<unk>  application before removal of a decayed tooth The primary use for<unk>  is as an anaesthetic. Aside from its use as a dental anesthetic,<unk>  is used less frequently today, since more effective (and hypoallergenic) alternatives such as lidocaine (Xylocaine) exist. Like other local anesthetics (such as mepivacaine, and prilocaine),<unk>  is a vasodilator, thus is often coadministered with epinephrine for the purpose of vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction helps to reduce bleeding, increases the duration and quality of anesthesia, prevents the drug from reaching systemic circulation in large amounts, and overall reduces the amount of anesthetic required. As a dental anesthesic, for example, more novocaine is needed for root canal treatment than for a simple filling. Unlike cocaine, a vasoconstrictor,<unk>  does not have the euphoric and addictive qualities that put it at risk for abuse.<unk> , an ester anesthetic, is metabolized in the plasma by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase through hydrolysis into para-amino benzoic acid (PABA), which is then excreted by the kidneys into the urine. A 1%<unk>  injection has been recommended for the treatment of extravasation complications associated with venipuncture, steroids, and antibiotics. It has likewise been recommended for treatment of inadvertent intra-arterial injections (10 ml of 1%<unk> , as it helps relieve pain and vascular spasm.<unk>  is an occasional additive in illicit street drugs, such as cocaine. MDMA manufacturers also use<unk>  as an additive at ratios ranging from 1:1 up to 10% MDMA with 90%<unk> , which can be life-threatening.
Procaine
Articaine
Tetracaine
Bupivacaine
Ibogaine
Iontocaine
Levobupivacaine
Oxybuprocaine