One process for forming crystalline wafers is known as Czochralski growth invented by the Polish chemist Jan Czochralski. In this process, a cylindrical ingot of high purity mono crystalline semiconductor, such as silicon or germanium, called a boule, is formed by pulling a seed crystal from a ' melt '.he boule is then sliced with a wafer saw (wire saw) and polished to form wafers. The size of wafers for photovoltaics is 100â200 mm square and the thickness is 200â300 Î¼m. In the future, 160 Î¼m will be the standard. Electronics use wafer sizes from 100â450 mm diameter.
Main category: Polish surnames. Polish surnames are known from the Middle Ages, but only 200 years ago did the inherited surnames become compulsory. The most common Polish names Nowak, Nowakowski, Nowacki, and Nowicki are variants meaning new, Przybyszewski and Przybylski mean he who has arrived.
As a result, Polish names have much in common with other Slavic names in the way they are formed and in reference to localities. Polish surnames often end with a diminutive suffix, such as -owicz, ak, ski or ska, which can be attached to local names. A local type of surname, the Baranowski family lived in the city of Baranow, located on the Vistula River between Cracow and Sandomierz. This region is known as Malopolska, which means Little Poland.