Royal jelly, a thick, milky substance secreted by young nurse honeybees to feed a bee colonyâs larvae, most notably the queen larvae, is a rich source of nutrients, as well as acetycholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in cognitive function.
The origin of the eukaryotic cell is a milestone in the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular organisms. The timing of this series of events is hard to determine; Knoll (2006) suggests they developed approximately 1.6â2.1 billion years ago.
A cell of a eukaryotic organism features an organized, membrane-enclosed nucleus containing the deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, chromosomes and an organelle called a nucleolus. During the processes of nuclear division -- mitosis and meiosis -- the nucleus and nucleolus reforms during the telophase stage. Cells alternate between a resting phase, or interphase, and the mitotic phase, which consists of mitosis and cytokinesis, or cell division.