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Magma in Earth's Mantle Forms Deeper Than Once Thought. Study simulating pressures in mantle beneath the ocean floor shows that rocks can melt at depths up to 250 kilometers. When magma reaches Earth's surface and erupts from a volcano, it becomes lava.
The group found the system of around 20 limestone caves this week during a research trip to Diego de Almagro island off the far southwest coast of Chile. Scientists had to abseil and scubadive to get into the caves, some of which are around 65 feet deep.