Patients with rosacea have elevated levels of<unk>  and elevated levels of stratum corneum tryptic enzymes (SCTEs).<unk>  is cleaved into the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by both kallikrein 5 and kallikrein 7 serine proteases. Excessive production of LL-37 is suspected to be a contributing cause in all subtypes of Rosacea. Antibiotics have been used in the past to treat rosacea, but antibiotics may only work because they inhibit some SCTEs. Lower plasma levels of human<unk>  antimicrobial protein (hCAP18) appear to significantly increase the risk of death from infection in dialysis patients. The production of<unk>  is up-regulated by Vitamin D. SAAP-148 (a synthetic antimicrobial and antibiofilm peptide) is a modified version of LL-37 that has enhanced antimicrobial activities compared to LL-37. In particular, SAAP-148 was more efficient in killing bacteria under physiological conditions. LL-37 is thought to play a role in psoriasis pathogenesis (along with other anti-microbial peptides). In psoriasis, damaged keratinocytes release LL-37 which forms complexes with self-genetic material (DNA or RNA) from other cells. These complexes stimulate dendritic cells (a type of antigen presenting cell) which then release interferon α and β which contributes to differentiation of T-cells and continued inflammation. LL-37 has also been found to be a common auto-antigen in psoriasis; T-cells specific to LL-37 were found in the blood and skin in two thirds of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. LL-37 binds to the peptide Ab, which is associated with Alzheimer's disease. An imbalance between LL-37 and Ab may be a factor affecting AD-associated fibrils and plaques. Chronic, oral P. gingivalis and herpesvirus (HSV-1) infections may contribute to the progression of Alzheimer's dementia.
Cathelicidin
Fibrinolysin
Peroxin-7
Kaliotoxin
Staphylotoxin
Cyanotoxin
Eoxin
Tetanospasmin