349x349px Symptoms of achalasia can be detected by fluoroscopy during barium swallow or oesophageal manometry. Achalasia Barium swallow A positive barium swallow will display the narrowing of the distal oesophagus in a ‘bird beak’ or ‘champagne class’ fashion, aperistalsis, minimal LES opening and oesophageal dilation as the main indicator of the disease. Minimal barium will be present in the stomach. However, these diagnostic findings are not always present in the early onset of the disease and so a normal oesophagogram is not an indication of a lack of disease. Oesophageal manometry Patients who suffer from the vigorous achalasia variant of the disease, do not express dilation. Manometry is the best, most sensitive method in these cases as it can diagnose abnormalities related to achalasia based on basal pressure, without the need for the manifestation of dilation. Aperistalsis and a poorly relaxed and hypertensive LES is required for a positive diagnosis.<unk>  Prenatal diagnosis of<unk>  is difficult due to the variability present in the causes of the disease. Early detection, however, is important for consanguineous parents as an autosomal recessive inheritance is highly implicated for<unk> . Anomaly scans during pregnancy can be used to calculate the ratio between the head/abdominal circumference and head circumference/femur length which are used calculate and diagnose<unk> . Ultrasound scans have also led to the accidental discovery of<unk> , however this occurrence is an anomaly. Women who are at risk of contracting TORCH infections or exposure to Zika virus are recommended to undergo screening as most resultant infections are asymptomatic. This includes testing sera and saliva for viral antigens. Prenatal diagnosis is further complicated when<unk>  manifests with achalasia as it is only possible to detect symptoms shortly after the first trimester and early into the second. Consequently,<unk>  is usually diagnosed after the onset of achalasia by eighteen months or older. An occipital-frontal head circumference of less than three standard deviations is an indication of<unk> . Radiography and NMR imaging of the skull can also be utilised. A physical examination of height and weight proportions as well as IQ and motor development is implemented for further confirmation as not all children with<unk>  have abnormal development A positive test will show normal to abnormal proportions, a low IQ and slow motor development.
Achalasia microcephaly
Laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome
Odontoma dysphagia syndrome
Retained antrum syndrome
complications of Hiatal hernia
Atresia
Ontario Minamata disease
Esophageal achalasia