<unk> es are commonly treated with combined surgical (orthognathic surgery) and orthodontic treatment. The procedure is carried out by oral and maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists in close collaboration. In most cases, the orthodontist will first align the teeth with braces or other appliances, which may worsen the occlusion until after the surgery. This is carried out to show the full degree of<unk> , and to create sufficient space for full correction in the bones. Orthognathic surgery, also known as corrective<unk>  surgery, is performed to normalise dentofacial deformity and reposition part/all of the upper and/or lower<unk> s to improve occlusion stability and facial proportions. It is the 'mainstay treatment for patients who are too old for growth modification and for dentofacial conditions that are too severe for either surgical or orthodontic camouflage.' The surgery usually involves gaining access to the bone from inside the mouth, revealing and moving the bone into a correct functional position, and fixing it in position with metal plates and screws. These plates are most often left in the bone, but at times require removal due to infection, which would require another operation. Most orthognathic surgeries are performed inside the mouth without any external scarring. Mandibular surgery There are numerous surgical techniques available to correct the position of the mandible. The most popular of these techniques is the sagittal split osteotomy which "enables the body of mandible to be moved forwards or backwards by sliding the split ramus and angle". This provides a lot of bone overlap for healing. Damage to the inferior alveolar bundle is avoided by sectioning the buccal and retromolar cortex of the mandible and the cancellous bone is carefully split. After the mandible has been repositioned, screws or mini-plates can be used to fix the mandible directly. This is instead of fixing it indirectly with intermaxillary fixation (IMF). Genioplasty Reduction or augmentation of the chin may be carried out either on its own or as part of a mandibular or maxillary orthognathic operation. Maxillary surgery The Le Fort classification (which is used for fracture description) generally describes the surgical techniques which are used for maxillary surgery.
Jaw abnormality
Nail disease
Pulp canal obliteration
Dentures
Webbed neck
Congenital limb deformities
Binaural fusion
Sexual anomalies