<unk>  is used in counselling, psychotherapy, and other mental health disciplines as well as many other professions engaged in working with people.<unk>  may be applied as well to practitioners in somatic disciplines for their preparatory work for patients as well as collateral with patients.<unk>  is a replacement instead of formal retrospective inspection, delivering evidence about the skills of the supervised practitioners. It consists of the practitioner meeting regularly with another professional, not necessarily more senior, but normally with training in the skills of<unk> , to discuss casework and other professional issues in a structured way. This is often known as<unk>  or counselling<unk>  (consultation differs in being optional advice from someone without a supervisor's formal authority). The purpose is to assist the practitioner to learn from his or her experience and progress in expertise, as well as to ensure good service to the client or patient. Learning shall be applied to planning work as well as to diagnostic work and therapeutic work. Milne (2007) defined<unk>  as: "The formal provision, by approved supervisors, of a relationship-based education and training that is work-focused and which manages, supports, develops and evaluates the work of colleague/s. The main methods that supervisors use are corrective feedback on the supervisee’s performance, teaching, and collaborative goal-setting. It therefore differs from related activities, such as mentoring and coaching, by incorporating an evaluative component.<unk> ’s objectives are “normative” (e.g. quality control), “restorative” (e.g. encourage emotional processing) and “formative” (e.g. maintaining and facilitating supervisees’ competence, capability and general effectiveness). Some practitioners (e.g. art, music and drama therapists, chaplains, psychologists, and mental health occupational therapists) have used this practice for many years. In other disciplines the practice may be a new concept. For NHS nurses, the use of<unk>  is expected as part of good practice. In a randomly controlled trial in Australia, White and Winstanley looked at the relationships between<unk> , quality of nursing care and patient outcomes, and found that<unk>  had sustainable beneficial effects for supervisors and supervisees. Waskett believes that maintaining the practice of<unk>  always requires managerial and systemic backing, and has examined the practicalities of introducing and embedding<unk>  into large organisations such as NHS Trusts (2009, 2010).
Clinical supervision
Cultural competency training
Parent management training
Supplemental nursing system
Peer support
Electronic prescribing
Assertive community treatment
Prescription monitoring program