Carl H. Eigenmann an ichthyologist wrote Cave vertebrates of America: a study in degenerative evolution (1909) in which he concluded that cave evolution was essentially degenerative. The entomologist William Morton Wheeler and the Lamarckian Ernest MacBride (1866-1940) also advocated degenerative evolution.
fumaric acid - a colorless crystalline acid with a fruity taste; used in making polyester resins. acid - any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt. Translations. FumarsÃ¤ure
Fumaroles, such as those found in the two summit craters of Mount Rainier, are volcanic vents that issue steam, hydrogen sulfide, and other gases. The chemically active fluids or gases produced by fumaroles corrode the surrounding rock, eventually changing the rock into crumbling, unstable hydrothermally altered rock.