Screening Screening is an important pillar of prevention of<unk>  as it provides the benefit of early detection and treatment thus reducing complications. Screening also provides an opportunity for education of families predisposed to retinopathy as a result of a family history of<unk> <unk>  disease. Screening can take the form of DNA screening at birth and Ophthalmology-related examinations later in life. # DNA screening in newborns at risk of having<unk> <unk>  disease allows the early diagnosis of the disease. Families can then be educated on the possible effects of<unk> <unk>  disease at each stage of life. # Ophthalmology-related examinations - dilated fundoscopic examination is recommended from the age of 10 and biannually thereafter in patients with no abnormal retinal findings. Fluorescein angiography and angioscopy is recommended for patients with abnormal findings that may be indicative of proliferative<unk> . The frequency of follow up appointments is determined by the ophthalmologist based on the severity of the findings. Care of systemic disease<unk> <unk>  disease is a systemic disease that affects several organs in the body. Management of the underlying disease can therefore prevent the development of retinopathy and slow its progression. # Fetal haemoglobin transfusion - Fetal haemoglobin (HbF) is a form of haemoglobin that is found in children up to 6 months after birth. This type of haemoglobin is beneficial in<unk> <unk>  patients as it resists modification to the<unk> d shape. As a result, transfusion of HbF in younger populations can prevent and slow the progression of<unk> . # Hydroxyurea administration - Hydroxyurea is a drug that can be used as an alternative method of increasing fetal haemoglobin levels in the blood of a patient with<unk> <unk>  disease. Hydroxyurea also provides the benefit of reducing inflammation. # Haematopoetic stem<unk>  transplantation - This process is more commonly known as a bone marrow transplant. It is useful in the management of<unk> <unk>  disease. However, access to this method is limited due to cost and the need for a donor that is biologically compatible with the person requiring the transplant. # Anti-inflammatory and anti-adhesive drugs reduce the likelihood of occlusions in the small blood vessels of the retina therefore preventing the development of<unk> . There drugs include anti adhesive antibodies, anti-integrin antibodies, anti-Willebrand factor, sulfasalazine and statins. # Gene therapy has also been proven beneficial in the prevention of<unk> .
Sickle cell retinopathy
Autoimmune retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Radiation retinopathy
Chloroquine retinopathy
Photic retinopathy
Autoimmune optic neuropathy