For most of the past century patients with tubal infertility due to<unk>  underwent tubal corrective surgery to open up the distally occluded end of the tubes (salpingostomy) and remove adhesions (adhesiolysis). Unfortunately, pregnancy rates tended to be low as the infection process often had permanently damaged the tubes, and in many cases<unk> es and adhesions formed again. Further, ectopic pregnancy is a typical complication. Surgical interventions can be done by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Non-infertile patients who suffer from severe chronic pain due to<unk>  formation that is not relieved by pain management may consider surgical removal of the affected tubes (salpingectomy) or even a hysterectomy with removal of the tubes, possibly ovaries. IVF Among the main causes for female infertility, tubal factors account for 25-35%. In particular,<unk>  is found in 10-30% of couples with infertility; actually, this condition may impair fertility and IVF outcomes. With the advent of IVF which bypasses the need for tubal function a more successful treatment approach has become available for women who want to conceive. IVF has now become the major treatment for women with<unk>  to achieve a pregnancy. Several studies have shown that IVF patients with untreated<unk>  have lower conception rates than controls and it has been speculated that the tubal fluid that enters the endometrial cavity alters the local environment or affects the embryo in a detrimental way. Indeed, the presence of<unk>  prior to IVF treatments, negatively affects pregnancy rates and increases the risk for spontaneous miscarriage. Even if the exact mechanism remains unclear, these effects could be ascribed to a combination of mechanical effects of<unk>  fluid, toxic effects on the embryo and altered endometrial receptivity Thus, many specialists advocate that prior to an IVF attempt, the<unk>  should be removed. However, the benefits seem to be higher when the<unk>  is bilateral, visible on ultrasound, or both. Salpingectomy removes the chronically infected<unk> , decreasing the risk of infection after oocyte retrieval and increasing the accessibility to the ovary; anyway, it is a surgical procedure and it could also affect the ovarian blood flow.
Hydrosalpinx
Hematosalpinx
Hydrocolpos
Spermatocele
Cystocele
Theca lutein cyst
Paraovarian cyst
Hematocele