Duodenal ulcer with retroperitoneal perforation presenting with pain in the right lower quadrant.
First described in 1704 as a method for expelling pus from the middle ear: deep inspiration followed by forced exhalation against a closed glottis for 10-12 seconds; four phases, phase 1 transient rise in BP with straining; phase 2 decrease in systemic venous return, blood pressure, and reflex tachycardia; phase 3 begins with cessation of straining, associated with abrupt transient decrease in blood pressure and in systemic venous return (generally not perceivable); phase 4 an overshoot of systemic arterial pressure and relatively obvious reflex bradcycardia. Described by Valsalva, a 17th century physician.
Used to distinguish between unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin; bilirubin pigments are exposed to sulfanilic acid to generate diazo conjugates, forming chromogenic products.
Osteogenesis imperfecta.
An autosomal dominant condition in which lip pits are seen in all gene carriers but only some individuals have cleft lips with or without cleft palate owing to variable expressivity.
Primary hypothyroidism associated with precocious puberty and galactorrhea.
Benign inflammatory fibroid polyp seen in gastrointestinal tract.
Osmotic pressure of a solute equals the gas pressure it would exert if it were a gas in the same volume of solution. Dutch chemist (1852-1911), received Nobel Prize for this finding in 1901.
Location where common bile duct enters the duodenum; described by German anatomist Vater (1684-1751).
Seen in rheumatoid arthritis, rupture of tendons in distal ulnar head, associated with loss of extension in the little and ring, finger; associated with caput ulna syndrome.
Secretory diarrhea associated with VIPoma; characterized by watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria.
Edema of the ureteral vesical junction in renal colic.
Burkholderia pseudomallei, causative agent of melioidosis, described as "time bomb" because of its occurrence in war veterans more than two decades after their return from Vietnam.
Involvement of four lower cranial nerves (IX-XII) clinical manifestations manifesting as Horner's syndrome and paralysis of the soft palate, pharynx, and vocal cords; associated with tumor in posterior retroparotid space.
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or "trench mouth" from concurrent infection with the symbiotic bacteria Fusobacterium fusiforme and Borrelia vincentii. Rare in post-antibiotic era.
Perivascular spaces in brain; become unusually widened in edema of the brain.
Supraclavicular adenopathy associated with a malignancy, often on left side, associated with GI (e.g. stomach) and pelvic malignancies. First described by Virchow in 1848, more cases added by Troisier in 1886; referred to as Troisier's node in France.
Predisposing factors in thrombus formation (1) endothelial injury, (2) hypercoagulability, and (3) stasis or turbulence of blood flow; first described in 1860.
Bilateral, diffuse granulomatous uveitis associated with poliosis (premature graying of some or all of the hair), vitiligo, alopecia, and central nervous system and auditory signs (including dysacusia).
In tuberous sclerosis, triad of seizures, mental retardation, and facial angiofibromas. Occurs in fewer than 50% of patients with tuberous sclerosis.
Boundaries which delimit distribution area of main cutaneous nerves; seen in black and Asian skin and rarely in white subjects.
Sequelae of compartment syndrome where there is contraction of forearm flexors.
See Piskacek's sign.
Encephalitis lethargica, associated with postencephalitic parkinsonism, first described in 1917; also associated with influenza A epidemic of 1918. Response to levodopa subject of book and movie Awakenings.
Hairs originally derived from horses tails and graded according to their stiffness and caliber, used as a method of grading sensation in the neurologic examination.
Glycogen storage disease type I, deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase, results in hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia. Most common glycogen storage disease. Autosomal recessive. Treated with frequent feedings of foods high in glucose or starch.
In Graves's disease, lag of the upper eyelid as it follows the rotation of the eyeball downward.
Autosomal dominant condition characterized by hemangioblastoma or cavernous hemangioma of the cerebellum, brain stem, or retina, adenomas, and cysts of the liver, kidney, pancreas, and other organs, pheochromocytomas; 35% develop renal cell carcinoma; associated with mutation in VHL gene.
Close to or within portal tracts, small clusters of modestly dilated bile ducts embedded in a fibrous, sometimes hyalinized stroma; contain inspissated bile concrements and may communicate with the biliary tree; common and usually without clinical significance.
Neurofibromatosis type 1.
Generalized osteitis fibrosa cystica; hallmark of severe hyperparathyroidism, including increased bone cell activity, peritrabecular fibrosis, and cystic brown tumors.
Von Willebrand factor bridges collagen and platelets and favors platelet aggregation, ensuring platelet and vessel wall interactions. Glycoprotein Ib-IX on platelets is a major receptor for vWF. vWF also serves as carrier for factor VIII. Made in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes.
Deficiency in von Willebrand factor; frequency of 1%, most common inherited disorder of bleeding; type 1 and 3 reduced quantity of vWF; type 2 qualitative defects in vWF.
Generalized acute pustular psoriasis.
Eponyms 
Ingrown toenail
Nematocysts
Cryptitis
Vascular ring
Vesiculobullous rashes
Black hairy tongue
Abscess