Also known as Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Edema (SIPE)
Populations affected: Combat swimmers (e.g. Navy SEALs), triathletes, and submersion divers (aka "breath-hold diving")
Prevalence approximately 1.8% in combat swimmers
Very rare outside these groups
Similar to exertion-related pulmonary edema (best described in racehorses)
No good evidence-based risk factors identified, but hypertension appears to be associated
There may also be some relation to overhydration.<unk>  increases cardiac output and doubles pulmonary artery pressures compared to being out of water
Blood is also redistributed from extremities to the thorax. This effect is greater in cold water.
Prevalence approximately 1.8% in combat swimmers
Very rare outside these groups
Similar to exertion-related pulmonary edema (best described in racehorses)
There may also be some relation to overhydration.
Blood is also redistributed from extremities to the thorax. This effect is greater in cold water.
Immersion pulmonary edema
Hypothermia
Flash pulmonary edema
Reexpansion pulmonary edema
Marine toxins, envenomations, and bites
Negative pressure pulmonary edema
Scuba diving emergencies
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis