See also. 1  Concept inventory. 2  Constructive alignment. 3  Educational assessment. 4  Ipsative assessment. 5  Norm-referenced assessment. 6  Psychometrics. 7  Standardized test.
Enveloped viruses have a lipid-based membrane surrounding the protein capsid. This envelope is partly composed of the cell membrane within which the virus replicated, and it contains proteins and carbohydrates. Some of the proteins are from the host cell and some are from the virus..
In viruses and bacteriophages, the DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein capsid, sometimes further enveloped by a lipid membrane. Double-stranded DNA is stored inside the capsid in the form of a spool, which can have different types of coiling leading to different types of liquid-crystalline packing. This packing can change from hexagonal to cholesteric to isotropic at different stages of the phage functioning.