Because smoking and vaping are highly influenced by social cues, we use social group competition as the basis for our model [1]}, [2]}. Social group competition models are utilized to study factions in society competing against each other for members, including religious groups [1]}, language speakers [4]}, and even left- versus right-handedness [5]}. A previous study by Lang et al. used social group competition to understand smoking prevalence dynamics among adult populations around the world [6]}. Here, we modify the Lang et al. model to accommodate three discrete groups competing for members: individuals who primarily smoke traditional cigarettes, primarily vape e-cigarettes, and primarily abstain from those tobacco products (Figure REF ).
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