Average fluid deficit is 8-12L
50% should be replaced over the initial 12hr
May have to replace slower if patient has cardiac/renal impairment
Aggressiveness of fluid replacement must be weighed against the risk of cerebral edema, which increases with younger age
50% should be replaced over the initial 12hr
May have to replace slower if patient has cardiac/renal impairment
Aggressiveness of fluid replacement must be weighed against the risk of cerebral edema, which increases with younger age
Must treat aggressively
Once adequate urinary output has been established K+ replacement should begin
Do not start insulin until K > 3.3 and adequate urinary output has been established
Repletion will help correct hypokalemia
Routine correction unnecessary unless phos <1.0
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
Physiologic stress response 
Cerebral edema in DKA
Diabetes mellitus 
Nonketotic hyperglycemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 
Diabetic ketoacidosis 