The exact cause is unclear. Several risk factors have been implicated: Maternal factors *Acid-suppressing medications *Chorioamnionitis *Cocaine abuse *In utero growth restriction *Increased body mass index *Intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy *Lack of prenatal steroids *Mode of delivery *Placental abruption *Pre-eclampsia *Smoking Main risk factors *Low birth weight *Prematurity *Formula feeding *Intestinal dysbiosis Other risk factors *Acute hypoxia *Antibiotic exposure *Blood transfusions *Cardiac anomalies *Neonatal anemia *Poor intestinal perfusion *Prolonged use of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure
risks of Short bowel syndrome
risks of Necrotizing enterocolitis
causes of Fecal incontinence
risks of Peritonitis
risks of Giardiasis
risks of Refeeding syndrome
causes of Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
risks of Stevens–Johnson syndrome