Lexical semantic resources may encode causal properties on verbs (e.g., [1]}, [2]}) and prepositions (e.g., [3]}). Force dynamics theory [4]} from cognitive psychology posits three primary kinds of causal semantics [5]} – CAUSE, ENABLE and PREVENT – which were lexicalized as causal verbs [6]}.
The annotation scheme of [7]} dunietz2017because distinguishes three types of causal semantics: CONSEQUENCE, MOTIVATION, and PURPOSE. In PDTB 2.0 [8]}, “CONTINGENCY” has two subtypes (“Cause” and “Condition”). FrameNet [9]} represents causal relations through a variety of unrelated frames (e.g., CAUSATION and THWARTING) and frame roles (e.g., PURPOSE and EXPLANATION). These efforts motivate our own causal patterns, categorized into: CAUSE (e.g. cause, result in, lead to), EXPLANATION (e.g. because, due to), CONDITION (e.g. if-then, as long as), PURPOSE (e.g. in order to, for the purpose of), and PREVENTION (e.g. stop/prevent-from).
