Female sterilization through<unk>  is primarily used to permanently prevent a patient from having a spontaneous pregnancy (as opposed to pregnancy via in vitro fertilization) in the future. While both hysterectomy (the removal of the uterus) or bilateral oophorectomy (the removal of both ovaries) can also accomplish this goal, these surgeries carry generally greater health risks than<unk>  procedures. Less commonly,<unk>  procedures may also be performed for patients who are known to be carriers of mutations in genes that increase the risk of ovarian and fallopian tube cancer, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. While the procedure for these patients still results in sterilization, the procedure is chosen preferentially among these patients who have completed childbearing, with or without a simultaneous oophorectomy. Benefits and advantages for use as contraception High effectiveness Most methods of female sterilization are approximately 99% effective or greater in preventing pregnancy. These rates are roughly equivalent to the effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraceptives such as intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants, and slightly less effective than permanent male sterilization through vasectomy. These rates are significantly higher than other forms of modern contraception that require regular active engagement by the user, such as oral contraceptive pills or male condoms. (See also: Comparison of birth control methods) Avoidance of hormonal medications Many forms of female-controlled contraception rely on suppression of the menstrual cycle using progesterones and/or estrogens. For patients who wish to avoid hormonal medications because of personal medical contraindications such as breast cancer, unacceptable side effects, or personal preference,<unk>  offers highly effective birth control without the use of hormones. Reduction of pelvic inflammatory disease risk Occluding or removing both fallopian tubes decreases the likelihood that a sexually transmitted infection can ascend from the vagina to the abdominal cavity, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or a tubo-ovarian abscess.<unk>  does not completely eliminate the risk of PID, and does not offer protection against sexually transmitted infections. Reduction of ovarian and fallopian tube cancer risk Partial<unk>  or full salpingectomy (a<unk>  method that relies upon the physical removal of the fallopian tube) reduces the lifetime risk of developing ovarian or fallopian tube cancer later in life. This is true both for patients who are already known to be at high risk for ovarian or fallopian tube cancer secondary to genetic mutations, as well as women who have the baseline population risk.
Tubal ligation
Tubal reversal
Uterine balloon tamponade
Orchiopexy
Uterine artery embolization
Vasectomy reversal
Vasovasostomy
Resuscitative hysterotomy