“ By the fifth century the stern doctrine that sinners will have no second chance after this life and that the fire which will devour them will never be extinguished was everywhere paramount, ” wrote Professor J.N.D.
दूसरी तरफ हिप्पो के अगस्टीन का मानना था कि नरक में आध्यात्मिक किस्म का और सचमुच का दुःख भी दिया जाता है ।