Parkinson's disease The mechanism of its antiparkinsonian effect is poorly understood.<unk>  is a weak antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, increases dopamine release, and blocks dopamine reuptake.<unk>  probably does not inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme. Moreover, the drug has many effects in the brain, including release of dopamine and norepinephrine from nerve endings. It appears to be an anticholinergic (specifically at alpha-7 nicotinic receptors) like the similar pharmaceutical memantine. In 2004, it was discovered that<unk>  and memantine bind to and act as agonists of the σ1 receptor (Ki = 7.44 μM and 2.60 μM, respectively), and that activation of the σ1 receptor is involved in the dopaminergic effects of<unk>  at therapeutically relevant concentrations. These findings may also extend to the other adamantanes such as adapromine, rimantadine, and bromantane, and could explain the psychostimulant-like effects of this family of compounds. Influenza Model of<unk>  (red) inhibiting influenza A M2 protein (blue). Model of viral replication. The mechanisms for<unk> 's antiviral and antiparkinsonian effects are unrelated.<unk>  targets the influenza A M2 ion channel protein. The M2 protein's function is to allow the intracellular virus to replicate (M2 also functions as a proton channel for hydrogen ions to cross into the vesicle), and exocytose newly formed viral proteins to the extracellular space (viral shedding). By blocking the M2 channel, the virus is unable to replicate because of impaired replication, protein synthesis, and exocytosis.<unk>  and rimantadine function in a mechanistically identical fashion, entering the barrel of the tetrameric M2 channel and blocking pore function—i.e., proton translocation. Resistance to the drug class is a consequence of mutations to the pore-lining amino acid residues of the channel, preventing both<unk>  and rimantadine from binding and inhibiting the channel in their usual way.
Amantadine
Rimantadine
Quifenadine
Alcaftadine
Umifenovir
Tecovirimat
Rupatadine
Inadine