Calcific disease Calcification of the leaflets of the aortic<unk>  is a common with increasing age, but the mechanism is likely to be more related to increased lipoprotein deposits and inflammation than the "wear and tear" of advance age. Aortic<unk>  due to calcification of tricuspid aortic<unk>  with age comprises >50% of the disease. Aortic<unk>  due to calcification of a bicuspid aortic<unk>  comprises about 30-40% of the disease. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipoproteinemia and uremia may speed up the process of<unk> lar calcification. Dysplasia Heart<unk>  dysplasia is an error in the development of any of the heart<unk> s, and a common<unk> of congenital heart defects in humans as well as animals; tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect with four abnormalities, one of which is<unk>  of the pulmonary<unk> . Ebstein's anomaly is an abnormality of the tricuspid<unk> , and its presence can lead to tricuspid<unk>  regurgitation. A bicuspid aortic<unk>  is an aortic<unk>  with only 2 cusps as opposed to the normal 3. It is present in about 0.5% to 2% of the general population and<unk>  increased calcification due to higher turbulent flow through the<unk> . Connective tissue disorders Marfan's Syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that can lead to chronic aortic or mitral regurgitation. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a disorder in formation of type I collagen and can also lead to chronic aortic regurgitation. Inflammatory disorders Inflammation of the heart<unk> s due to any<unk> is called<unk> lar endocarditis; this is usually due to bacterial infection but may also be due to cancer (marantic endocarditis), certain autoimmune conditions (Libman-Sacks endocarditis, seen in systemic lupus erythematosus) and hypereosinophilic syndrome (Loeffler endocarditis). Endocarditis of the<unk> s can lead to regurgitation through that<unk> , which is seen in the tricuspid, mitral, and aortic<unk> s. Certain medications have been associated with<unk> lar heart disease, most prominently ergotamine derivatives pergolide and cabergoline.<unk> lar heart disease resulting from rheumatic fever is referred to as rheumatic heart disease. Damage to the heart<unk> s follows infection with beta-hemolytic bacteria, such as typically of the respiratory tract. Pathogenesis is dependent on the cross-reaction of M proteins produced by bacteria with the myocardium. This results in generalized inflammation in the heart, this manifests in the mitral<unk>  as vegetations, and thickening or fusion of the leaflets, leading to a severely compromised buttonhole<unk> . In 70% of<unk>  Rheumatic heart disease involves only the mitral<unk> , and 25%<unk>  involve both the aortic and mitral<unk> s. Involvement of other heart<unk> s without damage to the mitral are exceedingly rare. Mitral<unk>  is almost always<unk>  by rheumatic heart disease. Less than 10% of aortic<unk>  is<unk>  by rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic fever can also<unk> chronic mitral and aortic regurgitation. While developed countries once had a significant burden of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, medical advances and improved social conditions have dramatically reduced their incidence. Many developing countries, as well as indigenous populations within developed countries, still carry a significant burden of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and there has been a resurgence in efforts to eradicate the diseases in these populations. Diseases of the aortic root can<unk> chronic aortic regurgitation. These diseases include syphilitic aortitis, Behçet's disease, and reactive arthritis Heart disease Tricuspid regurgitation is usually secondary to right ventricular dilation which may be due to left ventricular failure (the most common<unk> , right ventricular infarction, inferior myocardial infarction, or cor pulmonale Other<unk>  of tricuspid regurgitation include carcinoid syndrome and myxomatous degeneration.
causes of Mitral valve stenosis
causes of Mitral insufficiency
causes of Ventricular tachycardia
causes of Cardiomegaly
causes of Cardiac tamponade
causes of Libman–Sacks endocarditis
causes of Heart murmur
risks of Atrial fibrillation