Calculator for converting numbers to scientific notation. In scientific notation each number is written in the form: b Ã 10 y, where b is a number between 1 and 10 and y is a positive or negative whole number. The calculator below can be used to covert numbers to normalised scientific notation.
Although there are similarities between bacteria and human cells, there are many differences as well. Antibiotics work by affecting things that bacterial cells have but human cells donât. For example, human cells do not have cell walls, while many types of bacteria do. The antibiotic penicillin works by keeping a bacterium from building a cell wall. Bacteria and human cells also differ in the structure of their cell membranes and the machinery they use to build proteins or copy DNA.
Bacteria generate antibiotic resistance through a number of mechanisms. Some bacteria can become resistant to penicillin by producing beta-lactamase, a bacterial enzyme that destroys the beta-lactam ring of penicillin and makes it ineffective. One common example is Staphylococcus aureus, which produces high levels of beta-lactamase and causes infections in the blood, skin, or lungs.