Medication-induced +Medication related causes of<unk>  Category Examples Antipsychotics Haloperidol, amisulpride, risperidone, aripiprazole, lurasidone, ziprasidone SSRIs Fluoxetine, paroxetine, citalopram, sertraline Antidepressants Venlafaxine, tricyclics, trazodone, and mirtazapine Antiemetics Metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, and promethazine Drug withdrawal Antipsychotic withdrawal Serotonin syndrome Harmful combinations of psychotropic drugs Medication-induced<unk>  is termed acute<unk>  and is frequently associated with the use of antipsychotics. Antipsychotics block dopamine receptors, but the pathophysiology is poorly understood. Additionally, drugs with successful therapeutic effects in the treatment of medication-induced<unk>  have provided additional insight into the involvement of other transmitter systems. These include benzodiazepines, β-adrenergic blockers, and serotonin antagonists. Another major cause of the syndrome is the withdrawal observed in drug-dependent individuals. Since dopamine deficiency (or disruptions in dopamine signalling) appears to play an important role in the development of RLS, a form of<unk>  focused in the legs, the sudden withdrawal or rapidly decreased dosage of drugs which increase dopamine signalling may create similar deficits of the chemical which mimic dopamine antagonism and thus can precipitate RLS. This is why sudden cessation of opioids, cocaine, serotonergics, and other euphoria-inducing substances commonly produce RLS as a side-effect.<unk>  involves increased levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which is associated with mechanisms that regulate aggression, alertness, and arousal. It has been correlated with Parkinson's disease and related syndromes, and descriptions of<unk>  predate the existence of pharmacologic agents.<unk>  can be miscoded in side effect reports from antidepressant clinical trials as "agitation, emotional lability, and hyperkinesis (overactivity)"; misdiagnosis of<unk>  as simple motor restlessness occurred, but was more properly classed as dyskinesia.
Akathisia
Restless legs syndrome
Tardive dyskinesia
Paroxysmal dyskinesia
Dystonia
Pseudoathetosis
Anxiety
Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia