Surgery to remove the clot is possible, but rarely performed. In the past, surgical removal of the<unk> <unk>  clot was the primary treatment but it is very invasive and many complications can occur. In the past decades, treatment has shifted its focus from surgical intervention to medical treatments that include intravenous and oral anticoagulants. The use of anticoagulants may improve kidney function in<unk>  cases by removing the clot in the<unk>  and preventing further clots from occurring. Patients already suffering from nephrotic syndrome may not need to take anticoagulants. In this case, patients should keep an eye out and maintain reduced level of proteinuria by reducing salt and excess protein, and intaking diuretics and statins. Depending on the severity of<unk> , patients may be on anticoagulants from a year up to a lifetime. As long as the albumin levels in the bloodstream are below 2.5g/L, it is recommended that<unk>  patients continue taking anticoagulants. Main anticoagulants that can be used to treat<unk>  include warfarin and low molecular weight heparin. Heparin has become very popular, because of its low risk of complications, its availability and because it can easily be administered. Warfarin is known to interact with many other drugs, so careful monitoring is required. If a nephrotic syndrome patient experiences any of the<unk>  symptoms (flank or back pain, blood in the urine or decreased kidney function), he or she should immediately see a doctor to avoid further complications. The main side effect of anticoagulants is the risk of excessive bleeding. Other side effects include: blood in the urine or feces, severe bruising, prolonged nosebleeds (lasting longer than 10 minutes), bleeding gum, blood in your vomit or coughing up blood, unusual headaches, sudden severe back pain, difficulty breathing or chest pain, in women, heavy or increased bleeding during the period, or any other bleeding from the vagina. Warfarin can cause rashes, diarrhea, nausea (feeling sick) or vomiting, and hair loss. Heparin can cause hair loss (alopecia) thrombocytopenia – a sudden drop in the number of platelets in the blood. It has been reported in a case study of 27 patients with nephrotic syndrome caused<unk> , there was a 40% mortality rate, mostly due to hemorrhagic complications and sepsis. In 75% of the remaining surviving patients, the<unk>  was resolved and kidney function returned to normal. It has been concluded that age is not a factor on the survival of<unk>  patients, although older patient (55 and older) are more likely to develop kidney failure. Heparin is crucial in returning normal kidney function; in patients that did not take heparin, long term kidney damage was observed in 100%. In patients that did take heparin, kidney damage was observed in about 33%. By quickly treating, and receiving the correct medications, patients should increase their chances of survival and reduce the risk of the<unk> <unk>  clot from migrating to another part of the body.
Renal vein thrombosis
Pyelonephritis
Pyonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
Glomerulonephrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Obstructive uropathy
Ureteral cancer