While many people have very tiny<unk> s that cause no symptoms, others have longer and/or deeper<unk> s causing significant symptoms, including children. For example, some patients cannot run or exercise at all, others can exercise despite symptoms such as shortness of breath or feelings of tightness in the chest, and still others find improvement of symptoms during exercise. Many competitive athletes have had severe<unk> s and unroofing surgery. The symptoms of<unk> s differ slightly from patient to patient depending on the length, depth, and location of the<unk> . Common symptoms include: * Dizziness * Shortness of breath * Fatigue * Chest pain/angina * Palpitations/arrhythmia i.e. irregular heart rhythm * Squeezing/tightness/pressure/pain in chest, shoulder, jaw, armpit, neck, and/or down the arm * Inability to exercise, walk, do chores, have to sit/lie down * Feeling like chest is “going to explode” * Feeling of something “clamping down” in the chest * Fainting/passing out and/or feeling like one is about to faint Complications<unk> s can cause numerous complications - which are often as misunderstood in the medical community as the condition itself. These include: * angina pectoris (chest pain radiating from the heart) * endothelial dysfunction, which causes vasospasms - both sometimes very severe * arrhythmia (irregular heartbeats) * tachycardia (abnormally high heart rate) * plaque forming just before (proximal to) the<unk>  Note that studies have shown that plaque does not form inside<unk> s, yet there is virtually always plaque just before the<unk>  in adults. Some common triggers of<unk>  symptoms are: * exertion/exercise * anything that raises the heart rate, even positive events * low-oxygen environments ex. hot humid weather, high altitude * sitting/lying/doing nothing for long periods Notably, high heart rate or tachycardia greatly increases ischemia (low oxygen to the heart) caused by<unk> s. Studies such as Ripa et al., 2007 have shown that this is because the compressed artery reopens only very slowly each heartbeat and thus stays in a state of semi-compression for most or all of the diastolic period. Thus as the heart rate increases, the time the artery has to reopen (diastolic period) decreases dramatically - to the point that with very high heart rates, the artery never fully reopens and blood flow is constantly reduced.
Myocardial bridge
Myocardial disarray
Hypertrophic scar
Contraction band necrosis
Buddy wrapping
Infibulation
Blunt dissection
Dural tear