Earth science: Earth science is a major application area for spatial prediction [1]}. Remote sensors from satellites, airplanes, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have collected petabytes of geo-referenced earth imagery. Particularly, the recent deployment of CubeSat fleets by commercial companies (e.g., Planet Labs Inc.) help collect high-resolution imagery that covers the entire earth surface almost every day. In addition, numerous ground sensors deployed on land or rivers collect real-time information on soil properties, river flow volume, and air quality. Spatial prediction on earth data plays an important role in mapping land use and land cover, understanding global deforestation [2]}, monitoring surface water dynamics [3]}, improving the situational awareness during disasters (e.g., mapping hurricane flood and earthquakes) [4]}, [5]}, predicting crop yield [6]}, estimating the spatial distribution of species [7]}, [8]}, and mapping soil properties [9]}, [10]}.
