Mitochondrial DNA which is transmitted from the mother, encodes proteins that are critical to the respiratory chain required to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Deletions or mutations to segments of mtDNA lead to defective function of oxidative phosphorylation. This may be made evident in highly oxidative tissues like skeletal muscle and heart tissue. However, extraocular muscles contain a volume of mitochondria that is several times greater than any other muscle group. As such, this results in the preferential ocular symptoms of<unk> . Multiple mtDNA abnormalities exist which cause<unk> . One mutation is located in a conserved region of mitochondrial tRNA at nucleotide 3243 in which there is an A to G nucleotide transition. This mutation is associated with both<unk>  and Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). A common deletion found in one-third of<unk>  patients is a 4,977 base pair segment found between a 13 base pair repeat. The mtDNA that is affected maybe a single or multiple point deletion, with associated nuclear DNA deletions. One study showed that mtDNA deletion seen in<unk>  patients also had an associated nuclear DNA deletion of the Twinkle gene which encodes specific mitochondrial protein; Twinkle. Whether a tissue is affected is correlated with the amount of oxidative demands in relation to the amount of mtDNA deletion.In most cases, PEO occurs due to a sporadic deletion or duplication within the mitochondrial DNA. However, transmission from the mother to the progeny appears only in few cases. Both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance can occur, autosomal recessive inheritance being more severe. Dominant and recessive forms of PEO can be caused by genetic mutations in the ANT1, POLG, POLG2 and PEO1 genes.
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy
Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy
Positional alcohol nystagmus
Ocular myasthenia
Central facial palsy
Progressive bulbar palsy
Corneal-cerebellar syndrome