Undescended testicle Undescended testicles affect 1% of males and are 10% bilateral. The cause is unknown, with a small percentage associated with developmental abnormalities or chromosomal aberrations. Early<unk>  reduces the risks for cancer and sterility in males with cryptorchidism, or undescended testes. Cryptorchidism is definitively diagnosed after 1 year of age, as testicular descent may occur after birth. Surgical placement into the scrotum is recommended by 18 months to decrease the likelihood of testicular cancer, testicular atrophy, and sterility. Cryptorchidism is associated with tubular atrophy and sterility. In addition, cryptorchid testes carry a three to five times higher risk for testicular cancer (germ cell neoplasia in situ within the atrophic tubules). Patients are at increased risk for the development of cancer and atrophy in the contralateral, normally descended testes as well. There are multiple different<unk>  techniques used to correct an undescended testicle due to the large variation in location where the testes may present. The procedures have a high overall success rate. Testicular torsion<unk>  is performed in the event of testicular torsion, a urologic emergency presenting with intense pain and often without inciting injury. While neonatal torsion occurs with no anatomic defect to account for its occurrence (occurring in utero or shortly after birth), adult torsion results from a bilateral congenital anomaly often called a "bell-clapper deformity", where the testis is abnormally anchored in the scrotal sac, leading to increased mobility. Twisting of the spermatic cord results in obstruction of the testicular venous drainage. Intense vascular engorgement and infarction may lead to testicular injury and sterility. If the cord is manually untwisted within approximately 6 hours the testis has a high chance of remaining viable. One in three cases results in dead testes, requiring orchiectomy. Surgical fixation in the form of<unk>  is indicated to prevent the reoccurrence of torsion, and is usually performed bilaterally, even if only one testicle is affected by torsion. The procedure has a high success rate in preventing reoccurrence.
Orchiopexy
Sacrohysteropexy
Vasoepididymostomy
Tubal reversal
Tubal ligation
Orchiectomy
Prolotherapy
Vaginoplasty