Theoretically, in vitro fertilisation could be performed by collecting the contents from a woman's fallopian tubes or uterus after natural ovulation, mixing it with sperm, and reinserting the fertilised ova into the uterus.
Upstream operations deal primarily with the exploration stages of the oil and gas industry, with upstream firms taking the first steps to first locate, test and drill for oil and gas. Later, once reserves are proven, upstream firms will extract any oil and gas from the reserve.
We measure the energy performance of our upstream operations by calculating the energy used by, or lost from, our operations as a percentage of the energy produced by our operations. In 2014 the overall production/consumption and loss was 7.6% (2013 7.5%, 2012 7.5%).