Other common examples of parameters that modify or weaken he deterministic positivity assumption include the average treatment effect in the treated and population intervention effects.[1]}, [2]} Another alternative is incremental propensity score effects, which avoid the deterministic positivity assumption for identification.[3]}, [4]} However, to be informative these alternative parameters all require the existence of some \(\mathbf {z}\)  for which deterministic positivity is not violated. Otherwise only the natural course, the mean under the observed distribution of actions,[5]} is identified.
