<unk>  is necessary following injury to the facial tissue. This can occur during surgery, where doctors fracture the face of a patient in order to correct<unk>  abnormalities such as cleft lip, Apert syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Oligodontia, Cherubism, Crouzon syndrome, Pfeiffer Syndrome, Craniosynostosis, or Goldenhar Syndrome. Other applications include corrections to birth defects (such as hypertelorism), maxillofacial surgery, craniosynostosis, rare<unk>  clefts, or removal of tumors. This<unk>  can also be necessary following trauma to the face, most often due to automotive accidents.<unk>  defects are most common congenitally (present at birth), with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 700 live births (270,000 children per year). Common corrective procedures include intracranial surgeries (making room for brain growth through skull expansion), Cleft palate surgeries (repairing a gap in the roof of the mouth), and Cleft lip surgeries (closing a gap in the lips). Most patients who suffer from<unk>  abnormalities have a normal life expectancy, but symptoms are often present throughout the patient's life. Common symptoms and features of a<unk>  defect include abnormal cranial morphology, difficulty in cranio-related functions such as breathing, hearing, swallowing, or speech, or facial paralysis.
Craniofacial regeneration
Eyebrow restoration
Neural tissue engineering
Scalp reconstruction
Neural engineering
Craniofacial prosthesis
Socket preservation
Facial feminization surgery