The NYU (squared) LOS probability model (REF ) (a statistical model derived from a real-world database in downtown New York City [1]}, [2]}) is used to predict whether the UE is within a clear LOS of the BS or in an NLOS region due to obstructions:
\(\begin{split}P_{LOS} (d_{2D}) = & (\min (d_1/d_{2D}, 1)(1-\exp (-d_{2D}/d_2)) \\& +\exp (-d_{2D}/d_2))^2,\end{split}\) 
