That is, \(f\)  is nontrivially orthogonal to all of its forward shifts. Apart from a harmless multiplicative constant, this definition is equivalent to the traditional meaning of “inner” when \(p=2\) . Furthermore, this approach to defining an inner property is consistent with that taken in other function spaces [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}, [6]}, [7]}, [8]}, [9]}.
