<unk>  is categorized into three types (although infectious<unk>  is typically regarded as a separate clinical entity due to its transient nature): (i) infectious<unk>  includes acute and chronic bacterial infections; (ii) nonallergic<unk>  includes vasomotor, idiopathic, hormonal, atrophic, occupational, and gustatory<unk> , as well as<unk>  medicamentosa (drug-induced); (iii) allergic<unk> , triggered by pollen, mold, animal dander, dust, Balsam of Peru, and other inhaled allergens. Infectious<unk>  is commonly caused by a viral or bacterial infection, including the common cold, which is caused by Rhinoviruses, Coronaviruses, and influenza viruses, others caused by adenoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses other than rhinoviruses, metapneumovirus, and measles virus, or bacterial sinusitis, which is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Symptoms of the common cold include rhinorrhea, sneezing, sore throat (pharyngitis), cough, congestion, and slight headache. Nonallergic<unk>  Nonallergic<unk>  refers to<unk>  that is not due to an allergy. The category was formerly referred to as vasomotor<unk> , as the first cause discovered was vasodilation due to an overactive parasympathetic nerve response. As additional causes were identified, additional types of nonallergic<unk>  were recognized. Vasomotor<unk>  is now included among these under the more general classification of nonallergic<unk> . The diagnosis is made upon excluding allergic causes. It is an umbrella term of<unk>  of multiple causes, such as occupational (chemical), smoking, gustatory, hormonal, senile<unk>  of the elderly), atrophic, medication-induced (including<unk>  medicamentosa), local allergic<unk> , non-allergic<unk>  with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) and idiopathic (vasomotor or non-allergic, non-infectious perennial allergic<unk>  (NANIPER), or non-infectious non-allergic<unk>  (NINAR). In vasomotor<unk> , certain nonspecific stimuli, including changes in environment (temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, or weather), airborne irritants (odors, fumes), dietary factors (spicy food, alcohol), sexual arousal, exercise, and emotional factors trigger<unk> . There is still much to be learned about this, but it is thought that these non-allergic triggers cause dilation of the blood vessels in the lining of the nose, which results in swelling and drainage. Non-allergic<unk>  can co-exist with allergic<unk> , and is referred to as "mixed<unk> ". The pathology of vasomotor<unk>  appears to involve neurogenic inflammation and is as yet not very well understood. The role of transient receptor potential ion channels on the non-neuronal nasal epithelial cells has also been suggested. Overexpression of these receptors have influence the nasal airway hyper-responsiveness to non-allergic irritant environmental stimuli (e.g., extremes of temperature, changes in osmotic or barometric pressure). Vasomotor<unk>  appears to be significantly more common in women than men, leading some researchers to believe that hormone imbalance plays a role. In general, age of onset occurs after 20 years of age, in contrast to allergic<unk>  which can be developed at any age. Individuals with vasomotor<unk>  typically experience symptoms year-round, though symptoms may be exacerbated in the spring and autumn when rapid weather changes are more common. An estimated 17 million United States citizens have vasomotor<unk> . Drinking alcohol may cause<unk>  as well as worsen asthma (see alcohol-induced respiratory reactions). In certain populations, particularly those of East Asian countries such as Japan, these reactions have a nonallergic basis. In other populations, particularly those of European descent, a genetic variant in the gene that metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde, ADH1B, is associated with alcohol-induced<unk> . It is suggested that this variant metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde too quickly for further processing by ALDH2 and thereby leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde and<unk>  symptoms. In these cases, alcohol-induced<unk>  may be of the mixed<unk>  type and, it seems likely, most cases of alcohol-induced<unk>  in non-Asian populations reflect true allergic response to the non-ethanol and/or contaminants in alcoholic beverages, particularly when these beverages are wines or beers. Alcohol-exacerbated<unk>  is more frequent in individuals with a history of<unk>  exacerbated by aspirin. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly those that inhibit cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1), can worsen<unk>  and asthma symptoms in individuals with a history of either one of these diseases. These exacerbations most often appear due to NSAID hypersensitivity reactions rather than NSAID-induced allergic reactions. The antihistamine azelastine, applied as a nasal spray, may be effective for vasomotor<unk> . Fluticasone propionate or budesonide (both are steroids) in nostril spray form may also be used for symptomatic treatment. The antihistamine cyproheptadine is also effective, probably due to its antiserotonergic effects. A systematic review on non-allergic<unk>  reports improvement of overall function after treatment with capsaicin (the active component of chili peppers). The quality of evidence is low, however. Allergic Allergic<unk>  or hay fever may follow when an allergen such as pollen, dust, or Balsam of Peru is inhaled by an individual with a sensitized immune system, triggering antibody production. These antibodies mostly bind to mast cells, which contain histamine. When the mast cells are stimulated by an allergen, histamine (and other chemicals) are released. This causes itching, swelling, and mucus production. Symptoms vary in severity between individuals. Very sensitive individuals can experience hives or other rashes. Particulate matter in polluted air and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can greatly aggravate the condition. Characteristic physical findings in individuals who have allergic<unk>  include conjunctival swelling and erythema, eyelid swelling, lower eyelid venous stasis, lateral crease on the nose, swollen nasal turbinates, and middle ear effusion. Even if a person has negative skin-prick, intradermal and blood tests for allergies, they may still have allergic<unk> , from a local allergy in the nose. This is called local allergic<unk> . Many people who were previously diagnosed with nonallergic<unk>  may actually have local allergic<unk> . A patch test may be used to determine if a particular substance is causing the<unk> .<unk>  medicamentosa<unk>  medicamentosa is a form of drug-induced nonallergic<unk>  which is associated with nasal congestion brought on by the use of certain oral medications (primarily sympathomimetic amine and 2-imidazoline derivatives) and topical decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, xylometazoline, and naphazoline nasal sprays) that constrict the blood vessels in the lining of the nose. Chronic atrophic<unk>  Chronic<unk>  is a form of atrophy of the mucous membrane and glands of the nose.<unk>  sicca Chronic form of dryness of the mucous membranes. Polypous<unk>  Chronic<unk>  associated with polyps in the nasal cavity.
Rhinitis
Airsacculitis
Posthitis
Laryngitis
Pharyngitis
Sinusitis
Rhinosinusitis
Chondritis