Many approaches address issues above via machine learning. Structured knowledge representations of scripts embedded in latent space are used to detect and compare similar events [1]}. This is useful for determining whether an email resembles a password reset email typically sent from an organization's IT department. Comparison of multiple responses in a chatbot setting has been shown to improve correlation of evaluation metrics with human judgement [2]}. This can be used to select a chatbot model that performs better in an open domain. However, unlike our approach, these approaches require extensive model training.
