Here, we briefly summarize the most relative literature. For more comprehensive literature review on blockchain development and application, please refer to [1]}, [2]}, [3]}.
Blockchain technology was first introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto as Bitcoin in 2008 to solve the double-spending problem [4]}. Beyond Bitcoin, the so-called second generation of cryptocurrencies, Ethereum, was proposed in [5]}, [6]}. Ethereum is a blockchain with a built-in Turing-complete programming language, which allows the developers to write smart contracts. A number of decentralized blockchain applications have already been built based on it; see for example [3]}.
