Urine
Prostate exam
Urinalysis, urine sodium, urine creatinine, urine urea
ECG (hyperkalemia)
Chronic renal failure features
Anemia, thrombocytopenia
Iron studies with low Fe, low TIBC, low iron saturation, normal ferritin
Secondary rise in PTH, high phos, low calcium
Anemia, thrombocytopenia
Iron studies with low Fe, low TIBC, low iron saturation, normal ferritin
Secondary rise in PTH, high phos, low calcium
CXR
Evidence of volume overload, pneumonia
US: renal/bladder
Test of choice in setting of acute renal failure
Bladder size (post-void)
Hydronephrosis
IVC collapsibility (prerenal)
CT
Useful to determine cause of post renal failure (identification of abdominal masses etc.)
Should generally not be used with IV contrast due to potential risk for CIN
Indicated if hydronephrosis found on ultrasound in order to define the location of obstruction
Evidence of volume overload, pneumonia
Test of choice in setting of acute renal failure
Bladder size (post-void)
Hydronephrosis
IVC collapsibility (prerenal)
Useful to determine cause of post renal failure (identification of abdominal masses etc.)
Should generally not be used with IV contrast due to potential risk for CIN
Indicated if hydronephrosis found on ultrasound in order to define the location of obstruction
<1%
< 2% for neonates
>1%
> 2.5% for neonates
>1%
Hyaline casts
Acute glomerulonephritis: RBCs, casts
Acute tubular necrosis: protein, tubular epithelial cells
Interstitial nephritis: eosinophils
^ (urine sodium/plasma sodium) / (urine creatinine / serum creatinine)
Acute kidney injury
Acute hepatic failure
Acute urinary retention
Tumor lysis syndrome
Hepatorenal syndrome
Adrenal crisis
Renal infarction
Diabetes insipidus