CUDOS is based on the Mertonian norms introduced in 1942 by Robert K. Merton. Merton described four sets of institutional imperatives [comprising] the ethos of modern science: universalism, communalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism..
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The Lombardi Company buys equipment on January 1, Year One, for $2 million with an expected twenty-year life and a residual value of $100,000. Company officials apply the straight-line method to determine depreciation expense. On December 31, Year Three, this equipment is sold for $1.8 million.