Secondary stress. A secondary stress is any stress in the structure which is not a primary stress or peak stress. Source: API SPEC 16R, Specification for Marine Drilling Riser Couplings, Exploration and Production Department, First Edition, January 1997. Global Standards.
Two groups of ground nesting bees commonly. found in Michigan are bumble bees and. burrower (andrenid) bees. Bumble bees are. easily recognized by their large, robust, hairy, black and yellow (sometimes orange) bodies. Bumble bees live in colonies of several. hundred individuals, but only the queens.
S. M. e-mailed to ask what is the difference between a carpenter bee and a bumble bee. Since I am not a trained entomologist, I called Dr. Paul Guillebeau to find out. âJust look at their rear end,â he advised. âThe carpenter bee has a bald bottom. The bumble bee bottom is hairy. Itâs easy to notice â just follow one while they visit your flowers.â Paul also mentioned that most bee calls now concern the carpenter bee. The female bores holes in wood siding and fence posts and lays her eggs in it . Male bees hover nearby and âzoomâ intruders. Although the male is the one most likely to alarm you, he canât sting. The female can sting â but only if greatly provoked. The carpenter bees benefit the environment by pollinating the flowers of vegetables and fruits. The adult bees naturally die by mid-summer.