By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion. COUNT 14
QSN1 Who identified the active substance? ANS1 John Abel QSN2 Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state? ANS2 Jokichi Takamine QSN3 Who marketed epinephrine? ANS3 Parke Davis QSN4 What trade name was epinephrine marketed under? ANS4 Adrenalin QSN5 As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat? ANS5 nasal congestion QSN6 Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form? ANS6 Jokichi Takamine QSN7 What could epinephrine treat? ANS7 nasal congestion QSN8 When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States? ANS8 2011 QSN9 What trade name was epinephrine marketed under? ANS9 Adrenalin QSN10 In what year was epinephrine discovered? ANS10 1897 QSN11 What was the trade name of epinephrine? ANS11 Adrenalin QSN12 Who first discovered epinephrine? ANS12 John Abel QSN13 What is epinephrine used to treat? ANS13 asthma attacks QSN14 In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States? ANS14 2011