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What causes ocean currents? Ocean currents result from two processes - the action of wind on the surface of the water, and from variation in water temperature that causes movement- a process known as convection. Convection occurs because the oceanic waters heat up becoming less dense. This water moves above the cooler water, and give off its heat to the surrounding environment. As it cools, it begins to sink, and the process begins again. Convection results in the continual circulation of ocean water on a global scale.
Surface currents are generated largely by wind. Their patterns are determined by wind direction, Coriolis forces from the Earthâs rotation, and the position of landforms that interact with the currents. Surface wind-driven currents generate upwelling currents in conjunction with landforms, creating deepwater currents. Currents may also be generated by density differences in water masses caused by temperature and salinity variations. These currents move water masses through the deep oceanâtaking nutrients, oxygen, and heat with them. Occasional events also trigger serious currents. Huge storms move water masses.