Mechanism not fully understood
Thought to optimize use of carbohydrates for fuel by cardiac myocytes and modulate intracellular calcium
Improves cardiac output by increasing stroke volume
Thought to optimize use of carbohydrates for fuel by cardiac myocytes and modulate intracellular calcium
Improves cardiac output by increasing stroke volume
High dose insulin therapy
Opioid free regimens
Metformin
GLP-1 agonists
Glyburide
DPP-4 inhibitors
Pioglitazone
Urinary alkalinization