<unk> s have two treatment options: psychosocial and pharmacological. Treatment methodology is informed by the presence of comorbid conditions. Medication In the case of pathological gambling, along with fluvoxamine, clomipramine has been shown effective in the treatment, with reducing the problems of pathological gambling in a subject by up to 90%. Whereas in trichotillomania, the use of clomipramine has again been found to be effective, fluoxetine has not produced consistent positive results. Fluoxetine, however, has produced positive results in the treatment of pathological skin picking<unk> , although more research is needed to conclude this information. Fluoxetine has also been evaluated in treating IED and demonstrated significant improvement in reducing frequency and severity of<unk> ve aggression and irritability in a sample of 100 subjects who were randomized into a 14-week, double-blind study. Despite a large decrease in<unk> ve aggression behavior from baseline, only 44% of fluoxetine responders and 29% of all fluoxetine subjects were considered to be in full remission at the end of the study. Paroxetine has shown to be somewhat effective although the results are inconsistent. Another medication, escitalopram, has shown to improve the condition of the subjects of pathological gambling with anxiety symptoms. The results suggest that although SSRIs have shown positive results in the treatment of pathological gambling, inconsistent results with the use of SSRIs have been obtained which might suggest a neurological heterogeneity in the<unk>  spectrum. Psychosocial The psychosocial approach to the treatment of<unk> s includes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) which has been reported to have positive results in the case of treatment of pathological gambling and sexual addiction. There is general consensus that cognitive-behavioural therapies offer an effective intervention model. ;Pathological gambling :Systematic desensitization, aversive therapy, covert sensitization, imaginal desensitization, and stimulus<unk>  have been proven to be successful in the treatments to the problems of pathological gambling. Also, "cognitive techniques such as psychoeducation, cognitive-restructuring, and relapse prevention" have proven to be effective in the treatments of such cases. ;Pyromania :Pyromania is harder to<unk>  in adults due to lack of co-operation; however, CBT is effective in treating child pyromaniacs. (Frey 2001) ;Intermittent explosive<unk>  :Along with several other methods of treatments, cognitive behavioural therapy has also shown to be effective in the case of Intermittent explosive<unk>  as well. Cognitive Relaxation and Coping Skills Therapy (CRCST), which consists of 12 sessions starting first with the relaxation training followed by cognitive restructuring, then exposure therapy is taken. Later, the focus is on resisting aggressive<unk> s and taking other preventative measures. ;Kleptomania :In the case of kleptomania, the cognitive behaviour techniques used in these cases consists of covert sensitization, imaginal desensitization, systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, relaxation training, and "alternative sources of satisfaction". ;Compulsive buying :Although compulsive buying falls under the category of<unk>  – Not Otherwise Specified in the DSM-IV-TR, some researchers have suggested that it consists of core features that represent<unk> s which includes preceding tension, difficult to resist urges and relief or pleasure after action. The efficiency of cognitive behavior therapy for compulsive buying is not truly determined yet; however, common techniques for the treatment include exposure and response prevention, relapse prevention, cognitive restructuring, covert sensitization, and stimulus<unk> .
Impulse-control disorder
Episodic dyscontrol syndrome
Frontal lobe disorder
Tic disorder
Motivational deficiency disorder
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Nightmare disorder
Psychoorganic syndrome