Treatment plans should be tailored to the specific diagnosis and etiology of the<unk> . Management of<unk>  can be sorted into various categories. Most examples provided here are assuming a diagnosis of GERD or functional<unk> . Pharmacologic Management * Antacids (i.e. calcium carbonate) are often taken to treat the immediate problem * H2 receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors are effective for the two most common causes of<unk>  (eg - gastritis and GERD) * Antibiotics are used if H. pylori is present. Behavioral Management * Taking medications 30–45 minutes before eating suppresses the stomach's acid generating response to food * Avoiding spicy foods, foods high in fats, peppermint, and chocolate * Avoiding reclining 2.5-3.5 hours after a meal to prevent the reflux of stomach's contents Lifestyle Modifications * Early studies show that diets that are high in fiber may show evidence in decreasing symptoms of dyspepsia. *Weight loss can decrease abdominal pressure that both delays gastric emptying and increases gastric acid reflux into the esophagus Alternative and Complementary Therapies Symptoms of<unk>  may not always be the result of an organic cause. Patients may respond better to therapies targeting anxiety and symptoms of hyper-vigilance, through medications aimed towards a psychiatric etiology, osteopathic manipulation, and even acupuncture. *Psychotherapy may show a positive role in treatment of<unk>  and the reduction of distress experienced during symptoms. * Acupuncture - in cases of functional<unk>  (eg -<unk>  of unknown origin) acupuncture may be as effective if not more than PPIs alone. Surgical Management In the case of GERD causing<unk>  symptoms, surgery may be required if PPI is not effective. Surgery should not be undergone if functional<unk>  is the leading diagnosis.
Heartburn
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Nasal congestion
Cancer
Nausea
Angina
Chest pain
Crohn's disease