Surgical correction is recommended when a<unk> <unk>  results in a limb contour deformity, with or without lymphedema. Surgical technique At the beginning of the surgery a tourniquet will be applied to the limb. A tourniquet compresses and controls local arterial and venous circulation for about 2 hours. The<unk>  band must be dissected very carefully to avoid damaging the underlying neurovasculature. When the<unk>  band is excised, there will be a direct closure. This allows the fatty tissue to naturally reposition itself under the skin. "With complete circumferential<unk>  bands, it is recommended that a two-stage correction approach be used. At the first operation, one-half of the circumference is excised and the other one-half can be excised after three to six months. This will avoid any problems to the distal circulation in the limb, which may already be compromised. Lymphedema, when present, will significantly improve within a few weeks of the first surgery." For the direct closure of the defect after dissecting a<unk>  band there are two techniques: # Triangular flaps; For this technique the circumference between the two borders must be measured. Depending on the difference the number of triangular flaps can be decided. With a triangular flap you can create more skin. # Z-plasty or W-plasty; "Z-plasty is a plastic surgery technique that is used to improve the functional and cosmetic appearance of scars. It can elongate a contracted scar or rotate the scar tension line. The middle line of the Z-shaped incision (the central element) is made along the line of greatest tension or contraction, and triangular flaps are raised on opposite sides of the two ends and then transposed." In rare cases, if diagnosed in utero, fetal surgery may be considered to save a limb that is in danger of amputation or other deformity. This operation has been successfully performed on fetuses as young as 22 weeks. The Melbourne's Monash Medical Centre in Australia, as well as multiple facilities in the United States of America, have performed successful amniotic band release surgery. Reconstructions and prosthetics Treatment usually occurs after birth and where plastic and reconstructive surgery is considered to treat the resulting deformity. Plastic surgery ranges from simple to complex depending on the extent of the deformity. Physical and occupational therapy may be needed long term. Prosthetics may help some ABS sufferers to live more functional lives. The price and complexity of these prosthetics vary dramatically, but advances in 3-D printing have helped to increase the availability of artificial fingers while reducing their cost of production.
Constriction ring syndrome
Jordans' anomaly
Saal Greenstein syndrome
Ebstein's anomaly
Spigelian hernia
Situs inversus
Intersection syndrome
Heerfordt syndrome