According to Professor Emily Simonoff of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience there are many variables that are consistently connected to<unk> , such as: childhood hyperactivity and conduct disorder, criminality in adulthood, lower IQ scores and reading problems. The strongest relationship between these variables and<unk>  are childhood hyperactivity and conduct disorder. Additionally, children who grow up with a predisposition of<unk>  and interact with other delinquent children are likely to later be diagnosed with<unk> . Like many disorders, genetics play a role in this disorder but the environment holds an undeniable role in its development. Boys are twice as likely to meet all of the diagnostic criteria for<unk>  than girls (40% versus 25%) and they will often start showing symptoms of the disorder much earlier in life. Children that do not show symptoms of the disease through age 15 will not develop<unk>  later in life. If adults exhibit milder symptoms of<unk> , it is likely that they never met the criteria for the disorder in their childhood and were consequently never diagnosed. Overall, symptoms of<unk>  tend to peak in late-teens and early twenties, but can often reduce or improve through age 40.<unk>  is ultimately a lifelong disorder that has chronic consequences, though some of these can be moderated over time. There may be a high variability of the long-term outlook of<unk> . The treatment of this disorder can be successful, but it entails unique difficulties. It is unlikely to see rapid change especially when the condition is severe. In fact, past studies revealed that remission rates were small, with up to only 31% rates of improvement instead of remittance. As a result of the characteristics of<unk>  (e.g., displaying charm in effort of personal gain, manipulation), patients seeking treatment (mandated or otherwise) may appear to be "cured" in order to get out of treatment. According to definitions found in the DSM-5, people with<unk>  can be deceitful and intimidating in their relationships. When they are caught doing something wrong, they often appear to be unaffected and unemotional about the consequences. Over time, continual behavior that lacks empathy and concern may lead to someone with<unk>  taking advantage of the kindness of others, including his or her therapist. Without proper treatment, individuals suffering with<unk>  could lead a life that brings about harm to themselves or others. This can be detrimental to their families and careers.<unk>  victims suffer from lack of interpersonal skills (e.g., lack of remorse, lack of empathy, lack of emotional-processing skills). As a result of the inability to create and maintain healthy relationships due to the lack of interpersonal skills, individuals with<unk>  may find themselves in predicaments such as divorce, unemployment, homelessness and even premature death by suicide. They also see higher rates of committed crime, reaching peaks in their late teens and often committing higher-severity crimes in their younger ages of diagnoses. Comorbidity of other mental illnesses such as Depression or substance use disorder is prevalent among<unk>  victims. People with<unk>  are also more likely to commit homicides and other crimes. Those who are imprisoned longer often see higher rates of improvement with symptoms of<unk>  than others who have been imprisoned for a shorter amount of time. According to one study, aggressive tendencies show in about 72% of all male patients diagnosed with<unk> . About 29% of the men studied with<unk>  also showed a prevalence of pre-meditated aggression. Based on the evidence in the study, the researchers concluded that aggression in patients with<unk>  is mostly impulsive, though there are some long-term evidences of pre-meditated aggressions. It often occurs that those with higher psychopathic traits will exhibit the pre-meditated aggressions to those around them. Over the course of a patient's life with<unk> , he or she can exhibit this aggressive behavior and harm those close to him or her. Additionally, many people (especially adults) who have been diagnosed with<unk>  become burdens to their close relatives, peers, and caretakers. Harvard Medical School recommends that time and resources be spent treating victims who have been affected by someone with<unk> , because the patient with<unk>  may not respond to the administered therapies. In fact, a patient with<unk>  may only accept treatment when ordered by a court, which will make their course of treatment difficult and severe. Because of the challenges in treatment, the patient's family and close friends must take an active role in decisions about therapies that are offered to the patient. Ultimately, there must be a group effort to aid the long-term effects of the disorder.
Antisocial personality disorder
Sadistic personality disorder
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
Psychopathy
Haltlose personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Self-defeating personality disorder
Organic personality disorder