For patients with<unk>  type 1 and<unk>  type 2A, desmopressin is available as different preparations, recommended for use in cases of minor trauma, or in preparation for dental or minor surgical procedures. Desmopressin stimulates the release of VWF from the Weibel–Palade bodies of endothelial cells, thereby increasing the levels of VWF (as well as coagulant factor VIII) three- to five-fold. Desmopressin is also available as a preparation for intranasal administration (Stimate) and as a preparation for intravenous administration. Desmopressin is contraindicated in<unk>  type 2b because of the risk of aggravated thrombocytopenia and thrombotic complications. Desmopressin is probably not effective in<unk>  type 2M and is rarely effective in<unk>  type 2N. It is totally ineffective in<unk>  type 3. For women with heavy menstrual bleeding, estrogen-containing oral contraceptive medications are effective in reducing the frequency and duration of the menstrual periods. Estrogen and progesterone compounds available for use in the correction of menorrhagia are ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel (Levona, Nordette, Lutera, Trivora). Administration of ethinylestradiol diminishes the secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary, leading to stabilization of the endometrial surface of the uterus. Desmopressin is a synthetic analog of the natural antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. Its overuse can lead to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia with consequent convulsion. For patients with<unk>  scheduled for surgery and cases of<unk><unk>  complicated by clinically significant hemorrhage, human-derived medium purity factor VIII concentrates, which also contain<unk><unk>  factors, are available for prophylaxis and treatment. Humate P, Alphanate, Wilate and Koate HP are commercially available for prophylaxis and treatment of<unk> . Monoclonally purified factor VIII concentrates and recombinant factor VIII concentrates contain insignificant quantity of VWF, so are not clinically useful. Development of alloantibodies occurs in 10-15% of patients receiving human-derived medium-purity factor VIII concentrates and the risk of allergic reactions including anaphylaxis must be considered when administering these preparations. Administration of the latter is also associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolic complications. Blood transfusions are given as needed to correct anemia and hypotension secondary to hypovolemia. Infusion of platelet concentrates is recommended for correction of hemorrhage associated with platelet-type<unk> .<unk> icog alfa is a recombinant<unk><unk>  factor that was approved for use in the United States in December 2015, and for use in the European Union in August 2018.
Von Willebrand disease
Quebec platelet disorder
Harris platelet syndrome
Acquired haemophilia
Bernard–Soulier syndrome
Haemophilia
Gray platelet syndrome
Congenital afibrinogenemia