Medications are used to reverse the<unk>  of<unk>  side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, either by directly or indirectly inhibiting dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the<unk> , but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl, and (rarely) dopamine agonists like pramipexole. If the<unk>  are induced by an antipsychotic,<unk>  may be reduced by decreasing the dose of the antipsychotic or by switching from a typical antipsychotic to an (or to a different) atypical antipsychotic, such as aripiprazole, ziprasidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or clozapine. These medications possess an additional mode of action that is believed to mitigate their effect on the nigrostriatal pathway, which means they are associated with fewer<unk>  side-effects than "conventional" antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, etc.) Dystonia Anticholinergic medications are used to reverse acute dystonia. If the<unk>  are particularly severe, the anticholinergic medication may be administered by injection into a muscle to rapidly reverse the dystonia. Akathisia Certain second-generation antipsychotics, such as lurasidone and the partial D2-agonist aripiprazole, are more likely to cause akathisia compared to other second-generation antipsychotics. If akathisia occurs, switching to an antipsychotic with a lower risk of akathisia may improve<unk> . Beta blockers (like propranolol) are frequently used to treat akathisia. Other medications that are sometimes used include clonidine, mirtazapine, or even benzodiazepines. Anticholinergic medications are not helpful for treating akathisia. Pseudoparkinsonism Medication interventions are generally reserved for cases in which withdrawing the medication that caused the pseudoparkinsonism is either ineffective or infeasible. Anticholinergic medications are sometimes used to treat pseudoparkinsonism, but they can be difficult to tolerate when given chronically. Amantadine is sometimes used as well. It is rare for dopamine agonists to be used for antipsychotic-induced<unk> , as they may exacerbate psychosis. Tardive dyskinesia When other measures fail or are not feasible, medications are used to treat tardive dyskinesia. These include the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitors tetrabenazine and deutetrabenazine.
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Sickness behavior
Pain asymbolia
Pseudobulbar affect
Neurosis
Pyramidal signs
Dyssomnia
Amnesia