Since<unk>  disorders are extremely rare, misdiagnosis is common. Because children with PD do not grow like other children, poor nutrition, a metabolic disorder, or a digestive disorder may be diagnosed initially. The correct diagnosis of PD may not be made until the child is 5 years old and it becomes apparent that the child has severe dwarfism. Types Name OMIM Description Seckel syndrome People with Seckel syndrome are noted to have microcephaly. Many also suffer from scoliosis, hip dislocation, delayed bone age, radial head dislocation, and seizures. Mutations in patients with Seckel syndrome have recently been identified in the gene encoding centrosomal protein CEP152 which is also mutated in some cases of primary isolated microcephaly. Microcephalic osteodysplastic<unk>  type I (MODPD1) (Taybi–Linder syndrome) This form of<unk>  is often shortened to ODPDI. The corpus callosum of the brain is often undeveloped (called agenesis of the corpus callosum) and patients are known to have seizures and apnea. Hair thinness is also common, including scalp, hair, eyelashes and eyebrows. They suffer skeletally from short vertebrae, elongated clavicles, bent femora and hip displacement. Like those with Seckel syndrome, they also often have microcephaly. This syndrome is due to mutations in the RNU4ATAC gene. This gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q14), encodes a small nuclear RNA component of the U12 dependent spliceosome. Microcephalic osteodysplastic<unk>  type II (MODPD2) Those who have ODPDII often have additional medical problems as compared with the other types, such as a squeaky voice, microdontia, widely spaced primary teeth, poor sleep patterns (in early years), delayed mental development, frequent sickness, breathing problems, eating problems, hyperactivity, farsightedness, and brain aneurysm. They do not respond to hormone therapy because<unk>  is not caused by a lack of any growth hormone. After reviewing X-rays, it is also found that many have dislocated joints, scoliosis and delayed bone age as well as microcephaly. They will not reach the size of an average newborn until they are between the ages of 3 and 5. This condition is due to mutations in the PCNT gene located on the long arm of chromosome 21 (21q22). It encodes a protein known as pericentrin. Silver–Russell dwarfism (Russell-Silver Syndrome) The final height of those with Russell–Silver syndrome often exceeds the height of others with<unk> , and they tend to have dysmorphic features. Some phenotypes (characteristics) of people who have Russell–Silver syndrome are inadequate catch-up growth in first 2 years, body asymmetry, lack of appetite, low-set posteriorly rotated ears, clinodactly (inward curving) of the 5th finger, webbed toes, non-descended testicles, weak muscle tone, delayed bone age, downturned corners of mouth and thin upper lip, hypospadias, high pitched voice, small chin, delayed closure of the fontanel, hypoglycemia, and a bossed forehead. Their heads may appear to be triangular shaped and large for their small body size. Meier–Gorlin syndrome Individuals with Meier-Gorlin syndrome often have small ears and no kneecaps. They are also found to have curved clavicles, narrow ribs, and elbow dislocation. Like Russell–Silver syndrome, they usually exceed the height of those with Seckel syndrome and ODPDI and II. It is also known as "ear, patella, short stature syndrome" (EPS). Mutations in patients with Meier-Gorlin syndrome have recently been identified in a series of genes involved in chromosomal replication, specifically in the pre-replication complex. Specific genes include origin recognition complex genes ORC1, ORC4 and ORC6, as well as other replication genes CDT1 and CDC6.
Primordial dwarfism
Parastremmatic dwarfism
Dwarfism
Iniencephaly
Brachyphalangy
Renal agenesis
Renal hypoplasia
Loxoscelism