Symptomatic<unk>  can be treated with both surgical and non-surgical methods. Conservative Neonates without adverse symptoms may simply be monitored as outpatients. Surgery Surgically, the DA may be closed by ligation (though support in premature infants is mixed). This can either be performed manually and be tied shut, or with intravascular coils or plugs that leads to formation of a thrombus in the DA. Devices developed by Franz Freudenthal block the blood vessel with woven structures of nitinol wire. Prostaglandin inhibitors Because prostaglandin E2 is responsible for keeping the DA open, NSAIDs (which can inhibit prostaglandin synthesis) such as indomethacin or a special form of ibuprofen have been used to initiate<unk>  closure. Findings from a 2015 systematic review concluded that, for closure of a<unk>  in preterm and/or low birth weight infants, ibuprofen is as effective as indomethacin. It also causes fewer side effects (such as transient acute kidney injury) and reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis. A review and meta-analysis showed that paracetamol may be effective for closure of a<unk>  in preterm infants. A 2018 network meta-analysis that compared indomethacin, paracetamol and ibuprofen at different doses and administration schemes among them found that a high dose of oral ibuprofen may offer the highest likelihood of closure in preterm infants. However, a 2020 systematic review found that early (≤7 days of life) or very early (≤72 hours of life) pharmacological treatment of symptomatic<unk>  does not reduce death or other poor clinical outcomes in preterm infants but instead increases their exposure to NSAIDS. Vasodilator therapy is suitable for people with Eisenmenger physiology. To assess improvement in people with Eisenmenger physiology, close monitory of toe oxygen saturation is required, for there exists a chance of reversal after a successful right-to-left shunt While indometacin can be used to close a<unk> , some neonates require their<unk>  be kept open. Keeping a<unk><unk> <unk>  is indicated in neonates born with concurrent heart malformations, such as transposition of the great vessels. Drugs such as alprostadil, a PGE-1 analog, can be used to keep a<unk>  open until the primary defect is corrected surgically.
Patent ductus arteriosus
Persistent truncus arteriosus
Atrioventricular septal defect
Sinus venosus atrial septal defect
Tricuspid atresia
Atrial septal defect
Double aortic arch
Interrupted aortic arch