14 Spontaneous Retrieval inProspective Memory MARK A. McDANIEL and GILLES O. EINSTEIN O ur chapter, like others in this volume, focuses on episodic memory.Otherchapters have approached episodic memory as a process or system topreserve an individualâs mental record of his or her past.instein, & M. McDaniel (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 115â142). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Einstein, G. O., & McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval pro-cesses.
The whiptail stingrays are a family, Dasyatidae, of rays in the order Myliobatiformes. They are found worldwide in tropical to temperate marine waters, and a number of species have also penetrated into fresh water in North America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
They migrate twice yearly: north in late spring (as pictured here) and south in late autumn. There are around 70 species of stingray in the world's oceans, but these cow-nose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) have distinctive, highdomed heads, giving them a curiously bovine appearance.hey migrate long distances, and can be found as far south as the Caribbean and as far north as New England. They use their extended pectoral fins to swim, and often turn upside down, curling their fin tips above the surface of the water-leaving terrified swimmers convinced that they have seen a shark.