<unk>  is a semi-synthetic opioid commercialized by Roche, with powerful, fast-acting effects, such as sedation and analgesia. It was first discovered and patented by a German team working for Knoll in 1920 but was not generally recognized. It was later synthesized in 1932 by Lyndon Frederick Small. Small also successfully patented it in 1934 in the United States.<unk>  was used in Switzerland under the brand name Permonid and was described as having a fast onset and a short duration of action, with relatively little nausea compared to equivalent doses of morphine. Dose-by-dose it is eight to ten times more potent than morphine.<unk>  is a morphine analogue where the 6-hydroxyl group and the 7,8 double bond have been reduced. The traditional synthesis of<unk>  starts from α-chlorocodide, which is itself obtained by treating thionyl chloride with codeine. By catalytic reduction, α-chlorocodide gives dihydrodesoxycodeine, which yields<unk>  on demethylation.<unk>  has been created by the public as a street drug. In that context, it is commonly called “krokodil” (Russian for crocodile), named for the scaly sores and necrosis that develop around the injection site.
Desomorphine
Apomorphine
Droperidol
Tripelennamine
Bocasan
Benzatropine
Bretylium
Tropisetron