Most<unk> s with incidental or isolated<unk>  receive no treatment
Treatment more common when<unk>  associated with unexplained neurologic event, but no consensus for treatment exists
Aspirin therapy alone in low risk<unk> s
Warfarin with ASA (INR 2-3) in high-risk individuals
Indications:<unk>  more than 25 mm in size
Inadequate rim of tissue around defect
Percutaneous device failure
Advantages of surgical closure
Permanent closure of defect
Prevents future paradoxical emboli
No need for long-term anticoagulation
Percutaneous closure
Emergency therapeutic option<unk>  more than 25 mm in size
Inadequate rim of tissue around defect
Percutaneous device failure
Permanent closure of defect
Prevents future paradoxical emboli
No need for long-term anticoagulation
Emergency therapeutic option
Patent foramen ovale
Intrapericardial foreign body
Left ventricular aneurysm
Systemic venous embolism
Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm
Right heart and pulmonary artery embolism
Anomalous coronary arteries
Pulmonary vein embolism