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This becomes a bone spur. When the bone spur grows out of one of the joints on the top of the midfoot, it's called a tarsal boss. A bone spur on the inside or outside any of the toes is usually referred to as a toe spur. Any factor that creates too much friction within the foot can lead to a tarsal boss or toe spur.
The tarsals are the long bones of the foot. Just below the bony bit on the inside of the ankle (medial malleolus) is a passage where two nerves run. These nerves are called the medial and lateral plantar nerves. If you over pronate (your foot rolls in when you walk or run as shown) then pressure is put on these nerves which can become inflammed.