Vasopressin has three main effects: 1  Increasing the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine, i.e., antidiuresis.
It can be caused by damage to the vagus nerve, which regulates the digestive system. A damaged vagus nerve prevents the muscles in the stomach and intestine from functioning, preventing food from moving through the digestive system properly. Often, the cause of gastroparesis is unknown.
Air, fluid or foam can become trapped in the stomach, causing the organ to twist abnormally, in turn putting pressure upon the esophagus, blood vessels and other nearby organs. Undue stress may lead to bloating stomach, as can gulping food or water, quickly followed by vigorous exercise.