1.4 Chemical Determination. Proteins are complex, organic compounds composed of many amino acids linked together through peptide bonds and cross-linked between chains by sulfhydryl bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces.
Viral infection is probably the most common cause of pleurisy. Other causes include the following: Lung infections, such as pneumonia and tuberculosis; Diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, liver diseases and pulmonary embolism; Chest injuries; Drug reactions; Pleurisy and pleural effusion are generally only as serious as the underlying disease causing it. If you have any of these conditions, you may already be undergoing treatment for the underlying disease; if not, seek medical attention immediately. A pleural effusion can occur without pleurisy. Kidney disease, heart failure and liver disease can cause pleural effusion without inflammation or pain. What are the symptoms of pleurisy? Symptoms of pleurisy include the following:
Pleurisy is inflammation of the sheet-like layers that cover the lungs (the pleura). The most common symptom of pleurisy is a sharp chest pain when breathing deeply. Sometimes the pain is also felt in the shoulder. The pain may be worse when you cough, sneeze or move around, and it may be relieved by taking shallow breaths. Other symptoms can include shortness of breath and a dry cough.