There is some evidence which suggests that the use of Irish stick weapons may have evolved in a progression from a reliance on long spears and wattles, to shorter spears and wattles, to the shillelagh, alpeen, blackthorn (walking-stick) and short cudgel.
Moreover, most of the associated drugs fatalities including tramadol have been reported with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, particularly benzodiazepine [9], [10], [11], [13] and [14]. In certain cases, benzodiazepine levels were in the therapeutic range or slightly higher.
Tramadol is an opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain. Tramadol was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Grunenthal GmbH in the late 1970s, marketed under the name Tramal. It is also licensed under other names including Ultram.