<unk>  has clinically been used for metabolic bone disorders for more than 50 years. Salmon<unk>  is used for the treatment of: * Postmenopausal osteoporosis * Hypercalcaemia * Bone metastases * Paget's disease * Phantom limb pain It has been investigated as a possible non-operative treatment for spinal stenosis. The following information is from the UK Electronic Medicines Compendium General characteristics of the active substance Salmon<unk>  is rapidly absorbed and eliminated. Peak plasma concentrations are attained within the first hour of administration. Animal studies have shown that<unk>  is primarily metabolised via proteolysis in the kidney following parenteral administration. The metabolites lack the specific biological activity of<unk> . Bioavailability following subcutaneous and intramuscular injection in humans is high and similar for the two routes of administration (71% and 66%, respectively).<unk>  has short absorption and elimination half-lives of 10–15 minutes and 50–80 minutes, respectively. Salmon<unk>  is primarily and almost exclusively degraded in the kidneys, forming pharmacologically inactive fragments of the molecule. Therefore, the metabolic clearance is much lower in patients with end-stage kidney failure than in healthy subjects. However, the clinical relevance of this finding is not known. Plasma protein binding is 30% to 40%. Characteristics in patients There is a relationship between the subcutaneous dose of<unk>  and peak plasma concentrations. Following parenteral administration of 100 IU<unk> , peak plasma concentration lies between about 200 and 400 pg/ml. Higher blood levels may be associated with increased incidence of nausea, vomiting, and secretory diarrhea. Preclinical safety data Conventional long-term toxicity, reproduction, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity studies have been performed in laboratory animals. Salmon<unk>  is devoid of embryotoxic, teratogenic, and mutagenic potential. An increased incidence of pituitary adenomas has been reported in rats given synthetic salmon<unk>  for 1 year. This is considered a species-specific effect and of no clinical relevance. Salmon<unk>  does not cross the placental barrier. In lactating animals given<unk> , suppression of milk production has been observed.<unk>  is secreted into the milk.
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
Parathyroid hormone
Orexin
Thyroglobulin
Leptin
Calcitriol
Adiponectin