An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a nuclear reaction.
Almost 40 years separate Shirley Ann Jackson's achievement, as the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in theoretical high energy physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Jedidah Isler, the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Astrophysics from Yale.
Vivian Malone Jones. Vivian Juanita Malone Jones (July 15, 1942 â October 13, 2005) was one of the first two African American students to enroll at the University of Alabama in 1963, and in 1965 became the university's first African American graduate.