There is some evidence which suggests that the use of Irish stick weapons may have evolved in a progression from a reliance on long spears and wattles, to shorter spears and wattles, to the shillelagh, alpeen, blackthorn (walking-stick) and short cudgel.
Moreover, most of the associated drugs fatalities including tramadol have been reported with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, particularly benzodiazepine [9], [10], [11], [13] and [14]. In certain cases, benzodiazepine levels were in the therapeutic range or slightly higher.
DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Tramadol is a man-made (synthetic) analgesic (pain reliever). Its exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it is similar to morphine.Like morphine, tramadol binds to receptors in the brain (narcotic or opioid receptors) that are important for transmitting the sensation of pain from throughout the body to the brain.ramadol is not a nonsteroidal anti-iinflammatory drug (NSAID) and does not have the increased risk of stomach ulceration and internal bleeding that can occur with NSAIDs. The FDA approved tramadol in March 1995.