<unk>  is plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery (often the terms are used interchangeably) offered and performed to people who are incarcerated, as a means of social rehabilitation. These services were normally provided as part of a larger package of care that may include work training, psychological services, and more. Popular surgeries included rhinoplasties, blepharoplasty, facelifts, scar removal and tattoo removal. These programs began in the early 20th century and were commonplace up till the early 1990s. They took place across the US (in 42+ states), the UK, Canada, and Mexico. "Incarceration itself is famously hard on the body," reports Zara Stone in her book, Killer Looks: The Forgotten History of Plastic Surgery In<unk> s; in 2017, facial injuries accounted for 33% of all inmate hospitalizations in New York City, compared to 0.7 percent of the general population. "The existence of<unk>  programs is America’s dirty little secret." In San Quentin<unk> , California, the<unk> 's chief medical doctor Dr. Leo. L. Stanley was one of the first people to develop a<unk>  practice, focused on reforming the faces of convicts. "Considerable plastic surgery has been done, particularly that done for deformed noses,” Dr. Leo Stanley wrote in his 1918 report to the warden. “This work has been of benefit in that it has improved the appearance of many of the men and removed a deforming feature. Some work has been done on ears which were very prominent." Stanley reported long waiting lists, noted researcher Ethan Blue.Dr. Stanley's "typical<unk>  malingerer," had a fractured nose or scarred face, and was treated with crude methods: for nose surgery, a six-inch length of broomstick was placed against the nose and hit with a mallet. "The physician of the future will be an increasing powerful antagonist in the war against crime," Stanley wrote. Some of these early surgeries fell in the eugenics bracket, the idea that criminality could be seen and displayed on the face, reports social Psychologist Ray Bull and Nichola Rumsey in their book, The Social Psychology of Facial Appearance. An examination of some of the mid-20th century<unk>  programs suggested that by and large, plastic surgeries did reduce recidivism -- in some cases, dropping it from 76% to 33%. Some findings: Plastic surgery is effective in enhancing the outcome for non-addict<unk> ers. In 1970, the former director of the Federal Bureau of<unk> s from 1937 to 1964, James Van Benschoten Bennett, analyzed these programs. "One of the more fruitful areas of research now under way in the federal<unk> s concerns plastic surgery: the way to rehabilitate a misshapen<unk> er."
Prison plastic surgery
Ethnic plastic surgery
Smile surgery
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Facial prosthetic
Barber surgeon
ArthroCare
Husband stitch