"Two personalized cancer vaccines have been found to be safe and effective at treating people with melanoma scientists have announced. Cancer vaccines that are personalized to the patientdesigned to help the immune system identify tumors as foreign bodies and destroy themhave been considered as a potential treatment for a number of years. But working out the unique mutations of each persons cancer a timeconsuming and complicated process must first be identified before a vaccine can be developed for them. In two studies published in the journal Nature researchers have shown promising results from Phase I clinical trials. While they are very small scaleone was on six participants the other the findings mean researchers can move ahead with the vaccines which could potentially lead to new more effective cancer treatments. In the first study httpnature.comarticlesdoi.nature scientists led by Catherine Wu developed a vaccine for people who had been treated for melanoma with surgery but who had received no other treatment. They sequenced the DNA from the tumors then created a personalized vaccine that contained neoantigens targets for the immune response for predicted mutations. Six patients were given a full series of vaccinations including five priming injections and two booster vaccinations. Four of the six had no recurrence of the disease after  months. In the other study httpnature.comarticlesdoi.nature by Ugur Sahin and colleagues tested a personalized vaccine based on RNA an essential link in the production of proteins encoded by DNA. They used a similar approach to Wu and her team to identify the mutations then tested the vaccine on  people who were being treated for melanoma. All participants were found to have a boosted immunity against the antigens specific to their tumors. Eight were still tumor free after  months. Both vaccines were deemed safe and are expected to be taken forward for further research. These vaccines are not necessarily the future of personalized cancer treatment. Cornelius Melief from the Leiden University Medical Center Netherlands said in an accompanying News  Views article that controlled randomized Phase II clinical trials will be needed to work out if the vaccines are effective. He added however that the studies confirm the potential of cancer vaccines.  Elizabeth Williams from the School of Biomedical Sciences at Queensland University of Technology tells Newsweek the two studies describe tantalizing complementary and consistent results in Phase  trials in melanoma patients using vaccines. The vaccines are personalized for each individuals tumours by harnessing technologies that enable the comprehensive analysis of the molecular fingerprint of the tumour she says. The data shows that it is a safe and well tolerated strategy that stimulates relevant antitumor immune responses. However the treatment has its downsides As the vaccine therapies are designed and generated specifically for each individual there is a lag time from enrollment to commencement of treatmentapproximately four monthswhich may be too long from some patients with advanced cancer. As technologies and processes continue improve this is likely to be reduced she continues.  It is still unknown whether these vaccines will extend the survival of cancer patients or whether they are more effective than other recently developed immunotherapies. Additional clinical trials will be required to determine the utility of these individualised neoepitope vaccines. Catherine Pickworth science communication officer at Cancer Research UK said The promising results from these two small earlystage studies show that personalized cancer vaccines designed to treat skin cancer are safe to use and that for some patients they can successfully harness the power of the bodys own immune system to kill cancer cells. The next step will be to test these personalized vaccines in larger clinical trials to see if they are better than existing treatments if they improve survival and what their longterm side effects could be."