<unk>  is a co-factor in over 300 functions in the body regulating many kinds of biochemical reactions. It is involved in protein synthesis, muscle and nerve functioning, bone development, energy production, the maintenance of normal heart rhythm, and the regulation of glucose and blood pressure, among other important roles. Low<unk>  intake over time can increase the risk of illnesses, including high blood pressure and heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, osteoporosis, and migraines. There is a direct effect on sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) channels.<unk>  has several effects: Potassium Potassium channel efflux is inhibited by<unk> . Thus hypomagnesemia results in an increased excretion of potassium in kidney, resulting in a hypokalaemia. This condition is believed to occur secondary to the decreased normal physiologic<unk>  inhibition of the ROMK channels in the apical tubular membrane. In this light, hypomagnesemia is frequently the cause of hypokalaemic patients failing to respond to potassium supplementation. Thus, clinicians should ensure that both<unk>  and potassium is replaced when deficient. Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis should have their<unk>  levels monitored to ensure that the serum loss of potassium, which is driven intracellularly by insulin administration, is not exacerbated by additional urinary losses. Calcium Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is inhibited by<unk> . Thus hypomagnesemia results in an increased intracellular calcium level. This inhibits the release of parathyroid hormone, which can result in hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia. Furthermore, it makes skeletal and muscle receptors less sensitive to parathyroid hormone. Arrhythmia<unk>  is needed for the adequate function of the Na+/K+-ATPase pumps in cardiac myocytes, the muscles cells of the heart. A lack of<unk>  inhibits reuptake of potassium, causing a decrease in intracellular potassium. This decrease in intracellular potassium results in a tachycardia. Pre-eclampsia<unk>  has an indirect antithrombotic effect upon platelets and endothelial function.<unk>  increases prostaglandins, decreases thromboxane, and decreases angiotensin II, microvascular leakage, and vasospasm through its function similar to calcium channel blockers. Convulsions are the result of cerebral vasospasm. The vasodilatatory effect of<unk>  seems to be the major mechanism. Asthma<unk>  exerts a bronchodilatatory effect, probably by antagonizing calcium-mediated bronchoconstriction. Neurological effects *reducing electrical excitation *modulating release of acetylcholine *antagonising N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, an excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and thus providing neuroprotection from excitoxicity. Diabetes mellitus<unk>  is frequently observed in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with an estimated prevalence ranging between 11.0 and 47.7%.<unk>  is strongly associated with high glucose and insulin resistance, which indicate that it is common in poorly controlled diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes and a<unk>  have a higher risk of heart failure, atrial fibrillation and microvascular complications. Oral<unk>  supplements has been demonstrated to improve insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. However, their effect on cardiovascular risk in diabetes are to be determined. Homeostasis<unk>  is abundant in nature. It can be found in green vegetables, chlorophyll (chloroplasts), cocoa derivatives, nuts, wheat, seafood, and meat. It is absorbed primarily in the duodenum of the small intestine. The rectum and sigmoid colon can absorb<unk> . Forty percent of dietary<unk>  is absorbed. Hypomagnesemia stimulates and hypermagnesemia inhibits this absorption. The body contains 21–28 grams of<unk>  (0.864–1.152 mol). Of this, 53% is located in bone, 19% in non-muscular tissue, and 1% in extracellular fluid. For this reason, blood levels of<unk>  are not an adequate means of establishing the total amount of available<unk> . The majority of serum<unk>  is bound to chelators, including proteins and citrate. Roughly 33% is bound to proteins, and 5–10% is not bound. This "free"<unk>  is essential in regulating intracellular<unk> . Normal plasma Mg is 1.7–2.3 mg/dl (0.69–0.94 mmol/l). The kidneys regulate the serum<unk> . About 2400 mg of<unk>  passes through the kidneys daily, of which 5% (120 mg) is excreted through urine. The loop of Henle is the major site for<unk>  homeostasis, and 60% is reabsorbed.<unk>  homeostasis comprises three systems: kidney, small intestine, and bone. In the acute phase of<unk>  there is an increase in absorption in the distal small intestine and tubular resorption in the kidneys. When this condition persists, serum<unk>  drops and is corrected with<unk>  from bone tissue. The level of intracellular<unk>  is controlled through the reservoir in bone tissue.
Magnesium deficiency
Fluorine deficiency
Boron deficiency 
Fluoride toxicity
Selenium deficiency
Thiamine deficiency
Copper deficiency
Vitamin D toxicity