Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice," including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education. The laws implementing these limitations and exceptions for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either fair use or fair dealing. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to freedom of speech. COUNT 5
QSN1 What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright? ANS1 fair practice QSN2 Where are minimal quotations commonly used? ANS2 journalism and education QSN3 What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into? ANS3 fair use or fair dealing QSN4 What do these statutes represent? ANS4 principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents QSN5 What are these statutes essential to? ANS5 freedom of speech