The treatment options for asymptomatic<unk>  are conservative management, surveillance with a view to eventual repair, and immediate repair. Two modes of repair are available for an<unk> : open<unk>  repair, and endovascular<unk>  repair (EVAR). An intervention is often recommended if the<unk>  grows more than 1 cm per year or it is bigger than 5.5 cm. Repair is also indicated for symptomatic<unk> s. Ten years after open<unk>  repair, the overall survival rate was 59%. Mycotic<unk>  aorta<unk>  (MAAA) is a rare and life-threatening condition. Because of its rarity, there is a lack of adequately powered studies and consensus on its treatment and follow up. A management protocol on the management of mycotic<unk>  was recently published in the Annals of Vascular Surgery by Premnath et al. Conservative Conservative management is indicated in people where repair carries a high risk of mortality and in patients where repair is unlikely to improve life expectancy. The mainstay of the conservative treatment is smoking cessation. Surveillance is indicated in small asymptomatic<unk> s (less than 5.5 cm) where the risk of repair exceeds the risk of rupture. As an<unk>  grows in diameter, the risk of rupture increases. Surveillance until an<unk>  has reached a diameter of 5.5 cm has not been shown to have a higher risk as compared to early intervention. Medication No medical therapy has been found to be effective at decreasing the growth rate or rupture rate of asymptomatic<unk> s. Blood pressure and lipids should, however, be treated per usual. Surgery The threshold for repair varies slightly from individual to individual, depending on the balance of risks and benefits when considering repair versus ongoing surveillance. The size of an individual's native aorta may influence this, along with the presence of comorbidities that increase operative risk or decrease life expectancy. Evidence, however, does not usually support repair if the size is less than 5.5 cm. Open repair Open repair is indicated in young patients as an elective procedure, or in growing or large, symptomatic or ruptured<unk> s. The aorta must be clamped off during the repair, denying blood to the<unk>  organs and sections of the spinal cord; this can cause a range of complications. It is essential to make the critical part of the operation fast, so the incision is typically made large enough to facilitate the fastest repair. Recovery after open<unk>  surgery takes significant time. The minimums are a few days in intensive care, a week total in the hospital and a few months before full recovery. Endovascular repair<unk><unk>  endoprosthesis, CT scan, original<unk>  marked in blue Endovascular repair first became practical in the 1990s and although it is now an established alternative to open repair, its role is yet to be clearly defined. It is generally indicated in older, high-risk patients or patients unfit for open repair. However, endovascular repair is feasible for only a proportion of<unk> s, depending on the morphology of the<unk> . The main advantages over open repair are that there is less peri-operative mortality, less time in intensive care, less time in hospital overall and earlier return to normal activity. Disadvantages of endovascular repair include a requirement for more frequent ongoing hospital reviews, and a higher chance of further procedures being required. According to the latest studies, the EVAR procedure does not offer any benefit for overall survival or health-related quality of life compared to open surgery, although<unk> -related mortality is lower. In patients unfit for open repair, EVAR plus conservative management was associated with no benefit, more complications, subsequent procedures and higher costs compared to conservative management alone. Endovascular treatment for paraanastomotic<unk> s after aortobiiliac reconstruction is also a possibility. A 2017 Cochrane review found tentative evidence of no difference in outcomes between endovascular and open repair of ruptured<unk>  in the first month. Rupture In those with<unk>  rupture of the<unk> , treatment is immediate surgical repair. There appears to be benefits to allowing permissive hypotension and limiting the use of intravenous fluids during transport to the operating room.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Appendicitis
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Splenic infarction
Aortoenteric fistula
Postcholecystectomy syndrome
Renal vein thrombosis
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis