alt=photo of the DSM-5 and DSM-IV-TR stacked on top of each other<unk>  is diagnosed according to the criteria established in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental<unk> s, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). In addition, alternative diagnostic criteria is established in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision (ICD-10). The diagnostic criteria are established from self-reported experiences from patients or their family members, the psychiatric assessment, and the mental status examination. In addition, Screening instruments like the Mood<unk> s Questionnaire are helpful tools in determining a patient's status on the<unk>  spectrum. In addition, certain features have been shown to increase the chances that depressed patients have a<unk><unk> , including atypical symptoms of depression like hypersomnia and hyperphagia, a family history of<unk><unk> , medication-induced hypomania, recurrent or psychotic depression, antidepressant refractory depression, and early or postpartum depression. DSM-5 criteria According to the DSM-5, a patient diagnosed with<unk>  will have experienced at least one hypomanic episode, at least one major depressive episodes, and no manic episode. Furthermore, the occurrence of the mood episodes are not better explained by schizoaffective<unk> , schizophrenia, delusional<unk> , or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic<unk> . The final criteria that must be met is that the mood episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (from the depressive symptoms or the unpredictability of cycling between periods of depression and hypomania). A hypomanic episode is established if a patient's symptoms last for most of the day each day for at least four days. Furthermore, three or more of the following symptoms must be present: Inflated sense of self-esteem or grandiose thoughts, feeling well rested despite getting low amounts of sleep (3 hours), talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, and increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation, or excessive involvement in activities with high risk of painful consequences. Per DSM-5 criteria, a major depressive episode consists of the presence of a depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure in activities (anhedonia). In addition to the former symptoms, five out of the nine following symptoms must occur for more than two weeks (to the extent in which it impairs functioning): weight loss/gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness/inappropriate guilt, decreased concentration, or thoughts of death/suicide. Specifiers: * With current or most recent episode hypomanic or depressed * With partial remission or full remission * With mild, moderate, or severe severity * With anxious distress * With catatonic features * With mood congruent psychotic features * With peripartum onset * With seasonal pattern (applies only to the pattern of major depressive episodes) * With rapid cycling. Differential diagnoses The signs and symptoms of<unk>  may overlap significantly with those of other conditions. Thus, a comprehensive history, medication review, and laboratory work are key to diagnosing<unk>  and differentiating it from other conditions. The differential diagnosis of<unk>  is as follows: unipolar major depression, borderline personality<unk> , posttraumatic stress<unk> , substance use<unk> s, and attention deficit hyperactivity<unk> . In clinical practice, the difficulty of diagnosing<unk>  depends on the accurate detection of hypomania, which is frequently dismissed by patients. Patients can present with increased productivity and energy with the absence of signs of instability or disturbance. As such, there is a risk that<unk>  is misdiagnosed as generalized anxiety<unk>  or unipolar major depression. An accurate evaluation of differential diagnoses are crucial, as they guide treatment and prognostic implications. Major differences between BP-I and<unk>  have been identified in their clinical features, comorbidity rates and family histories. During depressive episodes,<unk>  patients tend to show higher rates of psychomotor agitation, guilt, shame, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts.<unk>  patients have shown higher lifetime comorbidity rates of phobias, anxiety<unk> s, substance use, and eating<unk> s. In addition, there is a higher correlation between<unk>  patients and family history of psychiatric illness, including major depression and substance-related<unk> s compared to BP-I. The occurrence rate of psychiatric illness in first degree relatives of<unk>  patients was 26.5%, versus 15.4% in BP-I patients.
Bipolar II disorder
Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified
Major depressive disorder
Major depressive episode
Cyclothymia
Dysthymia