Once food leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum, the gut-brain-liver axis is activated, which involves signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the nervous system. For patients without type 2 diabetes, the<unk>  transit time of food is estimated to be 30–45 minutes (the time from food ingestion to food leaving the stomach into the duodenum). In type 2 diabetes, the neurohormonal communication system is impaired. Delayed signaling within the gut-brain-liver axis leads to high blood glucose concentration after meals.
Gastric electrical stimulation
Gastric pacing
Oral food challenge
Gastric tonometry
Esophageal pH monitoring
Impedance–pH monitoring
Caloric reflex test
Gastric lavage