1 The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads (ovaries, testicles) operate in a feedback loop, producing and maintaining the levels of sex hormones (androgens and estrogens) that are mainly responsible for the primary and secondary changes of puberty.
Calculation: Here is the formula for FIP: FIP = ((13*HR)+(3*(BB+HBP))-(2*K))/IP + constant. The constant is solely to bring FIP onto an ERA scale and is generally around 3.10. You can find historical FIP constant values here, or you can derive the constant yourself.
Social Security Rates. The Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) is made up of two items, Social Security and Medicare taxes. For 2016, the Social Security tax rate is 6.2% on the first $118,500 wages paid. The Medicare tax rate is 1.45% on the first $200,000 and 2.35% above $200,000. General Information.