United States. The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that cruel and unusual punishments [shall not be] inflicted.. The general principles the United States Supreme Court relied on to decide whether or not a particular punishment was cruel and unusual were determined by Justice William Brennan.
Bydgoszcz [1] (also Bromberg, in German) is the capital city of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voidship, Poland. It is located in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers, with a population of roughly 360 000, agglomeration more than 460 000, which makes it the 8th biggest city in Poland. Bydgoszcz is part of the metroplex Bydgoszcz-ToruÅ with ToruÅ, only 45 km away, and over 850,000 inhabitants.
Kazimierz (Polish pronunciation: [kaËÊimÊ²ÉÊ]; Latin: Casimiria; Yiddish: ×§×××××¨ â Kuzimyr) is a historical district of KrakÃ³w and KrakÃ³w Old Town, Poland. Since its inception in the fourteenth century to the early nineteenth century, Kazimierz was an independent city, a royal city of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, located south of KrakÃ³w Old Town and separated by a branch of the Vistula river.