How did Apple flourish despite Neal Stephenson's prediction that proprietary software companies would fail?
Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. The company's hardware products include the iPhone smartphone, the iPad tablet computer, the Mac personal computer, the iPod portable media player, the Apple Watch smartwatch, the Apple TV digital media player, and the HomePod smart speaker. Apple's consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the iTunes media player, the Safari web browser, and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, and iCloud.
Vertical innovation Vertical innovation is an innovation on the quality of the goods, it consist to improve the quality of items by innovation permitting to those items to access to the highest quality available on the economy. In the literature of growth it is oppose to "horizontal innovation" which in turn refer to product innovation mean the introduction of new items in the economy. 'vertical integration' and 'open innovation'. The term vertical integration describes a style of business management control, and is typified by one firm engaged in different multiple parts of a production process. Open innovation is a term promoted by Henry Chesbrough, a professor and executive director at the Center for Open Innovation at the University of California, Berkeley. "Open innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their technology."