#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
mt19937_64 rng(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
long long random_number() { return rng(); }
long long random_number(long long low, long long high) {
  return uniform_int_distribution<long long>(low, high)(rng);
}
bool is_down(char x) { return ('a' <= x && x <= 'z'); }
bool is_upper(char x) { return ('A' <= x && x <= 'Z'); }
bool is_digit(char x) { return ('0' <= x && x <= '9'); }
long long bigmod(long long a, long long p, long long m) {
  long long res = 1, x = a % m;
  while (p) {
    if (p & 1) res = (res * x) % m;
    x = (x * x) % m;
    p >>= 1;
  }
  return res;
}
long long inv(long long a, long long p) { return bigmod(a, p - 2, p); }
long long inv_euclid(long long a, long long m) {
  long long m0 = m;
  long long y = 0, x = 1;
  if (m == 1) return 0;
  while (a > 1) {
    long long q = a / m;
    long long t = m;
    m = a % m, a = t;
    t = y;
    y = x - q * y;
    x = t;
  }
  if (x < 0) x += m0;
  return x;
}
int main() {
  int t;
  cin >> t;
  while (t--) {
    int a, b;
    cin >> a >> b;
    int x = a & b;
    cout << (a ^ x) + (b ^ x) << endl;
  }
}

### Prompt

Your challenge is to write a CPP solution to the following problem:

In order to celebrate Twice's 5th anniversary, Tzuyu and Sana decided to play a game.

Tzuyu gave Sana two integers a and b and a really important quest.

In order to complete the quest, Sana has to output the smallest possible value of (a ⊕ x) + (b ⊕ x) for any given x, where ⊕ denotes the [bitwise XOR operation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR). 

Input

Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^{4}). Description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a, b ≤ 10^{9}).

Output

For each testcase, output the smallest possible value of the given expression.

Example

Input


6
6 12
4 9
59 832
28 14
4925 2912
1 1


Output


10
13
891
18
6237
0

Note

For the first test case Sana can choose x=4 and the value will be (6 ⊕ 4) + (12 ⊕ 4) = 2 + 8 = 10. It can be shown that this is the smallest possible value.

### Response

```cpp
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
mt19937_64 rng(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
long long random_number() { return rng(); }
long long random_number(long long low, long long high) {
  return uniform_int_distribution<long long>(low, high)(rng);
}
bool is_down(char x) { return ('a' <= x && x <= 'z'); }
bool is_upper(char x) { return ('A' <= x && x <= 'Z'); }
bool is_digit(char x) { return ('0' <= x && x <= '9'); }
long long bigmod(long long a, long long p, long long m) {
  long long res = 1, x = a % m;
  while (p) {
    if (p & 1) res = (res * x) % m;
    x = (x * x) % m;
    p >>= 1;
  }
  return res;
}
long long inv(long long a, long long p) { return bigmod(a, p - 2, p); }
long long inv_euclid(long long a, long long m) {
  long long m0 = m;
  long long y = 0, x = 1;
  if (m == 1) return 0;
  while (a > 1) {
    long long q = a / m;
    long long t = m;
    m = a % m, a = t;
    t = y;
    y = x - q * y;
    x = t;
  }
  if (x < 0) x += m0;
  return x;
}
int main() {
  int t;
  cin >> t;
  while (t--) {
    int a, b;
    cin >> a >> b;
    int x = a & b;
    cout << (a ^ x) + (b ^ x) << endl;
  }
}

```