Lungs are the fundamental organs within the human respiratory system which provide respiration. Lungs are enclosed within the human chest, and their pathology is majorly observed through chest radiographs, also known as chest X-rays (CXRs) [1]}. Apart from this, many pulmonary disorders are also diagnosed through CXRs by observing the abnormal pathological patterns within the poster-anterior, anteroposterior, and lateral projections of the thoracic cavity [2]}. Moreover, CXR imagery is also an effective and low-cost modality for detecting edema, tuberculosis, single or multiple nodules, and pneumonia [3]} (as shown in Figure REF ). Among these pathologies, the fatal one is pneumonia (especially COVID-19 pneumonia [4]}), which is clinically identified by observing airspace opacities, lobar consolidation, and interstitial opacities [4]}.
On the other hand, edema is identified through cephalization of the pulmonary vessels, septal lines, patchy shadowing (with air bronchograms), and increased cardiac size [6]}. Tuberculosis is identified (from CXRs) by observing the consolidations and cavities that are often seen in the upper lung zones (with or without mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy) [7]}. In contrast, the nodules appear as a spot within the lung zones as observed in the CXRs [8]}.
