The cumulative work is related to the cost of artificial selection, and for the case of path integral control, it is equivalent to the cumulative cost of control \(W_{t_0}^{t_f}({\bf u})=\langle \frac{1}{2} \int {\bf u}^\top K^{-1} {\bf u}\, {\text{d}}t \rangle =\frac{1}{2\lambda } \langle \int {\bf u}^\top B {\bf u}\,{\text{d}}t \rangle \), where the angular brackets \(\langle \cdot \rangle \)  denote expectation over the ensemble of evolutionary histories under artificial selection; see refs. [1]}, [2]} and Appendix . The power (i.e., work per unit time), associated with intermittent artificial selection, can be expressed as the amount of work per time interval \(\tau \) ,

\(\text{Power}(\tau )= \lim _{M\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{M\tau } \sum _{i=1}^M W(t_i) = \frac{1}{2\tau } \langle {\bf u}_\tau ^\top K^{-1} {\bf u}_\tau \rangle \) 
