A regulatory framework Although common in other process manufacturing industries (e.g., food and chemicals), continuous processing is at a nascent stage in the pharmaceutical industry, where batch manufacturing is the prevailing mode.
When the motor neurons in the brainstem are affected (bulbar ALS), the muscles used in speech and swallowing are impaired. ALS only affects muscles that are moved voluntarily (such as those in the mouth or arm) and does not impact those muscles involved in involuntary movements, such as digestion.
Signs and Symptoms. ALS affects the upper motor neurons, which are in the brain, and the lower motor neurons, which are in the spinal cord and brainstem. Upper motor neuron degeneration generally causesspasticity (tightness in a muscle), while lower motor neuron degeneration causes muscle weakness, muscle atrophy(shrinkage of muscles) and twitching.