<unk>  has been suggested for use in management of congestive heart failure (as well as other forms of heart disease) and for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also called myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) in an open-label non-blinded, non-randomized, and non-crossover subjective study. Supplemental<unk>  can bypass part of the pentose phosphate pathway, an energy-producing pathway, to produce<unk> -5-phosphate. The enzyme glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) is often in short supply in cells, but more so in diseased tissue, such as in myocardial cells in patients with cardiac disease. The supply of<unk>  in the mitochondria is directly correlated with ATP production; decreased<unk>  supply reduces the amount of ATP being produced. Studies suggest that supplementing<unk>  following tissue ischemia (e.g. myocardial ischemia) increases myocardial ATP production, and therefore mitochondrial function. Essentially, administering supplemental<unk>  bypasses an enzymatic step in the pentose phosphate pathway by providing an alternate source of 5-phospho--ribose 1-pyrophosphate for ATP production. Supplemental<unk>  enhances recovery of ATP levels while also reducing cellular injury in humans and other animals. One study suggested that the use of supplemental<unk>  reduces the instance of angina in men with diagnosed coronary artery disease.<unk>  has been used to treat many pathological conditions, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and myocardial dysfunction. It is also used to reduce symptoms of cramping, pain, stiffness, etc. after exercise and to improve athletic performance.
Ribose
Lactose
Fructosamine
Glucuronic acid
Methyl cellulose
Gluten
Glycogen
Inositol