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Ch.6 Vision. 1  Describe the characteristics of light and color, outline the anatomy of the eye and its connections with the brain, and describe the process of transduction of visual information. 2  Describe the coding of visual information by photoreceptors and ganglion cells in the retina. The photoreceptors form synapses with bipolar cells, neurons whose two arms connect the shallowest and deepest layers of the retina. 2  In turn, these neurons form synapses with the ganglion cells, neurons whose axons travel through the optic nerves (the second cranial nerves) and carry visual information into the brain.
The absorption of lights by visual pigments is the crucial first step in the process of photoreception. In the presence of light, the protein opsin is activated allowing retinal to bind to its active site (retinal synthesized with vitamin A). The retinal and opsin protein complex is thus known as rhodopsin. When the pigment absorbs a photon, the shape of the protein changes shape and bleaching separation occurs. Retinal must be restored in presence of ATP and Opsin must be reactivated in order for the cycle to repeat (this typically takes 30 minutes). Rhodopsin is an organic compound called a Visual Pigment. The absorption of lights by visual pigments is the crucial first step in the process of photoreception. In the presence of light, the protein opsin is activated allowing retinal to bind to its active site (retinal synthesized with vitamin A).