simulation using two SP confederates as a nurse and surgeon for anesthesia resident training<unk> s (SP) are extensively used in medical and nursing education to allow students to practice and improve their clinical and conversational skills for an actual<unk>  encounter. SPs commonly provide feedback after such encounters. They are also useful to train students to learn professional conduct in potentially embarrassing situations such as pelvic or breast exams. SPs who perform such training are given titles such as Gynecological Teaching Associate (GTA) or Urological Teaching Associate (UTA), as covered in more detail below. SPs are also used extensively in testing of clinical skills of students, usually as a part of an objective structured clinical examination. Typically, the SP will use a checklist to record the details of the encounter. SPs have also been sent unannounced into a physician practices to evaluate the standards of care. They are also employed as field researchers on health informatics projects. They can also assist in the development of seminars and lectures in an academic setting, under the supervision of full or associate professors. SPs can also serve as a "confederate" in a simulation to perform the roles of other clinicians within the care team. SPs used for in situ simulation activities may require special training. For teaching future healthcare professionals how to perform intimate examinations, a specially trained<unk>  may be used. Intimate examinations include breast and pelvic examination on females and urogenital, prostate and rectal examination on males. Such roles are known by various names. One form of instruction is where a medical professional, a preceptor, teaches the medical student how to perform the examination using a<unk>  as the model.
Simulated patient
Patient under investigation
Emergency medical responder levels by U.S. state
Virtual patient
E-patient
Hospital volunteer
Patient portal
Laboratory developed test