The establishment of the festival was initiated by President VÃ¡clav Havel, who opened Prague Castle to artists at the beginning of the 1990s in order to attract the public. The first performance of Shakespeare took place here in 1990 and the festival has been held here regularly since 1998.
1 A black dwarf is a white dwarf that has cooled sufficiently such that it no longer emits any visible light. 2  A brown dwarf is a substellar object not massive enough to ever fuse hydrogen into helium, but still massive enough to fuse deuterium âless than about 0.08 solar masses and more than about 13 Jupiter masses.
Black dwarfs should not be confused with brown dwarfs, which are formed when gas contracts to form a star, but does not possess enough mass to initiate and sustain hydrogen nuclear fusion. Brown dwarfs were at times called black dwarfs in the 1960s. Neither should black dwarfs be confused with black holes or neutron stars, as neither is the result of the cooling of a white dwarf. Both black dwarfs and white dwarfs are degenerate dwarfs.