In summary, we have shown the inhibitory effects of Bcl-2 family on the ceramide-mediated apoptotic pathway in glioma cells. Bcl-2 is considered to act not only downstream of ceramide to inhibit cytochrome c release followed by caspase activation, but also upstream of or at SMase to prevent ceramide generation.igure 3 Effects of Bcl-2 or Bax overexpression on ceramide formation and neutral sphingomyelinase activation in etoposide-treated C6 cells. C6/Neo (), C6/Bcl-2 (), and C6/Bax () cells were treated with 40 M etoposide for indicated periods.
Hawaii, which has the highest-paid waiters and waitresses in the country (mean wage: $13.91/hour) has a minimum wage of $7.00 for tipped employees.
In Massachusetts, where the tipped minimum wage is $2.63, the average income of tipped waiters and waitresses is $12.88. In Washington State, where the minimum wage for wait staff is $9.32, the average wage is $13.25 after gratuity. Of the five states where wait staff earn the highest average income per hour, four have a tipped minimum wage below the non-tipped minimum wage. It is important to note, however, that these figures relate only to tips reported to the government for taxes, and that real tips may be significantly higher.