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Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through three major veins: the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. The superior vena cava returns all of the blood to the heart from tissues superior to the heart in the head, neck, arms and upper thorax. Likewise, the inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from tissues inferior to the heart, including the legs, abdomen and lower thorax.
Dilated superficial collateral veins (red arrows) and intraabdominal collateral veins (arrowhead) were also noted. Chronic thrombosis with caval obstruction is a well-described complication associated with the placement of an inferior vena cava filter. Chronic deep venous insufficiency of the legs may result. Superficial and visceral collateral veins dilate to allow venous blood from the legs to return to the right atrium.