To sanction is to communicate disapproval in some way to the deviant member. SOURCE: http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/waymac/Sociology/A%20Term%201/2.%20Culture/aspects_of_culture.htm Also examples of culture are religion, language, heritage, financial class, and beliefs.
The female cat, therefore, can have the orange mutant gene on one X chromosome and the gene for a black coat on the other. The piebald gene is on a different chromosome. If expressed, this gene codes for white, or no color, and is dominant over the alleles that code for a certain color (i.e. orange or black), making the white spots on calico cats.
These genes are names for their recessive mutant phenotypes, so mice homozygous mutant at the albino locus have no pigmentation (white fur and pink eyes) and heterozygotes and wild type for albino have pigmentation (dark fur and eyes). The albino gene product, tyrosinase, is necessary for the synthesis of all pigment. Mice have two different pigments in each hair, yellow at the tip and black in the rest of the hair. In albino mutants, neither pigment is made. The nonagouti gene product is necessary for the production of the yellow pigment, so mutant nonagouti mice have black hair.