<unk>  is a rare progressive disease which eventually affects all voluntary muscles and involves the heart and breathing muscles in later stages. Life expectancy is estimated to be around 25-26, but this varies. With excellent medical care males often live into their 30s. David Hatch of Paris, Maine, may be the oldest person in the world with the disease; as of 2021, he was 58. The most common direct cause of death in people with<unk>  is respiratory failure. Complications from treatment, such as mechanical ventilation and tracheotomy procedures, are also a concern. The next leading cause of death is cardiac-related conditions such as heart failure brought on by dilated cardiomyopathy. With respiratory assistance, the median survival age can reach up to 40. In rare cases, people with<unk>  have been seen to survive into their forties or early fifties, with proper positioning in wheelchairs and beds, and the use of ventilator support (via tracheostomy or mouthpiece), airway clearance, and heart medications. Early planning of the required supports for later-life care has shown greater longevity for people with<unk> . Curiously, in the mdx mouse model of<unk> , the lack of dystrophin is associated with increased calcium levels and skeletal muscle myonecrosis. The intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILMs) are protected and do not undergo myonecrosis. ILMs have a calcium regulation system profile suggestive of a better ability to handle calcium changes in comparison to other muscles, and this may provide a mechanistic insight for their unique pathophysiological properties. The ILM may facilitate the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting in a variety of clinical scenarios. In addition, patients with<unk>  also have elevated plasma lipoprotein levels, implying a primary state of dyslipidemia in patients.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Limb–girdle muscular dystrophy
Becker muscular dystrophy
Brugada syndrome
Spinal muscular atrophy
Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Jokela type spinal muscular atrophy