The classical modular approach to building task-oriented dialog systems (or task bots) is motivated by the theories of human cognition. Cognition is formulated as an iterative decision making process [1]}: organisms (e.g., humans) take in information from the environment, build internal cognitive models based on their perception of that information, which includes information about the entities in the external world, their properties and relationships, and then make decisions with respect to these cognitive models which lead to human actions that change the environment. Cognitive scientists generally agree that the degree to which an organism prospers in the world depends on how good those internal cognitive models are [2]}, [3]}.
