The processes that lead to<unk>  are not entirely understood. The exact processes that occur are not known even after 50 years since its discovery, but many studies present theories on the mechanisms of DIL. A predisposing factor to developing DIL is N-acetylation speed, or the rate at which the body can metabolize the<unk> . This is greatly decreased in patients with a genetic deficiency of the enzyme N-acetyltransferase. A study showed that 29 of 30 patients with DIL were slow acetylators. In addition, these patients had more hydralazine metabolites in their urine than fast acetylators. These metabolites (byproducts of the interactions between the<unk>  and constituents in the body) of hydralazine are said to have been created when white blood cells have been activated, meaning they are stimulated to produce a respiratory burst. Respiratory burst in white blood cells<unk>  an increased production of free radicals and oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide. These oxidants have been found to react with hydralazine to produce a reactive species that is able to bond to protein. Monocytes, one type of white blood cell, detect the antigen and relay the recognition to T helper cells, creating antinuclear antibodies leading to an immune response. Further studies on the interactions between oxidants and hydralazine are necessary to understand the processes involved in DIL. Of the<unk> s that cause DIL, hydralazine has been found to cause a higher incidence. Hydralazine is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. Approximately 5% of the patients who have taken hydralazine over long periods of time and in high doses have shown DIL-like symptoms. Many of the other<unk> s have a low to very low risk to develop DIL. The following table shows the risk of development of DIL of some of these<unk> s on a high to very low scale. * High risk: * Procainamide (antiarrhythmic) * Hydralazine (antihypertensive) * Moderate risk: * Quinidine (antiarrhythmic) * Low to Very Low Risk: * Infliximab anti (TNF-α) * Etanercept anti (TNF-α) * Isoniazid (antibiotic) * Minocycline (antibiotic) * Pyrazinamide (antibiotic) * D-Penicillamine (anti-inflammatory) * Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant) * Oxcarbazepine (anticonvulsant) * Phenytoin (anticonvulsant) * Propafenone (antiarrhythmic) * Chlorpromazine (antipsychotic) * Minoxidil (antihypertensive vasodilator)
Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
Chilblain lupus erythematosus
Tumid lupus erythematosus
Discoid lupus erythematosus
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Pemphigus erythematosus
Lupus vulgaris