<unk> <unk>  is used in the form of hydrochloride or phosphate salt. In Germany,<unk>  is available in a fixed combination with naloxone for oral administration (Valoron N and generics); the mixture of naloxone is claimed to lower the abuse liability of the opioid analgesic. This is so that if people take the medication orally (which is the way they are meant to) the opioid blocker, naloxone, has minimal effects on them but if they inject it the naloxone becomes bioavailable and hence antagonises the effects of the<unk>  producing withdrawal effects. In Switzerland the original Valoron brand with only<unk>  and no naloxone is also available. As well as its use as an analgesic,<unk>  is also commonly used in Germany for treatment of restless legs syndrome. The reversed ester is also known and is also a prodrug.<unk>  is a controlled substance in most countries, listed in the German BtMG, Austrian SMG, and in the USA under the Controlled Substances Act 1970 as ACSCN 9750 as a Narcotic under Schedule I, with an annual aggregate manufacturing quota of 10 grams in 2014. It is used as the hydrochloride (free base conversion ratio 0.882) and HCl hemihydrate (0.858).
Tilidine
Iontocaine
Lidocaine
Etidocaine
Procaine
Articaine
Ibogaine
Quinidine