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The Probable Cause Exception. Police may search a vehicle if there is probable cause to believe that the car contains evidence of criminal activity. For example, if a car interior smells like marijuana, the police can search the vehicle. Under this exception, the police can search the car trunk or containers where contraband could be found.
If they have probable cause to believe that proof of a crime can be found in the vehicle, they can check the vehicle, including any containers in the car, without a warrant. The courts have determined that testing for drugs is constitutional under certain circumstances as forms of warrantless searches.