Diagnostic tests Once<unk> es for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence of this substance. Proteins can be detected using the Western blot and immuno dot blot tests. In immunohistochemistry,<unk> es can be used to detect antigens in fixed tissue sections, and similarly, immunofluorescence can be used to detect a substance in either frozen tissue section or live cells. Analytic and chemical uses<unk> es can also be used to purify their target compounds from mixtures, using the method of immunoprecipitation. Therapeutic uses Therapeutic<unk> es act through multiple mechanisms, such as blocking of targeted molecule functions, inducing apoptosis in cells which express the target, or by modulating signalling pathways. Cancer treatment One possible treatment for cancer involves<unk> es that bind only to cancer-cell-specific antigens and induce an immune response against the target cancer cell. Such<unk> s can be modified for delivery of a toxin, radioisotope, cytokine or other active conjugate or to design bispecific<unk> es that can bind with their Fab regions both to target antigen and to a conjugate or effector cell. Every intact<unk>  can bind to cell receptors or other proteins with its Fc region. ADEPT,<unk>  directed enzyme prodrug therapy; ADCC:<unk>  dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; CDC: complement-dependent cytotoxicity;<unk> :<unk> ; scFv, single-chain Fv fragment.<unk> s approved by the FDA for cancer include: * Alemtuzumab * Bevacizumab * Cetuximab * Gemtuzumab ozogamicin * Ipilimumab * Nivolumab * Ofatumumab * Panitumumab * Pembrolizumab * Ranibizumab * Rituximab * Trastuzumab Autoimmune diseases<unk> es used for autoimmune diseases include infliximab and adalimumab, which are effective in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and ankylosing spondylitis by their ability to bind to and inhibit TNF-α. Basiliximab and daclizumab inhibit IL-2 on activated T cells and thereby help prevent acute rejection of kidney transplants. Omalizumab inhibits human immunoglobulin E (IgE) and is useful in treating moderate-to-severe allergic asthma. Examples of therapeutic<unk> es<unk> es for research applications can be found directly from<unk>  suppliers, or through use of a specialist search engine like CiteAb. Below are examples of clinically important<unk> es. Main category Type Application Mechanism/Target Mode Anti-inflammatory infliximab * rheumatoid arthritis * Crohn's disease * ulcerative colitis * ankylosing spondylitis inhibits TNF-α chimeric adalimumab * rheumatoid arthritis * Crohn's disease * ulcerative colitis * ankylosing spondylitis inhibits TNF-α human ustekinumab * Crohn's disease * ulcerative colitis * plaque psoriasis * psoriatic arthritis blocks interleukin IL-12 and IL-23 human basiliximab * acute rejection of kidney transplants inhibits IL-2 on activated T cells chimeric daclizumab * acute rejection of kidney transplants inhibits IL-2 on activated T cells humanized omalizumab * moderate-to-severe allergic asthma inhibits human immunoglobulin E (IgE) humanized Anti-cancer gemtuzumab * relapsed acute myeloid leukemia targets myeloid cell surface antigen CD33 on leukemia cells humanized alemtuzumab * B cell leukemia targets an antigen CD52 on T- and B-lymphocytes humanized rituximab * non-Hodgkin's lymphoma * rheumatoid arthritis targets phosphoprotein CD20 on B lymphocytes chimeric trastuzumab * breast cancer with HER2/neu overexpression targets the HER2/neu (erbB2) receptor humanized nimotuzumab * approved in squamous cell carcinomas, Glioma * clinical trials for other indications underway EGFR inhibitor humanized cetuximab * approved in squamous cell carcinomas, colorectal carcinoma EGFR inhibitor chimeric bevacizumab & ranibizumab * Anti-angiogenic cancer therapy inhibits VEGF humanized Anti-cancer and anti-viral bavituximab * cancer, hepatitis C infection immunotherapy, targets phosphatidylserine chimeric Anti-viral casirivimab/imdevimab * SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing the COVID-19 pandemic immunotherapy, targets spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 chimeric bamlanivimab/etesevimab * SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing the COVID-19 pandemic immunotherapy, targets spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 chimeric Sotrovimab * SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing the COVID-19 pandemic immunotherapy, targets spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 chimeric Other palivizumab * RSV infections in children inhibits an RSV fusion (F) protein humanized abciximab * prevent coagulation in coronary angioplasty inhibits the receptor GpIIb/IIIa on platelets chimeric COVID-19 In 2021, the<unk>  therapies bamlanivimab/etesevimab and casirivimab/imdevimab have been found to reduce the number of hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and deaths. Both combination drugs were granted emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In September 2021, the Biden administration purchased billion worth of Regeneron<unk> es at $2,100 a dose to help curb the shortage. As of December 2021, in vitro neutralization tests indicate<unk>  therapies (with the exception of sotrovimab and tixagevimab/cilgavimab) are likely not active against the Omicron variant.
Monoclonal antibody
Immunoconjugate
Pharmacological chaperone
Immunotoxin
Small molecule drug conjugate
Protease inhibitor 
Antimetabolite
Polyclonal antibodies