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Rev. <mask> (1731–1802) was an early New England Congregational minister, born in Connecticut, and subsequently the pastor of churches in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, both of which dismissed him from his posts. Several of Rev. Leavitt's descendants became among the most noted abolitionists of their day, even though he himself was dismissed from one pastorate for allegedly abusing his runaway slave, and from another for his Loyalist sentiments. Early life and career beginnings

<mask> was born on January 11, 1731, in Suffield, Massachusetts, the son of Lieutenant <mask>  and his wife Mary Thomas (Winchell) Leavitt. <mask> was one of three children of Lieut. <mask> and his second wife.The family was among the earliest settlers of Suffield, and were prosperous, his father Lieut. Leavitt a well-to-do farmer and officeholder. But before Rev. Leavitt was two years old, his father, a brother and a sister all perished of disease within three days of each other. Nevertheless, Rev. Leavitt and two of his brothers attended Yale College. His sister Jemima Leavitt married Capt.David Ellsworth, and became mother of Chief Justice of the United States and Founding Father Oliver Ellsworth. <mask> graduated from Yale College in 1758  and afterwards was ordained minister  of Walpole, New Hampshire, on May 27, 1761. On the occasion of his ordination, Rev. Leavitt's brother Rev. Freegrace <mask>, a fellow Congregationalist minister, preached the installation sermon – at a local home as Walpole's meeting house had yet to be built. The formal rigor of Congregationalism was in full bloom in Walpole, as elsewhere across the New England states. Rev.Leavitt wore a large, full-powdered wig, "and when he entered the meeting-house, the whole congregation rose to do obeisance to the man in black, who, in his turn, always responded with a full bow." Trailing the prime minister was his wife, Sarah (Hooker) <mask>, great-granddaughter of Rev. Thomas Hooker, Puritan divine and founder of the state of Connecticut. Mrs. Leavitt was gotten up in "full suit of brocade lutestring, without any bonnet, holding a fan to shade the sun from her face, as was the fashion 'down country.'" Leavitt's initial pay at Walpole was set at £75 sterling, and, as was the custom of the day, the financial terms of his contract were carefully delineated – with annual raises in pay stipulated in the document, as well as free use of a minister's house lot. But Leavitt's tenure was apparently tenuous from the start. Within three years, he was dismissed by the new congregation.Although the exact reason is unclear, the new Reverend was said to have been spotted being cruel to a slave. "It is handed down that, having dragged home a negro slave, a woman, who had run away, by a rope attached to his saddle", according to a history of Walpole, "[prominent local citizen] Colonel Bellows declared that such cruelty should not be submitted to; that he had settled Parson Leavitt, and now he would unsettle him. Ministers, however, were not got rid of so easily in those days. Being settled for life, they had rights which they well understood; and it is plain that some considerable diplomacy was required to shake Mr. Leavitt off." Departure from Walpole and arrival in Massachusetts

On May 17, 1764, on the eve of a town meeting called to discuss Leavitt's tenure – and his act of cruelty towards his slave  – the minister suddenly accepted a payment from the townsmen for services rendered and agreed to depart. Two years later, in 1767, Rev. Leavitt secured an appointment as the minister of Charlemont, Massachusetts, in the mountainous northwestern corner of the state.The congregation in the Berkshires was looking for a minister to pastor the town's first church, and Leavitt was selected. But the imperious Leavitt once again got into trouble with his congregation. After arriving with his family to an auspicious beginning, Leavitt's Loyalist sentiments began to rub his congregants the wrong way. The matter of wardrobe might have complicated things. "Mr. Leavitt dressed in the costume of his day", noted a fellow minister. "He wore a great white wig and a cocked up hat, and made a dignified appearance. He would do more execution with one nod of his wig, than you or I could in talking half an hour."Another ministerial colleague noted that Rev. <mask>'s sermons "are not fresh and beautiful by the imagination, not ardent and overflowing with love, but didactic, dry, and clean, and very long. His services were delivered in a dull monotony, and his prayers were incredibly long, in public and in family devotions." Aside from matters of dress, comportment and diction, Leavitt possessed another trait which apparently sealed his fate: he was enamored with English colonial rule – a delicate subject anywhere in the American colonies, but especially among the hardscrabble rural settlers attempting to scratch a living from the Berkshire hill country. Whether because his congregants were hard-pressed, or because they objected to Leavitt's sympathies with mother England, they held back his pay. One rumor, never proved, was that the Reverend personally confiscated the only cows belonging to two of his poorer parishioners to pay his back salary. Departure from another church, later life and legacy

By 1777 matters came to a head.Leavitt refused to accept his salary in rapidly depreciating colonial currency. So the town voted to simply shut the church. A constable was dispatched to bar the offending reverend. But Leavitt would not be deterred. He moved his services to the town schoolhouse, where he continued to preach his long sermons for almost another decade. On April 15, 1785, he was finally turned out by the town, and his schoolhouse sermons came to an end. He then sued his parishioners for his back wages, as well as his loss on the depreciated colonial currency.Ultimately the litigious reverend was awarded some £700, and retired to his home in nearby Heath, Massachusetts. Rev. <mask>tt spent the rest of his life at his home in Heath, and retired from the ministry. His wife, the former Sarah Hooker, died at Heath on October 11, 1791, when a daughter gave her the wrong medicine. Her husband Rev. Leavitt died on September 9, 1802, aged 71. In the year before his death, in 1801, Rev.<mask> published a book entitled The New Covenant and the Church's Duty. The couple had 12 children – 11 sons and an only daughter. The daughter was Clarissa, who died unmarried; his sons were <mask>, Hart, Joshua, David, Roger, Erastus, Roswell, Thomas, Samuel, Horatio, and Hooker. <mask>, the eldest son of Rev. <mask>, became a prominent Greenfield, Massachusetts, attorney, judge, state senator and businessman. Two grandchildren became ministers – one of them was the noted abolitionist publisher and editor Rev. <mask>, whose brothers Roger Hooker Leavitt and Hart Leavitt operated Underground Railroad stations to shelter escaped slaves on their journeys north to Canada.A great-grandson of Rev. <mask>tt, John Hooker Leavitt, became an Iowa banker, and later published a book in 1904, two years before his death, about his controversial ancestor. Written by the banker's brother William Hooker <mask>, a Minneapolis businessman, the slim volume was titled A Sketch of the Life and Character of Rev. <mask>tt, the first Minister of Charlemont, Mass. In it the two sibling descendants attempted to portray their ancestor as a misunderstood and complicated man. See also

Joshua Leavitt
Roger Hooker Leavitt
Hart Leavitt
John Hooker Leavitt
<mask>tt
Oliver Ellsworth

References

Further reading
 A Sketch of the Life and Character of Rev. <mask>tt, the first Minister of Charlemont, Mass., by William H<mask>, published by John H<mask>, Waterloo, Iowa, 1904

External links
 Gravestone of Lieut.<mask>, father of Rev. <mask>, died October 22, 1732, Old Burying Ground, Suffield, Connecticut, smugmug.com
 Photographs (<mask>tt), Colonial Clergyman. Ambrotype photograph of an illustration of Rev. <mask>tt family
People from Walpole, New Hampshire
People from Charlemont, Massachusetts
Yale College alumni
18th-century Congregationalist ministers
People from Heath, Massachusetts

masks:
Jonathan Leavitt
Jonathan Leavitt
Joshua Leavitt
Jonathan Leavitt
Leavitt
Jonathan Leavitt
Leavitt
Leavitt
Leavitt
Jonathan Leavi
Jonathan Leavitt
Jonathan
Jonathan Leavitt
Jonathan
Joshua Leavitt
Jonathan Leavi
Leavitt
Jonathan Leavi
Jonathan Leavi
Jonathan Leavi
. Leavitt
. Leavitt
Joshua Leavitt
Jonathan Leavitt
Jonathan Leavi
Jonathan Leavivi


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<mask> (; Japanese name: , ; born November 3, 1947) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Hawaii since 2013. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Hirono served as a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1981 to 1995 and as Hawaii's ninth lieutenant governor from 1994 to 2002, under Ben Cayetano. The Democratic nominee for governor of Hawaii in 2002, <mask> was defeated by Republican Linda Lingle. From 2007 to 2013, she served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district. <mask> is the first elected female senator from Hawaii, the first Asian-American woman elected to the Senate, the first U.S. senator born in Japan, and the nation's first Buddhist senator. She considers herself a non-practicing Buddhist and is often cited with Hank Johnson as the first Buddhist to serve in the United States Congress.She is also the third woman to be elected to Congress from Hawaii (after Patsy Mink and Pat Saiki). In 2012, <mask> was the Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by the retirement of Daniel Akaka. <mask> won the election, defeating Lingle in a landslide, 63% to 37%. She was sworn in on January 3, 2013, by Vice President Joe Biden. <mask> was the only person of Asian ancestry serving in the U.S. Senate from 2013 until 2017, when senators Tammy Duckworth and Kamala Harris were sworn in, representing Illinois and California, respectively. Although Brian Schatz joined the Senate a week before Hirono, following the death of Daniel Inouye, making him Hawaii's senior senator, Hirono's three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives make her the dean, or longest-serving member overall, of Hawaii's congressional delegation. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on November 3, 1947, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan to Laura Chie Satō, a Japanese American, and <mask> Matabe, a Japanese veteran of World War II.<mask>'s maternal grandfather, Hiroshi Satō, immigrated to Hawaii to work on a sugar plantation at the age of 16; her grandmother, Tari Shinoki, immigrated to Hawaii as a picture bride. After finding plantation work difficult, the couple opened a bathhouse on River Street in Honolulu in 1928. The couple had a daughter, Laura Chie, in 1924, and a son, Akira. In 1939, Tari returned to Japan with the teenaged Laura and Akira; Hiroshi remained in Hawaii to run the bathhouse for two more years before joining his family in 1941. Laura felt out of place in Japan as one of the many Nisei Japanese Americans who emigrated with their returning Issei parents (barred from US citizenship or land ownership) before World War II and during the Great Depression. But although her brother returned to Hawaii after the war, she remained in Japan and married a veterinarian, <mask> Matabe, in 1946. Laura moved with her husband to southern Fukushima, and had three children, Roy, <mask>, and Wayne.<mask>, the middle child, was the only surviving daughter. <mask>'s father, Matabe, was a compulsive gambler and alcoholic who pawned even his wife's possessions for gambling money. Treated "like a slave" by her in-laws, <mask>'s mother finally left the abusive marriage in 1951. Laura later recounted her point of decision: "My brother sent money to buy a school uniform for my son. My husband took the money, went to town and never came back home. It was getting closer to the start of school, so I went to look for him. I found out he had ordered an overcoat for himself with the money.He didn't need an overcoat in the spring. That's when I made up my mind to leave." After telling her in-laws she was going to take her children to school in her hometown, Laura left the house, never to return. Selling her clothes to pay the rail fare, she and the children moved back to her parents' home. Laura said, "My husband never came around once; my parents were supportive and took all of us in. My mother gave us money. I guess it all boils down to love."The Satō-<mask> family decided to return to Hawaii, but under the U.S. quota system Tari and Hiroshi, as Japanese nationals without American citizenship or professional status, could not go with Laura, an American citizen. Thus the family was separated, with three-year-old Wayne staying behind with his grandparents and Laura returning to Honolulu on her own with <mask> and Roy in March 1955. After two years of hard work, she brought her parents and youngest son to Hawaii in 1957. "She determined that she had to get away [from her husband]...she wanted to put thousands of miles between them", <mask> said of her mother. "That took a lot of courage. I always tell my mom there is nothing I can do—hard as it is to be in politics...harder than what she did." After first living with <mask>'s uncle Akira, the family moved into a rooming house on Kewalo Street in Honolulu with one room, one table, three chairs and one bed.Laura recalled, "<mask> and Roy slept on the bed. I slept on the floor with a futon. The landlady was so nice. The rent was $35, but she charged us less because I didn't have a job." Laura began working for the Hawaii Hochi as a typesetter and also three nights a week for a catering company. <mask> worked in the school cafeteria and had a paper route. Though money was tight and the family was forced to move often, Laura kept them together.<mask> recalled that she and her brother used to get a dime once or twice a week from their mother. "We both had baseball piggy banks. My older brother spent all his dimes but I saved mine. But one day I came home and the dimes were gone. My mother had to use it to buy food." Hirono never saw her father again, and he has since died. Laura became a newspaper proofreader in 1961 and retired from the Hawaii Newspaper Agency in 1986; Roy became a Hawaiian Electric supervisor.Wayne drowned in 1978, aged 26. <mask>'s grandfather Hiroshi died in 1989, and her grandmother Tari died in 2000 at age 99. Raised in Honolulu, Hirono became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1959, the year Hawaii became a state. She attended Kaahumanu Elementary and Koko Head Elementary Schools. She graduated from Kaimuki High School, which at the time of her attendance had a predominantly Japanese American student body. Hirono then enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, graduating Phi Beta Kappa with a B.A. in psychology in 1970.She left Hawaii to attend Georgetown University Law Center, where she obtained her J.D. degree in 1978. <mask> then returned to Honolulu, where she practiced law. Hawaii House of Representatives (1981–1994)

Elections
In 1980 <mask> was elected to Hawaii's 12th House district in a multi-member district with Democratic State Representative David Hagino. Hawaii eliminated multi-member districts, and after redistricting she ran for Hawaii's 20th House district and won. After redistricting again in 1984, she ran for the newly redrawn Hawaii's 32nd House district and won. In 1992, after redistricting, she ran in the newly redrawn Hawaii's 22nd House district.She won the three-candidate Democratic primary with 91% of the vote. She won the general election and served only one term in the 22nd district before retiring in 1994 to run for statewide office. Tenure
From 1980 to 1994 Hirono served in the Hawaii House of Representatives, passing more than 120 laws. She was honored by a coalition of leaseholders as Legislator of the Year in 1984. Committee assignments
From 1987 to 1992 she was Chair of the Consumer Protection and Commerce Committee. Lieutenant governor (1994–2002)

Elections

1994
<mask> ran for lieutenant governor of Hawaii and won the Democratic primary, defeating fellow State Representative Jackie Young 65%–26%. In the general election she defeated three other candidates: Danny Kaniela Kaleikini (Best Party), State Representative Fred Hemmings (Republican Party), and Jack Morse (Green Party), 37%–31%–29%–4%.1998
<mask> ran for reelection in 1998. She was challenged in the primary by Nancy L. Cook and defeated her, 89%–11%. In the general election <mask> defeated Republican State Senator Stan Koki 50%–49%, a difference of 5,254 votes. Tenure
In 1994 Hirono joined the ticket of incumbent Lieutenant Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano and was elected to a historic administration led by the first Filipino American governor and first Japanese immigrant lieutenant governor. During her tenure as lieutenant governor, she was president of the National Commission on Teaching, America's Future, and the Hawaii Policy Group. She also spearheaded the first-in-the-nation comprehensive Pre-Plus program, a precursor to universal preschool education in the United States. 2002 gubernatorial election

<mask> originally wanted to run for mayor of Honolulu in a potential 2002 special election created by the vacancy of incumbent Mayor Jeremy Harris, who was planning to resign in order to run for governor of Hawaii.But due to internal controversies, Harris dropped out of the gubernatorial election and remained mayor for another two years. <mask> switched races. <mask> maneuvered to gain the support of potential Harris voters in her challenge against former State House Majority Leader Ed Case. Throughout the primary campaign, <mask> and Case polled almost equally. <mask> defeated Case in the September 21 Democratic primary, 41%–40%, a difference of 2,613 votes. A few weeks later, Republican nominee and Mayor of Maui Linda Lingle defeated Hirono 52–47%, becoming Hawaii's first female governor. U.S. House of Representatives (2007–2013)

Elections

2006

On September 23, <mask> ran for  being vacated by incumbent Ed Case.The Democratic primary was very competitive. There were ten candidates, seven of whom served in the Hawaii Legislature. <mask>'s advantage was that she was the only candidate who had held statewide office and as a result had the most name recognition. She also raised the most money, mostly because of the endorsement of EMILY's List, and lent her own campaign $100,000. She won with a plurality of 22% of the vote. State Senator Colleen Hanabusa finished second with 21%, 845 votes short of <mask>. In the general election <mask> defeated Republican State Senator Bob Hogue, 61%–39%.2008

<mask> won reelection to a second term with 76% of the vote. 2010

<mask> won reelection to a third term with 72% of the vote. Tenure

In 2008 <mask> was named the national preschool advocacy organization Pre-K Now's "Pre-K Champion" for her efforts on behalf of pre-kindergarten legislation. Hirono co-sponsored and signed the Prevention First Act of 2007. The act aimed to increase public access to contraception and government funding to support the use of contraception. It places an emphasis on informing and protecting women from unintended pregnancy. On May 4, 2011, Hirono voted against the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act, which would have prohibited federal health care programs from covering abortion costs, with exceptions for life-threatening cases.In July 2011 <mask> voted for the Access to Birth Control Act, which mandates that pharmacies provide birth control to customers without undue delay. The ABP Act also ensures that customers seeking birth control can obtain it without being submitted to unwanted harassment or breaches in patient confidentiality. EMILY's List, a Democratic pro-choice action committee, pledged support to <mask> for her history of supporting contraceptive and abortion policies during her term. Its endorsement helped Hirono in her 2012 senatorial race, contributing $129,714 to her campaign. Committee assignments
 Committee on Armed Services
 Subcommittee on Personnel
 Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support
 Subcommittee on Seapower (Chair)
 Committee on the Judiciary
 Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security
 Subcommittee on Oversight, Agency Action, Federal Rights and Federal Courts
 Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law
 Committee on Veterans' Affairs
 Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

Caucus memberships
 Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus
 Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus
 International Conservation Caucus

U.S. Senate (2013–present)

Elections

2012

On May 19, 2011, <mask> announced her candidacy for the U.S. Senate seat left open by Daniel Akaka, who was retiring at the end of his term in 2012. She won the Democratic primary election on August 11, 2012. <mask> was endorsed as one of Democracy for America's Dean Dozen.The Republican nominee was former Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle. <mask> won the general election on November 6, 2012, with 63% of the vote. She is the first female senator from Hawaii, as well as the first Asian-born immigrant to be elected to the U.S. Senate. She was a part of the first completely non-Christian Congressional delegation from the state, which continued until the election of Mark Takai (an Episcopalian) in 2014 as Representative of Hawaii's 1st congressional district. In the 2012 campaign <mask> raised $5.2 million, with approximately 52% of that from large corporations. Lingle raised $5.5 million, with 74% from large corporations. Hirono spent $5 million and Lingle $4.8 million.2018

On November 6, 2018, <mask> was reelected with 71.2% of the vote, defeating Republican Ron Curtis. Tenure
On December 12, 2012, the Senate Democratic Steering Committee announced that <mask> would serve on the Senate Judiciary Committee, giving her influence on matters ranging from approving nominations of federal judges to setting criminal-justice policy. During the Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination hearings in September 2018, <mask> became an outspoken defender of Christine Blasey Ford after Ford accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault, telling men to "shut up and step up. Do the right thing for a change." In the wake of the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Hirono called for the resignation of fellow senators Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley for their opposition to certifying the 2020 presidential election Electoral College count. She also called for the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution to be invoked to remove Donald Trump from office. In April 2021, <mask> sponsored and the Senate passed a bill attempting to decrease hate crimes against Asian Americans due to xenophobia associated with COVID-19.The vote was 94–1, with Senator Hawley (R-MO) the only one who voted against the bill. Committee assignments (117th Congress)

 Committee on Armed Services
 Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support
 Subcommittee on Seapower (Chair)
 Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
 Subcommittee on National Parks
 Subcommittee on Public Lands, Forests, and Mining
 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
 Committee on the Judiciary
 Subcommittee on Border Security and Immigration
 Subcommittee on Oversight, Agency Action, Federal Rights and Federal Courts
 Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law
 Committee on Veterans' Affairs
Joint Select Committee on Budget and Appropriations Process Reform

Caucus memberships
 Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus
Expand Social Security Caucus

Political positions

According to On the Issues, Hirono's voting history places her in the "left/liberal" camp. The American Conservative Union gave her a 2% lifetime conservative rating in 2020. Abortion
Hirono has a 100% rating from Naral Pro-Choice America. She is also endorsed by EMILY's list for pro-choice women. Gun control
In 2016, she participated in the Chris Murphy gun control filibuster. Hirono expressed disappointment when the Democrat-proposed Feinstein Amendment (banning the sale of firearms to individuals on the terrorist watchlist) and the Republican-backed background check expansion and alert system (regarding guns being sold to terrorist watchlist suspects) both failed to pass the Senate.Health care
On July 28, 2017, two months after undergoing surgery for stage-four kidney cancer, <mask> spoke on the Senate floor and voted against the so-called "skinny repeal" of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). MSNBC reporter Kyle Griffin filmed <mask>'s speech and posted it on Twitter. In January 2019, during the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown, <mask> was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Commissioner of Food and Drugs Scott Gottlieb recognizing the efforts of the FDA to address the effect of the government shutdown on the public health and employees while expressing alarm "that the continued shutdown will result in increasingly harmful effects on the agency's employees and the safety and security of the nation's food and medical products." Gottlieb said additional staff might be called in as needed. <mask> is a supporter of Medicare for All. Housing
In April 2019, <mask> was one of 41 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to the housing subcommittee praising the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 4 Capacity Building program as authorizing "HUD to partner with national nonprofit community development organizations to provide education, training, and financial support to local community development corporations (CDCs) across the country" and expressing disappointment that Trump's budget "has slated this program for elimination after decades of successful economic and community development." The senators wrote of their hope that the subcommittee would support continued funding for Section 4 in Fiscal Year 2020.Telecommunications
In April 2019, <mask> was one of seven senators to sponsor the Digital Equity Act of 2019, legislation establishing a $120 million grant program that would fund the creation and implementation of "comprehensive digital equity plans" in every state and a $120 million grant program to support projects developed by individuals and groups. The bill also gave the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) the role of evaluating and providing guidance for digital equity projects. Personal life

In May 2017, Hirono announced that she had been diagnosed with stage 4 kidney cancer, which had spread to her seventh rib. The cancer was discovered in a chest X-ray in April before minor eye surgery. <mask>'s right kidney was removed on May 17, 2017, with a Cyberknife procedure to treat the rib lesion. She returned to the Senate on May 22, 2017, and was reelected to a second term in 2018. As of 2018, according to OpenSecrets.org, <mask>'s net worth was more than $4.3 million.In 2021, Viking Press published <mask>'s autobiography, Heart of Fire: An Immigrant Daughter's Story. Marie Claire listed the book among its "25 Great Memoirs to Pre-Order Now". Also in 2021, it was announced that <mask> would receive Japan's Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star for her "significant contributions in strengthening bilateral relations and promoting legislative exchanges between Japan and the United States".

masks:
Mazie Keiko Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Mazie
Hirono
Hirono
Mazie
Hirono
Mazie
Mazie
Mazie
Mazie
Hirono
Mazie
Hirono
Mazie
Mazie
Mazie
Mazie
Mazie
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono
Hirono


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<mask> (1559 – 27 March 1633) was a Scottish churchman who was Bishop of the Isles in Scotland from 1605-1619 and Bishop of Raphoe in Ireland from 1610-1633. Early life

He was the second son of <mask> of Ranfurly in Renfrewshire. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, where he graduated M.A. in 1579. In 1581 he was ordained minister of Lochwinnoch in Renfrewshire, and in 1581 was translated to the abbey church of Paisley. On 6 March 1590 he was appointed on a commission of select clergymen to promote subscription to the confession of faith and covenant over the whole kingdom. In December 1592 he was instrumental in arresting George Kerr on the Isle of Cumray as he was on the point of sailing for Spain, and was thereby the means of bringing to light and frustrating the conspiracy of the Earls of Huntly, Errol, and Angus.In 1597 he was appointed a commissioner with others to seek out and apprehend Catholics and others in touch with the King of Spain. He accidentally caused the death by drowning of Hew Barclay of Ladyland, who had intended to capture and fortify Ailsa Craig; he was exonerated and commended by parliament. Bishop of the Isles

<mask> was involved in disputes with his fellow-citizens, and during the course of one of them struck an adversary, George Stewart, burgess of Paisley, in public court. He was ordered to do public penance in his church. In 1606 <mask> was created Bishop of the Isles, and having obtained leave from the presbytery he immediately proceeded to his diocese. On 31 July he was commissioned along with others to meet with David, Lord Scone and hear the offers made by the inhabitants of the Isles and the Highlands on the royal rents. In January 1607 he was appointed constant moderator of the presbytery of the Isles, and on 4 June he took the oath of allegiance.His absence from his charge at Paisley meant that on 12 November 1607 he was relieved of his charge. In accordance with King James's intention to reform the Western Isles and Highlands, Bishop <mask> was on 8 March 1608 joined in commission with <mask>, 3rd Lord Ochiltree, to take the matter in hand. In May he visited the King at Greenwich, and brought back instructions for a military expedition against the Isles, of which Lord Ochiltree was to be commander, assisted by a council, of which <mask> was to be the head with a salary and bodyguard of his own. The expedition sailed early in August, and the castles of Dunivaig and Lochgorme in Islay having been surrendered by Angus Macdonald, Ochiltree opened a court at the castle of Aros in Mull on 15 August. The chieftains were reluct to come to terms; Ochiltree, acting on the advice of <mask>, had them visit him on board his vessel on pretence of a dinner and a sermon from the bishop. Having succeeded in kidnapping them, Ochiltree sailed to Glasgow. On his return <mask> accompanied Ochiltree to London, and was commended by the King for his zeal.<mask> was in February 1609 appointed one of a commission to negotiate with the chieftains for the purpose of devising a scheme for the religious settlement of the Western Islands. In May he was the bearer of a confidential message from his colleagues to the king. He returned in June with instructions for a fresh expedition, of which he himself was to be the head, and he conducted the business with great credit to himself. Before the end of July he met the principal chieftains at Iona, and with their consent enacted the "Statutes of Icolmkill". He returned to Edinburgh in September, but immediately proceeded to London. He seems to have been detained at court till the following July, when he returned to Edinburgh, and made formal re-delivery of the Band and Statutes of Icolmkill before the council. On 15 February 1610 he was appointed a member of the court of ecclesiastical high commission for the province of Glasgow, and on 8 May steward of the whole Western Isles, with instructions to make the castle of Dunivaig his headquarters.Bishop of Raphoe

He was nominated to the Church of Ireland bishopric of Raphoe in County Donegal on 7 May 1610 and appointed by letters patent on 26 June 1611; he continued to hold both bishoprics till 22 September 1619, when he resigned that of the Isles in favour of his eldest son, <mask>. Having established a garrison in the castle of Dunivaig, he went to Ireland, and in April 1611 transmitted to Lord Salisbury a report of the state of religion in his diocese. In consequence of his report the King instructed Sir Arthur Chichester to require the Archbishop of Armagh to convene a meeting of the bishops of his province in order to consider the reformation of ecclesiastical abuses in the north of Ireland. In October Chichester reported favourably on Bishop <mask> to the King. On 13 February 1612 the King authorised Dr. <mask>'s admission to the Scottish Privy Council; he was granted arrears and expenses, and the Isle of Barra for life. In 1614 the castle of Dunivaig was surprised by the Macdonalds, and <mask>, attempting to retake it with insufficient force, was defeated and compelled to treat. He consented to solicit a lease of the Crown lands of Isla for Angus Oig Macdonald, together with the proprietary rights in the castle of Dunivaig, and a free pardon for all crimes up to date, and to leave his son Thomas and his nephew <mask> of Ranfurly as hostages for his good faith.The council, however, refused these terms, and prepared to reduce the Macdonalds by force. Bishop <mask> then advised deceit in dealing with the Macdonalds, with a view to the plantation of their lands by men from the north of Ireland and the west of Scotland. His approach was taken up in part by the Earl of Argyll on behalf of his kinsman, John Campbell of Calder, who had undertaken their reduction on condition of succeeding to their inheritance. A John Graham managed that Thomas and <mask> were freed, and on 6 January 1616 Campbell of Calder, with the assistance of Sir Oliver Lambart, captured Dunivaig. <mask> resigned the bishopric of the Isles in 1618, but continued as Protestant Lord Bishop of Raphoe till his death on 27 March 1633. Two bells he had taken from the abbey of Icolmkill to Raphoe were by royal edict sent back by his successor, Bishop John Lesley. Family
He married a cousin <mask>, and by her he had three sons, Thomas, James, and George, and two daughters, Margaret, who married John Cunningham of Cambuskeith, son of James Cunningham, 7th Earl of Glencairn, and another, who married John Hamilton of Woodhall.The three sons took orders in the church. References

1559 births
1633 deaths
Bishops of the Isles
Anglican bishops of Raphoe
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1617

masks:
Andrew Knox
John Knox
Knox
Knox
Knox
Andrew Stuart
Knox
Knox
Knox
Knox
Thomas Knox
Knox
Knox
Knox
John Knox
Knox
John Knox
Knox
Elizabeth Knox


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<mask> (December 5, 1925 – December 18, 2014) was an American farmer, businessman, and politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. He served three terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1985. Most notably, he was chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service's Subcommittee on Human Resources when it investigated the leaking of <mask>'s briefing papers prior to the key debate of the 1980 U.S. presidential election. This scandal later became known as Debategate. His chief of staff was Charles Ehrlich who he hired after Ehrlich had worked for an Indiana congressman for 2 years. Education and early career
<mask> was born in Saginaw, Michigan and attended Saginaw and Chesaning public schools. He graduated from Chesaning Agricultural School, and attended Delta College in Bay City.He served in the United States Navy, was a farmer, owner, and developer of Misteguay Creek Farms. He served as Albee Township Trustee and was associate director of the Saginaw County Soil Conservation District. Political career

A Democrat, he was Saginaw County Commissioner from 1970 to 1974 and served in the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1974 to 1976, representing the 86th District. In 1976, he first ran for the United States House of Representatives in  Michigan's 10th congressional district losing to longtime incumbent Al Cederberg. His chief of staff was Charles Ehrlich who he hired after Ehrlich worked for an Indiana congressman for 2 years. Ehrlich worked for Albosta for 6 years serving as his chief of staff for the last 2. Tenure in the House of Representatives

<mask> sought a rematch against Cederberg in 1978.In a major upset, he narrowly defeated Cederberg to become the first Democrat to represent this district in 84 years. He was reelected twice, serving from January 3, 1979 to January 3, 1985. As a member of the Public Works and Transportation Committee, among others, Rep. <mask> offered amendments that improved the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, popularly known as "Superfund" including a provision requiring the Center for Disease Control to study the health histories of victims of exposure to hazardous substances in an effort to determine the effects of that exposure or the epidemiology of diseases related to exposures such as those that had inspired <mask> to run for Congress after he led the successful investigation and redress efforts in the wake of the spill of PBBs in cattle feed in Michigan. Debategate

<mask> was also chair of the House Post Office and Civil Service Committee's Subcommittee on Human Resources which conducted an investigation into the Unauthorized Transfers of Nonpublic Information During the 1980 Presidential Election which published its findings in May 1984 in Committee Print 98-12. The investigation revealed that the Reagan Campaign included three committees or groups devoted to monitoring and addressing the situation of the hostages held by Iran during the period preceding the 1980 Presidential election, which collectively referred to the potential release of the hostages before the November election as the "October Surprise". Some observers and later investigations by others concluded after the release of the hostages shortly after President Reagan's inauguration that the presidential campaign of Ronald Reagan orchestrated delaying the release of U.S. hostages held by Iran until after the election. The Albosta Subcommittee Report also confirmed that the Reagan campaign received, copied and used "a pilfered copy" of President Carter's debate briefing book, and related materials from the National Security Council, the term "pilfered" being used by Michigan Republican Congressman David Stockman in a statement on October 28, 1980 describing how he had used the book to prepare candidate Reagan for the debate with President Carter, to a group of about 65 people, according to newspaper reports of Rep. Stockman's speech printed in the Elkhart Truth and Dowagiac Daily News on Wednesday, October 29.The controversy became known as Debategate. During the investigation, William Casey, then-director of the CIA who had been Reagan's campaign director, said that the person who delivered the leaked briefing books to him was Paul Corbin, a former aide to Robert F. Kennedy and a disgruntled Ted Kennedy supporter. The subcommittee's final report in 1984 reported on scores of interviews with Reagan's former campaign staff and others. It did not conclusively identify the specific individuals within the Carter White House who may have provided the briefing books, but did interview several who may have done so, reported that some witness statements were not entirely candid and seconded the finding of United States District Court Judge Harold Green that the Reagan Administration was required by the Ethics in Government Act to appoint an independent counsel or special prosecutor to conduct an investigation and determine whether to seek an indictment against any of the high-level presidential appointees who had knowingly received and used the stolen White House briefing book in violation of the law. Attorney General Ed Meese declined to appoint an independent counsel. End of political career

In the late summer of 1984 Rep. <mask> cosponsored a bill introduced by Rep. <mask> to provide compensation for victims of hazardous substances. This did not play well with the Dow Chemical Company, headquartered in Albosta's district in Midland, Michigan.Executives and board members of Dow Chemical urged their employees and retirees to oppose Rep. <mask> and he was very narrowly defeated in November by future state Attorney General Bill Schuette. <mask> sought a rematch against Schuette in 1986; he won the Democratic primary, but lost the general election in another close race and retired from politics. Retirement and death
He was a resident of St. Charles, Michigan. His daughter, Christine C. White, was appointed in March 2003 as the Director of Agriculture Policy for the Michigan Department of Agriculture. <mask> died on December 18, 2014 in St. Charles, Michigan, where he lived. See also
 Debategate

Notes

References

|-

1925 births
2014 deaths
Farmers from Michigan
County commissioners in Michigan
Members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
Delta College (Michigan) alumni
Politicians from Bay City, Michigan
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
Politicians from Saginaw, Michigan
Michigan Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians
People from St. Charles, Michigan

masks:
Donald Joseph Albosta
Jimmy Carter
Albosta
Albosta
Albosta
Albosta
Albosta
Albosta
John LaFce
Albosta
Albosta
Albosta


text_chunks:
<mask> ( born on August 28, 1989)  is a South Korean singer, television host, actor, entertainer and the leader of South Korean boy band 2AM. He has starred in multiple musicals such as 'Jesus Christ Superstar' playing the role of King Herod and 'Everybody's Talking About Jamie' playing as Jamie New. Predebut
<mask> trained at JYP Entertainment for seven years after joining the company. He was chosen as the last member of Park Jin-young's "99% Challenge Project" along with Sunye of Wonder Girls. 2AM career

In 2008, he appeared on Mnet's Hot Blood. The program showed the intense physical training that thirteen male trainees go through to acquire the opportunity to debut in either a four-member ballad group or a seven-member dance group. After several elimination steps, <mask> was chosen for a position in the four-member ballad group 2AM.He became the group's leader. 2AM's first single "This Song" was released on July 21, 2008. In March 2015, <mask> renewed his contract with JYP Entertainment, while three other members of 2AM signed with other agencies. JYP Entertainment assured that the departures did not mean 2AM was disbanding, however 2AM is currently on temporarily break from any group activities. He left JYP Entertainment on September 22, 2017. On November 3, 2017, he signed with Cube Entertainment. Solo career

2008-2009: Variety entertainment and popularity as Adam Couple
<mask> has appeared as a regular panel member on variety shows such as Star King.He was part of Dirty Eyed Girls in an episode of 2PM's variety show Wild Bunny, performing a parody of popular Brown Eyed Girls song Abracadabra. The music video became popular. In September, 2009, he was one of the main MCs for SBS' environmental variety show Find it! Green Gold with Super Junior member Shindong, SS501 member Kim Hyung-jun, and Fly To The Sky member <mask>o. He also replaced Jay Park on historical culture variety show Nodaji. He joined the cast of We Got Married on October 3, 2009, coupled with Brown Eyed Girls member Ga-In. Although he was initially only supposed to be featured in the Chuseok special, his appearance brought in the highest ratings yet for Season 2, so he was announced as a permanent couple.<mask> was diagnosed with H1N1 on October 28, 2009, causing them to postpone filming We Got Married. He recovered quickly after treatment. During his appearance in We Got Married, <mask> and Ga-in were donned the nickname “Adam Couple” by fans. Together he released the digital single, "우리 사랑하게 됐어요 (We Fell in Love)," on December 16, 2009, which topped variety online music charts and won two awards on Music Bank's K-Charts and the "Most Popular Background Phone Music" on the Gaon Charts. 50 million won from the profits of the song were donated for rebuilding after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. In 2010, he became a permanent cast member of Family Outing 2. He made his fifth appearance on the TV show "Happy Together" in June 2012.He made several appearances on Star King, Invincible Youth S2, Come To Play, Radio Star, Star Dance Battle, and many other shows. He is known for his "kkab" dance and often danced on variety shows. "Kkab" can be translated as hyperactive. 2010–2012: Screen debut and first solo album
On June 30, 2010, <mask> released his first solo digital single titled, 고백하던 날 (The Day I Confessed), a song he partially composed during the We Got Married broadcast for Ga-in. The song came first on Cyworld real-time charts the day after release. The same year, he was cast in the sitcom All My Love with co-stars Park Mi-sun, Kim Kap-soo and fellow idol and former 'wife' from We Got Married Ga-in. On June 25, 2012, he released his solo album, I'm Da One, along with a music video.2013: Musical and drama debut
In 2013, <mask> joined the cast of a Korean Jesus Christ Superstar musical production, where he played the role of King Herod. In the same year, on February 27, 2013, he was confirmed as one of the cast for the KBS2 drama Queen of the Office. The drama is about a talented contract worker, and the work and relationships that surround her. 2016–2017: Second solo album, fourth musical casting, Golden Tambourine, and departure from JYP Entertainment
<mask>'s new album Crosswalk included three tracks, two of which he wrote ― the lead single, “Crosswalk,” and the third track, “Flutter.” The second track, “It's Okay,” was written by Ryan S. Jhun and Denzil "DR" Remedios, the music producers of SM Entertainment's Shinee and f(x). Popular songwriters Esna and Aev produced the title song. On March 17, 2016, it was announced by JYP Entertainment that <mask> would be participating in the musical On The Starry Night as the role "Choi Sung-keun. The musical Ran from May 7 to May 15, 2016.On November 10, 2016, it was announced that <mask>won would be co-starring on Golden Tambourine, a karaoke variety program broadcast by Mnet, which ran from December 15, 2016, until February 23, 2017. On September 21, 2017, it was announced that <mask> had officially left JYP Entertainment after 16 years. However, 2AM never did announce that they were disbanding and it is presumed that the group is on hiatus. On November 2, 2017, it was announced that <mask> had signed with Cube Entertainment. 2018–present: Lonely
On January 10, 2018,  <mask> released the digital single 새벽 (Lonely), his first release after joining Cube Entertainment. <mask> was set to enlist in the Korean Army in August 2018, for his mandatory military service. On July 24, 2019, it was confirmed that he would release a special single new theme song for the ROK Army with collaboration of Shinee's Onew and Key, Exo's Xiumin, Infinite's Kim Sung-kyu, BtoB's Lee Chang-sub, 2AM's Jinwoon, Yoon Ji-sung and actors Kim Minseok, and Lee Jae-kyoon in mid-August.As part of South Korea's effort to combat COVID-19,  <mask> officially discharged from the military early on March 24, 2020. He also made his first variety show appearance after being discharged on JTBC's Knowing Bros alongside 2PM's Wooyoung, Block B's P.O & WINNER's Mino on April 4, 2020. In July 2020, <mask> starred in the musical Everybody's Talking About Jamie, playing the role of Jamie New, a 16-year-old high school student, who dreams to be a drag queen, and deals with prejudice and bullies. Personal life
As of 2013, <mask> was attending Kyung Hee University. He entered Kyung Hee University without taking the entrance examination, with rumors alleging favouritism, because he was an entertainer. The rumors were refuted by his performance at the top of his class in his major. In 2015, he enrolled in the Performing Arts Department of Kyunghee University's Graduate Program.<mask> is the president of the cereal cafe franchise 'Midnight in Seoul', which was founded and owned by actor-singer Yoon Kye-sang and three friends. The cafe-cereal-bar was the first of its kind in Seoul and gained popularity amongst K-pop idol singers through word-of-mouth. In May 2017, it was announced that the venture would become a franchise and that <mask> would be named its president, while Yoon and others would remain official owners. Discography

Studio albums

Singles

Soundtrack appearances

Filmography

Music videos

Film

Television series

Television shows

Hosting

Musicals

Ambassadorship

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
2AM (band) members
Cube Entertainment artists
JYP Entertainment artists
K-pop singers
Kyung Hee University alumni
People from Suwon
South Korean male idols
South Korean male musical theatre actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean pop singers
South Korean television presenters
21st-century South Korean male  singers

masks:
Jo Kwon
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Brian Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo K
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo
Jo Kwon
Jo
Jo
Jo


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<mask>, sometimes referred to as <mask> (1655–1736), was an eighteenth-century English bookseller and publisher. Tonson published editions of John Dryden and John Milton, and is best known for having obtained a copyright on the plays of William Shakespeare by buying up the rights of the heirs of the publisher of the Fourth Folio after the Statute of Anne went into effect. He was also the founder of the famous Kit-Cat Club. His nephew, <mask> the Younger (1682–1735), was his business partner. The business was continued by the younger <mask>'s son, <mask> (1714–1767). History
Scholars have not always been sure of <mask>'s birthdate, and it has in the past been listed as occurring in 1655 or 1656. But the register of christenings in the parish of St Andrew Holborn demonstrates that <mask> was born on 12 November 1655 and baptized 18 November 1655.The register lists <mask> as the "sonne of <mask> Shoemaker and of Elizabeth his wife neare Grayes Inn Lane." He is believed to have been related to Major <mask>, who obtained a grant of land in county Cork from Charles II, and whose descendants became Barons Riversdale. His father's will left him and his elder brother Richard, as well as three sisters, each £100, to be paid when they came of age. On 5 June 1670 <mask> was apprenticed to Thomas Basset, a stationer, for eight years. Having been admitted a freeman of the Company of Stationers on 20 December 1677, he began business on his own account, following his brother Richard, who had commenced in 1676, and had published, among other things, Thomas Otway's Don Carlos, Prince of Spain. <mask> had a shop within Gray's Inn Gate; <mask>'s shop was for many years at the Judge's Head in Chancery Lane, near Fleet Street. It has been said that when <mask> bought the copy of Troilus and Cressida (1679), the first play of John Dryden's that he published, he was obliged to borrow the purchase money (£20) from Abel Swalle, another bookseller.The names of both booksellers appear on the title-page, as was often the case at that time. <mask> was sufficiently well off to purchase plays by Otway and Nahum Tate. In 1681 the brothers Richard and <mask> joined in publishing Dryden's Spanish Friar, and in 1683 <mask> obtained a valuable property by purchasing from Barbazon Ailmer, the assignee of Samuel Simmons, one half of his right in Paradise Lost. The other half was purchased at an advance in 1690. <mask> afterwards said he had made more by Paradise Lost than by any other poem. In the earlier part of his life <mask> was much associated with Dryden. A step which did much to establish his position was the publication in 1684 of a volume of Miscellany Poems, under Dryden's editorship.Other volumes followed in 1685, 1693, 1694, 1703, and 1708, and the collection, which was several times reprinted, is known as both as Dryden's Miscellany and <mask>'s Miscellany. During the ensuing year <mask> continued to bring out pieces by Dryden, and on 6 October 1691 paid thirty guineas for all the author's rights in the printing of the tragedy of Cleomenes. Joseph Addison's Poem to his Majesty was published by Tonson in 1695, and there was some correspondence respecting a proposed joint translation of Herodotus by Boyle, Richard Blackmore, Addison, and others. Dryden's translation of Virgil, executed between 1693 and 1696, was published by Tonson in July 1697 by subscription. Serious financial differences arose between the poet and his publisher, and Dryden's letters to Tonson (1695–1697) are full of complaints of meanness and sharp practice and of refusals to accept clipped or bad money. Tonson would pay nothing for notes; Dryden retorted, "The notes and prefaces shall be short, because you shall get the more by saving paper." He added that all the trade were sharpers, Tonson not more than others.Dryden described <mask> thus, in lines written under his portrait, and afterwards printed in Faction Displayed (1705):

Subsequently the letters became more friendly, and on the publication of Alexander's Feast, in late 1697, Dryden wrote to <mask>, "I hope it has done you service, and will do more." Dryden's collection of translations from Boccaccio, Chaucer, and others, known as The Fables, was published by <mask> in November 1699; a second edition did not appear until 1713. There is an undated letter from Mrs. Aphra Behn to <mask> at Bayfordbury, thanking him warmly for what he had said on her behalf to Dryden. She begged hard for five pounds more than Tonson offered for some of her verses. In connection with Jeremy Collier's attack on the stage, the Middlesex justices presented the playhouses in May 1698, and also William Congreve for writing the Double Dealer, Thomas d'Urfey for Don Quixote, and Tonson and Brisco, booksellers, for printing them. Tonson published Congreve's reply to Collier, and at a later date The Faithful Friend and The Confederacy by his friend, Sir John Vanbrugh. Before the end of the century <mask> had moved from the Judge's Head to a shop in Gray's Inn Gate, probably the one previously occupied by his brother Richard.It is not unlikely that Richard was dead, and that <mask>, who had no children, and seemingly never married, now took into partnership his
nephew <mask>, whose son was afterwards to be his heir. It is not always easy to distinguish the uncle from the nephew in later years; the latter is sometimes referred to as <mask> Junior. By 1700 <mask>'s position was well established, and about that time the Kit-Cat Club was founded, with <mask> as secretary. The meetings were first held at a mutton-pie shop in Shire Lane, kept by Christopher Cat, and may have begun with suppers given by <mask> to his literary friends. About 1703 <mask> purchased a house at Barn Elms, and built a room there for the club. In a poem on the club, attributed to Sir Richard Blackmore, we find:

<mask> was satirised in several skits, and it was falsely alleged that he had been expelled by the club, or had withdrawn from the society in scorn of being their jest any longer. In 1703 <mask> went to the Dutch Republic to obtain paper and engravings for the fine edition of Caesar's Commentaries, which was ultimately published under Samuel Clarke's care in 1712.At Amsterdam and Rotterdam he met Addison, and assisted in some abortive negotiations for Addison's employment as travelling companion to Lord Hertford, son of the Duke of Somerset. In 1705 <mask> published Addison's Remarks on several Parts of Italy. Verses by young Alexander Pope were circulating among the critics in 1705, and in April 1706 <mask> wrote to Pope proposing to publish a pastoral poem of his. Pope's pastorals ultimately appeared in <mask>'s sixth Miscellany (May 1709). William Wycherley wrote that <mask> had long been gentleman-usher to the Muses: "you will make <mask>'s ladder raise you to immortality." Nicholas Rowe's edition of Shakespeare, in six volumes, was published early in 1709 by Tonson, who had previously advertised for materials. Richard Steele dined at Tonson's in 1708–1709, sometimes to get a bill discounted, sometimes to hear manuscripts read and advise upon them.There is a tradition that in earlier days Steele had had a daughter by a daughter of <mask>'s; if this is true, it must apparently have been a daughter of <mask>, <mask>'s brother. In the autumn of 1710 <mask> moved to the Shakespeare's Head, opposite Catherine Street in the Strand; his former shop at Gray's Inn Gate was announced for sale in the Tatler for 14 October (No. 237); and it seems to have been taken by Thomas Osborne, stationer, the father of the afterwards well-known publisher, Thomas Osborne (died 1767). On 26 July 1711, after a long interval, Swift met Addison and Steele "at young <mask>'s". "The two Jacobs", says Jonathan Swift to Esther Johnson, "think it I who have made the secretary take from them the printing of the Gazette, which they are going to lose.... <mask> came to me t'other day to make his court; but I told him it was too late, and that it was not my doing." Accounts furnished to Steele by <mask> of the sale of the collective editions of the Tatler and Spectator have been preserved; from October 1712 Tonson's name was joined with Samuel Buckley's as publisher of the Spectator. In November 1712 Addison and Steele sold all their right and title in one half of the copies of the first seven volumes of the Spectator to Tonson the younger, for £575, and all rights in the other half for a similar sum to Buckley.Buckley in October 1714 reassigned his half-share in the Spectator to <mask> junior for £500. <mask> published Addison's tragedy, Cato, in April 1713; and, according to a concocted letter of Pope's, the true reason why Steele brought the Guardian to an end in October was a quarrel with <mask>, its publisher; "he stood engaged to his bookseller in articles of penalty for all the
Guardians, and by desisting two days, and altering the title of the paper to that of the Englishman, was quit of the obligation, those papers being printed by Buckley." There are various reasons why this story is improbable; the truth seems to be that Steele was anxious to write on politics with a freer hand than was practicable in the Guardian. In the summer of 1714 we hear of Steele writing political pamphlets at Tonson's, where there were three bottles of wine of Steele's, and in October Tonson printed Steele's Ladies' Library. <mask> appears in Rowe's Dialogue between Tonson and Congreve, in imitation of Horace:

Thou, <mask>nson, were, to my conceiving,
The cheerfullest, best, honest fellow living. In the same year <mask>, with Barnaby Bernard Lintot and William Taylor, was appointed one of the printers of the parliamentary votes. Next year he paid fifty guineas for the copyright of Addison's comedy, The Drummer, and published Thomas Tickell's translation of the first book of the Iliad, which gave offence to Pope.On 6 February 1718 Lintot entered into a partnership agreement with <mask> for the purchase of plays during eighteen months following that date. In one of several amusing letters from Vanbrugh, now at Bayfordbury, <mask>, who was then in Paris, was congratulated upon his luck in South Sea stock, and there is other evidence that he made a large sum in connection with Law's Mississippi scheme. "He has got £40,000" wrote Robert Arbuthnot; "riches will make people forget their trade." In January 1720 <mask> obtained a grant to himself and his nephew of the office of stationer, bookseller, and printer to some of the principal public offices; and on 12 October 1722 he assigned the whole benefit of the grant to his nephew. The grant was afterwards renewed by Robert Walpole, in 1733, for a second term of forty years. The elder <mask> seems to have given up business about 1720. He had bought the Hazells estate at Ledbury, Herefordshire, and in 1721 he was sending presents of cider to the Dukes of Grafton and Newcastle, the latter of whom called <mask> "my dear old friend," and asked him to give him his company in Sussex.Henceforth we may suppose, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that "<mask>" in contemporary allusions means the nephew. Steele's Conscious Lovers appeared in 1722, and <mask> assigned to Lintot half the copyright for £70. He had to apply to the court of chancery for an injunction to stop Robert Tooke and others printing a pirated edition of the play; the sum paid for the copyright was £40. In the same year <mask> published the Duke of Buckingham's Works, and in 1725 Pope's edition of Shakespeare. Proposals were issued by <mask> in January 1729 for completing the subscription to the new edition of Rymer's Fœdera, in seventeen folio volumes (of which fifteen were then printed), at fifty guineas the set. The work was finished in 1735. <mask> published a quarto edition of Waller's works, edited by Fenton, in 1729, and an edition of Lord Lansdowne's works in 1732.Pope was annoyed to find in 1731 that <mask> was to be one of the publishers of Lewis Theobald's proposed edition of Shakespeare, in which he feared an attack on his own editorial work, but he professed to be satisfied with the assurances he received. In writing to the elder <mask> on this subject, Pope asked for any available information respecting the "Man of Ross," and, in thanking
him for the particulars received, explained his intention in singling out this man as the centre of a poem. Earlier in the year the elder <mask> was in town, and Pope, writing to Lord Oxford, said that if he would come to see him he would show him a phenomenon worth seeing, "old <mask>, who is the perfect image and likeness of Bayle's Dictionary; so full of matter, secret history, and wit and spirit, at almost fourscore." On 19 March Lord Oxford, Lord Bathurst, Pope, and Gay dined with old <mask> at Barnes and drank Swift's health. In 1734 Samuel Gibbons was appointed stationer to the Prince of Wales in place of <mask>. <mask> junior predeceased his uncle, dying on 25 November 1735, worth £100,000. His will, of great length, was written on 16 August and proved on 6 December 1735.The elder <mask>'s death at Ledbury followed that of his nephew on 17 March 1735/6. The elder <mask>'s will was made on 2 December 1735 and proven in probate on 2 April 1736, when he was described as worth £40,000. A painting of the elder <mask> by Godfrey Kneller is among the Kit-Cat portraits; it is best known through Faber's engraving. Pope says that <mask> obtained portraits from Kneller without payment by flattering him and sending him presents of venison and wine. Dryden's satirical account of his appearance has been quoted; Pope, in The Dunciad calls him "left-legged <mask>" and "genial <mask>". John Dunton describes <mask> as "a very good judge of persons and authors; and as there is nobody more competently qualified to give their opinion of another, so there is none who does it with a more severe exactness or with less partiality; for, to do Mr. <mask> justice, he speaks his mind upon all occasions, and will flatter nobody." No doubt this roughness of manner wore off as Tonson grew in prosperity.<mask> the younger
<mask> (died 1767) (<mask> the younger) was the great-nephew of the <mask> the elder and son of <mask> junior. He carried on the publishing business in the Strand. In 1747 he paid Warburton £500 for editing Shakespeare, and he was eulogised by Steevens [sic] in the advertisement prefixed to his edition of Shakespeare 1778: "he never learned to consider the author as an under-agent to the bookseller . . . His manners were soft and his conversation delicate," but he reserved his acquaintance for a small number. Samuel Johnson spoke of him as "the late amiable Mr. <mask>." In 1750 he was High Sheriff of Surrey, and in 1759 he paid the fine for being excused serving the same office for the city of London and county of Middlesex.There is a story of his having twice helped Henry Fielding when that writer was unable to pay his taxes. <mask> died on 31 March 1767, without issue, in a house on the north side of the Strand, near Catherine Street, whither he had removed the business some years earlier. His will was made in 1763. In 1775 letters of administration of the goods of <mask>, left unadministered by <mask>, were granted to William Baker, esq. (M.P. for Hertfordshire), and in 1823, Baker having failed to administer, letters of administration were granted to Joseph Rogers. <mask>
<mask> (died 1772), the third <mask>'s brother, who took little part in the concerns of the business, lived at Water Oakley, near Windsor, where he built a room for the Kit-Cat portraits.His benevolence and hospitality made him popular, and in 1747 he was elected MP for Wallingford, and in 1768 MP for New Windsor. In some correspondence with the Duke of Newcastle in 1767, the duke spoke of his old friendship with <mask>, "the heir of one I honoured and loved, and have passed many most agreeable hours with." <mask> died on 9 October 1772. Besides the papers at Bayfordbury, there is a considerable collection of Tonson papers in the British Museum, some relating to business and some to private matters; but many of them are damaged or fragmentary. References

Attribution:

. External links

Raymond N. MacKenzie, "Tonson, <mask>, the elder (1655/6–1736)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008, accessed 11 January 2008

Early editions of Shakespeare
1650s births
1736 deaths
Bookshops in London
17th century in London

masks:
Jacob Tonson
Jacob Tonson the Elder
Jacob Tonson
Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Richard Tonson
Jacob
Richard Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Jacob
Jacob
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Jacob
Jacob
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Jacob
Tonson
Richard Tonson
Jacob
Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Jacob
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Jacob To
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Jacob
Jacob
Tonson
Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Tonson
Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Richard Tonson
Richard Tonson
Richard Tonson
Jacob Tonson
Richard Tonson
Richard Tonson
Jacob


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 9 April 1992) is a Venezuelan professional footballer who plays for Liga MX club Puebla and the Venezuela national team as a striker. <mask> began his professional career with Caracas in 2009 and stayed at the club until 2013. At age 20, he was the top goalscorer in the Torneo Apertura 2012, scoring 14 goals. In his first season in France, he helped his team Nantes to achieve promotion to Ligue 1 in the 2012–13 season. He is the only player in history who has scored a hat-trick in the Venezuelan Clásico, which is played between the two most popular teams in the country: Caracas and Deportivo Táchira. He also became the first Venezuelan player in history to score a goal in Ligue 1 of France. He was the first player to score a goal for Mazatlán after its foundation in June 2020.Aristeguieta has played for the Venezuela national team since 2010. Early life

School
He studied at the Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola. He also managed to represent their school in Recreational Mathematics Olympics five times, in which he was the runner up in 2006. In the summer of 2007 and 2008 he studied English at the Cushing Academy institution, located in the city of Ashburnham, Massachusetts, achieving complete mastery of the language. During these years, he took the decision to leave school in order to fully focus on soccer, causing quarrels with his parents. Aristeguieta wanted to graduate in a school for athletes; however, he decided to finish at his school. He graduated in July 2010.Sports

At age 7, he joined the Loyola football team, being coached by former Caracas and Venezuela national team player Leopoldo Páez, who Aristeguieta considers his mentor both on and off the pitch. Simultaneously he was practicing tennis, participating in tournaments at regional, national and international levels. In that list, was leader David Souto, who is currently in first place in the ranking of Venezuelan men's professional tennis. However, in the same year of publication, <mask> decided to retire from tennis to specialize in football. As a soccer player, he represented his school in Caracas Sports School League and the League César Del Vecchio. He also played in several international championships in European cities such as Barcelona, Gothenburg, Regina, Milan, San Sebastián and Dallas. At 15 he left Loyola to join the football team Centro Ítalo Venezolano.Club career

Caracas

In his first year at the club he managed to win the U-17 National Championship in the 2007-2008 season, being the top goalscorer with 21 goals. Aristeguieta turned down offers from teams like Tenerife, Real Oviedo, and Grêmio to continue his studies. He debuted in the first division in Venezuela with Caracas in the 2009/2010 season. In his first season, he played 20 games and scored 6 times, scoring his first professional goal on his debut against Trujillanos, in the city of Valera, on 16 August 2009. On 10 March 2010, he had his international tournament debut, coming in at the 77th min. for Rafael Castellín, in the 2010 Copa Libertadores match against Flamengo, which Caracas lost 1-3 at home; that game was the last of Noel Sanvicente coaching the club. On 30 July 2010 he suffered a ruptured cruciate ligament in his left knee that would keep him sidelined nine months, missing the Copa Sudamericana 2011 and the 2011 South American U-20 Championship.First division of Venezuela in the season of 2011/2012 was the rebirth of the redhead forward, which few expected after his painful injury. In the first round against Trujillanos FC, he played 26 minutes. He makes his first goal of the season against the Football Club Tucanes Amazon in New Haven when he had entered 67 minutes, from there he was awarded with being a starter. The next match against Llaneros de Guanare Futbol Club he scored two goals. This game was played over two days due to power failure. The next day he repeated the feat at Mineros de Guayana in the Olympic Stadium UCV to score two of the four goals that the Nerazzurri embedded computer, the next 2 days and also scored a run and managed 4 consecutive days scoring. From there, the front began to be recognized and loved by the Reds fans before the game occasionally chanted "Aristeguieta, Aristeguieta".Having already spent a long injury of 9 months, he was still having knee problems since in season 2 occasions received short-term injuries. In the Torneo Clausura 2012, he scored only 4 goals. At this time he was very critical of the low production of plays in attack and the lack of scoring. They had to settle for finishing second in the standings. For the 2012/2013 season, reinforcements were sought in the offense, with the Uruguayan Rino Lucas, Chilean Sebastián González and around Daniel Febles, the performance of Aristeguieta was dented in the biggest games for the arrival of two foreign players. It opens in the network on August 29 against Atlético Miranda in the 2012 Copa Venezuela. The poor performances of Chilean striker in the first games of the season Aristeguieta helped win more opportunities.In the second leg against Atletico Miranda he scores 2 goals and classified with an overall 7-6. He Scores the third double of his career on October 21, 2012 versus Real Esppor Club. On the 18th of the following month, an excellent performance curdles when getting his first hat-trick to the Llaneros de Guanare, a fundamental part as the team managed to win 4-1. Repeat this action on December 9 against Deportivo Táchira in Sports Pueblo Nuevo and being the only player that Caracas has scored three goals against his archrival. He finished the Torneo Apertura 2012 ( Venezuela) as a leader in the scoring by scoring 14 goals that helped his team not to pass the second place. Nantes
After passing the medical and psychological examinations, January 10 of 2013 signed a six-month contract on loan to own the FC Nantes of Ligue 2 of France. He did not count towards the club's quota of non-EU players due to being a dual Venezuelan-Spanish citizen (coming from a family of Basque origin).The Debut was the January 19 after entering 87 minutes in the match against Stade Lavallois Mayenne Football Club Laval. Within minutes he had the opportunity to make a header, but the ball went just inches from the corner. He debuted as a starter January 22 in the French Cup at the Stade Athletique Spinalien Epinal against Epinal with a result of 1-1. On February 12 of 2013 he scored two goals in the match against Le Mans FC. The first came in the 7th minute after a cross from the left and Aristeguieta sleeps with his chest and then finish. On April 15 he scores his first hat trick with the French team at the Berrichonne Chateauroux. In addition to this, he also caused the second yellow card of a rival.Eleven days later scores the only goal of the match against Chamois Niortais F.C. On May 16, <mask> was elected the best player of the month of April with 46% of the vote. On Friday May 17 Nantes secured his promotion to the Ligue 1 after beating CS Sedan

Nantes FC gave the option to buy him for 1.2 million euros, extending the contract for 3 years. He was given the number 10 and also shares a room with Venezuelans Gabriel Cichero and Oswaldo Vizcarrondo, who had been photographed with Aristeguieta in his first training with the senior team of Caracas Futbol Club. On 28 November 2014, after being sparingly used by Nantes, <mask> moved to La Liga's Getafe CF, on loan until June. On 7 January 2015 he passed a medical in the Madrid outskirts club, but his loan was cancelled on the 31st. Philadelphia Union (loan)
On February 20, 2015, it was confirmed that Aristeguieta had joined Major League Soccer side Philadelphia Union on loan.Caracas
In July 2017, <mask> returned to Caracas and signed a 1.5-year deal. International career

Youth level
He began his involvement in the Venezuelan selection in the U-15 category to compete in the 2007 South American U-15 Championship played in Porto Alegre. <mask> managed to be the top scorer of his team with three goals. Venezuela narrowly missed out on qualifying to the second round due to goal difference. He was present in 48 friendly matches of the U-17 level in preparation for the 2009 U-17 South American League the city of Iquique, where the team finished in last place in their group. He also participated in Bolivarian Games of 2009 scoring 1 goal in that tournament and the Venezuela National Team won the bronze medal. Senior Team
Aristigueta made his senior team debut on 2 February 2010 against Japan with the number 7 and was replaced by Alexander Rondon after 70 minutes.He was again called up for the friendly against Chile on 31 March, playing 8 minutes in the last game of the Marcelo Bielsa era. He was subsequently called up for the match against El Salvador, the first after the 2011 Copa America, and scored a goal, thanks to an assist from Yonathan Del Valle. On 7 October 2011, he made his competitive debut on the first matchday of the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Ecuador at Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa in Quito. After a year without playing for the national team, he played five minutes on 14 November 2012 against Nigeria

On 27 March 2013, He started against rivals Colombia. Wearing the number 9, he had two clear chances, including a possible goal, which was blocked off the goal line by a Colombian defender. Eventually his team won 1-0 at the Cachamay Stadium. Personal life
He got married in 2017 with Linden Azcunes.They have one child together, a son, Lucas Ezio Aristeguieta, born on June 6, 2019. In July 2020 they announced that they are expecting a girl named Sofía Alexandra. Club statistics
Accurate as of 27 July 2016.

International goals

|-
| 1. || 7 August 2011 || Robert F. Kennedy, Washington, United States ||  || align=center | 1–0 || align=center | 2–1 || Friendly ||
|}

Honours
Caracas
 Venezuelan First Division: 2009–10
 Copa Venezuela: 2009

References

External links
 FC Nantes official profile

1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Caracas
Venezuelan people of Basque descent
Venezuelan footballers
Association football forwards
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Major League Soccer players
Primeira Liga players
Categoría Primera A players
Venezuelan Primera División players
Liga MX players
Designated Players (MLS)
Caracas FC players
FC Nantes players
Philadelphia Union players
C.D. Nacional players
América de Cali footballers
Atlético Morelia players
Venezuelan expatriate footballers
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Venezuela international footballers
2021 Copa América players

masks:
Fernando Luis Aristeguieta de Luca
Aristeguieta
Aristeguieta
Fernando Aristeguieta
Aristeguieta
Aristeguieta
Aristeguieta


text_chunks:
<mask> (, born 24 May 1970) is a Chinese film director and screenwriter. He is generally regarded as a leading figure of the "Sixth Generation" movement of Chinese cinema, a group that also includes such figures as Wang Xiaoshuai, Lou Ye, Wang Quan'an and Zhang Yuan. Jia's early films, a loose trilogy based in his home province of Shanxi, were made outside of China's state-run film bureaucracy, and therefore are considered "underground" films. Beginning in 2004, <mask>'s status in his own country rose when he was allowed to direct his fourth feature film, The World, with state approval. <mask>'s films have received critical praise and have been recognized internationally, notably winning the Venice Film Festival's top award Golden Lion for Still Life. NPR critic John Powers praised him as "(perhaps) the most important filmmaker working in the world today." Early life
<mask> was born in Fenyang, Shanxi, China.His interest in film began in the early 1990s, as an art student at the Shanxi University in Taiyuan. On a lark, Jia attended a screening of Chen Kaige's Yellow Earth. The film, according to Jia, was life changing, and convinced the young man that he wanted to be a director. Jia would eventually make it to China's prestigious Beijing Film Academy in 1993, as a film theory major, giving him access to both western and eastern classics, as well as an extensive film library. Career

Early work
While a student at the Beijing Film Academy, Jia would make three short films to hone his skills. The first, a ten-minute short documentary on tourists in Tiananmen Square entitled One Day in Beijing, was made in 1994 on self-raised funds. Though <mask> has referred to his first directorial effort as inconsequential and "naive", he also described the short day and a half shoot as "excitement...difficult to express in words."But it was <mask>'s second directorial effort, the short film Xiao Shan Going Home (1995), that would bring him to the attention of the film world. It was a film that helped establish Jia's style and thematic interests and, in Jia's words, was a film that "truly marks the beginning of my career as a filmmaker." Xiao Shan would eventually screen abroad where it won a top prize at the 1997 Hong Kong Independent Short Film & Video Awards. More significantly, the film's success brought Jia in contact with cinematographer Yu Lik-wai and producer Li Kit Ming, two men who along with producer/editor Chow Keung would come to form <mask> <mask>'s "core...creative team." With their support, Jia was able to begin work on Xiao Wu, which would become his first feature film. Before graduating, however, Jia would make one more short film, Du Du (1996), a film about a female college student faced with several life-changing decisions. The film, little seen and rarely available, was for Jia an exercise of experimentation and technique, as it was filmed without a script.For Jia, the film was an important learning experience, even if he was "not terribly proud" of the end result. Underground success
Upon graduation, Jia embarked on his first feature-length film, with producer Li Kit Ming and cinematographer Yu Lik-wai. Xiao Wu, a film about a pickpocket in Jia's native Fenyang, emerged from Jia's desire to capture the massive changes that had happened to his home in the past few years. Additionally, the film was a rejection of what Jia felt was the fifth generation's increasing tendency to move away from the reality of modern China and into the realm of historical legend. Shot on a mere 400,000 RMB budget (or about US$50,000), Xiao Wu would prove to be a major success on the international film circuit, bringing Jia a deal with Takeshi Kitano's production house. Jia capitalized on his success with Xiao Wu with a two internationally acclaimed independent features. The first, Platform, was partially funded in 1998 through the Pusan Promotion Plan (PPP) of the Busan (Pusan) International Film Festival when <mask> received the Hubert Bals Fund Award (HBF) for his project.(Ahn, Soo Jeong, The Pusan Film Festival, South Korean Cinema and Globalization, 2012, 104-105). Platform was a three-hour epic about a provincial dance and music troupe transitioning from the 1970s to the early 1990s. The film has been called the masterpiece of the entire sixth generation movement. Starring Wang Hongwei, Jia's classmate and star of Xiao Shan Going Home and Xiao Wu, Platform was also the first of Jia's films to star actress Zhao Tao, a former dance teacher. Zhao would go on to serve as Jia's muse as the lead female role in Unknown Pleasures, The World, and Still Life, as well as acting in 24 City and the short film Cry Me a River (both in 2008). With 2002's Unknown Pleasures, <mask> began a foray into filming in digital video (although his first experimentation with the medium came a year before, in 2001's short documentary In Public). Xiao Wu, Platform and Unknown Pleasures are sometimes seen collectively as an informal trilogy of China's transition into modernity.Unknown Pleasures, a meditation on the aimless "birth control" generation to emerge from the one-child policy helped cement <mask>'s reputation as a major voice in contemporary Chinese cinema. All this despite limited theatrical runs and obscurity in mainland China. Indeed, none of the three films was ever publicly released in the PRC, although unlicensed DVD sales were brisk, a fact commented on by Jia near the end of Unknown Pleasures when Xiao Wu, the character (Wang Hongwei again), attempts to buy the DVD of Xiao Wu, the film. Wider success

Beginning with 2004's The World, Jia began to work with official approval from the Chinese government. The shift from independent to state-approved was not in isolation, however, but was part of a broader movement by many "underground" film directors turning legitimate. For many critics, the shift to legitimacy did not blunt Jia's critical eye, and The World was well received both abroad and – somewhat surprisingly – by the Chinese government. Taking place in Beijing World Park, the film was also <mask>'s first to take place outside of his home province of Shanxi.In 2006, <mask> returned to his experimentation with digital film with his film Still Life. The film would see Jia's status both at home and abroad raised when it won the coveted Golden Lion in the 2006 Venice Film Festival. The film, a diptych film about two people searching for their spouses in the backdrop of the Three Gorges Dam, was accompanied by the companion documentary Dong, about artist Liu Xiaodong. The 2000s have seen <mask> at a prolific period of his career. Following the success of Still Life, Jia was reported to be working on a gangster film, The Age of Tattoo ("Ciqing shidai"). Originally planned to be released in 2007, production on The Age of Tattoo was delayed after lead Jay Chou pulled out of the project, with Jia moving on to other films. These included a second documentary, Useless, about China's clothing manufacturing business, which garnered the director the Orizzonti Doc Prize at Venice in 2008, and 24 City, an ambitious work that conveys the historic changes that have swept across China in the last half-century through the lens of a single factory and the people connected to it by labor and blood.At the London Film Festival, 24 City was accompanied by another Jia short film, Cry Me a River, a romance starring Summer Palace actors, Hao Lei and Guo Xiaodong, and Jia regulars Zhao Tao and Wang Hongwei. I Wish I Knew is a documentary exploring the changing face of Shanghai. I Wish I Knew debuted in the Un certain regard competition in the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. During the press conference of 18 April 2013, <mask>'s film Tian Zhu Ding (A Touch of Sin) was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. He won the award for Best Screenplay. In April 2014, he was announced as a member of the main competition jury at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. His 2015 film Mountains May Depart was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.In October 2017, <mask> announced the establishment of the Pingyao International Film Festival (PYIFF) in Shanxi. Style and influences
Jia's films treat themes of alienated youth, contemporary Chinese history and globalization, as well as his signature usage of the long-take, colorful digital video and his minimalist/realist style. The World, in particular, with its portrayal of gaudy theme park filled with recreations of foreign landmarks is often noted for its critique of the globalization of China. <mask>'s work speaks to a vision of "authentic" Chinese life, and his consistent return to the themes of alienation and disorientation fly in the face of the work of older filmmakers who present more idealized understandings of Chinese society. Critic Howard Feinstein described the director as a "rare breed of filmmaker capable of combining stunning artifice with documentary truth." Critics have noted that whereas "Fifth Generation" filmmakers such as Zhang Yimou churn out export-friendly and lushly-colored wuxia dramas, Jia, as a "Sixth Generation" filmmaker, rejects the idealization of these narratives in favor of a more nuanced style. His films, from Xiao Wu and Unknown Pleasures to Platform and The World, eschew the son et lumière that characterizes so many contemporary Chinese exports.But the films' recurrent and reflexive use of "pop" motifs ensure that they are more self-aware than the similarly documentarian Chinese films of Jia's Sixth Generation peers. <mask> has commented in the past on the influence of filmmakers Hou Hsiao-hsien and Yasujirō Ozu on his work. I Wish I Knew, a 2010 documentary of his, features a segment about the 1972 documentary Chung Kuo, by Michelangelo Antonioni – another filmmaker to whose work Jia's own has been compared. Filmography

As director

Feature films

Documentaries

Short films

As actor

As producer
(Excluding production credits for Jia's own directorial efforts.) See also
 Xstream Pictures – Jia Zhangke's production company, founded with Yu Lik-wai and Chow Keung

Works
 Jia Zhangke Speaks Out: The Chinese Film Director's Texts on Film. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014. References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Beijing Film Academy alumni
Chinese documentary filmmakers
Chinese film directors
Film directors from Shanxi
People from Lüliang
Post 70s Generation
Screenwriters from Shanxi
Film festival founders
Directors of Golden Lion winners
Best Director Asian Film Award winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Screenplay winners

masks:
Jia Zhangke
Jia
Jia
Jia Zhangke
Jia
Jia
Jia
Zhangke
Jia
Jia
Jia
Jia
Jia
Jia
Jia
Jia
Jia
Jia


text_chunks:
<mask> (; 23 October 1932 – 4 December 2012) was a Soviet and Russian writer, poet and dramatist, who published more than sixty books which sold (as of 1998) seven million copies. A prominent member of the influential 1970s–1980s derevenschiki movement, <mask>'s best known novels include Business as Usual (Привычное дело, 1966), Eves (Кануны, 1972–1987), Everything's Ahead (Всё впереди, 1986) and The Year of a Major Breakdown (Год великого перелома, 1989–1994). <mask> was a harsh critic of the Soviet rural policies (particularly collectivization), which he felt were dominated by the cosmopolitan doctrines aiming at repressing the Russian national identity. Even detractors, though, praised <mask>'s tough stance on ecological issues and his activities aimed at restoration of the old Russian historic sites and churches. A great admirer of Ivan Ilyin and his legacy, <mask> financed the publication of the first Complete Ilyin collection and wrote a preface for it. <mask>, the USSR State Prize (1981) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2003) laureate, was also a recipient of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1982), the Order of Lenin (1984), the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class (2003) and the Order of Honour (2003). Biography
<mask> was born in Timonikha, Kharovsky District, Northern Krai, now Vologda Oblast, into a peasant family, the eldest of five children.His father <mask> was killed in 1943 in the Second World War. While at school, <mask> had to work at the local kolkhoz, helping his mother to raise the family. His main memory of childhood, as <mask> once recalled, was that of "overbearing hunger, for food and books." In 1949 he joined a professional college in Sokol, Vologda Oblast to learn the craft of carpenter and joiner. After the army he worked in one of the Molotov factories, then in 1956 moved back to Vologda where he started contributing to the regional Communard newspaper. Supported by Aleksander Yashin, an established Vologda writer, <mask> in 1959 enrolled into the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow. Career
In 1961 <mask> <mask>'s first book of poetry My Small Forest Village was published, along with the Village Berdyaika novella, his debut in prose.In 1963 he became a member of the Union of Soviet Writers and a year later, having graduated the Gorky Institute, returned to Vologda. In 1964 his book of short stories Sultry Summer was published, followed by Beyond the Three Voloks (1965). It was the novella Privychnoye delo (Business as Usual, 1966) published by Sever magazine, that made <mask> a well-known author, its main character Ivan Africanovich soon becoming the village prose movement's token figure. Business as Usual was miles apart from the standards of Socialist realism, and the magazine's editor Dmitry Gusarov even had to place the "To be concluded" tag in the end of it to appease censors who felt the story's finale was "too pessimistic". It was followed in 1968 by the Carpenter Tales short stories collection (published in Aleksandr Tvardovsky's Novy Mir) and then Vologda Bukhtinas (1969) a set of modern local folklore pieces. The leitmotif of the collection Upbringing According to Dr. Spock (1974) was the rural-against-urban lifestyle dilemma, the latter seen by the author as unnatural, amoral and deficient. In contrast, 1979's Lad (Harmony) compilation of ethnographical essays proved to be <mask>'s most cheerful book, portraying the traditional Russian rural ways of life as an idyll of man living in harmony with nature.An outspoken opponent of some of the Soviet official policies, <mask> <mask> has not for a moment been considered a dissident, having found his ideological stronghold in the opposite corner of the ideological specter. In 1981 he received the USSR State Prize ("For creating works of superb artistic quality"), then the Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1982) and Order of Lenin (1984). In the early 1980s he became one of the leading figures in the Soviet Writers Union and the Russian Federation Writers Union's first secretary. His plays Over the Light Waters, On the 206th, The Immortal Koshchey were running in theatres all over the country, all highlighting the idea of fighting amorality (the natural consequence of urbanization, as he saw it) and concentrating upon preserving the Russian natural riches. The 1986 Everything's Ahead novel, again targeting the urban set of values, caused controversy and brought about heated discussion in the Soviet press. It was followed by Such Was the War (1987), a collection comprising a novel and some short stories. Before that, in 1983, one of <mask>'s best-known works, the Eves (the novel which he started in 1972) came out, followed by The Year of a Major Breakdown (1989–1991) and The Sixth Hour (The 1932 Chronicle).This epic trilogy, telling the tragic story of three peasant families, became arguably the strongest statement against collectivization in the non-dissident Soviet literature, exploring what the author saw as the conflict between Russian rural traditionalism and the Bolsheviks-imposed 'rootlessness', the latter leading to chaos, mass murder and degradation. In 1989–1991 <mask> Belov collection in five volumes. The Honeymoon novella came out in 1996, but by this time <mask> became better known as an author of highly emotional essays (appearing mostly in pro-nationalist Moskva, Nash Sovremennik magazines and Zavtra newspaper) on issues like the demise of small Russian villages and the degradation of the Russian language. In 1997 <mask> <mask> became the Honorary citizen of Vologda. In the 2000s he was awarded the Order of Reverend Sergius of Radonezh (2002), the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class (2003) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2004) for literature and arts.In March 2005 he was a signatory to the antisemitic Letter of 5000. <mask> <mask> devoted his last years to the restoration of the Nikolskaya church in Timonikha where he had been baptized as a child. He financed the project and worked on scaffolds himself. In 2011 the church was robbed and desecrated. On the next day <mask> suffered a stroke from which he never fully recovered. <mask> <mask> died on 4 December 2012, aged 80, in Vologda. The 1932 chronicle (Час шестый.Хроника 1932 года, novel)
 The Old and the Small (Старый да малый, 1990, novelet)
 Honeymoon (Медовый месяц, 1996, novelet)

See also

Village Prose

References

External links

<mask> <mask> at booksite.ru. 1932 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Russian male writers
20th-century Russian short story writers
People from Kharovsky District
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Non-fiction environmental writers
Russian-language writers
Russian environmentalists
Russian male novelists
Russian male poets
Russian male short story writers
Soviet male poets
Soviet male writers
Soviet novelists
Soviet short story writers

masks:
Vasily Ivanovich Belov
Belov
Vasily Belov
Vasily Belov
Belov
Vasily Belov
Vasily Ivanovich Belov
Ivan Belov
Vasily
Belov
Belov
Vasily
Belov
Belov
Belov
Vasily
Belov
Belov
Belovasily
Belov
Vasily
Belov
Vasily
Belov
Belov
Vasily
Belov
Vasily
Belov