William Shockley received a Nobel Prize, a set of annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions, in what subject?
Traitorous eight The traitorous eight was a group of eight employees who left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1957 to found Fairchild Semiconductor. William Shockley had in 1956 recruited a group of young PhD graduates with the goal to develop and produce new semiconductor devices. While Shockley had received a Nobel Prize in Physics and was an experienced researcher and teacher, his management of the group was authoritarian and unpopular. This was accentuated by the fact that Shockley’s research focus wasn’t proving fruitful. After the demand for Shockley to be replaced was rebuffed, the eight left to form their own company.
Maudheim medal The Maudheim medal ("Maudheimmedaljen") was instituted by King Haakon VII of Norway on 14 November 1951 in honor of the members of the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1949–1952, awarded to the participants of the expedition. This expedition was the first to Antarctica involving an international team of scientists. During the expedition, a base known as Maudheim was established on the Quar Ice Shelf along the coast of Queen Maud Land in February 1950. The medal itself is the same as the King's Medal of Merit in Silver with the addition of a silver buckle on the ribbon with the inscription "MAUDHEIM 1949-1952".