Heavy seed BHs up to \(10^5 - 10^6 M_\odot \)  (e.g., [1]}, [2]}) are expected to result from the rapid collapse of a massive gas cloud mediated by the formation of a supermassive star (SMS) of \(\sim 10^{4-6} M_\odot \)  that directly collapses into a BH of similar mass. This channel is often referred to as direct collapse BH (DCBH) scenario.
The DCBH formation mechanism, under different conditions, has been widely explored in the literature (see, e.g., the recent review by [3]}).
