Avoid negative inotropes such as beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers
Afterload reduction is controversial and in decompensated AS should only be conducted in a monitored setting
Consider cardiology consult
AS + A-fib = emergency
Consider emergent cardioversion
Pulmonary edema
Diuretics, NIV, and intubation if necessary
Etomidate is the induction agent of choice
Extreme caution with use of nitrates/vasodilators (preload reducers)
Blood transfusions may cause flash pulmonary edema
Fluid administration takes precedence over worsening pulmonary edema in order to increase preload in patients who are hypotensive
Vasopressors
Phenylephrine is the vasopressor of choice
Increase in afterload  and diastolic blood pressure increases perfusion of coronary arteries
Reflex bradycardia may also be beneficial
Norepinephrine is a reasonable choice
Avoid epinephrine as beta-1 agonism may increase tachycardia and myocardial perfusion demand
In critical<unk> es, particularly in those unstable to undergo emergent surgery, balloon<unk>  valvuloplasty may be an option as bridge to AVR or palliative care in nonsurgical candidates
Consider cardiology consult
Consider emergent cardioversion
Diuretics, NIV, and intubation if necessary
Etomidate is the induction agent of choice
Extreme caution with use of nitrates/vasodilators (preload reducers)
Blood transfusions may cause flash pulmonary edema
Fluid administration takes precedence over worsening pulmonary edema in order to increase preload in patients who are hypotensive
Etomidate is the induction agent of choice
Phenylephrine is the vasopressor of choice
Increase in afterload  and diastolic blood pressure increases perfusion of coronary arteries
Reflex bradycardia may also be beneficial
Norepinephrine is a reasonable choice
Avoid epinephrine as beta-1 agonism may increase tachycardia and myocardial perfusion demand
Increase in afterload  and diastolic blood pressure increases perfusion of coronary arteries
Reflex bradycardia may also be beneficial
Aortic stenosis
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Left atrial enlargement
Stone heart