Fertility Between 5 and 10 percent of women with<unk>  may become pregnant with no treatment. As of 2016 no fertility treatment has been found to effectively increase fertility in women with<unk> , and the use of donor eggs with in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and adoption are a means of achieving parenthood for women with<unk> . Some women with<unk>  choose to live child-free. Researchers have investigated the use of a hormone called dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in women with<unk>  to increase spontaneous pregnancy rates. Results from studies on DHEA in 2010 indicated that DHEA may increase spontaneously conceived pregnancies, decrease spontaneous miscarriage rates and improve IVF success rates in women with<unk> . This includes women referred for donor eggs or surrogacy in 2009. In 2018, there was no significant improvement in<unk>  function by 12-month on DHEA supplementation in women with<unk> . Given the inconclusiveness of potential benefits and risks of testosterone and DHEA supplementation, longer-term, randomized studies are warranted for women and girls with<unk> .<unk>  tissue cryopreservation can be performed on prepubertal girls at risk for premature<unk>  failure, and this procedure is as feasible and safe as comparable operative procedures in children. In 2013, Kawamura in Japan and his collaborators at Stanford University published treatment of infertility of<unk>  patients by fragmenting ovaries followed by in vitro treatment of<unk>  fragments with phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activators to enhance the AKT pathway followed by autografting. They successfully promoted follicle growth, retrieved mature oocytes, and performed in vitro fertilization. Following embryo transfer, a healthy baby was delivered. A 2020 review covered variations including phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase activators to enhance the AKT pathway, fragmentation of<unk>  cortex, combining those two into in-vitro activation (IVA), and drug-free IVA. Two laparoscopies are needed in conventional IVA and one with drug-free IVA. Hormonal replacement Women with<unk>  can develop symptoms of estrogen deficiency, including vasomotor flushes and vaginal dryness that respond to physiologic replacement of hormones. Most authorities recommend that this hormone replacement continue until age 50 years, the normal age of menopause. The leading hormone replacement regimen recommended involves the administration of estradiol daily by either skin patch or vaginal ring. This approach reduces the risk of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis by avoiding the first pass effect on the liver that is induced by oral estrogen therapy. The transdermal estradiol patch also provides the replacement by steady infusion rather than by bolus when taking daily pills. Concerns of estrogen supplement are addressed in The US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010 provides guidance for safety of contraceptive methods and include guidance for conditions associated with increased risk of thrombosis such as postpartum, history of thrombosis, thrombogenic mutations, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, and hypertension. There is also an increased risk with valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathy. To avoid the development of endometrial cancer young women taking estradiol replacement need also to take a progestin in a regular cyclic fashion. The most evidence supports the use of medroxyprogesterone acetate per day for days one through 12 of each calendar month. This will induce regular and predictable menstrual cycles. It is important that women taking this regimen keep a menstrual calendar. If the next expected menses is late it is important to get a pregnancy test. It this is positive, the woman should stop taking the hormone replacement. Approximately 5 to 10% of women with confirmed<unk>  conceive a pregnancy after the diagnosis without medical intervention.
Primary ovarian insufficiency
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
Gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome
Androgen insufficiency syndrome
Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Anovulation
Lactational amenorrhea