The mixture of molten rock, crystals and dissolved gases from the mantle is called magma. When magma erupts to the Earth's surface, it is called lava. Not all volcanic eruptions happen near the boundaries of tectonic plates. Some eruptions happen in the middle of the plates.These eruptions are caused by mantle streams called plumes. Mantle plumes are formed when hot magma rises beneath the thinner, or weaker, areas of the Earth's crust, creating 'hot spots'. Volcanic islands are formed when mantle plumes form at the bottom of the ocean.ome eruptions happen in the middle of the plates. These eruptions are caused by mantle streams called plumes. Mantle plumes are formed when hot magma rises beneath the thinner, or weaker, areas of the Earth's crust, creating 'hot spots'. Volcanic islands are formed when mantle plumes form at the bottom of the ocean.
Burst Fracture of the Lumbar Spine. General Considerations. Burst fractures result from axial loading most often secondary to motor vehicle accidents and falls. The axial load drives the intervertebral disk into vertebral body below. Usually produces a comminuted, vertical fracture through the vertebral body.
Axial CT myelogram in a patient with a gunshot wound to the thoracic spine. While a fracture is obvious, the injury also resulted in a dural tear with a freely leaking cerebrospinal fluid space (white arrow). The midline fracture of the vertebral body is noted in the lower image (black arrow). Thoracic spine trauma. Lateral drawing the spine with the natural spinal curves shown by a curved line. A normal lordotic curve of the cervical spine, a mild kyphosis of the thoracic spine, and lordosis of the lumbar region are noted.