A typical Snellen chart that is frequently used for<unk>  acuity testing. In 2010, the WHO definition for<unk>  was changed and now follows the ICD-11. The previous definition which used “best corrected<unk>  acuity” was changed to “presenting<unk>  acuity”. This change was made as newer studies showed that best-corrected vision overlooks a larger proportion of the population who has<unk>  due to uncorrected refractive errors, and/or lack of access to medical or surgical treatment. Distance vision<unk> : * Category 0: No or mild<unk>  –presenting<unk>  acuity better than 6/18 * Category 1: Moderate<unk>  –presenting<unk>  acuity worse than 6/18 and better than 6/60 * Category 2: Severe<unk>  –presenting<unk>  acuity worse than 6/60 and better than 3/60 * Category 3: Blindness –presenting<unk>  acuity worse than 3/60 and better than 1/60 * Category 4: Blindness—presenting<unk>  acuity worse than 1/60 with light perception * Category 5: Blindness—irreversible blindness with no light perception Near vision<unk> : * Near<unk>  acuity worse than N6 or M.08 at 40 cm. United Kingdom Severely sight impaired * Defined as having central<unk>  acuity of less than 3/60 with normal fields of vision, or gross<unk>  field restriction. * Unable to see at what the normally sighted person sees at . Sight impaired * Able to see at , but not at , what the normally sighted person sees at * Less severe<unk>  is not captured by registration data, and its prevalence is difficult to quantify Low vision * A<unk>  acuity of less than 6/18 but greater than 3/60. * Not eligible to drive and may have difficulty recognising faces across a street, watching television, or choosing clean, unstained, co-ordinated clothing. In the UK, the Certificate of Vision<unk>  <unk>  is used to certify patients as severely sight impaired or sight impaired. The accompanying guidance for clinical staff states: "The National Assistance Act 1948 states that a person can be certified as severely sight impaired if they are 'so blind as to be unable to perform any work for which eye sight is essential'". Certification is based on whether a person can do any work for which eyesight is essential, not just one particular job (such as their job before becoming blind). In practice, the definition depends on individuals'<unk>  acuity and the extent to which their field of vision is restricted. The Department of Health identifies three groups of people who may be classified as severely<unk> ly impaired. #Those below 3/60 (equivalent to 20/400 in US notation) Snellen (most people below 3/60 are severely sight impaired). #Those better than 3/60 but below 6/60 Snellen (people who have a very contracted field of vision only). #Those 6/60 Snellen or above (people in this group who have a contracted field of vision especially if the contraction is in the lower part of the field). The Department of Health also state that a person is more likely to be classified as severely<unk> ly impaired if their eyesight has failed recently or if they are an older individual, both groups being perceived as less able to adapt to their vision loss. United States In the United States, any person with vision that cannot be corrected to better than 20/200 in the best eye, or who has 20 degrees (diameter) or less of<unk>  field remaining, is considered legally blind or eligible for disability classification and possible inclusion in certain government sponsored programs. In the United States, the terms partially sighted, low vision, legally blind and totally blind are used by schools, colleges, and other educational institutions to describe students with<unk> s. They are defined as follows: *Partially sighted indicates some type of<unk>  problem, with a need of person to receive special education in some cases. *Low vision generally refers to a severe<unk> , not necessarily limited to distance vision. Low vision applies to all individuals with sight who are unable to read the newspaper at a normal viewing distance, even with the aid of eyeglasses or contact lenses. They use a combination of vision and other senses to learn, although they may require adaptations in lighting or the size of print, and, sometimes, braille. *Myopic – unable to see distant objects clearly, commonly called near-sighted or short-sighted. *Hyperopic – unable to see close objects clearly, commonly called far-sighted or long-sighted. *Legally blind indicates that a person has less than 20/200 vision in the better eye after best correction (contact lenses or glasses), or a field of vision of less than 20 degrees in the better eye. *Totally blind students learn via braille or other non-visual media. In 1934, the American Medical Association adopted the following definition of blindness: Central<unk>  acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with corrective glasses or central<unk>  acuity of more than 20/200 if there is a<unk>  field defect in which the peripheral field is contracted to such an extent that the widest diameter of the<unk>  field subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees in the better eye. The United States Congress included this definition as part of the Aid to the Blind program in the Social Security Act passed in 1935. In 1972, the Aid to the Blind program and two others combined under Title XVI of the Social Security Act to form the Supplemental Security Income program which states: An individual shall be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he has central<unk>  acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the use of a correcting lens. An eye which is accompanied by a limitation in the fields of vision such that the widest diameter of the<unk>  field subtends an angle no greater than 20 degrees shall be considered for purposes of the first sentence of this subsection as having a central<unk>  acuity of 20/200 or less. An individual shall also be considered to be blind for purposes of this title if he is blind as defined under a State plan approved under title X or XVI as in effect for October 1972 and received aid under such plan (on the basis of blindness) for December 1973, so long as he is continuously blind as so defined.
Visual impairment
Dyslexia
Vision disorder
Sexual dysfunction
Cognitive disorder
Cognitive deficit
Cortical blindness
Color blindness