Germany became a modern, unified nation under the leadership of the âIron Chancellorâ Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), who between 1862 and 1890 effectively ruled first Prussia and then all of Germany.
Laser effects on the skin. Thermal (burn) injury is the most common cause of laser induced skin damage. Thermal damage is generally associated with lasers operating at exposure times greater than 10 microseconds and in the wavelength region from the near ultraviolet to the far infrared.
The potential for laser emission causing injury to the different structures of the eye depends upon which structure absorbs the beam energy. The absorption characteristics of the different eye tissues, and the wavelength and intensity of the laser light determine whether damage occurs to the cornea, lens, or retina.