The majority of existing theory on CES grounds itself in network theory. Network scholars observed that the internet, the world wide web, power grids, and other CES could be represented as networks [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}. Engineering scholars have characterized the networks of several CES as well including spacecraft, vehicles, and software. Theories have begun to form around structure [6]}, [7]}, modularity [8]}, [9]}, [10]}, quality [11]}, [7]}, innovation [13]}, and the limitations of systems engineering for CES [14]}. A small contingent of work also studies how uncertainty affects system performance via game theory [15]}, [16]}, [17]}.
