Causal Inference. Causal inference [1]}, [2]} has been studied in a wide spectrum, such as economics, politics and epidemiology [3]}, [4]}, [5]}.
Recently, causal inference has also shown promising results in various computer vision tasks, e.g., pursuing pure direct effect in VQA [6]}, back-door and front-door adjustment for captioning [7]} and counterfactual inference for zero-shot recognition [8]}. Our algorithm can be viewed as a practical implementation and complement of the recent empirical risk minimization of learning causal effect [9]} for confounding effect removal.
