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In the 17th and 18th centuries the encomienda existed alongside other forms of colonial exploitation, such as the mita and peonage. The encomienda was officially abolished by royal decrees issued between 1718 and 1791, but in the majority of Spanish colonies it was retained until the early 19th century.
Indians could no longer work in mines and on the land. Instead, a new system was introduced called the encomienda system. Under this system, the Indians were obliged to do a certain amount of work for the Spanish landowner on whose land they lived. It was not enough to keep up the output of the mines or the plantations. The local Indian labour had to be replaced. Enslaved Africans were brought in to do the hard labour of the new Spanish colonies. At first they were brought from other colonies owned by Spain, like the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.