<unk>  is indicated, in the United States, for the palliative treatment of metastatic and/or progressive prostate cancer, whereas in the United Kingdom it is indicated for the treatment of unresponsive or relapsing prostate cancer. The medication is usually reserved for use in hormone-refractory cases of prostate cancer, although it has been used as a first-line monotherapy as well. Response rates with<unk>  in prostate cancer are said to be equivalent to conventional high-dose estrogen therapy. Due to its relatively severe side effects and toxicity,<unk>  has rarely been used in the treatment of prostate cancer. This is especially true in Western countries today. As a result, and also due to the scarce side effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulators (GnRH modulators) like leuprorelin,<unk>  was almost abandoned. However, encouraging clinical research findings resulted in renewed interest of<unk>  for the treatment of prostate cancer.<unk>  has been used at doses of 140 to 1,400 mg/day orally in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, oral<unk>  is most commonly used at a dose of 560 to 640 mg/day (280–320 mg twice daily). The recommended dosage of oral<unk>  in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) label for Emcyt is 14 mg per kg of body weight (i.e., one 140 mg oral capsule for each 10 kg or 22 lbs of body weight) given in 3 or 4 divided doses per day. The label states that most patients in studies of oral<unk>  in the United States have received 10 to 16 mg per kg per day. This would be about 900 to 1,440 mg/day for a 90-kg or 200-lb man. Lower doses of oral<unk> , such as 280 mg/day, have been found to have comparable effectiveness as higher doses but with improved tolerability and reduced toxicity. Doses of 140 mg/day have been described as a very low dosage.<unk>  has been used at doses of 240 to 450 mg/day intravenously.<unk>  and other estrogens such as polyestradiol<unk>  and ethinylestradiol are far less costly than newer therapies such as GnRH modulators, abiraterone acetate, and enzalutamide. In addition, estrogens may offer significant benefits over other means of androgen deprivation therapy, for instance in terms of bone loss and fractures, hot flashes, cognition, and metabolic status.<unk>  has been used to prevent the testosterone flare at the start of GnRH agonist therapy in men with prostate cancer. Available forms<unk>  is or has been available in the form of both capsules (140 mg, 280 mg) for oral administration and aqueous solutions (300 mg) for intravenous injection.
Estramustine phosphate
Normustine
GemOx
Bendamustine
Paclitaxel
Lomustine
Ifosfamide
Trifluridine