Medical As of 2006,<unk>  is no longer recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a first-line treatment for malaria, because there are other substances that are equally effective with fewer side effects. They recommend that it be used only when artemisinins are not available.<unk>  is also used to treat lupus and arthritis.<unk>  was frequently prescribed as an off-label treatment for leg cramps at night, but this has become less common due to a warning from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that such practice is associated with life-threatening side effects.<unk>  can also act as a competitive inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that removes neurotransmitters from the brain. As an MAO inhibitor, it has potential to serve as a treatment for individuals with psychological disorders stemming from neurotransmitter deficits. Available forms<unk>  is a basic amine and is usually provided as a salt. Various existing preparations include the hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate and gluconate. In the United States,<unk>  sulfate is commercially available in 324-mg tablets under the brand name Qualaquin. All<unk>  salts may be given orally or intravenously (IV);<unk>  gluconate may also be given intramuscularly (IM) or rectally (PR). The main problem with the rectal route is that the dose can be expelled before it is completely absorbed; in practice, this is corrected by giving a further half dose. No injectable preparation of<unk>  is licensed in the US; quinidine is used instead.<unk>  base in various salts Name<unk>  base equivalence<unk>  base 100 mg<unk>  bisulfate 169 mg<unk>  dihydrochloride 122 mg<unk>  gluconate 160 mg<unk>  hydrochloride 111 mg<unk>  sulfate dihydrate<unk> 2H2SO4∙2H2O 121 mg Beverages Tonic water, in normal light and ultraviolet "black light". The<unk>  content of tonic water causes it to fluoresce under black light.<unk>  is a flavor component of tonic water and bitter lemon drink mixers. On the soda gun behind many bars, tonic water is designated by the letter "Q" representing<unk> . Tonic water was initially marketed as a means of delivering<unk>  to consumers in order to offer anti-malarial protection. According to tradition, because of the bitter taste of anti-malarial<unk>  tonic, British colonials in India mixed it with gin to make it more palatable, thus creating the gin and tonic cocktail, which is still popular today. While by drinking significant amounts of tonic water, an individual may temporarily be able to achieve sufficient<unk>  levels to offer anti-malarial protection, this is not a sustainable long-term means of protection. In France,<unk>  is an ingredient of an known as , or "Cap Corse," and the wine-based Dubonnet. In Spain,<unk>  (also known as "Peruvian bark" for its origin from the native cinchona tree) is sometimes blended into sweet Malaga wine, which is then called "Malaga Quina". In Italy, the traditional flavoured wine Barolo Chinato is infused with<unk>  and local herbs, and is served as a . In Scotland, the company A.G. Barr uses<unk>  as an ingredient in the carbonated and caffeinated beverage Irn-Bru. In Uruguay and Argentina,<unk>  is an ingredient of a PepsiCo tonic water named Paso de los Toros. In Denmark, it is used as an ingredient in the carbonated sports drink Faxe Kondi made by Royal Unibrew. As a flavouring agent in drinks,<unk>  is limited to less than 83 parts per million in the United States, and in the European Union. Scientific<unk>  (and quinidine) are used as the chiral moiety for the ligands used in Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as well as for numerous other chiral catalyst backbones. Because of its relatively constant and well-known fluorescence quantum yield,<unk>  is used in photochemistry as a common fluorescence standard.
Quinine
Artemether
Delamanid
Ajmalicine
Pyrimethamine
Chloroquine
Mefloquine
Primaquine