<unk>  is usually caused by antipsychotic drug use, and a wide range of drugs can result in<unk> . Individuals using butyrophenones (such as haloperidol and droperidol) or phenothiazines (such as promethazine and chlorpromazine) are reported to be at greatest risk. However, various atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone have also been implicated in cases.<unk>  may also occur in people taking dopaminergic drugs (such as levodopa) for Parkinson's disease, most often when the drug dosage is abruptly reduced. In addition, other drugs with anti-dopaminergic activity, such as the antiemetic metoclopramide, can induce<unk> . Tetracyclics with anti-dopaminergic activity have been linked to<unk>  in case reports, such as the amoxapines. Additionally, desipramine, dothiepin, phenelzine, tetrabenazine, and reserpine have been known to trigger<unk> . Whether lithium can cause<unk>  is unclear. However, concomitant use of lithium is associated with a higher risk of<unk>  when the patient starts on a<unk>  drug e.g. anti-psychotics. At the molecular level,<unk>  is caused by a sudden, marked reduction in dopamine activity, either from withdrawal of dopaminergic agents or from blockade of dopamine receptors. Risk factors One of the clearest risk factors in the development of<unk>  is the course of drug therapy chosen to treat a condition. Use of high-potency<unk> s, a rapid increase in the dosage of<unk> s, and use of long-acting forms of<unk> s are all known to increase the risk of developing<unk> . It has been purported that there is a genetic risk factor for<unk> , since identical twins have both presented with<unk>  in one case, and a mother and two of her daughters have presented with<unk>  in another case. Demographically, it appears that males, especially those under forty, are at greatest risk for developing<unk> , although it is unclear if the increased incidence is a result of greater<unk>  use in men under forty. It has also been suggested that postpartum women may be at a greater risk for<unk> . An important risk factor for this condition is Lewy body dementia. These patients are extremely sensitive to<unk> s. As a result,<unk> s should be used cautiously in all cases of dementia.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Malignant hyperthermia
Limbic encephalitis
Catatonia
Viral encephalitis
Serotonin syndrome
Oculogyric crisis
Heat stroke