Pre-operation Prior to the implantation, patients usually undergo a psychological assessment to assess their well-being and mental health. The risks of the procedure will be discussed and the patient will be asked for their informed consent. Risks that may be highlighted include no guarantee of effectiveness, infection,<unk>  damage, painful direct muscle<unk> , lead movement with loss of<unk> , lead fracture, battery failure, eventual need for battery replacement, hematoma and seroma formation. Implantation In most cases, a trial (test) lead placement is performed in order to assess whether the<unk>  will work as expected. Local anesthetic is applied to the back of the neck and a Tuohy needle is advanced towards the location of the greater<unk><unk>  and lesser<unk><unk>  under fluoroscopic guidance. When the location is confirmed, a temporary lead is placed through the needle before the needle is carefully removed. Electrical impulses are sent through the lead and its position is adjusted until the patient reports a "pins-and-needles" sensation, called paresthesia, across the areas of the<unk> s. If paresthesia is successfully achieved in the right place, permanent leads are usually implanted at a later date. In some cases, the trial leads are left in for up to one week to see whether there is any relief of symptoms. Permanent lead placement may be carried out under general anesthetic or local anesthetic with sedation. First, a small incision is made at the base of the skull, then a Tuohy needle is advanced under fluoroscopic guidance towards the location of the greater<unk><unk>  and lesser<unk><unk>  on one side of the head. When the lead is adequately positioned through the needle under fluoroscopic guidance, the needle is carefully removed and the lead is fixed in place. Since most patients require two leads, a second lead is usually inserted and fixed in place on the other side of the head in the same way. The lead(s) are then tunneled to a neurostimulator device which is usually implanted the buttock, chest, low abdomen, beneath the shoulder blade or below the clavicle.
Occipital nerve stimulation
Vibroacoustic stimulation
Neuroreflexotherapy
Facial electromyography
Photoacoustic imaging
Otoacoustic emission
Oculocardiac reflex
Dix–Hallpike test