Replacement therapy<unk>  is used as replacement therapy in adults with<unk>  deficiency of either childhood-onset or adult-onset (usually as a result of an acquired pituitary tumor). In these patients, benefits have variably included reduced fat mass, increased lean mass, increased bone density, improved lipid profile, reduced cardiovascular risk factors, and improved psychosocial well-being. Long acting<unk>  (LAGH) analogues are now available for treating<unk>  deficiency both in children and adults. These are once weekly injections as compared to conventional<unk>  which has to be taken as daily injections. LAGH injection 4 times a month has been found to be as safe and effective as daily<unk>  injections. Other approved uses<unk>  can be used to treat conditions that produce short stature but are not related to deficiencies in<unk> . However, results are not as dramatic when compared to short stature that is solely attributable to deficiency of<unk> . Examples of other causes of shortness often treated with<unk>  are Turner syndrome, chronic kidney failure, Prader–Willi syndrome, intrauterine<unk>  restriction, and severe idiopathic short stature. Higher ("pharmacologic") doses are required to produce significant acceleration of<unk>  in these conditions, producing blood levels well above normal ("physiologic"). One version of rHGH has also been FDA approved for maintaining muscle mass in wasting due to AIDS. Off-label use Off-label prescription of HGH is controversial and may be illegal. Claims for<unk>  as an anti-aging treatment date back to 1990 when the New England Journal of Medicine published a study wherein<unk>  was used to treat 12 men over 60. At the conclusion of the study, all the men showed statistically significant increases in lean body mass and bone mineral density, while the control group did not. The authors of the study noted that these improvements were the opposite of the changes that would normally occur over a 10- to 20-year aging period. Despite the fact the authors at no time claimed that<unk>  had reversed the aging process itself, their results were misinterpreted as indicating that<unk>  is an effective anti-aging agent. This has led to organizations such as the controversial American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine promoting the use of this hormone as an "anti-aging agent". A Stanford University School of Medicine meta-analysis of clinical studies on the subject published in early 2007 showed that the application of<unk>  on healthy elderly patients increased muscle by about 2 kg and decreased body fat by the same amount. However, these were the only positive effects from taking<unk> . No other critical factors were affected, such as bone density, cholesterol levels, lipid measurements, maximal oxygen consumption, or any other factor that would indicate increased fitness. Researchers also did not discover any gain in muscle strength, which led them to believe that<unk>  merely let the body store more water in the muscles rather than increase muscle<unk> . This would explain the increase in lean body mass.<unk>  has also been used experimentally to treat multiple sclerosis, to enhance weight loss in obesity, as well as in fibromyalgia, heart failure, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and burns.<unk>  has also been used experimentally in patients with short bowel syndrome to lessen the requirement for intravenous total parenteral nutrition. In 1990, the US Congress passed an omnibus crime bill, the Crime Control Act of 1990, that amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, that classified anabolic steroids as controlled substances and added a new section that stated that a person who "knowingly distributes, or possesses with intent to distribute, human<unk>  for any use in humans other than the treatment of a disease or other recognized medical condition, where such use has been authorized by the Secretary of Health and Human Services" has committed a felony. The Drug Enforcement Administration of the US Department of Justice considers off-label prescribing of HGH to be illegal, and to be a key path for illicit distribution of HGH. This section has also been interpreted by some doctors, most notably the authors of a commentary article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2005, as meaning that prescribing HGH off-label may be considered illegal. And some articles in the popular press, such as those criticizing the pharmaceutical industry for marketing drugs for off-label use (with concern of ethics violations) have made strong statements about whether doctors can prescribe HGH off-label: "Unlike other prescription drugs, HGH may be prescribed only for specific uses. U.S. sales are limited by law to treat a rare<unk>  defect in children and a handful of uncommon conditions like short bowel syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome, a congenital disease that causes reduced muscle tone and a lack of hormones in sex glands." At the same time, anti-aging clinics where doctors prescribe, administer, and sell HGH to people are big business. In a 2012 article in Vanity Fair, when asked how HGH prescriptions far exceed the number of adult patients estimated to have HGH-deficiency, Dragos Roman, who leads a team at the FDA that reviews drugs in endocrinology, said "The F.D.A. doesn't regulate off-label uses of H.G.H. Sometimes it's used appropriately. Sometimes it's not." Side effects Injection-site reaction is common. More rarely, patients can experience joint swelling, joint pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and an increased risk of diabetes. In some cases, the patient can produce an immune response against<unk> .<unk>  may also be a risk factor for Hodgkin's lymphoma. One survey of adults that had been treated with replacement cadaver<unk>  (which has not been used anywhere in the world since 1985) during childhood showed a mildly increased incidence of colon cancer and prostate cancer, but linkage with the<unk>  treatment was not established.
Growth hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Orexin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Menotropin
Cortisol
Gonadotropin
Insulin-like growth factor