<unk>  between<unk>  and<unk>  sinus
Majority arise from trauma
Exact mechanism unclear/variable, may arise from small tear in internal<unk>  or branches due to basilar skull fracture (esp. through sphenoid), shear forces, or abrupt increases in intraluminal pressure when compressed due to neck flexion
May also occur spontaneously, due to aneurysms, thrombosis, or weakening in arterial wall
Risk factors include connective tissue disease e.g. Ehler's Danlos
Exact mechanism unclear/variable, may arise from small tear in internal<unk>  or branches due to basilar skull fracture (esp. through sphenoid), shear forces, or abrupt increases in intraluminal pressure when compressed due to neck flexion
Risk factors include connective tissue disease e.g. Ehler's Danlos
Carotid-cavernous fistula
Painful
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Caustic keratoconjunctivitis
Vitreous hemorrhage
Ocular foreign body
Carotid stenosis
Orbital trauma