"In the latest research to test the concept of an artificial pancreas for the management of type  diabetes British researchers report that they were able to improve blood sugar control and reduce the risk of dangerous low blood sugars overnight.  An analysis of pooled data showed that the overall time that plasma glucose levels were in target increased by a median  percent with the artificial pancreas said the studys lead author Roman Hovorka a principal research associate at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom.  Hovorkas team is one of several working to produce an effective artificial pancreas also known as a closed loop system or closed loop delivery.  An artificial pancreas combines existing diabetes management technology  insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors  with a sophisticated computer algorithm that tells these devices what to do when blood sugar levels are rising or falling. The closed loop insulin delivery system for example computes insulin doses and administers them according to glucose levels detected by a sensor. The hope is that an artificial pancreas will closely mimic the way the human pancreas normally releases insulin in response to food or stress.  An effective artificial pancreas has the potential to vastly improve the lives of people with type  diabetes. Type  diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks the insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas. The autoimmune attack destroys so many beta cells that someone with type  diabetes can no longer produce the insulin the body needs.  Insulin is a hormone thats essential for the body to use sugar as fuel. Without replacement insulin people with type  diabetes couldnt survive. But replacing insulin isnt easy.  While too little insulin can be deadly too much insulin can also cause serious problems and in the worst case coma and death. Replacing insulin is a delicate balancing act requiring constant blood sugar monitoring.  Previous research suggests that in a hour period the average person with type  diabetes spends about  hours with blood sugar levels too high and about an hour a day with blood sugar levels too low according to Aaron Kowalski assistant vice president for treatment therapies at the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation.  The current study included  people with type  diabetes and challenged an artificial pancreas prototype in two different reallife scenarios. The first trial was meant to mimic a night of eating at home while the second trial was designed to simulate an evening out including drinking alcohol which can unpredictably lower blood sugar levels.  For the eatingin portion of the randomized study  of the study volunteers were assigned to consume a mediumsized meal  grams of carbohydrates at  p.m. and then another half were placed on the artificial pancreas program during the night while the other half maintained their standard insulin pump therapy. Several weeks later the participants came back for another meal and switched overnight regimens.  The second arm of the trial simulated a meal out. The other  volunteers were given a larger meal  grams of carbohydrate at  p.m. and were dispensed white wine along with their meal. As with the other trial half were managed with the artificial pancreas while the others used conventional insulin pump therapy.  Both groups were monitored twice overnight in each study. For the eatingin scenario overnight closed loop delivery increased the time plasma glucose levels were in target by a median  percent said Hovorka. For the eating out scenario the average time good blood sugar control was increased was  percent on average. And when combined the average increase in blood sugar control was  percent according to the study.  Of greater concern to most people with type  diabetes is the ability to avoid low blood sugars while theyre sleeping. The study found no serious low blood sugar events after midnight. There were four instances of severe hypoglycemia but the researchers attributed three of them to insulin administered prior to the start of the study in the evening.  Results were published online in the British Journal of Medicine on April .  Although an accompanying journal editorial noted that the artificial pancreas is still in its infancy some experts were cheered by the findings. This study is more good news and were seeing an evolution of more and more sophistication in this closed loop study said Kowalski. What were doing now is pressing these systems in real situations with the goal of getting to the next step of testing at home he added.  Hovorka said his team is working on developing a home trial now and hopes to begin home trials by the end of the year.  More information Learn more about type  diabetes from the Nemours Foundation httpkidshealth.orgparentmedicalendocrinetype.html. SOURCES Roman Hovorka Ph.D. principle research associate University of Cambridge U.K. Aaron Kowalski Ph.D. assistant vice president for treatment therapies Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation online British Medical Journal April"