The development of ascites (as shown on this abdominal ultrasound) in cirrhotics that is refractory to the use of diuretic medications is associated with type 2<unk> .<unk>  is a particular and common type of kidney failure that affects individuals with liver cirrhosis or, less commonly, with fulminant liver failure. The syndrome involves constriction of the blood vessels of the kidneys and dilation of blood vessels in the splanchnic circulation, which supplies the intestines. The classification of<unk>  identifies two categories of kidney failure, termed type 1 and type 2<unk> , which both occur in individuals with either cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure. In both categories, the deterioration in kidney function is quantified either by an elevation in creatinine level in the blood, or by decreased clearance of creatinine in the urine. Type 1<unk>  Type 1<unk>  is characterized by rapidly progressive kidney failure, with a doubling of serum creatinine to a level greater than 221 μmol/L (2.5 mg/dL) or a halving of the creatinine clearance to less than 20 mL/min over a period of less than two weeks. The prognosis of individuals with type 1<unk>  is particularly grim, with a mortality rate exceeding 50% after one month. Patients with type 1<unk>  are usually ill, may have low blood pressure, and may require therapy with drugs to improve the strength of heart muscle contraction (inotropes) or other drugs to maintain blood pressure (vasopressors). Unlike type II, in type I<unk>  the kidney failure improves with treatment and stabilizes. Vasoconstrictors and volume expanders are the mainstay of treatment. Type 2<unk>  In contrast, type 2<unk>  is slower in onset and progression, and is not associated with an inciting event. It is defined by an increase in serum creatinine level to >133 μmol/L (1.5 mg/dL) or a creatinine clearance of less than 40 mL/min, and a urine sodium < 10 μmol/L. It also carries a poor outlook, with a median survival of approximately six months unless the affected individual undergoes liver transplantation. Type 2<unk>  is thought to be part of a spectrum of illness associated with increased pressures in the portal vein circulation, which begins with the development of fluid in the abdomen (ascites). The spectrum continues with diuretic-resistant ascites, where the kidneys are unable to excrete sufficient sodium to clear the fluid even with the use of diuretic medications. Most individuals with type 2<unk>  have diuretic-resistant ascites before they develop deterioration in kidney function.
Hepatorenal syndrome
Conorenal syndrome
Papillorenal syndrome
Nephritic syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome
Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome
Acute uric acid nephropathy