<unk> , a tropane alkaloid, is an enantiomeric mixture of d-hyoscyamine and l-hyoscyamine, with most of its physiological effects due to l-hyoscyamine. Its pharmacological effects are due to binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It is an antimuscarinic agent. Significant levels are achieved in the CNS within 30 minutes to 1 hour and disappears rapidly from the blood with a half-life of 2 hours. About 60% is excreted unchanged in the urine, most of the rest appears in urine as hydrolysis and conjugation products. Noratropine (24%),<unk> -N-oxide (15%),<unk>  (2%) and tropic acid (3%) appear to be the major metabolites, while 50% of the administered dose is excreted as apparently unchanged<unk> . No conjugates were detectable. Evidence that<unk>  is present as (+)-hyoscyamine was found, suggesting that stereoselective metabolism of<unk>  probably occurs. Effects on the iris and ciliary muscle may persist for longer than 72 hours. The most common<unk>  compound used in medicine is<unk>  sulfate (monohydrate) ()2·H2SO4·H2O, the full chemical name is 1α H, 5α H-Tropan-3-α ol (±)-tropate(ester), sulfate monohydrate.
Atropine
Neostigmine
Physostigmine
Suxamethonium chloride
Pyridostigmine
Tripelennamine
Ephedrine
Gantacurium chloride