1 The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads (ovaries, testicles) operate in a feedback loop, producing and maintaining the levels of sex hormones (androgens and estrogens) that are mainly responsible for the primary and secondary changes of puberty.
Calculation: Here is the formula for FIP: FIP = ((13*HR)+(3*(BB+HBP))-(2*K))/IP + constant. The constant is solely to bring FIP onto an ERA scale and is generally around 3.10. You can find historical FIP constant values here, or you can derive the constant yourself.
The filtration fraction is actually a fixed ratio between the blood flow rate (BFR) and the dialysate flow rate (DFR) expressed in a fraction. For example if you have a BFR of 400 ml/min and you set your dialysate flow rate at 35% of that figure, the actual dialysate flow rate is 140 ml/min.