The<unk> : When the body first encounters an infection it produces effective antibodies against its dominant antigens and thus eliminates the infection. But when it encounters the same infection, at a later evolved stage, with a new dominant antigen, with the<unk>  antigen now being recessive, the immune system will still produce the former antibodies against this old "now recessive antigen" and not develop new antibodies against the new dominant one, this results in the production of ineffective antibodies and thus a weak immunity.<unk> , also known as<unk>  imprinting or the Hoskins effect, refers to the propensity of the body's immune system to preferentially utilize immunological memory based on a previous infection when a second slightly different version of that foreign pathogen (e.g. a virus or bacterium) is encountered. This leaves the immune system "trapped" by the first response it has made to each antigen, and unable to mount potentially more effective responses during subsequent infections. Antibodies or T-cells induced during infections with the first variant of the pathogen are subject to a form of<unk> , termed repertoire freeze. The phenomenon of<unk>  has been described in relation to influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, dengue fever, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to several other viruses. This phenomenon was first described in 1960 by Thomas Francis Jr. in the article "On the Doctrine of<unk> ". It is named by analogy to the Christian theological concept of<unk> <unk> . According to Francis as cited by Richard Krause: "The antibody of childhood is largely a response to dominant antigen of the virus causing the first type A influenza infection of the lifetime. ... The imprint established by the<unk>  virus infection governs the antibody response thereafter. This we have called the Doctrine of the<unk> ."
Original antigenic sin
Herd immunity
Passive immunity
Trained immunity
Breakthrough infection
Seroconversion
Adoptive immunity
Contact immunity