To facilitate abusive control<unk>  can be used to disorientate abuse victims to help set them up for abusive control. Interrogation<unk>  can be used as a means of interrogation, which has resulted in court trials over whether or not the technique is a form of torture. Under one interrogation technique, a subject might be kept awake for several days and when finally allowed to fall asleep, suddenly awakened and questioned. Menachem Begin, the Prime Minister of Israel from 1977 to 1983, described his experience of<unk>  as a prisoner of the NKVD in the Soviet Union as follows:<unk>  was one of the five techniques used by the British government in the 1970s. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the five techniques "did not occasion suffering of the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture ... but amounted to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment", in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights. The United States Justice Department released four memos in August 2002 describing interrogation techniques used by the Central Intelligence Agency. They first described 10 techniques used in the interrogation of Abu Zubaydah, described as a terrorist logistics specialist, including<unk> . Memos signed by Steven G. Bradbury in May 2005 claimed that forced<unk>  for up to 180 hours ( days) by shackling a diapered prisoner to the ceiling did not constitute torture, nor did the combination of multiple interrogation methods (including<unk>  constitute torture under United States law. These memoranda were repudiated and withdrawn during the first months of the Obama administration. The question of extreme use of<unk>  as torture has advocates on both sides of the issue. In 2006, Australian Federal Attorney-General Philip Ruddock argued that<unk>  does not constitute torture. Nicole Bieske, a spokeswoman for Amnesty International Australia, has stated the opinion of her organization thus: "At the very least,<unk>  is cruel, inhumane and degrading. If used for prolonged periods of time it is torture." Treating depression Studies show that sleep restriction has some potential in treating depression. Those who suffer from depression tend to have earlier occurrences of REM sleep with an increased number of rapid eye movements; therefore, monitoring patients' EEG and awakening them during occurrences of REM sleep appear to have a therapeutic effect, alleviating depressive symptoms. This kind of treatment is known as wake therapy. Although as many as 60% of patients show an immediate recovery when sleep-deprived, most patients relapse the following night. The effect has been shown to be linked to an increase in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A comprehensive evaluation of the human metabolome in<unk>  in 2014 found that 27 metabolites are increased after 24 waking hours and suggested serotonin, tryptophan, and taurine may contribute to the antidepressive effect. The incidence of relapse can be decreased by combining<unk>  with medication or a combination of light therapy and phase advance (going to bed substantially earlier than one's normal time). Many tricyclic antidepressants suppress REM sleep, providing an additional evidence for a link between mood and sleep. Similarly, tranylcypromine has been shown to completely suppress REM sleep at adequate doses. Treating insomnia<unk>  can be implemented for a short period of time in the treatment of insomnia. Some common sleep disorders have been shown to respond to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. One of the components is a controlled regime of "sleep restriction" in order to restore the homeostatic drive to sleep and encourage normal "sleep efficiency". The main goal of stimulus control and sleep restriction therapy is to create an association between bed and sleep. Although sleep restriction therapy shows efficacy when applied as an element of cognitive-behavioral therapy, its efficacy is yet to be proven when used alone.
Sleep deprivation
Sleep hygiene
Shift work sleep disorder
Nicotine withdrawal
Narcolepsy
Central sleep apnea
Sleep apnea
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder