However, the works in [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]} did not consider the energy efficiency of their DNN structure during training. Since devices have limited computing and memory resources, deploying an energy-efficient DNN will be a more appropriate way to reduce the energy consumption of FL.
Although the work in [11] considered binarized neural networks during training, this work did not optimize the quantization levels of the neural network to balance the tradeoff between precision and energy. To the best of our knowledge, there is no work that jointly considers the tradeoff between precision, energy, and accuracy.
