in which \(\beta ^{-1} = {k_BT}\)  is the inverse temperature, and \(p^{\text{tg}}(s)\)  is the target distribution we want the OPES simulation to converge to. In the present application, we will aim at obtaining the so-called well-tempered distribution \(p^{\text{tg}}(s) \propto [P(s)]^{\frac{1}{\gamma }}\) , where \(\gamma > 1\)  is called bias factor. The merits of this choice have been amply discussed in the metadynamics literature.[1]}, [2]}, [3]}
