Transesophageal echocardiogram of<unk> . echocardiographic techniques which can pinpoint abnormal leaflet thickening and other related pathology. Echocardiography is the most useful method of diagnosing a<unk> d mitral<unk> . Two- and three-dimensional echocardiography is particularly valuable as they allow visualization of the mitral leaflets relative to the mitral annulus. This allows measurement of the leaflet thickness and their displacement relative to the annulus. Thickening of the mitral leaflets >5 mm and leaflet displacement >2 mm above the annular plane in parasternal long-axis view indicates classic<unk> .<unk> d mitral<unk> s are classified into several subtypes, based on leaflet thickness, type of connection to the mitral annulus, and concavity. Subtypes can be described as classic, nonclassic, symmetric, asymmetric, flail, or non-flail. All measurements below refer to adult patients; applying them to children may be misleading. Classic versus nonclassic<unk>  occurs when the mitral<unk>  leaflets are displaced more than 2 mm above the mitral annulus high points. The condition can be further divided into classic and nonclassic subtypes based on the thickness of the mitral<unk>  leaflets: up to 5 mm is considered nonclassic, while anything beyond 5 mm is considered classic<unk> . Symmetric versus asymmetric Classical<unk>  may be subdivided into symmetric and asymmetric, referring to the point at which leaflet tips join the mitral annulus. In symmetric coaptation, leaflet tips meet at a common point on the annulus. Asymmetric coaptation is marked by one leaflet displaced toward the atrium with respect to the other. Patients with asymmetric<unk>  are susceptible to severe deterioration of the mitral<unk> , with the possible rupture of the chordae tendineae and the development of a flail leaflet. Flail versus non-flail Diagram of an inverted heart; note the concavity of the leaflets demonstrating<unk><unk> : LV = left ventricle; LA = left atrium; RV = right ventricle; RA = right atrium. Asymmetric<unk>  is further subdivided into flail and non-flail. Flail<unk>  occurs when a leaflet tip turns outward, becoming concave toward the left atrium, causing the deterioration of the mitral<unk> . The severity of flail leaflet varies, ranging from tip eversion to chordal rupture. Dissociation of leaflet and chordae tendineae provides for unrestricted motion of the leaflet (hence "flail leaflet"). Thus patients with flail leaflets have a higher prevalence of mitral regurgitation than those with the non-flail subtype.
Mitral valve prolapse
Da Costa's syndrome  Da Costa's syndrome  1
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation
Tricuspid valve stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis