The main treatment of<unk> -related laryngeal<unk> s is microlaryngeal surgical excision, but low dose radiotherapy and other drugs such as corticosteroids, botulinum toxin and zinc sulfate are also used in support to treat related symptoms or manage<unk>  recurrence. Surgical excision The main treatment of<unk> -related laryngeal<unk> s is microlaryngeal surgical excision of the<unk>  under anesthesia. Excision surgeries can be performed by cold steel excision or laser ablations - Laser surgeries permit more accurate excisions and hence reduce risks of damaging surrounding tissues. This method can be further accompanied by jet ventilation, which minimises<unk>  trauma and reduces risks of edema and barotrauma by providing ventilation over stenosis. A thin cannula and catheter can be further used in place of traditional small-diameter endotracheal tubes during surgery, which enables precise visualisation of anatomical configurations within the surgical field. Employing infraglottic transtracheal routes for microlaryngeal surgery is more effective than supraglottic methods as it provides ventilation under vocal cords, which causes minimal vocal cord movement. However, excision surgeries alone usually result in high incidences of<unk>  recurrence. Consequently, surgical approaches are usually accompanied by low dose radiotherapy, corticosteroids and botulinum toxin treatment. Low dose radiotherapy Low dose radiotherapy ranging between 800 to 3000 cGy (centigray) has been documented to have a high successful prevention and resolution of laryngeal<unk> s. The optimal period for radiotherapy treatment is immediately after surgical excision, preferably prior to injury-stimulated tissue proliferation. Corticosteroids Corticosteroid drug treatments can be administered orally and through inhalation. Inhaled steroids have the greatest efficacy in resolving reducing local inflammation of the<unk> . The most commonly prescribed inhaled steroid, budesonide, can resolve<unk> s within 12 months of treatment. However, due to the side effects of steroidal interventions, antibiotics have to be prescribed alongside to reduce pain and inflammation in the region of the target<unk> . Botulinum toxin and Zinc sulfate Botulinum toxin (BOTOX) and Zinc sulfate treatments are mainly applied to cases of refractory<unk> s, which are immune to previously mentioned treatment methods. Intralaryngeal BOTOX injections bind specifically and non-competitively to presynaptic cholinergic neuron membranes at neuromuscular junctions which induce zinc-dependent cleavage of proteins involved in neuroexocytosis. The breakdown of neuroexocytosis proteins block acetylcholine secretions which inhibit hypertonicity, strengthen antagonist muscles and restore the balance of forces. Since laryngeal<unk>  formations are exacerbated by repeated forceful contraction of the glottis, the combined effects of the toxin induce thyroarytenoid paresis and decreases the force of vocal fold adduction which inhibit forced contact between vocal processes, hence facilitating<unk>  resolution. Oral zinc sulfate treatments are advantageous due to their ability to preserve the anatomical and functional integrity of the vocal cords. Similarly, this form of therapy can achieve quick relief of<unk> -related symptoms whilst avoiding invasive surgery and toxic drug effects.
Intubation granuloma
Bronchopleural fistula
Pleural empyema
Aspiration pneumonia
Fibrothorax
Lobar pneumonia
Lung abscess
Urinothorax