The proliferation of biased news, misleading claims, disinformation and fake news has caused heightened negative effects on modern society in various domains ranging from politics, economics to public health. A recent study showed that maliciously fabricated and partisan stories possibly caused citizens' misperception about political candidates [1]} during the 2016 U.S. presidential elections. In economics, the spread of fake news has manipulated stock price [2]}. For example, $139 billion was wiped out when the Associated Press (AP)'s hacked Twitter account posted rumor about White House explosion with Barack Obama's injury. Recently, misinformation has caused infodemics in public health [3]} and even led to people's fatalities in the physical world [4]}.
