The causes of pain in<unk>  are similar to the causes in adults. Pain can be experienced in many ways and depends on the following factors in each child: * Prior painful episodes or treatments * Age and developmental stage * Disease or type of trauma * Personality * Culture * Socioeconomic status * Presence of family members and family dynamics. During treatment A physical therapist uses play as part of a child's treatment plan Clinicians responsible for a child monitor the child frequently in tertiary care centers (hospitals). Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are used to manage the pain. Parents or caregivers are also requested to provide their own pain assessments. At the beginning of pharmacological treatment, clinicians monitor the child for adverse reactions to the medications. The levels of some medications are monitored to ensure that the child is not over-medicated and does not receive toxic levels of any drug. The levels also indicate whether there would be enough drug in the blood to be effective in managing the pain. Medications are metabolized differently between<unk>  of the same age. Factors that influence the levels of medications controlling pain include the height, weight, and body surface of the child, as well as any other illnesses. Some medications may have a paradoxical effect in<unk> , which is an effect that is the opposite of the expected effect. Clinicians monitor for this and any other reactions to medication. After treatment Post-procedural treatment in<unk>  is primarily prescription opioids. Morphine is effective and relatively safe, and is often used with moderate to severe pain. Codeine and tramadol should be avoided especially in<unk>  younger than 12 years old since metabolism varies due to genetic differences between individuals, and, in the case of tramadol, this medication has not been well studied in<unk> . However, other interventions include medications classified as non-opioid analgesics, which are useful in post surgical treatment. For example, acetaminophen or ibuprofen can be used as a non-opioid analgesics. Unlike acetaminophen, ibuprofen has anti-inflammatory property which can be useful for pain in inflammatory conditions. Aspirin is not used in pediatric population due to its association with Reye's syndrome.
Pain management in children
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