Monetae cudendae ratio is a paper on coinage by which Renaissance- and Reformation-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus ( ; Polish: "Mikołaj Kopernik" ; German: "Nikolaus Kopernikus; Niklas Koppernigk" ; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance- and Reformation-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, likely independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.
Letters on Sunspots " Letters on Sunspots " ("Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari") was a pamphlet written by Galileo Galilei in 1612 and published in Rome by the Accademia dei Lincei in 1613. In it Galileo outlined his recent observation of dark spots on the face of the sun. His claims were significant in undermining the traditional Aristotelian view that the sun was both unflawed and unmoving. The third letter contains his first clear public statement of support for Copernicus.