The whole thing has become terribly opaque and dishonest and it's a way of hiding obligations. PFI has now largely broken down and we are in the ludicrous situation where the government is having to provide the funds for the private finance initiative.
It is formed in the way that all minerals generally are. formedâthrough crystallization, the process by which atoms are. arranged to form a material with a crystal structure. One of the two ways minerals form is by: 1. crystallization of magma (cools inside the crust) or lava (cools. & hardens on the surface) 2. crystallization of materials dissolved in water. When these liquids cool to a solid state, they form crystals.
Answer 1: lmost all minerals and gems are formed below the earth's surface. Some are brought to the surface through mining, some are brought to the surface through earth processes like faulting, folding, or volcanic eruptions. How do minerals and gems form? Water near the earth's surface interacts with minerals and dissolves them. If the solution cools or evaporates, minerals will precipitate. A similar, familiar process is formation of salt crystals by evaporation of seawater. The mineral that forms is determined by what the dissolved elements are. If the water has interacted with silica-rich rocks (e.g., sandstone), silica-rich minerals will form like Silica (SiO 2)-based minerals: amethyst (quartz); or opal.