The cycle of<unk>  abuse and addiction often arises with the first time administration of<unk> s in the ED for a variety of medical complaints. Limiting this exposure is one of the ways providers can help combat this epidemic
A better understanding of underlying pain mechanisms will also likely result in overall improvement in pain management and satisfaction
Opioid free regimens
General psychiatric approach
Opioids
Antipsychotics
Benzodiazepines
High dose insulin therapy
Proton-pump inhibitor
ICU sedation