With the eye generally profusely watering, the type of tears being produced have little adhesive property. Water or saline eye drops tend therefore to be ineffective. Rather a 'better quality' of tear is required with higher 'wetting ability' (i.e. greater amount of glycoproteins) and so artificial tears (e.g. viscotears) are applied frequently. Nocturnal Lagophthalmos (where the eyelids do not close enough to cover the eye completely during sleep) may be an exacerbating factor, in which case using surgical tape to keep the eye closed at night can help. Whilst individual episodes may settle within a few hours or days, additional episodes (as the name suggests) will recur at intervals. Where episodes frequently occur, or there is an underlying disorder, one medical, or three types of surgical curative procedures may be attempted: use of therapeutic contact lens, controlled puncturing of the surface layer of the eye (Anterior Stromal Puncture) and laser phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). These all essentially try to allow the surface epithelium to reestablish with normal binding to the underlying basement membrane, the method chosen depends upon the location and size of the<unk> . Surgical A punctal plug may be inserted into the tear duct by an optometrist or ophthalmologist, decreasing the removal of natural tears from the affected eye. The use of contact lenses may help prevent the abrasion during blinking lifting off the surface layer and uses thin lenses that are gas permeable to minimise reduced oxygenation. However they need to be used for between 8–26 weeks and such persistent use both incurs frequent follow-up visits and may increase the risk of infections. Alternatively, under local anaesthetic, the<unk>  layer may be gently removed with a fine needle, cauterised (heat or laser) or 'spot welding' attempted (again with lasers). The procedures are not guaranteed to work, and in a minority may exacerbate the problem. Anterior Stromal Puncture with a 20-25 gauge needle is an effective and simple treatment. An option for minimally invasive and long-term effective therapy is laser phototherapeutic keratectomy. Laser PTK involves the surgical laser treatment of the<unk> to selectively ablate cells on the surface layer of the<unk>  It is thought that the natural regrowth of cells in the following days are better able to attach to the basement membrane to prevent<unk> e of the condition. Laser PTK has been found to be most effective after epithelial debridement for the partial ablation of Bowman's lamella, which performed prior to PTK in the surgical procedure. This is meant to smoothen out the<unk>  area that the laser PTK will then treat. In some cases, small-spot PTK, which only treats certain areas of the<unk> may also be an acceptable alternative. Amniotic membrane tissue<unk>  bandages such as Prokera have been shown to be effective in alleviating<unk> . These bandages aid in ocular surface regeneration while simultaneously protecting the<unk> from further irritation. Medical People with recalcitrant<unk> s often show increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes. These enzymes dissolve the basement membrane and fibrils of the hemidesmosomes, which can lead to the separation of the epithelial layer. Treatment with oral tetracycline antibiotics (such as doxycycline or oxytetracycline) together with a topical corticosteroid (such as prednisolone), reduce MMP activity and may rapidly resolve and prevent further episodes in cases unresponsive to conventional therapies. Some have now proposed this as the first line therapy after lubricants have failed. There is a lack of good quality evidence to guide treatment choices. A recently updated Cochrane Review concluded that "Studies included in this review have been of insufficient size and quality to provide firm evidence to inform the development of management guidelines."
Recurrent corneal erosion
Granular corneal dystrophy
Exposure keratopathy
Macular corneal dystrophy
Pitted keratolysis
Corneal ulcer
Lattice corneal dystrophy
Corneal ectatic disorders