212x212px To assess an<unk> , a careful skin exam is performed to ensure there is no open fracture. Then a complete neurological exam of the upper limb should be documented. Frontal and lateral X-ray views of the elbow are typically done to investigate the possibility of an<unk> . A true lateral x-ray is essential to determine the fracture pattern, degree of displacement, comminution, and the degree of articular involvement. Classifications There are several classifications that describe different forms of<unk> s, yet none of them have gained widespread acceptance: Mayo classification Based on the stability, the displacement and the comminution of the fracture. It is composed of three types, and each type is divided in two subtypes: subtype A (non-comminuted) and subtype B (comminuted). * Type I: Non-displaced fracture – It can be either non-comminuted ones (Type IA) or comminuted (Type IB). * Type II: Displaced, stable fractures – In this pattern, the proximal fracture fragment is displaced more than 3 mm, but the collateral ligaments are intact. That is why there is no elbow instability. It can be either non-comminuted ones (Type IIA) or comminuted (Type IIB). * Type III: Displaced unstable fracture – In this case, the fracture fragments are displaced and the forearm is unstable in relation to the humerus. It is a fracture -dislocation. It also may be either non-comminuted (Type IIIA) or comminuted (Type IIIB). AO classification This classification incorporates all fractures of the proximal ulna and radius into one group, subdivided into three patterns: * Type A: Extra-articular fractures of the metadiaphysis of either the radius or the ulna * Type B: Intra-articular fractures of either the radius or ulna * Type C: Complex fractures of both the proximal radius and ulna Colton Classification * Type I - Nondisplaced - Displacement does not increase with elbow flexion * Type II - Avulsion (displaced) * Type III - Oblique and Transverse (displaced) * Type IV - Comminuted (displaced) * Type V - Fracture dislocation Schatzker Classification * Type A - Simple transverse fracture * Type B - Transverse impacted fracture * Type C - Oblique fracture * Type D - Communuted fracture * Type E - More distal fracture, extra-articular * Type F - Fracture-dislocation
Olecranon fracture
Pilon fracture
Zygoma fracture
Bosworth fracture
Crus fracture
Hyoid bone fracture
Monteggia fracture
Spiral fracture