The multi-scale nature of the flow, and the complex interfacial topology complicate the experimental scrutiny of the different physical mechanisms occurring across the scales. Thus, elucidating the fundamental physics of this problem has also relied on high-fidelity simulations exemplified by the work of [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}, [6]}, [7]}, [8]}, [9]}, [10]}, [11]}, [12]}, [13]}, [14]}. The first step towards the use of numerical simulations to understand the physical mechanisms at play was conducted by [4]}, who were able to identify a sequence of essential steps during the spatio/temporal interfacial development of a planar liquid jet-segment: the formation of initial corrugations on the surface, followed by the development of ligaments whose capillary instability leads to droplet formation.
They also showed that the early interfacial corrugations are a consequence of the turbulent eddies which carry enough kinetic energy to overcome capillary forces.
