Royal jelly, a thick, milky substance secreted by young nurse honeybees to feed a bee colonyâs larvae, most notably the queen larvae, is a rich source of nutrients, as well as acetycholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in cognitive function.
The origin of the eukaryotic cell is a milestone in the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular organisms. The timing of this series of events is hard to determine; Knoll (2006) suggests they developed approximately 1.6â2.1 billion years ago.
This theory states that eukaryotic cells were formed by prokaryotic cells going into a larger prokaryotic cell and then forming a mutalistic relationship (i.e. the smaller cell produced food for the larger cell, and the larger cell provided protection for the smaller cell...this created the chloroplast).