The dust monochromatic opacity is set amongst others by the composition, shape, space- and time-dependent size distribution, and dynamics of dust particles in CSDs [1]} and specifically in the vicinity of a growing and migrating gas giant (e.g. [2]}).
In particular, the dust-to-gas mass ratio \(f_{\textrm {d/g}}\)  and—to a lesser extent [3]}—the minimum and maximum grain sizes \(a_{\rm min}\)  and \(a_{\rm max}\)  impact the opacity (e.g. [4]}, [5]}, [6]}, [7]}).
In turn, these properties are set by many processes
(e.g. [8]}, [9]}, [10]}, [11]}; see review in the latter work).
