Mechanism of action is poorly understood.
Despite availability of newer drugs,<unk>  remains most effective treatment for bipolar disorder, and it is still in use<unk>  initially distributes in extracellular fluid, then gradually redistributes to other areas including the brain (takes up to 24 hours after absorption)
95% renal excretion
NSAIDs, diuretics, ACE-inhibitors → ↑<unk>  serum concentration by ↓<unk>  excretion<unk>  rarely fatal (only 11 deaths out of 6815 reported toxic exposures in 2012)
NSAIDs, diuretics, ACE-inhibitors → ↑<unk>  serum concentration by ↓<unk>  excretion
Overdose
Renal failure
Volume depletion
Diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, decreased oral intake
Hyperthermia
Infection
CHF
Surgery
Cirrhosis
Diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, decreased oral intake
Lithium toxicity
Aluminum toxicity
Antipsychotic toxicity
Antimony toxicity
Gamma hydroxybutyrate withdrawal
Arsenic toxicity
Benzodiazepine toxicity
Barium toxicity