There are three antiepileptic drugs that have been used for the first-line treatment of<unk> ; these are ethosuximide (ETX), valproic acid (VPA), and lamotrigine (LTG). ETX is an effective first-line treatment for the<unk>  seizures only by blocking the low-threshold calcium currents produced by T-type calcium channels in the thalamus. The peak level occurs after 3-5 hours of intake; steady levels of the drug in the blood are achieved after 7-10 days of the same daily dose. The usual dosage is 20-30 mg/kg/day divided into two doses. Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances such as hiccups, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and exceptionally other symptoms like fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, or ataxia. Valproate (VPA) has also been proven effective as a monotherapy in<unk>  although ETX is usually preferred as it has a lower impact on attention according to the<unk>  Epilepsy study. There are several mechanisms related to VPA’s antiepileptic action, including raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), calcium-dependent potassium activating and blocking of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, but there is no specific evidence for the mechanism by which VPA controls the<unk>  seizures. VPA has a wide range of side effects (high-frequency tremor, altered mental status, increased appetite and weight gain, pancreatitis, hepatic failure, thrombocytopenia, teratogenesis during pregnancy) although serious side effects are rare and usually dose-dependent. Usual maintenance dose in children is 20–30 mg/kg/day. Lamotrigine (LTG) could be used as alternative/ add-on treatment for<unk>  along with VPA and ETX. Other possible treatments in the rare cases of pharmacoresistant include levetiracetam, clobazam, topiramate, zonisamide.
Childhood absence epilepsy
Benign infantile epilepsy
Benign familial infantile epilepsy
Benign familial neonatal seizures
Northern epilepsy syndrome
Musicogenic epilepsy
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
Temporal lobe epilepsy