What is the name of the unofficial grouping of elite universities that are part of the C9 Leaugue?
C9 League The C9 League is an official alliance of nine elite and prestigious universities in mainland China, initiated by the Chinese Central Government through Project 985 to promote the development and reputation of Chinese higher education system by founding world-class universities in the 21st century. It is analogous to the Ivy League in the United States, the U15 in Canada, the Golden Triangle in the UK, and the Go8 in Australia. The members of the C9 League are Tsinghua University, Peking University, Zhejiang University, Nanjing University, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, University of Science and Technology of China and Harbin Institute of Technology. Together they account for 3% of the country's researchers but receive 10% of national research expenditures. They produce 20% of the nation's academic publications and 30% of total citations.
Academic Ranking of World Universities Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), also known as Shanghai Ranking, is an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. The league table was originally compiled and issued by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2003, the first global ranking with multifarious indicators, after which a board of international advisories was established to provide suggestions. The publication currently includes global league tables for institutions and a whole and for a selection of individual subjects, alongside independent regional "Greater China Ranking" and "Macedonian HEIs Ranking". ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university measures, alongside "QS World University Rankings" and "Times Higher Education World University Rankings". It is praised for its objective methodology but draws some condemnation for narrowly focusing on raw research power, undermining humanities and quality of instruction.