The diagnosis of<unk>  is made clinically, with imaging studies to confirm the clinical impression. Proptosis, ptosis, chemosis, and cranial nerve palsy beginning in one eye and progressing to the other eye establish the diagnosis.<unk>  is a clinical diagnosis with laboratory tests and imaging studies confirming the clinical impression. Laboratory tests CBC, ESR, blood cultures and<unk>  cultures help establish and identify an infectious primary source. Lumbar puncture is necessary to rule out meningitis. Imaging studies<unk>  films are helpful in the diagnosis of sphenoid<unk> itis. Opacification, sclerosis, and air-fluid levels are typical findings. Contrast-enhanced CT scan may reveal underlying<unk> itis, thickening of the superior ophthalmic vein, and irregular filling defects within the<unk><unk> ; however, findings may be normal early in the disease course. An MRI using flow parameters and an MR venogram are more sensitive than a CT scan and are the imaging studies of choice to diagnose<unk> . Findings may include deformity of the internal carotid artery within the<unk><unk> , and an obvious signal hyperintensity within thrombosed vascular<unk> es on all pulse sequences.Cerebral angiography can be performed, but it is invasive and not very sensitive. Orbital venography is difficult to perform, but it is excellent in diagnosing occlusion of the<unk><unk> . Differential diagnosis * Orbital cellulitis * Internal carotid artery aneurysm * Stroke * Migraine headache * Allergic blepharitis * Thyroid exophthalmos * Brain tumor * Meningitis * Mucormycosis * Trauma
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Mucormycosis
Labyrinthine fistula
Labyrinthitis
Vitreous hemorrhage
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital apex syndrome
Retinal migraine