Oil painting depicting Claude Bernard, the father of modern<unk> , with his pupils<unk>  (; ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology,<unk>  focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system. According to the classes of organisms, the field can be divided into medical<unk> , animal<unk> , plant<unk> , cell<unk> , and comparative<unk> . Central to<unk> cal functioning are biophysical and biochemical processes, homeostatic control mechanisms, and communication between cells.<unk> cal state is the condition of normal function, while pathological state refers to abnormal conditions, including human diseases. The Nobel Prize in<unk>  or Medicine is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in<unk>  related to the field of medicine.
Physiology
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Biochemistry
Neuromorphology
Gastrointestinal physiology
Serotype
Killing Season