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Arabinogalactan is a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides. Two classes of arabinogalactans are found in nature: plant arabinogalactan and microbial arabinogalactan. In plants, it is a major component of many gums, including gum arabic and gum ghatti.
Arabinose is a five carbon sugar that can be used by E.coli as an alternative carbon source. The enzymes necessary for the metabolism of arabinose are coded for by the arabinose operon. The arabinose operon has a complex regulatory system. It was studied and explained by a scientist, Ellis Englesberg soon after the Jacob and Monod described the lac operon. He came to the conclusion that the arabinose operon can be regulated both positively and negatively in a similar manner as the lactose operon. Therefore the arabinose operon is also an inducible operon. In E.coli cells growing in the absence of arabinose, the three different enzymes involved in its metabolism are present in the cell in very small amounts and there is no expression of the operon.