A CT scan shows a solid mass in the pelvis in stage I without yet established blood vessels and septa The preliminary diagnosis begins with a pelvic examination, serum<unk> marker test and imaging. Physicians may feel a large palpable mass or lump in lower abdomen upon insertion of the gloved fingers into the vagina. To further identify the histologic subtypes of OGMTs, blood samples of patients are collected to analyse the serum level of biomarkers released by the<unk> unk> s. A surge in the plasma levels of human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein is indicative of OGMTs. Lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and cancer antigen 125 might potentially increase as well. To visualize the location and morphology of the<unk>  transvaginal ultrasonography is usually employed. The most characteristic appearance is a parenchymal-like heteroechoic mass with sharp borders and high vascularization. Computed tomography would produce stacked image inside the peritoneal region of the body to visualise the lobular pattern of the tumour. Usually for dysgerminoma, solid mass being compartmentalized into lobules with enhancing septa may be evident for haemorrhage or necrosis. Preoperative procedures In accordance with FIGO staging guidelines, comprehensive surgical staging will be conducted to examine the extent of<unk> spread via peritoneal regions or lymph drainages. 28% of stage II patients will be found with the development of secondary malignant growths at lymph nodes with a distance from a primary site of cancer, called lymph node metastasis. There are three major lymphatic drainage pathways: # drainage to the paraaortic lymph nodes via<unk>  veins # drainage from broad ligament to the iliac lymph nodes # drainage from round ligament to the inguinal lymph nodes Palpation or biopsies of unilateral pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes will be conducted as a preoperative step to deduce the prognosis of the tumour and lymphatic spread Peritoneal biopsies and omentectomy will also be employed to evaluate the extent of tumour content spillage or implantation in peritoneal cavity.<unk> unk> s may shed off from the original site into the peritoneal cavity and implant onto the liver capsule surface or diaphragm. They may clog up inside the lymphatic vessel around the diaphragm and prevent resorption of peritoneal fluid. In the end, pericardiophrenic lymphadenopathy and ascites may result from this frank invasion.
Ovarian germ cell tumors
Ovarian fibroma
Ovarian mucinous tumor
Ovarian serous cystadenoma
Germ cell tumor
Gonadoblastoma
Mixed Müllerian tumor
Follicular cyst of ovary