The most important risk factor for<unk>  is smoking. Death from<unk>  is 20 times more likely for the heaviest smokers than for their non-smoking peers. Heavy chronic consumption of alcohol, particularly alcoholic spirits, is also a significant risk factor. When present in combination, the usages of alcohol and tobacco appear to have a synergistic effect. Other reported risk factors include being of low socioeconomic status, male sex, or age greater than 55 years. Occupational exposure to environmental factors such as wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals used in the metalworking, petroleum, plastics, and textile industries is also believed to be a risk factor for<unk> s. Infections by some strains of Papillomaviridae carry some risk of<unk>  carcinoma. People with a history of head and neck<unk>  are known to be at higher risk (about 25%) of developing a second, separate<unk>  of the head, neck, or lung. This is likely due to chronic exposure to the carcinogenic effects of alcohol and tobacco. In this situation, a field change effect may occur, where the epithelial tissues start to become diffusely dysplastic with a reduced threshold for malignant change. This risk may be reduced by quitting alcohol and tobacco.
Laryngeal cancer
Laryngitis
Oropharyngeal cancer
Adenoiditis
Epiglottitis
Nasal polyp
Hypopharyngeal cancer
Laryngeal cyst