Mix<unk>  1%/epinephrine with sodium bicarbonate 8.4% in 3:1 ratio results in significantly less painful injections.  
Shorter shelf-life due to decreased stability (use within 2 hours in the Vent A study)
Warming local anesthetics also decreases pain of injection 
Inject through wound edges whenever possible
Avoid injecting through intact skin when possible
Shorter shelf-life due to decreased stability (use within 2 hours in the Vent A study)
Avoid injecting through intact skin when possible
Lidocaine
Quinidine
Prilocaine
Flecainide
Procainamide
Lofexidine
Propafenone
Ibutilide