Even so, most of the references in the Kaluza literature adopt the traditional classical field equations and the cylinder condition, while opining in the text of a microscopic, compact fifth dimension. The math is still classical, but classical thinking is abandoned. What are naturally interpreted as classical long-range gravitational, electromagnetic, and scalar fields, are reinterpreted to be the “\(n=0\) " modes of a fourier expansion of fields, on a manifold with a compact 5th dimension [1]}. Ad hoc quantum considerations are laid on the classical theory, and Planck's constant emerges amid new free parameters.
