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The proton motive force arises from a combination of the concentration gradient of protons and a voltage gradient across the membrane (the protons are positively charged, so an imbalance of protons means that the side of the membrane with more protons has a positive charge relative to the side with fewer protons).
A proton motive force can be tapped by protein complexes known as ATP synthases , which are reverse-running proton pumps that allow protons to cross membranes but in a manner that the drive of these protons to move from regions of high proton concentration to regions of low proton concentration ( i.e. , down their concentration gradient ) captured ...