Although there are numerous causes of<unk> , there are some fundamental measures that promote quality sleep as suggested by organizations such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institute of Health, the National Institute of Aging, and the American Academy of Family Physicians. The key is to implement healthier sleep habits, also known as sleep hygiene. Sleep hygiene recommendations include setting a fixed sleep schedule, taking naps with caution, maintaining a sleep environment that promotes sleep (cool temperature, limited exposure to light and noise, comfortable mattress and pillows), exercising daily, avoiding alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals in the evening, winding down and avoiding electronic use or physical activities close to bedtime, and getting out of bed if unable to fall asleep. For long term involuntary<unk> , cognitive behavioral therapy for Insomnia (CBT-i) is commonly recommended as a first-line treatment, after exclusion of physical diagnosis (f.e. sleep apnea). CBT-i contains five different components: cognitive therapy, stimulus control, sleep restriction, sleep hygiene, and relaxation. These components together have shown to be effective in adults, with clinical meaningful effect sizes. As this approach has minimal adverse effects, and long-term benefits, it is often preferred to (chronic) drug therapy. There are several strategies that help increase alertness and counteract the effects of<unk> . Caffeine is often used over short periods to boost wakefulness when acute<unk>  is experienced; however, caffeine is less effective if taken routinely. Other strategies recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine include prophylactic sleep before<unk> , naps, other stimulants, and combinations thereof. However, the only sure and safe way to combat<unk>  is to increase nightly sleep time.
Sleep deprivation
Sleep hygiene
Shift work sleep disorder
Nicotine withdrawal
Narcolepsy
Central sleep apnea
Sleep apnea
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder