#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const long long MAXN = 1000005;
const long long SQRTN = 1003;
const long long LOGN = 22;
const double PI = acos(-1);
const long long INF = 1e18;
const long long MOD = 1e9 + 7;
const long long FMOD = 998244353;
const double eps = 1e-9;
void __print(long long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned long long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(float x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(double x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long double x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(char x) { cerr << '\'' << x << '\''; }
void __print(const char *x) { cerr << '\"' << x << '\"'; }
void __print(const string &x) { cerr << '\"' << x << '\"'; }
void __print(bool x) { cerr << (x ? "true" : "false"); }
template <typename T, typename V>
void __print(const pair<T, V> &x) {
  cerr << '{';
  __print(x.first);
  cerr << ',';
  __print(x.second);
  cerr << '}';
}
template <typename T>
void __print(const T &x) {
  long long f = 0;
  cerr << '{';
  for (auto &i : x) cerr << (f++ ? "," : ""), __print(i);
  cerr << "}";
}
void _print() { cerr << "]\n"; }
template <typename T, typename... V>
void _print(T t, V... v) {
  __print(t);
  if (sizeof...(v)) cerr << ", ";
  _print(v...);
}
mt19937 RNG(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
template <typename T>
T gcd(T a, T b) {
  if (b == 0) return a;
  a %= b;
  return gcd(b, a);
}
template <typename T>
T lcm(T a, T b) {
  return (a * (b / gcd(a, b)));
}
long long add(long long a, long long b, long long c = MOD) {
  long long res = a + b;
  return (res >= c ? res % c : res);
}
long long sub(long long a, long long b, long long c = MOD) {
  long long res;
  if (abs(a - b) < c)
    res = a - b;
  else
    res = (a - b) % c;
  return (res < 0 ? res + c : res);
}
long long mul(long long a, long long b, long long c = MOD) {
  long long res = (long long)a * b;
  return (res >= c ? res % c : res);
}
long long muln(long long a, long long b, long long c = MOD) {
  long long res = (long long)a * b;
  return ((res % c) + c) % c;
}
long long mulmod(long long a, long long b, long long m = MOD) {
  long long q = (long long)(((long double)a * (long double)b) / (long double)m);
  long long r = a * b - q * m;
  if (r > m) r %= m;
  if (r < 0) r += m;
  return r;
}
template <typename T>
T binpow(T e, T n) {
  T x = 1, p = e;
  while (n) {
    if (n & 1) x = x * p;
    p = p * p;
    n >>= 1;
  }
  return x;
}
template <typename T>
T binpow2(T e, T n, T m = MOD) {
  T x = 1, p = e;
  while (n) {
    if (n & 1) x = mul(x, p, m);
    p = mul(p, p, m);
    n >>= 1;
  }
  return x;
}
template <typename T>
T extended_euclid(T a, T b, T &x, T &y) {
  T xx = 0, yy = 1;
  y = 0;
  x = 1;
  while (b) {
    T q = a / b, t = b;
    b = a % b;
    a = t;
    t = xx;
    xx = x - q * xx;
    x = t;
    t = yy;
    yy = y - q * yy;
    y = t;
  }
  return a;
}
template <typename T>
T mod_inverse(T a, T n = MOD) {
  T x, y, z = 0;
  T d = extended_euclid(a, n, x, y);
  return (d > 1 ? -1 : sub(x, z, n));
}
const long long FACSZ = 1e4;
long long fact[FACSZ], ifact[FACSZ];
void precom(long long c = MOD) {
  fact[0] = 1;
  for (long long i = 1; i < FACSZ; i++) fact[i] = mul(fact[i - 1], i, c);
  ifact[FACSZ - 1] = mod_inverse(fact[FACSZ - 1], c);
  for (long long i = FACSZ - 1 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    ifact[i] = mul(i + 1, ifact[i + 1], c);
  }
}
vector<long long> primes;
void prime_precom() {
  primes.push_back(2);
  for (long long x = 3; primes.size() <= MAXN; x += 2) {
    bool isPrime = true;
    for (auto p : primes) {
      if (x % p == 0) {
        isPrime = false;
        break;
      }
      if (p * p > x) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (isPrime) {
      primes.push_back(x);
    }
  }
}
long long ncr(long long n, long long k) {
  if (n < k) return 0;
  if (k == 0) return 1;
  long long res = 1;
  if (k > n - k) k = n - k;
  for (long long i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
    res *= (n - i);
    res /= (i + 1);
  }
  return res;
}
long long ncr_modp(long long n, long long k, long long c = MOD) {
  if (n < k) return 0;
  if (k == 0) return 1;
  long long res = 1;
  if (k > n - k) k = n - k;
  for (long long i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
    res = mul(res, n - i, c);
    res = mul(res, binpow2(i + 1, c - 2, c), c);
  }
  return res;
}
vector<long long> factors;
void factorize(long long a) {
  factors.clear();
  for (long long i = 1; i * i <= a; i++) {
    if (a % i == 0) {
      factors.push_back(i);
      factors.push_back(a / i);
    }
  }
  sort(factors.begin(), factors.end());
}
long long ncr_precom(long long n, long long r, long long c = MOD) {
  return mul(mul(ifact[r], ifact[n - r], c), fact[n], c);
}
long long ceil(long long a, long long b) { return (a + b - 1) / b; }
bool is_prime(long long n) {
  for (long long i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {
    if (n % i == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
  }
  return 1;
}
bool diophantine_checker(long long a, long long b, long long n) {
  for (long long i = 0; i * a <= n; i++) {
    if ((n - (i * a)) % b == 0) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}
long long count_divisors(long long n) {
  long long c;
  long long ans = 1;
  for (long long i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {
    c = 0;
    while (n % i == 0) {
      c++;
      n /= i;
    }
    ans *= (c + 1);
  }
  if (n > 2) {
    return ans * 2;
  }
  return ans;
}
string to_binary(long long n) {
  string r;
  while (n != 0) {
    r = (n % 2 == 0 ? "0" : "1") + r;
    n /= 2;
  }
  return r;
}
bool ispower2(long long x) { return x && (!(x & (x - 1))); }
unsigned long long mulmodBitwise(unsigned long long a, unsigned long long b,
                                 unsigned long long p) {
  a %= p;
  b %= p;
  if (a <= 0xFFFFFFF && b <= 0xFFFFFFF) {
    return (a * b) % p;
  }
  if (b > a) {
    swap(a, b);
  }
  unsigned long long result = 0;
  while (a > 0 && b > 0) {
    if (b & 1) {
      result += a;
      result %= p;
    }
    a <<= 1;
    a %= p;
    b >>= 1;
  }
  return result;
}
unsigned long long mulmod2(unsigned long long a, unsigned long long b,
                           unsigned long long p) {
  a %= p;
  b %= p;
  if (a <= 0xFFFFFFF && b <= 0xFFFFFFF) {
    return (a * b) % p;
  }
  unsigned long long zeros = 0;
  unsigned long long m = p;
  while ((m & 0x8000000000000000ULL) == 0) {
    zeros++;
    m <<= 1;
  }
  unsigned long long mask = (1 << zeros) - 1;
  unsigned long long result = 0;
  while (a > 0 && b > 0) {
    result += (b & mask) * a;
    result %= p;
    b >>= zeros;
    a <<= zeros;
    a %= p;
  }
  return result;
}
unsigned long long powmod(unsigned long long base, unsigned long long exponent,
                          unsigned long long p) {
  unsigned long long result = 1;
  while (exponent > 0) {
    if (exponent & 1) {
      result = mulmod2(result, base, p);
    }
    base = mulmod2(base, base, p);
    exponent >>= 1;
  }
  return result;
}
vector<long long> spf;
void sieve() {
  spf.resize(MAXN);
  spf[1] = 1;
  for (long long i = 2; i < MAXN; i++) {
    spf[i] = i;
  }
  for (long long i = 4; i < MAXN; i += 2) {
    spf[i] = 2;
  }
  for (long long i = 3; i * i <= MAXN; i++) {
    if (spf[i] == i) {
      for (long long j = i * i; j < MAXN; j += i) {
        if (spf[j] == j) {
          spf[j] = i;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
void pfactor(long long x, vector<long long> &ret) {
  while (x != 1) {
    ret.push_back(spf[x]);
    x = x / spf[x];
  }
}
void solvethetestcase() {
  long long n;
  cin >> n;
  vector<vector<long long> > v(n);
  map<long long, vector<long long> > make_pair;
  for (long long i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    long long k;
    cin >> k;
    long long mx = -1;
    for (long long j = 0; j < k; j++) {
      long long x;
      cin >> x;
      v[i].push_back(x);
      mx = max(mx, x - j);
    }
    make_pair[mx].push_back(i);
  };
  vector<long long> id;
  for (auto x : make_pair) {
    for (auto z : x.second) {
      id.push_back(z);
    }
  }
  vector<vector<long long> > order;
  for (auto x : id) {
    order.push_back(v[x]);
  };
  long long l = 0, r = 1e12;
  while (r - l > 3) {
    long long md = (l + r) / 2;
    long long cur = md;
    bool b = 1;
    for (auto x : order) {
      for (auto z : x) {
        if (z >= cur) {
          b = 0;
          break;
        } else {
          cur++;
        }
      }
      if (!b) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (b) {
      r = md;
    } else {
      l = md + 1;
    }
  }
  for (long long i = l; i <= r; i++) {
    bool b = 1;
    long long cur = i;
    for (auto x : order) {
      for (auto z : x) {
        if (z >= cur) {
          b = 0;
          break;
        } else {
          cur++;
        }
      }
      if (!b) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (b) {
      cout << i << "\n";
      return;
    }
  }
}
signed main() {
  cout << fixed << setprecision(12);
  ;
  ios::sync_with_stdio(0);
  cin.tie(0);
  cout.tie(0);
  long long t = 1;
  cin >> t;
  for (long long testcase = 1; testcase < t + 1; testcase++) {
    solvethetestcase();
  }
}

### Prompt

Please formulate a cpp solution to the following problem:

In a certain video game, the player controls a hero characterized by a single integer value: power. The hero will have to beat monsters that are also characterized by a single integer value: armor.

On the current level, the hero is facing n caves. To pass the level, the hero must enter all the caves in some order, each cave exactly once, and exit every cave safe and sound. When the hero enters cave i, he will have to fight k_i monsters in a row: first a monster with armor a_{i, 1}, then a monster with armor a_{i, 2} and so on, finally, a monster with armor a_{i, k_i}.

The hero can beat a monster if and only if the hero's power is strictly greater than the monster's armor. If the hero can't beat the monster he's fighting, the game ends and the player loses. Note that once the hero enters a cave, he can't exit it before he fights all the monsters in it, strictly in the given order.

Each time the hero beats a monster, the hero's power increases by 1.

Find the smallest possible power the hero must start the level with to be able to enter all the caves in some order and beat all the monsters.

Input

Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^5). Description of the test cases follows.

The first line of each test case contains a single integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 10^5) — the number of caves.

The i-th of the next n lines contains an integer k_i (1 ≤ k_i ≤ 10^5) — the number of monsters in the i-th cave, followed by k_i integers a_{i, 1}, a_{i, 2}, …, a_{i, k_i} (1 ≤ a_{i, j} ≤ 10^9) — armor levels of the monsters in cave i in order the hero has to fight them.

It is guaranteed that the sum of k_i over all test cases does not exceed 10^5.

Output

For each test case print a single integer — the smallest possible power the hero must start the level with to be able to enter all the caves in some order and beat all the monsters.

Example

Input


2
1
1 42
2
3 10 15 8
2 12 11


Output


43
13

Note

In the first test case, the hero has to beat a single monster with armor 42, it's enough to have power 43 to achieve that.

In the second test case, the hero can pass the level with initial power 13 as follows: 

  * enter cave 2: 
    * beat a monster with armor 12, power increases to 14; 
    * beat a monster with armor 11, power increases to 15; 
  * enter cave 1: 
    * beat a monster with armor 10, power increases to 16; 
    * beat a monster with armor 15, power increases to 17; 
    * beat a monster with armor 8, power increases to 18. 

### Response

```cpp
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const long long MAXN = 1000005;
const long long SQRTN = 1003;
const long long LOGN = 22;
const double PI = acos(-1);
const long long INF = 1e18;
const long long MOD = 1e9 + 7;
const long long FMOD = 998244353;
const double eps = 1e-9;
void __print(long long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned long long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(float x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(double x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long double x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(char x) { cerr << '\'' << x << '\''; }
void __print(const char *x) { cerr << '\"' << x << '\"'; }
void __print(const string &x) { cerr << '\"' << x << '\"'; }
void __print(bool x) { cerr << (x ? "true" : "false"); }
template <typename T, typename V>
void __print(const pair<T, V> &x) {
  cerr << '{';
  __print(x.first);
  cerr << ',';
  __print(x.second);
  cerr << '}';
}
template <typename T>
void __print(const T &x) {
  long long f = 0;
  cerr << '{';
  for (auto &i : x) cerr << (f++ ? "," : ""), __print(i);
  cerr << "}";
}
void _print() { cerr << "]\n"; }
template <typename T, typename... V>
void _print(T t, V... v) {
  __print(t);
  if (sizeof...(v)) cerr << ", ";
  _print(v...);
}
mt19937 RNG(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
template <typename T>
T gcd(T a, T b) {
  if (b == 0) return a;
  a %= b;
  return gcd(b, a);
}
template <typename T>
T lcm(T a, T b) {
  return (a * (b / gcd(a, b)));
}
long long add(long long a, long long b, long long c = MOD) {
  long long res = a + b;
  return (res >= c ? res % c : res);
}
long long sub(long long a, long long b, long long c = MOD) {
  long long res;
  if (abs(a - b) < c)
    res = a - b;
  else
    res = (a - b) % c;
  return (res < 0 ? res + c : res);
}
long long mul(long long a, long long b, long long c = MOD) {
  long long res = (long long)a * b;
  return (res >= c ? res % c : res);
}
long long muln(long long a, long long b, long long c = MOD) {
  long long res = (long long)a * b;
  return ((res % c) + c) % c;
}
long long mulmod(long long a, long long b, long long m = MOD) {
  long long q = (long long)(((long double)a * (long double)b) / (long double)m);
  long long r = a * b - q * m;
  if (r > m) r %= m;
  if (r < 0) r += m;
  return r;
}
template <typename T>
T binpow(T e, T n) {
  T x = 1, p = e;
  while (n) {
    if (n & 1) x = x * p;
    p = p * p;
    n >>= 1;
  }
  return x;
}
template <typename T>
T binpow2(T e, T n, T m = MOD) {
  T x = 1, p = e;
  while (n) {
    if (n & 1) x = mul(x, p, m);
    p = mul(p, p, m);
    n >>= 1;
  }
  return x;
}
template <typename T>
T extended_euclid(T a, T b, T &x, T &y) {
  T xx = 0, yy = 1;
  y = 0;
  x = 1;
  while (b) {
    T q = a / b, t = b;
    b = a % b;
    a = t;
    t = xx;
    xx = x - q * xx;
    x = t;
    t = yy;
    yy = y - q * yy;
    y = t;
  }
  return a;
}
template <typename T>
T mod_inverse(T a, T n = MOD) {
  T x, y, z = 0;
  T d = extended_euclid(a, n, x, y);
  return (d > 1 ? -1 : sub(x, z, n));
}
const long long FACSZ = 1e4;
long long fact[FACSZ], ifact[FACSZ];
void precom(long long c = MOD) {
  fact[0] = 1;
  for (long long i = 1; i < FACSZ; i++) fact[i] = mul(fact[i - 1], i, c);
  ifact[FACSZ - 1] = mod_inverse(fact[FACSZ - 1], c);
  for (long long i = FACSZ - 1 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    ifact[i] = mul(i + 1, ifact[i + 1], c);
  }
}
vector<long long> primes;
void prime_precom() {
  primes.push_back(2);
  for (long long x = 3; primes.size() <= MAXN; x += 2) {
    bool isPrime = true;
    for (auto p : primes) {
      if (x % p == 0) {
        isPrime = false;
        break;
      }
      if (p * p > x) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (isPrime) {
      primes.push_back(x);
    }
  }
}
long long ncr(long long n, long long k) {
  if (n < k) return 0;
  if (k == 0) return 1;
  long long res = 1;
  if (k > n - k) k = n - k;
  for (long long i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
    res *= (n - i);
    res /= (i + 1);
  }
  return res;
}
long long ncr_modp(long long n, long long k, long long c = MOD) {
  if (n < k) return 0;
  if (k == 0) return 1;
  long long res = 1;
  if (k > n - k) k = n - k;
  for (long long i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
    res = mul(res, n - i, c);
    res = mul(res, binpow2(i + 1, c - 2, c), c);
  }
  return res;
}
vector<long long> factors;
void factorize(long long a) {
  factors.clear();
  for (long long i = 1; i * i <= a; i++) {
    if (a % i == 0) {
      factors.push_back(i);
      factors.push_back(a / i);
    }
  }
  sort(factors.begin(), factors.end());
}
long long ncr_precom(long long n, long long r, long long c = MOD) {
  return mul(mul(ifact[r], ifact[n - r], c), fact[n], c);
}
long long ceil(long long a, long long b) { return (a + b - 1) / b; }
bool is_prime(long long n) {
  for (long long i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {
    if (n % i == 0) {
      return 0;
    }
  }
  return 1;
}
bool diophantine_checker(long long a, long long b, long long n) {
  for (long long i = 0; i * a <= n; i++) {
    if ((n - (i * a)) % b == 0) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}
long long count_divisors(long long n) {
  long long c;
  long long ans = 1;
  for (long long i = 2; i * i <= n; i++) {
    c = 0;
    while (n % i == 0) {
      c++;
      n /= i;
    }
    ans *= (c + 1);
  }
  if (n > 2) {
    return ans * 2;
  }
  return ans;
}
string to_binary(long long n) {
  string r;
  while (n != 0) {
    r = (n % 2 == 0 ? "0" : "1") + r;
    n /= 2;
  }
  return r;
}
bool ispower2(long long x) { return x && (!(x & (x - 1))); }
unsigned long long mulmodBitwise(unsigned long long a, unsigned long long b,
                                 unsigned long long p) {
  a %= p;
  b %= p;
  if (a <= 0xFFFFFFF && b <= 0xFFFFFFF) {
    return (a * b) % p;
  }
  if (b > a) {
    swap(a, b);
  }
  unsigned long long result = 0;
  while (a > 0 && b > 0) {
    if (b & 1) {
      result += a;
      result %= p;
    }
    a <<= 1;
    a %= p;
    b >>= 1;
  }
  return result;
}
unsigned long long mulmod2(unsigned long long a, unsigned long long b,
                           unsigned long long p) {
  a %= p;
  b %= p;
  if (a <= 0xFFFFFFF && b <= 0xFFFFFFF) {
    return (a * b) % p;
  }
  unsigned long long zeros = 0;
  unsigned long long m = p;
  while ((m & 0x8000000000000000ULL) == 0) {
    zeros++;
    m <<= 1;
  }
  unsigned long long mask = (1 << zeros) - 1;
  unsigned long long result = 0;
  while (a > 0 && b > 0) {
    result += (b & mask) * a;
    result %= p;
    b >>= zeros;
    a <<= zeros;
    a %= p;
  }
  return result;
}
unsigned long long powmod(unsigned long long base, unsigned long long exponent,
                          unsigned long long p) {
  unsigned long long result = 1;
  while (exponent > 0) {
    if (exponent & 1) {
      result = mulmod2(result, base, p);
    }
    base = mulmod2(base, base, p);
    exponent >>= 1;
  }
  return result;
}
vector<long long> spf;
void sieve() {
  spf.resize(MAXN);
  spf[1] = 1;
  for (long long i = 2; i < MAXN; i++) {
    spf[i] = i;
  }
  for (long long i = 4; i < MAXN; i += 2) {
    spf[i] = 2;
  }
  for (long long i = 3; i * i <= MAXN; i++) {
    if (spf[i] == i) {
      for (long long j = i * i; j < MAXN; j += i) {
        if (spf[j] == j) {
          spf[j] = i;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
void pfactor(long long x, vector<long long> &ret) {
  while (x != 1) {
    ret.push_back(spf[x]);
    x = x / spf[x];
  }
}
void solvethetestcase() {
  long long n;
  cin >> n;
  vector<vector<long long> > v(n);
  map<long long, vector<long long> > make_pair;
  for (long long i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    long long k;
    cin >> k;
    long long mx = -1;
    for (long long j = 0; j < k; j++) {
      long long x;
      cin >> x;
      v[i].push_back(x);
      mx = max(mx, x - j);
    }
    make_pair[mx].push_back(i);
  };
  vector<long long> id;
  for (auto x : make_pair) {
    for (auto z : x.second) {
      id.push_back(z);
    }
  }
  vector<vector<long long> > order;
  for (auto x : id) {
    order.push_back(v[x]);
  };
  long long l = 0, r = 1e12;
  while (r - l > 3) {
    long long md = (l + r) / 2;
    long long cur = md;
    bool b = 1;
    for (auto x : order) {
      for (auto z : x) {
        if (z >= cur) {
          b = 0;
          break;
        } else {
          cur++;
        }
      }
      if (!b) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (b) {
      r = md;
    } else {
      l = md + 1;
    }
  }
  for (long long i = l; i <= r; i++) {
    bool b = 1;
    long long cur = i;
    for (auto x : order) {
      for (auto z : x) {
        if (z >= cur) {
          b = 0;
          break;
        } else {
          cur++;
        }
      }
      if (!b) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (b) {
      cout << i << "\n";
      return;
    }
  }
}
signed main() {
  cout << fixed << setprecision(12);
  ;
  ios::sync_with_stdio(0);
  cin.tie(0);
  cout.tie(0);
  long long t = 1;
  cin >> t;
  for (long long testcase = 1; testcase < t + 1; testcase++) {
    solvethetestcase();
  }
}

```