Bipolar disorder, which used to be called manic depressive illness or manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by wide mood swings from high (manic) to low (depressed). Periods of high or irritable mood are called manic episodes.
James Byrd, Jr. was not engaged in a federally-protected activity when he was lynched and killed. The Matthew Shepard Act expanded the 1969 Federal Hate Crime Law to cover these and other types of brutal murders.
Early development. Despite this early use of the term, the first prosecutions for crimes against humanity took place after the Second World War in 1945 before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg.The charter establishing the IMT of Nuremberg defined crimes against humanity as:n 1993, the UN Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), to investigate and prosecute genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity which had taken place in the former Yugoslavia.