Delayed- and non-union fractures nonunion of the fracture fragments. In the United States, PEMF exposure is an FDA-approved treatment of fracture nonunions. There is considerable clinical evidence to support the use of PEMF for fracture nonunions with reported healing rates for nonunions after PEMF stimulation between 73% and 85%. While PEMF<unk>  is claimed to offer some benefits in the treatment of fractures, the evidence is inconclusive and is insufficient to inform current clinical practice. PEMFs is generally not among the guidelines to treat bone and osteochondral defects. Notwithstanding, there is strong evidence for ELF-PEMF treatment.<unk><unk><unk> s promote the synthesis of skeletal extracellular matrix. The physiologic process of the response of skeletal cells to PEMF is the synthesis of extracellular matrix structural and signaling molecules in the wound. The result of the signaling processes is to instruct skeletal cells to synthesize structural extracellular matrix and signaling molecules and enhance the ability of skeletal tissues to respond to changing physicochemical environments and biomechanical demands, and facilitate healing. A reduction in time to union and an increase in the percentage of fracture healing in PEMF-stimulated patients compared with controls was reported in fresh tibial fractures, and in femoral neck fractures.
Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy
Alternating electric field therapy
Ultraviolet light therapy
Electric acoustic stimulation
Photothermal therapy
Aquatic therapy
Music therapy
Electromagnetic therapy