Trade encourages specialisation, which brings prosperity; global capital markets, for all their problems, allocate money more efficiently than local ones; economic co-operation encourages confidence and enhances security. Yet despite its obvious benefits, the globalised economy is under threat.
RA (the most common disease cause) and Paget disease of the cervical spine can cause atlantoaxial dislocation or subluxation, basilar invagination, or platybasia. Metastatic tumors that affect bone can cause atlantoaxial dislocation or subluxation.
the articulation between the first two cervical vertebrae. atlantoaxial membrane. the fibrous sheet which closes the interarcual space between the atlas and the axis. atlantoaxial subluxation. degeneration or malformation of the dens is seen mainly in toy breeds of dogs predisposing to displacement of the axis. Fracture of the dens can occur in any animal. Compression of the cervical cord is a common sequel that causes neck pain and varying degrees of spastic tetraparesis. Treatment is surgical stabilization. Also reported in Holstein cattle.