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Within eukaryotes, DNA replication is controlled within the context of the cell cycle. As the cell grows and divides, it progresses through stages in the cell cycle; DNA replication takes place during the S phase (synthesis phase).
Quick Answer. In a eukaryotic cell, chromosome replication occurs during DNA synthesis, or the S phase of the cell cycle. In its normal state, a chromosome is a long, thin chromatin fiber containing one DNA molecule. Once duplicated, a chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, each containing a copy of the DNA molecule.