Congenital Causes * Genetic Mutations * Kallmann syndrome * ANOS1 (formerly KAL1), X-linked recessive KS * SOX10 (SRY-box 10 gene), autosomal dominant KS with variable penetrance * IL17RD, autosomal dominant KS with variable penetrance * SEMA3A, autosomal dominant KS with variable penetrance * FEZF1, autosomal recessive KS * IL17RD, autosomal dominant KS with variable penetrance * Digenic and Oligogenic Mutations * A heterozygous FGFR1 mutation and heterozygous deletion in the NSMF gene in the anosmic pedigree * A compound heterozygous GNRHR mutation and heterozygous FGFR1 mutation in the normosmic pedigree * GnRH deficiency associated with mental retardation/obesity * Congenital malformations often associated with craniofacial anomalies * Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome * Prader-Willi syndrome Acquired Causes * Benign tumors and cysts * Craniopharyngiomas * Germinomas, meningiomas, gliomas, astrocytomas * Metastatic tumors (breast, lung, prostate) * Chronic systemic disease * Malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, bulimia * Hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's disease * Post-androgen abuse * Infiltrative diseases * Hemochromatosis * Granulomatous diseases Histiocytosis * Head trauma * Pituitary apoplexy * Drugs - marijuana, opioids, anabolic steroids
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity
Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity
Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency
Androgen insensitivity syndrome