Symptoms * dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing). * difficulty in chewing. * nasal regurgitation. * difficulty in handling secretions, including aspiration of liquids. *difficulty breathing (airway obstruction). * dysphonia (defective use of the voice, inability to produce sound due to laryngeal weakness). * dysarthria (difficulty in articulating words due to a CNS problem), such as slurred speech. Signs * flaccid paralysis, such as soft palate weakness (examined by asking the patient to say aah). *muscle atrophy, such as tongue atrophy with fasciculations. *nasal speech lacking in modulation and difficulty with all consonants. * drooling of saliva. * normal or absent jaw jerk. * reduced or absent gag reflex. In addition, there may be lower motor neuron lesions of the limbs. The ocular muscles are spared and this differentiates it from myasthenia gravis.
Bulbar palsy
Pseudobulbar palsy
Trigeminal trophic syndrome
Cerebellopontine angle syndrome
Central facial palsy
Todd's paresis
Trigeminal autonomic cephalgia
Facial nerve paralysis