Slowed blood flow due to underlying cirrhosis or congestive heart failure is often implicated. The prevalence of<unk>  in patients with cirrhosis is unclear, with a wide variety of incidence claimed by various researchers (estimated to be 1 in 100 by some while others believe it affects nearly 1 in 4). Thrombophilia (including inherited conditions such as factor V Leiden deficiency, protein C or S deficiency, or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome) is another common cause. Nearly one-third of patients have a myeloproliferative disorder (e.g. polycythemia vera or primary thrombocytosis), most commonly due to a Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene mutation. Oral contraceptive use or pregnancy are other non-inherited tendencies for<unk> . Alternatively, the<unk>  vein may be injured as a result of pancreatitis, diverticulitis, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or abdominal surgery/trauma. Red flags for cancerous growth as a cause are elevated alpha fetoprotein levels,<unk>  vein diameter greater than 2.3cm, pulsatility on Doppler ultrasound imaging, or hyperintense hepatic arterial phase (HAP) on CT scan with contrast.<unk>  is also a known complication of surgical removal of the spleen. During the last several years, myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have emerged as a leading systemic cause of splanchnic vein<unk>  (includes<unk> .
Portal vein thrombosis
Phlebothrombosis
Hepatic artery thrombosis
Deep vein thrombosis
Septic thrombophlebitis
Varicose veins
Pseudothrombophlebitis
Superficial vein thrombosis