There are several types of<unk>  methods; method selection depends on the condition that is being studied. Disease Tissue sampled Sampling procedure Invasiveness Substance isolated Isolation and detection method Analysis Refs Cancer (various) Blood Phlebotomy Minimally invasive Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) Various (e.g. CellSearch, RosetteStep, Dynabeads) Flow cytometry, nucleic acid extraction, immunocytochemistry, functional assays Cancer (various) Blood Phlebotomy Minimally invasive Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) DNA extraction Next-generation sequencing Urothelial carcinoma Urine Urine collection Non-invasive Urinary tumor DNA (utDNA) DNA extraction Next-generation sequencing Non-urological cancers Urine Urine collection Non-invasive Urine proteins, metabolites HPLC-MS Proteomics, metabolomics Heart attack Blood Phlebotomy Minimally invasive Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) Various (e.g. CellSearch, HD-CEC) Flow cytometry Neurological diseases Cerebrospinal fluid Lumbar puncture Invasive CSF proteins, nucleid acids Various ELISA, multiplex assay, next-generation sequencing Prenatal diagnosis Blood (maternal) Phlebotomy Minimally invasive Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) DNA extraction Karyotyping, fluorescent in situ hybridization Prenatal diagnosis Blood (maternal) Phlebotomy Minimally invasive Fetal cells in maternal blood (FCMB) Flow cytometry Karyotyping, fluorescent in situ hybridization Prenatal diagnosis Blood (umbilical cord) Cordocentesis Invasive Umbilical blood cells and molecules Various Karyotyping, blood typing, blood tests, Kleihauer–Betke test, flow cytometry Prenatal diagnosis Amniotic fluid Amniocentesis Invasive Amniotic fluid cells and molecules Various Karyotyping, blood typing, L/S ratio, S/A ratio A wide variety of biomarkers may be studied to detect or monitor other diseases. For example, isolation of protoporphyrin IX from blood samples can be used as a diagnostic tool for atherosclerosis. Cancer biomarkers in the blood include PSA (prostate cancer), CA19-9 (pancreatic cancer) and CA-125 (ovarian cancer).
Liquid biopsy
Liquid-based cytology
OpenEMR
Needle-localized biopsy
Radiomics
FNA Mapping
Biopsy
Papanicolaou stain