Early actinic keratosis with<unk> , with black arrows indicating one of multiple retained nuclei in the stratum corneum.<unk>  is a mode of keratinization characterized by the retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum. In mucous membranes,<unk>  is normal. In the skin, this process leads to the abnormal replacement of annular squames with nucleated cells.<unk>  is associated with the thinning or loss of the granular layer and is usually seen in diseases of increased cell turnover, whether inflammatory or neoplastic.<unk>  is seen in the plaques of psoriasis and in dandruff. Granular<unk>  (originally termed axillary granular<unk>  is an idiopathic, benign, nondisabling cutaneous disease that manifests with intertriginous erythematous, brown or red, scaly or keratotic papules and plaques. It presents in all age groups and has no established clinical associations. File:Histopathology of reactive hyperkeratosis.In contrast, hyperkeratosis (pictured) may also show a heterogeneous stratum corneum, but a preserved granular layer is seen.
Parakeratosis
Hyperkeratosis
Hyperkeratinization
Hyperpigmentation
Glycogenic acanthosis
Porokeratosis
Moist desquamation
Granular parakeratosis