Supplemental oxygen (non-rebreather mask) initially for all
Needle decompression followed by chest tube insertion
Tube thoracostomy
Surgery and hormonal treatment
Most spontaneous<unk>  (primary and secondary)
Most iatrogenic<unk> 
Alveolar-pleural fistulae (small air leak)
Iatrogenic air
Traumatic<unk> 
Traumatic hemothorax ("any acute hemothorax visible on chest radiograph")<unk>  on mechanical ventilation
Non-traumatic tension<unk> 
Malignant effusion
Trauma/bleeding (hemothorax/hemopneumothorax)
Bronchial-pleural fistulae (large air leak)
Malignant fluid
Empyema
Thick pus
Catamenial pneumothorax
Tension pneumothorax
Traumatic pneumothorax
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Chylothorax
Iatrogenic pneumothorax
Pulmonary contusion