Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people carry some form of S.<unk> ; of these, up to 53 million (2.7% of carriers) are thought to carry<unk> . S.<unk>  was identified as one of the six leading pathogens for deaths associated with resistance in 2019 and 100,000 deaths caused by<unk>  were attributable to antimicrobial resistance. HA-MRSA In a US cohort study of 1,300 healthy children, 2.4% carried<unk>  in their nose. Bacterial sepsis occurs with most (75%) of cases of invasive<unk>  infection. In 2009, there were an estimated 463,017 hospitalizations due to<unk> , or a rate of 11.74 per 1,000 hospitalizations. Many of these infections are less serious, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that there are 80,461 invasive<unk>  infections and 11,285 deaths due to<unk>  annually. In 2003, the cost for a hospitalization due to<unk>  infection was US$92,363; a hospital stay for MSSA was $52,791. Infection after surgery is relatively uncommon, but occurs as much as 33% in specific types of surgeries. Infections of surgical sites range from 1% to 33%.<unk>  sepsis that occurs within 30 days following a surgical infection has a 15–38% mortality rate;<unk>  sepsis that occurs within one year has a mortality rate of around 55%. There may be increased mortality associated with cardiac surgery. There is a rate of 12.9% in those infected with<unk>  while only 3% infected with other organisms. SSIs infected with<unk>  had longer hospital stays than those who did not. Globally,<unk>  infection rates are dynamic and vary year to year. According to the 2006 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program report, the incidence of<unk>  bloodstream infections was 35.9 per cent in North America.<unk>  blood infections in Latin America was 29%. European incidence was 22.8%. The rate of all<unk>  infections in Europe ranged from 50% per cent in Portugal down to 0.8 per cent in Sweden. Overall<unk>  infection rates varied in Latin America: Colombia and Venezuela combined had 3%, Mexico had 50%, Chile 38%, Brazil 29%, and Argentina 28%. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that about 1.7 million nosocomial infections occurred in the United States in 2002, with 99,000 associated deaths. The estimated incidence is 4.5 nosocomial infections per 100 admissions, with direct costs (at 2004 prices) ranging from $10,500 (£5300, €8000 at 2006 rates) per case (for bloodstream, urinary tract, or respiratory infections in immunocompetent people) to $111,000 (£57,000, €85,000) per case for antibiotic-resistant infections in the bloodstream in people with transplants. With these numbers, conservative estimates of the total direct costs of nosocomial infections are above $17 billion. The reduction of such infections forms an important component of efforts to improve healthcare safety. (BMJ 2007)<unk>  alone was associated with 8% of nosocomial infections reported to the CDC National Healthcare Safety Network from January 2006 to October 2007. The British National Audit Office estimated that the incidence of nosocomial infections in Europe ranges from 4% to 10% of all hospital admissions. As of early 2005, the number of deaths in the United Kingdom attributed to<unk>  has been estimated by various sources to lie in the area of 3,000 per year. In the United States, an estimated 95 million people carry S.<unk>  in their noses; of these, 2.5 million (2.6% of carriers) carry<unk> . A population review conducted in three U.S. communities showed the annual incidence of CA-MRSA during 2001–2002 to be 18–25.7/100,000; most CA-MRSA isolates were associated with clinically relevant infections, and 23% of people required hospitalization. CA-MRSA In a US cohort study of 1,300 healthy children, 2.4% carried<unk>  in their noses. There are concerns that the presence of<unk>  in the environment may allow resistance to be transferred to other bacteria through phages (viruses that infect bacteria). The source of<unk>  could come from hospital waste, farm sewage, or other waste water. LA-MRSA Livestock associated<unk>  (LA-MRSA) has been observed in Korea, Brazil, Switzerland, Malaysia, India, Great Britain, Denmark, and China.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
Streptococcus bovis
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Corynebacterium diphtheriae