Most<unk> es result from not using contraception, or from using contraceptives inconsistently or incorrectly. Accordingly, prevention includes comprehensive sexual education, availability of family planning services, and increased access to a range of effective birth control methods. Use of effective contraception In the US it is estimated that 52% of<unk> es result from couples not using contraception in the month the woman got pregnant, and 43% result from inconsistent or incorrect contraceptive use; only 5% result from contraceptive failure, according to a report from the Guttmacher Institute. Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) (such as IUD and contraceptive implants) decreases the chance of<unk>  by decreasing the chance of incorrect use. Method failure is relatively rare with modern, highly effective contraceptives, and is much more of an issue when such methods are unavailable or not used. In the period from 2001 to 2008, there were notable increases in the use of long-acting methods among younger women. (See comparison of contraceptive methods). Available contraception methods include use of birth control pills, a condom, intrauterine device (IUD, IUC, IUS), contraceptive implant (Implanon or Nexplanon), hormonal patch, hormonal ring, cervical caps, diaphragms, spermicides, or sterilization. People choose to use a contraceptive method based on method efficacy, medical considerations, side effects, convenience, availability, friends' or family members' experience, religious views, and many other factors. Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally or politically undesirable. While not yet available commercially, future Introduction of effective LARCs for men could have a positive effect on<unk> es. The CDC encourages men and women to formulate a reproductive life plan, to help them in avoiding<unk> es and to improve the health of women and reduce adverse<unk>  outcomes. Improving access to effective contraception Providing contraceptives and family planning services at low or no cost to the user helps prevent<unk> es. Many of those at risk of<unk>  have little income, so even though contraceptives are highly cost-effective, up-front cost can be a barrier. Subsidized family planning services improve the health of the population and saves money for governments and health insurers by reducing medical, education, and other costs to society. In 2006, publicly funded family planning services (Title X, Medicaid, and state funds) helped women avoid 1.94 million<unk> es, thus preventing about 860,000<unk>  births and 810,000 abortions. Without publicly funded family planning services, the number of<unk> es and abortions in the United States would be nearly two-thirds higher among women overall and among teens, and the number of<unk> es among lower class women would nearly double. The services provided at publicly funded clinics saved the federal and state governments an estimated $5.1 billion in 2008 in short term medical costs. Nationally, every $1.00 invested in helping women avoid<unk>  saved $3.74 in Medicaid expenditures that otherwise would have been needed. In the United States, women who have an<unk>  are more likely to have subsequent unplanned<unk> es. Providing family planning and contraceptive services as part of prenatal, postpartum and post abortion care can help reduce recurrence of<unk> . Outside of the United States, providing modern contraceptives to the 201 million women at risk of<unk>  in low income countries who do not have access to effective contraception would cost an estimated US$3.9 billion per year. This expenditure would prevent an estimated 52 million<unk> es annually, preventing 1.5 million maternal and child deaths annually, and reduce induced abortions by 64% (25 million per year). Reduced illness related to<unk>  would preserve 27 million healthy life years, at a cost of $144 per year of healthy life.
Unintended pregnancy
Postterm pregnancy
Male pregnancy
Forced pregnancy
Recurrent miscarriage
Postpartum physiological changes
Teenage pregnancy
Pregnancy loss