Transductive learning (or transduction) was first formulated by Vapnik [1]}, [2]} who also introduced the first transductive algorithm – TSVM [1]}, [4]}, which learns a large margin hyperplane classifier from labeled training data while simultaneously forcing it to take into account the (unlabeled) test data.
Whereas transduction received considerable attention in the context of classical machine learning [5]}, [6]}, [7]}, it has only been briefly addressed in the context of deep neural networks.
