Thus, the AS procedures were still compatible in factor of safety for concrete members. LF rating procedures usually assign a dead load factor of 1.3 and live load factors of 2.17 (when computing Inventory Ratings) and 1.3 (when computing Operating Ratings).
Of the three rat species found in Hawaii, the black . rat, because of its size and arboreal behavior is considered the greatest threat to native Hawaiian forest birds. Rats also compete with forest birds for food items . such as native snails, insects, fruits, and seeds. Polynesian rats first arrived in Hawai`i with the . Polynesians (approx. 400A.D.) and black and Norway rats arrived with Westerners in the 1780s. Some species of rats can swim over a mile in open water, and can tread water for up to three days. Some species of rats can travel through sewer pipes and dive through water plumbing traps.
The roof rat (Rattus rattus, Fig. 1) is one of two introduced rats found in the contiguous 48 states.The Norway rat (R. norvegicus) is the other species and is better known because of its widespread distribution.A third rat species, the Polynesian rat (R. exulans) is present in the Hawaiian Islands but not on the mainland. Rattus rattus is commonly known as the roof rat, black rat, and ship rat.oof rats frequently enter buildings from the roof or from accesses near overhead utility lines, which they use to travel from area to area. They are often found living on the second floor of a warehouse in which Norway rats occupy the first or basement floor.