In<unk><unk>  (FI), surgery may be carried out if conservative measures alone are not sufficient to control symptoms. There are many<unk>  options described for FI, and they can be considered in 4 general groups. * Restoration and improvement of residual sphincter function ::::* sphincteroplasty (sphincter repair) ::::* Correction of anorectal deformities that may be contributing to FI ::::* Sacral nerve stimulation * Replacement / imitation of the sphincter or its function ::* Narrowing of anal canal to increase the outlet resistance without any dynamic component ::::* Anal encirclement (Thiersch procedure) ::::* Radiofrequency ablation ("Secca procedure") ::::* Nondynamic graciloplasty ("bio-Thiersch") ::::* Implantation/injection of microballoons, carbon-coated beads, autologous fat, silicone, collagen. ::* Dynamic sphincter replacement ::::* Implantation of artificial bowel sphincter (neosphincter) ::::* Dynamic graciloplasty * Antegrade continence enema (ACE)/ antegrade colonic irrigation *<unk>  diversion (stoma creation) The relative effectiveness of<unk>  options for treating<unk><unk>  is not known. A combination of different<unk>  and non-surgical therapies may be optimal. A<unk>  treatment algorithm has been proposed for FI, although this did not appear to include some<unk>  options. Isolated sphincter defects may be initially treated with sphincteroplasty and if this fails, the patient can be assessed for sacral nerve stimulation. Functional deficits of the external anal sphincter (EAS) and/or internal anal sphincter (IAS), i.e. where there is no structural defect, or only limited EAS structural defect, or with neurogenic<unk> , may be assessed for sacral nerve stimulation. If this fails, neosphincter with either dynamic graciloplasty or artificial anal sphincter may be indicated. Substantial muscular and/or neural defects may be treated with neosphincter initially.
Surgical management of fecal incontinence
Management of ulcerative colitis
Anal sphincterotomy
Management of hair loss
Management of chronic headaches
Ileal conduit urinary diversion
Management of obesity
Intermittent catheterisation