As discussed in the previous section, the SPM performs very well at low C-rates but its accuracy decreases as the C-rate increases. Model accuracy can be improved by incorporating electrolyte dynamics, which gives rise to the next class of model, namely the Single Particle Model with electrolyte dynamics (SPMe). The main advantage of this model is that it retains most of the simplicity of the SPM, in the sense that it is still one-dimensional in space (albeit that three decoupled one-dimensional problems must be solved), but provides a significant improvement in performance. Recall that, as explained at the beginning of Section , the SPMe refers to a family of models (of which [1]}, [2]}, [3]} are particular instances) so the points discussed here apply to all the particular examples of SPMe.
