D.<unk>  causes dracunculiasis as a result of the emergence of the female worm, nonemergence of adult worms (usually the male), and secondary bacterial infections. As it emerges to the subcutaneous tissue, the female releases a toxic chemical that may result in nausea, rash at site, diarrhea, dizziness, localized edema, reddish papule, blister, and itching. Arthritis or paraplegia can result from a worm that fails to reach the skin and gets calcified in or along the joint or finds its way into the central nervous tissue. Aseptic abscesses and cystic swelling can also occur when worms rupture before emerging, causing an acute inflammatory response from the host's immune system.
Dracunculus medinensis
Craniopagus parasiticus
Schistosoma intercalatum
Echinostoma revolutum
Schistosoma mekongi
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Antihecticum poterii
Schistosoma malayensis