On the other hand, the direct photons are considered as one of the efficient probes to study the properties of hot and dense QGP state of matter [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}, [6]}, [7]}, [8]}, [9]}, [10]}, [11]}, [12]}, [13]}, [14]}, [15]}. The thermal photon spectra obtained from the hydrodynamical model evolution combined with the prompt photon contribution from initial partonic hard scatterings have satisfactorily described the measured direct photon spectra in the range \(p_T > 2\)  GeV in heavy-ion collisions at both Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The theoretical calculation of spectra in the region \(p_T<2\)  GeV has, however, been found to underestimate the data where the contribution from the hadronic phase is significant. The anisotropic flow of direct photons is also believed to be a potential probe for illustrating the initial state of a collision. However, the hydrodynamic model calculations of photon production failed to describe the elliptic and triangular flow data at RHIC and LHC by a large margin, which has been addressed as the “direct photon puzzle" [16]}, [17]}. Several studies using a more realistic hydrodynamic framework, initial conditions, the pre-equilibrium flow, and holographic thermal-photon emission rate have shown improvements in the theoretical prediction but could not resolve the puzzle yet [18]}, [19]}, [20]}, [21]}. Recent studies have shown that the spectra and anisotropic flow coefficients of photons (i.e., \(v_{1},v_{2},v_{3}\) ) from different collision systems and their simultaneous comparison could be valuable to understand the sources of the puzzle [22]}, [23]}, [24]}. A significant improvement in the photon anisotropic flow has been reported recently by Naboka et al. using integrated hydrokinetic model [25]}, [26]}.
