Optometrists (also known as Doctors of Optometry in the US and Canada for those holding the O.D. degree[1] or Ophthalmic Opticians in the UK[2][3][4][5][6][7]) are medical professionals who provide primary eyecare through comprehensive eye examinations to detect and treat various visual abnormalities and eye diseases.
A Cardiothoracic surgeon in the U.S. is a physician (D.O. or M.D.) who first completes a general surgery residency (typically 5â7 years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship (typically 2â3 years).
For cardiothoracic surgery, its 4 years med school, 1 year internship, 4-5 years general surgery residency, 2 years cardiac fellowship, then 1-2 years from there if you want to subspecialize (such as peds, etc). Click to expand... some gen surg residencies are 7 years because of research requirements.