In the United States, the annual incidence of<unk> s in athletes and military recruits ranges from 5% to 30%, depending on the sport and other risk factors. Women and highly active individuals are also at a higher risk. The incidence probably also increases with age due to age-related reductions in bone mass density (BMD). Children may also be at risk because their bones have yet to reach full density and strength. The female athlete triad also can put women at risk as disordered eating and osteoporosis can cause the bones to be severely weakened. This type of injury is mostly seen in lower extremities, due to the constant weight-bearing (WB). The bones commonly affected by<unk> s are the tibia, tarsals, metatarsals (MT), fibula, femur, pelvis and spine. Upper extremity<unk> s do occur, but they are uncommon. When<unk> s occur in the upper extremity its commonly in the upper torso and is caused by muscle forces. The population that has the highest risk for<unk> s is athletes and military recruits who are participating in repetitive, high intensity training. Sports and activities that have excessive, repetitive ground reaction forces have the highest incidence of<unk> s. The site at which the<unk>  occurs depends on the activity/sports that the individual participates in. Women are more at risk for<unk> s than men due to factors such as lower aerobic capacity, reduced muscle mass, lower bone mineral density, among other anatomical and hormone-related elements. Women also have a two- to four-times increased risk of<unk> s when suffering from amenorrhea compared to women who are eumenorrheic. Reduced bone health increases the risk of<unk> s and studies have shown an inverse relationship between bone mineral density and<unk>  occurrences. This condition is most notable and commonly seen on the femoral neck.
Stress fracture
Shin splints
Ankle fracture
Pseudofracture
Hume fracture
Avulsion fracture
Colles' fracture
Nutcracker fracture