Pharmacodynamics The pharmacodynamics of<unk>  are poorly understood and its precise mechanism of action hasn't been definitively determined. However,<unk>  has similar activity and effects similar to those of other psychostimulants, and in animals<unk>  appears to act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent. In contrast to most other stimulants however, it appears to produce no significant central or peripheral noradrenergic effects. As a result,<unk>  has minimal or no cardiovascular or sympathomimetic effects. While drugs like dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate are classified as Schedule II and have considerable misuse potential,<unk>  is listed as Schedule IV (non-narcotic). In studies conducted on primates,<unk>  fails to demonstrate a potential for self-administration. It is thought to have little potential for abuse and dependence. Nonetheless, misuse may theoretically occur owing to its similarity to other psychostimulants. Pharmacokinetics Studies of the pharmacokinetics of<unk>  in humans are very limited. The time to peak levels of<unk>  is 2 to 4hours. Peak levels have been reported to be in the range of 2 to 4.5μg/mL. Steady-state levels of<unk>  are reached in 2 to 3days.<unk>  is variously reported to have no significant plasma protein binding or to have 50% plasma protein binding.<unk>  is metabolized in the liver. Its metabolites include<unk>  conjugate,<unk>  dione, mandelic acid, and unidentified polar metabolites.<unk>  is excreted mainly by the kidneys with around 50% excreted in unchanged form and only minor amounts present as metabolites. The elimination half-life of<unk>  is 7 to 12hours. The half-life is 7hours in children but may increase to 11 to 12hours with age. The relatively long half-life of<unk>  allows for once-daily administration. No differences in the pharmacokinetics of<unk>  were found with conventional tablets, chewable tablets swallowed, or chewable tablets chewed.
Pemoline
Phenoxyethanol
Pyrovalerone
Complanine
Triprolidine
Tetryzoline
Temgicoluril
Dimethyl methylphosphonate