Treatment is often dependent on the duration and severity of the pain and<unk> . In the acute phase (first 1–2 weeks) for a mild sprain of the<unk> , it is typical for the patient to be prescribed rest, ice/heat, and physical therapy; anti-inflammatory medicine can also be helpful. If the pain does not resolve in the first 1–2 weeks, then the patient may benefit from a steroid and anesthetic mixture fluoroscopically injected into the<unk>  (this also serves in confirming diagnosis), as well as manipulative or manual therapy. For the most severe and chronic forms of<unk><unk> , treatment should proceed with the support of a<unk>  belt, injection therapy, and finally, surgery. The anti-inflammatory effect of injection therapy is not permanent, and the injections do not offer an opportunity to stabilize an incompetent<unk> . Surgery is often considered a last resort, but for some patients, it is the only method of effectively stabilizing the loose<unk> . A fixation of the<unk>  (screws or similar hardware only, without the use of bone grafting) is more common than a spinal fusion, as it is much less invasive, surgically straightforward, and results in a quicker recovery time for the patient. Some experts in the field believe that it is important to make sure the<unk><unk>  is in an anatomically correct position prior to fixation or fusion, but published research contradicts this belief. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections have shown positive results as a treatment for<unk> , with randomized trials & case reports showing them to be more effective over periods of 3 months than steroid injections. Studies have also shown PRP injections into the<unk><unk>  are able to provide complete relief of symptoms, lasting as long as 4 years. Dextrose prolotherapy injections performed either intraarticularly or into the dorsal<unk>  ligaments is sometimes performed as an alternative treatment option. This is a controversial therapy but it does have research evidence to support its use. Kim et al in 2010 published a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of intraarticular prolotherapy injections versus intraarticular steroid injections in proven<unk><unk>  pain. The two interventions were equal in the short term at 3 months, but the prolotherapy group had superior pain relief at the 15 month mark at the end of follow up. This type of trial is considered high level evidence in medical circles. Hoffman et al in 2018 published a prospective cohort study with positive results in the treatment of those with<unk> .
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
Radicular pain
Pelvic girdle pain
Jaw claudication
Back pain
Tendinopathy
Low back pain
Xiphodynia