<s>[INST] My mom s recent MRI results: IMPRESSIONS: NO ACUTE ABNORMALITIES ARE SEEN. MODERATE DIFFUSE VOLUME LOSS WITH MINIMAL TO MILD PERIVENTRICULAR AND SUBCORTICAL SMALL VESSEL ISCHEMIC CHANGES ARE SEEN She only started becoming very confused in March and I have searched for answers, including possible hereditary thyroid issues, but the only real answer is that this is dementia and could be related to early onset Alzheimer s (and mini strokes which I don t understand) - the other issue that began in March, and is not related to UTI is frequent urination as often as 15 to 30 minutes. She is almost 76, never had many problems other than developing a seizure disorder 12 years ago, but that has been controlled with Keppra. I am trying everything possible and have seen many specialist, but still think I am missing something? [/INST] Hi, Thank you for posting your query. First, I would like to reassure you that the MRI abnormalities in your moms' case are minor, and there is no need to worry. Kendra (levetiracetam) may cause confusion, and so, if possible it should be stopped and replaced with another anti seizure Chat Doctor.  For mini strokes (small vessel ischemic changes), a blood thinner such as aspirin, should be started.  For diffuse volume loss, no specific treatment is available. It could be normal for age, or it could be a part of Alzheimer's disease. This can be confirmed by a clinical examination by a neurologist. Best wishes, </s>