Larynx fracture
Tracheobronchial tear/injury
Thyroid gland injury/trauma
Tracheal injury
Electromagnetic or radiation exposure
Burns, inhalation injury
Bacterial tracheitis
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Tracheobronchial tuberculosis
Poliomyelitis, paralytic, bulbar, or acute
Fungal laryngitis
Retropharyngeal abscess
Epiglottitis, acute
Peritonsillar abscess
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
Retropharyngeal abscess
Neoplasms/tumors
Spasmodic/tracheobronchitis
Angioedema/Angioneurotic edema
Cerebral Gaucher's of infants (acute)
Tracheobronchial amyloidosis
Tetany
Angioedema/Angioneurotic edema, hereditary
Somatization disorder<unk>  body aspiration
Acute gastric acid/aspiration syndrome
Airway obstruction
Neck compartment hemorrhage/hematoma
Paradoxical vocal fold motion 
Esophageal free reflux/GERD syndrome
Laryngospasm, acute
Bilateral vocal cord paralysis
Hypoparathyroidism
Bilateral vocal cord paralysis
Smoke inhalation
Chemical burn/esophagus
Laryngotracheomalacia
Subglottic stenosis or prior intubation
Vascular ring (double aortic arch)
Vocal cord dysfunction/paroxysmal vocal fold movement
Laryngotracheomalacia
Accounts for 60%
Usually exacerbated by viral URI
Dx w/ flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy
Vocal cord paralysis
Stridor associated w/ feeding problems, hoarse voice, weak and/or changing cry
May have cyanosis or apnea if bilateral (less common)
Subglottic stenosis
Congenital vs 2/2 prolonged intubation in premies
Airway hemangioma
Usually regresses by age 5
Associated w/ skin hemangiomas in beard distribution
Vascular ring/sling
Accounts for 60%
Usually exacerbated by viral URI
Dx w/ flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy
Stridor associated w/ feeding problems, hoarse voice, weak and/or changing cry
May have cyanosis or apnea if bilateral (less common)
Congenital vs 2/2 prolonged intubation in premies
Usually regresses by age 5
Associated w/ skin hemangiomas in beard distribution
Croup
viral laryngotracheobronchitis
6 mo- 3 yr, peaks at 2 yrs
Most severe on 3rd-4th day of illness
Steeple sign not reliable- diagnose clinically
Epiglottitis
H flu type B
Have higher suspicion in unvaccinated children
Rapid onset sore throat, fever, drooling
Difficult airway- call anesthesia/ ENT early
Bacterial tracheitis
Rare but causes life-threatening obstruction
Sx of croup + toxic-appearing = bacterial tracheitis<unk>  body (sudden onset)
Marked variation in quality or pattern of stridor
Retropharyngeal abscess
Fever, neck pain, dysphagia, muffled voice, drooling, neck stiffness/torticollis/extension
viral laryngotracheobronchitis
6 mo- 3 yr, peaks at 2 yrs
Most severe on 3rd-4th day of illness
Steeple sign not reliable- diagnose clinically
H flu type B
Have higher suspicion in unvaccinated children
Rapid onset sore throat, fever, drooling
Difficult airway- call anesthesia/ ENT early
Have higher suspicion in unvaccinated children
Rare but causes life-threatening obstruction
Sx of croup + toxic-appearing = bacterial tracheitis
Marked variation in quality or pattern of stridor
Fever, neck pain, dysphagia, muffled voice, drooling, neck stiffness/torticollis/extension
Aspirated foreign body
Larynx fracture
Parapharyngeal space infection
Tracheobronchial tear/injury
Ingested foreign body
Thyroid gland injury/trauma
Buccal space infections
Tracheal injury