Contour plowing. Contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of ploughing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major cause of top soil loss and soil erosion.
The ex-ante cost of equity capital is the core fac-tor in financial decision making such as equity valuation or project evaluation. As the ex-ante cost of equity capital is not observable, the ex-post realized stock return has been utilized as an indirect measure of the ex-ante cost of equity capital.However, the realized stock return has been proven as a noisy proxy for the ex-ante cost of eq-uity (Fama and French, 1997; Elton, 1999).sia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies (2008) v37 n4 G  which suggests that the ICOE may reduce the noises in the ex-post stock returns as a proxy for the ex-ante cost of equity capital. Table 2 also reports the correlations among risk proxies.
The cost of capital is a weighted average of the cost of debt, preferred equity, and common equity, where the weights are the market-value percentages of debt, preferred equity, and common equity. in a firm's capital structure.he Company is requesting approval from the IRC that its Weighted Average Cost of Capital. (WACC) be set at 11.6%, including the weighted combination of the Companyâs cost rates for. debt and a fair rate of return on equity. Weighted Average Cost of Capital for Dominica Electricity Services Ltd.