An<unk>  is a<unk>  (tube) placed in the esophagus to keep a blocked area open so the patient can swallow soft food and liquids. They are effective in the treatment of conditions causing intrinsic<unk>  obstruction or external<unk>  compression. For the palliative treatment of<unk>  cancer most<unk> s are self-expandable metallic<unk> s. For benign<unk>  disease such as refractory<unk>  strictures, plastic<unk> s are available. Common complications include chest pain, overgrowth of tissue around the<unk>  and<unk>  migration.<unk> s are placed using endoscopy when after the tip of the endoscope is positioned above the area to be<unk> ed, then guidewire is passed through the obstruction into the stomach. The endoscope is withdrawn and using the guidewire with either fluoroscopic or endoscopic guidance the<unk>  is passed down the guidewire to the affected area of the esophagus and deployed. Finally the guidewire is removed and the<unk>  is left to fully expand over the next 2–3 days. In one study of 997 patients who had self-expanding metal<unk> s for malignant<unk>  obstruction it was found that<unk> s were 95% effective.
Esophageal stent
Nissen fundoplication
Esophagectomy
Transoral incisionless fundoplication
Gastric balloon
Pyloroplasty
Mucosectomy
Adjustable gastric band