<unk>  scanning is non-invasive, but it does involve exposure to ionizing radiation. 18F-FDG, which is now the standard radiotracer used for<unk>  neuroimaging and cancer patient management, has an effective radiation dose of 14 mSv. The amount of radiation in 18F-FDG is similar to the effective dose of spending one year in the American city of Denver, Colorado (12.4 mSv/year). For comparison, radiation dosage for other medical procedures range from 0.02 mSv for a chest x-ray and 6.5–8 mSv for a CT scan of the chest. Average civil aircrews are exposed to 3 mSv/year, and the whole body occupational dose limit for nuclear energy workers in the USA is 50mSv/year. For scale, see Orders of magnitude (radiation). For<unk> -CT scanning, the radiation exposure may be substantial—around 23–26 mSv (for a 70 kg person—dose is likely to be higher for higher body weights).
Positron emission tomography
Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography
Single-photon emission computed tomography
Molecular imaging
Mediastinoscopy
PET-CT
Neutron imaging
Kinetic imaging