In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective. COUNT 4
QSN1 What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material? ANS1 the formation of outer membrane vesicles QSN2 What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane? ANS2 , forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials QSN3 What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate? ANS3 response to stress conditions QSN4 What virulence factors do some bacterial species have? ANS4 some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells