Royal jelly, a thick, milky substance secreted by young nurse honeybees to feed a bee colonyâs larvae, most notably the queen larvae, is a rich source of nutrients, as well as acetycholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in cognitive function.
The origin of the eukaryotic cell is a milestone in the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular organisms. The timing of this series of events is hard to determine; Knoll (2006) suggests they developed approximately 1.6â2.1 billion years ago.
Our analyses support an ancient (late Paleoproterozoic) origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes with the primary endosymbiosis that gave rise to the first alga having occurred after the split of the Plantae (i.e., red, green, and glaucophyte algae plus land plants) from the opisthokonts sometime before 1,558 MYA.ur results also show that the earliest possible date for the putative single secondary endosymbiosis in the Chromista (fig. 1, node 3), in which a non-photosynthetic protist captured a red algal plastid is 1,274 MYA, after the split of the Cyanidiales from the other red algae 1,370 MYA (fig. 1, node 2).