Metabolism: hepatic
Excretion: renal
Mechanism of Action: opioid antagonist
Onset of action - 1-2min
Duration of action - 20-90min (may be less than that of the ingested opioid)
For this reason many hospital algorithms call for ~3 hours of ED observation prior to discharge
Some small studies have called for decreasing this time frame to 1 hour but there are often adverse events in a significant proportion of these patients (one study showed that 15% of patients had adverse events such as need for supplemental oxygen after attempting discharge at 1 hour).
Naloxone
Flumazenil
Ephedrine
Fentanyl
Ketamine
Meperidine
Remi-fentanil
Dexmedetomidine