Treatment of patients with<unk> s only is mainly with ethosuximide or valproic acid, which are of equal efficacy controlling<unk> s in around 75% of patients. Lamotrigine monotherapy is less effective, controlling<unk> s in around 50% of patients. This summary has been recently confirmed by Glauser et al. (2010), who studied the effects of ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in children with newly diagnosed childhood<unk>  epilepsy. Drug dosages were incrementally increased until the child was free of seizures, the maximal allowable dose was reached, or a criterion indicating treatment failure was met. The primary outcome was freedom from treatment failure after 16 weeks of therapy; the secondary outcome was attentional dysfunction. After 16 weeks of therapy, the freedom-from-failure rates for ethosuximide and valproic acid were similar and were higher than the rate for lamotrigine. There were no significant differences between the three drugs with regard to discontinuation because of adverse events. Attentional dysfunction was more common with valproic acid than with ethosuximide. If monotherapy fails or unacceptable adverse reactions appear, replacement of one by another of the three antiepileptic drugs is the alternative. Adding small doses of lamotrigine to sodium valproate may be the best combination in resistant cases. Although ethosuximide is effective in treating only<unk> s, valproic acid is effective in treating multiple seizure types including tonic-clonic seizure and partial seizure, suggesting it is a better choice if a patient is exhibiting multiple types of seizures. Similarly, lamotrigine treats multiple seizure types including partial seizures and generalized seizures, therefore it is also an option for patients with multiple seizure types. Clonazepam (Klonopin, Rivotril) is effective in the short term but is not generally recommended for treatment of<unk>  because of the rapid development of tolerance and high frequency of side effects. If medication is not effective in treating<unk> s, surgical treatment such as deep brain stimulation can reduce seizure episodes.
Absence seizure
Focal seizure
Intercalated seizure
Reflex seizure
Atonic seizure
Musicogenic seizure
Status epilepticus
Gelastic seizure