<unk> s can often be prevented. Clear protocols for staff at emergency departments and urgent care centers can reduce<unk>  prescriptions for individuals presenting in these settings who engage in drug seeking behaviors or who have a history of substance abuse. Drug seeking behaviors include but are not limited to obsessiveness or impatience when it comes to attaining medications, seeking multiple pain adjunct medications, and inconsistent physiological presentation. A prescription monitoring program may help determine if an individual is receiving a high doses of<unk> s or combinations of medications such as benzodiazepines and<unk> s that put them at high risk. Limited amount of evidence suggests<unk>  therapy with extended-release or long-acting formulations may increase the risk of an unintentional<unk>  compared to shorter-acting agents. Routinely screening using tools such as the CAGE-AID and the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) in adults and the CRAFFT in those aged 14–18 years is recommended. Other “drug seeking” behaviors and physical indications of drug use should be used as clues to perform formal screenings. There are several medication-assisted treatments available for people with<unk>  use disorder or<unk>  dependence, who are at higher risk for<unk> . The selection of treatment depends on various factors, such as a person's preference, accessibility, and history of treatment. Examples of medication-assisted treatments are buprenorphine (with or without naloxone), naltrexone, and methadone. Peer support groups have tentative evidence of benefit. There is also some evidence indicating benefits in community-based<unk>  education and naloxone distribution programs. Buprenorphine and methadone can help decrease drug cravings. Combining pharmacologic treatments with behavioral therapy, such as support or recovery groups, can increase likelihood of overcoming addiction and reduce the risk of an<unk> . Individuals diagnosed with<unk>  dependence should be prescribed naloxone to prevent<unk>  and should be directed to one of treatment options available, such as needle exchange programs and treatment centers. A naloxone prescription is also recommended when risk factors for<unk>  are present such as history of<unk> , substance use disorder, or higher doses of<unk> s. Brief motivational interviewing can also be performed and has been shown to improve people's motivation to change their behavior. Despite these opportunities, the dissemination of prevention interventions in the US has been hampered by the lack of coordination and sluggish federal government response. In the United States, 49 states and the District of Columbia have expanded naloxone access at a pharmacy level via standing order, protocol order, naloxone-specific collaborative practice agreement, or pharmacist prescriptive authority.
Opioid overdose
Stroke
Nicotine withdrawal
Alcohol intoxication
Benzodiazepine overdose
Hypoglycemia
Carbamate poisoning
Head injury