It is important to consider a potential cardiovascular cause of hoarseness particularly in patients with progressive disease. Once suspected, performing a laryngoscopy is the first step in identifying damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Examination includes: * Swallowing evaluation to assess for risk of aspiration (food going down the trachea instead of the esophagus). * Breathing testing to rule out incomplete vocal cord closure. * Voice quality.
Ortner's syndrome
Hartnup disease
Gardner's syndrome
Trotter's syndrome
Meige's syndrome
Mirizzi's syndrome
Milroy's disease
Zimmermann–Laband syndrome