VNS causes stimulation of the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves and is associated with problems ranging from alteration of voice (66%), coughing (45%), pharyngitis (35%) and throat pain (28%) and hoarseness (very common) to frank laryngeal muscle spasm and upper airway obstruction (rare).
The giant manta is commonly found offshore, while the reef manta, as its name suggests, is found inshore near coral and rocky reefs. Manta rays live in the open ocean, swimming continuously through the water column instead of resting on the sea floor like other rays. Although much of their time is spent near the surface, they have been known to dive to depths of 100 feet.
Since the Manta Ray seems to be such a mystery to most people, exploring the facts about them can help you to see them for what they really are. These are fascinating creatures that live in the water. They can be up to 25 feet in length and weight as much as 3,000 pounds. Manta birostris (Giant Manta Ray) engage in the process of migrating. They can lose their protective mucus membrane if they are touched by humans. The Manta Ray has the largest brain to body ratio of all sharks and rays on Earth. You will very rarely find any Manta Ray in captivity due to their size. They are currently only found in four aquariums in the world. The average life span for a Manta Ray is 20 years. They are very close relatives of the shark.