A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity published a guideline to harmonize the definition of the<unk> . This definition recognizes that the risk associated with a particular waist measurement will differ in different populations. Whether it is better at this time to set the level at which risk starts to increase or at which there is already substantially increased risk will be up to local decision-making groups. However, for international comparisons and to facilitate the etiology, it is critical that a commonly agreed-upon set of criteria be used worldwide, with agreed-upon cut points for different ethnic groups and sexes. There are many people in the world of mixed ethnicity, and in those cases, pragmatic decisions will have to be made. Therefore, an international criterion of overweight may be more appropriate than ethnic specific criteria of abdominal obesity for an anthropometric component of this syndrome which results from an excess lipid storage in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. The previous definitions of the<unk>  by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the revised National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) are very similar, and they identify individuals with a given set of symptoms as having<unk> . There are two differences, however: the IDF definition states that if body mass index (BMI) is greater than 30 kg/m2, central obesity can be assumed, and waist circumference does not need to be measured. However, this potentially excludes any subject without increased waist circumference if BMI is less than 30. Conversely, the NCEP definition indicates that<unk>  can be diagnosed based on other criteria. Also, the IDF uses geography-specific cut points for waist circumference, while NCEP uses only one set of cut points for waist circumference regardless of geography. IDF The International Diabetes Federation consensus worldwide definition of<unk>  (2006) is: Central obesity (defined as waist circumference# with ethnicity-specific values) AND any two of the following: * Raised triglycerides: > 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality * Reduced HDL cholesterol: 130 or diastolic BP >85 mm Hg, or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension * Raised fasting plasma glucose (FPG): >100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes If FPG is >5.6 mmol/L or 100 mg/dL, an oral glucose tolerance test is strongly recommended, but is not necessary to define presence of the syndrome. # If BMI is >30 kg/m2, central obesity can be assumed and waist circumference does not need to be measured WHO The World Health Organization (1999) requires the presence of any one of diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or insulin resistance, AND two of the following: * Blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg * Dyslipidemia: triglycerides (TG) ≥ 1.695 mmol/L and HDL cholesterol ≤ 0.9 mmol/L (male), ≤ 1.0 mmol/L (female) * Central obesity: waist:hip ratio > 0.90 (male); > 0.85 (female), or BMI > 30 kg/m2 * Microalbuminuria: urinary albumin excretion ratio ≥ 20 µg/min or albumin:creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g EGIR The European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (1999) requires insulin resistance defined as the top 25% of the fasting insulin values among nondiabetic individuals AND two or more of the following: * Central obesity: waist circumference ≥ 94 cm or 37 inches (male), ≥ 80 cm or 31.5 inches (female) * Dyslipidemia: TG ≥ 2.0 mmol/L and/or HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/L or treated for dyslipidemia * Blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg or antihypertensive medication * Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/L NCEP The U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (2001) requires at least three of the following: * Central obesity: waist circumference ≥ 102 cm or 40 inches (male), ≥ 88 cm or 35 inches(female) * Dyslipidemia: TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dl) * Dyslipidemia: HDL-C < 40 mg/dL (male), < 50 mg/dL (female) * Blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg (or treated for hypertension) * Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dl) American Heart Association There is confusion as to whether, in 2004, the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute intended to create another set of guidelines or simply update the National Cholesterol Education Program definition. * Central obesity: waist circumference ≥ 102 cm or 40 inches (male), ≥ 88 cm or 35 inches(female) * Dyslipidemia: TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) * Dyslipidemia: HDL-C < 40 mg/dL (male), < 50 mg/dL (female) * Blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg (or treated for hypertension) * Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL), or use of medication for hyperglycemia Other High-sensitivity C-reactive protein has been developed and used as a marker to predict coronary vascular diseases in<unk> , and it was recently used as a predictor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (steatohepatitis) in correlation with serum markers that indicated lipid and glucose<unk> m. Fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis can be considered manifestations of<unk> , indicative of abnormal energy storage as fat in ectopic distribution. Reproductive disorders (such as polycystic ovary syndrome in women of reproductive age), and erectile dysfunction or decreased total testosterone (low testosterone-binding globulin) in men can be attributed to<unk> .
Metabolic syndrome
Erectile dysfunction
Prediabetes
Obesity
Lifestyle causes of type 2 diabetes
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Sarcopenic obesity
Insulin resistance