<unk>  is naturally occurring β-ketone analog of amphetamine found in the leaves of the “khat” plant (Catha edulis) consumed recreationally in Arabian peninsula and northeast Africa
Methcathinone first synthesized in 1928
Sharp increase in exposures around 2007-2011 due to products sold as “bath salts” and labelled “not for human consumption”
Common<unk>  versions found today include mephedrone, methylone, MDPV, and many others
Bupropion is only<unk>  derivative used medically in the US and Europe
Thought to be similar to MOA of amphetamines and MDMA (increase of NE, dopamine and serotonin concentrations in synapses)
Inhibition of monoamine uptake transporters
Release of neurotransmitters from intracellular stores
Beta-ketone group decreases ability to penetrate BBB
Inhibition of monoamine uptake transporters
Release of neurotransmitters from intracellular stores
Cocaine
Amphetamines<unk><unk> s (khat)
Ketamine
Ecstasy (MDMA)<unk>  cannabinoids
Bath salts<unk><unk> s (khat)
Synthetic cathinone toxicity
Sympathomimetic toxicity
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor toxicity
Red, dry skin and absent bowel sounds favors anticholinergic toxicity
Marijuana toxicity
Encephalitis
Benzodiazepine toxicity
Head trauma