Most physical battery aging models rely on resolving solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth as the major cause of continuous capacity fade [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}. The SEI is a thin layer on the anode, which emerges in the initial battery cycle from electrochemical reactions of electrolyte molecules, electrons and lithium ions [5]}, [6]}, [7]}, [8]}, [9]}, [10]}, [11]}, [12]}.
In subsequent cycles, the SEI shields electrolyte molecules from electrons, but continues to grow due to a leak current through the SEI.
