Common adverse effects include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, rash, bruising, and gastrointestinal upset. Heavy use is associated with increased risk of end-stage renal disease and kidney failure.<unk>  may cause muscle cramps in the legs in 3% of people. In October 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the drug label to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in unborn babies that result in low amniotic fluid. They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy. Gastrointestinal As with other non-COX-2 selective NSAIDs,<unk>  can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as heartburn, constipation, diarrhea, ulcers and stomach bleeding.<unk>  should be taken orally with food to decrease the risk of gastrointestinal side effects. Persons with a history of ulcers or inflammatory bowel disease should consult a doctor before taking<unk> . In U.S. markets,<unk>  is sold with boxed warnings about the risk of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding.<unk>  poses an intermediate risk of stomach ulcers compared with ibuprofen, which is low-risk, and indometacin, which is high-risk. To reduce stomach ulceration risk, it is often combined with a proton-pump inhibitor (a medication that reduces stomach acid production) during long-term treatment of those with pre-existing stomach ulcers or a history of developing stomach ulcers while on NSAIDs. Cardiovascular COX-2 selective and nonselective NSAIDs have been linked to increases in the number of serious and potentially fatal cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarctions and strokes.<unk>  is, however, associated with the smallest overall cardiovascular risks. Cardiovascular risk must be considered when prescribing any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The drug had roughly 50% of the associated risk of stroke compared with ibuprofen, and was also associated with a reduced number of myocardial infarctions compared with control groups. A study found that high-dose<unk>  induced near-complete suppression of platelet thromboxane throughout the dosing interval and appeared not to increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, whereas other non-aspirin high-dose NSAID regimens had only transient effects on platelet COX-1 and were associated with a small but definite vascular hazard. Conversely,<unk>  was associated with higher rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding complications compared with other NSAIDs.
Naproxen
Celecoxib
Ibuprofen
Fenoprofen
Ketoprofen
Aceclofenac
Loxoprofen
Lornoxicam