<unk>  is used in the treatment of both acute and chronic psychoses, including schizophrenia and the manic phase of bipolar disorder, as well as amphetamine-induced psychosis. In a 2013 comparison of 15 antipsychotics in schizophrenia,<unk>  demonstrated mild-standard effectiveness. It was 13% more effective than lurasidone and iloperidone, approximately as effective as ziprasidone and asenapine, and 12–16% less effective than haloperidol, quetiapine, and aripiprazole. A 2014 systematic review carried out by Cochrane included 55 trials that compared the effectiveness of<unk>  versus placebo for the treatment of schizophrenia. Compared to the placebo group, patients under<unk>  experienced less relapse during 6 months to 2 years follow-up. No difference was found between the two groups beyond two years of follow-up. Patients under<unk>  showed a global improvement in symptoms and functioning. The systematic review also highlighted the fact that the side effects of the drug were 'severe and debilitating', including sedation, considerable weight gain, a lowering of blood pressure, and an increased risk of suffering from acute movement disorders. They also noted that the quality of evidence of the 55 included trials was very low and that 315 trials could not be included in the systematic review due to their poor quality. They called for further research on the subject, as<unk>  is a cheap benchmark drug and one of the most used treatments for schizophrenia worldwide.<unk>  has also been used in porphyria and as part of tetanus treatment. It still is recommended for short-term management of severe anxiety and psychotic aggression. Resistant and severe hiccups, severe nausea/emesis, and preanesthetic conditioning are other uses. Symptoms of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients have been effectively treated with low doses of<unk> . Other<unk>  is occasionally used off-label for treatment of severe migraine. It is often, particularly as palliation, used in small doses to reduce nausea suffered by opioid-treated cancer patients and to intensify and prolong the analgesia of the opioids as well. Efficacy has been shown in treatment of symptomatic hypertensive emergency. In Germany,<unk>  still carries label indications for insomnia, severe pruritus, and preanesthesia.<unk>  and other phenothiazines have been demonstrated to possess antimicrobial properties, but are not currently used for this purpose except for a very small number of cases. + Comparison of<unk>  to placebo Measured outcome Findings summary Findings range Quality of evidence Global effects Not any improvement (9 weeks – 6 months) 30% less risk of having no improvement in mental state, behaviour and functioning RR 0.7 CI 0.6 to 0.9 Very low (estimate of effect uncertain) Relapse (6 months – 2 years) 35% less risk of relapse RR 0.7 CI 0.5 to 0.9
Chlorpromazine
Chlortalidone
Clozapine
Desmethylclozapine
Haloperidol
Thioridazine
Trimipramine
Primidone