Within the labyrinth of the inner ear lie collections of calcium crystals known as otoconia or otoliths. In people with<unk> , the otoconia are dislodged from their usual position within the utricle, and over time, migrate into one of the semicircular canals (the posterior canal is most commonly affected due to its anatomical position). When the head is reoriented relative to gravity, the gravity-dependent movement of the heavier otoconial debris (colloquially "ear rocks") within the affected semicircular canal causes abnormal (pathological) endolymph fluid displacement and a resultant sensation of vertigo. This more common condition is known as canalithiasis. In rare cases, the crystals themselves can adhere to a semicircular canal cupula, rendering it heavier than the surrounding endolymph. Upon reorientation of the head relative to gravity, the cupula is weighted down by the dense particles, thereby inducing an immediate and sustained excitation of semicircular canal afferent nerves. This condition is termed cupulolithiasis. There is evidence in the dental literature that malleting of an osteotome during closed sinus floor elevation, otherwise known as osteotome sinus elevation or lift, transmits percussive and vibratory forces capable of detaching otoliths from their normal location and thereby leading to the symptoms of<unk> .<unk>  can be triggered by any action that stimulates the posterior semi-circular canal including: * Looking up or down * Following head injury * Sudden head movement * Rolling over in bed * Tilting the head<unk>  may be made worse by any number of modifiers which may vary among individuals: * Changes in barometric pressure – people may feel increased symptoms up to two days before rain or snow * Lack of sleep (required amounts of sleep may vary widely) * Stress An episode of<unk>  may be triggered by dehydration, such as that caused by diarrhea. For this reason, it commonly occurs in people with post-operative diarrhea induced by post-operative antibiotics.<unk>  is one of the most common vestibular disorders in people presenting with dizziness; a migraine is implicated in idiopathic cases. Proposed mechanisms linking the two are genetic factors and vascular damage to the labyrinth. Although<unk>  can occur at any age, it is most often seen in people older than the age of 60. Besides aging, there are no major risk factors known for<unk> , although previous episodes of head trauma, or the inner ear infection labyrinthitis, may predispose to the future development of<unk> .
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Stroke
Migraine-associated vertigo
Ménière's disease
Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood
Labyrinthitis
Alternobaric vertigo
Flicker vertigo