There is some evidence which suggests that the use of Irish stick weapons may have evolved in a progression from a reliance on long spears and wattles, to shorter spears and wattles, to the shillelagh, alpeen, blackthorn (walking-stick) and short cudgel.
Moreover, most of the associated drugs fatalities including tramadol have been reported with other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, particularly benzodiazepine [9], [10], [11], [13] and [14]. In certain cases, benzodiazepine levels were in the therapeutic range or slightly higher.
Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesicââor pain relieverââwhich has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat moderate to severe pain in adults. Analgesics like Tramadol bind to receptors throughout the central nervous and the gastrointestinal systems.