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1 Ratio of the salt to the acid or base. 2  The buffer capacity is optimal when the ratio is 1:1; that is, when pH = pKa. 3  Total buffer concentration. 4  For example, it will take more acid or base to deplete a 0.5 M buffer than a 0.05 M buffer.
The buffer may be made by adding 0.12 g anhydrous citric acid and 0.11 g sodium citrate dihydrate to 100 ml water. How the calculation works. Using the three pK's of citric acid and the pH, the ratio's of each of the citrate pairs is calculated. For example, the first ionization is given by: