Causes related to refractive errors<unk>  may be seen in the following conditions: * Hypermetropia: Young hypermetropes use<unk> ive accommodation as a physiological adaptation in the interest of clear vision. * Myopia: Young myopes performing<unk> ive near work may also use<unk> ive accommodation in association with<unk> ive convergence. * Astigmatism: Astigmatic eye may also be associated with<unk> . * Presbyopia: Early presbyopic eye may also induce<unk> ive accommodation. * Improper or ill fitting spectacles: Use of improper or ill fitting spectacles may also cause use of<unk> ive accommodation. Causes related to systemic drugs Use of systemic drugs like Morphine, Digitalis, Sulfonamides, Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause<unk> . Causes related to diseases *Unilateral<unk> ive accommodation-Trigeminal neuralgia, and head trauma may cause ciliary spasm and may cause<unk> . *Bilateral<unk> ive accommodation-Diseases like Encephalitis, Syphilis, Head trauma, Influenza, Meningitis may cause ciliary spasm and bilateral<unk> ive accommodation. Secondary to Convergence insufficiency<unk>  may occur secondary to convergence insufficiency also. In convergence insufficiency near point of convergence will recede, and positive fusional vergence (PFV) will reduce. So, the patient uses<unk> ive accommodation to stimulate<unk>  convergence to overcome reduced PFV.
Accommodative excess
Body substance isolation
Neglect
Social rejection
Aggression
Derealization
Foreclosure 
Overtraining