Most common cause (~85%) is rheumatic fever
Chronic rheumatic disease uncommon in western world, but still very common in developing countries
USA - 0.25 per 1000 people
India and Pakistan - 5 per 1000 people
Cambodia - 21.5 per 1000 people
Mozambique - 30.4 per 1000 people
Other etiologies:
Stenotic annular calcification (~12%)
Degenerative/age-related
Post-infectious
Congenital (~0.6%)
Annulus hypoplasia
Parachute
Double orifice
USA - 0.25 per 1000 people
India and Pakistan - 5 per 1000 people
Cambodia - 21.5 per 1000 people
Mozambique - 30.4 per 1000 people
Stenotic annular calcification (~12%)
Degenerative/age-related
Post-infectious
Congenital (~0.6%)
Annulus hypoplasia
Parachute
Double orifice
Degenerative/age-related
Post-infectious
Annulus hypoplasia
Parachute
Double orifice
Mitral stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic stenosis
Left atrial enlargement
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Innocent pediatric murmurs