Optometrists (also known as Doctors of Optometry in the US and Canada for those holding the O.D. degree[1] or Ophthalmic Opticians in the UK[2][3][4][5][6][7]) are medical professionals who provide primary eyecare through comprehensive eye examinations to detect and treat various visual abnormalities and eye diseases.
A Cardiothoracic surgeon in the U.S. is a physician (D.O. or M.D.) who first completes a general surgery residency (typically 5â7 years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship (typically 2â3 years).
1 At least 4 years of medical school. 2  A 5-year general surgical residency program. 3  A 2- or 3-year cardiothoracic (heart/chest) residency program that usually includes 6 months of training in pediatric heart surgery. 4  Two to 4 additional years of training in pediatric heart surgery. A 2- or 3-year cardiothoracic (heart/chest) residency program that usually includes 6 months of training in pediatric heart surgery.