Male and female bladders, as indicated with arrows. Pathway of<unk>  is from the anterior abdominal wall (at left of each panel), just above the pubic symphysis. Note that a distended bladder will extend higher into the abdominal wall than the above image shows.<unk>  is best performed if the child has not urinated recently, and thus has a full bladder. In infants, this can be ensured by checking that their diaper is dry. In all children, the bladder volume can be measured with ultrasound. In hospitals or clinics without access to ultrasound, the bladder can be palpated or percussed to verify location and estimate volume. The area about 1-2 centimeters above the pubic symphysis is cleansed with antiseptic solution, such as betadine or alcohol. Local anesthesia of the planned puncture site can be given either as an infiltration of lidocaine (or similar), or application of topical anesthesia. The patient is held still with gentle restraint. Since many children will be stimulated to urinate when the needle enters the bladder, the urethra is occluded, either by gently pitching the tip of the penis in boys, or with pressure on the urethral opening in girls. A thin needle (similar in gauge to one used for routine vein puncture) with a syringe is advanced until urine is withdrawn. Once adequate urine is collected, the needle is removed and any mild bleeding at the puncture site is stopped with gentle pressure. The urine sample is then sent to the laboratory for urinalysis and urine culture.
Suprapubic aspiration
Penrose drain
Suprapubic cystostomy
Foley catheter
Perineal dilator
Transurethral incision of the prostate
Cystography
Retrograde urethrogram