How did Apple flourish despite Neal Stephenson's prediction that proprietary software companies would fail?
In the Beginning... Was the Command Line In the Beginning... Was the Command Line is an essay by Neal Stephenson which was originally published online in 1999 and later made available in book form (November 1999, ISBN  ). The essay is a commentary on why the proprietary operating systems business is unlikely to remain profitable in the future because of competition from free software. It also analyzes the corporate/collective culture of the Microsoft, Apple, and free software communities.
Vertical innovation Vertical innovation is an innovation on the quality of the goods, it consist to improve the quality of items by innovation permitting to those items to access to the highest quality available on the economy. In the literature of growth it is oppose to "horizontal innovation" which in turn refer to product innovation mean the introduction of new items in the economy. 'vertical integration' and 'open innovation'. The term vertical integration describes a style of business management control, and is typified by one firm engaged in different multiple parts of a production process. Open innovation is a term promoted by Henry Chesbrough, a professor and executive director at the Center for Open Innovation at the University of California, Berkeley. "Open innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology."