The distal attachment of the annular ligament covering the radial head is weaker in children than in adults, allowing it to be more easily torn. The older child will usually point to the dorsal aspect of the proximal forearm when asked where it hurts. This may mislead one to suspect a buckle fracture of the proximal radius. There is no tear in the soft tissue (probably due to the pliability of young connective tissues). The forearm contains two bones: the radius and the ulna. These bones are attached to each other both at the proximal, or<unk> , end and also at the distal, or wrist, end. Among other movements, the forearm is capable of pronation and supination, which is to say rotation about the long axis of the forearm. In this movement the ulna, which is connected to the humerus by a simple hinge-joint, remains stationary, while the radius rotates, carrying the wrist and hand with it. To allow this rotation, the proximal<unk>  end of the radius is held in proximity to the ulna by a ligament known as the annular ligament. This is a circular ligamentous structure within which the radius is free, with constraints existing elsewhere in the forearm, to rotate. The proximal end of the radius in young children is conical, with the wider end of the cone nearest the<unk> . With the passage of time the shape of this bone changes, becoming more cylindrical but with the proximal end being widened. If the forearm of a young child is<unk> , it is possible for this traction to pull the radius into the annular ligament with enough force to cause it to be jammed therein. This causes significant pain, partial limitation of flexion/extension of the<unk>  and total loss of pronation/supination in the affected arm. The situation is rare in adults, or in older children, because the changing shape of the radius associated with growth prevents it.
Pulled elbow
Elbow fracture
Planovalgus deformity
Gibbus deformity
Swan neck deformity
Habit-tic deformity
Ulnar deviation
Winged scapula