<unk> s or<unk>  outcomes are outcome measures referring to occurrence of disease, symptom, sign or laboratory abnormality constituting a target outcome in<unk>  research trials. The term may also refer to any disease or sign that strongly motivates withdrawal of an individual or entity from the trial, then often termed a humane <unk> . The primary endpoint of a<unk>  trial is the endpoint for which the trial is powered. Secondary endpoints are additional endpoints, preferably also pre-specified, for which the trial may not be powered. Surrogate endpoints are trial endpoints that have outcomes that substitute for a<unk> , often because studying the<unk>  is difficult, for example using an increase in blood pressure as a surrogate for death by cardiovascular disease, where strong evidence of a causal link exists.
Clinical endpoint
Outcome measure
Surrogate endpoint
Absolute threshold
Exposure hierarchy
Natural history group
N of 1 trial
Real world data