Congenital A one-year-old girl with<unk>  showing "sunset eyes", before shunt surgery Congenital<unk>  is present in the infant prior to birth, meaning the fetus developed<unk>  in utero during fetal development. The most common cause of congenital<unk>  is aqueductal stenosis, which occurs when the narrow passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain is blocked or too narrow to allow sufficient cerebral spinal fluid to drain. Fluid accumulates in the upper ventricles, causing<unk> . Other causes of congenital<unk>  include neural-tube defects, arachnoid cysts, Dandy–Walker syndrome, and Arnold–Chiari malformation. The cranial bones fuse by the end of the third year of life. For head enlargement to occur,<unk>  must occur before then. The causes are usually genetic, but can also be acquired and usually occur within the first few months of life, which include intraventricular matrix hemorrhages in premature infants, infections, type II Arnold-Chiari malformation, aqueduct atresia and stenosis, and Dandy-Walker malformation.<unk>  has also been seen in cases of congenital syphilis. In newborns and toddlers with<unk> , the head circumference is enlarged rapidly and soon surpasses the 97th percentile. Since the skull bones have not yet firmly joined together, bulging, firm anterior and posterior fontanelles may be present even when the person is in an upright position. The infant exhibits fretfulness, poor feeding, and frequent vomiting. As the<unk>  progresses, torpor sets in, and infants show lack of interest in their surroundings. Later on, their upper eyelids become retracted and their eyes are turned downwards ("sunset eyes") (due to hydrocephalic pressure on the mesencephalic tegmentum and paralysis of upward gaze). Movements become weak and the arms may become tremulous. Papilledema is absent, but vision may be reduced. The head becomes so enlarged that they eventually may be bedridden. About 80–90% of fetuses or newborn infants with spina bifida—often associated with meningocele or myelomeningocele—develop<unk> . Acquired This condition is acquired as a consequence of CNS infections, meningitis, brain tumors, head trauma, toxoplasmosis, or intracranial hemorrhage (subarachnoid or intraparenchymal), and is usually painful.
Hydrocephalus
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Porencephaly
Cerebral edema  Cerebral edema  1
Microcephaly
Acephaly
Cebocephaly
Colpocephaly