The diagnosis of a<unk>  is made clinically. A good history including the sequence of events, lack of incontinence and no postictal phase, help to make an accurate diagnosis. Some families are advised to make a video recording of the events to aid diagnosis. An electrocardiogram (ECG) may rule out cardiac arrhythmia as a cause. There is some evidence that children with anemia (especially iron deficiency) may be more prone to<unk> s. Classification There are four types of<unk> s. ; Simple<unk>  : This is the most common type and the cause is the<unk>  of<unk> . The usual precipitating event is frustration or injury. There is no major alteration of circulation or oxygenation and the recovery is spontaneous. ; Cyanotic<unk> s : These are usually precipitated by anger or frustration, although they may occur after a painful experience. The child cries and has forced expiration, sometimes leading to cyanosis (blueness in color), loss of muscle tone, and loss of consciousness. The child usually recovers within minutes, but some fall asleep for an hour or so. Physiologically, there is often hypocapnea (low levels of carbon dioxide) and usually hypoxia (low levels of oxygen). There is increased intrathoracic pressure and decreased cardiac output following the Valsalva maneuver. This eventually leads to a significant decrease in circulation to the brain and ultimately, loss of consciousness. There is no postictal phase (as is seen with seizures), no incontinence, and the child is fine in between<unk> s. EEGs are normal in these children. There is no relationship to the subsequent development of seizures or cerebral injury. ; Pallid<unk> s : The most common stimulus is a painful event. The child turns pale (as opposed to blue) and loses consciousness with little if any crying. The EEG is also normal, and there is no postictal phase, nor incontinence. The child is usually alert within minutes. There may be a relationship with adulthood syncope. ; Complicated<unk> s : These may simply be a more severe form of the two most common types. They generally begin as either a cyanotic or pallid<unk>  that is then associated with seizure-like activity. An EEG taken while the child is not having a<unk>  is still generally normal.
Breath-holding spell
Sleepwalking
Expiratory apnea
Kussmaul breathing
Apneustic respirations
Hair-grooming syncope
Paroxysmal attack
Hiccup