Most of the research to-date on<unk>  has predominantly focused on the pharmacological properties of<unk> , yet there is a lack of research into the pharmacokinetics of<unk> . Studies have not established pharmacokinetic parameters for clinical usage of<unk>  such as volume of distribution, clearance, bioavailability, mean residence time, absorption rate, and half life. A clear pharmacokinetic profile would need to be established prior to optimal clinical dosing. Dosing Loading phase 485x485px An approximation of 0.3 g/kg/day divided into 4 equal spaced intervals has been suggested since<unk>  needs may vary based on body weight. It has also been shown that taking a lower dose of 3 grams a day for 28 days can also increase total muscle<unk>  storage to the same amount as the rapid loading dose of 20 g/day for 6 days. However, a 28 day loading phase does not allow for ergogenic benefits of<unk>  supplementation to be realized until fully saturated muscle storage. Supplementing<unk>  with carbohydrates or carbohydrates and protein has been shown to augment<unk>  retention. This elevation in muscle<unk>  storage has been correlated with ergogenic benefits discussed in the therapeutic uses section. However, higher doses for longer periods of time are being studied to offset<unk>  synthesis deficiencies and mitigating diseases. Maintenance phase After the 5–7 day loading phase, muscle<unk>  stores are fully saturated and supplementation only needs to cover the amount of<unk>  broken down per day. This maintenance dose was originally reported to be around 2–3 g/day (or 0.03 g/kg/day), however, recent studies have suggested 3–5 g/day maintenance dose to maintain saturated muscle<unk> . Absorption 259x259px Endogenous serum or plasma<unk>  concentrations in healthy adults are normally in a range of 2–12 mg/L. A single 5 gram (5000 mg) oral dose in healthy adults results in a peak plasma<unk>  level of approximately 120 mg/L at 1–2 hours post-ingestion.<unk>  has a fairly short elimination half life, averaging just less than 3 hours, so to maintain an elevated plasma level it would be necessary to take small oral doses every 3–6 hours throughout the day. Clearance It has been shown that once supplementation of<unk>  stops, muscle<unk>  stores return to baseline in 4–6 weeks.
Creatine
Inositol
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid
Phenylacetic acid
Choline
Phosphine
High-energy phosphate
Glycogen