Despite decades of research, no vaccines currently exist. Recombinant technology has however been used to target the formation of vaccines for HPIV-1, -2 and -3 and has taken the form of several live-attenuated intranasal vaccines. Two vaccines in particular were found to be immunogenic and well tolerated against HPIV-3 in phase I trials. HPIV-1 and -2 vaccine candidates remain less advanced. Vaccine techniques which have been used against HPIVs are not limited to intranasal forms, but also<unk>  attenuated by cold passage, host range attenuation, chimeric construct vaccines and also introducing mutations with the help of reverse genetics to achieve attenuation. Maternal antibodies may offer some degree of protection against HPIVs during the early stages of life via the colostrum in breast milk.
Human parainfluenza viruses
Influenza A virus
Influenza B virus
Influenza D virus
Respiratory syncytial virus
Rhinovirus
Novel coronavirus
Chinese coronavirus