A<unk>  effect is said to occur when negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect than it otherwise would have. For example, when a patient anticipates a side effect of a medication, they can suffer that effect even if the "medication" is actually an inert substance. The complementary concept, the placebo effect, is said to occur when positive expectations improve an outcome. Both placebo and<unk>  effects are presumably psychogenic, but they can induce measurable changes in the body. One article that reviewed 31 studies on<unk>  effects reported a wide range of symptoms that could manifest as<unk>  effects including nausea, stomach pains, itching, bloating, depression, sleep problems, loss of appetite, sexual dysfunction and severe hypotension.
Nocebo
Sarin
QuantiFERON
Placebo
Crofelemer
Hirudin
Cephem
Heparin