Monolayer physics has attracted considerable interest in recent studies. Two dimensional materials offer some unique properties—for example, the band structure of graphene contains Dirac points and cones [1]} [2]}. Beyond an isolated monolayer, systems of interest include a monolayer adsorbed onto a substrate and multiple monolayers stacked together [3]} [4]}. The substrate-monolayer case is especially important because of the efforts towards growing graphene on different substrates [5]}. The combination of different monolayers is also promising because different monolayers can be engineered together analogously to Lego bricks, forming a Van der Waals heretostructure [6]}. These emerging research areas demonstrate why it is important to have a complete, fundamental understanding of the geometry of these systems.
