The friction factor is affected by variations of fluid physical properties caused by variations in temperature and by the action of buoyancy forces. In rough channels the hydraulic resistance increases due to formation of vortices at the roughness elements leading to additional loss of flow specific energy. Three types of roughness can be distinguished: Natural roughness, which is formed as a result of long operation of pipelines.
Erosion by Glaciers. Like flowing water, flowing ice erodes the land and deposits the material elsewhere. Glaciers cause erosion in two main ways: plucking and abrasion. Both are illustrated at this link: [Insert a link to an animation showing how glaciers cause erosion by plucking and erosion.] Plucking is the process by which rocks and other sediments are picked up by a glacier.
A. Desalination means removing salt from saline (salty) water. Sea water is the basic source of water for our planet. But we can not use it for drinking or other domestic purposes because it is too salty.Desalination renders sea water usable for human inhabitation.. Reverse osmosis is the most energy-efficient process in comparison with the other two desalination processes, namely, distillation and freeze-thawing. It takes certain minimum amount of mechanical energy, also known as free energy to remove one gallon of water from saline solution.