Human anti-IgG, double antibody sandwich<unk>  Because the<unk>  can be performed to evaluate either the presence of antigen or the presence of antibody in a sample, it is a useful tool for determining serum antibody concentrations (such as with the HIV test or West Nile virus). It has also found applications in the food industry in detecting potential food allergens, such as milk, peanuts, walnuts, almonds, and eggs and as serological blood test for coeliac disease.<unk>  can also be used in toxicology as a rapid presumptive screen for certain classes of drugs. right The<unk>  was the first screening test widely used for HIV because of its high sensitivity. In an<unk> , a person's serum is diluted 400 times and applied to a plate to which HIV antigens are attached. If antibodies to HIV are present in the serum, they may bind to these HIV antigens. The plate is then washed to remove all other components of the serum. A specially prepared "secondary antibody"—an antibody that binds to other antibodies—is then applied to the plate, followed by another wash. This secondary antibody is chemically linked in advance to an enzyme. Thus, the plate will contain enzyme in proportion to the amount of secondary antibody bound to the plate. A substrate for the enzyme is applied, and catalysis by the enzyme leads to a change in color or fluorescence.<unk>  results are reported as a number; the most controversial aspect of this test is determining the "cut-off" point between a positive and a negative result. A cut-off point may be determined by comparing it with a known standard. If an<unk>  test is used for drug screening at workplace, a cut-off concentration, 50 ng/ml, for example, is established, and a sample containing the standard concentration of analyte will be prepared. Unknowns that generate a stronger signal than the known sample are "positive." Those that generate weaker signal are "negative". There are<unk>  tests to detect various kind of diseases, such as dengue, malaria, Chagas disease, Johne's disease, and others.<unk>  tests also are extensively employed for in vitro diagnostics in medical laboratories. The other uses of<unk>  include: * detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in blood samples Schematic flowchart:<unk>  and COVID-19 doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10180
ELISA
Rabbit Test
Immunoassay
Direct fluorescent antibody
MALDI imaging
Rabbit test
Magnetic immunoassay
Radioimmunoassay