<unk>  syndrome is a rare condition whereby<unk>  in the oesophagus manifests alongside<unk>  and mental retardation. This is a rare constellation of symptoms with a predicted familial trend. The main signs of<unk>  syndrome involve the manifestation of each individual disease associated with the condition.<unk>  can be primary, where the brain fails to develop properly during pregnancy, or secondary, where the brain is normal sized at birth but fails to grow as the child ages. Abnormalities will be observed progressively after birth whereby the child will display stunted growth and physical and cognitive development. The occipital-frontal circumference will be at or near the extreme lower end, the third percentile, indicating<unk> . There are both genetic and behavioural causes of<unk> .<unk> , or oesophageal<unk> , is a disorder occurring in the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES). The LES fails to relax completely, resulting in frequent vomiting and regurgitation, usually one to two hours after meals. If untreated, the long-term health of the individual will be compromised, leading to the development of dysphagia, weight loss and chronic aspiration. It is very rare in children, especially siblings. Mortality, specifically in young children, can occur. Due to the nature of the individual diseases, there is no cure for<unk> . Treatment for<unk>  involves drugs and surgical intervention, such as heller myotomy, with the goal of relieving LES pressure and its symptoms. Management of these symptoms are important for the maintenance of the quality of life of the child and the prevention of the progression to more serious complications. These include organ perforation, aspiration pneumonia and death. Similarly, there is no cure for<unk>  and instead, early intervention, such as speech and physical therapy is recommended Families who have a genetic predisposition to<unk>  can involve genetic counselling in their planning for pregnancy As of 2017, there are 5 reported cases of<unk>  syndrome, all of which involve children.
Achalasia microcephaly
Laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome
Odontoma dysphagia syndrome
Retained antrum syndrome
complications of Hiatal hernia
Atresia
Ontario Minamata disease
Esophageal achalasia