#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#pragma GCC optimize("O3")
#pragma GCC target("sse4")
using namespace std;
template <class T>
using pq = priority_queue<T>;
template <class T>
using pqg = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
template <class T>
bool ckmin(T& a, const T& b) {
  return b < a ? a = b, 1 : 0;
}
template <class T>
bool ckmax(T& a, const T& b) {
  return a < b ? a = b, 1 : 0;
}
void __print(int x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned long long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(float x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(double x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long double x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(char x) { cerr << '\'' << x << '\''; }
void __print(const char* x) { cerr << '\"' << x << '\"'; }
void __print(const string& x) { cerr << '\"' << x << '\"'; }
void __print(bool x) { cerr << (x ? "true" : "false"); }
template <typename T, typename V>
void __print(const pair<T, V>& x) {
  cerr << '{';
  __print(x.first);
  cerr << ", ";
  __print(x.second);
  cerr << '}';
}
template <typename T>
void __print(const T& x) {
  int first = 0;
  cerr << '{';
  for (auto& i : x) cerr << (first++ ? ", " : ""), __print(i);
  cerr << "}";
}
void _print() { cerr << "]\n"; }
template <typename T, typename... V>
void _print(T t, V... v) {
  __print(t);
  if (sizeof...(v)) cerr << ", ";
  _print(v...);
}
int main() {
  std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(0);
  int T;
  cin >> T;
  while (T--) {
    int n, m;
    cin >> n >> m;
    if (n > m) {
      cout << 0 << "\n";
      continue;
    }
    int p = m + 1;
    long long ans = 0;
    for (int i = 30; i >= 0; i--) {
      int ni = (n >> i) & 1;
      int pair<int, int> = (p >> i) & 1;
      if (ni == pair<int, int>) {
        continue;
      } else if (ni == 1 && pair<int, int> == 0) {
        break;
      } else if (ni == 0 && pair<int, int> == 1) {
        ans = ans | (1 << i);
      }
    }
    cout << ans << "\n";
  }
}

### Prompt

Create a solution in Cpp for the following problem:

You are given two integers n and m. Find the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence n ⊕ 0, n ⊕ 1, …, n ⊕ m. Here, ⊕ is the [bitwise XOR operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#XOR).

\operatorname{MEX} of the sequence of non-negative integers is the smallest non-negative integer that doesn't appear in this sequence. For example, \operatorname{MEX}(0, 1, 2, 4) = 3, and \operatorname{MEX}(1, 2021) = 0. 

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 30 000) — the number of test cases.

The first and only line of each test case contains two integers n and m (0 ≤ n, m ≤ 10^9).

Output

For each test case, print a single integer — the answer to the problem.

Example

Input


5
3 5
4 6
3 2
69 696
123456 654321


Output


4
3
0
640
530866

Note

In the first test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, 3 ⊕ 3, 3 ⊕ 4, 3 ⊕ 5, or 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 4.

In the second test case, the sequence is 4 ⊕ 0, 4 ⊕ 1, 4 ⊕ 2, 4 ⊕ 3, 4 ⊕ 4, 4 ⊕ 5, 4 ⊕ 6, or 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 3.

In the third test case, the sequence is 3 ⊕ 0, 3 ⊕ 1, 3 ⊕ 2, or 3, 2, 1. The smallest non-negative integer which isn't present in the sequence i. e. the \operatorname{MEX} of the sequence is 0.

### Response

```cpp
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#pragma GCC optimize("O3")
#pragma GCC target("sse4")
using namespace std;
template <class T>
using pq = priority_queue<T>;
template <class T>
using pqg = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
template <class T>
bool ckmin(T& a, const T& b) {
  return b < a ? a = b, 1 : 0;
}
template <class T>
bool ckmax(T& a, const T& b) {
  return a < b ? a = b, 1 : 0;
}
void __print(int x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(unsigned long long x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(float x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(double x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(long double x) { cerr << x; }
void __print(char x) { cerr << '\'' << x << '\''; }
void __print(const char* x) { cerr << '\"' << x << '\"'; }
void __print(const string& x) { cerr << '\"' << x << '\"'; }
void __print(bool x) { cerr << (x ? "true" : "false"); }
template <typename T, typename V>
void __print(const pair<T, V>& x) {
  cerr << '{';
  __print(x.first);
  cerr << ", ";
  __print(x.second);
  cerr << '}';
}
template <typename T>
void __print(const T& x) {
  int first = 0;
  cerr << '{';
  for (auto& i : x) cerr << (first++ ? ", " : ""), __print(i);
  cerr << "}";
}
void _print() { cerr << "]\n"; }
template <typename T, typename... V>
void _print(T t, V... v) {
  __print(t);
  if (sizeof...(v)) cerr << ", ";
  _print(v...);
}
int main() {
  std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(0);
  int T;
  cin >> T;
  while (T--) {
    int n, m;
    cin >> n >> m;
    if (n > m) {
      cout << 0 << "\n";
      continue;
    }
    int p = m + 1;
    long long ans = 0;
    for (int i = 30; i >= 0; i--) {
      int ni = (n >> i) & 1;
      int pair<int, int> = (p >> i) & 1;
      if (ni == pair<int, int>) {
        continue;
      } else if (ni == 1 && pair<int, int> == 0) {
        break;
      } else if (ni == 0 && pair<int, int> == 1) {
        ans = ans | (1 << i);
      }
    }
    cout << ans << "\n";
  }
}

```