Causative organisms include protozoans, viral and bacterial pathogens. Specific types include: Bacterial Veterinarians have observed meningoencephalitis in animals infected with listeriosis, caused by the pathogenic bacteria L. monocytogenes. Meningitis and encephalitis already present in the brain or spinal cord of an animal may form simultaneously into meningeoencephalitis. The bacterium commonly targets the sensitive structures of the brain stem. L. monocytogenes meningoencephalitis has been documented to significantly increase the number of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-12, IL-15, leading to toxic effects on the brain. Meningoencephalitis may be one of the severe complications of diseases originating from several Rickettsia species, such as Rickettsia rickettsii (agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)), Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia prowazekii (agent of epidemic louse-borne typhus), and Rickettsia africae. It can cause impairments to the cranial nerves, paralysis to the eyes, and sudden hearing loss. Meningoencephalitis is a rare, late-stage manifestation of tick-borne ricksettial diseases, such as RMSF and Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME), caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis (a species of rickettsiales bacteria). Other bacteria that can cause it are Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Tuberculosis, Borrelia (Lyme disease) and Leptospirosis. Viral * Tick-borne encephalitis * West Nile virus * Measles * Epstein-Barr virus * Varicella-zoster virus * Enterovirus * Herpes simplex virus type 1 * Herpes simplex virus type 2 * Rabies virus * Adenovirus, although meningoencephalitis is almost solely seen in heavily immunocompromised patients. * Mumps, a relatively common cause of meningoencephalitis. However, most cases are mild, and mumps meningoencephalitis<unk> ly does not result in death or neurologic sequelae. * HIV, a very small number of individuals exhibit meningoencephalitis at the primary stage of infection. Autoimmune * Antibodies targeting amyloid beta peptide proteins which have been used during research on Alzheimer's disease. * Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor antibodies, which are also associated with seizures and a movement disorder, and related to Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. * NAIM or "Nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis" (NAIM). They can be divided into GFAP- and GFAP+ cases. The second is related to the Autoimmune GFAP Astrocytopathy. Protozoal * Naegleria fowleri (percolozoa) * Trypanosoma brucei (euglenozoa) * Toxoplasma gondii (apicomplexa) Animal * Halicephalobus gingivalis This nematode is an exceptionally rare cause of meningoencephalitis. Other/multiple Other causes include granulomatous meningoencephalitis and vasculitis. The fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans, can be symptomatically manifested within the CNS as meningoencephalitis with hydrocephalus being a very characteristic finding due to the unique thick polysaccharide capsule of the organism.
medical cause of General paresis of the insane
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symptom of Intracerebral hemorrhage
symptom of Stroke
complications of Coma
symptom of Vertebral artery dissection
medical cause of Conversion disorder