Traditional practitioners use a wide variety of treatments ranging from standard medical treatments to the pseudoscientific and "magical". Treatments may include fasting, dieting, herbal therapies, bathing, massage, and surgical procedures. Examples of the pseudoscientific treatments include: * The use of "bleed-cupping" (also called "wet cupping"), followed by herbal ointment and herbal drugs to treat Migraines, coughs, abscesses, and pleurisy. * Some cultures rub hot herbal ointment across the patient's eyelids to treat headaches. * A steaming mixture of herbs is both consumed and inhaled in the treatment of Malaria. Fevers are often treated using a steam bath. * Vomiting induced by emetics is used to treat alcoholism. * The fat of a boa constrictor is used to treat gout and rheumatism, and is thought to relieve chest pain when applied topically. * Animals are also sometimes used to transfer the illness to afterward or for the manufacture of<unk> s for zootherapy. For example, the bones of baboons are used to treat arthritis. * The terpenoids of the blister beetle (Mylabris sp.) are rubbed into the skin as a treatment for skin diseases. Consensus between traders of the components of the medication used by practitioners of<unk>  regarding what should be used to treat different illnesses varies considerably, even within a small area such as the Faraday Street market in Johannesburg, South<unk>  However, approximately 60%-80% of the people in<unk> rely on traditional remedies to treat themselves for various diseases. A 2018 systematic review estimated that close to 60% of the general population in sub-Saharan<unk> regularly use traditional and complementary<unk>  products for themselves and to treat their animals for various diseases. Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone have recently been reported to use traditional<unk>  alone or together with conventional<unk> .<unk> l plants Prunus<unk> a with stripped bark. There are many plants in<unk> that can be used for<unk> l purposes and more than 4000 are used for this purpose in the tropical regions of<unk> <unk> l plants are used in the treatments of many diseases and illnesses, the uses and effects of which are of growing interest to Western societies. Not only are plants used and chosen for their healing abilities, but they also often have symbolic and spiritual significance. For example, leaves, seeds, and twigs that are white, black and red are seen as especially symbolic or magical and are believed to possess special properties. Preparing and drying out freshly dug traditional<unk> s (muti) One example of a<unk> l plant is Pygeum (), which has been used as a treatment for mild benign prostatic hyperplasia in Europe since the 1970s. Although used extensively in<unk>  there is insufficient evidence for its effectiveness in treating fever, inflammation, kidney disease, malaria, stomach aches and other conditions. In traditional<unk>  practice, the bark is made into tea, whereas elsewhere in the world it is found in powders, tinctures, and pills. A 2007 study investigated the effectiveness of 16 plants, growing in South<unk> s KwaZulu-Natal region, in lowering blood pressure "by acting as an ACE inhibitor." Of the 16 plants, only one (Tulbaghia violacea) showed promise. It then was tested on rats and "demonstrated hypotensive activity", i.e. reduction of blood pressure. The plants included in the study were: # Amaranthus dubius, a flowering plant, also known as spleen amaranth # Amaranthus hybridus, commonly known as smooth pig-weed or slim amaranth # Amaranthus spinosus, also known as spiny amaranth # Asystasia gangetica, an ornamental ground cover known as Chinese violet. # Centella asiatica, a small herbaceous annual plant commonly referred to as Asiatic pennywort # Ceratotheca triloba, a tall annual plant that flowers in summer sometimes referred to as poppy sue # Chenopodium album, also called lamb's quarters, this is a weedy annual plant # Emex australis, commonly known as southern three corner jack # Galinsoga parviflora, commonly referred to as gallant soldier # Justicia flava, also known as yellow justicia # Momordica balsamina, also known as the balsam apple # Oxygonum sinuatum, an invasive weed with no common name # Physalis viscosa, known as starhair ground cherry # Senna occidentalis, a very leafy tropical shrub, also called septic weed # Solanum nodiflorum, also known as white nightshade # Tulbaghia violacea,a bulbous plant with hairless leaves often referred to as society or wild garlic. A 2008 literature survey was made to assess the botanical knowledge and uses within traditional<unk>  in Southern<unk> for the genus Aloe within the family Asphodeloideae. Most common medical uses were for the treatment of "infections, internal parasites, digestive ailments and injuries." Socially the plants are used as ingredients in tobacco snuff. A 2014 literature survey found that at least 12 palm species in sub-Saharan<unk> are used in various ritual practices, including the use of palm oil in healing mixtures. In 2016 an in vitro study of the essential oil from Erigeron floribundus, used as a<unk> l plant in Cameroon, demonstrated good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, "cytotoxicity on colon carcinoma cells" and "ferric reducing antioxidant power." Among the constituents of the essential oil are spathulenol and limonene. As a result of a study conducted from 2011 to 2016, a traditional<unk>  from the tropical Olon tree, and another species of genus Zanthoxylum, was found to have synergistic compounds that kill both mosquitoes and their plasmodium parasites. A 2000 study of thirty-three species of plants, found in the Eastern Cape province of South<unk>  that are considered weeds, alien invaders or problem plants were investigated for their uses in traditional<unk> . The plants included: Anredera cordifolia leaves *Anredera cordifolia (). Swollen feet from poor circulation and/or liver and kidney problems are treated with a leaf poultice, while the sap is used to treat a rash caused by contact with dirty water. Cannabis Sativa plant * Araucaria bidwillii (). Grated bark mixed with water is consumed to treat amenorrhea caused by congenital problems, tuberculosis and malnutrition. * Bidens pilosa (). The water from the boiled roots is consumed to treat infertility in women. Bathing in water in which the leaves have been soaked is believed to protect one from evil spirits (), ill feeling, jealousy or animosity. Also used to treat diarrhoea, colic, rheumatism, syphilis, earache, constipation, intestinal worms, Malaria, ring worm, jaundice and coughs. Carduus tenuiflorus plant * Cannabis sativa (). Various parts of the plant are used to treat asthma, bronchitis, headache, epilepsy, pains, colds, influenza, labour pains, hypertension, diabetes, malaria, blackwater fever, blood-poisoning, anthrax, dysentery, tetanus, menstrual cramps and rabies. * Carduus tenuiflorus (). The patient is given an emetic and instructed to vomit onto the plant. The belief is that the plant will "suck out the cause of the illness." Datura stramonium plant * Datura stramonium (). The leaves are used to treat pain and swelling (including after a circumcision), boils and abscesses, measles, asthma and headaches, tetanus, foot ailments and respiratory conditions. Emex australis plant * Emex australis (). A decoction of the root is used to treat constipation, biliousness and other stomach complaints and to stimulate appetite. * Galenia secunda (). The roots are mixed with Emex australis, boiled and used to treat kidney pains in adults and colic in babies. Lantana camara plant * Lantana camara (). The roots are boiled and the liquid consumed for lower back or abdominal pain, or used as an enema to treat gonococcal infections and urinary tract infections. It is also used to treat coughs, colds, jaundice, rheumatism and as a contraceptive. * Opuntia ficus-indica (). A poultice of the cooked leaves is used to treat sores between toes and the fingers caused by fungal infections. The belief is that these sores are caused by "dirty blood" (). Rumex sagittatus plant * Rumex sagittatus (). A cold water infusion of the roots are used as a body wash as it is believed to cleanse the body of misfortunes and evil. Schinus molle plant * Schinus molle ( or ). Fever and influenza are treated by consuming a leaf decoction or steaming. A combination of leaves and bark is used to treat wounds. * Araujia sericifera (). It is used to treat , which is described by Ngubane as an extreme form of depression coupled with psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hysteria, violent outburst and suicide ideations. The roots are mixed with other medications to treat it. * Argemone mexicana (). This root decoction is mixed with the roots of the rubus pinnatus (iqunube) and is administered through the use of an enema to cure kidney pain. Spirituality Bedik diviner outside Iwol, southeast Senegal (West<unk> . He makes predictions base on the color of the organs of sacrificed chickens. Some healers may employ the use of charms, incantations, and the casting of spells in their treatments. For example, there is the belief among the Ibos of Nigeria that<unk>  men can implant something into a person from a distance to inflict sickness on them, in a process referred to asegba ogwu. To remove the malignant object, the intervention of a second<unk>  man is
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