With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries. COUNT 5
QSN1 What year marked the onset of the Crusades? ANS1 1095 QSN2 As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries? ANS2 Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century) QSN3 What year were the expulsions from England? ANS3 1290 QSN4 What year were the expulsions from France? ANS4 1394 QSN5 After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction? ANS5 Jewish migration pushed eastward