<unk>  involves<unk> ng the rear of an eye, also known as the<unk> . Specialized<unk>  cameras consisting of an intricate microscope attached to a flash enabled camera are used in<unk> . The main structures that can be visualized on a<unk>  photo are the central and peripheral retina, optic disc and macula.<unk>  can be performed with colored filters, or with specialized dyes including fluorescein and indocyanine green. The models and technology of<unk>  have advanced and evolved rapidly over the last century. Since the equipment is sophisticated and challenging to manufacture to clinical standards, only a few manufacturers/brands are available in the market: Welch Allyn, Digisight, Volk, Topcon, Zeiss, Canon, Nidek, Kowa, CSO, CenterVue, Ezer and Optos are some example of<unk>  camera manufacturers.
Fundus photography
Retinal vessel analysis
Retinal birefringence scanning
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Ocular tonometry
Microperimetry
Visual field test
Electroretinography