<unk>  has high mammalian toxicity when ingested, roughly on par with methanol, with an oral LDLo = 786 mg/kg for humans. The major danger is due to its sweet taste, which can attract children and animals. Upon ingestion,<unk>  is oxidized to<unk> ic acid, which is, in turn, oxidized to oxalic acid, which is toxic. It and its toxic byproducts first affect the central nervous system, then the heart, and finally the kidneys. Ingestion of sufficient amounts is fatal if untreated. Several deaths are recorded annually in the U.S. alone. Antifreeze products for automotive use containing propylene<unk>  in place of<unk>  are available. They are generally considered safer to use, as propylene<unk>  isn't as palatable and is converted in the body to lactic acid, a normal product of metabolism and exercise. Australia, the UK, and seventeen US states (as of 2012) require the addition of a bitter flavoring (denatonium benzoate) to antifreeze. In December 2012, US antifreeze manufacturers agreed voluntarily to add a bitter flavoring to all antifreeze that is sold in the consumer market of the US.
Ethylene glycol
Triphenylbromoethylene
Triphenylchloroethylene
Chloroethane
Vinyl chloride
Perfluorooctanoic acid
Methanol
Chloroform