Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life. Not only the shōen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves. Gradually, the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi (warrior) or samurai (literally, one who serves). COUNT 4
QSN1 Who had increased access to better military technology? ANS1 Shōen holders QSN2 Which institutions also hired private guards for protection? ANS2 civil and religious QSN3 Which class became a new military elite? ANS3 provincial upper class QSN4 What does the word "bushi" mean? ANS4 warrior