Zhejiang province), then a rural area. He spent the last twenty years of his life there. <mask> enjoyed good health and liked eating pearl barley and tree-ear mushrooms. This habit kept his vision and hearing keen until death.During his retirement, he still ardently supported fighting against the Jin dynasty, but without success. His wife died in 1197. On December 29, 1209 (Chinese calendar),  he died at age 86. His great regret was knowing that northern China was still in the control of the foreigners. Style
<mask> wrote about eleven thousand poems, in both the shi (詩) and ci (詞) forms, plus a number of prose works, which made him the poet who ranks the top in the list of numbers of the poems left before 15C. In his poetry he continues to articulate the beliefs which cost him his official career, calling for reconquest of the north. Watson identifies these works as part of the legacy of Du Fu (杜甫).Watson compares a second body of work, poems on country life and growing old, to those of Bai Juyi (白居易) and Tao Qian (陶潛). His style can be divided into three periods. First Period
The first Period of <mask>'s works is from his teenage years to age 46. This period, although the longest, contains the fewest of his works, about two hundred poems, because he himself destroyed his early works in his later years. Second Period
Second Period runs from age 46 to 54, including more than 2400 shi and ci. During this period, <mask> joined the military and was affected by that experience. Third Period
The third Period runs from the time <mask> retired to his home town until his death.He did not have time to edit his work, and 6500 poems survive from this period. His work in this period includes peaceful pastoral images as well as desolation and bleakness. Though his style changed throughout his life, his work is always full of patriotism. This is the most important feature of his poetry, and the major reason they have been valued for almost a thousand years. Books
《劍南詩稿》(Jian Nan Shi Gao, the draft of poems when holding a sword in the southern borders)
《渭南文集》(Wei Nan Wen Ji, the collection of proses in the south of the Wei River)
《放翁逸稿》(Fang Weng Yi Gao, the lost drafts of the Liberated Old Man)
 《南唐書》(Nan Tang Shu, Book of Southern Tang)
《老學庵筆記》(Lao Xue An Bi Ji, the notebook from the House of a Person Who Studies When He Is Old)
《放翁家訓》(Fang Weng Jia Xun, family precepts from the Liberated Old Man)
《家世舊文》(Jia Shi Jiu Wen, an old prose about the history of my family)

Poems

<mask> wrote many poems. One of his most famous is "To My Son" (示兒, Shi Er). This is how it goes:
 To My Son (示兒)

死去元知萬事空，
但悲不見九州同。
王師北定中原日，
家祭無忘告乃翁。

All turns to dust in my dying eyes,
only hatred is that a unified land is not seen.When the day of the emperor's troops sweeping the North comes,
you must not forget to tell me at my tombstone. He composed this last poem when he was near death. What this poem means is that he does not mind not being able to take anything with him when he dies, but he is upset to see that China is still not united as a nation. He is telling his son that if this day ever comes, his family must not forget to go to his grave and tell him there. Rainstorm on the Eleventh month 4th (十一月四日風雨大作)

僵臥孤邨不自哀，
尚思爲國戍輪台。
夜闌臥聽風吹雨，
鐵馬冰河入夢來。

I slept stiff and alone in a lonely village without feeling self-pity. I am still thinking of fighting for my country. Deep into the night I lie down and hear the wind blowing the rain.The armored horses and the ice river came into my dream. This poem was written when <mask> was old and retired, but it shines with his patriotism and vivid depiction of the fighting scenes in the North. Fonqhwang Hairpin (釵頭鳳)

紅酥手，黃藤酒，
滿城春色宮墻柳。
東風惡，歡情薄，
一杯愁緒，幾年離索，錯，錯，錯。

萅如舊，人空瘦，
淚痕紅浥鮫綃透。
桃花落，閒池閣，
山盟雖在，錦書難托，莫，莫，莫。

Pink soft hands, yellow rippling wine,
The town is filled with Spring, willows by palace walls. The east wind is biting, happiness is thin,
heart full of sorrow, so many years apart. Wrong, Wrong, Wrong! Spring is as of old; the person is empty and thin. Traces of tears show through the sheer silk.Peach blossoms falling, glimmering pond freezing,
The huge oath remains, the brocade book is hard to hold. Don't, Don't, Don't! Note: The words "wrong" and "don't" rhyme in Chinese. This poem is about his real love story (see his marriage). In this poem, "Biting east wind" is a metaphor for traditional Chinese view about women. This view broke up his first marriage. "Brocade book", or "glorious/bright book," is another metaphor for his ambition of unifying China.But he doesn't seem to be successful in either of them (marriage and career). He also uses antithesis, which is very popular in Chinese poetry. It matches both sound and sense in two poetic lines, like "a heart of sorrow" pairing with "years apart" and "paramount promise" pairing "brocade book". The sounds match perfectly in Chinese. This poem falls in the first period of his works. Plum Blossom (卜算子-咏楳)

驛外斷橋邊
寂寞開無主
已是黃昏獨自愁
更著風和雨
無意苦爭春
一任群芳妒
零落成泥碾作塵
只有香如故

Near the broken bridge outside the fortress,
I go, lonely and disoriented. It is dusk and I am alone and anxious,
especially when the wind and rain start to blow.I do not mean to fight for Springtime,
I would rather be alone and envied by the crowd. I will fall down, become earth, be crushed to dust. My glory will be same as before. See also

Classical Chinese poetry
Song poetry

Further reading
Burton Watson (ed.) (1984), The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry, Columbia University Press. .
Burton Watson (trans.) (1994), The old man who does as he pleases, Columbia University Press. .
 Philip Watson (trans.) (2007), Grand Canal, Great River: The Travel Diary of a Twelfth-century Chinese Poet, Frances Lincoln Publishers. .

Notes

References
Rexroth, Kenneth (1970).Love and the Turning Year: One Hundred More Poems from the Chinese. New York: New Directions. External links
 Lu You Poems

1125 births
1210 deaths
12th-century Chinese historians
12th-century Chinese poets
13th-century Chinese historians
13th-century Chinese poets
Chinese tea masters
Historians from Zhejiang
Song dynasty historians
Song dynasty poets
Poets from Zhejiang
Writers from Shaoxing

masks:
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu You
Lu


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<mask> (born 1892, date of death unknown) was an American left wing journalist who served in an editorial capacity for several publications of the Industrial Workers of the World and the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). <mask> is best remembered as the Moscow correspondent of the CPUSA's The Daily Worker during the middle-1930s. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born May 8, 1892, in Alila, California, the son of a dairy farmer. He attended public school in Tulare County and graduated as the valedictorian of his class. <mask> was also editor of his high school newspaper, a career skill which would ultimately serve him well in life. <mask>, one of 4 children, spent his youth working on the family farm in the San Joaquin Valley, leaving for university at the age of 20. <mask> attended the University of California at Berkeley, from which he graduated in 1916 with a Bachelor's degree in Economics.While at Berkeley, <mask> was the secretary of his school's chapter of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society and president of the California International Cosmopolitan Club. During the years of First World War, <mask> was a Second Lieutenant of the infantry in the Officers' Reserve, but was never ordered to active duty. He worked variously as a farm hand, construction worker, and storekeeper. Journalistic career

<mask> travelled east, working a job in the Kansas wheat fields. In 1921 he joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) as a member of Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union, No. 110. He later followed the harvest to Canada, before heading for Seattle, Washington, where he became editor of the IWW's west coast newspaper, The Industrial Worker.<mask> joined the local "Marxian Club" in Seattle in 1922. <mask> later recalled:

"I read Marx's Capital and decided that the Communists probably had the right idea and joined the Marxian Club. This club was a legal group in Seattle under the influence of the underground Communist Parties. I never got into the underground movement, but went with the club into the Workers Party when the club joined the Party in a body immediately after the organization of the Workers Party [in December 1921]." <mask> was one of three key members of the IWW to join the Communist movement, the others being Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Harrison George. When the IWW turned against the Communists in 1922, <mask> remained in the union under the direction of the Workers Party in Seattle. <mask> remained as editor of the paper until June 1923, at which time the IWW sent him to Chicago to edit the organization's primary English-language newspaper, Industrial Solidarity.He was also the assistant manage of the IWW's Educational Bureau in 1924. <mask> was exposed as a secret member of the Workers (Communist) Party in 1926 and fired from his position as editor of Industrial Solidarity. He was immediately taken onto the staff of the Communist Party's daily newspaper, The Daily Worker, also published in Chicago at the time. When the paper moved to New York City in 1927, <mask> moved with it, remaining on the staff for the rest of the 1920s and throughout most of the 1930s, save for a 7-month period when he was made editor of Labor Unity, the monthly magazine of the Trade Union Unity League, an affiliate of the Communist Party. In 1931 <mask> was dispatched to Harlan County, Kentucky by The Daily Worker to cover the Harlan County War coal mine strikes. <mask> was arrested along with a number of strike organizers and relief workers, and was incarcerated for four months in the Harlan County jail, the last 31 days of which were in solitary confinement. In August 1933, <mask> was made the Moscow correspondent of The Daily Worker.During his stint there, he wrote two books highly favorable to the Soviet system, one dealing with coal miners in the Donets Basin and the other with workers in the Ukrainian collective farm village of Starosellye. <mask> returned to California after his time in Moscow, as labor editor and foreign editor of the CP's California newspaper, the Daily People's World. He also taught in San Francisco at the Tom Mooney Labor School, a Communist Party educational project. <mask> was expelled from the Communist Party in 1946 during the party's crackdown on so-called anti-revisionist left wing factional dissidents. Others included in this factional expulsion were Sam Darcy, William F. Dunne, and <mask>'s fellow editor at the Daily People's World, Harrison George. At least one contemporary memoirist has indicated that the core reason for this purge related to a bitter inner-Party battle among left wing members of the Machinists' Union embroiled in a bitter strike in San Francisco. Death and legacy

<mask> <mask>'s papers, primarily relating to his time as a member of the IWW, are located at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives in the Martin P. Catherwood Library at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.Footnotes

Works

Books and pamphlets

 The Frame-up System. New York: International Publishers, 1930. Miners in the Donbas. Moscow: Co-operative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, 1935. In a Collective Farm Village. Moscow: Co-operative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, 1936. History of the American Labor Movement, 1700-1943.San Francisco: Tom Mooney Labor School, n.d. [c. 1943]. Articles

 "The Roosevelt Program of Attack upon the Working Class," The Communist International, vol. 10 (September 15, 1933), pp. 596–603. "Beginnings of Revolutionary Political Action in the USA," The Communist, vol. 12, no. 10 (October 1933), pp.1039–1054. "Farmer-Labour Party Developments," International Press Correspondence, vol. 16 (May 16, 1936), pp. 626–627. "Trotsky Will Not Win American Labour," International Press Correspondence, vol. 17 (February 27, 1937), pp. 250–251.External links
 "Guide to the Vern <mask>, Collector. Industrial Workers of the World Files, 1916-1935," Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University. Retrieved February 19, 2010. 1892 births
American socialists
American Marxists
Industrial Workers of the World members
Members of the Communist Party USA
American newspaper editors
Year of death missing

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