where \(M_{A}\)  and \(M_{p}\)  are the mass of the target nuclide and the proton, \(E_{p}\)  is the proton energy.
Energy losses are calculated using ATIMA, a built-in Physical Calculator in LISE++ [1]}.
The energies used in the experiments are summarized in Table REF . The relevant uncertainties include the energy straggling and the difference caused by using different thickness of targets.
