The efficient elimination of phosphorus depends on the kidney’s filtration rate and the phosphorus bioavailability in the blood. Most renal phosphorus is absorbed at the proximal tubules in comparison to the distal nephron. The elevated phosphorus load, or hyperphosphatemia, can reduce the phosphorus reabsorption in the kidney’s proximal tubular within minutes of OSP ingestion. This leads to hypovolemia, a large distribution of<unk>  at the distal nephron without being completely reabsorbed at the proximal tubules. Hypovolemia results in an increase of proximal salt and water at the descending limb of the loop of Henle, where calcium and<unk>  are unable to permeate. Hypovolemia collectively combines with the ongoing water and salt reabsorption in the proximal tubules, enhances the calcium<unk>  precipitation within the renal tubular lumen. Parathyroid hormone-induced calcium precipitation also contributes to the formation of calcium<unk>  crystals, which thus impairs the renal function. An excess phosphorus triggers calcium precipitation and reduces calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. This reduces the ionized calcium concentration in blood, which further induces a compensatory parathyroid hormone response. Parathyroid hormone is reported to accelerate urinary calcium load, which results in the formation of calcium<unk>  crystals in the renal distal tubules and collecting ducts. When the calcium<unk>  crystals bind to the tubular epithelial cells, the reactive oxygen species are released, which further impair the renal excretory pathway. The use of OSP causes an increase in<unk> mia and impairs renal perfusion, which later leads to acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. The calcification of major arteries like coronary arteries and cardiovascular complication risks can be the result of impaired kidney function in excreting calcium and<unk> .
Phosphate nephropathy
Analgesic nephropathy
Sickle cell nephropathy
IgA nephropathy
Myeloma cast nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Reflux nephropathy
Malarial nephropathy