By Mayo Clinic Staff. Cystitis (sis-TIE-tis) is the medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it's called a urinary tract infection (UTI).
However, an appellate court retains control over an appeal until it issues a mandate and the decision is not final until a mandate is issued. Thus, the lower court order remains in effect until the mandate is issued.[ii] A mandate is effective when it is issued. The duty to issue a mandate is the responsibility of the court clerk who must execute certain established procedures which themselves constitute the issuance of the mandate.
This mandate requires individuals not covered by employer or government-sponsored insurance plans to maintain minimal essential health insurance coverage or pay a penalty unless exempted for religious beliefs or financial hardship. This is the very definition of an individual mandate, as certain people are being forced to maintain minimal essential health insurance coverage or else pay a penalty. The issue of the constitutionality of the individual mandate went all the way to the Supreme Court. Was the individual mandate constitutional? The Supreme Court ruled that the mandate was a tax and therefore fell under Congress' taxing authority.