There is no specific pathological testing or technique available for the diagnosis of the<unk> , although the International Study Group criteria for the<unk>  are highly sensitive and specific, involving clinical criteria and a pathergy test.<unk>  has a high degree of resemblance to<unk> s that cause mucocutaneous lesions such as Herpes simplex labialis, and therefore clinical suspicion should be maintained until all the common causes of oral lesions are ruled out from the differential diagnosis. Visual acuity, or color vision loss with concurrent mucocutaneous lesions or systemic<unk>  symptoms should raise suspicion of optic nerve involvement in<unk>  and prompt a work-up for<unk>  if not previously diagnosed in addition to an ocular work-up. Diagnosis of<unk>  is based on clinical findings including oral and genital ulcers, skin lesions such as erythema nodosum, acne, or folliculitis, ocular inflammatory findings and a pathergy reaction. Inflammatory markers such ESR, and CRP may be elevated. A complete ophthalmic examination may include a slit lamp examination, optical coherence tomography to detect nerve loss, visual field examinations, fundoscopic examination to assess optic disc atrophy and retinal<unk> , fundoscopic angiography, and visual evoked potentials, which may demonstrate increased latency. Optic nerve enhancement may be identified on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in some patients with acute optic neuropathy. However, a normal study does not rule out optic neuropathy. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may demonstrate elevated protein level with or without pleocytosis. Imaging including angiography may be indicated to identify dural venous sinus thrombosis as a cause of intracranial hypertension and optic atrophy. Diagnostic guidelines Magnetic resonance venogram demonstrating occlusion of the left sigmoid and transverse sinuses According to the International Study Group guidelines, for a patient to be diagnosed with<unk> , the patient must have oral (aphthous) ulcers (any shape, size, or number at least 3 times in any 12 months period) along with 2 out of the following 4 "hallmark" symptoms: * eye inflammation (iritis, uveitis, retinal vasculitis, cells in the vitreous) * genital ulcers (including anal ulcers and spots in the genital region and swollen testicles or epididymitis in men) * pathergy reaction (papule >2 mm dia. 24–48 hrs or more after needle-prick). The pathergy test has a specificity of 95 percent to 100 percent, but the results are often negative in American and European patients * skin lesions (papulo-pustules, folliculitis, erythema nodosum, acne in post-adolescents not on corticosteroids) Despite the inclusive criteria set forth by the International Study Group, there are cases where not all the criteria can be met and therefore a diagnosis cannot readily be made. There is however a set of clinical findings that a physician can rely upon in making a tentative diagnosis of the<unk> ; essentially<unk>  does not always follow the International Study Group guidelines and so a high degree of suspicion for a patient who presents having any number of the following findings is necessary: * arthritis/arthralgia * cardio-vascular problems of an inflammatory origin * changes of personality, psychoses * deep vein thrombosis * epididymitis * extreme exhaustion - chronic fatigue * inflammatory problems in chest and lungs * mouth ulcers * nervous system symptoms * problems with hearing or balance * stomach or bowel inflammation * superficial thrombophlebitis * any other members of the family with a diagnosis of<unk> .
Behçet's disease
Stevens–Johnson syndrome
Chilaiditi syndrome
Reactive arthritis
Coats' disease
Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
Sever's disease
Lhermitte's sign