Previous work has shown that PPE voles self-groom and scent mark in the pres- ence of male conspecifics (Carter et al. , 1989; Witt et al. , 1990; Ferkin et al. , 2004).
Male voles self-groomed more in response to odors of PPE females than they did in response to odors of female voles in other reproductive states and odors of female mice.