Assessment Diagnosis is based on the self-reported experiences of the person followed by a clinical assessment. Psychiatric assessment includes a psychiatric history and some form of mental status examination. Since some medical and psychiatric conditions mimic the symptoms of DPD, clinicians must differentiate between and rule out the following to establish a precise diagnosis: temporal lobe epilepsy, panic disorder, acute stress disorder, schizophrenia, migraine, drug use, brain tumor or lesion. No laboratory test for<unk>  currently exists. As patients with dissociative disorders likely experienced intense trauma in the past, concomitant dissociative disorders should be considered in patients diagnosed with a stress disorder (i.e. PTSD or acute stress disorder). The diagnosis of<unk>  disorder can be made with the use of the following interviews and scales: * The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) is widely used, especially in research settings. This interview takes about 30 minutes to 1.5 hours, depending on individual's experiences. * The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) is a simple, quick, self-administered questionnaire that has been widely used to measure dissociative symptoms. It has been used in hundreds of dissociative studies, and can detect<unk>  and<unk>  experiences. * The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS) is a highly structured interview which makes DSM-IV diagnoses of somatization disorder, borderline personality disorder and major depressive disorder, as well as all the dissociative disorders. It inquires about positive symptoms of schizophrenia, secondary features of dissociative identity disorder, extrasensory experiences, substance abuse and other items relevant to the dissociative disorders. The DDIS can usually be administered in 30–45 minutes. * The Cambridge<unk>  Scale (CDS) is a method for determining the severity of<unk>  disorder. It has been proven and accepted as a valid tool for the diagnosis of<unk>  disorder in a clinical setting. It is also used in a clinical setting to differentiate minor episodes of<unk>  from actual symptoms of the disorder. Due to the success of the CDS, a group of Japanese researchers underwent the effort to translate the CDS into the J-CDS or the Japanese Cambridge<unk>  Scale. Through clinical trials, the Japanese research team successfully tested their scale and determined its accuracy. One limitation is that the scale does not allow for the differentiation between past and present episodes of<unk> . It may be difficult for the individual to describe the duration of a<unk>  episode, and thus the scale may lack accuracy. The project was conducted in the hope that it would stimulate further scientific investigations into<unk>  disorder. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) In the DSM-5, the word<unk> " was added to<unk>  disorder" and renamed<unk><unk>  disorder" ("DPDR"). It remains classified as a dissociative disorder. Patients must meet the following criteria to be diagnosed per the DSM-5: # Presence of persistent/recurrent episodes of<unk><unk>  # Ability to distinguish between reality and dissociation during an episode (i.e. patient is aware of a perceptual disturbance) # Symptoms are severe enough to interfere with social, occupational, or other areas of functioning # Symptoms are not due to a substance or medication # Symptoms are not due to another psychiatric disorder International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) The ICD-11 has relisted DPDR as a disorder rather than a syndrome as previously, and has also reclassified it as a dissociative disorder from its previous listing as a neurotic disorder. The description used in the ICD-11 is similar to the criteria found in the DSM-5. Individuals with DPDR are described as having persistent/recurrent symptoms of<unk><unk> , have intact reality testing, and symptoms are not better explained by another psychiatric/neural disorder, substance, medication, or head trauma. Symptoms are severe enough to cause distress or impairment in functioning. Differential diagnoses DPDR differentials include neurologic and psychiatric conditions as well as side effects from illicit substances or medications. Neurologic * Seizures * Brain tumor * Post-concussion syndrome * Metabolic abnormalities * Migraines * Vertigo * Meniere's disease Psychiatric * Panic attack * Phobias * PTSD * Acute stress syndrome * Depression * Schizophrenia * Borderline personality disorder * Other dissociative disorders Intoxication/withdrawal from psychoactive substances * Marijuana * Hallucinogens * MDMA * Ketamine
Depersonalization-derealization disorder
Transference neurosis
Psychopathy
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative disorder
Gemütlose psychopathy
Other specified dissociative disorder
Unitary psychosis