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Answer: An open system can exchange both matter and energy with the surroundings. Î´ H is measured when an open system is used as a calorimeter. A closed system has a fixed amount of matter, but it can exchange energy with the surroundings.
Open systems theory was developed after World War II in reaction to earlier theories of organizations, such as the human relations perspective of Elton Mayo and the administrative theories of Henri Fayol, which treated the organization largely as a self-contained entity. Virtually all modern theories of organization utilize the open systems perspective. As a result, open systems theories come in many flavors. For