The initial diagnosis is based on the clinical manifestations and is primarily is a diagnosis of exclusion. The initial investigations in a patient with SCD, who presents with hematuria or proteinuria include: Basic metabolic panel Urine analysis and urine microalbumin to creatinine ratio Renal imaging with a renal ultrasound Intravenous pyelogram for papillary necrosis. CT scan to rule out medullary renal carcinoma especially in<unk> <unk>  trait patients. Serum albumin levels Autoantibodies and complement levels HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C serologies Serum electrophoresis Renal biopsy when clinically indicated Review of the current and previous medication history
Sickle cell nephropathy
IgA nephropathy
Malarial nephropathy
Analgesic nephropathy
Mesoamerican nephropathy
Phosphate nephropathy
Uddanam nephropathy
Membranous glomerulonephritis