<unk>  include sex-specific diseases or conditions which occur only in people of one sex due to underlying biological factors (for example, prostate cancer in males or uterine cancer in females); sex-related diseases, which are diseases that are more common to one sex (for example, breast cancer and systemic lupus erythematosus which occur predominantly in females); and diseases which occur at similar rates in males and females but manifest differently according to sex (for example, peripheral artery disease). Sex<unk>  should not be confused with gender<unk> . The US National Academy of<unk>  recognizes sex<unk>  as biological at the chromosomal and anatomical levels, whereas gender<unk>  are based on self-representation and other factors including biology, environment and experience. That said, both biological and behavioural<unk>  influence human health, and may do so differentially. Such factors can be inter-related and difficult to separate. Evidence-based approaches to sex and gender<unk>  try to examine the effects of both sex and gender as factors when dealing with medical conditions that may affect populations differently. , over 10,000 articles had been published addressing sex and gender<unk>  in clinical<unk>  and related literature. Sex and gender affect cardiovascular, pulmonary and autoimmune systems, gastroenterology, hepatology, nephrology, endocrinology, haematology, neurology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Sexually transmitted diseases, which have a significant probability of transmission through sexual contact, can be contracted by either sex. Their occurrence may reflect economic and social as well as biological factors, leading to sex<unk>  in the transmission, prevalence, and disease burden of STDs. Historically, medical research has primarily been conducted using the male body as the basis for clinical studies. The findings of these studies have often been applied across the sexes, and healthcare providers have traditionally assumed a uniform approach in treating both male and female patients. More recently, medical research has started to understand the importance of taking sex into account as evidence increases that the symptoms and responses to medical treatment may be very different between sexes.
Sex differences in medicine
Rare disease assumption
Men's health
Women's health
Causes of mental disorders
Sex differences in psychology
Drug therapy problems
Component causes