In the 1960s, scientists developed a revolutionary theory called plate tectonics. Plate tectonics holds that the lithosphere, a layer of rigid material composed of the outer crust and the very top of the mantle, is divided into seven large plates and several more smaller plates. This sort of magma production is called subduction zone volcanism. 2  If the plates collide and neither plate can subduct under the other, the crust material will just crumple, pushing up mountains. 3  This process does not produce volcanoes.
The common causes of atrophic kidney fall into three distinct categories â congenital renal dysplasia, end stage kidney disease and chronic pyelonephritis. Congenital renal dysplasia This is brought about when there is a low blood supply during the embryonic period due to obstruction or other reason.
atrophic cirrhosis cirrhosis in which the liver is decreased in size; it may be seen in the alcoholic, but is more common in posthepatic or postnecrotic cirrhosis. biliary cirrhosis cirrhosis caused by obstruction or infection of the major extra- or intrahepatic bile ducts (except in primary biliary cirrhosis). It is marked by jaundice, abdominal pain, steatorrhea, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.