File:Encephalocele Pre-Repair.1. File:Encephalocele_surgery_preparation.2. File:Facial_dissection.3. File:Unrepaired<unk>  skull.4. File:Surgically repaired skull.5. File:Surgery site healed.6. Currently, the only effective treatment for<unk> s is reparative surgery, generally performed during infancy. The extent to which it can be corrected depends on the location and size of the<unk> s; however, large protrusions can be removed without causing major disability. Surgery repositions the bulging area back into the skull, removes the protrusions, and corrects the deformities, typically relieving pressure that can delay normal brain development. Occasionally, shunts are placed to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. The goals of treatment include: * closure of open skin defects to prevent infection and desiccation of brain tissue * removal of nonfunctional extracranial cerebral tissue with water-tight closure of the dura * total craniofacial reconstruction with particular emphasis on avoiding the long-nose deformity (nasal elongation that results from depression of the cribiform plate and nasal placode). Without proper management, the long-nose deformity can be more obvious after repair. Recovery Recovery is difficult to predict prior to surgery, and depends on the type of brain tissue involved and location of the<unk> s. If surgery is successful, and developmental delays have not occurred, a patient can develop normally. Where neurologic and developmental damage has occurred, the specialists will focus on minimizing both mental and physical disabilities. In general, when the bulging material consists of primarily cerebrospinal fluid, a complete recovery can occur. When a large amount of brain tissue is present in the<unk> s, there is a higher chance of perioperative complication.
Encephalocele
Sialocele
Omphalocele
Subdural hygroma
Chorionic hematoma
Lateral meningocele syndrome
Cystic hygroma
Lipomeningomyelocele