Vasopressin has three main effects: 1  Increasing the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine, i.e., antidiuresis.
Some of the complications of gastroparesis include: 1  Food that stays in the stomach too long can ferment, which can lead to the growth of bacteria.  Food in the stomach can harden into a solid collection, called a bezoar. Bezoars can cause obstructions in the stomach that keep food from passing into the small intestine.
Just after the food enters the stomach, a band of muscle (the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES) closes off the esophagus. If the muscle does not close tightly enough or gets weak over time, stomach contents can back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.