QPLEX[1]}: Wang et al. [1]} utilizes the established dueling structure
\(Q = V + A\)  [3]}, advantage function and attention network [4]} and introduces the following factorization:
\(\begin{array}{l}Q_{t o t}(\tau , u)=V_{t o t}(\tau )+A_{t o t}(\tau , u) \\ V_{t o t}(\tau )=\max _{u^{\prime }} Q_{t o t}\left(\tau , u^{\prime }\right)\\Q_{i}\left(\tau _{i}, a_{i}\right)=V_{i}\left(\tau _{i}\right)+A_{i}\left(\tau _{i}, a_{i}\right) \\ V_{i}\left(\tau _{i}\right)=\max _{a_{i}^{\prime }} Q_{i}\left(\tau _{i}, a_{i}^{\prime }\right)\end{array}\nonumber \) 
