14 Spontaneous Retrieval inProspective Memory MARK A. McDANIEL and GILLES O. EINSTEIN O ur chapter, like others in this volume, focuses on episodic memory.Otherchapters have approached episodic memory as a process or system topreserve an individualâs mental record of his or her past.instein, & M. McDaniel (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 115â142). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Einstein, G. O., & McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval pro-cesses.
The whiptail stingrays are a family, Dasyatidae, of rays in the order Myliobatiformes. They are found worldwide in tropical to temperate marine waters, and a number of species have also penetrated into fresh water in North America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
Stingrays. Stingrays are a family of cartilaginous fish containing nine genera and about 70 species. They can be found in all tropical and sub-tropical seas, and there is also a freshwater-only sub-family-the river rays. A flattened body shape and disc-shaped pectoral fins help stingrays live and hide in sand and mud underwater. The famous barbed stinger on the tail is only used in self-defence, often when they are stepped on in shallow waters.