Particle fracture is caused by the substantial volume change and the resulting stress of electrode materials during cycling, especially for particles with large sizes or under high C-rates [1]}. Particle fracture leads to battery degradation, with effects such as binder detachment [2]}, loss of active materials [3]} and loss of lithium inventory by additional SEI growth on new surfaces of cracks [4]}. The modelling of particle fracture can be through empirical functions to account for the new surfaces of cracks for the additional SEI growth [5]}, but this kind of models is only accurate for moderate C-rates. Physics-based models have been developed using the fatigue crack model of Paris' law [4]}, which shows better accuracy for battery cells at high C-rates. There are also three-dimensional studies on the microstructure of electrode materials [7]}, using finite element methods, but they are computationally expensive and usually limited to beginning of life simulations.
