The first upper limit from the LOFAR was obtained with \(\sim \)  hours of data from its High-Band Antenna, between \(z\)  7.9-10.6 [1]}. Limits on the Cosmic Dawn were obtained from 14-hour data of the Low Band Antenna between \(z\) 19.8-25.2 [2]}. The most sensitive limit obtained by LOFAR to date is obtained at a redshift of 9.7 using 141 hours of LOFAR data [3]}. This provided almost an order of magnitude improvement over the previous limits. Through all the EoR PS analyses, the authors have reported the observation of “excess variance" in the observed PS, despite correcting for systematic effects and foreground removal. Recent investigations into the cause of this variance attributed it to sky-related effects, particularly related to distant bright sources [4]}.
