As diagnostic criteria have been indecisive and its pathophysiology remains unclear, no permanent cure is available. Antiepileptic medications (membrane-stabilizing drugs) such as pregabalin, gabapentin, topiramate, and lamotrigine improve symptoms, but there is no effective permanent or long-term treatment for<unk> . However, a few short-term treatments are available and can relieve and possibly prevent some symptoms of attacks. Lamotrigine exhibits some long-term prevention and reduction in many patients; however, titration of dose is difficult due to adverse skin reactions. Topiramate also has preventive effects but it is accompanied by a high risk of severe side-effects for patients with a history of kidney stones, glaucoma, depression, or low body weight. Intravenous lidocaine can abolish symptoms during its administration, or reduce frequency and duration of attacks. However, administration of intravenous lidocaine requires careful monitoring of ECG and blood pressure. Methylprednisolone therapy shows some promise in short-term prevention of attacks, even though its mechanism of action is yet to be discovered. The calcium channel blocker verapamil is reported to be useful in alleviating symptoms (lower frequency and duration of attacks), even though some patients experience worsened symptoms. Various medications that are often used in other headache syndromes such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, tricyclic antidepressants, calcium channel antagonists do not relieve the symptoms of<unk> . There have been attempts to alter oxygen supply during attacks to alleviate the symptoms since some of the headaches are caused by decreased oxygen supply; however, elevated blood oxygen level did not affect the symptoms. Researchers now focus on the administration of various combination of medications and therapies to treat symptoms of<unk> .
SUNCT syndrome
MASA syndrome
SAHA syndrome
Hopkins syndrome
TAN syndrome
EAST syndrome
Crome syndrome
Bogart–Bacall syndrome