In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants. COUNT 15
QSN1 What does "Jamahiriya" mean? ANS1 state of the masses QSN2 What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya? ANS2 he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents QSN3 List two reasons why Libya become an "international pariah." ANS3 Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing QSN4 Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya. ANS4 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions QSN5 How did Gaddafi lose power? ANS5 uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC QSN6 What was Libya's socialist government called? ANS6 Jamahiriya ("state of the masses") QSN7 Why did Libya become an "international pariah"? ANS7 Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing QSN8 How did the world respond to Libya in 1986? ANS8 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. QSN9 How did Gaddafi lose power? ANS9 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War QSN10 How did Gaddafi die? ANS10 Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants. QSN11 What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English? ANS11 state of the masses QSN12 In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya? ANS12 1977 QSN13 Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era? ANS13 Chad QSN14 What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi's Libya supposedly involved in? ANS14 Lockerbie QSN15 In what year did the United states bomb Libya? ANS15 1986