<unk> es carrying such arboviruses stay healthy because their immune systems recognizes the virions as foreign particles and "chop off" the virus' genetic coding, rendering it inert. Human infection with a<unk> -borne virus occurs when a female<unk>  bites someone while its immune system is still in the process of destroying the virus's harmful coding. It is not completely known how<unk> es handle eukaryotic parasites to carry them without being harmed. Data has shown that the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum alters the<unk>  vector's feeding behavior by increasing frequency of biting in infected<unk> es, thus increasing the chance of transmitting the parasite. The mechanism of transmission of this disease starts with the injection of the parasite into the victim's blood when malaria-infected female Anopheles<unk> es bite into a human being. The parasite uses human liver cells as hosts for maturation where it will continue to replicate and grow, moving into other areas of the body via the bloodstream. The spread of this infection cycle then continues when other<unk> es bite the same victim. The result will cause that<unk>  to ingest the parasite and allow it to transmit the Malaria disease into another person through the same mode of bite injection. Flaviviridae viruses transmissible via vectors like<unk> es include West Nile virus and yellow fever virus, which are single stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses enveloped in a protein coat. Once inside the host's body, the virus will attach itself to a cell's surface through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This essentially means that the proteins and DNA material of the virus are ingested into the host cell. The viral RNA material will undergo several changes and processes inside the host's cell so that it can release more viral RNA that can then be replicated and assembled to infect neighboring host cells.<unk> -borne flaviviruses also encode viral antagonists to the innate immune system in order to cause persistent infection in<unk> es and a broad spectrum of diseases in humans. The data on transmissibility via insect vectors of hepatitis C virus, also belonging to family Flaviviridae (as well as for hepatitis B virus, belonging to family Hepadnaviridae) are inconclusive. WHO states that "There is no insect vector or animal reservoir for HCV.", while there are experimental data supporting at least the presence of PCR-detectable hepatitis C viral RNA in Culex<unk> es for up to 13 days. Currently, there are no specific vaccine therapies for West Nile virus approved for humans; however, vaccines are available and some show promise for animals, as a means to intervene with the mechanism of spreading such pathogens.
Mosquito-borne disease
Blood-borne disease
Feline zoonosis
Canine vector-borne disease
Tropical disease
Virgin soil epidemic
Reverse zoonosis
Behavior-altering parasite