Energy-based models (EBMs) [1]} define an energy function that assigns low energy values to samples drawn from data distribution and high values otherwise, such that any probability density \(p_{\mathbf {\theta }}(\mathbf {x})\)  can be expressed via a Boltzmann distribution as
\(p_{\mathbf {\theta }}(\mathbf {x})=\exp \left(-E_{\mathbf {\theta }}(\mathbf {x})\right)/Z(\mathbf {\theta }),\) 
