Grant writing refers to the practice of completing an application process for funding provided by an institution such as a government department, corporation, foundation or trust. Such application processes are often referred to as either grant proposals or submissions. Successful grant writing requires a clear understanding of grantsmanship. While the principles and fundamentals of grantsmanship apply broadly, it is important to know the target and to be able to tune the language appropriat
Suzanne Goldenberg in Fountain Valley. Thursday 7 August 2014 09.00 EDT Last modified on Friday 11 November 2016 09.07 EST. The golden stateâs historic drought is forcing once-squeamish Californians to take a new look at âtoilet-to-tapâ water re-use. Or as they prefer to call it in Fountain Valley, âshowers to flowersâ.
Although Harington installed a working model for Queen Elizabeth at Richmond Palace, it took several centuriesâand the Industrial Revolutionâs improvements in manufacturing and waste disposal â for the flush toilet to catch on. In 1775 English inventor Alexander Cumming was granted the first patent for a flush toilet. His greatest innovation was the S-shaped pipe below the bowl that used water to create a seal preventing sewer gas from entering through the toilet. In the late-19th century, a London plumbing impresario named Thomas Crapper manufactured one of the first widely successful lines of flush toilets. Crapper did not invent the toilet, but he did develop the ballcock, an improved tank-filling mechanism still used in toilets today.