Evolution as a feedback control is also reflected in the inheritance strategies and phenotypic response of populations to time-varying environments. A prominent example of such adaptation is observed in bacteria where cells use phenotypic switches to produce slowly replicating bacteria with tolerance and persistence against antibiotics. Populations use this Lamarckian-type phenotypic response [1]} to hedge their bets against fluctuating environments [2]}, [3]}— an optimal response that can be viewed as an evolutionary feedback control [4]}.
