Finally, relationships between \(\mathbf {T}\)  and an observed trait or within \(\mathbf {T}\)  itself are quantified by converting each annotated SNP to a number. GWAS first encode each SNP variant with a numeric value and then summarize both variants at each location into a single value. Typically no distinction is made between these steps: the dominance and additive summaries often move directly from an annotated genotype to a numeric value [1]}, [2]}, [3]}. It is useful for clarity and full generality to separate the two distinct steps involved in this process, however.
