"Each year thousands of Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury. In  about . million TBIrelated https_the_facts.html emergency department visits hospitalizations and deaths occurred in the United States according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Most of these are what are called mild traumatic brain injuries or mTBIs httpsacrm.orgwpcontentuploadspdfTBIDef_English_.pdf  head injuries that dont cause a coma. People with an mTBI typically get better within a few weeks but for as many as  percent problems can linger for months or years. Many of these patients find themselves stuck with depression cognitive problems headaches fatigue and other symptoms. Known as postconcussion syndrome this phenomenon is often difficult to treat. Antidepressants can lift moods painkillers can ease headaches and physical therapy may ease dizziness but most researchers agree that these remedies dont heal the injury within the brain. Could oxygen do the trick A growing group of scientists and physicians say that hyperbaric treatment which exposes patients to pure oxygen at higherthannormal air pressure may work. These patients dont have enough oxygen to heal the injured parts of their brains said Shai Efrati a researcher and physician at Tel Aviv University in Israel and a leading hyperbaric scientist. Hyperbaric treatment massively increases the amount of oxygen available to the brain. But other researchers believe that the treatment has no merit and should not be recommended. People want to believe that hyperbaric can fix brain injuries and it cant said David Cifu a researcher at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond who has spent much of his career treating veterans with brain injuries. Compressed air has been used by doctors since the th century. In  two German inventors first used pressurized pure oxygen to treat decompression sickness which occurs when undersea divers return to the surface too quickly. For the past  years hyperbaric therapy has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for nonhealing wounds carbon monoxide poisoning burns and decompression sickness. Over the past decade doctors in the United States and internationally have begun using it to treat mTBIs. MTBIs include sportsrelated concussions and head injuries caused by traffic accidents. Also between  and   American service members suffered mild traumatic brain injuries according to the Department of Defense httpdvbic.dcoe.milfilestbinumbersWorldwideTotalsQQNov.pdf. Patients with an mTBI typically experience symptoms that include headache dizziness fatigue depression anxiety and cognitive impairment. Known as postconcussion syndrome PCS this phenomenon is difficult to treat. Doctors use antidepressants pain medications biofeedback and physical therapy but these strategies do not always work. The nature of the human brain makes it particularly susceptible to chronic injury. The organ requires large amounts of energy under normal circumstances and even more to heal when injured. And often the initial trauma damages blood vessels that supply the brain with oxygen. So just as the brain needs extra resources it faces an energy crisis. Often Efrati and others say injured brain cells dont die but may persist for years or decades alive but hobbled. Hyperbaric therapy he said can return them to full function even years after the injury. Oxygen is different because it has a direct biological effect on brain tissue said Paul G. Harch a physician in New Orleans who over the past three decades has used hyperbaric oxygen to treat hundreds of people with chronic brain injury as well as stroke. Patients typically receive between  and  hourlong hyperbaric treatments spread over two to three months. During each treatment they sit or lie inside a hyperbaric chamber which varies in size from a personsize tube to a large room that can hold several patients. While in the chamber patients breathe in pure oxygen typically pressurized to about twice the density of sealevel air in this environment the lungs take in about  times as much oxygen as under normal conditions. Researchers say it remains unclear how hyperbaric oxygen affects injured brains. Efrati and others argue that it probably works through several biological pathways. The extra oxygen appears to trigger the healing of brain cells and switches on genes specifically related to brain repair. It increases the number of stem cells that migrate to sites of brain injury promotes the growth of new blood vessels in the brain and boosts the activity of mitochondria which provide energy to cells throughout the body. Scientists have linked increased mitochondrial activity to healing in many kinds of tissue. Efrati said the brain is no different from any other part of the body. Pressurized oxygen has the power to repair many kinds of tissue damage. A nonhealing wound in the leg and a nonhealing wound in the brain he said they are the same basic thing. Efrati came to the field accidentally. Eight years ago as director of research at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center in Tel Aviv he was asked to oversee the hospitals small hyperbaric chamber. He knew little about hyperbaric medicine and wasnt especially interested in it. But he soon noticed that pressurized oxygen seemed to have an unexpected effect. A patient had come for treatment of foot wounds that wouldnt heal  a common symptom in diabetes. The man had also suffered a traumatic brain injury several years earlier which left him unable to speak more than a few words. The hyperbaric treatment healed his feet  and also revived his ability to speak. Other patients with wounds and brain injuries had similar surprising results. He began to examine how hyperbaric treatment affects the brain and this work has become his focus. In . Efrati founded and now directs the Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research at Tel Aviv University and Assaf Harofeh where he oversees and collaborates with a range of scientists and manages a large hyperbaric treatment facility. As the use of hyperbaric therapy for brain injury has grown it has become increasingly controversial. Critics argue that it remains unproven and that desperate patients are wasting thousands of dollars  the treatment typically costs between  and  per session and is rarely covered by insurance  on a technique that rarely if ever helps. Between  and  Cifu oversaw three https studies httpjournals.sagepub.comdoiabs.url_verZ.rfr_idoriAridAcrossref.orgrfr_datcr_pubDpubmed for the Department of Veterans Affairs httpsinsights.ovid.compubmedpmid  reportedly at a taxpayer cost of about  million https  of about  activeduty service members with postconcussion syndrome. The studies found that hyperbaric treatment had little effect on their symptoms. Overall there is relatively little research on hyperbaric treatment for brain injury in part because pressurized oxygen cant be patented which limits its potential profitability. Its very difficult to get funding for studies on this topic Harch said. A few studies besides Cifus have looked at humans. In a paper published https in October Efrati and colleagues examined  postconcussion syndrome patients who had received hyperbaric treatment. Using brain imaging the scientists found that after treatment the subjects had increased cerebral blood flow as well as more activity in brain areas that had previously been dormant. They say that this indicates that hyperbaric treatment triggered regeneration of nerve fibers and blood vessels in the brain. In addition tests showed that the subjects had improved memory and processing speed. In another study published in  httpjournals.plos.orgplosonearticleid.journal.pone. researchers gave hyperbaric oxygen to  patients with prolonged postconcussion syndrome. They found that many patients showed significant improvements in cognitive function and overall quality of life. While the research remains inconclusive some American doctors are using oxygen to treat chronic brain injuries. Ziad Mirza is one of them. For most of his career he dispensed hyperbaric treatment for hospitals around Baltimore. Two years ago he became chief medical officer for Hyperheal Hyperbarics a company with three clinics in the Baltimore area. Since then he said he has treated about a halfdozen braininjury patients with mostly positive results. One of these patients is Parisa Cook  who in  was found to have a tennis ballsize tumor in her brain. Surgeons removed it but the operation was not a complete success. Cook who lives in Baltimore began to suffer from debilitating symptoms She had problems with her shortterm memory she had constant headaches and couldnt concentrate her vision became blurry and dark and her hearing was altered so that all sounds were jumbled and very loud. Specialists told her the operation probably had caused collateral brain trauma. Over the course of a year she went to eight doctors and tried more than a dozen medications and a variety of other treatments. Nothing helped. A policy analyst for the Maryland Department of Health she worried that she would have to quit her job. She began to consider suicide. I felt completely hopeless she said. Then Cook read about hyperbaric oxygen treatment. She got in touch with Mirza and began treatments. After a single session she said her vision was no longer wobbly after  sessions over a month she felt perfect. It was a complete  she said. This treatment saved my life. Cooks primarycare doctor Sujay Pathak an internist in Baltimore first saw her in February. Her life was totally interrupted by this. She couldnt function Pathak said. But a few weeks after starting hyperbaric therapy in September she got suddenly and rather miraculously better Pathak said. Of course such anecdotes are not the same as rigorous scientific research. Efrati agreed that hyperbaric treatment requires more research. Definitely we need more science he said. We have a lot to learn. But we are seeing the results with our patients. It works again and again and again."