Traditional treatments<unk>  is treated commonly by means of an endoscope, including argon plasma coagulation and electrocautery. Since endoscopy with argon photocoagulation is "usually effective", surgery is "usually not required". Coagulation therapy is well tolerated but "tends to induce oozing and bleeding." "Endoscopy with thermal ablation" is favored medical treatment because of its low side effects and low mortality, but is "rarely curative." Treatment of<unk>  can be categorized into endoscopic, surgical and pharmacologic. Surgical treatment is definitive but it is rarely done nowadays with the variety of treatment options available. Some of the discussed modalities have been used in<unk>  patients with another underlying disease rather than SSc; they are included as they may be tried in resistant SSc-GAVE patients. Symptomatic treatment includes iron supplementation and blood transfusion for cases with severe anemia, proton pump inhibitors may ameliorate the background chronic<unk> is and minute erosions that commonly co-existed in biopsy reports. Medications Other medical treatments have been tried and include estrogen and progesterone therapy, Corticostreoids are effective, but are "limited by their side effects." Treatment of co-morbid conditions A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS or TIPSS) procedure is used to treat portal hypertension when that is present as an associated condition. Unfortunately, the TIPSS, which has been used for similar conditions, may cause or exacerbate hepatic encephalopathy. TIPSS-related encephalopathy occurs in about 30% of cases, with the risk being higher in those with previous episodes of encephalopathy, higher age, female sex, and liver disease due to causes other than alcohol. The patient, with his or her physician and family, must balance out a reduction in bleeding caused by TIPS with the significant risk of encephalopathy. Various shunts have been shown in a meta-study of 22 studies to be effective treatment to reduce variceal bleeding, yet none have any demonstrated survival advantage. If there is cirrhosis of the liver that has progressed to liver failure, then lactulose may be prescribed for hepatic encephalopathy, especially for Type C encephalopathy with diabetes. Also, "antibiotics such as neomycin, metronidazole, and rifaximin" may be used effectively to treat the encephalopathy by removing nitrogen-producing bacteria from the gut. Paracentesis, a medical procedure involving needle drainage of fluid from a body cavity, may be used to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity in the abdomen for such cases. This procedure uses a large needle, similar to the better-known amniocentesis. Surgery Surgery, consisting of excision of part of the lower stomach, also called antrectomy, is another option. Antrectomy is "the resection, or surgical removal, of a part of the stomach known as the antrum". Laparoscopic surgery is possible in some cases, and as of 2003, was a "novel approach to treating watermelon stomach". A treatment used sometimes is endoscopic band ligation. In 2010, a team of Japanese surgeons performed a "novel endoscopic ablation of<unk> ". The experimental procedure resulted in "no complications". Relapse is possible, even after treatment by argon plasma coagulation and progesterone. Antrectomy or other surgery is used as a last resort for<unk> .
Gastric antral vascular ectasia
Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
Foreign body in alimentary tract
Intestinal neuronal dysplasia
Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility
Rectal foreign body
Multifocal stenosing ulceration of the small intestine
Retained antrum syndrome