A number of works have considered formulating the quantization problem as an optimization problem [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}, [6]}, but the proposed methods rely on assumptions which may not hold for deep neural networks [7]}. In [8]}, [9]}, [10]}, the QNN training is tackled as an energy efficiency problem, whereas [11]} propose a Differentiable Soft Quantization (DSQ) to efficiently train QNN.
