The pathophysiology of<unk>  can be attributed to two broad categories of "hemodynamic factors" such as low cardiac output, elevation of both intra-abdominal and central venous pressures, and non-hemodynamic factors or<unk>  connectors" such as neurohormonal and inflammatory activation. It was previously believed that low cardiac output in heart failure patients result in decreased blood flow to the kidneys which can lead to progressive deterioration of kidney function. As a result, diuresis of these patients will result in hypovolemia and pre-renal azotemia. However, several studies did not find an association between kidney dysfunction and cardiac output or other hemodynamic parameters. In addition,<unk>  has been observed in patients with diastolic dysfunction who have normal left ventricular systolic function. Therefore, there must be additional mechanisms involved in the progression of<unk> . Elevated intra-abdominal pressures resulting from ascites and abdominal wall edema may be associated with worsening kidney functions in heart failure patients. Several studies have shown that as a result of this increased intra-abdominal pressure there is increased central venous pressure and congestion of the kidneys' veins, which can lead to worsening kidney function. In addition, many neurohormonal and inflammatory agents are implicated in the progression of<unk> . These include increased formation of reactive oxygen species, endothelin, arginine vasopressin, and excessive sympathetic activity which can result in myocardial hypertrophy and necrosis. Other<unk>  connectors include renin-angiotensin-system activation, nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species imbalance, inflammatory factors and abnormal activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which can cause structural and functional abnormalities in both heart and/or the kidney. There is a close interaction within these<unk>  connectors as well as between these factors and the hemodynamic factors which makes the study of<unk>  pathophysiology complicated.
Cardiorenal syndrome
Conorenal syndrome
Papillorenal syndrome
Hepatorenal syndrome
Nephritic syndrome
Tumor lysis syndrome
Monofixation syndrome
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome