In a related but not necessarily collinear way, we assume that each project has a strictly positive probability of providing a good idea which is \(P_{good} (p) \) .
This probability is reasonably increasing in effort, but there may be communication and coordination costs which make it decrease in the size, in terms of members, of the team. Or, there could be positive externalities from the aggregate quality of all the scientific production as a whole.
In general, the whole environment of \(x\)  can provide both positive and negative externalities, with network effects like those described in the connection model and in the co-authorship model of [1]}.
