The underlying causes of<unk> , as its name suggests, are disorders associated with hemolysis. Such disorders are manifold and the common causes include: * Blood smear of a patient with sickle cell disease. The characteristic sickle-shaped appearance of red blood cells can be observed.Sickle cell disease, in which a mutation in the globin gene causes the formation of sickle hemoglobin. This disease is marked by the manifestation of chronic compensated<unk>  anemia, with laboratory findings not limited to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia but also elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase and low serum haptoglobin. * Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, in which the reduced activity of the von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease ADAMTS13 causes a thrombotic microangiopathy. This disease, acquired or hereditary, is marked by very severe microangiopathic<unk>  anemia, with laboratory findings including extremely high serum lactate dehydrogenase and negative anti-RBC antibodies and Coombs test. Clinically, dark urine from hemoglobinuria may be observed because the hemolysis is intravascular (see Pathophysiology below).Blood smear of a patient with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP). Notice that some red blood cells are nucleated. This is a characteristic finding in such blood smears. * Autoimmune<unk>  anemia (AIHA), in which autoantibodies react with self red blood cells and cause their destruction. This disease is marked by increased extravascular hemolysis, with laboratory findings including increased lactate dehydrogenase and decreased or absent haptoglobin in both warm and cold AIHA, and positive Coombs test. Clinically,<unk>  or dark urine present in approximately one-third of the cases, and most of the symptoms are related to anemia. Other less commonly observed causes of hemolysis include: * Hemolysis secondary to drug toxicity * Thalassemia minor * Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia The above list is not exhaustive, and rare causes of hemolysis such as Bartonella infection, hemolysis due to transfusion reactions, and microangiopathic<unk>  anemia should be suspected when symptoms specific to those causes manifest.
Hemolytic jaundice
Steatohepatitis
Hepatic encephalopathy
Albinism
Bilirubinuria
Methanol toxicity
Choroideremia
Congestive hepatopathy