PETITIONER: UNION OF INDIA & <ORG>. Vs. RESPONDENT: RAGHUBIR SINGH (DEAD) BY LRS. ETC. DATE OF JUDGMENT16/05/1989 BENCH: <NAME>, R.S. (CJ) BENCH: <NAME>, R.S. (CJ) <NAME>, E.S. (J) MUKHARJI, <NAME> (J) MISRA RANGNATH NATRAJAN, S. (J) CITATION: 1989 AIR 1933 1989 SCR (3) 316 1989 SCC (2) 754 JT 1989 (2) 427 1989 SCALE (1)1337 CITATOR INFO : RF 1990 SC 261 (20,21) E 1990 SC 981 (9,24) D 1991 SC 730 (7) RF 1991 SC1893 (20,22) F 1991 SC2027 (9) RF 1992 SC1488 (8,14) RF 1992 SC2219 (92) ACT: Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act , 1894: Sections 30(2) and 15- -Solatium payable under Section 23(2) increased to 30 per cent-Amending Section--Whether applicable to awards made prior to April 30, 1982. Held applies to awards made by the Collector or <ORG> between April 30, 1982 and Sept. 1984 and not before--Benefit extends to appeals taken from such awards only. Constitution of India--Articles 145, 137 and 141--Deci- sion of a <ORG> rendered earlier in point of time----Whether binding on a subsequent <ORG> comprised of equal number of Judges or of more Judges. HEADNOTE: A common question of law having arisen in this group of cases for determination by this <ORG>, they were heard together. Lands of Respondents in Civil Appeal Nos. 2839-40 of 1989 were acquired under the Land Acquisition Act . The Collector made the award for compensation on March 30, 1963 and on a reference, being made under Section 18 of the Act, the Additional District Judge enhanced the compensation by his order dated June 10, 1968. The Respondents appealed to <ORG> seeking further enhancement. During the pendency of the appeal, Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 1982 was introduced on April 30, 1982 and became an Act on Sept. 24, 1984. <ORG> disposed of the appeal on Dec. 4, 1984 and apart from raising the quantum of compensa- tion, also awarded a solatium at 30 per cent in terms of the Amendment Act 1984. The State appealed to this <ORG>. The matter initially came up before a <ORG> on September 23, 1985. The Bench had before it two decisions of this <ORG> wherein divergent views were expressed. The two decisions were: In <NAME>'s (dead) by Lrs. v. Special Land 317 Acquisition Officer,,  1 SCC 582. This <ORG> (composed of.two Judges) took the view that award of 30 per cent solatium under the amended Section 23(2) by <ORG> or <ORG> were applicable only where the award appealed against was made by the Col- lector or the <ORG> between April 30, 1982 and Sept. 24, 1984. In the second decision, <CITATION> ,  3 SCC 737, this <ORG> (comprised of three Judges) took a contrary view and ruled that even if an award was made by the Collector or the <ORG> on or before April 1982 and an appeal against such award was pending before <ORG> or this <ORG> on 30.4.1982 or was filed subsequent to that date, the provisions of amended Section 23(2) and 28 of the Land Acquisition Act would be applicable as the appeal was a continuation of the reference made under Section 18 and as such the appellate <ORG> must apply the amended provision on the date of the decision of the appeal. In this way the decision in Kamalajammanniava- ru's case was overruled by this <ORG> in <NAME> case and the <ORG> approved another decision of <ORG> comprised of three Judges in <NAME> case (1986) 1, SCC 365 which merely directed payment of enhanced solatium and interest without giving any reasons. In view of the conflicting decisions on the point of two Judges Bench before, whom these cases come up for considera- tion, referred to <ORG> the question: whether under the Amended Section 23(2) , the claimants were entitled to solatium at 30 per cent of the market value irrespective of the dates on which the land acquisition proceedings were initiated or on the dates on which the award had been passed. Overruling the preliminary objection as to the maintain- ability of the reference of matters to a larger Bench, this <ORG> disposing of the reference and directing that the appeals be now listed for hearing on merits, HELD: Solatium is awarded under sub-section (2) of Section 23 of the Land Acquisition Act. Before the Amendment Act was enacted, the Sub-section provided for solatium at 15 per cent of the market value. By the change introduced by the Amendment Act the amount has been raised to 30 per cent of the market value. Sub-section (2) of Section 30 of the Amendment Act specifies the category of cases to which the amended rate of solatium is attracted. [322D] 318 What <ORG> intends to say is that the benefit of Section 30(2) will be available to an award by the Collector or the <ORG> made between 30th April 1982 and 24th September 1984 or to an appellate order of <ORG> or of <ORG> which arises out of an award of the Collector or the <ORG> made between the two said dates. The word 'or', is used with reference to the stage at which the proceeding rests at the time when the benefit under Section 30(2) is sought to be extended. If the proceeding has terminated with the award of the Collector or of the <ORG> made between the aforesaid two dates, the benefit of Section 30(2) will be applied to such award made between the aforesaid two dates. If the proceeding has passed to the stage of appeal before <ORG> or <ORG>, it is at that stage when the benefit of Section 30(2) will be applied. But in every case the award of the Collector or of the <ORG> must have been made between April 30, 1982 and September 24, 1984. [339D-G] A pronouncement of law by a <ORG> of this <ORG> is binding on a <ORG> of the same or a smaller number of Judges, and in order that such decision be bind- ing, it is not necessary that it should be a decision ren- dered by the full <ORG> or <ORG> of the <ORG>. For the purpose of imparting certainty and endowing due authority, decisions of this <ORG> in the future should be rendered by <ORG>es of at least three Judges unless, for compelling reasons that is not conveniently possible. [337C-D] The Land Acquisition Bill 1982, was introduced in <ORG> on 30th April, 1982 and upon enactment the Land Acquisition Act , 1984, commenced operation with effect from 24th Sept. 1984. Section 15 of the Amendment Act amended Section 23(2) of the parent Act and substituted the words "30 per cent" in place of the words "15 per cent". <ORG> intended that the benefit of the enhanced solati- um should be made available albeit to a limited degree even in respect of acquisition proceedings taken before the date. It sought to effectuate that intention by enacting Section 30(2) in the Amendment Act . [337G-H; 338A] There can be no doubt that the benefit of the enhanced solatium is intended by Section 30(2) in respect of an award made by the Collector between 30th April 1982 and 24th September 1984. Likewise the benefit of the enhanced solati- um is extended by Section 30(2) to the case of an award made by the <ORG> between April 30, 1982 and September 24, 1984, even though it be upon reference from an award made before April 30, 1982. [338E] 319 One of the functions of <ORG> in India is to examine the competence and validity of legislation both in point of legislative competence as well as its consistency with the Fundamental Rights. In this regard the <ORG>s in India possess a power not known to the English <ORG>s. [323G-H] Exp. Canon Selwyn,  36 JP 54 and <NAME> v. <NAME>,  1, All ER 779, referred to. The range of judicial review recognised in <ORG> of India is perhaps the widest and the most exten- sive known to the world of law. The power extends to examin- ing the validity of even an amendment to the Constitution for now it has been repeatedly held that no Constitutional amendment can be sustained which violates the basic struc- ture of the Constitution. [324B] <CITATION> ,  Suppl. SCR 1; <CITATION> ,  2 SCR 347; <CITATION> ,  2 SCC 591; <NAME> etc. v. <ORG>,  1 SCR 435. The <ORG> overruled the statement of the law laid down in the cases of <CITATION> . and <CITATION> and preferred the interpretation of Section 30(2) of the Amend- ment Act rendered in <NAME> (dead) by Lrs. v. Special Land Acquisition Officer. <NAME>, "The Common Law", p. 5; <NAME>, "Common Carriers and the Common Law",  9 Curr. L.T. 387, 388; <NAME>, "Legal Systems & Law- yers Reasoning", p. 58-59; <NAME>, "An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law", p. 19; "The Judge as Law Maker", pp. 25-6. <NAME> v. Director of Public Prosecutions, L.R. 1965 A.C. 1001 & 1021; <CITATION> and Others,  2 SCR 603; Street <ORG> v. <ORG>, 1898 A.C. 375; Radcliffe v. <ORG>, 1939 A.C. 215; 245; Dr. <NAME>'s "Law Lords",  pp. 156-157; <NAME> v. Secretary of State for Social Services,  A.C. at 966; <NAME>-<NAME> v. <NAME>-<NAME>,  A.C. 280, 303; <ORG> v. <ORG>,  I A.C. 33, 69; Construction by <NAME>, at 966; <NAME> v. <NAME>,  A.C. 536, 542; DPP v. <NAME>,  A.C. 1001, 320 1022; Cassell v. Broome,/1972] A.C. 1027, 1086; Haughton v. <NAME>,  A.C. 476,500; <ORG>. DPP,  A.C. 435,455; Conway v. <NAME>,  A.C. 910, 938; <ORG> case,  18 C.L.R. 54; State of Washington v. <ORG>, 264 U.S. 646, 68 L. Ed. 219; David Burnel v. <ORG>, 285 U.S. 393, 76 L.Ed. 815; Compare National Bank v. Whitney, 103 U.S. 99, 26 L.Ed. 443-444; Compensation to Civil Servants, L.R. 1929 A.C. 242, A.I.R. 1929 P.C. 84, 87; Attorney-General of Ontario v. <ORG>, L.R. 78 I.A. 10; <CITATION> ,  S.C.R. 1069; <CITATION> .,  S.C.R. 1069; <CITATION> .,  1 SCR 1; Lt. Col. <CITATION> .,  2 SCR 828; <CITATION> ,  2 SCR 908, 921; <CITATION> ,  1 SCR 933, 947948; <CITATION> ,  3 SCR 748; <CITATION> .,  2 SCR 502; <CITATION> ,  1 SCR 769, 782; <CITATION> , AIR 1985 SC 231; T.V. Vatheeswaran v. The State of Tamii Nadu, AIR 1983 SC 361; <CITATION> , AIR 1983 SC 465; <CITATION> , AIR 1989 SC 142; <CITATION> ,  3 SCR 211; <CITATION> ,  1 SCR 778; <CITATION> , AIR 1974 SC 806; <CITATION> ,  1 SCR 127; Acharaya Maharajshri Narandraprasadji Anandprasadji Maharaj etc. etc. v. The State of Gujarat & Ors.,  2 SCR 317; <CITATION> .,  4 SCC 369; <CITATION> ,  3 SCR 689; Motilal. <CITATION> .,  2 SCR 641. JUDGMENT:

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 2839-40 of 1989 etc. From the Judgment and Order dated 6.12. 1984 of <ORG> in R.F.A. Nos. 113 and 114 of 1968. <NAME>, Attorney General, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, Ms. <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME> for the appearing parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by <NAME>, CJ. The question of law referred to us for decision in these cases is:

"Whether under the Land Acquisition Act , 1894 as amended by the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act , 1984 the claimants are entitled to sola- tium at 30 per cent of the market value irre- spective of the dates on which the acquisition proceedings were initiated or the dates on which the award had been passed"?

It would suffice if we briefly refer to the facts in the Civil Appeals arising out of Special Leave Petitions Nos. 8194-8195 of 1985: <CITATION> .

The land belonging to the respondents in village Dhaka was taken by compulsory acquisition initiated by a notifica- tion under-s. 4 of the Land Acquisition Act , 1894 issued on 13 November, 1959. The award with regard to compensation was made by the Collector on 30 March, 1963. A reference under- s. 18 of the Act was disposed of by the Additional District Judge on 10 June, 1968. He enhanced the compensation. The respondents preferred an appeal to <ORG> claiming further compensation. During the pendency of the appeal the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 1982 was introduced in <ORG> on 30 April, 1982, and became law as the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act , 1984 when it received the assent of the President on 24 September, 1984. <ORG> disposed of the appeal by its Judgment and Order dated 6 December, 1984. While it raised the rate of compensation, it also raised the rate of interest payable on the compensa- tion, and taking into account the change in the law effected by the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act , 1984 (referred to hereinafter as "the Amendment Act ") it awarded solatium at 30 per cent of the market value. The Judgment and Order of <ORG> is the subject of these appeals. When these cases came up before a Bench of two learned Judges (<NAME> and <NAME>, <NAME>.) on 23 September, 1985, they referred to two earlier decisions of this Court and expressed the view that the question set forth above required re-examination by a larger Bench of five Judges. It was further directed that the other questions involved in the petitions would be considered after the aforesaid ques- tion had been resolved by the larger Bench. The two deci- sions referred to in the Order of the learned Judges are <NAME> (dead) by Lrs. v. Special Land Acquisi- tion Officer, [1985] 1 S.C.C. 582 decided by <NAME> and <NAME> <NAME>. on 14 February, 1985 and <CITATION> ,  3 S.C.C. 737 decided by <NAME>, C.J., <NAME> and <NAME> <NAME>. on 14 August, 1985.

Solatium is awarded under sub-s. (2) of s. 23 of the Land Acquisition Act. Before the Amendment Act was enacted the sub-section provided for solatium at 15 per cent of the market value. By the change introduced by the Amendment Act the amount has been raised to 30 per cent of the market value. Sub-s. (2) of s. 30 of the Amendment Act specifies the category of cases to which the amended rate of solatium is attracted. In <NAME>, (supra), the two learned Judges held that sub-s. (2) of s. 30 referred to orders made by <ORG> or <ORG> in ap- peals against an award made between 30 April, 1982 and 22 September, 1984, and that therefore solatium at 30 per cent alone pursuant to sub-s. (2) of s. 30 had to be awarded in such cases only. In <NAME> (supra), however, the three learned Judges held that sub-s. (2) of s. 30 referred to proceedings relating to compensation pending on 30 April, 1982 or filed subsequent to that date, whether before the Collector or before the <ORG> or <ORG> or <ORG>, even if they had finally terminated before the enactment of the Amending Act . In taking that view they overruled <NAME>, (supra) and approved of the opinion expressed in another case, <CITATION> ,  1 S.C.C. 365 decided by <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME>, JJ. on 1 May, 1985.

At the outset, a preliminary objection has been raised by Shri <NAME> to the validity of the reference of these cases to a larger Bench. He contends that the mere circumstance that a Bench of two learned Judges finds itself in doubt about the correctness of the view taken by a Bench of three learned Judges should not provide reason for refer- ring the matter to a larger Bench. The preliminary objection raised by <NAME> has been vigorously resisted by the appellants. Having regard to the submissions made before us, we think it necessary to lay down the law on the point. India is governed by a judicial system identified by a hierarchy of courts, where the doctrine of binding precedent is a cardinal feature of its jurisprudence. It used to be disputed that Judges make law. Today, it is no longer a matter of doubt that a substantial volume of the law govern- ing the lives of citizens and regulating the functions of the <ORG> flows from the decisions of the superior courts. "There was a time:' observed Lord <NAME>, "when it was thought almost indecent to suggest that Judges make law--They only declare it ........ But we do not believe in fairy tales any more "The Judge as law Maker" p. 22." In countries such as the United Kingdom, where <ORG> as the legislative organ is supreme and stands at the apex of the constitution- al structure of the <ORG>, the role played by judicial law- making is limited. In the first place the function of the courts is restricted to the interpretation of laws made by <ORG>, and the courts have no power to question the validity of <ORG>ary statutes, the <NAME> dictum holding true that the British <ORG> is paramount and all powerful. In the second place, the law enunciated in every decision of the courts in England can be superseded by an Act of <ORG>. As <NAME> CJ. observed in Exp. Canon <NAME>, [1872] 36 JP 54.

"There is no judicial body in the country by which the validity of an Act of Parliament could be questioned. An act of the <ORG> is superior in authority to <ORG>".

And <NAME>, in <NAME> v. <NAME>, [1968] 1 All ER 779 referred to a <ORG> statute as "the highest form of law .....which prevails over every other form, of law." The position is substantially different under a written Consti- tution such as the one which governs us. The Constitution of India, which represents the Supreme Law of the land, envis- ages three distinct organs of the <ORG>, each with its own distinctive functions, each a pillar of the <ORG>. Broadly, while <ORG> and the <ORG> Legislature in India enact the law and the <ORG> government implements it, the judiciary sits in judgment not only on the implementation of the law by the <ORG> but also on the validity of the Legislation sought to be implemented. One of the functions of the superior judiciary in India is to examine the compe- tence and validity of legislation, both in point of legisla- tive competence as well as its consistency with the Funda- mental Rights. In this regard, the courts in India possess a power not known to the English Courts. Where a statute is declared invalid in India it cannot be reinstated unless constitutional sanction is obtained therefore by a constitutional amendment or an appropriately modified version of the statute is enacted which accords with constitutional prescription. The range of judicial review recognised in the superior judiciary of India is perhaps the widest and the most extensive known to the world of law. The power extends to examining the validi- ty of even an amendment to the Constitution, for now it has been repeatedly held that no constitutional amendment can be sustained which violates the basic structure of the Consti- tution. (See His Holiness <NAME> v. <ORG> of Kerala, [1973] Suppl. SCR 1; <CITATION> ,  2 SCR 347; <CITATION> ,  2 SCC 591 and recently in S.P. <NAME> etc. v. <ORG>.,  1 SCR 435. With this impressive expanse of judicial power, it is only right that the superi- or courts in India should be conscious of the enormous responsibility which rests on them. This is specially true of <ORG>, for as the highest Court in the entire judicial system the law declared it is, by Article 141 of the Constitution, binding on all courts within the territory of India.

Taking note of the hierarchical character of the judi- cial system in India, it is of paramount importance that the law declared by this <ORG> should be certain, clear and consistent. It is commonly known that most decisions of the courts are of significance not merely because they consti- tute an adjudication on the rights of the parties and re- solve the dispute between them, but also because in doing so they embody a declaration of law operating as a binding principle in future cases. In this latter aspect lies their particular value in developing the jurisprudence of the law. The doctrine of binding precedent has the merit of promoting a certainty and consistency in judicial decisions, and enables an organic development of the law, besides providing assurance to the individual as to the consequence of transaction forming part of his daily affairs. And, therefore, the need for a clear and consistent enunciation of legal principle in the decisions of a <ORG>. But like all principles evolved by man for the regula- tion of the social order, the doctrine of binding precedent is circumscribed in its governance by perceptible limita- tions, limitations arising by reference to the need for re- adjustment in a changing society, a re-adjustment of legal norms demanded by a changed social context. This need for adapting the law to new urges in society brings home the truth of the <NAME> aphorism that "the life of the law has not been logic it has been experience". <NAME>, "The Common Law" p. 5 and again when he declared in another study that <NAME>, "Common Carriers and the Common Law", (1943) 9 Curr. L.T. 387, 388 "the law is forever adopting new principles from life at one end," and "sloughing off" old ones at the other. Explaining the conceptual import of what <NAME> had said, <NAME> elaborated that it is by the introduction of new extra-legal propositions emerging from experience to serve as premises, or by experience-guided choice between competing legal propositions, rather than by the operation of logic upon existing legal propositions, that the growth of law tends to be determined. <NAME>, "Legal Systems & Lawyers Rea- soning", pp. 58-59.

Legal compulsions cannot be limited by existing legal propositions, because there will always be, beyond the frontiers of the existing law, new areas inviting judicial scrutiny and judicial choice-making which could well affect the validity of existing legal dogma. The search for solu- tions responsive to a changed social era involves a search not only among competing propositions of law, or competing versions of a legal proposition, or the modalities of an indeterminacy such as "fairness" or "reasonableness", but also among propositions from outside the ruling law, corre- sponding to the empirical knowledge or accepted values of present time and place, relevant to the dispensing of jus- tice within the new parameters.

The universe of problems presented for judicial choice- making at the growing points of the law is an expanding universe. The areas brought under control by accumulation of past judicial choice may be large. Yet the areas newly presented for still further choice, because of changing social, economic and technological conditions are far from inconsiderable. It has also to be remembered, that many occasions for new options arise by the mere fact that no generation looks out on the world from quite the same van- tage-point as its predecessor, nor for the matter with the same perception. A different vantage point or a different quality of perception often reveals the need for choice- making where formerly no alternatives, and no problems at all, were Perceived. The extensiveness of the areas for judicial choice at a particular time is a function not only of the accumulation of past decisions, not only of changes in the environment, but also of new insights and perspec- tives both on old problems and on the new problems thrown up by changes entering the cultural and social heritage.

Not infrequently, in the nature of things there is a gravity-heavy inclination to follow the groove set by prece- dential law. Yet a sensitive judicial conscience often persuades the mind to search for a different set of norms more responsive to the changed social context. The dilemma before the Judge poses the task of finding a new equilibri- um, prompted not seldom by the desire to reconcile opposing mobilities. The competing goals, according to <NAME>, invest the Judge with the responsibility "of proving to mankind that the law was something fixed and settled, whose authority was beyond question, while at the same time enabling it to make constant readjustments and occasional radical changes under the pressure of infinite and variable human desires." <NAME>, "an Introduction to the Phi- losophy of Law" p. 19. The reconciliation suggested by Lord <NAME> in "The Judges as Law Maker" pp. 25-6 lies in keeping both objectives in view, "that the law shall be certain, and that it shall be just move with the times." An elaboration of his opinion is contained in <NAME> v. Director of Public Prosecutions, L.R. 1965 A.C. 1001, where he expressed the need for change in the law by the court and the limits within which such change could be brought about. He said: ibid at p. 1021.

"I have never taken a narrow view of the functions of this <ORG> as an appellate tribu- nal. The common law must be developed to meet changing economic conditions and habits of thought, and I would not be deterred by ex- pressions of opinion in this <ORG> in old cases. But there are limits to what we can or should do. If we are to extend the law it must be by the development and application of fundamental principles. We cannot introduce arbitrary conditions or limitations: that must be left to legislation. And if we do in effect change the law, we ought in my opinion only to do that in cases where our decision will produce some finality or certainty."

Whatever the degree of success in resolving the dilemma, the <ORG> would do well to ensure that although the new legal norm chosen in response to the changed social climate repre- sents a departure from the previously ruling norm, it must, nevertheless. carry within it the same principle of certain- ty, clarity and stability.

The profound responsibility which is.borne by this Court in its choice between earlier established standards and the formulation of a new code of norms is all the more sensitive and significant because the response lies in relation to a rapidly changing social and economic society. In a developing society such as India the law does not assume its true function when it follows a groove chased amidst a context which has long since crum- bled. There will be found among some of the areas of the law norms selected by a judicial choice educated in the experi- ence and values of a world which passed away 40 years ago. The social forces which demand attention in the cauldron of change from which a new society is emerging appear to call for new perceptions and new perspectives. The recognition that the times are changing and that there is occasion for a new jurisprudence to take birth is evidenced by what this Court said in <CITATION> ,  2 SCR 603, when it ob- served that it was not bound by its earlier judgments and possessed the freedom to overrule its judgments when it thought fit to do so to keep pace with the needs of changing times. The acceptance of this principle ensured the preser- vation and legitimation provided to the doctrine of binding precedent, and therefore, certainty and finality in the law, while permitting necessary scope for judicial creativity and adaptability of the law to the changing demands of society. The question then is not whether <ORG> is bound by its own previous decisions. It is not. The question is under what circumstances and within what limits and in what manner should <ORG> over-turn its own pronouncements.

In the examination of this question it would perhaps be appropriate to refer to the response of other jurisdictions, specially those with which the judicial system in India has borne an historical relationship. <ORG> in England provides the extreme example of a judicial body which until recently disclaimed the power to overrule it- self. It used to be said that <ORG> did never overrule itself but only distinguished its earlier deci- sions. An erroneous decision of <ORG> could be set right only by an Act of Parliament. (See <ORG> v. <ORG>, [1898] A.C. 375 and <NAME> v. <ORG>, [1939] A.C. 215,245. ) Apparent- ly bowing to the pressure of a reality forced upon it by reason of a rapidly gathering change in the prevailing socio-economic structure, on 26 July, 1966, Lord <NAME>, L.C., made the following statement on behalf of himself and the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary:

"Their lordship regard the use of precedent as an indispensable foundation upon which to decide what is the law and its application to individual cases. It provides at least some degree of certainty upon which <ORG> can rely in the conduct of their affairs, as well as a basis for orderly development of legal rules.

Their lordships nevertheless recog- nise that too rigid adherence to precedent may lead to injustice in a particular case and also unduly restrict the proper development of the law. They propose therefore to modify their present practice and, while treating former decisions of this <ORG> as normally binding, to depart from a previous decision when it appears right to do so.

In this connection they will bear in mind the danger of disturbing retrospectively the basis on which contracts, settlements of property and fiscal arrangements have been entered into and also the especial need for certainty as to the criminal Law."

Since then <ORG> has framed guidelines in a series of cases decided upto to 1975 and the guidelines have been summarised in Dr. <NAME>'s "Law Lords" 1982: pp. 156-157. He refers to several criteria articulated by Lord <NAME> in those cases.

1. The freedom granted by the 1966 Practice Statement ought to be exercised sparingly (the 'use sparingly' crite- rion) (<NAME> v. Secretary of State for Social Services, [1972] A.C. at 966.

2. A decision ought not to be overruled if to do so would upset the legitimate expectations of people who have entered into contracts or settlements or otherwise regulated their affairs in reliance on the validity of that decision (the 'legitimate expectations' criterion) (Ross Smith v. Ross-Smith, [1963] A.C. 280, 303 and <NAME> v. <NAME>, [1969] I A.C. 33, 69.)

3. A decision concerning questions of construction of statute or other documents ought not to be overruled except in rare and exceptional cases (the 'Construction' criterion) <NAME>, at 966.

4(a) A decision ought not to be overruled if it would be impracticable for the <ORG> to foresee the consequences of departing from it (the 'unforseeable consequences' crite- rion) (<NAME> v. <NAME>, [1976] A.C. 536,542. (b) A decision ought not to be overruled if to do so would involve a change that ought to be part of a comprehensive reform of the law. Such changes are best done 'by legislation following on a wide survey of the whole field' (the 'need for comprehensive reform' criterion) (DPP v. <NAME>, [1965] A.C. 1001, 1022; <NAME> v. <NAME>, [1972] A.C. 1027, 11086 and <NAME> v. <NAME>, [1975] A.C. 476,500).

5. In the interest of certainty, a decision ought not to be overruled merely because the Law Lords consider that it was wrongly decided. There must be some additional reasons to justify such a step (the 'precedent merely wrong' crite- rion) <NAME> v. DPP, [1973] A .C. 435,455;

6. A decision ought to be overruled if it causes such great uncertainty in practice that the Parties' advisers are unable to give any clear indication as to what the courts will hold the law to be (the 'rectification of uncertainty' criterion) <NAME>, at 966; <ORG> v. <ORG> 1974 479,533,535.

7. A decision ought to be overruled if .in relation to some broad issue or principle it is not considered just or in keeping with contemporary social conditions or modern conceptions of public policy (the 'unjust or outmoded' criterion) ibid Conway v. <NAME>, [1968] A.C. 910,938. Dr. <NAME> noted that between the years 1966 and 1988 there were twenty nine cases in which <ORG> was invited to overrule one of its own precedents, that <ORG> did so in eight of them, while in a further ten cases at least one of the Law Lords was willing to overrule the previous <ORG> precedent. In a consid- erable number of other cases, however, the Law Lords seemed to prefer to distinguish the earlier decisions rather than overrule them.

<ORG>, the highest <ORG> in the Commonwealth, has reserved to itself the power to reconsider its own decision, but has laid down that the power should not be exercised upon a mere suggestion that some or all the member of the later <ORG> would arrive at a different con- clusion if the matter were res integra. In the <ORG> case, [1914] 18 C.L.R. 54, Griffith, C.J., while doing so administered the following caution:

"In my opinion, it is impossible to maintain as an abstract proposition that <ORG> is either legally or technically bound by previ- ous decisions. Indeed, it may, in a proper case, be its duty to disregard them. But the rule should be applied with great caution, and only when the previous decision is manifestly wrong, as, for instance, if it proceeded upon the mistaken assumption of the continuance of a repealed or expired Statute, or is contrary to a decision of another <ORG> which this <ORG> is bound to follow; not, I think, upon a mere suggestion, that some or all of the members of the later <ORG> might arrive at a different conclusion if the matter was res integra. Otherwise there would be grate danger of want of continuity in the interpretation of law."

In the same case, <NAME>, J. observed at p. 69:

" ..... I would say that I never thought that it was not open to this <ORG> to review its previous decisions upon good cause. The question is not whether the <ORG> can do so, but whether it will, having due regard to the need for continuity and consistency in the judicial decision. Changes in the number of appointed Justices can, I take it, never of themselves furnish a reason for review ..... But the <ORG> can always listen to argument as to whether it ought to review a particular decision, and the strongest reason for an overruling is that a decision is manifestly wrong and its continuance is injurious to the public interest".

In the United States of America <ORG> has explicitly overruled its prior decision in a number of cases and reference will be found to them in the judgment of <NAME>, J. in State of Washington v. <NAME> & Co., 264 U.S. 646; 68 L.Ed. 219 where he said:

"The doctrine of Stare decisis should not deter us from overruling that case and those which follow it. The decisions are recent ones. They have not been acquiesced in. They have not created a rule of property around which vested interests have clustered. They affect solely matters of a transitory nature. On the other hand, they affect seriously the lives of men, women and children, and the general welfare. Stare decisis is ordinarily, a wise rule of action. But it is not a univer-

sal, inexorable command. The instances in which the <ORG> have disregarded its admonition a re many."

Elaborating his point in his dissenting judgment in <NAME> v. <ORG>, 285 U.S. 393; 76 L.Ed. 815, Brandeis, J. observed:

"Stare decisis usually the wise policy, because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled right. Compare <ORG> v. <NAME>, 103 U.S. 99; 26 L.Ed. 443-444. This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern, provided correction can be had by legislation. But in cases involving the Feder- al Constitution, where correction through legislative action is practically impossible, this <ORG> has often overruled its earlier decisions. The <ORG> bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning recognising that the process of trial and error, so fruitful in the physical sciences, is appropriate also in the judicial function."

<ORG> also took the view that it was not bound in law by its earlier deci- sions, but in In re Compensation to Civil Servants, L.R. 1929 A.C. 242; A.I.R. 1929 P.C. 84, 87 it declared that it "would hesitate long before disturbing a solemn decision by a previous <ORG>, which raised an identical or even a simi- lar issue for determination" and reiterated that reservation in the Attorney-General of Ontario v. <ORG>, L.R. 76 Q.A. 10 and <CITATION> ,  SCR 1069.

These cases from England, Australia and the United States were considered by this <ORG> in <CITATION> , (supra), perhaps the first recorded instance of <ORG> in this country being called upon to consider whether it could overrule an earlier decision rendered by it. A Bench of seven Judges assembled to consider whether the majority decision of a Constitution Bench of five Judges in <CITATION> .,  S.C.R. 1069 should be reconsidered. Four Judges of the Bench of seven said it should and voted to overrule the majority decision in <ORG>, (supra). The remaining three voted to the contrary. <NAME>, Acting C.J., speaking for himself and on behalf of <NAME>, <NAME> and <NAME>, JJ, preferred the approach adopted by <ORG> since, in the view of that learned Judge, the position in India approximated more closely to that obtaining in the United states rather than to the position in England, where Parlia- ment could rectify the situation by a simple majority, and to that in Australia, where the mistake could be corrected in appeal to <ORG>. The learned Judge observed: "There is nothing in our Constitution which pre- vents us from departing from a previous decision if we are convinced of its error and its baneful effect on the general interests of the public." And reference was made to the circumstance that Article 141 of the Constitution made the law declared by this <ORG> binding on all <ORG>s in India. Speaking with reference to the specific case before the <ORG>, the learned Judge referred to the far-reaching effect of the earlier decision in <ORG> (supra) on the general body of the consuming public, and that the error committed in the earlier decision would result in perpetuat- ing a tax burden erroneously imposed on the people, giving rise to a consequence "manifestly and wholly unauthorised." The learned Judge observed:

"It is not an ordinary pronouncement declaring the rights of two private individuals inter se. It involves an adjudication on the taxing power of the <ORG> as against the consuming public generally. If the decision is errone- ous, as indeed we conceive it to be, we owe it to the public to protect them against the illegal tax burdens which the <ORG> are seeking to impose on the strength of that errone- ous recentdecision". Cautioned that the <ORG> should not differ merely because a contrary view appeared preferable, the learned Judge affirmed that "we should not lightly dissent from a previous pronouncement of this <ORG>." But if the previous decision was plainly erroneous, he pointed out, there was a duty on the <ORG> to say so and not perpetuate the mistake. The appeal to the principle of stare decisis was rejected on the ground that (a) the decision intended to be overruled was a very recent decision and it did not involve overruling a series of decisions, and (b) the doc- trine of stare decisis was not an inflexible rule, and must, in any event, yield where following it would result in perpetuating an error to the detriment of the general wel- fare of the public or a considerable section thereof. Since then the question as to when should the Supreme <ORG> overrule its own decision has been considered in several cases. Relying on the Bengal Immunity case, <NAME>, J. remarked that certainly in the law, which was an essen- tial ingredient of the Rule of Law, would be considerably eroded if the highest court of the land lightly overruled the view expressed by it in earlier cases. One instance where such overruling could be permissible was a situation where contextual values giving birth to the earlier view had altered substantially since.

<CITATION> .,  1 SCR 1 he explained: "Some new aspects may come to light and it may become essen- tial to cover fresh grounds to meet the new situations or to overcome difficulties which did not manifest themselves or were not taken into account when the earlier view was pro- pounded. Precedents have a value and the ratio decidendi of a case can no doubt be of assistance in the decision of future cases. At the same time we have to, as observed by <NAME>, guard against the notion that because a principle has been formulated as the ratio decidendi of a given prob- lem, it is therefore to be applied as a solvent of other problems, regardless of consequences, regardless of deflect- ing factors, inflexibly. and automatically, in all its pristine generality (see Selected Writings, p. 31). As in life so in law things are not static."

In Lt. Col. <CITATION> - er,  2 SCR 828 the majority of this court emphasised that the court, should not depart from an interpretation given in an earlier judgment of the court unless there was a fair amount of unanimity that the earlier decision was manifestly wrong. <CITATION> ,  2 SCR 908,921 this court observed that a revision of its earlier decision would be justified if there were compelling and substantial reasons to do so. <CITATION> ,  1 SCR 933,947-948 the court laid down the test: 'Is it absolutely necessary and essential that the question already decided should be reo- pened?', and went on to observe: 'the answer to this ques- tion would depend on the nature of the infirmity alleged in the earlier decision, its impact on public good and the validity and compelling character of the considerations urged in support of the contrary view.' There can be no doubt, as was observed in <CITATION> ,  3 SCR 748 that where an earlier relevant statutory provision has not been brought to the notice of the court, the decision may be reviewed, or as in <CITATION> .,  2 SCR 502, if a vital point was not considered. A more compendious examination of the problem was undertaken in <CITATION> , (supra) where the <ORG> pointed out:

"It is not possible or desirable, and in any case it would be inexpedient to lay down any principles which should govern the approach of the <ORG> in dealing with the ques- tion of reviewing and revising its earlier decisions. It would always depend upon several relevant considerations:--What is the nature of the infirmity or error on which a plea for a review and revision of the earlier view is based? On the earlier occasion, did some patent aspects of the question remain unnoticed, or was the attention of the <ORG> not drawn to any relevant and materi- al statutory provision, or was any previous decision of this <ORG> bearing on the point not noticed? Is the court hearing such plea fairly unanimous that there is such an error in the earlier view? What would be the impact of the error on the general administration of law or on public good? Has the earlier decision been followed on subsequent occasions either by this <ORG> or by the High <ORG>s? And, would the reversal of the earlier decision lead to public inconven- ience, hardship or mischief? These and other relevant con- siderations must be carefully borne in mind whenever this <ORG> is called upon to exercise its jurisdiction to review and revise its earlier decisions. These considerations become still more significant when the earlier decision happens to be a unanimous decision of the Bench of five learned Judges of this <ORG>."

Much importance has been laid on observing the finality of decisions rendered by <ORG> of this <ORG>, and in <CITATION> ,  1 SCR 769, 782 the <ORG> held against the finality only where the subject was 'of such fundamental importance to national life or the reasoning is so plainly erroneous in the light of later thought that it is wiser to be ultimately right rather than to be consistently wrong'. It is not necessary to refer to all the cases on the point. The broad guidelines are easily deducible from what has gone before. The possibility of further defining these guiding principles can be envisaged with further juridical experience, and when common jurisprudential values linking different national systems of law may make a consensual pattern possible. But that lies in the future. There was some debate on the question whether <ORG> is obliged to follow the law laid down by <ORG> of a larger number of Judges. Doubt has arisen on the point because of certain observations made by <NAME>, J. in  <CITATION> , AIR 1985 SC 23 1. Earlier, <ORG> of two Judges, of whom he was one, had expressed the view in <CITATION> , AIR 1983 SC 361 that delay exceeding two years in the execution of a sentence of death should be considered sufficient to entitle a person under sentence of death to invoke Article 21 of the Constitution and demand the quashing of the sentence of death. This would be so, he observed, even if the delay in the execution was occasioned by the time necessary for filing an appeal or for considering the reprieve of the accused or some other cause for which the accused himself may be responsible. This view was found unacceptable by a Bench of three Judges in <CITATION> , AIR 1983 SC 465 where the learned Judges observed that no hard and fast rule could be laid down in the matter. In direct disagreement with the view in <NAME>, (supra), the learned Judges said that account had to be taken of the time occupied by pro- ceedings in the High <ORG> and in the Supreme <ORG> and before the executive authorities, and it was relevant to consider whether the delay was attributable to the conduct of the accused. As a member of another Bench of two Judges, in <NAME>, (supra) <NAME>, J. questioned the validity of the observations made in <NAME>, (supra) and went on to note, without express- ing any concluded opinion on the point, that it was a seri- ous question "whether <ORG> of three Judges could purport to overrule the judgment of <ORG> of two Judges merely because there is larger than two. The <ORG> sits in <ORG>s of two and three Judges for the sake of convenience and it may be inappropriate for <ORG> of three Judges to purport to overrule the decision of <ORG> of two Judges. <NAME> v. <ORG>,  2 All ER 293. It may be otherwise where a Full Bench or <ORG> does so." It is pertinent to record here that because of the doubt cast on the validity of the opinion in <NAME>, (supra), the question of the effect of delay on the execution of a death sentence was referred to <ORG> of five Judges, and in <CITATION> , AIR 1989 SC 142 <ORG> overruled <NAME>, (supra). What then should be the position in regard to the effect of the law pronounced by <ORG> in relation to a case raising the same point subsequently before <ORG> of a smaller number of Judges? There is no constitu- tional or statutory prescription in the matter, and the point is governed entirely by the practice in India of the <ORG>s sanctified by repeated affirmation over a century of time. It cannot be doubted that in order to promote consist- ency and certainty in the law laid down by a superior <ORG>, the ideal condi- tion would be that the entire <ORG> should sit in all cases to decide questions of law, and for that reason the Supreme <ORG> of the United States does so. But having regard to the volume of work demanding the attention of the <ORG>, it has been found necessary in India as a general rule of practice and convenience that the <ORG> should sit in <ORG>s, each <ORG> being constituted of Judges whose number may be determined by the exigencies of judicial need, by the nature of the case including any statutory mandate relative there- to, and by such other considerations which the Chief Jus- tice, in whom such authority devolves by convention, may find most appropriate. It is in order to guard against the possibility of inconsistent decisions on points of law by different <ORG> Benches that the rule has been evolved, in order to promote consistency and certainty in the devel- opment of the law and its contemporary status, that the statement of the law by <ORG> is considered binding on <ORG> of the same or lesser number of Judges. This principle has been followed in India by several generations of Judges. We may refer to a few of the recent cases on the point. <CITATION> ,  3 SCR 211 <ORG> of three Judges found it right to follow the law declared in <CITATION> ,  1 SCR 778 decided by <ORG> of five Judges, in preference to <CITATION> , AIR 1974 SC 806 decided by <ORG> of two Judges. Again in <CITATION> ,  2 SCR 347 Beg, J. held that <ORG> of five Judges was bound by <ORG> 01' thirteen Judges in <CITATION> ,  Suppl. 1 SCR. <CITATION> .,  4 SCC 143 this <ORG> expressly stated that the view taken on a point of law by <ORG> of four Judges of this <ORG> was binding on <ORG> of three Judges of the <ORG>. And in <CITATION> ,  1 SCR 127 this <ORG> specifically observed that where the view expressed by two different <ORG> Benches of this <ORG> could not be reconciled, the pronouncement of <ORG> of a larger number of Judges had to be, preferred over the deci- sion of <ORG> of a smaller number of Judges. This <ORG> also laid down in <NAME> etc. v. The State of Gujarat & Ors.,  2 SCR 317 that even where the strength of two differing <ORG> Benches consisted of the same number of Judges, it was not open to one <ORG> Bench to decide the correctness or other-wise of the views of the other. The principle was reaffirmed in <CITATION> .,  4 SCC 369 which noted that <ORG> of two Judges of this <ORG> in <CITATION> ,  3 SCR 689 had differed from the view taken by an earlier <ORG> Bench of two Judges in <CITATION> .,  2 SCR 641 on the point whether the doctrine of promissory estoppel could be defeated by invoking the defence of executive necessity, and holding that to do so was wholly unacceptable reference was made to the well accepted and desirable practice of the later Bench referring the case to a larger Bench when the learned Judges found that the situation called for such reference. We are of opinion that a pronouncement of law by <ORG> of this <ORG> is binding on <ORG> of the same or a smaller number of Judges, and in order that such decision be binding, it is not necessary that it should be a decision rendered by the Full <ORG> or <ORG> of the <ORG>. We would, however, like to think that for the purpose of imparting certainty and endowing due authority decisions of this <ORG> in the future should be rendered by <ORG> Benches of at least three Judges un- less, for compelling reasons that is not conveniently possi- ble.

Upon the aforesaid considerations, and in view of the nature and potential of the questions raised in these cases we are of the view that there was sufficient justification for the order dated 23 September, 1985 made by the Bench of two learned judges referring these cases to a larger Bench for reconsideration of the question decided in <NAME> (dead) by <NAME>., (supra) and <NAME>, (supra). The preliminary objection raised by learned counsel for the respondents to the validity of the reference is overrruled.

We now come to the merits of the reference. The refer- ence is limited to the interpretation of s. 30(2) of the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act of 1984. Before the enact- ment of the Amendment Act , solatium was provided under s. 23(2) of the Land Acquisition Act (shortly, "the parent Act") at 15% on the market value of the Land computed in accordance with s. 23(1) of the Act, the solatium being provided in consideration of the compulsory nature of the acquisition. The Land Acquisition Amendment Bill, 1982 was introduced in <ORG> on 30 April, 1982 and upon enactment the Land Acquisition Amendment Act 1984 commenced operation with effect from 24 September, 1984. S. 15 of the Amendment Act amended s. 23(2) of the parent Act and substituted the words '30 per centum' in place of the words '15 per centum'. <ORG> intended that the be-

nefit of the enhanced solatium should be made available albeit to a limited degree, even in respect of acquisition proceedings taken before that date. It sought to effectuate that intention by enacting s. 30(2) in the Amendment Act , S. 30(2) of the Amendment Act provides:

"(2) the provisions of sub-s. (2) of s. 23 ......of the principal Act, as amended by clause (b) of s. 15 ........of this Act ....... shall apply and shall be deemed to have applied, also to, and in relation to, any award made by the Collector or <ORG> or to any order passed by the High <ORG> or Supreme <ORG> in appeal against any such award under the provisions of the principal Act after the 30th day of April, 1982 [the date of introduction of the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 1982, in <ORG>] and before the commencement of this Act." In construing s. 30(2) , it is just as well to be clear that the award made by the Collector referred to here is the award made by the Collector under s. 11 of the parent Act, and the award made by the <ORG> is the award made by the Principal Civil <ORG> of Original Jurisdiction under s. 23 of the parent Act on a reference made to it by the Collector under s. 19 of the parent Act. There can be no doubt that the benefit of the enhanced solatium is intended by s. 30(2) in respect of an award made by the Collector between 30 April 1982 and 24 September, 1984. Likewise the benefit of the enhanced solatium is extended by s. 30(2) to the case of an award made by the <ORG> between 30 April 1982 and .24 September 1984, even though it be upon reference from an award made before 30 April, 1982.

The question is: what is the meaning of the words "or to any order passed by <ORG> or <ORG> on appeal against any such award?" Are they limited, as con- tended by the appellants, to appeals against an award of the Collector or the <ORG> made between 30 April 1982 and 24 September 1984, or do they include also, as contended by the respondents, appeals disposed of between 30 April, 1982 and 24 September 1984 even though arising out of awards of the Collector or the <ORG> made before 30 April, 1982. We are of opinion that the interpretation placed by the appellants should be preferred over that suggested by the respondents. <ORG> has identified the appeal before <ORG> and the appeal before the <ORG> by describing it as an appeal against 'any such award'. The submission on behalf of the respondents is that the words 'any such award' mean the award made by the Collector or <ORG>, and carry no greater limiting sense; and that in this context, upon the language of s. 30(2) , the order in appeal is an appellate order made between 30 April 1982 and 24-September 1984--in which case the related award of the Collector or of the <ORG> may have been made before 30 April 1982. To our mind, the words 'any such award' cannot bear the broad meaning suggested by learned counsel for the respondents. No such words of description by way of identifying the appellate order of <ORG> or of the <ORG> were neces- sary. Plainly, having regard to the existing hierarchical structure of for a contemplated in the parent Act those appellate orders could only be orders arising in appeal against the award of the Collector or of the <ORG>. The words 'any such award' are intended to have deeper signifi- cance, and in the context in which those words appear in s. 30(2) it is clear that they are intended to refer to awards made by the Collector or <ORG> between 30 April, 1982 and 24 September, 1984. In other words s. 30(2) of the Amendment Act extends the benefit of the enhanced solatium to cases where the award by the Collector or by the <ORG> is made between 30 April, 1982 and 24 September, 1984 or to appeals against such awards decided by <ORG> and the Su- preme <ORG> whether the decisions of <ORG> or the <ORG> are rendered before 24 September, 1984 or after that date. All that is material is that the award by the Collector or by the <ORG> should have been made between 30 April, 1982 and 24 September, 1984. We find ourselves in agreement with the conclusion reached by this <ORG> in <NAME> (dead) by Lrs. v. Special Land Acquisi- tion Officer, (supra), and find ourselves unable to agree with the view taken in <NAME> and Others v. <ORG> Chandigarh, (supra). The expanded meaning given to s. 30(2) in the latter case does not, in our opinion, flow reasonably from the language of that sub-section. It seems to us that the learned judges in that case missed the sig- nificance of the word 'such' in the collocation 'any such award' in s. 30(2) . Due significance must be attached to that word, and to our mind it must necessarily intend that the appeal to <ORG> or the <ORG>, in which the benefit of the enhanced solatium is to be given, must be confined to an appeal against an award of the Collector or of the <ORG> rendered between 30 April, 1982 and 24 Septem- ber, 1984.

We find substance in the contention of the learned Attorney General that if <ORG> had intended that the benefit of enhanced solatium should be extended to all pending proceedings it would have said so in clear language. On the contrary, as he says, the terms in which s. 30(2) is couched indicate a limited extension of the benefit. The Amendment Act has not been made generally retrospective with effect from any particular date, and such retrospectivity as appears is restricted to certain areas covered by the parent Act and must be discovered from the specific terms of the provision concerned. Since it is necessary to spell out the degree of retrospectivity from the language of the relevant provision itself, close attention must be paid to the provi- sions of s. 30(2) for determining the scope of retrospective relief intended by <ORG> in the matter of enhanced solatium. The learned Attorney General is also right when he points out that it was never intended to define the scope of the enhanced solatium on the mere accident of the disposal of a case in appeal on a certain date. Delays in the superi- or <ORG> extend now to limits which were never anticipated when the right to approach them for relief was granted by statute. If it was intended that s. 30(2) should refer to appeals pending before <ORG> or <ORG> between 30 April, 1982 and 24 September, 1984, they could well refer to proceedings in which an award had been made by the Collector from anything between 10 to 20 years before. It could never have been intended that rates of compensation and solatium applicable to acquisition proceedings initiated so long ago should now enjoy the benefit of statutory en- hancement. It must be remembered that the value of the land is taken under s. 11(1) and s. 23(1) with reference to the date of publication of the notification under-s.4(1), and it is that date which is usually material for the purpose of determining the quantum of compensation and solatium. Both s. 11(1) and s. 23(1) speak of compensation being determined on the basis, inter alia, of the market value of the land on that date, and solatium by s. 23(2) , is computed as a per- centage on such market value.

Our attention was drawn to the order made in <CITATION> , (supra), but in the absence of a statement of the reasons which persuaded the learned Judges to take the view they did we find it difficult to endorse that decision. It received the approval of the learned Judges who decided <NAME> (supra), but the judgment in <NAME>, (supra) as we have said earlier, has omitted to give due significance to all the material provisions of s. 30(2) , and consequently we find ourselves at variance with it. The learned Judges proceeded to apply the principle that an appeal is a continuation of the proceeding initiated before the <ORG> by way of reference under-s. 18 but, in our opinion, the application of a general principle must yield to the limiting terms of the statutory provision itself. Learned counsel for the respondents has strenuously relied on the general principle that the appeal is a re-hearing of the original matter, but we are not satisfied that he is on good ground in invoking that principle. Learned counsel for the respondents points out that the word 'or' has been used in s. 30(2) , as a disjunctive between the reference to the award made by the Collector or the <ORG> and an order passed by the High <ORG> or the Supreme <ORG> in appeal and, he says, properly understood it must mean that the period 30 April, 1982 to 24 September, 1984 is as much applicable to the appellate order of the High <ORG> or of the Supreme <ORG> as it is to the award made by the Collector or the <ORG>. We think that what <ORG> intends to say is that the benefit of s. 30(2) will be available to an award by the Collector or the <ORG> made between the aforesaid two dates or to an appellate order of the High <ORG> or of the Supreme <ORG> which arises out of an award of the Collector or the <ORG> made between the said two dates. The word 'or' is used with reference to the stage at which the proceeding rests at the time when the benefit under-s. 30(2) is sought to be extended. If the proceeding has terminated with the award of the Collector or of the <ORG> made between the aforesaid two dates, the benefit of s. 30(2) will be applied to such award made between the aforesaid two dates. If the proceeding has passed to the stage of appeal before the High <ORG> or the Supreme <ORG>, it is at that stage when the benefit of s. 30(2) will be applied. But in every case, the award of the Collector or of the <ORG> must have been made between 30 April, 1982 and 24 September, 1984.

In the result we overrule the statement of the law laid down in <NAME>, (supra) and in <NAME> and Anoth- er, (supra) and prefer instead the interpretation of s. 30(2) of the Amendment Act rendered in <NAME> (dead) by Lrs. (supra).

The cases will now be listed before <ORG> of three learned Judges for hearing on the merits of the other points raised in the cases.

<NAME>


ORDER

1. Delay condoned. Leave granted.

2. In view of the decision of this Court in <NAME> v Union of India, this appeal would merit acceptance and accordingly we accept the same, set aside the impugned orders of <ORG> and restore that of <ORG> with regard to possession of the property in dispute as well as entitlement of the appellant to contractual rent up till the date of vacating for which time is being allotted hereby to the respondents. It is ordered that the respondents may stay in possession as tenants as before uptil 31-3-1998 subject to the respondents filing in this Court within a period of six weeks the usual undertaking with regard to the payment of rent etc. The appeal stands allowed in these terms. No costs.


JUDGMENT

1. This is an appeal against the order of the Subordinate Judge of Mayavaram refusing to accept the bid of <NAME>, the appellant, for taking on lease certain property, the subject-matter of a suit before the <ORG>, and directing a re-sale. What happened was, the Receiver, who had been appointed in the suit, was directed by the <ORG> to sell by public auction the lease of certain lands in suit for a year. The conditions of sale were printed and the printed leaflets were circulated. The Receiver held an auction in which the appellant before us, <NAME>, was the highest bidder. When the matter was taken to the Sub-Judge for confirmation, he refused to accept <NAME>'s bid and directed a re-sale. It is against that order that this appeal is filed.

2 The appellant contends that a completed contract had been entered into with him by the Receiver and that the <ORG> should, therefore, have directed a lease to be executed in his favour in the terms of his bid. At the re-sale ordered, the second respondent took the lease at a higher rate. A preliminary objection has been raised to this appeal that no appeal lies. The appeal has been filed under Order XLIII, Rule 1, Clause (s) as against an order under Order XL, Rule I, Civil Procedure Code. We need not, however, decide this question, as we think that, on the merits, the appellant has no ease. The Receiver is an Officer of <ORG> and whatever powers he exercises are delegated powers of the <ORG> which the <ORG> expressly gives him. He has no nowers except what the <ORG> grants him. Unless the appellant can show us that in this case the <ORG> has delegated its power of entering into a completed contract with third parties to the Receiver, any action taken by the Receiver cannot be binding upon the <ORG> or upon the properties. All that the appellant is able to show us is that he made the highest bid and that the published conditions of sale did not expressly state that the <ORG> was subject to the confirmation of the <ORG>. The absence of such a statement cannot, in our opinion, be treated as implying that the <ORG> had abandoned its power of confirming the sale before it would take effect. No doubt the ordinary rule regarding private auction is, that where an auction is held without any reservation, there is an implied condition that the highest bid will be accepted; but no authority has been cited to show that that rule applies to a sale by a <ORG> Officer under the directions of <ORG>. In <ORG> sales, it is acceptance by the <ORG> that constitutes the contract. <CITATION> (1888) 15 Cal. 253. The person who asserts that the <ORG> Officer had power to bind the <ORG> by his acceptance of a bid must prove it. The appellant has not been able to refer us to any evidence to show that such a power had been granted by the <ORG> in this case. We must, therefore, hold that the <ORG> bad ample authority as no contract had been concluded with him and the <ORG>'s order directing a re-sale was within its powers. The appeal fails and is dismissed with costs (costs one set).

3. C.R.P. No. 943 of 1923 is dismissed with costs.