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<mask> (also known as Alejandro S<mask> in Argentina; Winchester, 1838 – Buenos Aires, 1905) was a British photographer whose work is considered historical heritage of Argentina. where he established the first photography studio. The Witcomb collection has about 500,000 negatives, although people from his era stated that the General Archive of the Nation could have received about 700,000 negatives at that time to become part of the Archive collection. Biography
<mask> studied photography in France, then moved to Rio de Janeiro where he worked as a trader for some time. In 1872, he again moved to Montevideo, where he worked in a bank and then as a photographer in the city of Mercedes. <mask> moved again to Rosario, Argentina, where he worked with Christiano Junior, from whom he later acquired his studio and negatives. The partnership lasted until <mask> travelled to Buenos Aires.<mask> not only took pictures at his studio but in the streets, where he photographed the social life of Argentina. Because of his influences, <mask> made several portraits of diverse presidents of Argentina, as well as the high class of Buenos Aires in his social meetings. In 1880, <mask> established his own studio, located on Florida street n° 364, which later became the most traditional photograph studio in Argentina. Starting as a photography studio, it then expanded its activities to an art gallery where new artists had the opportunity to show their work. Following <mask>'s death in 1905, his son took his place continued with the exhibitions and work until his dead in 1945. The company continued working, being managed by <mask>comb Collection
The collection is made up by photographic plates that belonged to Wicbomb gallery, but it is believed that some pictures could have been also taken by Christiano Junior when he and <mask> were partners.Witcomb witnessed and photographed the life of Buenos Aires in many aspects: streets, notable persons, transport, celebrations, social and historic facts. The beginning of Witcomb galleries were as photographic art. In 1897 <mask>comb established in Florida street n° 364 of Buenos Aires city, with the purpose of exhibiting artwork. Since the galleries started activities until their closure in 1971, about 1,900 exhibitions were made there. Photography gallery

Notable art exhibitions

Between 1897 and 1913 Spanish curator José Artal organised modern art expositions of notable artists from his country. Artal designed brochures detailing the pieces to be exhibited, sending them to the media, art collectors and intellectuals. As during the first years of existence the gallery exhibited European art, in 1902 Martín Mahlharro opened the season with great success.Then president of Argentina Julio A. Roca acquired La Argentina and Joaquín V. González gave his approval to the purchase of En Plena Naturaleza, both by Martín Malharro, for the National Museum of Fine Arts. In 1908 the "Nexus" Group, which include painters such as Carlos P. Ripamonte, Justo Lynch, Pío Collivadino, Alberto Rossi, among others, exhibited 99 works of art with a huge repercussion. Painter Fernando Fader also made exhibitions of his work in 1906, 1907 and 1908. In 1907 young artist Lia Gismondi was the first woman to make an individual exhibition, followed by other notable artists such as Julia Wernicke, Andree Moch and French painter Leonie Matthis. One year later Martín Malharro made his second individual exhibition, and then in 1911 and 1913. Taking advantage of the good economic situation in Rosario, Santa Fe, Witcomb opened an exhibition room in that city, more specifically in the "Souza" room. Meanwhile, several young Argentine artists had also an opportunity to show their art at the Witcomb gallery in Buenos Aires.Some of them were Victoria Aguirre, Francisco Recondo, Ramón Silva, Fray Guillermo Butler, Raúl Mazza, Faustino Brughetti, Eduardo Schiaffino (who would later be named as director of the National Museum of Fine Arts), amongst others. In 1918, a young painter named Benito Quinquela Martín exhibited in the gallery for the first time, being acclaimed by both, media and public. The main subject of his paintings was his neighborhood, La Boca, the Isla Maciel and workers at the docks. In Rosario, a 16-year-old painter Antonio Berni exhibited his work in 1921, then repeating in 1922 and 1923. Due to the good results, one year later Berni featured his artwork at Buenos Aires. During the 1920s there were notable exhibitions such as Emilio Pettoruti, Uruguayan Pedro Figari, Xul Solar, Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós, Luis Macaya, Jorge Larco, Víctor Valdivia, Alberto María Rossi, Luis Tessandori and sculptor Rogelio Yrurtia. The 1930 featured the art of Atilio Malinverno, Juan Sol, Tito Gache, Adam Styka, Florencio Molina Campos, Rodolfo Franco, Mario Anganuzzi, Ángel della Valle, Alfredo Lazzari.At the end of the decade (1939) the gallery moved to Florida 760. In 1947 Antonio Berni returned to the gallery after 20 years of absence. In the 1950s the gallery remained active with a considerable amount of exhibitions by recognised artists and new talents also. Some of the artists that featured their work were Raúl Soldi, Luis Macaya, Enrique Larrañaga, Marcos Tiglio, Florencio Molina Campos, Santiago Cogorno, Ramón Gómez Cornet, Raul Russo, Carlos Alonso, Leopoldo Presas, Jorge Larco, Antonio Berni, Pedro Figari, Ginez Parra, Rómulo Macció, Leopoldo Torres Agüero, and Quinquela Martín. In 1953 the gallery held an exhibition in tribute to Figari that was widely covered by the media. When new art styles (neo figurative, pop art, happening) came up in the 1960s, Witcomb did not show more enthusiast about them. Nevertheless, the gallery held some exhibitions p.e.Berni's collages (with Juanito Laguna as his main character). Those collages were badly criticized by some critics, but on the other hand, they were well received by other audiences that approved the artist's evolution. Some of the artists exhibiting during those years were Alberto Bruzzone, Quinquela Martín, Ricardo Sánchez, Batlle Planas, Pettoruti, Luis Centurión, Ramón Gómez Cornet, Cesáreo Quirós, Mario Mollari, César Bustillo. The new generation of artists also had a place to exhibit their art, being Luis Felipe Noe, Antonio Seguí, Juan Grela, Lino Palacio, Vito Campanella, Sakai, Clorindo Testa, Jorge de la Vega, Rogelio Polesello among them. In 1968 the gallery celebrated its 100th. anniversary with multiple activities. In 1970 the gallery held 88 exhibitions (duplicating 1969) but it had to close in 1971 due to the excessive increase of the rent and the refurbishment of Florida streets that became it a pedestrian street.Art gallery

See also
 General Archive of the Nation (Argentina)
 Christiano Junior

Bibliography
 "Historia: Un siglo difundiendo el arte argentino" on Galería Witcomb website
 Witcomb: Nuestro Ayer by Sara Facio – Editorial La Azotea Buenos Aires, 1991) –
 La Fotografía en la Argentina (Desde 1840 a Nuestros Días) by Sara Facio – La Azotea Ed. (Buenos Aires, 1991) –
 Canto a la Realidad: Fotografía latinoamericana, 1860–1993 by Erika Billeter – Editorial Lunwerg, 2007 –
 Foto Mundo (magazine) N° 203 (p. 36–37) – March 1985

References

External links

 Galerías Witcomb website

Photographers from Hampshire
British emigrants to Argentina
1838 births
1905 deaths
Argentine photographers

masks:
Alexander Spiers Witcomb
. Witcomb
Witcomb
Witcomb
Witcomb
Witcomb
Witcomb
Witcomb
Witcomb
Witcombit
Witcomb
Alexander Wit


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<mask> (born 1 August 1964) is an Italian football manager, club director and former professional footballer, the current CEO and president & owner of Mobisafe. As a player he was a midfielder from 1981 to 2002. He made appearances for several clubs in Italy in both Serie A and Serie B most notably Juventus, Sampdoria, Bologna and Brescia. He became notably remembered in England for his spell at Grimsby Town where despite being a fans favourite he was involved in an infamous half time bust up with his manager that left him with a broken cheekbone. He also turned out in his home country for Genoa, Atalanta, Torino and Sestrese as well as spells in England with Tranmere Rovers F.C. and Crystal Palace. In 2000 he was appointed player/manager of Scottish Premier League side Dundee where he remained for two years before being appointed director of football of Lega Pro Prima Divisione club A.S. Pescina Valle del Giovenco where he remained until 2010.Playing career

Italy
Born in Brescia, <mask> made his debut for his hometown club, Brescia (1981–84), before moving to Serie B side Genoa (1984–85), and subsequently defending European Champions Juventus (1985–88), where he won the 1985 Intercontinental Cup, and the 1985–86 Serie A title; he made his Serie A debut on 10 November 1985, coming on as a late substitute in a 3–1 home win over Roma, the club for which his brother Dario was playing at the time. During <mask>'s time at the Turin club, he was also sent on loan to Atalanta for the 1987–88 Serie B season, helping the club to obtain a fourth-place finish and Serie A promotion. He later played for Bologna (1988–90), and Sampdoria (1990–93), where he won his second Serie A title in 1991, also reaching the European Cup final the following year, playing alongside his brother Dario once again. He later returned to Bologna (1993–94) in Serie C1, before briefly returning to Brescia the following season (1994–95), and spending the second half of the 1994–95 Serie A season with Torino, before moving to England later in 1995. Grimsby Town

Initial impact
When <mask> signed for Grimsby Town in 1995; it brought massive national attention to the club and he became an instant fans' favourite. The loyalty of the fans was tested when it was announced that £100,000 was needed to hire Bonetti from the American management company that held the rights to his "services and image"; this was raised by £50,000 from the fans and £50,000 from <mask> himself, further increasing his appeal. Grimsby, under FIFA regulations, were not allowed to deal with the company and probably could not have afforded the money anyway.The love affair was completed when he scored the winning goal against West Brom, then managed by former Grimsby boss Alan Buckley and featuring several former Grimsby players. The "plate of chicken" incident
On 10 February 1996, an incident after a 3–2 defeat away to Luton Town led to the departure of <mask> from Blundell Park. Just a month before, Grimsby had beaten them 7–1 in the FA Cup third round. Apparently Brian Laws, angry after the defeat, threw a plate of chicken wings at Bonetti, who he felt did not try hard enough, leaving him with a fractured cheekbone. At the end of the season <mask> left for Tranmere Rovers on a free transfer; Laws lasted until November of the next season. At Tranmere, Bonetti scored twice, including a late winner in a 4–3 win over Portsmouth. At the start of the 1997–98 season, Bonetti turned up at Crystal Palace, making two substitute appearances in the Premier League, shortly before returning to Italy to join Genoa.Legacy
In 1998, a consortium looking to take over Grimsby Town were planning to install <mask> as manager, though this later fell through. Coaching career
<mask>, along with brother Dario, enjoyed a stint as a coach, serving as a player-manager of the Scottish club Dundee, replacing Jocky Scott. During his first season at Dundee, he signed in several foreign players such as Fabián Caballero, Georgi Nemsadze and, most notably, Argentine superstar Claudio Caniggia, the latter being signed by Rangers only one year later following an impressive season with the club. Despite this, he made only a sixth place in his first season, but was however publicly backed by the club. Further top signings such as Temuri Ketsbaia, Zurab Khizanishvili and Fan Zhiyi failed to make an improvement to the team results, and Dundee ended the 2001–02 season in a disappointing ninth place. He was sacked on 2 July 2002 by the club management. A few months later he claimed back £800,000 from Dundee, declaring he had loaned the money to his former club in order to perform the signing of Fabián Caballero.Between 2004 and 2010 he had a spell as director of football of Lega Pro Prima Divisione club A.S. Pescina Valle del Giovenco. In August 2020, Bonetti joined Serie D club Rimini as head youth coach. Personal life
Bonetti is married and has three children. He is the son of Aldo <mask> who played for Brescia until the Second World War. His brother Mario played for Atalanta and brother Dario played over 100 games for Roma and won two caps for Italy. Media and business interests
Bonetti became an entrepreneur in 2013, he is the founder, CEO and president of Mobisafe, a company that deals with technology applied to health. He sells a product that, when applied to mobile phones, is able to reduce electromagnetic waves, the Skudowave.The medical device has been sold in pharmacies and distribution of the Skudowave to several football clubs, among others Bayern Munich, Juventus and Manchester United. Managerial statistics

Honours
Juventus
Serie A: 1985–86
Intercontinental Cup: 1985

Sampdoria
Serie A: 1990–91

References

External links
 Bonetti discovers paradise after Juventus – <mask> signing for Grimsby, Independent, The (London), 2 December 1995
 Played for the Town: <mask> <mask> – Electronic Fishcake player profile
 Bonetti knows wheeling and dealing won't save his neck at Dens Sunday Herald, The, 14 May 2000 Bonetti becomes Dundee manager
 Italian Playing Stats
 Bonetti T-shirts
 The Bonetti years Review of Dundee Management, BBC website

1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Brescia
Italian footballers
Italian football managers
Association football defenders
Brescia Calcio players
Genoa C.F.C. players
Juventus F.C. players
Atalanta B.C. players
Bologna F.C. 1909 players
U.C. Sampdoria players
Torino F.C.players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
F.S. Sestrese Calcio 1919 players
Scottish Premier League players
Premier League players
Dundee F.C. managers
Scottish Premier League managers
Italian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in England
Italian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Scotland
Italian expatriate sportspeople in England
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Footballers from Lombardy

masks:
Ivano Bonetti
Bonetti
Ivano
Bonetti
Bonetti
Bonetti
Bonetti
Bonetti
Ivano
Bonetti
Ivano
Ivano
Bonetti


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Louis-<mask> (16 August 1946 - 10 January 2021) was a Canadian painter and printmaker specialized in engraving and etching. He developed his knowledge of intaglio techniques at Atelier Lacourière-Frélaut in Paris, where he worked for fifteen years, and through travel and study in France, Portugal, Poland, Ireland, Finland, and New York. His work is regularly shown in Canadian, American, and European galleries, and is represented in major public and private collections, notably in Québec and New York. Bougie was considered Québec's foremost engraver for the depth and consistency of his work. He died from pneumonia. Training
After an introduction to printmaking at École des Beaux-Arts de Montréal, where he attended classes with Angèle Beaudry, <mask> studied  in Paris, notably at Lacourière-Frélaut (1979–1993), Atelier Rene Tazé, and Atelier Champfleury, and in Vancouver and Montréal. Additional training in Strasbourg (1979–1982), Cracow (1980), Helsinki (2003), and Buenos Aires (2006) introduced him to a compagnonnage-like approach to the transmission of printmaking skills.An heir to Goya, Blake, and Rops, he had developed an original monotype technique that combined engraving with live figure drawing in a reversal of traditional processes: the paper is first drawn with pierre noir and reworked with acrylic before receiving a print from a copper plate marked with spit-bite and drypoint. The finished print captures all elements with exceptional transparency, bringing its subject to light in the true sense of illumination. In Bougie's work, engraving was a process that both opened and sealed spaces. Desire and imagination inhabited matter in unexpected ways, and appearance was literally cast in a different light (through highlights and illumination), giving us back a bit of ourselves. Influence and involvement
In the early 1980s, while also conducting residencies at major printmaking studios abroad (including Paris and Strasbourg), Bougie joined forces with Catherine Farish, Pierre-Léon Tétreault, Kittie Bruneau, and other print-based artists to found Atelier Circulaire. Throughout his career, he promoted the work of Quebec printmakers both locally and outside Canada. He also collaborated closely with writers and poets.In 1983, the poets Gaston Miron and Michael La Chance together signed a telegram to Bougie:
We salute Louis-Pierre Bougie, one of those rare souls who is always a step ahead, continuously opening the way to new possibilities and escaping the bounds of mortal time. As an engraver and etcher of international renown, he has brought greater visibility to Québec printmaking and has been pivotal in inviting printmakers from abroad to take part in major collaborations with Québec, including artist's books, residencies, and exchanges between Québec and other countries. He has also helped foster talent in Québec, both through his work with artists at Atelier Circulaire and as the organizer and curator of numerous exhibitions. Selected exhibitions
Bougie's work benefited from the support of major curators such as Léo Rosshandler, Bernard Lévy, Céline Mayrand, Gilles Daigneault, Claude Morissette, and Anne-Marie Ninacs. Artist's books
A significant part of Louis-Pierre <mask>'s printed oeuvre involved a dialogue with poetry in the form of collaborative exhibitions and, above all, artist's books that brought together the artistry of typographers, printmakers, poets, and bookbinders. Bougie created books with many poets, among them Gaston Miron, Paul Chamberland, Geneviève Letarte, Jérôme Élie, Michel Butor, Michel van Schendel, François-Xavier Marange, Paule Marier, and Michaël La Chance. Working closely with the authors, he contributed a distinctive sensibility that was both rough and sensitive, abrasive and idyllic.His artist's books were featured in the following exhibitions:
 1990 – Titre?, Bibliothèque des arts, Université du Québec à Montréal
 2005 – Titre?, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec
 2007 – Actualité de l’estampe au Québec, Grande Bibliothèque, BAnQ (second iteration of exhibition originally presented in Québec City, 2005)
 2013 - Louis-Pierre <mask> – 30 ans de livres d'artiste, Centre d'archives de Montréal, BAnQ (curator: Claude Morissette)

Collections
 Bibliothèque nationale d’Ottawa
 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, Montréal
 Bibliothèque nationale de Paris
 Library of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro
 Musée d’Art Contemporain de Montréal
 Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec
 National Bank of Canada
 Caisses populaires Desjardins
 Groupe Laurentienne
 Provigo
 Loto-Québec
 New York Public Library
 Newark Public Library

Catalogs and monographs
 2013 - Michaël La Chance, Louis-Pierre Bougie. Espaces chavirés, torsions du désir. Foreword by Isabelle de Mévius, preface by Georges Leroux. Montreal: Les Éditions de Mévius. 2007 – Léo Rosshandler, Désert vert. Quebec City: Éditions Lacerte Art Contemporain - Galerie Orange. 2005 – Sylvie Alix, Louis-Pierre Bougie: prix de la Fondation Monique et Robert Parizeau 2005.Ed. Anne-Marie Ninacs, with translations by C. Bilodeau and M. E. Elgue. Quebec City: Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec. 2005 - Michel van Schendel, Absence de bruit. Quebec City: Éditions Lacerte Art Contemporain - Galerie Orange. 2001 - Bernard Lévy, Études au quotidien. With poems by Paul Chamberland and Michaël La Chance.Quebec City: Éditions Galerie Madeleine Lacerte. 1996 - Louis-Pierre <mask>, Journal d’exil, New York 1996. With texts and poems by Michaël La Chance, Jérôme Élie, Geneviève Letarte, François-Xavier Marange, and Paule Marier. Quebec City: Galerie Madeleine Lacerte. 1996 – Louis-Pierre <mask>, Christine Palmiéri, Espace D. René Harrison, et al., De la monstruosité, expression des passions. Montreal : Jaune-Fusain. 1991 - Michaël La Chance, Céline Mayrand, Morsures.Louis-Pierre <mask> Gravures et monotypes 1986-1990. Preface by Léo Rosshandler. Montreal: Éditions Promotion des arts Lavalin, Maison de la Culture Côte-des-Neiges, Atelier Circulaire. 1978 - Louis-Pierre <mask> (dessins). Quebec City: Musée du Québec. Montreal-Paris: Éditions de la Griffe d’Acier. 2011 - Les mots griffonnés, 12 engravings, text by Michel van Schendel.Montreal-Paris: Éditions de la Griffe d’Acier. 2005 - Le jardinier, 17 engravings, text by Michel van Schendel. Montreal-Paris: Éditions de la Griffe d’Acier. 2004 - Terre brune, 25 engravings, poem by Michel van Schendel. Montreal-Paris: Éditions de la Griffe d’Acier. 2000 - Flou comme la nuit, 7 engravings on chine collé, poem by Geneviève Letarte. Saint-Lambert-Montreal: Éditions Bonfort and Éric Develin.1996 - Rencontres, 16 engravings on Japan paper, texts by Paule Marier, François-Xavier Marange, Geneviève Letarte, and Jérôme Élie. Quebec City: Éditions Galerie Madeleine Lacerte. 1992 -  Entre deux eaux, 8 etchings and 4 tinted plates, text by Michel Butor. Montreal-Paris: Éditions de la Griffe d’Acier. 1992 - Les derniers outrages du ciel, 6 engravings, text by Michaël LaChance. Montreal-Paris: Éditions de la Griffe d’Acier. 1990 - Terminus Nord, 12 engravings on chine collé, poem by Geneviève Letarte.Montreal: Éditions Atelier Circulaire). 1987 - Forger l’Effroi, 12 colour etchings, text by Michaël LaChance, foreword by Gaston Miron. Montreal-Paris: Éditions de la Griffe d’Acier. 1983 - Le prince sans rire, 12 etchings, poem by Michaël LaChance, postface and poem by Gaston Miron. Montreal-Paris: Éditions Lui-même. 1977 - Le rendez-vous d’août, 5 lithographs, poem by Raymond Cloutier. 1975 - Doux le vent, 5 silkscreen prints, poem by Jean-Guy Charbonneau.Montreal : Guilde Graphique. References

1946 births
2021 deaths
Artists from Quebec
École des beaux-arts de Montréal alumni
French Quebecers
Deaths from pneumonia in Quebec

masks:
Pierre Bougie
Louis Pierre Bougie
Bougie
Bougie
Bougie
Bougie
Bougie
Bougie


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<mask> (born Horst Nußbaum, 2 September 1940) is a German composer and producer, and former footballer. Born in Cologne, <mask> developed an interest in both football and music in his childhood, but initially chose footballing as a career. He played professionally for 6 years, then chose to play at an amateur level while pursuing a career in music. As a singer, his work was popular in his native country and other German-speaking nations, but the majority of his success came from his production work on international records. In his music career, <mask> has created 25 of his own records, and is credited on 2512 other records, including 870 production credits. Some of the most notable artists he has worked with are Laura Branigan, Barry Manilow, and David Hasselhoff. As most of his work was with English speaking musicians, <mask> changed his name to make it easier to deal with English-speaking stars and their managers.In the international market, <mask>’s productions have sold millions of copies, earning Music Recording Certification awards. Personally, <mask> has won several European music awards for his own work and influence on the international music scene, including the German Golden Tuning Fork, and the RTL Group Lion. <mask> created several record labels throughout his career. White Records, Jack White Productions, and Gloriella Music, from which he continued to work with and produce for German and international artists. Currently, White Records and Gloriella Music are still operating, although without <mask> in any operational sense. Officially, <mask> retired from the stage in 2014, with his last song being performed at ‘The Summer Festival at the Lake’, hosted by Florian Silbereisen. Musical work
<mask> began as a singer in his native Germany in the late 1960s, and found local success performing at bars.At the same time, <mask> also began to produce and write music for other German musicians, and had his first hit, “Schöne Maid”, sung by Tony Marshall, in 1971. As his popularity in Germany increased, he began to work with international artists, and produced for a wide range of artists, establishing himself as a producer. <mask> decided to change his name after seeing the success that Roy Black (real name Gerhard Höllerich) had from changing his name in the international market, and so he decided upon <mask> with the recommendation from his agent at the time. Among the songs he produced or co-produced for the international market were Laura Branigan's "Gloria" (1982), "Solitaire" (1983), "How Am I Supposed To Live Without You" (1983), "Self Control" (1984) and "The Lucky One" (1984), as well as Jermaine <mask>'s and Pia Zadora's "When the Rain Begins to Fall" (1984). In the late 80s, <mask> worked with Engelbert Humperdinck and David Hasselhoff on several successful singles and albums including Looking for Freedom. He also worked with Paul Anka, Barry Manilow ("You're Looking Hot Tonight") and Audrey Landers. He wrote several hit songs with Mark Spiro, including Pia Zadora's "Let's Dance Tonight" (1984) and Hazell Dean's "Who's Leaving Who" (1988).He also worked with Anne Murray, producing tracks on her 1986 album Something to Talk About and all tracks on her 1987 album Harmony. <mask> also produced the soundtrack to the 1984 film, Voyage of the Rock Aliens. In 1984, <mask> founded his own record label, “White Records”, and published his work through the label, continuing to work with German and English speaking artists as a songwriter and producer. <mask> was also director of Jack <mask> Productions (JWP AG), which was established in 1998. In 2006, <mask> was terminated from JWP AG, due to a "breach in trust", between <mask> and chairman at the time, Thomas M. Stein. In June 2010, JWP AG became known as 7days entertainment AG, and then filed for bankruptcy in April 2014. The chairman of JWP AG, Thomas M. Stein claimed that a breach of trust was the reason behind the dismissal.In 2012, Munich based record label Telamo purchased White Records and now works with indie German musicians to produce and write new music. In 2008, <mask> re-entered the production market through a new label, Gloriella Music, where he continued to produce and write for artists. After his retirement in 2014, he sold distributing rights to Sony Music, although he remains involved with Gloriella, as an executive. Throughout his career, <mask> still made and performed his own music, and his international fame resulted in his own work becoming successful in German speaking nations. <mask> is credited on 2513 records over his career, and has created 25 of his own. Style of music
As a producer, <mask> worked with many international pop artists, especially the subgenre of synth-pop that was very popular in the 1980s. The development of synthesisers and music production software influenced <mask>’s music, as the majority of early producers in the 1980s developed the foundations of electronic dance music.In the German market, <mask>’s work mainly followed the same style of pop, although his early success came from writing folk style songs, and these remain some of his most popular songs in Germany, such as “Schöne Maid”. <mask>’s personal work is the same style as his German folk, as he wrote most of his own music at the beginning of his career, before finding his international style. <mask> didn’t use synthesisers or software often in his own music, such as “<mask> at the Piano”, recorded only using the piano and his voice. "Looking for Freedom"
<mask>’s production work with David Hasselhoff consisted of four albums for Hasselhoff, but the most popular song was Looking for Freedom. The record experienced great success both in America, and in Germany, was used in protests against the Berlin Wall and the separation of East and West Germany. In 1989, Hasselhoff performed this song on top of the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, and two years later, the Soviet Union collapsed and the Berlin Wall was destroyed. The song remains popular in German speaking nations, as its political impact created a lasting impact in its audience.The song has also been analysed in philosophical studies discussing the nature of freedom in the modern world. "Last Song"
In January 2014, <mask> announced on "The Great Festival of the Best" that he was going to perform a final time before retirement. Then in May, <mask> made his last public performance as a musician, at a festival hosted by Florian Silbereisen called “The Summer Festival by the Lake”, where he played his own music, along with covers of his productions, and a final ‘Last Song’. Since then, he has officially stopped performing, and has become less involved in the music scene. Football career

Before getting into music, <mask> began playing professional football at the age of 20 for FC Viktoria Koln, and continued playing for 6 years (1961–1966) when he then decided to play at an amateur level with Tennis Borussia Berlin for 10 years while pursuing his music career. As athletes usually struggle with new careers post-retirement, he remained with the club for the opportunity to resume his professional contract. He represented 5 different clubs over his career, mainly playing in the right-midfielder or right-back positions.<mask> first joined FC Viktoria Koln when he was scouted by legendary coach Hennes Weisweiler in the 1961/62 season of Oberliga West, staying for 2 seasons, where the team finished tenth in 61/62, and eighth in 62/63. Because of the Bundesliga’s introduction the following year, the club was relegated to Regionalliga West. He then transferred to FK Pirmasens in the 63/64 season of Regionalliga Sudwest, where he played the most games and scored the most goals for a single club, along with finishing second that season. After his transfer to TSC Zweibrücken, <mask> also released his first single as a musician, and began to transition to music. He finished his professional career at PSV Eindhoven, coming 8th in the 1965/66 season. He then continued an amateur career at Tennis Borussia Berlin for 10 years while furthering his music career. In December 1976 From 1992 to 1995, <mask> served as their club president.During this time, <mask> financially supported the club in an attempt to bring it back to the top flight of German Football. During his time there as a player, the club was separated from the Bundesliga due to being in Berlin, and not West Germany, and thus was not allowed to play at the same level it did before the second world war. He loaned a total of 5.8 million Marks throughout his presidency, and was eventually succeeded by Göttinger Gruppe, a now bankrupt investment group. The club has struggled since, and now sits in the 5th tier of German Football, NOVF Oberliga Nord. Statistics

Awards
<mask>’s production work internationally has earned various Music Recording Certification awards for surpassing sales milestones in different countries, both in the German and English market. The European market has given the most awards to these works due to the smaller sales figures required to achieve the milestones compared to the North American market. Production awards
 Branigan (Laura Branigan) – 2 Gold awards, 1 in America and 1 in Canada
 Branigan 2 (Laura Branigan) – 1 Gold award in America
 Self Control (Laura Branigan) – 2 Platinum (Canada and US), 2 Gold (Germany and Hong Kong), 1 Silver (United Kingdom)
 Crazy for You (David Hasselhoff) – 6 Platinum Awards (2 in Austria, 1 in Germany, 3 in Switzerland)
 David (David Hasselhoff) – 4 Platinum Awards (2 in Austria, 1 in Germany, 1 in Switzerland)
 Everybody Sunshine (David Hasselhoff) – 3 Gold (1 in Austria, 1 in Germany, and 1 in Switzerland)
 Looking for Freedom (David Hasselhoff) – 5 Platinum (1 in Austria and Germany, 3 in Switzerland)

Personal awards
The Golden Tuning Fork (Goldene Stimmgabel) was a German music award won by <mask> in 1992 was awarded for high record sales between October 1991 – June 1992, specifically for the Everybody Sunshine album.<mask> was also awarded an honorary Lion by the RTL Group for his work in the European music industry as a producer. References

External links

1940 births
Living people
German record producers
German songwriters
Musicians from Cologne
German footballers
FC Viktoria Köln players
PSV Eindhoven players
Tennis Borussia Berlin players
Association football midfielders
German footballers needing infoboxes
Footballers from Cologne
FK Pirmasens players

masks:
Jack White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
Jack White
Jackson
White
White
White
White
White
White
White
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Jack White
White
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White
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White


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<mask> (1921–1967) was a Congolese politician who twice served as Minister of Justice of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo). He was also a leading figure of the Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT). <mask> was born in 1921 in Vunga, Belgian Congo to a Luba family. After completing his education he took up work at the Élisabethville Parquet. He later co-founded and became secretary-general of BALUBAKAT. He served in the Collége Exécutive Général transitional government before being elected a senator of the newly independent Republic of the Congo in 1960. <mask>.On 5 September he and Lumumba were dismissed by the President. Following harassment by the new authorities, Mwamba fled to Stanleyville and joined a rival regime. Negotiations led to the creation of a new government in August 1961 under Cyrille Adoula and he resumed his work as Minister of Justice. Following his dismissal in July 1962, <mask> joined the parliamentary opposition. He died in 1967. Early life and entry into politics
<mask> <mask> was born in 1921 in Vunga, Belgian Congo. He was a Muluba and a direct descendant of Mutombo Mukulu.He underwent six years of primary education before studying at the Institut Saint-Boniface in Élisabethville for four years, followed by two years of secondary education. Mwamba eventually became chief clerk of the Élisabethville Parquet and a member of the council of the Kenya commune. He also co-founded the Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT) party in 1957 and became its secretary-general. He was a friend and confidant of BALUBAKAT leader Jason Sendwe. Mwamba attended the Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference of January–February 1960 in Brussels as delegate of the BALUBAKAT cartel. The Congolese delegates accepted the offer of the independence of the "Republic of the Congo" on 30 June 1960 from the Belgian government. Mwamba was appointed to a commission established to determine whether Belgium should retain any powers or official responsibilities in the Congo after 30 June.Ultimately the commission decided that the Congolese state should assume all responsibilities of governance. One of the resolutions adopted at the Round Table called for the establishment of a Collége Exécutive Général (General Executive College), a body composed of six Congolese (one from each province) designed to share power with the Governor-general until independence. <mask> served in it on behalf of Katanga. In May 1960 <mask> went to Brazzaville at the invitation of Congo-Brazza President Fulbert Youlou to listen to a proposal for the incorporation of the Republic of the Congo and Congo-Brazza into a larger federation. He unsuccessfully competed for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in the general elections that preceded independence. However, on 12 June he was elected as a non-customary member of the Senate by the Katangese Provincial Assembly. That month he investigated the legitimacy of the elections in Katanga.Minister of Justice

<mask> was appointed to serve as Minister of Justice in the first government of the independent Congo under Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. The government was invested by Parliament on 24 June 1960. He competed with Minister of Interior Christophe Gbenye to assert his authority over the Sûreté Nationale (security police) until Lumumba attached the chief of the organisation to his own office. On 5 July the Congolese garrisons in Léopoldville and Thysville mutinied, triggering a domestic crisis. On 8 July the Council of Ministers convened to discuss reorganisation of the army. Several ministers wanted Joseph-Désiré Mobutu to become the new Commander-in-Chief. <mask> believed he was too young and suggested Victor Lundula for the role.The ministers eventually compromised, accepting Mwamba's recommendation and making Mobutu the army chief of staff. Three days later Mwamba ordered the Procureur général to launch inquiries into the actions of soldiers against Europeans in the province of Kasai. On 28 July he was made a member of a cabinet committee established to coordinate government actions with those of United Nations officials. In early August he went to New York as part of a Congolese delegation to address the UN Security Council. On 5 September President Joseph Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba, Mwamba, and several other members of the government from office. The government was paralyzed by the political battle that ensued, and on 14 September, Colonel Mobutu announced a military takeover and the installation of his own administration. Two days later, Lumumba was placed under house arrest.By October, Lumumba's supporters were convinced that few of their goals could be achieved through the new government. In November Mobutu's troops arrested and harassed several of them, including Mwamba. Antoine Gizenga, the former Deputy Prime Minister, fled to Stanleyville to set up a new pro-Lumumba regime. <mask> attempted to escape to the city with Lumumba and Pierre Mulele. At the Sankuru river Lumumba was separated from his wife and youngest child and, against Mwamba's and Mulele's advice, went back for them and was arrested. <mask> and Mulele spent several days in the bush before reaching Stanleyville. Once there the former was made Minister of Justice in Gizenga's government.In January 1961 Lumumba was executed in the secessionist State of Katanga. His death brought negative opinion of both Katanga and the central government to a climax. Hoping to defuse the situation, the Léopoldville authorities opened serious negotiations with Gizenga's regime. The following month Mwamba toured the declared "Province of Lualaba" in northern Katanga. On 2 August a compromise between the central government and Gizenga's regime resulted in the installation of a new national coalition government under Cyrille Adoula. <mask> returned to his post as Minister of Justice. In late December he accompanied Adoula to Kitona to negotiate with Katangese President Moïse Tshombe.In July 1962 Adoula shuffled his cabinet and Mwamba was dismissed. Later life
Following his removal from the government, Mwamba entered the parliamentary opposition and worked to dislodge Adoula. In 1963 he criticised the creation of Nord-Katanga, a Luba-dominated province split off from the rest of Katanga. Mwamba also called for the BALUBAKAT to revert to the use of one of its earlier names, Parti Progressiste Katangais, to change its ethnic nature and allow it to become a "Pankatangais" party. In March 1964 BALUBAKAT formed a cartel with two other political parties, CONAKAT and AFEKER, to become the ABC. <mask> was elected its president in July. He was later arrested, but was released in August 1965 at the instruction of Kasa-Vubu.He died of a heart attack in Kinshasa in 1967 at the age of 45. Notes

Citations

References

1921 births
1967 deaths
People of the Congo Crisis
Government ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lumumba Government members
People from Sankuru

masks:
Rémy Mwamba
Mwamba
Mwambarice Lumumba
Mwamba
Rémy
Mwamba
Mwamba
Mwamba
Mwamba
Mwamba
Mwamba
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<mask> (born September 20, 1977) is a retired American mixed martial artist. A professional from 1997 until 2016, he competed for the UFC. <mask> attended the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh. <mask> is a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Pedro Sauer. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> compiled an amateur record of 2-1 before making his professional MMA debut in 1998. He then amassed a record of 6-1-2 before being signed by the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
He made his UFC debut at UFC 62, defeating Rob MacDonald by arm-triangle choke, rendering him unconscious at the 2:26 mark of round one.Schafer then lost his next 2 bouts consecutively via TKO to Michael Bisping at UFC 66 and Stephan Bonnar at UFC 77. <mask> next defeated Houston Alexander by arm-triangle choke in the first round on September 17, 2008 at UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs Neer. Schafer won via TKO over Antonio Mendes at UFC 93 on January 7, 2009. He lost to Ryan Bader by unanimous decision (30–27, 29–26, and 30–27) on October 24, 2009 on the undercard of UFC 104. <mask> was defeated by Jason Brilz via unanimous decision on March 21, 2010, at UFC Live: Vera vs. Jones. After this bout he was released from the promotion. Post UFC
In his first fight since being released from the UFC and his first fight at Middleweight Schafer defeated Chris Albandia via submission (triangle choke) in the first round at XFO 41 - Outdoor War 7 on September 3, 2011.Return to the UFC
<mask> returned to the UFC in a Middleweight bout against Aaron Simpson at UFC 136 on October 8, 2011, and lost a unanimous decision. <mask> next faced Jorge Rivera on January 20, 2012 at UFC on FX 1. He lost the fight via TKO in the second round. He was released from the promotion for the third time following this loss. Independent promotions
After being released from the UFC, <mask> faced John Poppie at Madtown Throwdown 29: Unstoppable on January 5, 2013. He won via second round TKO. He then fought <mask> for Chosen Few FC 6, in Madison Wisconsin on 09/19/15.He would win by choke in 2:38 of the first round. His next fight would be his retirement fight against James Austen Heidlage for Choose Few FC 8, in Madison Wisconsin on 04/16/16. <mask> would lose by referee stoppage at 3:01 of the second round.

masks:
Eric John Schafer
Background Schafer
Schafer
Schafer
Schafer
Schafer
Schafer
Schafer
Schafer
Eric Hammerich
Eric


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<mask> is an anthropologist, a National Geographic Emerging Explorer (2013), and a MacArthur Foundation 2017 Fellow. He studies the migration from Latin America to the United States of clandestine migrants crossing the U.S.–Mexico border. <mask> is Professor of Anthropology and Chicana, Chicano, and Central American Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles and Director of the Undocumented Migration Project, a non-profit research/arts/education collective aimed at documenting and raising awareness about migration issues. Since 2009, he has traveled frequently to the Sonoran Desert in Arizona to collect artifacts left behind by migrants trying to gain access to the United States. His Undocumented Migration Project includes more than 9000 objects, some of which are on display at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in Washington D.C. From 2013 to 2017, he co-curated an exhibition of these artifacts and other materials collected by the Undocumented Migration Project in a show called State of Exception that was featured in multiple locations including the Museum of Contemporary Art in Detroit (MOCAD) and the New School in New York City. He is Head Curator of the global participatory exhibition Hostile Terrain 94 that will be installed in 130 locations on six continents in 2021. <mask> is a Mexican-Filipino American Army brat who grew up largely in McAllen, Texas near the Mexican border in the Rio Grande Valley and Long Beach, California.His native language is English and he is also fluent in Spanish. Outside of his academic work, he is a musician who has been involved in various bands and musical projects over the years. He hosted a television show on the Discovery Channel in 2011 called American Treasures. Education
<mask> is a graduate of Wilson High School in Long Beach, California. He received his BA in anthropology in 2001 from the University of California in Los Angeles, CA. He received his MA in 2004 anthropology from Pennsylvania State University, PA where he completed his thesis titled, “Aztec Salt Production in the Basin of Mexico: A Domestic Perspective. He received his PhD in anthropology in 2008 from Pennsylvania State University, where he completed his dissertation titled, "The Lithic Industries of San Lorenzo-Tenochtitlán: An Economic and Technological Study of Olmec Obsidian" on the many years he spent in Mexico excavating obsidian tool artifacts left by indigenous people thousands of years ago.Academic positions
<mask> is currently a Professor of Anthropology and Chicana/o and Central American Studies and is also Affiliate Faculty in the Latin American Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA. From 2008 to 2010 he was a Lecturer in anthropology at the University of Washington. He taught at the University of Michigan from 2010 to 2019. His current research lab is located in the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA. From 2013-2014 he was a Weatherhead scholar at the School for Advanced Research. He is currently President of the Board of Directors for the Colibrí Center for Human Rights. Publications and awards
<mask> has published a book and is currently working on two more including a book tentatively titled "Soldiers and Kings" that traces the lives of several Honduran smugglers moving migrants across Mexico.The book is under contract with Viking Books. He has 22 peer reviewed articles and book chapters, has been involved in dozens of museum works and exhibitions, and has been the recipient of numerous research grants, awards, fellowships and honors, including a 2017-2022 MacArthur Foundation Fellowship. He received the 2016 Margaret Mead Award for his book The Land of Open Graves: Living and Dying on the Migrant Trail, with photos by Michael Wells, which combines the use of ethnography, archaeology, linguistics, and forensic science to document the human consequences of US immigration policy. He is the author of the book The Land of Open Graves: Living and Dying on the Migrant Trail (University of California Press, 2015). The book received the 2016 Margaret Mead Award and the 2018 JI Staley Prize  and has received positive reviews in many media outlets including The New York Times. His scholarly articles have been published in American Anthropologist, Journal of Forensic Sciences, and Journal of Contemporary Archaeology. Areas of interest and study
<mask>’s self-described areas of interest and methods include undocumented migration and deportation, human smuggling, violence, materiality, archaeology of the contemporary, photo-ethnography, and forensic science.His work has been described as a multidisciplinary approach to Latin America to US migration and involves ethnographic analysis of migrant stories, forensic science, and archaeological research. It has also been described as an “intersection of physical geography, cultural geography, and archaeology,” as he uses tools like GPS to document sites. He says that archaeology is “studying the past through material traces." We tend to think these must be ancient things” and asks us to question, “What happens if you think about the archaeology of the recent past, as recently as this morning in some cases”? Undocumented Migration Project (UMP) and Hostile Terrain 94 (HT94)

As Executive Director of the long-term Undocumented Migration Project (UMP) Inc., a 501(c)(3) that began in 2009, <mask> uses fieldwork to “collect, catalogue, and interpret nearly 10,000 objects left in the desert by migrants making the treacherous, undocumented border crossing from Mexico into the United States” and says these objects become artifacts. The UMP project has focused on the last 20 years, but broadened more recently in 2020 to include longer histories of migration, labor, and environmental changes centered on Arizona, which is a main area of undocumented crossings from Mexico; they will conduct interviews and collect oral histories. As part of UMP, <mask> directs Hostile Terrain 94 (HT94), a participatory art project resulting in an exhibition of “3,200 handwritten toe tags that represent migrants who have died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert of Arizona between the mid-1990s and 2019.These tags are geolocated on a wall map of the desert showing the exact locations where remains were found”. HT94 was shown in the US and around the world, debuting a virtual exhibition on July 17, 2020. This exhibition is slated to be installed in 130 locations on six continents through the end of 2021. References

External links

 Undocumented Migration Project

American anthropologists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Pennsylvania State University alumni
University of Michigan faculty

masks:
Jason De León
De León
De León
De León
De León
De León
De León
De León
De León


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<mask> (February 18, 1895 – October 13, 1976) was a woman who claimed to be Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia. She was one of a considerable number of Romanov pretenders who emerged from various parts of the world following the execution of Tsar Nicholas II and his family at Yekaterinberg on July 18, 1918. She stands out, however, as one of very few who claimed to have been Grand Duchess Olga, the Tsar's oldest daughter. She was also known as Maria Bottcher. Purported escape from Russia
By her own account, <mask> survived the execution at Yekaterinberg when a member of the firing squad, whom she identified only as Dimitri K., knocked her unconscious and pretended that she was dead. Dimitri K., who had been a Cossack soldier, replaced her missing corpse with that of a young woman who had been caught stealing from the bodies of the other members of the Imperial family. He later accompanied her to Vladivostok.Boodts claimed that upon her arrival to Vladivostok she was received by a German elite commando, and  from Vladivostok, she reputedly said to have traveled through China and later she was taken by sea to Germany. Re-emergence and life in Europe
Boodts took her surname from <mask>, a German officer whom she married in Berlin on May 5, 1926 and divorced two years later. It was also while living in Germany that she claimed to have traveled to Doorn, the Netherlands, and visited Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859–1941), who recognized her as Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna. He apparently provided her with financial support for the remainder of his lifetime. She recalled that she had also promised the former Kaiser that she would never reveal her Imperial identity, and would "keep the secret of my survival throughout my life". According to Boodts, the former Kaiser choose the daughter of a friend, Baroness Elisabeth von Schevenbach, to pick her up upon her arrival to Hamburg, and asked her to take care and provide Mrs. <mask> with accommodation. Boodts lived with Frau von Schevenbach for a few years at Potsdam, and later moved to Berlin.She also lived in a state near Stralsund, in eastern Germany. Boodts' claim gained further credence from 1957, when she was recognised by Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1896–1978), who was a first cousin of the actual Grand Duchess Olga. He, in turn, introduced Boodts to Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg (1897–1970), a godson of Tsar Nicholas II, who provided her with financial support until his own death in 1970. In 1974, Prince Sigismund remained convinced of Boodts' authenticity. As he told journalists Anthony Summers and Tom Mangold, "we spoke about so many familiar matters that an outsider could not have known about, because they were things that had happened between us two". They maintained correspondence until 1976 when she died. There are 530 letters kept in a private archive in Italy as evidence of that relation.In 1958 Princess Charlotte Agnes of Saxe-Altenburg also visited <mask> <mask>, together with her brother Prince Frederick Ernst of Saxe-Altenburg. Prince Sigismund and Princess Charlotte both provided affidavits that the woman living at Lake Como was indeed Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia. During that period, <mask> is also said to have received financial support from Pope Pius XII. Mother Pascalina Lehnert, governess of Pope Pius XII, declared in 1983 to have witnessed the special meetings between Boodts and the Pope and said that he acknowledged her as the real Grand Duchess Olga of Russia. Living in Lake Como, Boodts remained in relative obscurity for many years and thus managed to avoid the sensational press coverage (and the suspicion of surviving Romanov descendants) that had long plagued her rival Imperial pretender, the notorious Anna Anderson, who claimed to be the Grand Duchess Anastasia. In 1955 she signed a contract with Mondadori editorial of Italy to publish her memoirs "Io Vivo" (I am alive) as a book. In spite of the contract the book was never published in Italy but in Spain in 2011 by Editorial Martinez Roca becoming a sensational editorial success.Close friends of the Grand Duchess blamed The Vatican for interfering with the publication, due to a legal case pending at the Tribunal of First Instance of the Vatican and the alleged Olga Romanov. Again in 1960, when Anna Anderson took her case to the Hamburg Courts,  Boodts decided to make her own claims public. In an interview with United Press International, <mask> insisted that she had seen "her sister Anastasia" executed at Yekaterinberg, and had now come forward in an effort to discredit the "impostor" in Germany. She further stated that she was considering legal action of her own against Anderson, and was willing to "step into the Hamburg Courts to unmask her". <mask>, at that time was very aware that her  benefactor, Prince Sigismund of Prussia, was also a firm supporter of Anderson's claims. Indeed, some of Anderson's strongest opponents (including Lord Mountbatten) cited Prince Sigismund's support of Boodts to discredit him as a witness in the Anderson case. For her own part, Anderson herself once admitted, in a taped interview with journalist Alexis Milukoff, that there was a possibility that <mask> may indeed be her "sister".The two women, however, never met. By contrast, <mask> is alleged to have met up with a far lesser-known Romanov pretender, Suzanna Catharina de Graaff, who claimed to have been the hitherto unknown fifth child of Tsar Nicholas II and his wife, born after an alleged "hysterical pregnancy" in 1903. Mrs de Graaf's son stated that <mask> not only met his mother but acknowledged her claims, because <mask> herself had been old enough to remember the pregnancy in 1903. Both women exchanged correspondence during ten years. When Mrs. de Graaf's son and his wife subsequently visited Boodts themselves, she reportedly "welcomed them as nephew and niece-in-law". In 1960, <mask> also revealed to the press that she was currently working on her memoirs in collaboration with a close friend, Gräfin Brigitte von Harrach. Their ambitious project was described as "a 300-page book containing a number of very important documents allegedly proving, without any shadow of doubt, that she really was the first-born daughter of the Czar".This book was published in September 2012 by Martinez Roca Editorial in Spain. It has an extensive introduction by historian and researcher Marie Stravlo, who found the manuscript in Italy in 2010, together with thirty five thousand documents which supposedly prove that the woman known as <mask> <mask> was indeed Olga Nikolaevna. The book is available in Spanish. In 1975, journalists Anthony Summers and Tom Mangold visited Boodts at her Lake Como villa as part of research for their book, The File on the Tsar. She reportedly declined to speak about herself, or past events, and that "nothing at all emerged from the meeting to support the notion that she was either the Grand Duchess Olga, or even a Romanov". Death
<mask> <mask> died of pneumonia on October 13, in a nursing home at Sala Comacina, Como, Italy, at the purported age of 81 years. It is said that the money for her grave had been set aside by her former benefactor, the Hereditary Grand Duke of  Oldenburg, who had himself died six years earlier.According to the prologue written by historian and researcher Marie Stravlo in the book "Estoy Viva", following directions of Prince Sigismund of Prussia, her gravestone did not bear the name <mask> Boodts but, rather, was inscribed (in German) with text that translated as "In memory of Olga Nikolaevna, 1895-1976, eldest daughter of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia". As there were no direct descendants to pay for its maintenance, the gravestone was destroyed in 1995. In the epilogue of that same book, Marie Stravlo clarifies that Boodts' remains were not placed in a mass grave, as was told in the past. The bones were carefully transferred to another grave, under the supervision and custody of the Italian family that took care of Boodts until she died. Legacy
Boodts' claim to be the Grand Duchess Olga, which was taken seriously by some people during her lifetime, was disproved thirty years later, when archaeological investigation and scientific testing confirmed that all seven members of the Russian imperial family had been murdered at Yekaterinberg in 1918. This was disputed by the Russian Orthodox Church, which requested new DNA testing, authenticating the original findings. On August 23, 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in Yurovsky's memoirs.The archaeologists said the bones are from a boy who was roughly between the ages of ten and thirteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three years old. Anastasia was seventeen years, one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found "shards of a container of sulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber". The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes. See also
Romanov impostors

References

External links
http://elcomercio.pe/edicionimpresa/html/2008-10-11/rusia-mejora-su-imagen.html
http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=7420
http://www.caracol.com.co/nota.aspx?id=18620
http://ad-orientem.blogspot.com/2012/07/patriarch-kyril-announces-new.html

1976 deaths
1895 births
Deaths from pneumonia in Lombardy
Romanov impostors

masks:
Marga Boodts
Marga Boodts
Carlo Boodts
Boodts
Marga
Boodts
Boodts
Boodts
Boodts
Boodts
Boodts
Boodts
Boodts
Boodts
Marga
Boodts
Marga
Boodts
Marga


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<mask> (before 1203–1272), also known as Bartholomew the Englishman and Berthelet, was an early 13th-century scholastic of Paris, a member of the Franciscan order. He was the author of the compendium De proprietatibus rerum ("On the Properties of Things"), dated c.1240, an early forerunner of the encyclopedia and a widely cited book in the Middle Ages. Bartholomew also held senior positions within the church and was appointed Bishop of Łuków in what is now Poland, although he was not consecrated to that position. Early life

Little is known of Bartholomew's early life. He is believed to have been born around the turn of the 13th century to unknown parents. The first record of him was in 1224 in Paris as a teacher, although he is also believed to have studied at Oxford University. Encyclopedia

The work De proprietatibus rerum was written at the school of Magdeburg in Saxonia and intended for the use of students and the general public.Bartholomew carefully notes the sources for the material included, although, at present, it is sometimes impossible to identify or locate some of them. His annotations give a good idea of the wide variety of works available to a medieval scholar. The original Latin work was translated into French in 1372 and a number of manuscripts of the Latin and French versions survive. The work was later printed in numerous editions. John Trevisa produced an English translation in 1397. Extracts were compiled by Robert Steele under the title Medieval Lore: an Epitome (1893). A critical edition of Trevisa's translation appeared in 1988.The work was organized in 19 books. The subjects of the books, in order, are God, angels (including demons), the human mind or soul, physiology, of ages (family and domestic life), medicine, the universe and celestial bodies, time, form and matter (elements), air and its forms, water and its forms, earth and its forms including geography, gems, minerals and metals, animals, and color, odor, taste and liquids. Basil of Caesarea In Hexameron
Bede (673-735). The work by which he was best known in the 13th century was not his History but the works on the Calendar, etc. Jean Beleth
Bernard of Clairvaux
Bestiarium: A collection of early myths on animals; of Eastern origin. There are many different forms of this work. All are founded on Physiologus.Boethius treatise on arithmetic
Callisthenes pseudo: Alexander romance
Cassiodorus  De Septem Disciplinis
Cato the Elder: On Agriculture
Calcidius: A commentary on the Timaeus (dialogue) of Plato
Cicero (107-44 BC). In SOMN. SCIPIONIS. Constantine the African He wrote the Viaticum and the Pantegna  He introduced Arab medicine into Europe through the School of Salerno. Cyprian (died 285). A Syriac astrologer, afterwards Bishop of Antioch, and Martyr in the Diocletian persecution. DAMASCENE (11th century).Quoted by Constantinus Afer. A physician. John Damascene (end of 12th century). An Arab physician. Damascius (c. 533). A Syrian commentator on Aristotle, who took refuge in Persia. Author of a work on wonders quoted by Photius.Pedanius Dioscorides
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite:  De Coelesti Hierarchia, and de divinis nominibus
Aelius Donatus Grammarian. EUFICIUS (c. 600). A disciple of Gregory. Fabius Planciades Fulgentius or Fulgentius of Ruspe grammarian. Galen (131-210). Gilbertus Anglicus An English physician in France; wrote COMPENDIUM MEDICINAE. Pope Gregory I Commentary on Job.HALY The first medical work translated by Constantius Afercanus
HERMES. In ALCHEMIA (not now extant). Hippocrates (460-351 BC). Huguccio (died 1210). A jurisconsult and writer on Grammar. HYGINUS, PSEUDO- (6th century). Writer on Astronomy.  ?Pope Innocent III. (died 1216). Wrote "De Contemptu Mundi," etc. Isaac Israeli ben Solomon (c. 660). An Arab physician, who translated many Greek authors into Arabic. Isidore of Seville (died 636). Bishop of Seville.He wrote a work on Etymology in 20 books, one of the most popular works of the Middle Age. Jacques de Vitry (died 1240). A Crusading Bishop, afterwards Cardinal legate. Wrote an EXEMPLAR, and 3 books of Eastern and Western History. Jerome (340-420). Joseph ben Gorion (). Abridgment of Jewish History containing many legends.Josephus (37-95). Jewish historian. JORATH. DE ANIMALIBUS. A Syriac writer (?). LAPIDARIUM. See MARBODIUS DE GEMMIS.There are many treatises under this name. Pope Leo IX. (1054). See Jacques Paul Migne, Patrologia. Lucan (died 65). One of the most popular Latin poets of the Middle Age. Aemilius Macer (6th century).On THE VIRTUES OF HERBS The extant hexameter poem known as Floridus or De viribus (aut virtutibus) herbarum, traditionally ascribed to Macer, is actually a medieval production by Odo Magdunensis, a French physician. Macrobius (c. 409). His commentary on the  dream of Scipio was a favourite work in Medieval times. Martianus Capella (c. 400). Wrote a poem, THE MARRIAGE OF MERCURY AND PHILOLOGIA, treating of THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS, which was the standard text-book from the 5th century for the schools. Mashallah ibn Athari (c. 1100). METHODIUS, PSEUDO- (8th century).DE AGARINI. Michael Scot (c. 1235). At this time concerned in the translation of some Arabic works on Astronomy, and Aristotle's DE COELO and DE MUNDO DE ANIMA, and HISTORIA NATURALIS with commentaries. MISALATH ASTROLOGUS (?). Papias (lexicographer) (c. 1053). Grammarian. [Milan, 1467, etc.]Perspectiva Sciencia. According to  William Morris this may be Bacon's, Peckham's, or Albertus Magnus', but he favors Peckham. Others say; Alhacen's De Aspectibus, a medieval Latin translation of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics), was  first cited in this compendium, dated about 1240. Petrus Comestor (died 1198). Named MAGISTER HISTORIARUM or Master of Histories, wrote an account of the world from the Creation, which, when translated into French, was called the "Mer des Histoires." A favourite Medieval book. PHILARETUS (1100).A writer on Medicine. date seems wrong here redirects to Theophilus Protospatharius The real Philaretus wrote on pulses
Physiologus. A Syriac compilation of moralities on animal myths. It first appears in Western Europe as THEOBALDUS DE NATURIS XII. ANIMALIUM. Of Alexandrian origin, it dates from before the 4th century, and appears to have been altered at the will of each writer. PLATEARIUS SALERNITANUS (c. 1100) was Johannes, one of a family of physicians at Salerno.His work is called the PRACTICA. A book on the virtues of herbs. [Lugd., 1525, etc.] Plato (430-348 BC). The Timaeus (dialogue) is quoted, probably from Chalcidius. Pliny (died 79). Natural History.This and Isidore's work are the two chief sources of medieval knowledge of Nature. Priscian (c. 525). Grammarian and physicist. Ptolemy (c. 130). An Alexandrian astronomer, known through Arabic translations only at that time. [Ven., 1509, etc.] Rabanus Maurus (776-856) of Fulda, pupil of Alcuin.A Benedictine, afterwards Archbishop of Mayence, who wrote DE UNIVERSO MUNDO. [1468; Col., 1627, etc.] Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (died 935). An Arab physician, perhaps the greatest of the School. [Ven., 1548, etc.] Remigius of Auxerre (died 908). A teacher of Grammar in the School of Paris.His grammar remained in use there four centuries. He wrote a gloss on Marcianus Capella. Richard of Saint Victor (died 1173). A Scottish theologian, Prior of St. Victor. A mystic of considerable acuteness. [Ven., 1506, etc.] Richard Rufus of Cornwall (c. 1225).A Cornishman who was a doctor in great renown, both at Oxford and Paris. He afterwards joined the Franciscans. Robert Grosseteste (died 1253), the celebrated Bishop of Lincoln and patron of Bacon. Taught at Paris and at Oxford. Commentaries on Aristotle. SALUSTIUS (died 363?). DE DIIS ET MUNDO.A geographer. Schola Medica Salernitana (c. 1100). A treatise on the preservation of health in leonine verse for popular use, said to be addressed to Robert of England. It has been translated and commented on hundreds of times. The Middle Age very sensibly thought preservation from disease a branch of medicine equally important with the cure of it. SECUNDUS. A writer on Medicine.4th century used Pliny
Gaius Julius Solinus (c. 100). Wrote an account of things in general—POLYHISTORIA
STEPHANUS (c. 600). Commentary on Galen. Walafrid Strabo (died 847). A Benedictine, Abbot of Reichenau, near Constance. One of the authors of the Gloss. SYMON CORNUBIENSIS (?).Marcus Terentius Varro, M. T. (116-26 BC). Most celebrated grammarian. Virgil (70-19 BC). William of Conches (died 1150). Lectured at Paris, 1139, on Grammar, wrote DE NATURA. Zeno of Cyprus (c. 400), A writer on Medicine, and teacher at Alexandria. Church positions

Bartholomew was elected as Minister of Austria in 1247 and was then elected as Minister of Bohemia in 1255.This appointment included  Poland where he resolved a dispute between Duke Boleslaw and the Cathedral Chapter at Kraków. Pope Alexander IV appointed him as Papal legate north of the Carpathians in 1256 and appointed him as the Bishop of Łuków. However, he was probably not consecrated in that position due to the second Mongol invasion of Poland in 1259. Bartholomew was appointed as Minister at Saxonia in 1262 and served in that position until his death in 1272. He was at some point confused with <mask> de Glanvilla, another Franciscan friar who lived a century later. References
Citations

Bibliography

External links

De proprietatibus rerum, 20 June 1492 edition published by A. Koberger in Nuremberg, held by the Corning Museum of Glass. (Accessed 17 April 2014)
 French translation by Jean Corbechon, Le Propriétaire des choses, (Lyon 1495), scanned by La Bibliothèque d'agglomération de Saint-Omer.French translation by Jean Corbechon, Le Propriétaire des choses, (c. 1500) , scanned by La bibliothèque municipale de Nîmes. Complete text of the English translation by John de Trevisa revised by Stephen Batman, Batman uppon Bartholome his booke De Proprietatibus Rerum, (London 1582), Early English Books Online / University of Michigan

English Franciscans
1272 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
13th-century Latin writers
English male writers
Latin encyclopedists
13th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Poland

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Bartholomaeus Anglicus
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<mask> (; 6 September 1921 – disappeared 16 September 1970) was an Italian investigative journalist. Originally a supporter of Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, <mask> eventually became a journalist with the left-leaning newspaper L'Ora in Palermo. He disappeared in September 1970 and his body has never been found. The disappearance and probable death of the "inconvenient journalist" (giornalista scomodo) – as he became known as a result of his investigative reporting – remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in modern Italian history. Several explanations for <mask>'s disappearance are current. One is related to the death of Enrico Mattei, the president of Italy's state-owned oil and gas conglomerate ENI. Another is that <mask> had discovered a drug trafficking network between Sicily and the United States.A third explanation links his disappearance with the Golpe Borghese, a 1970 foiled right-wing coup d'état. <mask> was apparently convinced that he had got hold of a story of a lifetime and had told colleagues at L'Ora, "I have a scoop that is going to shake Italy." Fascist past
<mask> <mask> was born in 1921 in Foggia, Apulia. His father <mask> <mask> belonged to a reputable family of doctors and pharmacists that had been living in Foggia for several generations. His mother Clementina Rispoli came from Naples and was a math teacher. His younger brother Tullio <mask> (31 March 1932 – 5 January 2017) was a linguist and politician who became Minister of Education in 2000-2001. <mask> was a supporter of the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini.After the armistice with the Allied Forces in September 1943, he choose to follow the hard-line fascist regime of the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, or RSI) in German-held northern Italy. During the German military occupation of Rome in 1943-1944, he was vice-commander of police under the Commander Caruso, informant of Captain Erich Priebke and Colonel Herbert Kappler of the SS. <mask> was also a member of the Koch Band, a special unit of the Home Security in the RSI. Using a variety of aliases, <mask> managed to infiltrate several resistance organizations in Rome and Milan in order to hunt the partisans. <mask> and his wife Elda volunteered to join the Decima MAS, a brutal anti-partisan force under the command of Prince Junio Valerio Borghese, also known as the "Black Prince". He worked for the journal La Cambusa (The Galley) of the propaganda unit of the military formation. <mask> was arrested during the liberation in Milan in April 1945.He escaped from the prison camp Coltano (Tuscany) in December 1945 and took refuge in Naples with his young wife, along with his two daughters, Junia and Franca Valeria (the names referred to Junio Valerio Borghese). Accused of having participated in the Fosse Ardeatine massacre in March 1944 in which 335 people were executed, he was absolved by the court in 1948. Journalist in Sicily

In 1948, <mask> moved to Palermo, Sicily, under an assumed name, and worked for local newspapers such as Il Tempo di Sicilia and Il Mattino di Sicilia. In 1959 he started working for L'Ora, a communist-oriented paper. Other journalists were puzzled about <mask>'s presence at the newspaper, as he had been a supporter of Mussolini until the bitter end and fought in the brutal war against the anti-Fascist partisans. Rumour had it that his nose had been broken by partisans. At L'Ora, <mask> joined a group of crack investigative reporters that included Felice Chilanti and Mario Farinella.From the mid-1950s to the 1970s, the left-leaning newspaper often hit the national spotlight for its investigations and denunciations of ties between corrupt politicians and the Sicilian Mafia. In 1960 <mask> was among the winners of the Premiolino, one of the most important Italian journalism awards, for his crime investigations. <mask> also wrote pieces on drug trafficking and on the Sack of Palermo, the construction boom in the 1950s and 1960s that led to the destruction of the city's green belt and ancient villas. In 1962, <mask> was the first to publish a detailed map of the Mafia, which was confirmed 22 years later by the Mafia pentito (turncoat) Tommaso Buscetta in his testimony to Judge Giovanni Falcone. In January 1962 he published a series of articles in L'Ora disclosing the testimony of Melchiorre Allegra, a medical doctor and a member of the Mafia from 1916 until his arrest in 1937. Upon being arrested, Allegra disclosed his membership and testified about Mafia activities. It was one of the first testimonies about the Mafia from within, but the document had been neglected until <mask> republished it.After these and other revelations, <mask> became a target for the Mafia. "<mask> was a walking corpse," said Buscetta. "Cosa Nostra had been forced to 'forgive' the journalist because his death would arouse too much suspicion, but at the first opportunity he would have to pay for the scoop. The death sentence had only been temporarily suspended." Mattei affair

In 1962, <mask> investigated the mysterious death of Enrico Mattei, the powerful president of Italy's state-owned oil and gas conglomerate ENI, who died in suspicious circumstances in a plane crash on 27 October. During his controversial tenure of ENI, Mattei had tried to break the oligopoly of the "Seven Sisters" (a term Mattei coined to refer to the dominant oil companies of the mid-20th century), and in 1959, in the middle of the Cold War, brokered an oil import deal with the Soviet Union over intense protests from the United States and NATO, while supporting independence movements against colonial powers such as Algeria. The U.S. National Security Council described Mattei as an irritation and an obstacle in a classified report from 1958, while the French could not forgive Mattei for his Algeria involvement.Responsibility for his death has been attributed to the Mafia, the CIA, and the French nationalist group the Organisation armée secrète (OAS). In September 1970, <mask> was again investigating the case upon request of the movie director Francesco Rosi for the movie Il caso Mattei (The Mattei Affair), which would eventually be released in 1972. He was convinced that Mattei's aircraft had been sabotaged and looked into possible links between the Mafia and the crash. Two days before his disappearance, <mask> interviewed Graziano Verzotto, a Christian Democrat politician and former right-hand man of Mattei as head of public relations for ENI. Verzotto knew Mafia boss Giuseppe Di Cristina quite well; he had been best man at <mask>'s wedding. Verzotto had been with Mattei on his airplane the day before it crashed. <mask> was convinced that he had got hold of a story of a lifetime.Before his disappearance he told colleagues at the newspaper L'Ora, “I have a scoop that is going to shake Italy.”

Disappearance

<mask> was kidnapped on the evening of 16 September 1970, while coming back home from work, in the via delle Magnolie in Palermo. In response, thousands of police and Carabinieri, equipped with helicopters and dogs, combed Sicily in vain in search of the reporter. <mask>'s body has never been found, a victim of the so-called lupara bianca, despite intensive search efforts assisted by top-level forces from Rome and even a special investigative committee of the Italian Parliament. Over the years, the investigations into <mask>'s disappearance by the Carabinieri and the police followed widely divergent leads. Colonel Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa and Captain Giuseppe Russo of the Carabinieri were among the first to work on the case. Years later, and in different circumstances, both were murdered by the Mafia. They focused on the lead of drug trafficking.According to them, <mask> would have been a victim of lupara bianca after discovering leads on drug trafficking by the Mafia between Sicily and the U.S. The first inquiries of the police by Bruno Contrada and Boris Giuliano instead focused on the lead of <mask>'s investigations into the death of Mattei, prompted by the disappearance a few pages of notes and a tape of Mattei's last speech from <mask>'s office. The investigations were seriously hampered due to deviations by people within the Italian police and secret services. According to police inspector Giuliano, there was "someone at the ministry in Rome that does not want to go to the bottom of the death of <mask>." According to Giuliano, an order to scale down the investigation was issued by the head of the secret service, Vito Miceli, allegedly involved in the Borghese coup. Miceli had been in contact with the mafiosi Di Cristina and Giuseppe Calderone, who wanted to support the coup, which was scheduled for December 1970. Italian mystery
The disappearance of <mask> remained a mystery and the focus of many speculations.In May 1994, Buscetta declared that the Sicilian Mafia had been involved in the murder of Mattei, and that <mask> had been killed for investigating that murder. According to Buscetta, Mattei was killed at the request of the American Mafia because his oil policies had hurt U.S. interests in the Middle East. The American Mafia in turn was possibly doing a favour to the Seven Sisters. Buscetta claimed that Mattei's death was organized by Mafia bosses Di Cristina, Salvatore Greco "Ciaschiteddu", and Stefano Bontade at the request of Angelo Bruno, a Sicilian born Mafia boss from Philadelphia. Gaetano Iannì, another pentito, declared that a special agreement had been reached between the Sicilian Mafia and "some foreigners" for the elimination of Mattei, which was organized by Di Cristina. These statements triggered new inquiries, including the exhumation of Mattei's corpse. Buscetta claimed that Bontade organized <mask>'s kidnap, because his investigations into the death of Mattei came very close to the Mafia, and to Bontade in particular.Another pentito, Francesco Di Carlo, declared in 2001 that <mask> was killed because he had learned that one of his former fascist friends, Prince Borghese, was involved in the planned 1970 coup with like-minded army officers, determined to stop what they considered as Italy's drift to the left. Yet another pentito, Rosario Naimo, who started to collaborate with the Italian authorities after his arrest in October 2010, said that the journalist was killed because of his investigative reporting that damaged the Mafia. The order for <mask>'s killing came from the heads of the Sicilian Mafia Commission, Bontade, Gaetano Badalamenti and Salvatore Riina, according to Di Carlo and Buscetta. Both Di Carlo and Naimo say that <mask> was kidnapped by Emanuele D'Agostino, a mafioso from Bontade's Santa Maria di Gesù crime family. According to Di Carlo, the remains of <mask> were buried under a bridge over the Oreto River near Palermo. However, the police, after a search, did not find the body. The pentito Francesco Marino Mannoia later claimed that he had been ordered by Bontade in 1977 or 1978 to dig up several bodies at the bridge and dissolve them in acid.According to the new testimony of Naimo, <mask> was taken to a terrain in Pallavicino neighbourhood in Palermo where the Mafia boss Francesco Madonia owned a chicken farm. He was killed there and dumped in a pit. 2006 murder trial

In 2001, as a result of the declarations of Di Carlo, the judicial inquiry was reopened. In April 2006, more than 35 years after <mask>'s disappearance, the trial on his murder started at the Court of Palermo with the former Mafia boss of bosses Riina as the only remaining defendant. (D'Agostino and Bontate were killed by Riina's Corleonesi in the Second Mafia War; Badalamenti died in a US prison in April 2004.) In 2011 the new Mafia turncoat Naimo testified at the trial saying that the journalist was killed by the Mafia on the orders of Riina. The "inconvenient journalist" (giornalista scomodo), as <mask> had become known, was kidnapped and killed because the Mafia and their backers wanted to know his sources of confidential and potentially devastating information, public prosecutor Antonio Ingroia told the court in his closing speech in March 2011."The death sentence on <mask> was passed because of a convergence of two elements," Ingroia said. Riina, Bontade and Badalamenti decided to eliminate <mask> because he was about to go public about Mattei's 1962 murder as a result of research for Francesco Rosi's landmark movie, as well as the fact the journalist had uncovered the plans for staging the Mafia-backed far-right Borghese coup d'état, thanks to his former wartime Fascist connections. "<mask> was very busy piecing together the elements of the plot, and his death stopped it being uncovered," according to Ingroia. "The other 'convergent' element in his death was the fact that he knew, from its inception, about the subversive project involving spies, neofascists and Mafia groups," to stage the Borghese Coup," Ingroia said. "From his sources in neofascist circles, from his past in Prince Junio Valerio Borghese's crack Decima Mas unit, as well as from tip-offs from Mafia boss Emanuele D'Agostino, he knew something was in the offing". The "preventive crime" might even have had other motives, such as other events that concerned the "friends in Rome" of the Corleonesi headed by Riina, as emerged from documents retrieved from the former mayor of Palermo, Vito Ciancimino. Cosa Nostra was behind the murder of <mask>, but there were other backgrounds and individuals, allied with the Mafia, such as deviated freemasons and corrupt public officials."<mask> was not killed out of revenge, but to prevent harm to the Mafia. The Mafia did not just execute instructions of others, but also because his investigations affected Cosa Nostra itself and other powers associated with it," according to Ingroia. He said the investigations for the trial had unearthed an "institutional cover-up" in the initial probe into <mask>'s disappearance. Mystery continues
On 10 June 2011, Riina was acquitted of charges for ordering the kidnap and killing of <mask> by the Court in Palermo because of insufficient evidence. "It's certainly a surprise, but we'll see the reasons for this ruling," said Franca <mask>, daughter of the journalist. "I am very upset because after 40 years we still have no answer about what happened that day." In their explanation of the ruling that became public in August 2012, the judges of the Court of Palermo decided that <mask> had died because he had gone too far in his quest for the truth about the last hours of Mattei in Sicily.They pointed to Graziano Verzotto as a possible man behind the killing of <mask> and Mattei, but without a clear conviction. Verzotto had died in June 2010. The prosecution, which had requested a further life term for Riina, appealed against the acquittal. The appeal trial began in April 2013. On 27 January 2014, the Palermo Appeal Court confirmed the acquittal of Riina. The court was convinced of the involvement of Cosa Nostra in <mask>'s murder, but attributed the murder to the group that was headed by Stefano Bontade and identified the likely motive in the discovery by the journalist of important facts about the death of ENI president Enrico Mattei. There was insufficient evidence for the involvement of Riina, due to contradictory evidence, lack of clarity of the evidence gathered and conflicting statements by government witnesses, in particular those of Di Carlo.In June 2015, Riina was absolved by the court of last instance, the supreme Court of Cassation. The evidence collected by the prosecution did not allow to establish a direct or indirect role of the accused in the crime. The Court concluded, however, that <mask> most likely had been killed by the Mafia because he knew of their involvement in Enrico Mattei's death, rather than the Borghese coup attempt. <mask>'s disappearance and likely death remains one of the unsolved mysteries in Italian history. The Sicilian writer Leonardo Sciascia once summarized the puzzle of <mask>'s death: "He said the right thing to the wrong man and the wrong thing to the right man." See also
Enrico Mattei
Golpe Borghese
List of journalists killed in Europe
Lists of people who disappeared
List of unsolved murders
List of victims of the Sicilian Mafia

References

 Arlacchi, Pino (1996). Addio Cosa Nostra: i segreti della mafia nella confessione di Tommaso Buscetta, Milan: Rizzoli,
 Servadio, Gaia (1976).Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg
Woodhull, Nancy J. & Robert W. Snyder (eds.) (1998),  Journalists in peril, New Brunswick (NJ): Transaction Publishers,

External links
 , Ordine dei Giornalisti di Sicilia, 15 February 2006
 <mask> <mask> , Ordine dei Giornalisti della Lombardia

1921 births
1970 deaths
1970s missing person cases
20th-century Italian journalists
Antimafia
Assassinated Italian journalists
Italian male journalists
Male murder victims
Missing person cases in Italy
People from Foggia
People murdered by the Sicilian Mafia
Unsolved murders in Italy
20th-century Italian male writers

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<mask> (c. 10017 March 45 BC) was a professional Roman soldier in the late Roman Republic. He served as tribune of the Plebs in 63 BC. Although remembered as one of Julius Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul, mentioned frequently in the accounts of his military campaigns, Labienus chose to oppose him during the Civil War and was killed at Munda. He was the father of Quintus Labienus. Biography

Early career
As his praetorship was in 60 or 59 BC, <mask>us most likely was born around 100 BC. Many sources suggest that he came from the town of Cingulum in Picenum. His family was of equestrian status.He most likely had early ties with Pompey during his time as a patron for Picenum and his desire to rise in military rank. His early service was c. 78–75 BC in Cilicia under Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus fighting pirates and the Isaurian hill tribes. Tribune of the Plebs, Trial of Gaius Rabirius
In 63 BC, <mask>us was a tribune of the Plebs with close ties to Pompey. Gaius Julius Caesar was also working closely with Pompey and therefore he and Labienus occasionally cooperated. These interactions were the seed that eventually developed into a friendship between Labienus and Caesar. At Caesar's instigation, Labienus accused Gaius Rabirius of high treason (perduellio) for the murder of the tribune Lucius Appuleius Saturninus and of his uncle <mask>us in 100 BC. The purpose of this trial was to discredit the so-called "final decree of the Senate" (senatus consultum ultimum), an emergency measure of the senate commonly used against the Populares and the Roman assemblies.Labienus used the antiquated procedure of the duumviri, used in the early republic, against Rabirius. The procedure bypassed normal criminal law and Rabirius would be tried without defense. Since tribunes were sacrosanct, it was seen as an act against the gods to kill one. Thus punishment of the culprit was seen as more of a cleansing to appease the gods. The killing was seen as a pollution so profound that a normal criminal trial was unnecessary and immediate cleansing was necessary to avoid the wrath of the gods. The duumviri were assigned to accuse under the pretense of obvious guilt and cleanse the culprit through scourging. Rabirius appealed to the Centuriate Assembly and Cicero spoke in his defense.However, before the assembly could vote, Metellus Celer used his powers as an augur to claim the sightings of bad omens and take down the flag in Janiculum. This postponed the trial. Rabirius was ultimately sentenced to exile, as he was unable to pay an unreasonable fine. In the same year Labienus carried a plebiscite returning the elections of the pontifices to the people. This indirectly secured for Caesar the dignity of Pontifex Maximus, by his act of supporting Labienus in this cause (Dio Cassius xxxvii. 37). Labienus was more a soldier than politician, and primarily used his office as a gateway to secure himself positions of high military command.After his term as tribune, Labienus served as Caesar's legate (second-in-command) in Gaul, meaning he took Caesar's place whenever he went to Rome. Lieutenant under Caesar in Gaul
As Caesar's senior legate during his campaign in Gaul Labienus was the only legate mentioned by name in Caesar's writings about his first campaign. He was a skilled cavalry commander and could be considered a military genius. Labienus commanded the winter quarters in Vesontio in 58 BC. He also had full command of the legions in Gaul during Caesar's absence, as his legatus pro praetore. He had this privilege when Caesar was administering justice in Cisalpine Gaul as well as during Caesar's second campaign in Britain (in 54 BC). In 57 BC, during the Belgian campaign, in a battle against the Atrebates and Nervii near Sabis, Labienus, commanding the 9th and 10th legions, defeated the opposing Atrebates force and proceeded to take the enemy camp.From there he sent the 10th Legion against the rear of the Nervii line while they were engaged with the rest of Caesar's army, single-handedly turning the tide of battle and securing Caesar the victory. Labienus is also credited with the defeat of the Treviri under Indutiomarus. Labienus spent days with his army fortified in their camp, while Indutiomarus harassed him daily in an attempt at intimidation and demoralization. Labienus waited for the right moment, when Indutiomarus and his forces were returning to their camp disorganized, to send out his cavalry through two gates. He gave them the orders to first kill Indutiomarus, then his trailing forces on their return. Labienus's men were successful, and with the death of their leader, the Treviri army scattered. The Treviri forces later regrouped under relatives of Indutiomarus and moved upon Labienus, setting up camp across the river from his legions, waiting for reinforcements from the Germans.Labienus feigned a withdrawal, enticing the Treviri to cross the river, after which he turned around and had his men attack. Being in such a disadvantageous position, the Treviri forces were shattered. After hearing this, the German reinforcements turned around. Labienus's victory over the Parisii at Lutetia in the Battle of Lutetia is another example of his tactical genius. Sending five cohorts back towards Agedincum, and himself crossing the Sequana River with three legions, he tricked the enemy into thinking that he had divided his army and was crossing the river in three places. The enemy army split into thirds and pursued Labienus. The main body met Labienus which he subsequently surrounded with the rest of his legions.He then annihilated the reinforcements with his cavalry. In September, 51 BC, Caesar made Labienus governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Defection from Caesar, command under Pompey in Civil War
After Caesar crossed the Rubicon, Labienus left his post in Cisalpine Gaul and joined Pompey. He was rapturously welcomed on the Pompeian side, bringing some Gallic and German cavalry with him. He also brought an account on Caesar's military strength. In the book, Biography of <mask>, Caesar's Lieutenant in Gaul, Tyrrell notes that modern historians describe Labienus's actions as a defection from Caesar, and do not hesitate to call him a "deserter" or "renegade", possibly due to their liking for Caesar. Tyrrell recognizes that in the end, Labienus can be described as a man who "joined the legitimate government in its struggle against a revolutionary proconsul who placed his own dignitas above his country" (Tyrrell, 36).Tyrrell points out, however, that "Labienus had proved on every occasion his capacity for independent command. He could easily have felt himself Caesar's equal in the field. Although a praetorius since 59 or 58, a consulship with its subsequent provincial army was not forthcoming. The consulship with Caesar, even if seriously planned, would not have altered the balance of power between them. Antonius' election to the augurate, the first step to the consulship, showed the direction of Caesar's purposes. Caesar's enemies held out a new opportunity to gain an army. Three years later he could boast that he had won the loyalty of his troops (BAf.19.3)." Beyond that, we cannot go.". Pompey made Labienus commander of the cavalry (magister equitum). Labienus attempted to persuade Pompey to face Caesar in Italy and not retreat to Hispania (Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal) to regroup, insisting that Caesar's army was thin and weakened after his campaign in Gaul. But Labienus's ill fortune under Pompey was as marked as his success had been under Caesar. From the defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus, where he commanded the cavalry, he fled to Corcyra, and after hearing of the death of Pompey then proceeded to Africa. He created confidence in the followers of Pompey by lying to them, claiming that Caesar had received a mortal wound at the Battle of Pharsalus.He was able through sheer force of numbers to inflict a slight check upon Caesar at the Battle of Ruspina in 46 BC. By arranging his troops into dense formations, he tricked Caesar into thinking he had only foot soldiers, and was able to rout Caesar's cavalry and surround his army. However, Labienus was unable to defeat Caesar's forces, and was compelled to leave the field. After the defeat at the Battle of Thapsus, he joined the younger Gnaeus Pompeius in Hispania. Death came to Labienus in the Battle of Munda, an evenly matched conflict between the armies of Caesar and the sons of Pompey. King Bogud, an ally of Caesar, approached the Pompeians with his army from the rear. Labienus was commanding the Pompeians' cavalry unit at the time, and seeing this, took the cavalry from the front lines to meet him.The Pompeian legions misinterpreted this as a retreat, became disheartened and began to break. Pompeians suffered massive casualties during the rout. This defeat ended Caesar's Civil War. Labienus was killed during the rout. According to Appian, (BC2.105), his head was brought to Caesar. Caesar then dispatched men to locate the body of his old friend, and buried Labienus with full honours. Fictional accounts
Labienus is featured in The Gods of War, a novel by British author Conn Iggulden, though in a much reduced role, as his historical position as Caesar's second-in-command is filled instead by Marcus Junius Brutus, whose relationship with Caesar is conversely greatly expanded.He was also an important minor character in the earlier Masters of Rome novels by Australian author Colleen McCullough. In these, his first appearance is in the Trial of Rabirius, but this is placed rather later in the political year than it is usually stated as having been, orchestrated by Caesar as a reaction to Cicero's decision to have several Catiline conspirators executed without trial while the "Senatus Consultum Ultimum" is in force - rather than as a prior warning against such an action before the decree was even in place. He then falls on hard times because he had drawn the disfavour of Pompey for having an affair with his Picentine wife Mucia Tertia. He is portrayed latterly as a very capable but fierce and cruel soldier and commander, whose brilliance wins battles in Gaul, but whose brutality went some way towards alienating Caesar's Gallic allies and thus causing the battles in the first place. McCullough takes a somewhat different interpretation of the events, and has Caesar shunning Labienus, instead of Labienus defecting to Pompey. In the novels, Caesar disowns Labienus when it comes to civil war, not wanting him on his side because he is too cruel and unpredictable. Labienus was also featured in the BBC One docudrama Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire.Labienus is a significant character in S.J.A. Turney's series 'Marius' Mules'. See also
 Labiena (gens)

Notes

References
Caesar's Bellum Africum
Caesar's Bellum Civile
Caesar's Bellum Gallicum
Cassius Dio's Roman History

Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares
Sextus Julius Frontinus
Tyrrell, William B. Biography of <mask>, Caesar's Lieutenant in Gaul. Diss. Michigan State Univ., 1970. 10 May 2007 <http://www.msu.edu/~tyrrell/Labienus.pdf >.100 BC births
Year of birth uncertain
45 BC deaths
1st-century BC Romans
Ancient Roman generals
Ancient Roman soldiers
People of the Roman Republic
Roman generals killed in action
Roman governors of Hispania
Roman legates
Roman people of the Gallic Wars
Roman Republican praetors
Tribunes of the plebs
Labieni

masks:
Titus Labienus
Titus Labien
Titus Labien
Titus Labien
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Titus Labienus