Since the 1950s, rapid development has been made in deterministic numerical methods for plasma simulations [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}, [6]}, [7]}, [8]}.
However, given the coarse-grained approximation in the field theories of plasmas and errors inherited from numerical simulations, considerable uncertainties may be introduced inevitably.
One typical example are the uncertain inputs of the initial/boundary value problem.
Furthermore, for the evaluation of collision kernel in the kinetic equations, the phenomenological model parameters often need to be calibrated by experiments to reproduce correct transport coefficients, which introduce errors into the simulations.
Another example goes to the vacuum permeability employed in the Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields.
In the SI system which has gone into force in 2019 [9]}, this value is measured experimentally as \(\mu _0=8.854 187 8128 \times 10^{-12} \rm F\cdot m^{-1} \) , with a relative standard deviation being \(1.5 \times 10^{-10}\) .
