Recently, the integration of Blockchain into FL has been investigated. The study in [1]} analyzed end-to-end latency for ML model training, update transmission and block mining in a BFL system. [2]} analyzed the communication latency and consensus delays for BFL-based vehicular networks, deriving an optimal block arrival rate for vehicles based on system dynamics. The authors in [3]} focused on developing a bandwidth allocation and device scheduling solution for digital twin-enabled BFL. Moreover, the work in [4]} proposed a BFL-based privacy-preserving UAV network to optimize the energy consumption of UAVs, vehicular device service coverage and a composite service hit ratio. In recent work [5]}, a dynamic resource allocation framework for BFL was proposed with a focus on maximizing the training data size with respect to energy usage constraints.
