# Plain X-ray (diagnostic in 70–80%): coffee bean sign is seen # Contrast enema: bird beak sign # CT scan: shows characteristic whirl pattern # Blood: haematocrit, renal functions, serum electrolytes
Sigmoid colon volvulus
Epiploic appendagitis
Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome
Devon colic
Ischemic colitis
Vesicointestinal fistula
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Diversion colitis