<unk>  is an antigen that can be found between the icosahedral nucleocapsid core and the lipid envelope (the outer most layer of the hepatitis b virus). However,<unk>  is considered "nonparticulate" or "secretory". While both<unk>  and<unk>  are made from the same reading frame (multiple protein products can be produced from the same DNA sequence and when the genes "ORF Core" and "Pre C" are translated together, the result is<unk> ,<unk>  is secreted and accumulates in serum as an immunologically distinct soluble antigen. Hence the reason why the presence of both proteins together acts as a marker of viral replication, and why antibodies to these antigens are a marker of declining replication. The presence of<unk>  in the serum of patients can serve as a marker of active replication in chronic hepatitis.
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