Benefiting from the great progress made in deep learning, the Variational AutoEncoders [1]}, [2]} and Generative Adversarial Networks based [3]}
face manipulation technology [4]}, [5]}, [6]} enables ordinary people without professional skills and equipment to generate high-quality forged faces.
Derived from that, certain free apps [7]} and open-source projects [8]}, [9]} quickly arise and gain popularity explosively.
Unluckily, the technology may be abused for malicious purposes, causing severe trust issues in our society.
Although digital forensics experts can analyze some influential videos for evidence of manipulation,
they will be helpless in reviewing countless videos uploaded to the Internet every day.
Thus, it is of high significance to develop efficient automatic detection algorithms.
<FIGURE>