The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution, behaviour and ecology such as the definition of species, the process of speciation, instinct, learning, ecological niches, guilds, island biogeography, phylogeography and conservation.
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Approximately $6.2 billion ($4.8â$9.2 billion) of that would be attributable to averted treatment costs, or 4 percent of the total cost of illness. Caretaker productivity loss from seeking care accounted for $1.2 billion ($0.7â$1.7 billion), or 0.8 percent of the total cost of illness.Lost productivity as a result of meningitis morbidity represented the smallest portion of total cost of illness, at $0.9 billion ($0.2â$2.4 billion).xhibit 2 presents the cost of treating each of the 426 million cases of illness. Average treatment costs varied by country. Ukraine maintained the highest cost of treatment for all diseases at $62 for malaria, $1,113 for meningitis, $21 for pertussis, $264 for pneumonia, and $42 for rotavirus.