While the initial vaccine in the 1940s was based on inactivated virus, subsequent preparations since the 1960s consist of live virus that has been weakened.<unk>  is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. There are a number of different types in use as of 2007. The MMR vaccine (measles,<unk> , rubella vaccine) is the most commonly used form of the vaccine, formulated in combination with vaccines for measles and rubella.<unk> vax is Merck's brand of Jeryl Lynn strain vaccines. It is a component of Merck's three-virus MMR vaccine, and is the<unk>  standard in the United States.<unk> vax is given by a subcutaneous injection of live virus reconstituted from freeze-dried (lyophilized) vaccine. Production of<unk> vax as a stand-alone product ceased in 2009. The cells used in culture, virus stocks used, and animal fluids are all screened for extraneous material as part of the vaccine production. They are grown in Medium 199 (a solution containing buffered salt, vitamins, amino acids, fetal bovine serum) with SPGA (sucrose, phosphate, glutamate, human serum albumin) and neomycin. The human albumin processing uses the Cohn cold ethanol fractionation method. Other types * RIT 4385 is a newer strain derived from the Jeryl Lynn strain by Maurice Hilleman, Jeryl Lynn's father. * Leningrad-3 strain was developed by Smrodintsev and Klyachko in guinea pig kidney cell culture and has been used since 1950 in former Soviet countries. This vaccine is routinely used in Russia. * L-Zagreb strain used in Croatia and India was derived from the Leningrad-3 strain by further passaging. * Urabe strain was introduced in Japan, and later licensed in Belgium, France and Italy. It has been associated with a higher incidence of meningitis (1/143 000 versus 1/227 000 for J-L), and abandoned in several countries. It was formulated as MMR in the UK. * Rubini strain used mainly in Switzerland was attenuated by a higher number of passes through chicken embryos, and later proved to have low potency. It was introduced in 1985.
Mumps vaccine
Polio vaccine
Typhus vaccine
Smallpox vaccine
Typhoid vaccine
Measles vaccine
Rabies vaccine
Varicella vaccine