Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities. COUNT 3
QSN1 What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called? ANS1 dhimmis QSN2 Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate? ANS2 Jews QSN3 Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads? ANS3 Christians