But what do we mean by size? Whose size, and how is it defined? Consider the operator that creates a particle at the pode. In the theory where size is best understood—the SYK model—size refers to the number of simple fermionic operators in the time-dependent operator that perturbs the boundary [1]}. At the time the operator acts to create a fermion at the boundary its size is one. We might imagine that in dS the operator that creates a particle at the pode is also simple and of small size. This is wrong: in de Sitter holography the simple operators are located at the stretched horizon, not at the pode. The operator that creates a particle at the pode is likely to be highly complex. One sees this explicitly in the dS-Matrix theory [2]}[3]}[4]} where creating a single particle at the pode requires constraining all \(N\)  “off-diagonal” matrix degrees of freedom  that link the cosmic horizon to the particle.
