Diagnostic workup varies by the stone type, but in general: * Clinical history and physical examination * Imaging studies * Some stone types (mainly those with substantial calcium content) can be detected on X-ray and CT scan * Many stone types can be detected by ultrasound * Factors contributing to stone formation (as in #Etiology) are often tested: * Laboratory testing can give levels of relevant substances in blood or urine * Some stones can be directly recovered (at surgery, or when they leave the body spontaneously) and sent to a laboratory for analysis of content
Calculus 
Ossification
Enema
Cholesterol crystal
Granulation tissue
Neoplasm
Fibrocartilage callus
Granulation