For decades, DRAM has been the predominant technology for manufacturing main memory, due to its low cost and high capacity.
Despite recent efforts to create technologies to replace it [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}, DRAM is expected to continue to be the de facto main memory technology for the foreseeable future.
However, despite its high density, DRAM's latency and bandwidth have not kept pace with the rapid improvements to processor core speed.
This divide creates a bottleneck to system performance, which has become increasingly limiting in recent years due to the rapidly growing sizes of the working sets used by many modern applications [6]}, [7]}, [8]}.
Indeed, recent surveys show that the movement of data between main memory and the processor is responsible for up to 60% of the energy consumption of modern memory-intensive applications [9]}, [10]}, [11]}, [12]}, [7]}, [14]}, [15]}, [16]}.
