<unk> s are associated with a gain-of-function missense mutation in exon 3 of NLRP3, the gene encoding<unk> , a major component of the interleukin 1 inflammasome. In keratoendotheliitis fugax hereditaria, the mutation occurs in exon 1. Intracellular formation of the interleukin 1 inflammasome leads to the activation of the potent pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and interleukin-18 through a cascade involving caspase 1. The IL-1 inflammasome may also be released from activated macrophages, amplifying the cytokine production cascade. The mutation in NLRP3 leads to aberrant formation of this inflammasome and subsequent unregulated production of interleukin 1β. Up to 170 heterogenous mutations in NLRP3 have been identified. Some reports suggest rare mutations are more frequently associated with a severe phenotype, and some mutations are associated with distinct phenotypes, probably reflecting the differential impact of the mutation on the activity of the inflammasome in the context of individual genetic background. Inheritance of these disorders is autosomal dominant with variable penetrance.
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome
Hereditary angioedema
Antisynthetase syndrome
Mixed connective tissue disease
IgA vasculitis
TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome
Auto-brewery syndrome
Familial Mediterranean fever