Incidence may be as low as 1% or as high as 14%
Poorly understood, but may include:
PTX > 30% in size
PTX symptoms for prolonged time, >3 days
Type 2 DM
Consider using smaller bore chest tubes
Other strategies include applying water seal only or attaching only a Heimlich valve without suction
Reexpansion pulmonary edema
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure <18 mmHg differentiates noncardiogenic from cardiogenic pulmonary edema[2]
Immersion pulmonary edema
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Flash pulmonary edema
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Negative pressure pulmonary edema
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage