Mainly consist of cutaneous and ocular symptoms secondary to the inflammation reactions from migration of the larvae or death of the larvae
Pruritis
Onchodermatitis - pruritic cutaneous nodules (may be acute or chronic)
Elephant skin - skin thickening
Lizard skin - skin atrophy and wrinkling
Leopard skin - areas of depigmentation
Localized punctate keratitis that can become sclerosing keratitis → opacification of the cornea
Thought to be caused by migration of the microfilariae to the corneal surface
Some evidence exists to suggest that the ocular manifestations are from the immune response to Wolbachia (an endosymbiant to Onchocera)
Thought to be caused by migration of the microfilariae to the corneal surface
Some evidence exists to suggest that the ocular manifestations are from the immune response to Wolbachia (an endosymbiant to Onchocera)
Onchocerciasis
Papules
Tungiasis
Insect bites
Leishmaniasis
Scabies
Dracunculiasis
Seabather's eruption