The health effects of<unk>  can be mitigated through care and treatment. There are many treatments for<unk> , including psychosocial treatments and pharmacologic treatments. Psychosocial treatments can be targeted toward individuals, such as psychotherapy, or targeted towards wider populations, such as school-wide interventions. While studies (systematic reviews) of current evidence have shown that many types of treatments are effective,<unk> -focused cognitive behavioral therapy may be the most effective for treating<unk> . In contrast, other studies have shown that pharmacologic therapies may be less effective than psychosocial therapies for treating<unk> . Lastly, early intervention can significantly reduce negative health effects of<unk> . Psychosocial treatments Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the psychological treatment of choice for PTSD and is recommended by best-practice treatment guidelines. The goal of CBT is to help patients change their thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes to better control their emotions. Additionally, it is structured to help patients better cope with<unk>  and improve their problem-solving skills. Many studies provide evidence that CBT is effective for treating PTSD in terms of magnitude of symptom reduction from pre-treatment levels, and diagnostic recovery. Associated treatment barriers include stigma, cost, geography and insufficient treatment availability.<unk> -focused cognitive behavioral therapy<unk>  focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is a branch of cognitive behavioral therapy designed to treat PTSD cases in children and adolescents. This treatment model combines the principles of CBT with<unk> -sensitive approaches. It helps introduce skills to cope with the symptoms of the<unk>  for both the child and the parent if available, before allowing the child to process the<unk>  on their own in a safe space. Studies (systematic reviews) have shown<unk> -focused cognitive behavioral therapy to be one of the most effective treatments to minimize the negative psychological effects of<unk> , particularly PTSD. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) is a technique used by therapists to help process<unk> tic memories. The intervention has the patient recall<unk> tic memories and use bilateral stimulation such as eye movements or finger tapping to help regulate their emotions. The process is complete when the patient becomes desensitized to the memory and can recall it without having a negative response. A randomized controlled trial showed that EMDR reduced symptoms of PTSD in children who had been exposed to a single-traumatic event, and was cost-effective. Additionally, studies have shown EMDR to be an effective treatment for PTSD. Dialectical behavior therapy Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) has been shown to be help prevent self-harm and enhance interpersonal functioning by reducing experiential avoidance and expressed anger through a combination of cognitive behavioral and mindfulness techniques. Real life heroes The real life heroes (RLH) treatment, a sequential, attachment-centered treatment intervention for children with Complex PTSD that focuses on 3 primary components: affect regulation, emotionally supportive relationships, and life story integration to build resources and skills for resilience. A study of 126 children found Real Life Heroes treatment to be effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD and in improving behavioral problems. Narrative-emotion process coding system The narrative-emotion process coding system (NEPCS) is a behavioral coding system that identifies eight client markers: Abstract Story, Empty Story, Unstoried Emotion, Inchoate Story, Same Old Story, Competing Plotlines Story, Unexpected Outcome Story, and Discovery Story. Each marker varies in the degree to which specific narrative and emotion process indicators are represented in one-minute time segments drawn from videotaped therapy sessions. As enhanced integration of narrative and emotional expression has previously been associated with recovery from complex<unk> . Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency framework The Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (ARC) Framework is an intervention for children and adolescents impacted by complex<unk> . The ARC framework is a flexible, component-based intervention for treating children and adolescents who have experienced complex<unk> . Theoretically grounded in attachment,<unk> , and developmental theories and specifically addresses three core domains impacted by exposure to chronic, interpersonal<unk> : attachment, self-regulation, and developmental competencies. A study using data from the US National Child<unk> tic Stress Network found that treatment with the ARC framework was effective, reducing behavioral problems and symptoms of PTSD to a similar degree that of<unk> -focused cognitive behavioral therapy. School-wide approaches Many school-wide interventions that have been studied differ considerably from one another, which limits the strength of the evidence in support of school-wide interventions for treating<unk> ; however, studies of school-wide approaches show that they tended to be moderately effective, reducing<unk>  symptoms, encouraging behavior change, and improving self-esteem. Pharmaceutical treatments Most studies that evaluate the effectiveness of using pharmaceuticals (medications) for treatment of<unk>  focus specifically on treating PTSD. PTSD is only one health effect that can result from<unk> . Few studies evaluate the effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatment for treating other health effects of<unk> , besides PTSD. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) and other anti-depressants are medications that are commonly used to treat the symptoms of PTSD. Studies (systematic reviews) have shown that medications may be less effective than psychosocial therapies for treating PTSD. However, medications have been shown to be effective when paired with another form of therapy such as CBT for PTSD.
Childhood trauma
Psychological trauma
Adverse childhood experiences
Psychological abuse
Childhood chronic illness
Outline of domestic violence
Social stress
Transgenerational trauma