William Shockley received a Nobel Prize, a set of annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions, in what subject?
Traitorous eight The traitorous eight was a group of eight employees who left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1957 to found Fairchild Semiconductor. William Shockley had in 1956 recruited a group of young PhD graduates with the goal to develop and produce new semiconductor devices. While Shockley had received a Nobel Prize in Physics and was an experienced researcher and teacher, his management of the group was authoritarian and unpopular. This was accentuated by the fact that Shockley’s research focus wasn’t proving fruitful. After the demand for Shockley to be replaced was rebuffed, the eight left to form their own company.
Telenor Culture Award The Telenor Culture Award, also known as "Boundless Communication", is an international award which is given annually by the Norwegian company Telenor. The award is a part of the Telenor Culture Programme, established in 1995 to underline the values of the company. Originally 100,000 NOK, it was raised to 250,000 NOK and then in 2014 to 500,000 NOK, and is awarded by a jury. According to the statutes, the award is given to individuals, groups and institutions that have contributed substantially to Scadinavian and international cultural life. Initially it was only given to Norwegians; it later became an international award.