PaCO2 >45
Exclusively caused by alveolar hypoventilation
Results from decrease in respiratory rate, tidal volume, or increase in dead space
Results from decrease in respiratory rate, tidal volume, or increase in dead space
Hypercapnia
Depressed central respiratory drive
Metabolic alkalosis
Structural CNS disease: brainstem lesions
Hypoxemia
Drug depression of respiratory center: opioids, sedatives, anesthetics
Metabolic acidosis
Endogenous toxins: tetanus