What Prussian Lithuanian Lutheran pastor and poet wrote "The Seasons" a masterpiece of early Lithuanian literature thatdepicts everyday life of Lithuanian peasants, their struggle with serfdom, and the annual cycle of life?
Kristijonas Donelaitis Kristijonas Donelaitis (1 January 1714 – 18 February 1780; Latin: "Christian Donalitius" ) was a Prussian Lithuanian Lutheran pastor and poet. He lived and worked in Lithuania Minor, a territory in the Kingdom of Prussia, that had a sizable minority of ethnic Lithuanians. He wrote the first classic Lithuanian language poem, "The Seasons" (Lithuanian: "Metai" ), which became one of the principal works of Lithuanian poetry. The poem, a classic work of Lithuanian literature, depicts everyday life of Lithuanian peasants, their struggle with serfdom, and the annual cycle of life.
Young Latvians New Latvians (Latvian: "jaunlatvieši" ) is the term most often applied to the intellectuals of the First Latvian National Awakening (Latvian: "Tautas atmoda" ), active from the 1850s to the 1880s. The movement was modeled on the Young Germany (German: "Junges Deutschland" ) movement led by Heinrich Heine. Originally a derogatory epithet applied to these nationalist intellectuals by their mostly Baltic German opponents, the term "Young Latvia" (German: ""ein junges Lettland"" ) was first used by Gustav Wilhelm Sigmund Brasche, the pastor of Nīca, in a review of Juris Alunāns' "Dziesmiņas latviešu valodai pārtulkotas" ("Little Songs Translated for the Latvian Language") in the newspaper "Das Inland" in 1856. Asking who could appreciate such literature in Latvian (Alunāns' book was the first major translation of classic foreign poetry into Latvian), Brasche warned that those daring to dream of "a Young Latvia" would meet the tragic fate of the boatman in Heine's poem "Die Lorelei," a translation of which appeared in Alunāns' anthology. The New Latvians were also sometimes known as "Lettophiles" or ""tautībnieki"" ("ethnicists").