<unk>  is difficult to diagnose. This is because the majority of patients who have this disorder also have some other type of dysfunction such as agnosia or aphasia. The tests used to make an IA diagnosis can range from easy single-object tasks to complex multiple-object tasks. When being tested, a patient may be asked to view twenty objects. They then have to demonstrate the use of each single object following three different ways of presenting the stimuli. The patient must then perform a complex test in which the examiner describes a task such as making coffee and the patient must show the sequential steps to make a cup of coffee. The patients are then scored on how many errors are seen by the examiner. The errors of the patients in performing the MOT were scored according to a set of criteria partly derived from De Renzi and Lucchelli. Error classes Two classes of errors are used to develop a diagnosis: Class I: Sequence errors * Action addition (AA) is a meaningful action step that is not necessary for accomplishing the goal of the MOT action (e.g., removing the filter of the orange squeezer in order to pour the liquid); * Action anticipation (A) is an anticipation of an action that would normally be performed later in the action sequence (e.g., blowing the match out before using it); * Step omission (SO) is an omission of a step of the multiple-actions sequence (e.g., inserting the filter in the coffee machine without pouring some water); * Perseveration (P) is a repetition of an action step previously performed in the action sequence. Class II: Conceptual errors * Misuse (Mis) errors, which can be differentiated into two subtypes: # (Mis1) involves a well-performed action that is appropriate to an object different from the object target (e.g., hammering with a saw); # (Mis2) involves an action that is appropriate at a superordinate level to the object at hand but is inappropriately specified at the subordinate level (e.g., cutting an orange with a knife as if it were butter). * Mislocation (Misl) errors, which can be differentiated into two subtypes: # (Misl1) is an action that is appropriate to the object in hand but is performed in completely the wrong place (e.g., pouring some liquid from the bottle onto the table rather than into the glass); # (Misl2) involves the correct general selection of the target object on which to operate with the source object or instrument in hand but with the exact location of the action being wrong (e.g., striking the match inside the matchbox). * Tool omission (TO) is an omission in using an obligatory tool where the hand is used instead (e.g., opening a bottle without using a bottle opener); * Pantomiming (Pant) is when the patient "pantomime shows" how the object should be used instead of using it; * Perplexity (Perpl) is a delay or hesitation in starting an action or subcomponents of an action; * Toying(T) consists of brief but repeated touching of an object or objects on the table. As the examiner observes the patient for each task they mark off which errors were committed. From this criteria the examiner will be able to focus on severity of the dysfunction. It is important to express that the motor movement is not lost in patients with IA. Yet, at first glance their movements may appear to be awkward because they are unable to plan a sequence of movements with the given object.
Ideational apraxia
Paragrammatism
Musical anhedonia
Body substance isolation
Social-emotional agnosia
Agrammatism
Homicidal ideation
Emotional detachment