Often due to valve failure, rupture, or a new defect.
Often due to mitral or aortic valve rupture causing severe regurgitation
Focus on after-load reduction
Often requires intubation with failure either due to CHF or Pneumonia
Multi-lobar pneumonia suggests a tricuspid or pulmonary valve lesion with emboli to lungs
Endocarditis
Critical
Myocarditis
Sepsis
Myocarditis 
PNA with respiratory failure
Constrictive pericarditis
Peritonitis