Falls are the most common cause of traumatic brain injury, and falling poses an especially serious risk for older adults. When a senior sustains a traumatic brain injury in a fall, direct effects of the injury may result in long-term cognitive changes, reduced ability to function and changes in emotional health.
Asexual reproduction is by means of spores produced in sporangia borne on the hyphae. Zygomycota get their name from the production of thick-walled sexual structures called zygosporangia, which can remain dormant for long periods.
Sexual reproduction in Basidiomycota takes place in the fruiting body, in specialized structures called basidia. The basidia is itself formed by plasmogamy between mycelia from two different spores. Plasmogamy results in binucleate hyphae, that is, hyphae with two types of nuclei, one from each parent. In the gills of the fruiting body, some cells undergo fusion of these two nuclei. These now diploid cells are the basidia. The diploid phase is very brief. Soon after fusion, meiosis takes place, resulting in four haploid nuclei.