The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed skepticism, writes Christopher de Bellaigue, "with a freedom that is rarely witnessed today.... No longer was legitimate knowledge defined by texts in the religious schools, interpreted for the most part with stultifying literalness. It had come to include virtually any intellectual production anywhere in the world." One of the neologisms that, in a way, came to characterize the infusion of new ideas via translation was "darwiniya", or "Darwinism". COUNT 5
QSN1 What transformed Arabic languages? ANS1 movement to translate English and European texts QSN2 What came to be valued over previous convolutions? ANS2 new words, simplified syntax, and directness QSN3 Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic? ANS3 Educated Arabs and Turks QSN4 What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by? ANS4 texts in the religious schools QSN5 What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation? ANS5 Darwinism