Motion-free methods circumvent the need for flow map estimation and consequently are not susceptible to the associated issues. The most representative motion-free methods are the kernel-based methods [1]}, [2]}, which directly generate the target intermediate frame by applying spatially-adaptive convolution kernels to the given frames. Kernel-based methods are effective, however, the rigidity of the kernel shape, severely limits the types of motions that such methods can handle. Indeed, one may need to choose a very large kernel size to ensure enough coverage, which is highly inefficient.
