Immune system diseases (If you have kidney disease due to lupus, your doctor will call it lupus nephritis.) Long-lasting viral illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Pyelonephritis, a urinary tract infections within the kidneys, which can result in scarring as the infection heals.
By Dr Ananya Mandal, MD. Nicotine has strong mood altering effects and can act on the brain as both a stimulant and a relaxant. Once within the bloodstream, nicotine may circulate around the body until it reaches the brain.
Nicotine also causes an increase in the release of dopamine from neurons located in the limbic system. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter responsible for carrying messages about pleasurable feelings. The result is stimulation of the âreward systemâ in the brain, which causes feelings of pleasure. The reward system is a circuit in the brain that carries messages about pleasure.