
where in Equation (REF ), \(J_{HSE}(A,B)\)  is defined by binary or hard set equivalence (HSE) between set elements. \(A \cap B\)  is the intersection operator between sets \(A\)  and \(B\) , and \(|A \cap B|\) , \(|A|=|A \cap A|\) , \(|B|=|B \cap B|\)  represent set cardinality operators that count the numbers of elements present in each set, where \(|A \cap B| \le \min \lbrace  |A|, |B|\rbrace \) . The Jaccard index is a similarity measure, and may be used to define various distance measures including the Jaccard distance metric [1]} \(1-J_{HSE}(A,B)\)  or the Tanimoto distance \(-\log J_{HSE}(A,B)\) .
