Also, there are hopes from upgrades to existing instruments or upcoming or proposed instruments. Indeed, several efforts focussed on pushing visible direct imaging (photometry) or spectroscopy to the limit are being developed with H \(\alpha \)  as their main science case. Imaging instruments include:
Magellan/MagAO-X [1]}, [2]} and
GMagAO-X on the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) [3]},
the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) at the Keck II telescope [4]},
and also possibly the near-infrared (NIR) spectrograph NIRSpecOnly the \(R\sim 100\)  prism can access H \(\alpha \)  (see https://jwst-docs.stsci.edu), making it challenging but still possible. on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
or the Coronograph Instrumenthttps://wfirst.ipac.caltech.edu/sims/Param_db.html (CGI) aboard the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (formerly known as WFIRST). A few spectrographs covering H \(\alpha \)  are also being planned and developed:
an integral-field spectrograph of \(R=15,000\)  named Visible Integral-field Spectrograph eXtreme (VIS-X) at MagAO-X
[5]};
a proposed
Extreme-Adaptive-Optics- (XAO)-assisted high-resolution spectrograph for the VLT,
dubbed RISTRETTOSee https://zenodo.org/record/3356296. [6]},
with \(R\geqslant 130,000\) –\(150,000\) ; as well as the Replicable High-resolution Exoplanet and Asteroseismology (RHEA) spectrograph for
Subaru/SCExAO
[7]}, [8]}, [9]}, which should provide \(R\approx 60,000\) .
For both RISTRETTO and RHEA, a low throughput could, however, make observations challenging.
