<unk><unk>  have historically been excluded from<unk>  research due to ethical concerns about harming the fetus or the perception of increased risk to the<unk> . Excluding<unk><unk>  from research has also been called unethical, as it results in a scarcity of data about how therapies affect<unk><unk>  and their fetuses. Despite consensus from bioethicists, researchers, and regulators that<unk><unk>  should be included in<unk>  research, up to 95% of Phase IV<unk>  trials that could have included<unk><unk>  did not, according to a 2013 review.
Pregnant women in clinical research
Well-woman examination
Comparison of birth control methods
Clinical trials publication
Human experimentation in North Korea
Immigration health surcharge
Phases of clinical research
Preventable causes of death