<unk> s are used to maintain hemoglobin at the lowest level that both minimizes transfusions and best meets a person's needs. Medical speciality professional organizations do not recommend the use of<unk> s in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have hemoglobin levels greater than 10 g/dL and do not have anemia symptoms. In preterm babies<unk> s may help reduce the need for red blood cell transfusions. The 2020 Cochrane Anaesthesia Review Group review of Erythropoietin plus iron versus control treatment including placebo or iron for preoperative anaemic adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery demonstrated that patients were much less likely to require red cell transfusion and in those transfused, the volumes were unchanged (mean difference -0.09, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.05). Pre-op Hb concentration was increased in those receiving 'high dose' EPO, but not 'low dose'. There is no evidence that one<unk>  is better than another in the setting of CKD. Failure<unk> s may fail to achieve an adequate therapeutic response when one or more of the following is present: * Occult blood loss and/or iron deficiency * Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency * Infection and inflammation * Inadequate dialysis * Hyperparathyroidism * Aluminum toxicity * Patient adherence * Hypothyroidism * Primary disease activity * Transplant rejection * Malignancy * Pure red cell aplasia
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent
Immunosuppressive drug
Autotransfusionist
Iron preparation
Stem-cell therapy
Bisphosphonate
Thymus transplantation
Immunotherapy