The<unk>  was a computer-controlled radiation<unk> y machine produced by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) in 1982 after the<unk> -6 and<unk>  units (the earlier units had been produced in partnership with of France). It was involved in at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987, in which patients were given massive overdoses of radiation. Because of concurrent programming errors (also known as race conditions), it sometimes gave its patients radiation doses that were hundreds of times greater than normal, resulting in death or serious injury. These accidents highlighted the dangers of software control of safety-critical systems, and they have become a standard case study in health informatics, software engineering, and computer ethics. Additionally, the overconfidence of the engineers and lack of proper due diligence to resolve reported software bugs are highlighted as an extreme case where the engineers' overconfidence in their initial work and failure to believe the end users' claims caused drastic repercussions. Design == The machine had three modes of operation, with a turntable moving some apparatus into position for each of those modes: either a light, some scan magnets, or a tungsten target and flattener. * A "field light" mode, which allowed the patient and collimator to be correctly positioned by illuminating the treatment area with visible light. * Direct electron-beam<unk> y, in which a narrow, low-current beam of high-energy () electrons was scanned over the treatment area by magnets; * Megavolt X-ray (or photon)<unk> y, which delivered a beam of<unk>  MeV X-ray photons. The X-ray photons are produced by colliding a high current, narrow beam of electrons with a tungsten target. The X-rays are then passed through a flattening filter, resembling an inverted ice-cream cone, which shapes and attenuates the beam, and then measured using an X-ray ion chamber. The electron beam current required to produce the X-rays is about 100 times greater than that used for electron<unk> y.
Therac-25
NHS 24
SimThyr
Cold-fX
E-med
BiteStrip
ReFLEX
Protomap 