In the majority of cases, incontinence is caused by a weakening of the pelvic floor muscles that keep the urethra closed. Whenever they lose their elasticity, everyday activities such as laughing, coughing, lifting and running can cause a urine leak.
The respiratory system consists of a group of ducts that are capable of filtering air from the environment before entering the pulmonary system.
7.1 Pathogenesis. The principal function of the respiratory tract is gas. exchange. It is therefore constantly exposed to the. gaseous environment, including particulate organic. material, such as bacteria, viruses and spores (Ch. 3). Although the entire respiratory tract is constantly. exposed to air, the majority of particles are filtered out in. the nasal hairs and by inertial impaction with mucus-. covered surfaces in the posterior nasopharynx (Fig. 11). The epiglottis, its closure reflex and the cough reflex all.