<unk> , also called<unk> <unk> , is a practice in medicine and pharmacy in which the physician who provides a medical prescription is independent from the pharmacist who provides the prescription drug. In the Western world there are centuries of tradition for<unk> g pharmacists from physicians. In Asian countries it is traditional for physicians to also provide drugs. In contemporary time researchers and health policy analysts have more deeply considered these traditions and their effects. Advocates for<unk>  and advocates for combining make similar claims for each of their conflicting perspectives, saying that<unk> g or combining reduces conflict of interest in the healthcare industry, unnecessary health care, and lowers costs, while the opposite causes those things. Research in various places reports mixed outcomes in different circumstances.
Separation of prescribing and dispensing
Bar code medication administration
Interactive patient care
Clinical trial naming conventions
Marketing of off-label use
Clinical peer review
Electronic prescribing
Admission, discharge, and transfer system