Symptoms of intergenerational<unk>  always begins with the survivor of a<unk> , which tend to manifest as symptoms of PTSD. Oftentimes<unk>  in the second generation is deemed as a<unk> tic response to parental<unk> . Transmission between the parent and child can be broken down into 5 measures: communication, conflict, family cohesion, parental warmth, and parental involvement. High levels of maternal stress were directly correlated with weak family functioning and indirectly correlated with deviant behavior among children. Common symptoms in children consisted of depression, antisocial behavior, delinquency, and disruptive behavior in school. Some children experienced direct transmission in which their<unk>  stemmed from the interactions and relationships with their parents, while others experienced indirect transmission in which their<unk>  was mainly rooted in guilt. Those who were affected through direct transmission were more likely to lash out through their actions, while those who were affected through indirect transmission were more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and guilt. Symptoms also differed based on ethnicity and type of original<unk> . Enslavement, genocide, domestic violence, sexual abuse, and extreme poverty are all common sources of<unk>  that lead to intergenerational<unk> . A lack of therapy also worsens symptoms and can lead to transmission. For instance, survivors of child sexual abuse may negatively influence future generations due to their past unresolved<unk> . This can lead to increased feelings of mistrust, isolation, and loneliness. Descendants of slaves when faced with racism-motivated violence, microaggressions, or outward racism, react as if they were faced with the original<unk>  that was generationally transmitted to them. There are a variety of stressors in one's life that led to this PTSD-like reaction such as varying racist experiences, daily stressors, major race-related life events, or collective racism or<unk> s. This also presents itself in parenting styles. Goodman and West-Olatunji proposed potential<unk>  in the aftermath of natural disasters. In a post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans, residents have seen a dramatic increase in interpersonal violence with higher mortality rates. This phenomenon has been also been reported in the descendants of Indigenous students at residential schools, who were removed from their parents and extended family and lacked models for parenting as a result. Being punished for speaking their native language and forbidden from practicing traditional rituals had a<unk> tic effect on many students, and child abuse was rampant in the schools as well. Symptoms of<unk>  have in recent years been identified among Black Americans, in relation to the effects of slavery and racial discrimination. This passing of<unk>  can be rooted from the family unit itself, or found in society via current discrimination and oppression. The<unk> tic event does not need to be individually experienced by all members of a family; the lasting effects can still remain and impact descendants from external factors. For example, Black children's internalization of others' reactions to their skin color manifests as a form of lasting<unk>  originally experienced by their ancestors. This reaction to Black skin stems from similar attitudes that led to the<unk> tizing conditions and enslavement of slaves. Black children and youth are more susceptible to racial<unk>  because they have not yet acquired the knowledge to have a full understanding of racism and its effects. However, these<unk> tizing behaviors experienced at such a young age are a reflection of a child's parenting. A White child may learn racist behaviors from their environment, but by the same token a Black child can learn to assert their blackness and how to respond to racist remarks and actions from their parents. Traces of<unk>  have an impact on Black and other minority children's success in an educational context.<unk>  has also been heavily recorded in refugees and their children, which can last through several generations. Such<unk> s can stem from violence, political persecution, familial instability, as well as the hardships of migration.
Transgenerational trauma
Childhood trauma
Adverse childhood experiences
Domestic violence
Psychological trauma
Domestic violence against men
Sexual violence
Race-based traumatic stress