<unk> <unk> s are used in water purification for treating raw water to produce a potable product. They are typically 1 to 2 metres deep, can be rectangular or cylindrical in cross section and are used primarily to treat surface water. The length and breadth of the tanks are determined by the flow rate desired by the filters, which typically have a loading rate of 200 to 400 litres per hour per square metre (or 0.2 to 0.4 cubic metres per square metre per hour).<unk> s differ from all other filters used to treat drinking water in that they work by using a complex biological film that grows naturally on the surface of the<unk> . The<unk>  itself does not perform any filtration function but simply acts as a substrate, unlike its counterparts for UV and pressurized treatments. Although they are often preferred technology in many developing countries because of their low energy requirements and robust performance, they are also used to treat water in some developed countries, such as the UK, where they are used to treat water supplied to London.<unk> s now are also being tested for pathogen control of nutrient solutions in hydroponic systems.
Slow sand filter
Cryosupernatant
Syringe filter
Thickened fluids
Bicarbonate buffer system
Aqueous humour
Super-oxidized solution
Fresh gas flow