Secondary<unk> 's is managed primarily by treating the underlying cause, and as primary<unk> 's, avoiding triggers, such as cold, emotional and environmental stress, vibrations and repetitive motions, and avoiding smoking (including passive smoking) and sympathomimetic drugs. Medications Medications can be helpful for moderate or severe disease. * Vasodilators – calcium channel blockers, such as the dihydropyridines nifedipine or amlodipine, preferably slow-release preparations – are often first-line treatment. They have the common side effects of headache, flushing, and ankle edema, but these are not typically of sufficient severity to require cessation of treatment. The limited evidence available shows that calcium-channel blockers are only slightly effective in reducing how often the attacks happen. Although, other studies also reveal that CCBs may be effective at decreasing severity of attacks, pain and disability associated with<unk> 's phenomenon. People whose disease is secondary to erythromelalgia often cannot use vasodilators for therapy, as they trigger 'flares' causing the extremities to become burning red due to too much blood supply. * People with severe disease prone to ulceration or large artery thrombotic events may be prescribed aspirin. * Sympatholytic agents, such as the alpha-adrenergic blocker prazosin, may provide temporary relief to secondary<unk> 's phenomenon. * Losartan can, and topical nitrates may, reduce the severity and frequency of attacks, and the phosphodiesterase inhibitors sildenafil and tadalafil may reduce their severity. * Angiotensin receptor blockers or ACE inhibitors may aid blood flow to the fingers, and some evidence shows that angiotensin receptor blockers (often losartan) reduce frequency and severity of attacks, and possibly better than nifedipine. * The prostaglandin iloprost is used to manage critical ischemia and pulmonary hypertension in<unk> 's phenomenon, and the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan is used to manage severe pulmonary hypertension and prevent finger ulcers in scleroderma. * Statins have a protective effect on blood vessels, and SSRIs such as fluoxetine may help symptoms, but the data is weak. * PDE5 inhibitors are used off-label to treat severe ischemia and ulcers in fingers and toes for people with secondary<unk> 's phenomenon; as of 2016, their role more generally in<unk> 's was not clear. Surgery * In severe cases, an endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy procedure can be performed. Here, the nerves that signal the blood vessels of the fingertips to constrict are surgically cut. Microvascular surgery of the affected areas is another possible therapy, but this procedure should be considered as a last resort. * A more recent treatment for severe<unk> 's is the use of botulinum toxin. The 2009 article studied 19 patients ranging in age from 15 to 72 years with severe<unk> 's phenomenon of which 16 patients (84%) reported pain reduction at rest; 13 patients reported immediate pain relief, three more had gradual pain reduction over 1–2 months. All 13 patients with chronic finger ulcers healed within 60 days. Only 21% of the patients required repeated injections. A 2007 article describes similar improvement in a series of 11 patients. All patients had significant relief of pain. Alternative medicine Evidence does not support the use of alternative medicine, including acupuncture and laser therapy.
Raynaud syndrome
Patterson syndrome
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
Fountain syndrome
Burning feet syndrome
Popliteal artery aneurysm
Neurogenic claudication
Diabetic foot