Modularity is defined as the fraction of edges that fall within the given groups minus the expected fraction if edges were distributed at random [1]}. The modularity for undirected graphs lies in the range of \({\displaystyle (-1/2, 1)}\) . A positive modularity indicates that the number of edges within a community exceeds the expected value by random chance. Modularity (Louvain method) of the disease-gene network was 0.28 among all the 22 classes signifying a positive modular structured network (see Figure 2).
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