<unk>  may be hereditary or acquired, and the underlying<unk> e may be neurological, orthopedic, or neuromuscular.<unk>  is sometimes—but not always—connected through Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Type 1 (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) and Friedreich's Ataxia; many other cases of<unk>  are natural. The<unk> e and deforming mechanism underlying<unk>  is complex and not well understood. Factors considered influential in the development of<unk>  include muscle weakness and imbalance in neuromuscular disease, residual effects of congenital clubfoot, post-traumatic bone malformation, contracture of the plantar fascia, and shortening of the Achilles tendon. Among the cases of neuromuscular<unk> , 50% have been attributed to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, CMT, which is the most common type of inherited neuropathy with an incidence of 1 per 2,500 persons affected. Also known as Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy (HMSN), it is genetically heterogeneous and occasionally idiopathic. (See CMT Association website) There are many different types and subtypes of CMT, and as a result, it can present from infancy through to adulthood. CMT is a peripheral neuropathy, affecting the distal muscles first as weakness, clumsiness, and frequent falls. It usually affects the feet first, but can sometimes begin in the hands. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease can<unk> e painful foot deformities such as<unk> . Although it is a relatively common disease, many doctors and laypersons are not familiar with it. There are no cures or effective courses of treatment to halt the progression of any form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease at this time. The development of the<unk>  foot structure seen in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease has been previously linked to an imbalance of muscle strength around the foot and ankle. A hypothetical model proposed by various authors describes a relationship whereby weak evertor muscles are overpowered by stronger invertor muscles,<unk> ing an adducted forefoot and inverted rearfoot. Similarly, weak dorsiflexors are overpowered by stronger plantarflexors,<unk> ing a plantarflexed first metatarsal and anterior<unk> .<unk>  is also evident in people without neuropathy or other neurological deficit. In the absence of neurological, congenital, or traumatic<unk> es of<unk> , the remaining cases are classified as being ‘idiopathic’ because their aetiology is unknown.
Pes cavus
Pectus carinatum
Pectus excavatum
Brock string
Cabot rings
Barrel chest
Oroantral fistula
Cornea verticillata