Germany became a modern, unified nation under the leadership of the âIron Chancellorâ Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), who between 1862 and 1890 effectively ruled first Prussia and then all of Germany.
Laser effects on the skin. Thermal (burn) injury is the most common cause of laser induced skin damage. Thermal damage is generally associated with lasers operating at exposure times greater than 10 microseconds and in the wavelength region from the near ultraviolet to the far infrared.
Two characteristics of laser light contribute to the hazard: 1  Laser light can be emitted in a tight beam that does not grow in size at a distance from the laser. 2  The eye can focus a laser beam to a very small, intense spot on its retina, which can result in a burn or blind spot.