Another class are vertex models. For flat geometries they are a versatile tool to reproduce e.g. solid-liquid phase transitions, number of neighbor distributions and stress fields in epithelia tissue [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}. Various 3D approaches have been developed and also extensions towards formulations on curved surfaces [6]}, where the effect of curvature on the solid-liquid transition is analysed on spherical surfaces.
