Introduction.–
The rapid development of modern technology to probe and manipulate physical systems at the qubit level requires a new reconstruction of three laws of thermodynamics by including dominant quantum features [1]}, [2]}, [3]}, [4]}, [5]}, [6]}, [7]}, [8]}, [9]}, [10]}, [11]}.
One of the most serious tasks is to
identify the impact of quantum resources, such as entanglement [12]}, [13]}, [14]}, [15]}, [16]}, [17]}, [18]}, coherence [19]}, [20]}, [21]}, [22]}, [23]}, [24]}, [25]}, and discord [26]}, [27]}, on extractable work.
Quantum resource theories [28]}, [29]}, [30]}, [31]}, [32]} provide a possible route to deal with it but troublesome couplings among different quantum resources that appear in finite-time non-equilibrium thermodynamic processes make the problem complicated and intractable.
Different quantifiers of extractable work based on free energy, ergotropy, or process-dependent work operators, may cause further confusion [28]}, [16]}, [35]}, [36]}, [10]}, [38]}, [39]}, [40]}.
Recent studies on quantum batteries have contributed greatly to the investigation of these problems [13]}, [17]}, [18]}, [24]}, [45]}, [46]}.
