Onset typically abrupt within hours to few days after initial insult, but may present weeks after trauma
Symptoms due to arterialization of orbital veins
Pulsating exophthalmos/proptosis
Raised intraocular pressure
Eye pain (ocular and/or orbital), headache
Chemosis
Diplopia or blurry vision
CN VI palsy
Esotropia (eye moves inwards), diplopia
CNIII palsy
Exotropia (eye moves laterally)
Ptosis
Pupillary dilation
Bruit (over eye or head)
Esotropia (eye moves inwards), diplopia
Exotropia (eye moves laterally)
Ptosis
Pupillary dilation
Possible complications include:
Acute angle glaucoma, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment
Can lead to vision loss
ICH, SAH (if<unk>  drains into cortical veins)
Severe epistaxis
Can lead to vision loss
Carotid-cavernous fistula
Painful
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Caustic keratoconjunctivitis
Vitreous hemorrhage
Ocular foreign body
Carotid stenosis
Orbital trauma