To illustrate such signal, we conduct an empirical study on the Modcloth datasethttps://github.com/MengtingWan/marketBias, which comes from an e-commerce website selling women’s clothing and accessories.
We train four notable recommendation models (i.e. MF [1]}, GMF and NeuMF [2]} and LightGCN [3]}) with the binary user-item implicit feedback with the normal training assumption (i.e., all interacted items are considered as positive examples and negative examples are sampled from missing interactions, as shown in FigureREF ).
Figure REF  shows the mean prediction differences between two different models on clean positive examples and noisy positive examples.
