When Anthony Fauci became director of the NIAID, he drew a map of the world for presentation at a congressional hearing that showed a single notable<unk>  threat: HIV. Since then, he has continually updated the map, now showing the emergence of numerous<unk>  disease threats to illustrate the experiences of his years in office as well as highlighting certain<unk>  that had emerged before HIV. An<unk>  (EID) is an<unk>  disease whose incidence has increased recently (in the past 20 years), and could increase in the near future. The minority that are capable of developing efficient transmission between humans can become major public and global concerns as potential causes of epidemics or pandemics. Their many impacts can be economic and societal, as well as clinical. EIDs have been increasing steadily since at least 1940. For every decade since 1940, there has been a consistent increase in the number of EID events from wildlife-related zoonosis. Human activity is the primary driver of this increase, with loss of biodiversity a leading mechanism.<unk> <unk>  account for at least 12% of all human pathogens. EIDs can be caused by newly identified microbes, including novel species or strains of virus (e.g. novel coronaviruses, ebolaviruses, HIV). Some EIDs evolve from a known pathogen, as occurs with new strains of influenza. EIDs may also result from spread of an existing disease to a new population in a different geographic region, as occurs with West Nile fever outbreaks. Some known diseases can also emerge in areas undergoing ecologic transformation (as in the case of Lyme disease). Others can experience a resurgence as a re-emerging<unk>  disease, like tuberculosis (following drug resistance) or measles. Nosocomial (hospital-acquired)<unk> , such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are<unk>  in hospitals, and are extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics. Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between<unk>  diseases and other<unk>  and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics. Many EID are zoonotic, deriving from pathogens present in animals, with only occasional cross-species transmission into human populations. For instance, most emergent viruses are zoonotic (whereas other novel viruses may have been circulating in the species without being recognized, as occurred with hepatitis C).
Emerging infectious disease
Opportunistic infection
Virus latency
Notifiable disease
Blood-borne disease
Intentional contagion of infection
Reverse zoonosis
Spillover infection