A<unk> , also called hypercytokinemia, is a physiological reaction in humans and other animals in which the innate immune system causes an uncontrolled and excessive release of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules called<unk> s. Normally,<unk> s are part of the body's immune response to infection, but their sudden release in large quantities can cause multisystem organ failure and death.<unk> s can be caused by a number of infectious and non-infectious etiologies, especially viral respiratory infections such as H1N1 influenza, H5N1 influenza, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2, Influenza B, Parainfluenza virus, and Ebola. Other causative agents include the Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, group A streptococcus, and non-infectious conditions such as graft-versus-host disease. The viruses can invade lung epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages to produce viral nucleic acid, which stimulates the infected cells to release<unk> s and chemokines, activating macrophages, dendritic cells, and others.<unk>  syndrome is a diverse set of conditions that can result in a<unk> .<unk>  syndromes include familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Epstein-Barr virus–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, systemic or non-systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated macrophage activation syndrome, NLRC4 macrophage activation syndrome,<unk>  release syndrome and sepsis.
Cytokine storm
Adrenergic storm
Tumor lysis syndrome
Activation syndrome
Ischemic cascade
Vasodilatory shock
Malignant hyperthermia
Sepsis