Preconception The probability of major birth defects in offspring of mothers with diabetes is 0.7-4.4% for glycohemoglobin levels 10% the probability of major birth defects is 16.1-100% with an average of 26.6%. The National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK indicated that glycohemoglobin levels 10%. Consumption of folic acid and antioxidant substances before fertilization result in a reduced rate of malformations in the offspring of mothers with diabetes. Antioxidants such as lipoic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin E, increase the probability of favorable prenatal outcomes in offspring of<unk>  mothers because oxidative stress is a teratogenic mediator of hyperglycemia in mothers with diabetes. After fertilization Optimal weight and glycemic management encourage good outcomes because diabetes has the potential to influence the mother and fetus during the entire pregnancy. The integrity of embryofetal development and placental function can be monitored by fetal echocardiography and ultrasound scanning.
Diabetic embryopathy
Uremic fetor
Fetus in fetu
Toxic abortion
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Abortion in Brunei
Fetal warfarin syndrome
Heterotopic pregnancy