In enzymes, some of these amino acids form a site in the structure that catalyzes the enzymatic reaction. This site, called the active site of the enzyme, has amino acids that bind specifically to the substrate molecule, also called a ligand (Fig. 2). In a similar manner, certain sites in cell receptor proteins bind to specific ligand molecules that the receptor recognizes.
When did France's second empire end? The Second Empire ended with the swift and catastrophic defeat of  France in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. The war was engineered  by Bismarck with the idea that Germany â¦would be united.This  included the capture by the Prussians of the Napoleon III. Then the  proclamation at Versailles of the German Empire, the loss to France  of Alsace and Lorraine, and the proclamation of the Third Republic.
The Holy Roman Empire was not quite an empire. It was much more a loose association of some 200 kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and city states. After Napoleon defeated the German armies, he rebuilt the governments into the Confederation of the Rhine so that he could more readily administer this new territory, reducing 200 to just 16. When Napoleon was defeated, things did not return to the way they were. The Congress of Vienna rebuilt a German Confederation consisting of 39 countries.