Thermodynamics studies the interconversions of energy.
It was originally formulated as an equilibrium theory in the 19th century.
Phenomenological extensions close to equilibrium, in the so-called linear regime, were introduced in the first half of the 20th century [1]}, [2]}.
The earliest formulations beyond the linear regime were developed for stochastic chemical reactions in the second half of the 20th century [3]}, [4]}, [5]}, [6]}, [7]}.
But it is only in the 21st century that stochastic thermodynamics was systematized to characterize dissipative processes occurring arbitrarily far from equilibrium and their fluctuations [8]}, [9]}, [10]}.
In recent years, building on the work of Prigogine and co-workers [11]}, stochastic thermodynamics was formulated for stochastic [12]}, [13]}, [14]} and extended to deterministic [15]}, [16]}, [17]} chemical reaction networks (CRNs) maintained in a nonequilibrium regime with particle reservoirs called chemostats.
