The breakthrough of<unk> s has changed the health industry, and numerous<unk> s are still being developed nowadays. Each type of<unk>  has its standard to keep wanted components intact. +Table 2.<unk>  temperature recommendations<unk> s<unk>  type Formulation Adjuvent Recommended temperature Description Cholera Inactivated bacteria Liquid +/- buffer granules None 2° - 8 °C Freeze sensitive Covid-19 mRNA Liquid None -90° - -60 °C Not freeze sensitive but unstable when exposure to heat Hepatitis A (HAV) Inactivated virus Liquid Usually AlOH3 2° - 8 °C relatively heat stable (resistance to 25° - 37 °C for several months), but are freeze sensitive Hepatitis B (HepB) Recombinant protein Liquid AlOH3 2° - 8 °C one of the most heat-stable<unk> s (resistance for months at 20° -25 °C and weeks at 37 °C), but also freeze sensitive. Human papillomavirus (HPV) Recombinant protein (VLP) Liquid Al hydroxylphosphate sulfate 2° - 8 °C Very stable. They are heat resistant and do not affect overall shelf life, but are freeze and light sensitive. Influenza Inactivated (split/whole) Liquid None 2° - 8 °C Can be stable for several weeks at room temperature. But are freeze sensitive Live attenuated virus Liquid or lyophilized None 2° - 8 °C Can be damaged by freezing and have short shelf life. Measles Live attenuated virus Lyophilized None -50° - 8 °C Moderately stable. Potency is retained at high temperature and also can be stored frozen at -20 °C. Meningococcal PS Lyophilized None 2° - 8 °C Not freeze sensitive as most of the<unk> s need to be stored frozen. Have good stability at room temperature. PS-PVC Liquid or Lyophilized AlOH3/None 2° - 8 °C Some of the<unk> s are not freeze sensitive and appear to be relatively stable. Polio Live attenuated virus Liquid None -20° - 8 °C Can be frozen and stable at -20 °C. Relatively heat sensitive. Inactivated virus (whole) Liquid None 2° - 8 °C Freeze sensitive but relatively heat stable. Rabies Inactivated virus (whole) Usually lyophilized Usually none 2° - 8 °C very stable in lyophilized form and not freeze sensitive Rubella Live attenuated virus Lyophilized None -50° - 8 °C Can be stored at -20 °C and more stable than measles<unk> s Tetanus toxoid Purified protein Liquid Aluminum based 2° - 8 °C Very heat stable and resistant to temperature up to 55 °C, but freeze sensitive. Tuberculosis Live attenuated baacterium Lyophilized None 2° - 8 °C Not freeze and light sensitive Varicella Live attenuated virus Lyophilized None -50 °C - -15 °C Not freeze sensitive. but relatively unstable at elevated. temperature Due to the abundant number of<unk> s, pharmaceutics combines two or more<unk> s to save more time. These types of<unk> s might change in<unk>  temperature recommendation due to the additional stability of each<unk> . +Table 3. Combination<unk>  temperature recommendation<unk>  General name<unk>  type Formulation Adjuvant Recommended temperature Description Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis DTaP Purified protein Liquid Aluminum based 2° - 8 °C Freeze sensitive DTwP Purified protein, Inactivated bacteria Liquid Aluminum based 2° - 8 °C Freeze sensitive but relatively heat stable Hepatitis A and B Recombinant protein, inactivated virus Liquid Aluminum based 2° - 8 °C Freeze sensitive but relatively heat stable Measles, mumps, and rubella MMR Live attenuated virus Lyophilized None -50° - 8 °C Not freeze sensitive and relatively stable in the lyophilized state.
Vaccine storage
Animal vaccination
Vaccination policy
Vaccine bundling
Vaccine cooler
Vaccination schedule
HIV vaccine development
Personal protective equipment