The<unk>  is a pain scale rating the relative pain caused by different hymenopteran<unk> s. It is mainly the work of Justin O.<unk>  (born 1947), an entomologist at the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center in Arizona, United States.<unk>  has published a number of papers on the subject, and claims to have been<unk>  by the majority of<unk> ing Hymenoptera. His original paper in 1983 was a way to systematize and compare the hemolytic properties of insect venoms. A table contained in the paper included a column that rated<unk>  pain, starting from 0 for<unk> s that are completely ineffective against humans, progressing through 2, a familiar pain such as that caused by a common bee or wasp<unk> , and finishing at 4 for the most painful<unk> s; in the original paper, only the bullet ant, Paraponera clavata, was given a rating of 4. Later revised versions of the<unk>  added Synoeca septentrionalis, along with tarantula hawks as the only species to share this ranking. In later versions, some descriptions of the most painful examples were given, e.g.: "Paraponera clavata<unk> s induced immediate, excruciating pain and numbness to pencil-point pressure, as well as trembling in the form of a totally uncontrollable urge to shake the affected part."<unk>  has repeatedly refined his scale, including a paper published in 1990, which classifies the<unk> s of 78 species and 41 genera of Hymenoptera, and culminating in a book published in 2016. An entry in The Straight Dope reported that "implausibly exact numbers" which do not appear in any of<unk> ’s published scientific papers were "wheedled out of him" by Outside magazine for an article it published in 1996. In September 2015,<unk>  was co-awarded the Ig Nobel Physiology and Entomology prize with Michael Smith for their Hymenoptera research.
Schmidt sting pain index
Pain scale
King's pain recorder
Pain ladder
Prader scale
Tear break-up time
Concussion grading systems
Thomas test