<unk>  is a protein hormone that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid oxidation.<unk>  is secreted from adipose tissue (and also from the placenta in pregnancy) into the bloodstream and is very abundant in plasma relative to many hormones. High<unk>  levels correlate with a lower risk of diabetes mellitus type 2. Plasma levels of<unk>  are lower in obese subjects than in lean subjects. Many studies have found<unk>  to be inversely correlated with body mass index in patient populations. However, a meta analysis was not able to confirm this association in healthy adults. Circulating<unk>  concentrations increase during caloric restriction in animals and humans, such as in patients with anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, a recent study suggests that adipose tissue within bone marrow, which increases during caloric restriction, contributes to elevated circulating<unk>  in this context. Transgenic mice with increased<unk>  show reduced adipocyte differentiation and increased energy expenditure associated with mitochondrial uncoupling. The hormone plays a role in the suppression of the metabolic derangements that may result in type 2 diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome.<unk>  in combination with leptin has been shown to completely reverse insulin resistance in mice.<unk>  enhances insulin sensitivity primarily though regulation of fatty acid oxidation and suppression of hepatic glucose production .<unk>  is secreted into the bloodstream where it accounts for approximately 0.01% of all plasma protein at around 5-10 μg/mL (mg/L). In adults, plasma concentrations are higher in females than males, and are reduced in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Weight reduction significantly increases circulating concentrations.<unk>  automatically self-associates into larger structures. Initially, three<unk>  molecules bind together to form a homotrimer. The trimers continue to self-associate and form hexamers or dodecamers. Like the plasma concentration, the relative levels of the higher-order structures are sexually dimorphic, where females have increased proportions of the high-molecular weight forms. Recent studies showed that the high-molecular weight form may be the most biologically active form regarding glucose homeostasis. High-molecular-weight<unk>  was further found to be associated with a lower risk of diabetes with similar magnitude of association as total<unk> . However, coronary artery disease has been found to be positively associated with high molecular weight<unk> , but not with low molecular weight<unk> .<unk>  exerts some of its weight reduction effects via the brain. This is similar to the action of leptin;<unk>  and leptin can act synergistically.<unk>  promoted synaptic and memory function in the brain. Humans with lower levels of<unk>  have reduced cognitive function.
Adiponectin
Leptin
Orexin
Modulin
Thyroglobulin
Progerin
Haptocorrin
Prorenin