<unk>  Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths is one of several cancer treatment protocols using re-purposed older drugs to interfere with cancer cell's growth signaling rather than directly killing them with cytotoxic drugs.<unk>  is a treatment specifically targeted to glioblastoma that adds to a traditional cancer cell killing drug, temozolomide, nine older, non-cytotoxic drugs to block growth factors that enhance or drive glioblastoma growth aprepitant blocks NK-1, auranofin inhibits thioredoxin reductase, captopril inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme, celecoxib blocks cyclooxygenase-2, disulfiram blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase, itraconazole blocks Hedgehog signaling, minocycline inhibits metalloproteinase-2 and -9, quetiapine inhibits RANKL, sertraline inhibits Tissue Factor. These targets have been shown to be active in glioblastoma.<unk>  is related several other trials using a similar conceptual approach: The COMBAT regimen for treating various advanced pediatric cancers that uses two re-purposed non-cytotoxic drugs to augment two traditional cytotoxic drugs, or the GLAD regimen that uses one traditional anti-cancer drug, gefitinib, with three re-purposed non-cancer drugs. Or the MEMMAT regimen, in a current trial of A.Peyrl et al. using a 7 drug cocktail, (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01356290)- non-cytotoxic drugs bevacizumab, thalidomide, celecoxib, and fenofibric acid to augment traditional cytotoxic drugs etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and cytarabine to treat progressive medulloblastoma. Also the CLOVA Regimen that uses cimetidine, lithium, olanzapine, and valproate with temozolomide in treating glioblastoma. The ReDO project and many others also follow this line of thought as in<unk>  - repurposing older drugs for their anti-cancer effect and simultaneous use of several of them in cancer treatment. The drug repurposing movement uses the central or ancillary attributes of a drug normally used for non-cancer indications but that may constructively interact with a cancer's growth mechanisms to slow that cancer's growth. None of these treatment regimens have been proven to be safe or effective in human cancers but are occasionally tried on compassionate-use basis in patients who have exhausted all other options. A formal trial of the<unk>  protocol in recurrent glioblastoma ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02770378 in Ulm Germany was completed, results to be announced in mid-2019. Two in vitro studies confirmed strong cytotoxicity of<unk>  to a pannel of glioblastoma cells.
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