Used to view spending and available funding to cover new obligations. It shows. the AFP, Allotment, Commitment, Obligation, Expenses, Disbursement, Available Allotment, and available AFP for budget objects (including Fund, Fund. Center, Commitment Item, Functional Area, and Funded Program).
A landmark case representing one of the earliest examples of the use of the Supremacy Clause is that of McCulloch v. Maryland. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Maryland had no legal right to tax the Second Bank of the United States as a Federal entity.
The Supreme Court held in Barron v. Baltimore (1833) that the Bill of Rights was enforceable by the federal courts only against the federal government, and not against the states. Thus, the Ninth Amendment originally applied only to the federal government, which is a government of enumerated powers. Some jurists have asserted that the Ninth Amendment is relevant to interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment.