Organic acids are ubiquitous throughout the field of chemistry. Whether used as a solvent, a substrate, a strong acid, or in a catalytic amount as a Bronsted acid source, organic acids are as commonplace as glassware for the researcher.
where p is the frequency of the A allele and q is the frequency of the a allele in the population. In the equation, p 2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q 2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa.
If 0.16 are - - , the frequency of the - allele is sqrt(0.16) = 0.4. According to Hardy-Weinberg equation #1, the frequency of the + allele is 1 - 0.4 = 0.6. According to equation #2, the frequency of (+ -) = 2(0.6)(0.4) = 0.48