TE measures the directionality of a variable with respect to time based on the probability density function. For two discrete stationary processes \(I\)  and \(J\) , TE relates \(k\)  previous samples of process \(I\)  and \(l\)  previous samples of process \(J\)  and is defined as follows [1]}, [2]},
\(TE_{J\rightarrow I}=\sum _{t=1}^{n-1}{p(i_{t+1},i_{t}^{(k)},j_{t}^{(l)}) \: log \frac{p(i_{t+1}|i_{t}^{(k)},j_{t}^{(l)})}{p(i_{t+1}|i_{t}^{(k)})}},\) 
