VNS causes stimulation of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves and is associated with problems ranging from alteration of voice (66%), coughing (45%), pharyngitis (35%) and throat pain (28%) and hoarseness (very common) to frank laryngeal muscle spasm and upper airway obstruction (rare).
The giant manta is commonly found offshore, while the reef manta, as its name suggests, is found inshore near coral and rocky reefs. Manta rays live in the open ocean, swimming continuously through the water column instead of resting on the sea floor like other rays. Although much of their time is spent near the surface, they have been known to dive to depths of 100 feet.
The reef manta is smaller than the oceanic manta ray, with an average disc-width of 3-3.5 metres (9-11.5ft) and a possible maximum of 4.5 metres (15ft). Itâs likely at such sizes reef mantas would weigh in at around 1.4 tonnes (3,100 lbs). All mantas start off small, so size is not necessarily a good identification feature. The dorsal shading and ventral spot patterning however can be used to discern between these two species.