United States. The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that cruel and unusual punishments [shall not be] inflicted.. The general principles the United States Supreme Court relied on to decide whether or not a particular punishment was cruel and unusual were determined by Justice William Brennan.
Bydgoszcz [1] (also Bromberg, in German) is the capital city of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voidship, Poland. It is located in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers, with a population of roughly 360 000, agglomeration more than 460 000, which makes it the 8th biggest city in Poland. Bydgoszcz is part of the metroplex Bydgoszcz-ToruÅ with ToruÅ, only 45 km away, and over 850,000 inhabitants.
Map of Lodz, Poland. Lodz is the second largest city of Poland. The name Lodz in Polish means 'boat'. In 1793, the city came under Prussian administration with a new Prussian name of Lodsch.It joined the Duchy of Warsaw in 1806 and became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland in1815.It also became a center of the socialist movement.he name Lodz in Polish means 'boat'. In 1793, the city came under Prussian administration with a new Prussian name of Lodsch. It joined the Duchy of Warsaw in 1806 and became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland in1815. It also became a center of the socialist movement.