Immediate needle thoracostomy
14ga IV in midclavicular line just above the rib at the second intercostal space
Evidence suggests lowest failure rate of needle decompression is at the 4th/5th rib space along the anterior axillary line 
Always followed by Chest Tube placement
14ga IV in midclavicular line just above the rib at the second intercostal space
Evidence suggests lowest failure rate of needle decompression is at the 4th/5th rib space along the anterior axillary line 
Pediatric Chest Tube
Estimated as 4*ETT
ETT=(4+age/4)
ETT=(4+age/4)
Most spontaneous pneumothorax (primary and secondary)
Most iatrogenic pneumothorax
Alveolar-pleural fistulae (small air leak)
Iatrogenic air
Traumatic pneumothorax
Traumatic hemothorax ("any acute hemothorax visible on chest radiograph")
Pneumothorax on mechanical ventilation
Non-traumatic<unk> 
Malignant effusion
Trauma/bleeding (hemothorax/hemopneumothorax)
Bronchial-pleural fistulae (large air leak)
Malignant fluid
Empyema
Thick pus
Tension pneumothorax
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Catamenial pneumothorax
Chylothorax
Traumatic pneumothorax
Iatrogenic pneumothorax
Pneumopericardium