Medical<unk>  is not considered to be a classical psychostimulant, but rather is classified as a eugeroic (wakefulness-promoting drug) and is used primarily for treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea. For obstructive sleep apnea, it is recommended that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) be appropriately used before considering starting<unk>  to help with daytime sleepiness. Because of the risk for development of skin or hypersensitivity reactions and serious adverse psychiatric reactions, the European Medicines Agency has recommended that new patient prescriptions should be only to treat sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Large-scale clinical studies have found no evidence of tolerance with<unk>  at therapeutic doses even with prolonged use (for forty weeks and as long as three years). Occupational<unk>  being of French origin, it was fielded to military personnel in the Air Force, Foreign Legion and Marine infantry during the 1st Gulf War. Being more efficient than its parent drug adrafinil, it was deemed combat-worthy by French Ministry of Defense in 1989 and subsequently administered to personnel by their officers under the name Virgyl, in order to improve a unit's operational tempo. The test took place before the introduction of<unk>  as medication, and the personnel involved were not informed of the product's nature. Since then, armed forces of several countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, India and France, have expressed interest in<unk>  as an alternative to amphetamine—the drug traditionally employed in combat situations or lengthy missions where troops face sleep deprivation. The French government indicated that the Foreign Legion used<unk>  during certain covert operations. The United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence commissioned research into<unk>  from QinetiQ and spent £300,000 on one investigation. In 2011, the Indian Air Force announced that<unk>  was included in contingency plans. In the United States military,<unk>  has been approved for use on certain Air Force missions, and it is being investigated for other uses. As of November 2012,<unk>  is the only drug approved by the Air Force as a "go pill" for fatigue management (replacing prior use of amphetamine-based medications such as dextroamphetamine). It is also used in various Special Forces. The Canadian Medical Association Journal also reports that<unk>  is used by astronauts on long-term missions aboard the International Space Station.<unk>  is "available to crew to optimize performance while fatigued" and helps with the disruptions in circadian rhythms and with the reduced quality of sleep astronauts experience. Available forms<unk>  tablets – Modalert 200<unk>  is available in the form of 100 and 200 mg oral tablets. It is also available as the (R)-enantiomer, armodafinil, and as a prodrug of<unk> , adrafinil.
Modafinil
Armodafinil
Methylphenidate
Adrafinil
Dexmethylphenidate
Ethylphenidate
Dimethazan
Fluparoxan