In parallel a deep connection was developed between the dynamics of black holes and quantum chaos. It was realized that simple gravitational calculations can serve as probes of chaos in the boundary description, in particular giving a reliable method for computing the “scrambling time” of black holes using out-of-time-order correlators. Moreover it was understood that subtle features in the analytic continuation of the thermal partition to complex temperature, usually packaged into “spectral form factor” \(|Z(\beta +it)|^2\) , can be understood either as consequences of random matrix theory in the boundary description or from subleading saddles in the gravitational path integral. It was realized that many of these ideas can be explored quite explicitly in the context of the SYK model, giving a way to test the chaotic nature of black holes in a solvable regime [1]}.
