<unk>  is caused by any of three serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica: S. Paratyphi A, S. Paratyphi B (invalid alias S. schottmuelleri), S. Paratyphi C (invalid alias S. hirschfeldii). Transmission They are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected. Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations. Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex. Humans are the only animals infected.<unk>  B<unk>  B is more frequent in Europe. It can present as a typhoid-like illness, as a<unk> e gastroenteritis or with features of both. Herpes labialis, rare in true typhoid<unk> , is frequently seen in<unk>  B. Rarely a subdural empyema can occur. Diagnosis is with isolation of the agent in blood or stool and demonstration of antibodies antiBH in the Widal test. The disease responds well to chloramphenicol or co-trimoxazole.<unk>  C<unk>  C is a rare infection, generally seen in the Far East. It presents as a septicaemia with metastatic abscesses. Cholecystitis is possible in the course of the disease. Antibodies to<unk>  C are not usually tested and the diagnosis is made with blood cultures. Chloramphenicol therapy is generally effective. Carriers Humans and, occasionally, domestic animals are the carriers of<unk> . Members of the same family can be transient or permanent carriers. In most parts of the world, short-term fecal carriers are more common than urinary carriers. The chronic urinary carrier state occurs in those who have schistosomiasis (parasitic blood fluke). Continuing to shed Salmonella Paratyphi is possible for up to one year, and during this phase, a person is considered to be a carrier. The chronic carrier state may follow acute illness, or mild or even subclinical infections. Chronic carriers are most often women who were infected in their middle age.
Paratyphoid fever
Typhoid fever
Yellow fever
Haverhill fever
Tomato fever
Blackwater fever
Trench fever
Cotton fever