Casement window, with latticed lights. A casement is a window that is attached to its frame by one or more hinges. Casement windows are hinged at the side. Windows hinged at the top are referred to as awning windows, and ones hinged at the bottom are called hoppers.
Open Systems. The ocean is an open system. The ocean is an example of an open system. The ocean is a component of the hydrosphere and the ocean surface represents the interface between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere that lies above. Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by the ocean.
Coastal upwelling systems in the deep ocean have been studied in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in great detail. They form an integral part of deep ocean dynamics, and detailed descriptions can be found in textbooks on open ocean dynamics. Tomczak and Godfrey (1994) give a review of all deep ocean upwelling regions.