mg capsules of<unk> carbonate.<unk> is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of bipolar disorder, which is its primary use. It is sometimes used when other treatments are not effective in a number of other conditions, including major depression, schizophrenia, disorders of impulse control, and some psychiatric disorders in children. Because the FDA has not approved<unk> for the treatment of other disorders, such use is off-label. In mood disorders, of which bipolar disorder is one, it decreases the risk of suicide. This benefit is not seen with other medications. Bipolar disorder<unk> is primarily used as a maintenance drug in the treatment of bipolar disorder to stabilize mood and prevent manic episodes, but it may also be helpful in the acute treatment of manic episodes.<unk> carbonate treatment was previously considered to be unsuitable for children; however, more recent studies show its effectiveness for treatment of early-onset bipolar disorder in children as young as eight. The required dosage is slightly less than the toxic level (representing a low therapeutic index), requiring close monitoring of blood levels of<unk> carbonate during treatment. A limited amount of evidence suggests<unk> carbonate may contribute to treatment of substance use disorders for some people with bipolar disorder. Schizophrenic disorders<unk> is recommended for the treatment of schizophrenic disorders only after other antipsychotics have failed; it has limited effectiveness when used alone. The results of different clinical studies of the efficacy of combining<unk> with antipsychotic therapy for treating schizophrenic disorders have varied. Major depressive disorder<unk> is widely prescribed as a treatment for depression. Augmentation If therapy with antidepressants does not fully treat the symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) then a second augmentation agent is sometimes added to the therapy.<unk> is one of the few augmentation agents for antidepressants to demonstrate efficacy in treating MDD in multiple randomized controlled trials and it has been prescribed (off-label) for this purpose since the 1980s. Monotherapy There are a few old studies indicating efficacy of<unk> for acute depression with<unk> having the same efficacy as tricyclic antidepressants. A recent study concluded that<unk> works best on chronic and recurrent depression when compared to modern antidepressant (i.e. citalopram) but not for patients with no history of depression. Prevention of suicide<unk> is efficacious in preventing suicidal behavior for people having psychiatric disorders as well as remitted patients. Monitoring Those who use<unk> should receive regular serum level tests and should monitor thyroid and kidney function for abnormalities, as it interferes with the regulation of sodium and water levels in the body, and can cause dehydration. Dehydration, which is compounded by heat, can result in increasing<unk> levels. The dehydration is due to<unk> inhibition of the action of antidiuretic hormone, which normally enables the kidney to reabsorb water from urine. This causes an inability to concentrate urine, leading to consequent loss of body water and thirst.<unk> concentrations in whole blood, plasma, serum or urine may be measured using instrumental techniques as a guide to therapy, to confirm the diagnosis in potential poisoning victims or to assist in the forensic investigation in a case of fatal overdosage. Serum<unk> concentrations are usually in the range of 0.5–1.3 mmol/L (0.5–1.3 mEq/L) in well-controlled people, but may increase to 1.8–2.5 mmol/L in those who accumulate the drug over time and to 3–10 mmol/L in acute overdose.<unk> salts have a narrow therapeutic/toxic ratio, so should not be prescribed unless facilities for monitoring plasma concentrations are available. Doses are adjusted to achieve plasma concentrations of 0.4 to 1.2 mmol /L on samples taken 12 hours after the preceding dose. Given the rates of thyroid dysfunction, thyroid parameters should be checked before<unk> is instituted and monitored after 3–6 months and then every 6–12 months. Given the risks of kidney malfunction, serum creatinine and eGFR should be checked before<unk> is instituted and monitored after 3–6 months at regular interval. Patients who have a rise in creatinine on three or more occasions, even if their eGFR is > 60 ml/min/ 1.73m2 require further evaluation, including a urinalysis for haematuria, proteinuria, a review of their medical history with attention paid to cardiovascular, urological and medication history, and blood pressure control and management. Overt proteinuria should be further quantified with a urine protein to creatinine ratio. Discontinuation For patients who have achieved long term remission, it is recommended to discontinue<unk> gradually and in a controlled fashion. Cluster headaches, migraine and hypnic headache Studies testing prophylactic use of<unk> in cluster headaches (when compared to verapamil), migraine attacks and hypnic headache indicate good efficacy.
Lithium 
Chlortalidone
Methylphenidate
Sertraline
Citalopram
Paliperidone
Loprazolam
Dexmethylphenidate