Challenge 1: How to handle skew with lightweight computation?
Data-intensive applications usually have lightweight computation, and the throughput of PEs is bounded by reading data from and writing results to the corresponding buffers [1]}.
As a result, underutilized PEs stealing the workload from the overloaded PEs and writing the results back to their buffers after the calculation will not payoff [2]}.
In addition, heavy operations (e.g., atomic operation) will stall the processing pipeline, resulting in new system bottlenecks [3]}.
