Efforts such as early childhood intervention, screening for common problems, medical treatment where indicated, a good family environment, and work-related training can improve the development of children with<unk> . Education and proper care can improve quality of life. Raising a child with<unk>  is more work for parents than raising an unaffected child. Typical childhood vaccinations are recommended. Health screening + Recommended screening Testing Children Adults Hearing 6 months, 12 months, then yearly 3–5 years T4 and TSH 6 months, then yearly Eyes 6 months, then yearly 3–5 years Teeth 2 years, then every 6 months Coeliac disease Between 2 and 3 years of age, or earlier if symptoms occur Sleep study 3 to 4 years, or earlier if symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea occur Neck X-rays Between 3 and 5 years of age A number of health organizations have issued recommendations for screening those with<unk>  for particular diseases. This is recommended to be done systematically. At birth, all children should get an electrocardiogram and ultrasound of the heart. Surgical repair of heart problems may be required as early as three months of age. Heart valve problems may occur in young adults, and further ultrasound evaluation may be needed in adolescents and in early adulthood. Due to the elevated risk of testicular cancer, some recommend checking the person's testicles yearly. Cognitive development Hearing aids or other amplification devices can be useful for language learning in those with hearing loss. Speech therapy may be useful and is recommended to be started around nine months of age. As those with<unk>  typically have good hand-eye coordination, learning sign language may be possible. Augmentative and alternative communication methods, such as pointing, body language, objects, or pictures, are often used to help with communication. Behavioral issues and mental illness are typically managed with counseling or medications. Education programs before reaching school age may be useful. School-age children with<unk>  may benefit from inclusive education (whereby students of differing abilities are placed in classes with their peers of the same age), provided some adjustments are made to the curriculum. Evidence to support this, however, is not very strong. In the United States, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1975 requires public schools generally to allow attendance by students with<unk> . Individuals with<unk>  may learn better visually. Drawing may help with language, speech, and reading skills. Children with<unk>  still often have difficulty with sentence structure and grammar, as well as developing the ability to speak clearly. Several types of early intervention can help with cognitive development. Efforts to develop motor skills include physical therapy, speech and language therapy, and occupational therapy. Physical therapy focuses specifically on motor development and teaching children to interact with their environment. Speech and language therapy can help prepare for later language. Lastly, occupational therapy can help with skills needed for later independence. Other Tympanostomy tubes are often needed and often more than one set during the person's childhood. Tonsillectomy is also often done to help with sleep apnea and throat infections. Surgery, however, does not always address the sleep apnea and a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine may be useful. Physical therapy and participation in physical education may improve motor skills. Evidence to support this in adults, however, is not very good. Efforts to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection with human monoclonal antibodies should be considered, especially in those with heart problems. In those who develop dementia there is no evidence for memantine, donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine. Plastic surgery has been suggested as a method of improving the appearance and thus the acceptance of people with<unk> . It has also been proposed as a way to improve speech. Evidence, however, does not support a meaningful difference in either of these outcomes. Plastic surgery on children with<unk>  is uncommon, and continues to be controversial. The U.S. National<unk>  Society views the goal as one of mutual respect and acceptance, not appearance. Many alternative medical techniques are used in<unk> ; however, they are poorly supported by evidence. These include: dietary changes, massage, animal therapy, chiropractic and naturopathy, among others. Some proposed treatments may also be harmful.
Down syndrome
Alzheimer's disease
Baboon syndrome
Apert syndrome
Ring chromosome 14 syndrome
Ring chromosome 20 syndrome
TORCH syndrome
Williams syndrome