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The proton motive force arises from a combination of the concentration gradient of protons and a voltage gradient across the membrane (the protons are positively charged, so an imbalance of protons means that the side of the membrane with more protons has a positive charge relative to the side with fewer protons).
By the late 1920's physicists were regularly referring to hydrogen nuclei as 'protons'. The term proton itself seems to have been coined by Rutherford, and first appears in print in 1920. An excellent reference on the history of particle physics is Abraham Pais's _Inward Bound_ (Oxford Press).