Heroin also produces profound degrees of tolerance and physical dependence. Tolerance occurs when more and more of the drug is required to achieve the same effects. With physical dependence, the body adapts to the presence of the drug and withdrawal symptoms occur if use is reduced abruptly. Withdrawal may occur within a few hours after the last time the drug is taken. Symptoms of withdrawal include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps (âcold turkeyâ), and leg movements.
1. Congestive heart failure (Statistical Brief #142, 2009 data) â The mean cost per CHF readmission is $13,000, with a 25.1 percent readmission rate. This is 118 percent the cost of an initial admission for CHF, which costs $11,000 on average.
But Castlight found price differences in tests for the human papillomavirus (HPV)âwhich is linked to the risk of cervical cancer-of 10 times or more in the majority of the major metropolitan regions it examined. An HPV test in the Philadelphia-Atlantic City area ranged from $32 to $626, a 19-fold variation. Castlight also found prices varied significantly between some regions, beyond what could be attributed to cost of living differences. The average price for a mammogram ranged from $485 in Sacramento, Calif., to $159 in Cincinnati. The average HPV test in Indianapolis was $165, five times the $32 price in Charlotte, N.C.