Clinical features<unk> s are observed throughout any age, although most are diagnosed in people within their 50s alongside a higher presence in females with a 1:1.5 male-to-female ratio. They often present in the<unk>  body of the thoracic and lumbar spine with potential to extend into the posterior arch. They can involve a single or multiple<unk> .<unk> s can display typically and atypically. Typical VHs have predominant fat overgrowth that present throughout various scanning techniques differently compared with atypical VHs that have less fat and more vascular content (see diagnosis). Most<unk> s present asymptomatically and only found incidentally through MRI, CT, or radiography. However,<unk> s can become symptomatic in around 1% of cases. In these rare cases,<unk> s present active behavior and are known as aggressive or compressive VHs. When symptomatic, they can cause pain and myelopathy by intra-spinal bleeding, bony expansion or extra-osseous extension into surround soft tissue or the posterior neural elements. Highly vascular (cavernous type)<unk> s can produce neurologic deficits without prominent evidence of spinal cord compression. The deficits in these cases are probably attributable to blood flow disturbances in the spinal cord.
Vertebral hemangioma
Vertebral osteomyelitis
Epidural abscess
Spinal disc herniation
Spinal tumor
Spinal epidural hematoma
Spinal stenosis
Discitis