<unk> s can be used to study the relationship between an inherited disease and its<unk>  cause (for example, a particular mutation of a gene that results in a defective protein). It is known that pieces of DNA that lie near each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together. This property enables the use of a marker, which can then be used to determine the precise inheritance pattern of the gene that has not yet been exactly localized.<unk> s are employed in genealogical DNA testing for<unk>  genealogy to determine<unk>  distance between individuals or populations. Uniparental markers (on mitochondrial or Y chromosomal DNA) are studied for assessing maternal or paternal lineages. Autosomal markers are used for all ancestry.<unk> s have to be easily identifiable, associated with a specific locus, and highly polymorphic, because homozygotes do not provide any information. Detection of the marker can be direct by RNA sequencing, or indirect using allozymes. Some of the methods used to study the genome or phylogenetics are RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR. They can be used to create<unk>  maps of whatever organism is being studied. There was a debate over what the transmissible agent of CTVT (canine transmissible venereal tumor) was. Many researchers hypothesized that virus like particles were responsible for transforming the cell, while others thought that the cell itself was able to infect other canines as an allograft. With the aid of<unk> s, researchers were able to provide conclusive evidence that the cancerous tumor cell evolved into a transmissible parasite. Furthermore, molecular<unk> s were used to resolve the issue of natural transmission, the breed of origin (phylogenetics), and the age of the canine tumor.<unk> s have also been used to measure the genomic response to selection in livestock. Natural and artificial selection leads to a change in the<unk>  makeup of the cell. The presence of different alleles due to a distorted segregation at the<unk> s is indicative of the difference between selected and non-selected livestock.
Genetic marker
Biomarker
Biomarker 
Lineage markers
Milch classification
Disposition index
Triple test score
Herbert classification