There are several applications similar to data sharing. These can be unified under information economics. Patents have similar features to data [1]}. They can be sold to multiple agents, can be combined together for higher productivity, and can be ordered in their value for consumers. However, the literature on patents assumes a negligible cost of sharing. Moreover patent quality can not be distorted by the intermediary. Ad auctions [2]} and online matching [3]} are other relevant applications where intermediaries sell data about customers or the other side of the market. In these markets the sales of data is limited, a single ad shown to a target customer, data for each customer is sold to a single advertiser, and there is a one-to-one matching in online matching.
