Local numbing agent The efficacy profile of<unk>  as a local anaesthetic is characterized by a rapid onset of action and intermediate duration of efficacy. Therefore,<unk>  is suitable for infiltration, block, and surface anaesthesia. Longer-acting substances such as bupivacaine are sometimes given preference for spinal and epidural anaesthesias;<unk> , though, has the advantage of a rapid onset of action. Adrenaline vasoconstricts arteries, reducing bleeding and also delaying the resorption of<unk> , almost doubling the duration of anaesthesia.<unk>  is one of the most commonly used local anaesthetics in dentistry. It can be administered in multiple ways, most often as a nerve block or infiltration, depending on the type of treatment carried out and the area of the mouth worked on. For surface anaesthesia, several formulations can be used for endoscopies, before intubations, etc. Buffering the pH of<unk>  makes local numbing less painful.<unk>  drops can be used on the eyes for short ophthalmic procedures. There is tentative evidence for topical<unk>  for neuropathic pain and skin graft donor site pain. As a local numbing agent, it is used for the treatment of premature ejaculation. An adhesive transdermal patch containing a 5% concentration of<unk>  in a hydrogel bandage, is approved by the US FDA for reducing nerve pain caused by shingles. The transdermal patch is also used for pain from other causes, such as compressed nerves and persistent nerve pain after some surgeries. Heart arrhythmia<unk>  is also the most important class-1b antiarrhythmic drug; it is used intravenously for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias (for acute myocardial infarction, digoxin poisoning, cardioversion, or cardiac catheterization) if amiodarone is not available or contraindicated.<unk>  should be given for this indication after defibrillation, CPR, and vasopressors have been initiated. A routine preventive dose is no longer recommended after a myocardial infarction as the overall benefit is not convincing. Epilepsy A 2013 review on treatment for neonatal seizures recommended intravenous<unk>  as a second-line treatment, if phenobarbital fails to stop seizures. Other Intravenous<unk>  infusions are also used to treat chronic pain and acute surgical pain as an opiate sparing technique. The quality of evidence for this use is poor so it is difficult to compare it to placebo or an epidural. Inhaled<unk>  can be used as a cough suppressor acting peripherally to reduce the cough reflex. This application can be implemented as a safety and comfort measure for patients who have to be intubated, as it reduces the incidence of coughing and any tracheal damage it might cause when emerging from anaesthesia.<unk> , along with ethanol, ammonia, and acetic acid, may also help in treating jellyfish stings, both numbing the affected area and preventing further nematocyst discharge. For gastritis, drinking a viscous<unk>  formulation may help with the pain.
Lidocaine
Etidocaine
Iontocaine
Pramocaine
Tocainide
Nortilidine
Quinidine
Prilocaine