Some rongeurs, such as the Casper pituitary rongeur (Photo 10), have ser-rated jaws to help remove disc and tissue. Micro-disectomy procedures require the use of a microscope, and three rongeurs are commonly used in these procedures to remove disc tissue: the micro straight pituitary rongeur (Photo 11), the Peapod pituitary rongeur (Photo 12), and the Mi-
The currency of Mali is called the West African CFA Franc.
The Mali Empire had a more stable economy. The Mali Empire eventually stretched from the Atlantic coast south of the Senegal River to Gao on the east of the middle Niger bend. It included the great cities of Timbuktu, Djenne, and Gao on the Niger River, the salt mines of Taghaza, and the gold fields of Bumbuk and Bure. Like Ghana before it, Mali collected taxes on trade throughout the empire.