The beginning of<unk>  may be detected either based on symptoms by the woman herself, or by using<unk>  tests. However, an important condition with serious health implications that is quite common is the denial of<unk>  by the pregnant woman. About one in 475 denials will last until around the 20th week of<unk> . The proportion of cases of denial, persisting until delivery is about 1 in 2500. Conversely, some non-pregnant women have a very strong belief that they are pregnant along with some of the physical changes. This condition is known as a false<unk> . Physical signs Linea nigra in a woman at 22 weeks pregnant. Most pregnant women experience a number of symptoms, which can signify<unk> . A number of early medical signs are associated with<unk> . These signs include: * the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood and urine * missed menstrual period * implantation bleeding that occurs at implantation of the embryo in the uterus during the third or fourth week after last menstrual period * increased basal body temperature sustained for over 2 weeks after ovulation * Chadwick's sign (darkening of the cervix, vagina, and vulva) * Goodell's sign (softening of the vaginal portion of the cervix) * Hegar's sign (softening of the uterus isthmus) * Pigmentation of the linea alba – linea nigra, (darkening of the skin in a midline of the abdomen, caused by hyperpigmentation resulting from hormonal changes, usually appearing around the middle of<unk> . * Darkening of the nipples and areolas due to an increase in hormones. Biomarkers<unk>  detection can be accomplished using one or more various<unk>  tests, which detect hormones generated by the newly formed placenta, serving as biomarkers of<unk> . Blood and urine tests can detect<unk>  12 days after implantation. Blood<unk>  tests are more sensitive than urine tests (giving fewer false negatives). Home<unk>  tests are urine tests, and normally detect a<unk>  12 to 15 days after fertilization. A quantitative blood test can determine approximately the date the embryo was conceived because hCG doubles every 36 to 48 hours. A single test of progesterone levels can also help determine how likely a fetus will survive in those with a threatened miscarriage (bleeding in early<unk> . Ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography can detect fetal abnormalities, detect multiple<unk> es, and improve gestational dating at 24 weeks. The resultant estimated gestational age and due date of the fetus are slightly more accurate than methods based on last menstrual period. Ultrasound is used to measure the nuchal fold in order to screen for Down syndrome.
Pregnancy
Uterine fibroid  s  1
Male pregnancy
Male lactation
Postpartum infections
Recurrent miscarriage
High-risk pregnancy
Postterm pregnancy