When administered to diabetes prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice,<unk> 's complete<unk>  (FCA) prevented juvenile-onset diabetes. When combined with spleen cells, FCA was said to have reversed diabetes. In 2006, these claims were confirmed that even without spleen cells FCA can restore insulin producing beta cells in pancreas of NOD mice. Although newspapers have described the 2006 findings as confirming the earlier experiments, a report from NIH was released on November 23, 2006 in Science confirming the participation of spleen cells in reversing end-stage diabetes. It has also been investigated in an animal model of Parkinson's disease, or as well used in emulsion with Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a peptide inducing Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in animal studies for efficacy testing of multiple sclerosis treatments. Mechanism FCA is known to stimulate production of tumor necrosis<unk> ctor, which is thought to kill the T-cells responsible for the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. Still in question is whether the regrowth of functional insulin-producing cells occurs due to differentiation and proliferation of existing pancreatic stem cells, or whether the injected spleen cells re-differentiate to an insulin-producing form. Denise<unk> ustman, whose work has been central to developing the protocol, has suggested that both mechanisms may play a role. However, in experiments to verify and examine her work, Suri reported that DNA-based evidence yielded no sign that spleen cells were needed in pancreatic islet beta cells regeneration after the FCA treatment. In pancreatic islets the β-cells regenerate following<unk>  treatment. This is related to the induction of Th17 cells by<unk>  treatment and these cells produce Interleukin-22 (IL-22). Pancreatic islets express high levels of IL-22 receptor and IL-22 has been shown to induce islet beta cell regeneration.
Freund's adjuvant
Dover's powder
Blackett's Aerophor
Dakin's solution
Sulfonated phenolics/sulfuric acid
Hyoid suspension
Podophyllum resin
Azficel-T