Nephropexy was performed in the past to stabilize the kidney, but presently surgery is not recommended in asymptomatic patients. A Nephropexy does not guarantee the symptoms will go away. Laparoscopic nephropexy has recently become available for selected symptomatic patients.
Nephroptosis
Cryptophthalmos
Lagophthalmos
Necroptosis
Enophthalmos
Periocular injection
Exophthalmos
Pyroptosis