A<unk>  is considered a major surgical procedure performed under general anesthesia. Access is accomplished by laparotomy, hystorically by a bilateral subcostal ("chevron") incision, possibly with midline extension (Calne or "Mercedes-Benz" incision). Nowadays a broadly used approach for open liver resections is the J incision, consisting in a right subcostal incision with midline extension. The anterior approach, one of the most innovative, is made simpler by the liver hanging maneuver. In most recent years the minimal invasive approach, consisting in laparoscopic and then robotic surgery, has become increasingly common in liver resective surgery.<unk> es may be anatomic, i.e. the lines of resection match the limits of one or more functional segments of the liver as defined by the Couinaud classification (cf. liver#Functional anatomy); or they may be non-anatomic, irregular or "wedge"<unk> es. Anatomic resections are generally preferred because of the smaller risk of bleeding and biliary fistula; however, non-anatomic resections can be performed safely as well in selected cases. The Pringle manoeuvre is usually performed during a<unk>  to minimize blood loss - however this can lead to reperfusion injury in the liver due to Ischemia.
Hepatectomy
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
Cryoablation
Carboxytherapy
Combinatorial ablation and immunotherapy
Radiofrequency thermocoagulation
Brachytherapy
Prostatectomy