Since<unk> s are often associated with other disorders, management in these cases involve attempts to correct the underlying problem. Medications may include use of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and nitrates. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and sildenafil can be used as alternative treatment options. If caused by food allergy, an elimination diet may be necessary. Procedures If medical therapy fails either botulinum toxin injection or surgical myotomy may be tried in distal<unk> s.
Esophageal spasm
Esophageal dysphagia
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Esophageal dilatation
Esophagogastric dissociation
Oedema glottidis
Megaesophagus
Esophageal stricture