Definition Introduced by the KDIGO in 2012, specific criteria exist for the diagnosis of<unk> .<unk>  can be diagnosed if any one of the following is present: * Increase in SCr by ≥0.3 mg/dl (≥26.5 μmol/l) within 48 hours; or * Increase in SCr to ≥1.5 times baseline, which has occurred within the prior 7 days; or * Urine volume File:Ultrasonography of acute pyelonephritis.Renal ultrasonograph of acute pyelonephritis with increased cortical echogenicity and blurred delineation of the upper pole. File:Ultrasonography of postoperative renal failure.Renal ultrasonograph in renal failure after surgery with increased cortical echogenicity and kidney size. Biopsy showed acute tubular necrosis. File:Ultrasonography of renal trauma with laceration.Renal ultrasonograph in renal trauma with laceration of the lower pole and subcapsular fluid collection below the kidney. Classification<unk>  is diagnosed on the basis of clinical history and laboratory data. A diagnosis is made when there is a rapid reduction in kidney function, as measured by serum creatinine, or based on a rapid reduction in urine output, termed oliguria (less than 400 mLs of urine per 24 hours). + Classic laboratory findings in<unk>  Type UOsm UNa FeNa BUN/Cr Prerenal >500 20 Intrinsic 20 >2% 40 >4% >20<unk>  can be caused by systemic disease (such as a manifestation of an autoimmune disease, e.g. lupus nephritis), crush<unk> , contrast agents, some antibiotics, and more.<unk>  often occurs due to multiple processes. The most common cause is dehydration and sepsis combined with nephrotoxic drugs, especially following surgery or contrast agents. The causes of<unk>  are commonly categorized into prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal.<unk>  occurs in up to 30% of patients following cardiac surgery. Mortality increases by 60-80% in post-cardiopulmonary bypass patients who go on to require renal replacement therapy. Preoperative creatinine greater than 1.2 mg/dL, combined valve and bypass procedures, emergency surgery, and preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump are risk factors most strongly correlated with post-cardiopulmonary bypass<unk> . Other well-known minor risk factors include female gender, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, insulin-requiring diabetes, and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. Volatile anesthetic agents have been shown to increase renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), which causes retention of salts and water, diminished renal blood flow (RBF) and an increase in serum renin levels, but not in antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Acute kidney injury
Acute liver failure
Kidney ischemia
Renal ischemia
Papillorenal syndrome
Nephritic syndrome
Monofixation syndrome
Conorenal syndrome