Contour plowing. Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of top soil loss and soil erosion.
The ex-ante cost of equity capital is the core fac-tor in financial decision making such as equity valuation or project evaluation. As the ex-ante cost of equity capital is not observable, the ex-post realized stock return has been utilized as an indirect measure of the ex-ante cost of equity capital.However, the realized stock return has been proven as a noisy proxy for the ex-ante cost of eq-uity (Fama and French, 1997; Elton, 1999).sia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies (2008) v37 n4 G  which suggests that the ICOE may reduce the noises in the ex-post stock returns as a proxy for the ex-ante cost of equity capital. Table 2 also reports the correlations among risk proxies.
Infinite Analysis Period: Capitalized Cost. Capitalized cost is defined as the present worth of a constant annual cost over an. analysis period. It can be shown that the factor (P/A,i%, n = infinity) is equal to (1 / i), with the interest rate i in decimal form.For example, (P/A,5%, n = infinity) = 1 / 0.05 = 20.xample: Determine the capitalized cost at 15% interest of a structure with an initial cost of $200,000 and annual operating and maintenance costs of $40,000.