A<unk>  <unk> , also known as an intracranial<unk> , is an<unk>  to the<unk>  caused by an external force.<unk>  can be classified based on severity (ranging from mild<unk>  mTBI/concussion to severe<unk> , mechanism (closed or penetrating head<unk> , or other features (e.g., occurring in a specific location or over a widespread area). Head<unk>  is a broader category that may involve damage to other structures such as the scalp and skull.<unk>  can result in physical, cognitive, social, emotional and behavioral symptoms, and outcomes can range from complete recovery to permanent disability or death. Causes include falls, vehicle collisions and violence.<unk>  trauma occurs as a consequence of a sudden acceleration or deceleration within the cranium or by a complex combination of both movement and sudden impact. In addition to the damage caused at the moment of<unk> , a variety of events following the<unk>  may result in further<unk> . These processes include alterations in cerebral blood flow and pressure within the skull. Some of the imaging techniques used for diagnosis include computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs). Prevention measures include use of seat belts and helmets, not drinking and driving, fall prevention efforts in older adults and safety measures for children. Depending on the<unk> , treatment required may be minimal or may include interventions such as medications, emergency surgery or surgery years later. Physical therapy, speech therapy, recreation therapy, occupational therapy and vision therapy may be employed for rehabilitation. Counseling, supported employment and community support services may also be useful.<unk>  is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, especially in children and young adults. Males sustain<unk> es around twice as often as females. The 20th century saw developments in diagnosis and treatment that decreased death rates and improved outcomes.
Traumatic brain injury
Alcohol intoxication
Pediatric concussion
Epidural hematoma
Acquired brain injury
Abnormal posturing  Abnormal posturing  1
Penetrating head injury
Cerebral edema  Cerebral edema  1