What are internal controls and why are they important? Internal controls are the procedures put in place to help achieve the objectives of the university relating to financial, strategic, and academic initiatives. Good controls encourage efficiency, compliance with laws, regulations and university policies, and seek to eliminate fraud and abuse. Some everyday internal control procedures include:
Standard Fiber Optic Cable. Sealed with a Teflon jacket over a stainless steel sheath, Williamson's standard fiber optic cables are available in lengths of 3 - 30 feet (1-9 meters). Cable diameter is .25 in. (6.5mm) with a lens assembly that is 3.05 in. long x 0.5 diameter (77mm x 14mm). They are suitable for most general purpose applications.
The minimum length for the optical fiber on a cable is: L(min) = A(min) / a= 6.5dB/ 0.22dB/km = 29.5km. The maximum length for the optical fiber on a cable is: L(max) = A(max) / a = 21.5dB/ 0.22dB/km = 97.72km. where, a = attenuation for the optical cable (dB/km). On the basis of this calculation, the maximum hop distance for the OC48 LR 1550 card is between 29.5km and 97.72km. With this procedure as a basis, you can now calculate all others spans.