Deficiency of sex hormones can result in defective primary or secondary sexual development, or withdrawal effects (e.g., premature menopause) in adults. Defective egg or sperm development results in infertility. The term<unk>  usually means permanent rather than transient or reversible defects, and usually implies deficiency of reproductive hormones, with or without fertility defects. The term is less commonly used for infertility without hormone deficiency. There are many possible types of<unk>  and several ways to categorize them.<unk>  is also categorized by endocrinologists by the level of the reproductive system that is defective. Physicians measure gonadotropins (LH and FSH) to distinguish primary from secondary<unk> . In primary<unk>  the LH and/or FSH are usually elevated, meaning the problem is in the testicles (hyper-gonatropic<unk> ; whereas in secondary<unk> , both are normal or low, suggesting the problem is in the brain (hypo-gonatropic<unk> . Affected system *<unk>  resulting from defects of the gonads is referred to as hypergonadotropic<unk>  or primary<unk> . Examples include Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome. Mumps is known to cause testicular failure, and in recent years has been immunized against in the US. A varicocele can reduce hormonal production as well. *<unk>  resulting from hypothalamic or pituitary defects is termed hypogonadotropic<unk>  (HH), secondary<unk> , or central<unk>  (referring to the central nervous system). * Examples of hypothalamic defects include Kallmann syndrome. * Examples of pituitary defects include hypopituitarism and pituitary hypoplasia. * An example of a<unk>  resulting from the lack of hormone response is androgen insensitivity syndrome, where there are inadequate receptors to bind the testosterone, resulting in varying clinical phenotypes of sexual characteristics despite XY chromosomes. * Isolated hypogonadotropic<unk>  (IHH), also called idiopathic or congenital hypogonadotropic<unk>  (CHH) as well as isolated or congenital gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency (IGD) accounts for a small subset of cases of hypogonadotropic<unk>  (HH) due to deficiency in or insensitivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) where the function and anatomy of the anterior pituitary are otherwise normal and secondary causes of HH are not present. Primary or secondary * Primary - defect is inherent within the gonad: e.g. Noonan syndrome, Turner syndrome (45X,0), Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY), XY with SRY gene-immunity * Secondary - defect lies outside of the gonad: e.g. Polycystic ovary syndrome, and Kallmann syndrome, also called hypogonadotropic<unk> . Hemochromatosis and diabetes mellitus can be causes of this as well. Congenital vs. acquired * Examples of congenital causes of<unk> , that is, causes that are present at birth: * Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. It is also one of the signs of CHARGE syndrome. * Examples of acquired causes of<unk> : * Opioid Induced Androgen Deficiency (resulting from the prolonged use of opioid class drugs, e.g. codeine, Dihydrocodeine, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, hydromorphone, etc.) * Anabolic steroid-induced<unk>  (ASIH) * Childhood mumps * Children born to mothers who had ingested the endocrine disruptor diethylstilbestrol for potential miscarriage * Traumatic brain injury, even in childhood * In males, normal aging causes a decrease in androgens, which is sometimes called "male menopause" (also known by the coinage "manopause"), late-onset<unk>  (LOH), and "andropause" or androgen decline in the aging male (ADAM), among other names. * It is a symptom of hereditary hemochromatosis Hormones vs. fertility<unk>  can involve just hormone production or just fertility, but most commonly involves both. * Examples of<unk>  that affect hormone production more than fertility are hypopituitarism and Kallmann syndrome; in both cases, fertility is reduced until hormones are replaced but can be achieved solely with hormone replacement. * Examples of<unk>  that affect fertility more than hormone production are Klinefelter syndrome and Kartagener syndrome. Other<unk>  can occur in other conditions, like Prader–Willi syndrome.
Hypogonadism
Hypergonadism
Trichomegaly
Macroorchidism
Prognathism
Late-onset hypogonadism
Polyorchidism
Testicular atrophy