General indications are: *Management of complicated myocardial infarction *Hypovolemia vs cardiogenic shock *Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) vs acute mitral regurgitation *Severe left ventricular failure *Right ventricular infarction *Unstable angina *Refractory ventricular tachycardia *Assessment of respiratory distress *Cardiogenic vs non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema *Primary vs secondary pulmonary hypertension *Assessment of types of shock *Assessment of therapy *Afterload reduction *Vasopressors *Beta blockers *Intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation *Assessment of fluid requirement in critically ill patients *Hemorrhage *Sepsis *Acute kidney injury *Burns *Management of postoperative open heart surgical patients *Assessment of valvular heart disease *Assessment of cardiac tamponade/constriction No study has definitively demonstrated improved outcome in critically ill patients managed with PA<unk> s. Given that the PA<unk>  is a monitoring tool and not a therapy in and of itself this is not entirely surprising. Justification for its continued use rests on a large body of clinical experience, disadvantages of other cardiac output monitoring systems, its ability to accurately measure pulmonary<unk>  pressure, and the potential to use the<unk>  as a direct conduit for drug administration into the pulmonary<unk> .
Pulmonary artery catheter
Thoracoscopy
Pulmonary angiography
Isolated lung perfusion
Thorpe tube flowmeter
CT pulmonary angiogram
Pulmonary tractotomy
Impedance cardiography