One of the earliest work is [1]}'s that identifies sarcasm in spoken dialogues and relies heavily on cues like laughter, pauses, speaker's gender, and spectral features; their data is restricted to sarcastic utterances that contain the expression `yeah-right'. [2]} improve the accuracy of their sarcasm model by using oral or gestural clues in user comments, such as emoticons, onomatopoeic expressions (e.g., achoo, haha, grr, ahem) for laughter, heavy punctuation marks, quotation marks, and positive interjections. [3]}, [4]} utilize syntactic and pattern-based linguistic features to construct their feature vectors. [5]} take a similar approach and extend previous work by relying on the inner structure of utterances such as unexpectedness, the intensity of the terms, or imbalance between registers.
