<unk>  is one of the components of the BNT162b2 vaccine (0.43 mg per dose). Its chemical properties as a tertiary amine mean that its cation can form an ionic bond to the messenger RNA which carries the genetic information for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein formation in the human body. Importantly, once the lipid nanoparticle which encapsulates the mRNA has been absorbed into antigen-presenting cells (a process called receptor-mediated endocytosis) the more acidic environment within the endosome fully protonates the<unk>  as a result the nanoparticle releases its payload of mRNA. In December 2021 there were objections raised against the use of<unk>  and<unk> 9 (and some other solid lipid nanoparticles) in humans by critics of mRNA-COVID-19 vaccines in Germany but the German pharmaceutical trade journal Pharmazeutische Zeitung (de) and the German investigative collective Correctiv refuted this and stated as one important reason that the European Medicines Agency has approved the vaccine and this includes all its ingredients.
ALC-0315
OSU-6162
ALC-0159
MDX-1097
MRK-016
TPA-023
VIR-576
IVX-411