where \(\textbf {A}\)  is stationary [1]}. If the electron wavefunction in the absence of the magnetic field is given by \(\psi _0(\textbf {x})\) , the presence of the magnetic field forces us to add a phase to the electron wavefunction—the Dirac phase factor [2]}—calculated by solving the time-independent Schrödinger equation,
\(\psi (\textbf {x})=\psi _0(\textbf {x})\exp  \left( \frac{i q}{\hbar } \int \textbf {A} \cdot d\textbf {x} \right) ,\) 
