The diagnosis of<unk>  requires recent use or exposure to<unk> s and symptoms consistent with the disorder. The severity of symptoms can be assessed by validated withdrawal scales, such as the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS).
Opioid withdrawal
Nicotine withdrawal
Drug withdrawal
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Benzodiazepine dependence
Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
Amphetamine dependence