Nicaragua is a country in Central America. It has coastlines on both the Caribbean Sea, in the east, and the North Pacific Ocean, in the west, and has Costa Rica to the southeast and Honduras to the northwest.
The immune response to a pure polysaccharide vaccine is typically T-cell independent, which means that these vaccines are able to stimulate B cells without the assistance of T-helper cells.nother way to produce active immunity is by vaccination. Vaccines interact with the immune system and often. produce an immune response similar to that produced by. the natural infection, but they do not subject the recipient to. the disease and its potential complications.
The Immune Response to Influenza Infection. When the influenza virus infects the cells of the respiratory tract, both innate and adaptive immune responses are stimulated. The innate immune response develops very quickly and controls virus replication during the early stages of infection. In the effector phase of the adaptive immune response, secretory antibodies prevent infection at mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract, while circulating antibodies diffuse to and protect the lungs. 2  Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) contribute to elimination of the infection by lysing virus-infected cells.