*alcohol *atherosclerosis causes<unk> otic lesions in arteries. *birth defects *calcification *diabetes *headbanging – as in the case of Dave Mustaine *iatrogenic, e.g. secondary to radiation therapy *infection *inflammation *ischemia *neoplasm – in such cases, the<unk>  is often said to be "malignant" or "benign", although this attribute actually refers to the neoplasm itself. *smoking *ureteral *urethral
Stenosis
Dysbiosis
Steatosis
Glandular metaplasia
Hydrodilatation
Intestinal metaplasia
Couching 
Squamous metaplasia