Trade encourages specialisation, which brings prosperity; global capital markets, for all their problems, allocate money more efficiently than local ones; economic co-operation encourages confidence and enhances security. Yet despite its obvious benefits, the globalised economy is under threat.
RA (the most common disease cause) and Paget disease of the cervical spine can cause atlantoaxial dislocation or subluxation, basilar invagination, or platybasia. Metastatic tumors that affect bone can cause atlantoaxial dislocation or subluxation.
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) or white matter injury of prematurity affecting the periventricular zones, and typically results in cavitation and periventricular cyst formation. It is important to note that both periventricular and subcortical leukomalacia correspond to a continuous disease spectrum. Please refer to the article on patterns of neonatal hypoxicâischaemic brain injury for a relation between perinatal brain maturation process and these lesions.