Cobb angle measurement of a<unk>  People who initially present with<unk>  undergo a physical examination to determine whether the deformity has an underlying cause and to exclude the possibility of the underlying condition more serious than simple<unk> . The person's gait is assessed, with an exam for signs of other abnormalities (e.g., spina bifida as evidenced by a dimple, hairy patch, lipoma, or hemangioma). A thorough neurological examination is also performed, the skin for café au lait spots, indicative of neurofibromatosis, the feet for cavovarus deformity, abdominal reflexes and muscle tone for spasticity. When a person can cooperate, he or she is asked to bend forward as far as possible. This is known as the Adams forward bend test and is often performed on school students. If a prominence is noted, then<unk>  is a possibility and an X-ray may be done to confirm the diagnosis. As an alternative, a scoliometer may be used to diagnose the condition. When<unk>  is suspected, weight-bearing, full-spine AP/coronal (front-back view) and lateral/sagittal (side view) X-rays are usually taken to assess the<unk>  curves and the kyphosis and lordosis, as these can also be affected in individuals with<unk> . Full-length standing spine X-rays are the standard method for evaluating the severity and progression of<unk> , and whether it is congenital or idiopathic in nature. In growing individuals, serial radiographs are obtained at 3- to 12-month intervals to follow curve progression, and, in some instances, MRI investigation is warranted to look at the spinal cord. The standard method for assessing the curvature quantitatively is measuring the Cobb angle, which is the angle between two lines, drawn perpendicular to the upper endplate of the uppermost vertebra involved and the lower endplate of the lowest vertebra involved. For people with two curves, Cobb angles are followed for both curves. In some people, lateral-bending X-rays are obtained to assess the flexibility of the curves or the primary and compensatory curves. Congenital and idiopathic<unk>  that develops before the age of 10 is referred to as early-onset<unk> . Progressive idiopathic early-onset<unk>  can be a life-threatening condition with negative effects on pulmonary function.<unk>  that develops after 10 is referred to as adolescent idiopathic<unk> . Screening adolescents without symptoms for<unk>  is of unclear benefit. Definition<unk>  is defined as a three-dimensional deviation in the axis of a person's spine. Most instances, including The<unk>  Research Society, define<unk>  as a Cobb angle of more than 10° to the right or left as the examiner faces the person, i.e. in the coronal plane.<unk>  has been described as a biomechanical deformity, the progression of which depends on asymmetric forces otherwise known as the Hueter-Volkmann Law.
Scoliosis
Poliosis
Kyphoscoliosis
Hip dysplasia
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
Tooth ankylosis
Back strain
Metaphyseal dysplasia