<unk>  may or may not arise with symptoms. Signs and symptoms of<unk> al necrosis include; * Pain * Crown discolouration * Abscess and/or fistula * Internal root resorption * Increased tooth mobility There are additional signs of<unk>  which may be detected during radiographic assessment:-; * Untreated caries * Extensive/deep restoration * Previous<unk>  capping However, in some cases there may be no radiographic signs. For example,<unk>  caused by dental trauma which may only manifest/present itself with time, resulting in clinical changes. Pain The pain associated with<unk>  is often described as spontaneous. Hot temperatures are reported to have exacerbating factors, and cold temperatures are said to soothe this pain. In some cases, the pain presents as a long dull ache as this is due to necrosis of the apical nerves being the last part of the<unk>  to necrose. Therefore the pain is from the apical nerves, which have residual vitality remaining when the majority of the<unk>  is necrosed due to the supply of blood to the more medial parts of the apical nerve. Crown discolouration In some cases of<unk>  there is a yellow, grey or brown crown discolouration. Dark coronal discoloration is believed to be an early sign of<unk>  degeneration. Teeth with said discolouration need to be treated with special care and further investigations are required before<unk>  can be diagnosed. Abscess and/or fistula Alterations in the gingiva such as fistulas or abscesses and radiographic signs such as periapical lesions and external root resorption are used in some studies to diagnose<unk>  however other studies state that these factors alone are not enough to diagnose a necrotic<unk> . Internal root resorption Internal root resorption may be an indication of<unk> al necrosis though it is not possible to diagnose accurately with radiographic presentation of this alone. This is because the<unk>  tissue apical to the resorptive lesion will still be vital to allow active resorption to take place, it provides the clastic cells with nutrients via a viable blood supply.
Pulp necrosis
Fracture blister
Acral necrosis
Fat necrosis
Nutcracker fracture
Gas gangrene
Dilaceration
Clavicle fracture