The symptoms are caused when the individual has an anatomically low lying kidney. This is known as ptosis of the kidney. This occurs normally on the right side, but bilateral involvement is possible. The reason that the right side is more commonly affected is because the vasculature on this side tends to be longer due to the positioning of the aorta, which lies slightly left of the midline. The renal vessels may then drape over a portion of the superior infundibulum causing compression, and ultimately partial obstruction to the superior calyces. When the obstruction occurs, distension of the calyx, which is known as hydronephrosis, leads to the clinical presentation of the disorder.
Fraley syndrome
Shapiro syndrome
Benedikt syndrome
Catel–Manzke syndrome
Mauriac syndrome
Benjamin syndrome
Schimke syndrome
Dravet syndrome