Most infants who have a BRUE are never diagnosed with a definitive cause for the<unk> . However, we use the literature on ALTEs, which is more extensive, to help explain the cause of a BRUE. These causes may also be considered conditions that can be confused with a BRUE. Gastroesophageal Reflux Vomiting or choking during feeding can trigger laryngospasm that leads to a BRUE or ALTE. This is a likely cause if the infant had vomiting or regurgitation just prior to the<unk> , or if the<unk>  occurred while the infant was awake and lying down. In healthy infants with a suggestive GER<unk> , no additional testing is typically done. In infants with repeated episodes of choking or repeated acute<unk> s, evaluation with a swallowing study can be helpful. Seizure An<unk>  can be suggestive of a seizure if the infant was noted to have muscle rigidity or abnormal eye movements without choking or gagging. Evaluation with video electroencephalography (EEG) is useful. Child Maltreatment Concerning history or physical examination findings can result in discovery of child abuse.<unk>  bruises in an infant (especially if the infant is not crawling yet) or other trauma should trigger a more thorough medical evaluation. This may include x-rays, social work involvement, or child protective services. Other Causes Other causes that are less common include meningitis, urinary tract infection, breath-holding spells, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, cancer, intracranial bleed, apnea of infancy, periodic breathing of infancy, choking, obstructive sleep apnea, factitious disorder imposed on another (formerly Munchausen syndrome).
Brief resolved unexplained event
Acute behavioural disturbance
Acute muscle soreness
At risk mental state
Fatal insomnia
Headache attributed to a substance or its withdrawal
Paroxysmal attack
Chronic condition