A man with congestive heart failure and marked<unk><unk>  distention. External<unk>  vein marked by an arrow; however,<unk>  is not measured by looking at the external<unk>  vein even but is instead measured by pulsations of the skin from the internal<unk>  vein, which is not visible in this image. The<unk>  <unk> , sometimes referred to as<unk><unk>  pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the<unk>  system via visualization of the internal<unk>  vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections and two downward deflections have been described. * The upward deflections are the "a" (atrial contraction), "c" (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and "v" =<unk>  filling * The downward deflections of the wave are the "x" descent (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the "y" descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).
Jugular venous pressure
Plateau pressure
Pulse pressure
Segmental blood pressure
Pressure reactivity index
Arterial resistivity index
Central venous pressure
Mean arterial pressure