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The proton motive force arises from a combination of the concentration gradient of protons and a voltage gradient across the membrane (the protons are positively charged, so an imbalance of protons means that the side of the membrane with more protons has a positive charge relative to the side with fewer protons).
The Proton Synchrotron (PS) accelerated protons for the first time on 24 November 1959, becoming for a brief period the worldâs highest energy particle accelerator. With a beam energy of 28 GeV, the PS became host to CERNâs particle physics programme, and provides beams for experiments to this day. During the night of 24 November 1959 the PS reached its full energy. The next morning John Adams (pictured) announced the achievement in the main auditorium.