<unk>  has only been reported in children, despite achalasia being associated as an adult disease. The first case involved an affected family of four children, three sisters and one brother, from northwest Mexico. All three sisters underwent the Heller procedure in order to relieve vomiting and regurgitation due to achalasia. The brother died at four and a half years old, due to the improper diagnosis of recurrent vomiting and resultant malnourishment. All siblings had slow to moderate cognitive development within the mentally retarded criteria. Both parents were unaffected and were from the same small village. The second case involved two affected brothers, aged seven and nine, from Libya, in a family of six children. By the age of two, both children were vomiting and regurgitating recurrently, had slow development and suffered from pneumonitis. They also displayed mild micrognathia and scaphocephaly. The elder son underwent a modified Heller's operation at age six. Their parents were first cousins, however, chromosomal studies did not observe any abnormalities. The third examined case was an affected nine-year-old boy born to unaffected parents who were from the same north-western Mexican area as the first reported case. It is denied but implicated that the parents were closely related. Abnormalities in motor function, physical appearance and difficulties during feeding manifested after birth. By eight months, psychomotor retardation was prominent and at nine months, malnourishment was extreme and so oesophagomyotomy (Heller myotomy) was performed. At eighteen months,<unk>  was revealed. The fourth case study involved an affected German child. Unlike previous cases, the condition was attributed to the anti-malaria drug, Mefloquine, which was prescribed during pregnancy. There is no apparent genetic correlation between parents. At eight weeks, the child was officially diagnosed with<unk>  and displayed craniofacial dysmorphism and muscular hypotonia similar to previous cases. Vomiting, seizures and respiratory arrest were common. It was noted that only 5.4% of pregnancies under the medication of Mefloquine experienced abnormalities. This is the first case involving a person of European descent. The fifth, most recent case, involved a girl born to consanguineous parents from Pakistan. There was no history of abnormalities or genetic disorders in previous children in the family. Gestational diabetes during the pregnancy did not cause any significant complications. Feeding difficulties and recurrent vomiting began to occur at six weeks, resulting in severe weight loss. The girl received surgery and repeated balloon dilatations by the age of two for severe achalasia. She was diagnosed with<unk>  at age six after concerns for her delayed fine motor skills and limited understanding of speech.
Achalasia microcephaly
Laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome
Odontoma dysphagia syndrome
Retained antrum syndrome
complications of Hiatal hernia
Atresia
Ontario Minamata disease
Esophageal achalasia