The phenotypic data on 11 patients indicated that cases are not always ascertained for CHD but that CHD was the most common single feature found in 6 out of 11 individuals. Developmental delay and/or learning difficulties were found in 5 out of 11 cases, but one prenatal case was developing normally at 15 months of age (Case 1,). Three other prenatal cases could not yet be reliably assessed. A variable degree of facial dysmorphism was present in 5 out of 11 individuals. Partial toe syndactyly has been found in one mother and son diad and adrenal anomalies in two probands but not in the duplicated mother of one of them. The phenotype is compatible with independent adult life with varying degrees of support. Duplication of the GATA4 transcription factor () is believed to underlie the congenital heart disease and other genes, common to the duplication and deletion syndromes, can be regarded as candidates for the<unk> . These include the SOX7 transcription factor () for both CHD and developmental delay and the TNKS gene () for behavioural difficulties. The diaphragmatic hernia found in the<unk> .1 deletion syndrome has not been found in the<unk>  to date. The duplication may be associated with copy number changes of the adjacent olfactory receptor/defensin repeats (ORDRs) that predispose to the<unk> .1 deletion and duplication syndromes. High total copy numbers of these repeats have been associated with predisposition to psoriasis and low copy number with predisposition to Crohn's disease.
8p23.1 duplication syndrome
22q11.2 duplication syndrome
13q deletion syndrome
2q37 deletion syndrome
22q13 deletion syndrome
22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
1q21.1 deletion syndrome
7q11.23 duplication syndrome