<unk>  <unk>  is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "The sum of activity and interventions required to ensure the best possible physical, mental, and social conditions so that patients with chronic or post-acute cardiovascular disease may, by their own efforts, preserve or resume their proper place in society and lead an active life".<unk>  is a comprehensive model of care including established core components, including structured exercise, patient education, psychosocial counselling, risk factor reduction and behaviour modification, with a goal of optimizing patient's quality of life while helping to reduce the risk of future heart problems. Cardiac or cardiopulmonary<unk>  can benefit patients with a variety of illnesses including those recovering from Covid-19 and patients who were previously on a ventilator. After prolonged time on a ventilator, patients often experience a reduction in lung function and strength of breathing muscles, so it’s important to begin conditioning exercises as early as possible to prevent further deconditionin.<unk>  is delivered by a multi-disciplinary team, often headed by a physician such as a cardiologist. Nurses support patients in reducing medical risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. Physiotherapists or other exercise professionals develop an individualized and structured exercise plan, including resistance training. A dietitian helps<unk> eate a healthy eating plan. A social worker or psychologist may help patients to alleviate stress and address any identified psychological conditions; for tobacco users, they can offer counseling or recommend other proven treatments to support patients in their efforts to quit. Support for return-to-work can also be provided.<unk>  programs are very patient-centered. Based on the benefits summarized below,<unk>  programs are recommended by the American Heart Association / American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology, among other associations. Patients typically enter<unk>  in the weeks following an acute coronary event such as a myocardial infarction (heart attack), with a diagnosis of heart failure, or following percutaneous coronary intervention (such as coronary stent placement), coronary artery bypass surgery, a valve procedure, or insertion of a rhythm device (e.g., pacemaker, implantable cardioverter defibrillator).<unk>  services can be provided in hospital, in an outpatient setting such as a community center, or remotely at home using the phone and other technologies. Regarding<unk>  services at home and the technology used, recently, wrist-worn tracking devices such as the Apple Watch are becoming more integrated into healthcare. Based on a study that monitored the accuracy of mobile health technology, such as the Apple Watch, during home-based exercise in<unk>  programs it was determined that patients can have their heart rate monitored and measured with clinically acceptable accuracy during exercise with these devices.
Cardiac rehabilitation
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Graded exercise therapy
Percutaneous coronary intervention
Cardiac resynchronization therapy
Coronary stent
Transmyocardial revascularization
Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery