The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) [1]} has been successfully used in image classification [2]}, but it can be applied to document binarization [3]}, [4]}.
However, the traditional methods directly apply the CNN on the degraded image \(\textbf {x}\)  to compute the binary image \(\textbf {x}_b\)  by:
\(\textbf {x}_b = \text{CNN}(\textbf {x})\) 
