A recent study being done at Maimonides hospital designed an 8 hour opioid<unk>  ED shift that resulted in over 80% pain satisfaction scores at 30 and 60 minutes and no opioids used during the shift with just one opioid prescription written
Weaknesses:
During above study, a challenge was managing staff that had little experience in using medications for off label uses.
Certain subsets of patients will have various contraindications that will need to be considered such as patients with cardiovascular disease and NSAIDs. Those contraindications will not be reviewed on this page.
Opioid free regimens
General psychiatric approach
Opioids
Antipsychotics
Benzodiazepines
High dose insulin therapy
Proton-pump inhibitor
ICU sedation