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The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.
All the reactions of photosynthesis that are directly dependent upon light are known as the light reactions. The light reactions occur in the part of the cell known as the thylakoids (Stacks of thylakoids are known as grana.). Many chlorophyll molecules are found embedded into the membranes of the thylakoids. The purpose of the light reactions is to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP & NADPH. ATP & NADPH are energy carriers. They carry energy to the 2nd part of photosynthesis, known as the dark reactions.