<unk> s are usually diagnosed in infancy, characterized by urinary excretion of abnormal amounts or types of<unk>  acids. The diagnosis is usually made by detecting an abnormal pattern of<unk>  acids in a urine sample by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In some conditions, the urine is always abnormal, in others the characteristic substances are only present intermittently. Many of the<unk> s are detectable by newborn screening with tandem mass spectrometry. These disorders vary in their prognosis, from manageable to fatal, and usually affect more than one organ system, especially the central nervous system. Neurological damage and developmental delay are common factors in diagnosis, with associated symptoms ranging from poor feeding to slow growth, lethargy, vomiting, dehydration, malnutrition, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, metabolic acidosis, ketoacidosis, hyperammonemia, and if left untreated, death.
Organic acidemia
Propionic acidemia
Hyperammonemia
Isovaleric acidemia
Ketoacidosis
Hyperaemia
Methemoglobinemia
Azotemia