When did Reinhold Niebuhr write "Moral Man and Immoral Society" and argue Christian Realism?
Christian Realism Christian Realism is a philosophical perspective developed by the theologian and public intellectual Reinhold Niebuhr in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Niebuhr argued that the Kingdom of God cannot be realized on earth because of the innately corrupt tendencies of society. Due to the injustices that arise on earth, a person is therefore forced to compromise the ideal of the kingdom of heaven on earth. Niebuhr argued that human perfectibility was an illusion, highlighting the sinfulness of humanity at a time when the world was confronted by the horrors of experiences such World War II, the reigns of both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, and the Holocaust. The movement was in part a reaction to the Social Gospel movement. Numerous American political figures have been influenced by Christian realism, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Jimmy Carter, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.
Transcendental realism Initially developed by Roy Bhaskar in his book "A Realist Theory of Science" (1975), transcendental realism is a philosophy of science that was initially developed as an argument against epistemic realism of Positivism and Hermeneutics. The position is based on Bhaskar's transcendental arguments for certain ontological and epistemological positions based on what reality must be like in order for scientific knowledge to be possible. While Bhaskar's work is the origin of transcendental realism, it is based upon and further developed by a number of other authors[ref: Collier, Sayer, Lawson, Critical Realism: Essential Readings, etc. The overview of transcendental realism that follows is largely based on Andrew Sayer's "Realism and Social Science".