Where skeletal muscle is voluntary, cardiac muscle is autorhythmic (beats involuntarily; generates its own action potentials). 3. Smooth muscle: refers to the muscles that are controlled involuntarily by the brain, like those attached to the base of hair follicles or in the walls of the gastro-intestinal tract.The muscle has a single nucleus in the middle of the cell. Skeletal and cardiac muscle are types of straited muscle.here skeletal muscle is voluntary, cardiac muscle is autorhythmic (beats involuntarily; generates its own action potentials). 3. Smooth muscle: refers to the muscles that are controlled involuntarily by the brain, like those attached to the base of hair follicles or in the walls of the gastro-intestinal tract.
When this results in irritation or damage to the adjacent nerves at the T4 level and the patient experiences diffuse arm pain, pins and needles or numbness in the upper arm the condition is known as T4 syndrome. Causes of T4 syndrome. T4 syndrome typically occurs due to injury to the facet joints or disc at T4 which then affects the nerve root at that level. Injury to these structures can occur during excessive bending, lifting, arching, or twisting movements or due to poor posture.
Sacral Rhizotomy. Innervation of bowel, bladder, and sexual organs arrives from the autonomic nervous system via the pelvic splanchnic and hypogastric nerves. Somatic innervation arrives from S2-S4 roots via the pudendal nerves. Fasanoâs description of rhizotomy noted sparing of the S2 roots to avoid bladder dysfunction. However, the abnormal reflex arc to the plantar flexors of the foot and ankle (such as the gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus) may involve S2 nerve roots.