In adults,<unk> s are largely spontaneous, secondary to chronic medical conditions such as hypertension. They also commonly occur in high altitude climbers, most likely due to the effects of systemic hypoxia on the eye. Risk is correlated with the maximum altitude reached, duration of exposure to high altitude conditions, and climb rate. In infants,<unk> s (RH) are highly associated with child abuse. The incidence of RH in abusive head trauma is approximately 85%. In a comprehensive review of 62 studies comprising 998 children, 504 of whom were abused, RH were found in 78% of cases of abusive head trauma (AHT) versus 5% of the cases of non-abusive head trauma. In a child with head trauma and RH, the odds ratio that this is AHT is 14.7 (95% CI 6.39, 33.62) and the probability of abuse is 91%. Where recorded, RH were bilateral in 83% of AHT cases compared to 8.3% in non-abusive cases. The generally accepted body of medical literature is strongly in favor of the tight association between<unk> s and child abuse, and there is no controversy among mainstream medicine. However, the courtroom has become a forum for speculative theories that cannot be reconciled with generally accepted medical literature. These theories are perpetuated by a small group of fringe doctors regularly testifying for the defense in cases of child abuse, citing case reports and weak scientific papers, that RH is not caused by shaking.
Retinal haemorrhage
Vitreous hemorrhage
Intraocular hemorrhage
Retinal vasculitis
Retinal detachment
Vitreoretinopathy
Ischemic optic neuropathy
Branch retinal vein occlusion