No quieren (They do not want to) by Francisco Goya (1746–1828) depicts an elderly woman wielding a knife in defense of a girl being assaulted by a soldier. Persons considered at risk include combat military personnel, victims of natural disasters, concentration camp survivors, and victims of violent crime. Persons employed in occupations that expose them to violence (such as soldiers) or disasters (such as emergency service workers) are also at risk. Other occupations that are at higher risk include police officers, firefighters, ambulance personnel, health care professionals, train drivers, divers, journalists, and sailors, in addition to people who work at banks,<unk>  offices or in stores. Trauma<unk>  has been associated with a wide range of<unk>  events. The risk of developing<unk>  after a<unk>  event varies by trauma type and is highest following exposure to sexual violence (11.4%), particularly rape (19.0%). Men are more likely to experience a<unk>  event (of any type), but women are more likely to experience the kind of high-impact<unk>  event that can lead to<unk> , such as interpersonal violence and sexual assault. Motor vehicle collision survivors, both children and adults, are at an increased risk of<unk> . Globally, about 2.6% of adults are diagnosed with<unk>  following a non-life threatening traffic accident, and a similar proportion of children develop<unk> . Risk of<unk>  almost doubles to 4.6% for life-threatening auto accidents. Females were more likely to be diagnosed with<unk>  following a road traffic accident, whether the accident occurred during childhood or adulthood.<unk><unk><unk>  reactions have been studied in children and adolescents. The rate of<unk>  might be lower in children than adults, but in the absence of therapy, symptoms may continue for decades. One estimate suggests that the proportion of children and adolescents having<unk>  in a non-wartorn population in a developed country may be 1% compared to 1.5% to 3% of adults. On average, 16% of children exposed to a<unk>  event develop<unk> , varying according to type of exposure and gender. Similar to the adult population, risk factors for<unk>  in children include: female gender, exposure to disasters (natural or manmade), negative coping behaviours, and/or lacking proper social support systems. Predictor models have consistently found that childhood trauma, chronic adversity, neurobiological differences, and familial<unk> ors are associated with risk for<unk>  after a<unk>  event in adulthood. It has been difficult to find consistently aspects of the events that predict, but peritraumatic dissociation has been a fairly consistent predictive indicator of the development of<unk> . Proximity to, duration of, and severity of the trauma make an impact. It has been speculated that interpersonal traumas cause more problems than impersonal ones, but this is controversial. The risk of developing<unk>  is increased in individuals who are exposed to physical abuse, physical assault, or kidnapping. Women who experience physical violence are more likely to develop<unk>  than men. Intimate partner violence An individual that has been exposed to domestic violence is predisposed to the development of<unk> . However, being exposed to a<unk>  experience does not automatically indicate that an individual will develop<unk> . There is a strong association between the development of<unk>  in mothers that experienced domestic violence during the perinatal period of their pregnancy. Those who have experienced sexual assault or rape may develop symptoms of<unk> .<unk>  symptoms include re-experiencing the assault, avoiding things associated with the assault, numbness, and increased anxiety and an increased startle response. The likelihood of sustained symptoms of<unk>  is higher if the rapist confined or restrained the person, if the person being raped believed the rapist would kill them, the person who was raped was very young or very old, and if the rapist was someone they knew. The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is also higher if people around the survivor ignore (or are ignorant of) the rape or blame the rape survivor. War-related trauma Military service is a risk factor for developing<unk> . Around 78% of people exposed to combat do not develop<unk> ; in about 25% of military personnel who develop<unk> , its appearance is delayed. Refugees are also at an increased risk for<unk>  due to their exposure to war, hardships, and<unk>  events. The rates for<unk>  within refugee populations range from 4% to 86%. While the<unk> es of war affect everyone involved, displaced persons have been shown to be more so than others. Challenges related to the overall psychosocial well-being of refugees are complex and individually nuanced. Refugees have reduced levels of well-being and a high rates of mental distress due to past and ongoing trauma. Groups that are particularly affected and whose needs often remain unmet are women, older people and unaccompanied minors.<unk><unk><unk>  and depression in refugee populations also tend to affect their educational success. Unexpected death of a loved one Sudden, unexpected death of a loved one is the most common<unk>  event type reported in cross-national studies. However, the majority of people who experience this type of event will not develop<unk> . An analysis from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys found a 5.2% risk of developing<unk>  after learning of the unexpected death of a loved one. Because of the high prevalence of this type of<unk>  event, unexpected death of a loved one accounts for approximately 20% of<unk>  cases worldwide. Life-threatening illness Medical conditions associated with an increased risk of<unk>  include cancer, heart attack, and stroke. 22% of cancer survivors present with lifelong<unk>  like symptoms. Intensive-care unit (ICU) hospitalization is also a risk factor for<unk> . Some women experience<unk>  from their experiences related to breast cancer and mastectomy. Loved ones of those who experience life-threatening illnesses are also at risk for developing<unk> , such as parents of child with chronic illnesses. Pregnancy-related trauma Women who experience miscarriage are at risk of<unk> . Those who experience subsequent miscarriages have an increased risk of<unk>  compared to those experiencing only one.<unk>  can also occur after childbirth and the risk increases if a woman has experienced trauma prior to the pregnancy. Prevalence of<unk>  following normal childbirth (that is, excluding stillbirth or major complications) is estimated to be between 2.8 and 5.6% at six weeks<unk> partum, with rates dropping to 1.5% at six months<unk> partum. Symptoms of<unk>  are common following childbirth, with prevalence of 24-30.1% at six weeks, dropping to 13.6% at six months. Emergency childbirth is also associated with<unk> . Genetics There is evidence that susceptibility to<unk>  is hereditary. Approximately 30% of the variance in<unk>  is caused from genetics alone. For twin pairs exposed to combat in Vietnam, having a monozygotic (identical) twin with<unk>  was associated with an increased risk of the co-twin's having<unk>  compared to twins that were dizygotic (non-identical twins). Women with a smaller hippocampus might be more likely to develop<unk>  following a<unk>  event based on preliminary findings. Research has also found that<unk>  shares many genetic influences common to other psychiatric<unk> s. Panic and generalized anxiety<unk> s and<unk>  share 60% of the same genetic variance. Alcohol, nicotine, and drug dependence share greater than 40% genetic similarities. Several biological indicators have been identified that are related to later<unk>  development. Heightened startle responses and, with only preliminary results, a smaller hippocampal volume have been identified as possible biomarkers for heightened risk of developing<unk> . Additionally, one study found that soldiers whose leukocytes had greater numbers of glucocorticoid receptors were more prone to developing<unk>  after experiencing trauma.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Acute stress disorder
Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified
Adjustment disorder
Exploding head syndrome
Stress-related disorders
Hodophobia