In HbS, the complete blood count reveals haemoglobin levels in the range of 6–8 g/dl with a high reticulocyte count (as the bone marrow compensates for the destruction of<unk> d cells by producing more red blood cells). In other forms of<unk> , Hb levels tend to be higher. A blood film may show features of hyposplenism (target cells and Howell-Jolly bodies).<unk> ng of the red blood cells, on a blood film, can be induced by the addition of sodium metabisulfite. The presence of<unk>  haemoglobin can also be demonstrated with the<unk>  solubility test" (also called<unk> dex"). A mixture of haemoglobin S (HbS) in a reducing solution (such as sodium dithionite) gives a turbid appearance, whereas normal Hb gives a clear solution. Abnormal haemoglobin forms can be detected on haemoglobin electrophoresis, a form of gel electrophoresis on which the various types of haemoglobin move at varying speeds.<unk>  cell haemoglobin (HgbS) and haemoglobin C with<unk> ng (HgbSC)—the two most common forms—can be identified from there. The diagnosis can be confirmed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Genetic testing is rarely performed, as other investigations are highly specific for HbS and HbC. An acute<unk>  cell crisis is often precipitated by infection. Therefore, a urinalysis to detect an occult urinary tract infection, and chest X-ray to look for occult pneumonia should be routinely performed. People who are known carriers of the<unk>  or at risk of having a child with<unk>  cell anemia may undergo genetic counseling. Genetic counselors work with families to discuss the benefits, limitations, and logistics of genetic testing options as well as the potential impact of testing and test results on the individual. During pregnancy, genetic testing can be done on either a blood sample from the fetus or a sample of amniotic fluid. Since taking a blood sample from a fetus has greater risks, the latter test is usually used. Neonatal screening sometimes referred to as newborn screening, provides not only a method of early detection for individuals with<unk>  but also allows for the identification of the groups of people who carry the<unk>  cell trait. Genetic counselors can help individuals of colour and their families tackle the racial and ethnic disparities that exist in healthcare. In 2010, there was significant consideration and debate in the US surrounding comprehensive screening of athletes for<unk> . The American Society of Hematology concluded in a statement in 2012 that they do not support testing or disclosure of<unk>  cell trait status as a prerequisite for participation in athletic activities due to lack of scientific evidence, inconsistency with good medical practice, and inconsistency with public health ethics. They recommended universal interventions to reduce exertion-related injuries and deaths effective for all athletes irrespective of their<unk>  cell status.
Sickle cell disease
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Sickle cell trait
Avascular necrosis
Primary hyperoxaluria
Sick cell syndrome
Thalassemia
Hawkinsinuria