A<unk>  is a<unk>  (a set of signs and symptoms) that is the consequence of a tumor in the body (usually a cancerous one), specifically due to the production of chemical signaling molecules (such as hormones or cytokines) by tumor cells or by an immune response against the tumor. Unlike a mass effect, it is not due to the local presence of cancer cells.<unk> s are typical among middle-aged to older patients, and they most commonly present with cancers of the lung, breast, ovaries or lymphatic system (a lymphoma). Sometimes, the symptoms of<unk> s show before the diagnosis of a malignancy, which has been hypothesized to relate to the disease pathogenesis. In this paradigm, tumor cells express tissue-restricted antigens (e.g., neuronal proteins), triggering an anti-tumor immune response which may be partially or, rarely, completely effective in suppressing tumor growth and symptoms. Patients then come to clinical attention when this tumor immune response breaks immune tolerance and begins to attack the normal tissue expressing that (e.g., neuronal) protein. The abbreviation<unk>  is sometimes used for<unk> , although it is used more often to refer to the peripheral nervous system.
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Huntington's disease
Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
Hypothalamic disease
Postmenopausal confusion
Thyrotoxic myopathy
Lithium toxicity
Complications of diabetes