Disagreement surrounds the method by which<unk>  is considered and diagnosed. On one hand, some researchers believe that<unk>  is merely theft and dispute the suggestion that there are psychological mechanisms involved, while others observe<unk>  as part of a substance-related addiction. Yet others categorize<unk>  as a variation of an impulse control disorder, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or eating disorders. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM IV-TR), a frequent and widely used guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, the following symptoms and characteristics are the diagnostic criteria for<unk> : # repeated inability to defend against urges to steal things that are not essential for private use or for their economic value; # escalating sense of pressure immediately prior to performing the theft; # satisfaction, fulfillment or relief at the point of performing the theft; # the theft is not executed to convey antagonism or revenge, and is not in reaction to a delusion or a fantasy; and # the thieving is not better accounted for by behavior disorder, a manic episode, or antisocial personality disorder. Skeptics have decried<unk>  as an invalid psychiatric concept exploited in legal defenses of wealthy female shoplifters. During the twentieth century,<unk>  was strongly linked with the increased prevalence of department stores, and "department store<unk> cs" were a widely held social stereotype that had political implications.
Kleptomania
Alexithymia
Coprophobia
Acrophobia
Agoraphobia
Cephalalgiaphobia
Psychopathy
Aquaphobia