One cause of infertility in males is the medical treatment used to treat cancer (chemotherapy or radiotherapy), as it can have a toxic effect on the sperm producing<unk>  in the testes. For prepubertal boys undergoing cancer treatment who haven’t yet begun producing sperm, preservation of sperm itself is not an option. Instead,<unk>  prior to cancer treatment can be offered to preserve fertility. This is available in a limited number of research centres. Later in life, if the affected individual decides they want biological children, their<unk>  can be retrieved from a<unk>  bank. Another cause of male infertility is Klinefelter syndrome. This is a chromosomal abnormality (XY individual with extra X chromosomes) which causes germ cell loss early in life. Current research suggests that cryopreserving testicular<unk>  for prepubertal individuals can have promising results for using the<unk>  to produce sperm later in life, but is less likely to be effective if the testicular<unk>  is taken from older individuals. In the future,<unk>  has the potential to be used to help transgender women have children. Again, in a scenario where a transgender women begins transitioning before spermarche (the beginning of sperm production, on average at 13.5 years), sperm producing<unk>  can be preserved instead. The sperm produced from this<unk>  can be used in artificial fertilisation. However, there have been no pregnancies yet reported using this method.
Cryopreservation of testicular tissue
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation
Embryo cryopreservation
Testicular sperm extraction
Semen cryopreservation
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy
Sex reassignment surgery 