<unk>  is an epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid, which has similar choleretic effects and a wider species distribution. However, CDCA is not as well-tolerated in humans and it does not show immunomodulating or chemoprotective effects. Both are 7-hydroxyl derivatives of deoxycholic acid, but<unk>  has the group in the beta instead of the alpha orientation. Biosynthesis Among mammals, only bears (Ursidae; excluding giant pandas) produce<unk>  at useful amounts (>30%). It is produced in the bear liver, but the pathway remains unknown. Other vertebrates produce<unk>  in much smaller amounts by gut bacteria. CDCA is oxidized into 7-oxo-CDCA then reduced into<unk> . Industrial production<unk>  is most commonly produced from cholic acid (CA) derived from bovine bile, a by-product of the beef industry. The current yield of this semisynthesis is about 30%.
Ursodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Obeticholic acid
Rifaximin
Calcifediol
Sucralfate
Omega-3 carboxylic acids
Colestyramine