Eighty percent of<unk> s of pancreatitis are<unk> d by alcohol or gallstones. Gallstones are the single most common<unk>  of acute pancreatitis. Alcohol is the single most common<unk>  of chronic pancreatitis. Triglyceride levels greater than 1000 mg/dL (11.29 mmol/L) is another<unk> . Medications There are seven classes of medications associated with acute pancreatitis: statins, ACE inhibitors, oral contraceptives/hormone replacement therapy (HRT), diuretics, antiretroviral therapy, valproic acid, and oral hypoglycemic agents. Mechanisms of these drugs<unk> ng pancreatitis are not known exactly, but it is possible that statins have direct toxic effect on the pancreas or through the long-term accumulation of toxic metabolites. Meanwhile, ACE inhibitors<unk>  angioedema of the pancreas through the accumulation of bradykinin. Birth control pills and HRT<unk>  arterial thrombosis of the pancreas through the accumulation of fat (hypertriglyceridemia). Diuretics such as furosemide have a direct toxic effect on the pancreas. Meanwhile, thiazide diuretics<unk>  hypertriglyceridemia and hypercalcemia, where the latter is the risk factor for pancreatic stones. HIV infection itself can<unk>  a person to be more likely to get pancreatitis. Meanwhile, antiretroviral drugs may<unk>  metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia, which predisposes to pancreatitis. Valproic acid may have direct toxic effect on the pancreas. There are various oral hypoglycemic agents that contributes to pancreatitis including metformin. But, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is more strongly associated with pancreatitis by promoting inflammation. Atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine can also<unk>  pancreatitis. Infection A number of infectious agents have been recognized as<unk> s of pancreatitis including: * Viruses * Coxsackie virus * Cytomegalovirus * Hepatitis B * Herpes simplex virus * Mumps * Varicella-zoster virus * Bacteria * Legionella * Leptospira * Mycoplasma * Salmonella * Fungi * Aspergillus * Parasites * Ascaris * Cryptosporidium * Toxoplasma Other Other common<unk> s include trauma, autoimmune disease, high blood calcium, hypothermia, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Pancreas divisum is a common congenital malformation of the pancreas that may underlie some recurrent<unk> s. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is associated with a 2.8-fold higher risk. Less common<unk> s include pancreatic cancer, pancreatic duct stones, vasculitis (inflammation of the small blood vessels in the pancreas), and porphyria—particularly acute intermittent porphyria and erythropoietic protoporphyria. There is an inherited form that results in the activation of trypsinogen within the pancreas, leading to autodigestion. Involved genes may include trypsin 1, which codes for trypsinogen, SPINK1, which codes for a trypsin inhibitor, or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. The mnemonic GETSMASHED is often used to remember the common<unk> s of pancreatitis: G—gallstones, E—ethanol, T—trauma, S—steroids, M—mumps, A—autoimmune pancreatitis, S—scorpion sting, H—hyperlipidemia, hypothermia, hyperparathyroidism, E—endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, D—drugs (commonly azathioprine, valproic acid, liraglutide).
medical cause of Peritonitis
complications of Peritonitis
medical cause of Ascites
medical cause of Abdominal pain
complications of Ascites
medical cause of Bowel obstruction
medical cause of Pancreatitis
medical cause of Hematochezia