Figure REF  shows the temporal stretching of an outer lobe to form a ligament, and eventually droplets. The ligament orientation is linked to the vortical structures, as suggested above. A bulbous-tip is formed at the edge of the ligament driven by capillarity. The ligament posterior breaks at its base due to thinning then retracts under the action of surface tension forces to form droplets from both its up- and downstream ends an
end-pinching mechanism [1]}. The characteristic radial length scale of the ligament is influenced by the external velocity field, the ratio of densities, and the surface tension. The ligament is characterised by having a small thickness prior to its detachment from the base. However, the droplets formed after the breakup process have a larger length scale (in agreement with [2]}).
