Modern SIM cards allow applications to be loaded when the SIM is in use by the subscriber. These applications communicate with the handset or a server using SIM application toolkit, which was initially specified by 3GPP in TS 11.14 (there is an identical ETSI specification with different numbering).
(Redirected from Voltage follower) A buffer amplifier (sometimes simply called a buffer) is one that provides electrical impedance transformation from one circuit to another. Two main types of buffer exist: the voltage buffer and the current buffer.
The voltage clamp is a current generator. Transmembrane voltage is recorded through a voltage electrode, relative to ground, and a current electrode passes current into the cell. The experimenter sets a holding voltage, or command potential, and the voltage clamp uses negative feedback to maintain the cell at this voltage.