Biomarkers of excessive exposure Increased concentrations of urinary beta-2 microglobulin can be an early indicator of kidney dysfunction in persons chronically exposed to low but excessive levels of environmental<unk> . The urinary beta-2 microglobulin test is an indirect method of measuring<unk>  exposure. Under some circumstances, the Occupational Health and Safety Administration requires screening for kidney damage in workers with long-term exposure to high levels of<unk> . Blood or urine<unk>  concentrations provide a better index of excessive exposure in industrial situations or following acute poisoning, whereas organ tissue (lung, liver, kidney)<unk>  concentrations may be useful in fatalities resulting from either acute or chronic poisoning.<unk>  concentrations in healthy persons without excessive<unk>  exposure are generally less than 1 μg/L in either blood or urine. The ACGIH biological exposure indices for blood and urine<unk>  levels are 5 μg/L and 5 μg/g creatinine, respectively, in random specimens. Persons who have sustained kidney damage due to chronic<unk>  exposure often have blood or urine<unk>  levels in a range of 25-50 μg/L or 25-75 μg/g creatinine, respectively. These ranges are usually 1000-3000 μg/L and 100-400 μg/g, respectively, in survivors of acute poisoning and may be substantially higher in fatal cases.
Cadmium poisoning
Mercury poisoning
Arsenic poisoning
Cobalt poisoning
Mercury Poisoning
Lead poisoning
Tin poisoning
Chromium toxicity