Patients are seen with a cyanotic discoloration of the shoulder skin and neck and face, jugular distention, bulging of the eyeballs, and swelling of the tongue and lips. The latter two are resultants of edema, caused by excessive blood accumulating the veins of the head and neck and venous stasis.
Traumatic asphyxia
Neonatal stroke
Positional asphyxia
Closed-head injury
Polytrauma
Neonatal meningitis
Penetrating head injury
Neonatal sepsis