Although qualitative and quantitative studies exist, there is little consensus on the proper method to assess for<unk> . The criticisms of past methods include failure to meet standard psychometric properties as well as research-specific designs that translate poorly to non-research use. The Test to Measure Upper Limb<unk>  (TULIA) is one method of determining upper limb<unk>  through the qualitative and quantitative assessment of gesture production. In contrast to previous publications on<unk>  assessment, the reliability and validity of TULIA was thoroughly investigated. The TULIA consists of subtests for the imitation and pantomime of non-symbolic (“put your index finger on top of your nose”), intransitive (“wave goodbye”) and transitive (“show me how to use a hammer”) gestures. Discrimination (differentiating between well- and poorly performed tasks) and recognition (indicating which object corresponds to a pantomimed gesture) tasks are also often tested for a full<unk>  evaluation. However, there may not be a strong correlation between formal test results and actual performance in everyday functioning or activities of daily living (ADLs). A comprehensive assessment of<unk>  should include formal testing, standardized measurements of ADLs, observation of daily routines, self-report questionnaires and targeted interviews with the patients and their relatives. As stated above,<unk>  should not be confused with aphasia (the inability to understand language); however, they frequently occur together. It has been stated that<unk>  is so often accompanied by aphasia that many believe that if a person displays AOS then it should be assumed that the patient also has some level of aphasia.
Apraxia
Pallor
Dyslexia
Diplophonia
Agnosia
Social-emotional agnosia
Anhedonia
Musical anhedonia