


where \(S_P = \partial V_P\) , \(p(\psi )\)  is the prescribed pressure profile, and \(\hat{\textbf {n}}\)  is the unit normal. For the past three decades, stellarator optimization has largely proceeded with this fixed-boundary approach with codes such as STELLOPT [1]} and ROSE [2]}, resulting in the W7-X [3]}, HSX [4]}, and NCSX [5]} configurations. We use the term “fixed-boundary” to describe this approach as the equilibrium is computed with a specified boundary, although the boundary is varied throughout the optimization.
