Bones are constantly attempting to remodel and repair themselves, especially during a sport where extraordinary<unk>  is applied to the bone. Over time, if enough<unk>  is placed on the bone that it exhausts the capacity of the bone to remodel, a weakened site—a<unk> —may appear on the bone. The fracture does not appear suddenly. It occurs from repeated traumas, none of which is sufficient to cause a sudden break, but which, when added together, overwhelm the osteoblasts that remodel the bone. Potential causes include overload caused by muscle contraction, amenorrhea, an altered<unk>  distribution in the bone accompanying muscle fatigue, a change in ground reaction force (concrete to grass) or the performance of a rhythmically repetitive<unk>  that leads up to a vibratory summation point.<unk> s commonly occur in sedentary people who suddenly undertake a burst of exercise (whose bones are not used to the task) They may also occur in athletes completing high volume, high impact training, such as running or jumping sports.<unk> s are also commonly reported in soldiers who march long distances. Muscle fatigue can also play a role in the occurrence of<unk> s. In a runner, each stride normally exerts large forces at various points in the legs. Each shock—a rapid acceleration and energy transfer—must be absorbed. Muscles and bones serve as shock absorbers. However, the muscles, usually those in the lower leg, become fatigued after running a long distance and lose their ability to absorb shock. As the bones now experience larger<unk> es, this increases the risk of fracture. Previous<unk> s have been identified as a risk factor. Along with history of<unk> s, a narrow tibial shaft, high degree of hip external rotation, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and pes cavus are common predisposing factors for<unk> s Common causes in sport that result in<unk> s include * Over training * Going back to competition too soon after an injury or illness * Going from one event to another without proper training for the second event * Starting initial training too quickly * Changing habits or the environment like training surface or shoes
Stress fracture
Shin splints
Ankle fracture
Pseudofracture
Hume fracture
Avulsion fracture
Colles' fracture
Nutcracker fracture