<unk> s play a role in initiating the<unk>  response and to regulate the host defence against pathogens mediating the innate immune response. Some<unk> s have additional roles such as acting as growth factors. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α also trigger pathological pain. While IL-1β is released by monocytes and macrophages, it is also present in nociceptive DRG neurons. IL-6 plays a role in neuronal reaction to an injury. TNF-α is a well known proinflammatory cytokine present in neurons and the glia. TNF-α is often involved in different signaling pathways to regulate apoptosis in the cells. Excessive chronic production of<unk> s contribute to<unk>  diseases. that have been linked to different diseases, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines have also been linked to depression and other neurological diseases. A balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is necessary to maintain health. Aging and exercise also play a role in the amount of inflammation from the release of proinflammatory cytokines.
Inflammatory cytokine
Cytokine
Lymphokine
Tumor antigen
Autoantibody
Autoimmune regulator
Gastrointestinal hormone
Acute-phase protein