Presentation can be atypical and without pain or fever, especially in the elderly. Positive symptoms include biliary colic, acute pancreatitis, obstructive jaundice and less commonly, liver enlargement and abnormal liver function tests. Additional complications in the acute setting include ascending cholangitis, gallbladder empyema, clotting within the hepatic and portal veins, sepsis and death. Chronic biliary obstruction may cause jaundice, itchiness, liver abscesses, and cirrhosis, particularly at the left lobe segment 3, and can eventually lead to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm or cholangiocarcinoma.
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Hepatolithiasis
Biliary pseudolithiasis
Cholesterolosis of gallbladder
Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy
Ascending cholangitis
Primary biliary cholangitis
Ischemic hepatitis