2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile is the active agent in CS<unk> .<unk>  generally consists of aerosolized solid or liquid compounds (bromoacetone or xylyl bromide), not<unk> .<unk>  works by irritating mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. It causes crying, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, pain in the eyes, and temporary blindness. With CS<unk> , symptoms of irritation typically appear after 20 to 60 seconds of exposure and commonly resolve within 30 minutes of leaving (or being removed from) the area. Risks As with all non-lethal or less-lethal weapons, there is a risk of serious permanent injury or death when<unk>  is used. This includes risks from being hit by<unk>  cartridges that may cause severe bruising, loss of eyesight, or skull fracture, resulting in immediate death. A case of serious vascular injury from<unk>  shells has also been reported from Iran, with high rates of associated nerve injury (44%) and amputation (17%), as well as instances of head injuries in young people. Novel findings suggest that menstrual changes are one of the most commonly reported health issues in women. While the medical consequences of the<unk> es themselves are typically limited to minor skin inflammation, delayed complications are also possible. People with pre-existing respiratory conditions such as asthma are particularly at risk. They are likely to need medical attention and may sometimes require hospitalization or even ventilation support. Skin exposure to CS may cause chemical burns or induce allergic contact dermatitis. When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed, eye injuries involving scarring of the cornea can lead to a permanent loss in visual acuity. Frequent or high levels of exposure carry increased risks of respiratory illness. In the 2019–20 Chilean protests various people have suffered complete and permanent loss of vision in one or both eyes as result of the impact of<unk>  grenades. The majority (2116; 93.8%) of protestors who reported exposure to<unk>  during the 2020 protests in Portland, Oregon (USA) reported physical (2114; 93.7%) or psychological (1635; 72.4%) health issues experienced immediately after (2105; 93.3%) or days following (1944; 86.1%) the exposure. The majority (1233; 54.6%) of respondents who reported exposure to<unk>  during the 2020 protests in Portland, Oregon (USA) have also reported receiving or planning to seek medical or mental healthcare for their<unk> -related health issues. It has been shown that health issues associated with the exposure to<unk>  are often require medical attention. Site of Action TRPA1 ion channels expressed on nociceptors have been implicated as the site of action for CS<unk> , CR<unk> , CN<unk>  (phenacyl chloride) and bromoacetone in rodent models.
Tear gas
Mustard gas
Bottled gas
Air bronchogram
Mydicar
Pustular bacterid
Wheeze
Transudate