"Researchers have discovered a new class of drug that has the potential to help cancer patients who no longer respond to existing therapies. The drug may not become available to patients for a number of years yet but researchers believe that if clinical trials are successful it could be used to tackle a variety of treatmentresistant cancers. Patients with breast cancer for example frequently become resistant to existing hormonebased treatments leading to the disease becoming fatal.  In a bid to come up with new forms of treatment that work in a distinct way from established ones chemists biologists and clinicians at Imperial College London collaborated on creating a new drug the properties of which are reported in the journal Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.  The team of scientists at Imperial was funded by Cancer Research UK. The drug was then developed by Imperial in collaboration with Emory University in the USA.  Early labbased tests of ICEC were successful in targeting resistant breast cancers and indicated minimal side effects. ICEC was then licenced to Carrick Therapeutics who developed it into a molecule named CT which they have taken to earlystage clinical trials in less than two years. The first patient was given the drug in November  as part of Carricks a Phase I clinical trial to assess its safety and how well it can be tolerated. The trial is still ongoing so results are not available yet. Professor Charles Coombes from the Department of Surgery  Cancer said Treatmentresistant tumours represent a significant threat for patients as once a cancer stops responding to treatments there is increasingly little clinicians can do. Drugs such as these could help to shift the balance back in favour of the patients potentially providing a new option to patients for who existing treatments no longer work. Professor Tony Barrett from the Department of Chemistry said This work is the result of extensive collaboration between chemists biologists and clinicians which has helped to bring a new treatment from discovery to clinical testing in record time streamlining the process. The drug targets an enzyme called CDK involved in directing cells through their lifecycle which consists of growth DNA replication and cell division. CDK is also involved in the process of transcription a vital step in gene expression  the creation of proteins to carry out cell functions. Particular cancers such as treatmentresistant breast cancers have a unique dependence on transcription meaning targeting CDK may be particularly effective. By inhibiting transcription ICEC shuts down the ability of the cancer to spread. As well as breast cancers cancers such as acute myeloid leukaemia and smallcell lung cancer are particularly transcriptiondependent so ICEC may work well for these too especially where they have become resistant to other treatments. The discovery of the drug was spurred by an initial meeting between Professor Anthony Barrett from the Department of Chemistry and oncologist Professor Charles Coombes from the Department of Surgery  Cancer. Professor Simak Ali also from the Department of Surgery  Cancer was working on understanding the action of CDK in treatmentresistant breast cancer. Professors Coombes and Ali suggested CDK as a drug target leading the collaboration to attempt to design a molecule that would inhibit its action. From early attempts a large collaborative team was eventually founded for drug discovery from bench to bedside directed by Dr Matthew Fuchter in the Department of Chemistry. Possible compounds for CDK inhibition were modelled using computational drug design aided by collaboration with Emory University. Ultimately a candidate molecule called ICEC suppressed tumour growth in a wide range of cancer types in lab tests. In addition laboratory studies showed ICEC worked better in combination with traditional hormone therapies for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells which have not yet become resistant. It is this molecule in oral pill form that was taken forward by Carrick as CT and is currently in Phase I clinical trials. If the Phase I trial proves successful the compound must pass further stages of trial over the next few years before it becomes available to patients.  Early funding for the study came from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EPSRC and a major contribution of wholeproject funding was from Cancer Research UK. Licensing of the technology to Carrick Therapeutics was led by Cancer Research UKs Commercial Partnerships Team and Imperial Innovations the Technology Transfer Office of Imperial with support from Emory University. Dr Iain Foulkes Cancer Research UKs executive director of research and innovation said Its exciting to see how Cancer Research UKs partnerships with both academia and industry are bringing urgently needed new tests and treatments to patients. Drug resistance continues to be a major challenge across many cancer types so its vital that we explore new ways to tackle tumours that have stopped responding to standard therapies. We hope that this promising new class of drug will offer more options to patients who have few left available to them and help more people survive their cancer."