Ultrasound showing<unk>  and vegetations on the aortic valve. In terms of the diagnosis of<unk>  a common test for the evaluation of the severity is transthoracic echocardiography, which can provide two-dimensional views of the regurgitant jet, allow measurement of velocity, and estimate jet volume. The findings in severe<unk> , based on the 2012 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines include: Chest X-ray can assist in making the diagnosis, showing left ventricular hypertrophy and dilated aorta. ECG typically indicates left ventricular hypertrophy. Cardiac chamber catheterization assists in assessing the severity of regurgitation and any left ventricular dysfunction. Physical examination Aortic valve regurgitation vs aortic valve stenosis The physical examination of an individual with<unk>  involves auscultation of the heart to listen for the murmur of<unk>  and the S3 heart sound (S3 gallop correlates with development of LV dysfunction). The murmur of chronic<unk>  is typically described as early diastolic and decrescendo, which is best heard in the third left intercostal space and may radiate along the left sternal border. Phonocardiograms from normal and abnormal heart sounds If there is increased stroke volume of the left ventricle due to volume overload, an ejection systolic 'flow' murmur may also be present when auscultating the same aortic<unk> ea. Unless there is concomitant aortic valve stenosis, the murmur should not start with an ejection click. There may also be an Austin Flint murmur, a soft mid-diastolic rumble heard at the apical<unk> ea; it appears when a regurgitant jet of blood from severe<unk>  partially closes the anterior mitral leaflet. Peripheral physical signs of<unk> <unk> e related to the high pulse pressure and the rapid decrease in blood pressure during diastole due to blood returning to the heart from the aorta through the incompetent aortic valve, although the usefulness of some of the eponymous signs has been questioned: Phonocardiograms detect AI by having electric voltage mimic the sounds the heart makes. Characteristics- indicative of<unk> <unk> e as follow: Classification The hemodynamic sequelae of AI<unk> e dependent on the rate of onset of AI. Therefore, can be acute or chronic as follows:<unk>  * Acute<unk>  In acute<unk> , as may be seen with acute perforation of the aortic valve due to endocarditis, there will be a sudden increase in the volume of blood in the left ventricle. The ventricle is unable to deal with the sudden change in volume. The filling pressure of the left ventricle will increase. This causes pressure in the left atrium to rise, and the individual will develop pulmonary edema. Severe acute<unk>  is considered a medical emergency. There is a high mortality rate if the individual does not undergo immediate surgery for aortic valve replacement. :Acute<unk>  usually presents as florid congestive heart failure, and will not have any of the signs associated with chronic<unk>  since the left ventricle had not yet developed the eccentric hypertrophy and dilatation that allow an increased stroke volume, which in turn cause bounding peripheral pulses. On auscultation, there may be a short diastolic murmur and a soft S1. S1 is soft because the elevated filling pressures close the mitral valve in diastole. * Chronic<unk>  If the individual survives the initial hemodynamic derailment that acute<unk>  presents, the left ventricle adapts by its eccentric hypertrophy and dilatation with a subsequent compensated volume overload. The left ventricular filling pressures will revert to normal and the individual will no longer have overt heart failure. In this compensated phase, the individual may be totally asymptomatic and may have normal exercise tolerance. Eventually (typically after a latency period) the left ventricle will become decompensated, and filling pressures will increase. Some individuals enter this decompensated phase asymptomatically, treatment for<unk>  involves aortic valve replacement prior to this decompensation phase.
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Tricuspid valve stenosis
Mitral valve prolapse
Systolic hypertension