Irreversible<unk>  defects caused by an untreated celiac disease. They may be the only clue to its diagnosis, even in absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but are often confused with fluorosis, tetracycline discoloration, or other causes. The National Institutes of Health include a dental exam in the diagnostic protocol of celiac disease.<unk>  is believed to result from the dysfunction of ameloblasts—enamel-producing cells—either for a short period of time or throughout their lifespan.Enamel<unk>  has a wide variety of known causes. Some causes are hereditary and others are from environmental exposure. The severity and localization of disease presentation is dependent on the timing and stage of tooth development in which the defective<unk>  formation occurred. Hereditary causes of<unk>  include: * Primary abnormalities in<unk>  development, such as amelogenesis imperfecta * Certain dermatological conditions, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome * Other complex hereditary conditions such as Usher syndrome, Seckel syndrome, Treacher-Collins syndrome, Heimler syndrome & Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome Environmental causes of<unk>  include: * Nutritional deficits, such as Vitamin D, iron or calcium deficiency * Birth injury or preterm birth * Smoking during pregnancy * Trauma * Radiation * Certain infections (e.g. congenital syphilis, cytomegalovirus, congenital rubella) * Certain diseases (such as undiagnosed and untreated celiac disease, chicken pox, congenital syphilis) * High fever * Hypoxia (i.e. from severe cardiac defect) * Excessive fluoride exposure (dental fluorosis) * Tetracycline * Vitamin A, C, or D deficiency
Enamel hypoplasia
Cartilage–hair hypoplasia
Maxillary hypoplasia
Spotted lunulae
Hemifacial hypertrophy
Chattering teeth
Blue nails
Enamel pearl