<unk>  can be delayed, prevented and sometimes reversed with treatment. Treatment approaches include impacting the signaling pathways that induce<unk>  hypertrophy or slow<unk>  breakdown as well as optimizing nutritional status. Physical activity provides a significant anabolic<unk>  stimulus and is a crucial component to slowing or reversing<unk> . It is still unknown regarding the ideal exercise "dosing." Resistance exercise has been shown to be beneficial in reducing<unk>  in older adults. In patients who cannot exercise due to physical limitations such as paraplegia, functional electrical stimulation can be used to externally stimulate the<unk> s. Adequate calories and protein is crucial to prevent<unk> . Protein needs may vary dramatically depending on metabolic factors and disease state, so high-protein supplementation may be beneficial. Supplementation of protein or branched-chain amino acids, especially leucine, can provide a stimulus for<unk>  synthesis and inhibit protein breakdown and has been studied for<unk>  for sarcopenia and cachexia. β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a metabolite of leucine which is sold as a dietary supplement, has demonstrated efficacy in preventing the loss of<unk>  mass in several<unk>  wasting conditions in humans, particularly sarcopenia. Based upon a meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials that was published in 2015, HMB supplementation has efficacy as a treatment for preserving lean<unk>  mass in older adults. More research is needed to determine the precise effects of HMB on<unk>  strength and function in various populations. In severe cases of muscular atrophy, the use of an anabolic steroid such as methandrostenolone may be administered to patients as a potential treatment although use is limited by side effects. A novel class of drugs, called selective androgen receptor modulators, is being investigated with promising results. They would have fewer side effects, while still promoting<unk>  and bone tissue growth and regeneration. These effects have yet to be confirmed in larger clinical trials.
Muscle atrophy
Muscle weakness
Muscle hypertrophy
Breast atrophy
Muscle imbalance
Lipoatrophy
Tooth loss
Lumbar enlargement