<unk>  <unk>  or<unk>  is an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atrial chambers of the heart. It often begins as short periods of abnormal beating, which become longer or continuous over time. It may also start as other forms of arrhythmia such as atrial flutter that then transform into<unk> . Episodes can be asymptomatic. Symptomatic episodes may involve heart palpitations,<unk> inting, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, or chest pain.<unk>  is associated with an increased risk of heart<unk> ilure, dementia, and stroke. It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia. High blood pressure and valvular heart disease are the most common modifiable risk<unk> ctors for<unk> . Other heart-related risk<unk> ctors include heart<unk> ilure, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and congenital heart disease. In low- and middle-income countries, valvular heart disease is often attributable to rheumatic fever. Lung-related risk<unk> ctors include COPD, obesity, and sleep apnea. Other risk<unk> ctors include excess alcohol intake, tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, and thyrotoxicosis. However, about half of cases are not associated with any of these<unk> orementioned risks. Healthcare professionals might suspect<unk> <unk> ter feeling the pulse and confirm the diagnosis by interpreting an electrocardiogram (ECG). A typical ECG in<unk>  shows irregularly spaced QRS complexes without P waves. Healthy lifestyle changes, such as weight loss in people with obesity, increased physical activity, and drinking less alcohol, can lower the risk for<unk>  and reduce its burden if it occurs.<unk>  is often treated with medications to slow the heart rate to a near-normal range (known as rate control) or to convert the rhythm to normal sinus rhythm (known as rhythm control). Electrical cardioversion can convert<unk>  to normal heart rhythm and is often necessary for emergency use if the person is unstable. Ablation may prevent recurrence in some people. For those at low risk of stroke,<unk>  does not necessarily require blood-thinning though some healthcare providers may prescribe aspirin or an anti-clotting medication. For those at more than low risk, experts generally recommend an anti-clotting medication. Anti-clotting medications include warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants. Most people are at higher risk of stroke. While these medications reduce stroke risk, they increase rates of major bleeding.<unk>  is the most common serious abnormal heart rhythm and, as of 2020,<unk> fects more than 33 million people worldwide. As of 2014, it<unk> fected about 2 to 3% of the population of Europe and North America. This was an increase from 0.4 to 1% of the population around 2005. In the developing world, about 0.6% of males and 0.4% of females are<unk> fected. The percentage of people with<unk>  increases with age with 0.1% under 50 years old, 4% between 60 and 70 years old, and 14% over 80 years old being<unk> fected.<unk>  and atrial flutter resulted in 193,300 deaths in 2015, up from 29,000 in 1990. The first known report of an irregular pulse was by Jean-Baptiste de Sénac in 1749. Thomas Lewis was the first doctor to document this by ECG in 1909.
Atrial fibrillation
Arrhythmia
Atrial flutter
Sinus arrhythmia
Ventricular flutter
Supraventricular tachycardia
Torsades de pointes
Atrial tachycardia