In medicine and medical research Purified<unk> s are important in a clinical setting because they are used for blood typing. Some of the glycolipids and glycoproteins on an individual's red blood cells can be identified by<unk> s. *A<unk>  from Dolichos biflorus is used to identify cells that belong to the A1 blood group. *A<unk>  from Ulex europaeus is used to identify the H blood group antigen. *A<unk>  from Vicia graminea is used to identify the N blood group antigen. *A<unk>  from Iberis amara is used to identify the M blood group antigen. *A<unk>  from coconut milk is used to identify Theros antigen. *A<unk>  from Carex is used to identify R antigen. In neuroscience, the anterograde labeling method is used to trace the path of efferent axons with PHA-L, a<unk>  from the kidney bean. A<unk>  (BanLec) from bananas inhibits HIV-1 in vitro. Achylectins, isolated from Tachypleus tridentatus, show specific agglutinating activity against human A-type erythrocytes. Anti-B agglutinins such as anti-BCJ and anti-BLD separated from Charybdis japonica and Lymantria dispar, respectively, are of value both in routine blood grouping and research. In studying carbohydrate recognition by proteins<unk>  histochemistry of fish muscles infected by a myxozoan<unk> s from legume plants, such as PHA or concanavalin A, have been used widely as model systems to understand the molecular basis of how proteins recognize carbohydrates, because they are relatively easy to obtain and have a wide variety of sugar specificities. The many crystal structures of legume<unk> s have led to a detailed insight of the atomic interactions between carbohydrates and proteins. As a biochemical tool Concanavalin A and other commercially available<unk> s have been used widely in affinity chromatography for purifying glycoproteins. In general, proteins may be characterized with respect to glycoforms and carbohydrate structure by means of affinity chromatography, blotting, affinity electrophoresis, and affinity immunoelectrophoreis with<unk> s, as well as in microarrays, as in evanescent-field fluorescence-assisted<unk>  microarray. In biochemical warfare One example of the powerful biological attributes of<unk> s is the biochemical warfare agent ricin. The protein ricin is isolated from seeds of the castor oil plant and comprises two protein domains. Abrin from the jequirity pea is similar: *One domain is a<unk>  that binds cell surface galactosyl residues and enables the protein to enter cells. *The second domain is an N-glycosidase that cleaves nucleobases from ribosomal RNA, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death.
Lectin
Preceptor
Α-Hederin
Serpin
Antigen
Lymphokine
Cytokine
Immunotoxin