Doxapram<unk> s have been used throughout history for two main purposes, to help patients recover from anesthesia more efficiently and to manage respiratory distress and apnea, particularly in infants. Anesthesia recovery<unk> s can be used to increase the speed of recovery from propofol, remifentanil, and sevoflurane. In clinical settings,<unk> s such as doxapram have been used to help patients recover from anesthesia better, as well as to remove some of the potential negative side effects of potent anesthetics. Respiratory distress management The three most prevalent clinical<unk>  uses of caffeine are in the treatment of asthma, apnea of prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborn infants. Caffeine is a weak bronchodilator, which explains the relief of the effects of asthma. Some preliminary research indicates that caffeine reduces the incidence of cerebral palsy and cognitive delay, but additional research is needed. Apnea of prematurity is officially described as a cessation of breathing for more than 15–20 seconds, usually accompanied by bradycardia and hypoxia. This cessation of breathing is due to the underdevelopment of the body's respiratory control center, the medulla oblongata, in premature infants. Ample research also suggests that caffeine significantly reduces the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, which is a chronic lung disorder defined by the need for supplemental oxygen after a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is common in infants with low birth weight (<2500g) and very low birth weight (<1500g) who received mechanical ventilator machines to help manage respiratory distress syndrome. Currently, no treatment is known for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, as the risks of treatment are generally thought to outweigh the necessity for using a mechanical ventilator. Caffeine only reduces occurrence. Theophylline is no longer used as a respiratory<unk>  in newborn infants. Theophylline has a very narrow therapeutic index, so its dosages must be supervised by direct measurement of serum theophylline levels to avoid toxicity.
Analeptic
Neuroskeptic
Carcinoid
Chyme
Hematinic
Cathartic
Toxoid
Narcotic