There is a low incidence of major complications, which is likely due to pre-procedural assessments preventing individuals with unfavourable anatomy from undergoing the procedure. The most common complication is fracture of the stent frame. This is seen in up to 30% of cases. The majority of stent fractures are diagnosed by routine imaging and are not clinically relevant. Stent fractures leading to obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is the most common reason for repeat intervention and can be treated with valve-in-valve procedures (placing a new valve inside the failed valve). More severe fractures may require surgery. Risk factors for stent fractures include younger age, smaller tract diameter, and position of the valve directly below the sternum. Tears or ruptures of the right ventricular outflow tract may occur during the procedure, especially if the tract is already heavily calcified. This is reported to occur in up to 9% of procedures. Most cases are manageable by using a covered stent and do not lead to severe bleeding. Infective endocarditis occurs at a rate of about 1%-3%. Most cases do not directly impact the implanted valve, and most cases can be treated with antibiotics. However, infective endocarditis can also cause valve explantation or sepsis, which can lead to death. Rare complications that may require urgent surgery include valve migration, valve embolization,<unk>  artery occlusion,<unk>  artery rupture, or coronary artery compression impeding blood flow. Death is rare, and is usually attributable to other comorbidities rather than from the<unk>  procedure itself.
Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation
Aortic valvuloplasty
Mitral valve repair
Percutaneous aortic valve replacement
Aortic valve repair
Robot-assisted double heart valve replacement
Cardiac resynchronization therapy
Mitral valve annuloplasty