<unk>  occurs with the attempts to adapt to highly negative sets of circumstances that can engender high levels of psychological distress such as major life crises, which typically engender unpleasant psychological reactions.<unk>  does not occur as a direct result of trauma; rather, it is the individual's struggle with the new reality in the aftermath of trauma that is crucial in determining the extent to which<unk>  occurs. Encouragingly, reports of<unk>  experiences in the aftermath of<unk>  events far outnumber reports of psychiatric disorders, since continuing personal distress and<unk>  often coexist. As far as predictors of<unk> , a number of factors have been associated with adaptive<unk>  following exposure to a trauma. Spirituality has been shown to highly correlate with<unk>  and in fact, many of the most deeply spiritual beliefs are a result of trauma exposure (O'Rourke 2008). Social support has been well documented as a buffer to mental illness and stress response. In regards to<unk> , not only are high levels of pre-exposure social support associated with<unk> , but there is some neurobiological evidence to support the idea that support will modulate a pathological response to stress in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) pathway in the brain (Ozbay 2007). As Richard G. Tedeschi and other<unk>  researchers have found, the ability to accept situations that cannot be changed is crucial for adapting to<unk>  life events. They call it "acceptance coping", and have determined that coming to terms with reality is a significant predictor of<unk> . It is also alleged, though currently under further investigation, that opportunity for emotional disclosure can lead to<unk>  though did not significantly reduce<unk><unk>  stress symptomology (Slavin-Spenny 2010). Gender roles did not reliably predict<unk>  though are indicative of the type of trauma that an individual experiences. Women tend to experience victimization on a more individual and interpersonal level (e.g. sexual victimization) while men tend to experience more systemic and collective traumas (e.g. military and combat). Given that group dynamics appear to play a predictive role in<unk> , it can be argued that the type of exposure may indirectly predict<unk>  in men (Lilly 2012).
Post-traumatic growth
Jurosomatic illness
Psychological resilience
Emotional dysregulation
Diving disorders
Specific developmental disorder
Child bereavement
Identity disorder