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Magma in Earth's Mantle Forms Deeper Than Once Thought. Study simulating pressures in mantle beneath the ocean floor shows that rocks can melt at depths up to 250 kilometers. When magma reaches Earth's surface and erupts from a volcano, it becomes lava.
At a depth of 1500m a subterranean waterfall of near-freezing water has flooded a branch of the cave system, while the main branch continues to a depth of 2140m, where a terminal siphon marks the end of the cave. The Ukrainian speleogolists needed a staggering 14 days to reach the siphon at the end of the cave.