QTRAN [1]}: QTRAN factorize the \(Q_{\operatorname{jt}}(\tau , u)\)  with transformation:
\(\sum _{i=1}^{N} Q_{i}\left(\tau _{i}, u_{i}\right)-Q_{\mathrm {jt}}(\tau , u)+V_{\mathrm {jt}}(\tau )=\left\lbrace \begin{array}{ll}0 & u=\overline{u} \\\ge 0 & u \ne \overline{u}\end{array}\right.\nonumber \) 
