introduced in [1]}, has already been widely used [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}, [6]}, [1]}. It relies on the fraction of edges \(e(\mathcal {C})\)  inside each community \(\mathcal {C}\)  and the fraction of edgesinter-community edges contribute for \(\frac{1}{2}\)  to each community. \(a(\mathcal {C})\)  bound to community \(\mathcal {C}\) :
\(Q^M(\mathcal {P}) = \sum _{\mathcal {C} \in \mathcal {P}} e(\mathcal {C}) - a(\mathcal {C})^2\) 
