The ability to invade surrounding tissue and metastasise is a<unk> of cancer.<unk>  were originally six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors and have since been increased to eight capabilities and two enabling capabilities. The idea was coined by Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg in their paper<unk>  published January 2000 in Cell. These<unk>  constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these<unk>  are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple<unk> functions. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they incorporate a community of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of<unk> traits by creating the “tumor microenvironment.” Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer. In an update published in 2011 <unk>  of cancer: the next generation"), Weinberg and Hanahan proposed two new<unk> : (1) abnormal metabolic pathways and (2) evasion of the immune system, and two enabling characteristics: (1) genome instability, and (2) inflammation.
The Hallmarks of Cancer
Field cancerization
Mammoplasia
Sexology
Tumor budding
Radiation and health
Breast cancer classification
Anaplastology