Stinger contains a retroserrate barb and venom glands located on the tail.
There are two phases to injury.
Phase one is d/t the traumatic injury from the barb, which can inflict injury to vital organs (e.g. Steve Irwin)
Phase two is d/t heat-labile venom release, which causes vasospasm with possible limb ischemia, cardiotoxicity, seizure, and/or death.
Generally causes local symptoms without systemic effects
Often occurs when swimmers accidentally step on<unk>  in shallow water. Can be avoided by shuffling feet along bottom.
Phase one is d/t the traumatic injury from the barb, which can inflict injury to vital organs (e.g. Steve Irwin)
Phase two is d/t heat-labile venom release, which causes vasospasm with possible limb ischemia, cardiotoxicity, seizure, and/or death.
Stingray injury
Toxins
Fishhook injury
Ciguatera
Lisfranc injury
Scombroid
Dental avulsion
Tetrodotoxin 