Illustration showing a heart with a<unk>  Sketch showing heart with<unk> . A:<unk> rctation (narrowing) of the<unk> . 1:Inferior vena<unk> va, 2:Right pulmonary veins, 3: Right pulmonary artery, 4:Superior vena<unk> va, 5:Left pulmonary artery, 6:Left pulmonary veins, 7:Right ventricle, 8:Left ventricle, 9:Pulmonary artery, 10:Aorta Schematic drawing of alternative locations of<unk> , relative to the ductus arteriosus. A: Ductal<unk> rctation, B: Preductal<unk> rctation, C: Postductal<unk> rctation. 1:<unk>  ascendens, 2: Arteria pulmonalis, 3: Ductus arteriosus, 4:<unk>  descendens, 5: Truncus brachiocephalicus, 6: Arteria<unk> rotis communis sinistra, 7: Arteria subclavia sinistra 3D model of<unk> rctation of<unk>  There are three types of<unk> c<unk> rctations: # Preductal<unk> rctation: The narrowing is proximal to the ductus arteriosus. Blood flow to the<unk>  that is distal to the narrowing is dependent on the ductus arteriosus; therefore severe<unk> rctation<unk> n be life-threatening. Preductal<unk> rctation results when an intracardiac anomaly during fetal life decreases blood flow through the left side of the heart, leading to hypoplastic development of the<unk> . This is the type seen in approximately 5% of infants with Turner syndrome. # Ductal<unk> rctation: The narrowing occurs at the insertion of the ductus arteriosus. This kind usually appears when the ductus arteriosus closes. # Postductal<unk> rctation: The narrowing is distal to the insertion of the ductus arteriosus. Even with an open ductus arteriosus, blood flow to the lower body<unk> n be impaired. This type is most common in adults. It is associated with notching of the ribs (because of collateral circulation), hypertension in the upper extremities, and weak pulses in the lower extremities. Postductal<unk> rctation is most likely the result of the extension of a muscular artery (ductus arteriosus) into an elastic artery<unk>  during fetal life, where the contraction and fibrosis of the ductus arteriosus upon birth subsequently narrows the<unk> c lumen.<unk> c<unk> rctation and<unk> c stenosis are both forms of<unk> c narrowing. In terms of word root meanings, the names are not different, but a conventional distinction in their usage allows differentiation of clinical aspects. This spectrum is dichotomized by the idea that<unk> c<unk> rctation occurs in the<unk> c arch, at or near the ductus arteriosus, whereas<unk> c stenosis occurs in the<unk> c root, at or near the<unk> c valve. This naturally could present the question of the dividing line between a post valvular stenosis and a preductal<unk> rctation; nonetheless, the dichotomy has a practical use, as most defects are either one or the other.
Coarctation of the aorta
Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm
Annuloaortic ectasia
Double aortic arch
Interrupted aortic arch
Aortic stenosis
Pulmonary vein stenosis
Pulmonic stenosis