<unk>  (PAS) is a term introduced by child psychiatrist Richard Gardner in 1985 to describe what he believed to be a distinctive suite of behaviors in children that includes showing extreme but unwarranted fear, disrespect or hostility towards a parent. Gardner believed that a set of behaviors that he observed in some families involved in child custody litigation could be used to diagnose psychological manipulation or undue influence of a child by a parent, typically by the other parent who may be attempting to prevent an ongoing relationship between a child and other family members after family separation or divorce. Use of the term<unk> " has not been accepted by either the medical or legal communities and Gardner's research has been broadly criticized by legal and mental health scholars for lacking scientific validity and reliability. While remaining controversial, the derivative term<unk><unk>  is sometimes used to describe a similar family dynamic.
Parental alienation syndrome
Motivational deficiency disorder
Disinhibited attachment disorder
Multiple complex developmental disorder
Personality development disorder
Emotional spectrum disorder
Cephalic disorder
Zellweger spectrum disorders