Veno-arterial (VA)<unk>  for cardiac or respiratory failure.Veno-venous (VV)<unk>  for respiratory failure. There are several forms of<unk> ; the two most common are veno-arterial (VA)<unk>  and veno-venous (VV)<unk> . In both modalities, blood drained from the venous system is oxygenated outside of the body. In VA<unk> , this blood is returned to the arterial system and in VV<unk>  the blood is returned to the venous system. In VV<unk> , no cardiac support is provided. Veno-arterial In veno-arterial (VA)<unk> , a venous cannula is usually placed in the right or left common femoral vein for extraction, and an arterial cannula is usually placed into the right or left femoral artery for infusion. The tip of the femoral venous cannula should be maintained near the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium, while the tip of the femoral arterial cannula is maintained in the iliac artery. In adults, accessing the femoral artery is preferred because the insertion is simpler. Central VA<unk>  may be used if cardiopulmonary bypass has already been established or emergency re-sternotomy has been performed (with cannulae in the right atrium (or SVC/IVC for tricuspid repair) and ascending aorta). VA<unk>  is typically reserved when native cardiac function is minimal to mitigate increased cardiac stroke work associated with pumping against retrograde flow delivered by the aortic cannula. Veno-venous In veno-venous (VV)<unk> , cannulae are usually placed in the right common femoral vein for drainage and right internal jugular vein for infusion. Alternatively, a dual-lumen catheter is inserted into the right internal jugular vein, draining blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and returning it to the right atrium.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Surfactant therapy
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Transtracheal jet ventilation
Artificial ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Heart–lung transplant
Bubble oxygenator