Power generation and consumption have to be balanced to allow the power grid to operate close to its reference frequency (e.g.,
\(f_{R}=50~\text{Hz}\)  in Europe) and thereby ensure robust distribution among generators and consumers [1]}.
However, the grid frequency does not stay at precisely \(f_{R}=50~\text{Hz}\)  during operation but is subject to multiple sources of power fluctuations, ranging from demand fluctuations [2]} over stochastic feed-in by renewable sources [3]}, [4]} to effects caused by energy trading [5]}.
Fluctuations of the grid frequency must not exceed certain security limits
[6]}, [7]}. Whereas renewable energy sources undoubtedly challenge the system due to their distributed and variable nature [8]}, [9]}, [10]},
an analysis on the German system has shown that renewables only put light stress on primary control reserves [11]}. In contrast, impacts due to energy trading seem to be substantial, as discussed in [12]}, [13]} and recently in [14]}.
