<unk>  is a common ethical problem encountered in human subjects research. It was originally described in 1982 by Paul Appelbaum and colleagues. The idea was introduced to the bioethics community in 1987. The formulation given by Appelbaum et al. in 1987 was the following: “To maintain a<unk>  is to deny the possibility that there may be major disadvantages to participating in clinical research that stem from the nature of the research process itself.”
Therapeutic misconception
Pharmaceutical fraud
Sexual misconduct
Patient abuse
Occupational injustice
Therapeutic privilege
Mass-casualty incident
Drug fraud