<unk>  comprises 3 similar clinical entities:
Nephrolithiasis
Ureterolithiasis
Cystolithiasis
Nephrolithiasis
Ureterolithiasis
Cystolithiasis
The most common cause is infection of residual bladder urine with urea-splitting organisms (Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus and Mycoplasma)
Irreversible renal damage can occur within 3 weeks in patients with a complete obstruction
Most have no rise in creatinine because unobstructed kidney functions at up to 185% of its baseline capacity
8-15% of kidney stones have urinary co-infection
Fever, pyuria >10 WBC/hpf, and peripheral WBC >11.3 (any one) best predictors of concomitant UTI
Fever, pyuria >10 WBC/hpf, and peripheral WBC >11.3 (any one) best predictors of concomitant UTI
Calcium (75%)
Hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia of malignancy, sarcoidosis, increased absorption, loop diuretics, IBD
Struvite (magnesium-ammonium-phosphate) (15%)
Proteus, klebsiella, pseudomonas, staph
Uric Acid (10%)
25% of patients with gout develop kidney stones
Hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia of malignancy, sarcoidosis, increased absorption, loop diuretics, IBD
Proteus, klebsiella, pseudomonas, staph
25% of patients with gout develop kidney stones
Urolithiasis
Nephrolithiasis is most common misdiagnosis given to patients with rupturing AAA
Pyelonephritis
Vascular
Acute cystitis
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Interstitial cystitis
Renal artery embolism