Neural mechanisms The fearlessness theory of CU<unk>  suggests that low amounts of cortisol lead to underarousal, causing impairments in fear processing, a<unk> seen in CU individuals. Hypoactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in combination with CU<unk>  seem to cause antisocial behavior even without external hardships. Genetic Twin studies have found CU<unk>  to be highly heritable, and not significantly related to environmental factors such as socioeconomic status, school quality, or parent quality. Two twin studies suggested a significant genetic influence for CU, with an estimated average amount of variation (42.5%) in CU<unk>  accounted for by genetic effects. A substantial proportion of this genetic variation occurred independent of other dimensions of psychopathy. Children with conduct problems who also exhibit high levels of CU<unk>  reflect a particularly high heritability rate of 0.81, as reflected in longitudinal research. A study on a large group of children found more than 60% heritability for<unk><unk><unk>  and that conduct problems among children with these<unk>  had a higher heritability than among children without these<unk> . The study also found slight sex differences (boys 64%, girls 49%) in the affective-interpersonal factor. Similarly, the impulsive–antisocial factor was primarily influenced by genetic factors (boys 46%; girls 58%) Maltreatment and parenting play a role in the development of antisocial behavior, and studies have been shown to prove this. While<unk><unk><unk>  are rooted in genetics, environmental triggers are an important contributing factor for the development of antisocial behaviour in children with the genetic propensity.
Callous and unemotional traits
Psychological resistance
Sense of impending doom
Ideas and delusions of reference
Emotional lability
Musical anhedonia
Anti-mask sentiment
Global perceptions of autism