<unk> s are primarily used for the treatment of glaucoma. They may also be used to treat seizure disorder and acute mountain sickness. Because they encourage solubilization and excretion of uric acid, they can be used in the treatment of gout. Glaucoma Acetazolamide is an<unk>  of<unk><unk> . It is used for glaucoma, epilepsy (rarely), idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and altitude sickness. For the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), acetazolamide inactivates<unk><unk>  and interferes with the sodium pump, which decreases aqueous humor formation and thus lowers IOP. Systemic effects include increased loss of sodium, potassium, and water in the urine, secondary to the drug's effects on the renal tubules, where valuable components of filtered blood are re-absorbed in the kidney. Arterial Blood gases may show a mild hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Methazolamide is also a<unk> . It has a longer elimination half-life than acetazolamide and is less associated with adverse effects to the kidney. Dorzolamide is a sulfonamide and topical<unk><unk>  II<unk> . It is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and who are insufficiently responsive to beta-blockers. Inhibition of<unk><unk>  II in the ciliary processes of the eye decreases aqueous humor secretion, presumably by slowing the formation of bicarbonate ions with subsequent reduction in sodium and fluid transport. Brinzolamide (trade names Azopt, Alcon Laboratories, Inc, Befardin Fardi Medicals) is a<unk>  used to lower intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. It exists as a number of isoenzymes, the most active of which is<unk><unk>  II (CA-II). The combination of brinzolamide with timolol is marketed under the trade name Azarga. Diuretic Some diuretics inhibit the activity of<unk><unk>  in proximal convoluted tubules and prevent reabsorption of bicarbonates from renal tubules. Lowered reabsorption of bicarbonates results in decreased activity of the apical sodium hydrogen exchanger, causing diuresis due to retention of sodium in the renal tubules. Acetazolamide is a<unk> . Other examples are; * Dorzolamide * Methazolamide * Brinzolamide * Dichlorphenamide Epilepsy Acetazolamide is effective in the treatment of most types of seizures, including generalized tonic-clonic and focal seizures and especially absence seizures, although it has limited utility because tolerance develops with chronic use. The drug is occasionally used on an intermittent basis to prevent seizures in catamenial epilepsy. The sulfur-containing antiseizure and antimigraine drug topiramate is a weak<unk>  of<unk><unk> , particularly subtypes II and IV. Whether<unk><unk>  inhibition contributes to its clinical activity is not known. In rare cases, the inhibition of<unk><unk>  may be strong enough to cause metabolic acidosis of clinical importance. Zonisamide is another sulfur containing antiseizure drug that weakly inhibits<unk><unk> . Sultiame is also an example of an anticonvulsant drug of this class. Altitude sickness At high altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen is lower and people have to breathe more rapidly to get adequate oxygen. When this happens, the partial pressure of in the lungs (p) decreases (is "blown off"), causing a respiratory alkalosis. This would normally be compensated by the kidney excreting bicarbonate and causing compensatory metabolic acidosis, but this mechanism takes several days. A more immediate treatment is<unk> s, which prevent bicarbonate uptake in the kidney and help correct the alkalosis.<unk> s have also been shown to improve chronic mountain sickness.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Anticorticosteroid
Mercurial diuretic
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Antimetabolite
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
COX-2 inhibitor
Quinolone antibiotic