Peppermint essential oil has been called one of the most versatile oils in the world, sharing the title with Lavender. Abounding in dermal and oral uses as well as anti-microbial properties, there are countless issues for which it is beneficial, promoting the wellness of body, mind, and overall health.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the renal category (that is, AKI in which the pathology lies within the kidney itself). See the ATN image below. Photomicrograph of a renal biopsy specimen shows renal medulla, which is composed mainly of renal tubules.
Once prerenal and postrenal causes are ruled out, intrinsic renal failure is likely. Intrinsic ARF, caused by disease of the renal parenchyma, accounted for 69% of cases in the Madrid study. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), the most common type of intrinsic ARF, accounted for 45% of all cases of ARF. Most of the following discussion is therefore focused on ATN; other types of intrinsic ARF have been reviewed in detail in studies by Glassock and colleagues.