Drug withdrawal, drug withdrawal syndrome, or substance withdrawal syndrome, is the group of<unk> s that occur upon the abrupt discontinuation or decrease in the intake of pharmaceutical or recreational drugs. In order for the<unk> s of withdrawal to occur, one must have first developed a form of drug dependence. This may occur as physical dependence, psychological dependence or both. Drug dependence develops from consuming one or more substances over a period of time. Dependence arises in a dose-dependent manner and produces withdrawal<unk> s that vary with the type of drug that is consumed. For example, prolonged<unk>  of an antidepressant medication is likely to cause a rather different reaction when discontinued compared to discontinuation of an<unk> , such as heroin. Withdrawal<unk> s from opiates include anxiety, sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea. Alcohol withdrawal<unk> s include irritability, fatigue, shaking, sweating, and nausea. Withdrawal from nicotine can cause irritability, fatigue, insomnia, headache, and difficulty concentrating. Many prescription and legal nonprescription substances can also cause withdrawal<unk> s when individuals stop consuming them, even if they were taken as directed by a physician. The route of administration, whether intravenous, intramuscular, oral or otherwise, can also play a role in determining the severity of withdrawal<unk> s. There are different stages of withdrawal as well; generally, a person will start to feel bad (crash or come down), progress to feeling worse, hit a plateau, and then the<unk> s begin to dissipate. However, withdrawal from certain drugs (barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol, glucocorticoids) can be fatal. While it is seldom fatal to the<unk> r, withdrawal from opiates (and some other drugs) can cause miscarriage, due to fetal withdrawal. The term "cold turkey" is<unk> d to describe the sudden cessation<unk>  of a substance and the ensuing physiologic manifestations. The<unk> s from withdrawal may be even more dramatic when the drug has masked prolonged malnutrition, disease, chronic pain, infections (common in intravenous drug<unk> , or sleep deprivation, conditions that drug abusers often suffer as a secondary consequence of the drug. When the drug is removed, these conditions may resurface and be confused with withdrawal<unk> s. Genes that encode for the Alpha5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor affect nicotine and alcohol withdrawal<unk> s.
symptom of Opioid use disorder
symptom of Narcolepsy
symptom of Alcohol abuse
symptom of Type 1 diabetes
symptom of Type 2 diabetes
symptom of Post-traumatic stress disorder
symptom of Bipolar disorder
symptom of Alcohol intoxication