A urologist inserts a scope into the urinary tract to locate the stone. The scope may be a cystoscope, ureteroscope, renoscope or nephroscope. An optical fiber is inserted through the working channel of the scope, and<unk>  light is directly emitted to the stone. The stone is fragmented and the remaining pieces are collected in a "basket" and/or washed out of the urinary tract, along with the finer particulate "dust." The procedure is done under either local or general anesthesia and is considered a minimally-invasive procedure. It is widely available in most hospitals in the world.
Laser lithotripsy
Cholecystostomy
Ductoscopy
Cholecystenterostomy
Cystogastrostomy
Fistulotomy
Ureterocutaneostomy
Appendectomy