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Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through three major veins: the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. The superior vena cava returns all of the blood to the heart from tissues superior to the heart in the head, neck, arms and upper thorax. Likewise, the inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from tissues inferior to the heart, including the legs, abdomen and lower thorax.
The azygos venous system is the only direct path into the SVC. The internal thoracic vein is the collector between SVC and inferior vena cava (IVC) via epigastric and iliac veins. The vertebral veins with intercostals, lumbar and sacral veins, represent the posterior network between SVC and IVC.ntroduction 1.1 Anatomy The superior vena cava (SVC) originates in the chest, behind the first right sternocostal articulation, from the confluence of two main collector vessels: the right and left brachiocephalic veins which receive the ipsilatera l internal jugular and subclavian veins.