Primary succession on Rangitoto Island. Primary succession is one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life, occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and other organisms usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited.n primary succession pioneer species like lichen, algae and fungi as well as other abiotic factors like wind and water start to normalize the habitat. Primary succession begins on rock formations, such as volcanoes or mountains, or in a place with no organisms or soil.
The ego-defensive function refers to holding attitudes that protect our self-esteem or that justify actions that make us feel guilty. For example, one way children might defend themselves against the feelings of humiliation they have experienced in P.E. lessons is to adopt a strongly negative attitude to all sport. The ego-defensive function refers to holding attitudes that protect our self-esteem or that justify actions that make us feel guilty.
Egoism can be a descriptive or a normative position. Psychological egoism, the most famous descriptive position, claims that each person has but one ultimate aim: her own welfare. Normative forms of egoism make claims about what one ought to do, rather than describe what one does do.ational egoism claims that it is necessary and sufficient for an action to be rational that it maximize one's self-interest. (As with ethical egoism, there are variants which drop maximization or evaluate rules or character traits rather than actions.