In enzymes, some of these amino acids form a site in the structure that catalyzes the enzymatic reaction. This site, called the active site of the enzyme, has amino acids that bind specifically to the substrate molecule, also called a ligand (Fig. 2). In a similar manner, certain sites in cell receptor proteins bind to specific ligand molecules that the receptor recognizes.
When did France's second empire end? The Second Empire ended with the swift and catastrophic defeat of  France in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. The war was engineered  by Bismarck with the idea that Germany â¦would be united.This  included the capture by the Prussians of the Napoleon III. Then the  proclamation at Versailles of the German Empire, the loss to France  of Alsace and Lorraine, and the proclamation of the Third Republic.
Following the French Revolution, when the nationâs lower classes overthrew the longstanding Bourbon monarchy, the country established its First Republic in 1792. The new Republic was shortly afterwards overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799, whose imperial government would fall in 1815. France continued to shift back and forth between republican and imperial governments until the establishment of the Third French Republic, which would stand until 1940.