A Segond fracture seen on X-ray As the injury may have self-reduced before arrival at hospital, the diagnosis may not be readily apparent. Diagnosis may be suspected based on the history of the injury and physical examination which may include anterior drawer test, valgus stress test, varus stress test, and posterior sag test. An accurate physical exam can be difficult due to pain. Plain X-rays, CT scan, ultrasonography, or MRI may help with the diagnosis. Findings on X-ray that may be useful among those who have already reduced include a variable joint space, subluxation of the joint, or a Segond fracture. If the ankle–brachial pressure index (ABI) is less than 0.9, CT angiography is recommended. Standard angiography may also be used. If the ABI is greater than 0.9 repeated physical exams over the next 24 hours to verify good blood flow may be sufficient. The ABI is calculated by taking the systolic blood pressure at the ankle and dividing it by the systolic blood pressure in the arm. More recently, the FAST-D protocol, using ultrasound to assess the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries for a ‘tri-phasic wave pattern’, has been shown to be reliable in ruling out significant arterial injury. Classification A lateral dislocation of the knee They may be divided into five types: anterior, posterior, lateral, medial, and rotatory. This classification is based on the movement of the tibia with respect to the femur. Anterior dislocations, followed by posterior, are the most common. They may also be classified on the basis of which ligaments are injured.
Knee dislocation
Hip dislocation
Medial knee injuries
Elbow fracture
Acetabular fracture
Hip fracture
Femoral fracture
Patella fracture