Upper extremity
Ulnar
Cause of Injury:  Elbow injury.
Sensory changes in the 5th and medial half of 4th digits, weak wrist flexors,  “claw hand”
Radial
Cause of Injury: Distal humeral shaft fracture, anterior shoulder dislocation, supra-condylar fracture, Radial neuropathy at the spiral groove, Posterior interosseous neuropathy
“Wrist drop,” weakness of finger extensors. +/- sensory loss over the dorsum of the hand, weak thumb adduction
Median, distal
Cause of Injury: Wrist dislocation, laceration, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Weak flexion of radial half of digits and thumb, loss of abduction and opposition of thumb. Ape hand deformity, benediction sign. Loss of sensation of lateral three and one-half digits and nail beds
Median, proximal
Cause of Injury:  Supracondylar humeral fracture, Pronator teres syndrome, Anterior interosseous neuropathy, tight cast
See Median, distal above, loss of forearm pronation, loss of radial half digits and thumb flexion
Musculocutaneous
Cause of Injury: Anterior shoulder dislocation, entrapment due to hypertrophy
Elbow flexion and supination weakness, radial forearm sensory deficits
Axillary
Cause of Injury: Anterior shoulder dislocation, inferior shoulder dislocation, proximal humerus fracture
Weak arm abduction (from 15 to 90 degrees), weak shoulder flexion, extension and rotation of shoulder, loss of sensation of upper lateral arm
Suprascapular
Cause of Injury: Paralabral cyst, bone/soft tissue tumor, Scapular fracture, traction injury, Parsonage-Turner syndrome
Weak arm abduction to 90 degrees, weak shoulder flexion to 30 degrees, weak internal rotation
Lower extremity
Femoral
Cause of Injury: Pubic rami fracture, pelvic fractures
Weak knee extension, anterior knee sensory deficits
Obturator
Cause of Injury:  Obturator ring fracture, obturator<unk>  entrapment
Weak hip adduction, medial thigh sensory deficit
Posterior tibial
Cause of Injury:  Knee dislocation
Weak toe flexion, plantar foot sensory deficit
Superficial peroneal
Cause of Injury:  Fibular neck fracture, knee dislocation
Weak ankle eversion, lateral dorsal foot sensory deficits
Deep peroneal
Cause of Injury:  Fibular neck fracture, compartment syndrome
Sensory deficit at dorsal 1st web space, weak ankle and toe dorsiflexion
Sciatic
Cause of Injury:  Posterior hip dislocation
Lower leg weakness, foot drop, leg sensory deficits
Superior gluteal
Cause of Injury: Acetabular pelvic fracture
Trendelenburg’s gait, Trendelenburg’s sign
Inferior gluteal
Cause of Injury: Acetabular pelvic fracture, s/p hip replacement
Abnormal gait, gluteus maximus weakness resulting in gluteus maximus lurch
Ulnar
Cause of Injury:  Elbow injury.
Sensory changes in the 5th and medial half of 4th digits, weak wrist flexors,  “claw hand”
Radial
Cause of Injury: Distal humeral shaft fracture, anterior shoulder dislocation, supra-condylar fracture, Radial neuropathy at the spiral groove, Posterior interosseous neuropathy
“Wrist drop,” weakness of finger extensors. +/- sensory loss over the dorsum of the hand, weak thumb adduction
Median, distal
Cause of Injury: Wrist dislocation, laceration, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Weak flexion of radial half of digits and thumb, loss of abduction and opposition of thumb. Ape hand deformity, benediction sign. Loss of sensation of lateral three and one-half digits and nail beds
Median, proximal
Cause of Injury:  Supracondylar humeral fracture, Pronator teres syndrome, Anterior interosseous neuropathy, tight cast
See Median, distal above, loss of forearm pronation, loss of radial half digits and thumb flexion
Musculocutaneous
Cause of Injury: Anterior shoulder dislocation, entrapment due to hypertrophy
Elbow flexion and supination weakness, radial forearm sensory deficits
Axillary
Cause of Injury: Anterior shoulder dislocation, inferior shoulder dislocation, proximal humerus fracture
Weak arm abduction (from 15 to 90 degrees), weak shoulder flexion, extension and rotation of shoulder, loss of sensation of upper lateral arm
Suprascapular
Cause of Injury: Paralabral cyst, bone/soft tissue tumor, Scapular fracture, traction injury, Parsonage-Turner syndrome
Weak arm abduction to 90 degrees, weak shoulder flexion to 30 degrees, weak internal rotation
Cause of Injury:  Elbow injury.
Sensory changes in the 5th and medial half of 4th digits, weak wrist flexors,  “claw hand”
Cause of Injury: Distal humeral shaft fracture, anterior shoulder dislocation, supra-condylar fracture, Radial neuropathy at the spiral groove, Posterior interosseous neuropathy
“Wrist drop,” weakness of finger extensors. +/- sensory loss over the dorsum of the hand, weak thumb adduction
Cause of Injury: Wrist dislocation, laceration, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Weak flexion of radial half of digits and thumb, loss of abduction and opposition of thumb. Ape hand deformity, benediction sign. Loss of sensation of lateral three and one-half digits and nail beds
Cause of Injury:  Supracondylar humeral fracture, Pronator teres syndrome, Anterior interosseous neuropathy, tight cast
See Median, distal above, loss of forearm pronation, loss of radial half digits and thumb flexion
Cause of Injury: Anterior shoulder dislocation, entrapment due to hypertrophy
Elbow flexion and supination weakness, radial forearm sensory deficits
Cause of Injury: Anterior shoulder dislocation, inferior shoulder dislocation, proximal humerus fracture
Weak arm abduction (from 15 to 90 degrees), weak shoulder flexion, extension and rotation of shoulder, loss of sensation of upper lateral arm
Cause of Injury: Paralabral cyst, bone/soft tissue tumor, Scapular fracture, traction injury, Parsonage-Turner syndrome
Weak arm abduction to 90 degrees, weak shoulder flexion to 30 degrees, weak internal rotation
Femoral
Cause of Injury: Pubic rami fracture, pelvic fractures
Weak knee extension, anterior knee sensory deficits
Obturator
Cause of Injury:  Obturator ring fracture, obturator<unk>  entrapment
Weak hip adduction, medial thigh sensory deficit
Posterior tibial
Cause of Injury:  Knee dislocation
Weak toe flexion, plantar foot sensory deficit
Superficial peroneal
Cause of Injury:  Fibular neck fracture, knee dislocation
Weak ankle eversion, lateral dorsal foot sensory deficits
Deep peroneal
Cause of Injury:  Fibular neck fracture, compartment syndrome
Sensory deficit at dorsal 1st web space, weak ankle and toe dorsiflexion
Sciatic
Cause of Injury:  Posterior hip dislocation
Lower leg weakness, foot drop, leg sensory deficits
Superior gluteal
Cause of Injury: Acetabular pelvic fracture
Trendelenburg’s gait, Trendelenburg’s sign
Inferior gluteal
Cause of Injury: Acetabular pelvic fracture, s/p hip replacement
Abnormal gait, gluteus maximus weakness resulting in gluteus maximus lurch
Cause of Injury: Pubic rami fracture, pelvic fractures
Weak knee extension, anterior knee sensory deficits
Cause of Injury:  Obturator ring fracture, obturator<unk>  entrapment
Weak hip adduction, medial thigh sensory deficit
Cause of Injury:  Knee dislocation
Weak toe flexion, plantar foot sensory deficit
Cause of Injury:  Fibular neck fracture, knee dislocation
Weak ankle eversion, lateral dorsal foot sensory deficits
Cause of Injury:  Fibular neck fracture, compartment syndrome
Sensory deficit at dorsal 1st web space, weak ankle and toe dorsiflexion
Cause of Injury:  Posterior hip dislocation
Lower leg weakness, foot drop, leg sensory deficits
Cause of Injury: Acetabular pelvic fracture
Trendelenburg’s gait, Trendelenburg’s sign
Cause of Injury: Acetabular pelvic fracture, s/p hip replacement
Abnormal gait, gluteus maximus weakness resulting in gluteus maximus lurch
Peripheral nerve syndromes
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Epidural compression syndromes
Pronator teres syndrome
Hand and finger tendon injuries
Anterior interosseous neuropathy
Long thoracic neuropathy
Ulnar neuropathy