Grade Sequence Supination-Adduction # Talofibular ligament sprain or distal fibular avulsion fracture # Vertical medial malleolus fracture and impaction of anteromedial distal tibia Supination-External rotation # Anterior tibiofibular ligament sprain # Lateral short oblique fibular fracture (anteroinferior to posterosuperior) # Posterior tibiofibular ligament rupture or avulsion of posterior malleolus # Medial malleolus transverse fracture or disruption of deltoid ligament Pronation-Abduction # Medial malleolus transverse fracture or disruption of deltoid ligament # Anterior tibiofibular ligament sprain # Transverse comminuted fracture of the fibula above the level of the syndesmosis Pronation-External rotation # Medial malleolus transverse fracture or disruption of deltoid ligament # Anterior tibiofibular ligament disruption # Lateral short oblique or spiral fracture of fibula (anterosuperior to posteroinferior) above the level of the joint # Posterior tibiofibular ligament rupture or avulsion of posterior malleolus }
Lauge-Hansen classification
Kauffman–White classification
Haruguchi classification
Mayfield classification
Nissen-Lie classification
Herbert classification
Frykman classification
Thompson and Epstein classification