Large jackstone in the<unk>  of a 60-year-old Middle Eastern man.<unk>  was removed by open cystolithotomy. The diagnosis of<unk>  includes urinalysis, ultrasonography, x rays or cystoscopy (inserting a small thin camera into the urethra and viewing the<unk> . The intravenous pyelogram can also be used to assess the presence of kidney<unk> s. This test involves injecting a radiocontrast agent which is passed into the urinary system. X-ray images are then obtained every few minutes to determine if there is any obstruction to the contrast as it is excreted into the<unk> . Today, intravenous pyelogram has been replaced at many health centers by CT scans. CT scans are more sensitive and can identify very small<unk> s not seen by other tests. Classification A star-shaped Jackstone urolith can be seen in the urinary<unk>  on this radiograph of the pelvis Urinary<unk> s may be composed of the following substances: * Calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) * Calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite) * Calcium phosphate * Magnesium phosphate * Ammonium phosphate * Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) * Calcium hydroxyphosphate (apatite) * Uric acid and its salts (urates) * Cystine * Xanthine * Indigotin (rare) * Urostealith (rare) * Sulfonamide (rare) Jackstone calculus Jackstone calculi are rare<unk> s that have an appearance resembling toy jacks. They are almost always composed of calcium oxalate dihydrate and consist of a dense central core and radiating spicules. They are typically light brown with dark patches and are usually formed in the urinary<unk>  and rarely in the upper urinary tract. Their appearance on plain radiographs and computed tomography in human patients is usually easily recognizable. Jackstones often must be removed via cystolithotomy.
Bladder stone
Pyonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
Pyelonephritis
Ureteric stricture
Glomerulonephrosis
Interstitial cystitis
Hemorrhagic cystitis