All proposed treatments are experimental Treatment based on the idea of CCSVI is considered experimental.Balloon dilatation of stenosed jugular vein in a MS patient. Stenosis prevents the balloon from inflating (in the middle) while pressure is low. Further trials are required to determine if the benefits, if any, of the procedure outweigh its risks. Most experts, and medical and patients organizations, including the National Multiple Sclerosis Society of the USA or the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE), recommend not using the proposed treatment outside clinical trials until its effectiveness is confirmed by controlled studies. Moreover, the CIRSE has stated that treatment research should begin by a small, placebo-controlled, prospective randomised trial which should be monitored by an independent organization. An exception has been the Society of Interventional Radiology in the US and Canada, which considered research on the effectiveness of CCSVI intervention to be inconclusive as of 2010. In March 2013 a press release indicated that the first prospective, placebo-controlled study of balloon angioplasty for MS had not shown any benefit of the therapy. The study, a phase II clinical trial designed to evaluate safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment, enrolled initially 10 patients that received the treatment and 20 more afterwards that were either allocated to receive angioplasty or a placebo intervention. Kuwait became the first country in the world where treatment of CCSVI, as of 2010, was explicitly allowed by the medical authorities and paid by the state health system. As of 2010, the procedure was performed privately in 40 countries, and, despite existing recommendations, as of 2013 it is believed that over 30,000 patients have undergone the procedure. Procedures Balloon angioplasty and stenting have been proposed as treatment options for CCSVI in MS. The proposed treatment has been termed "liberation therapy" though the name has been criticized for suggesting unrealistic results. Balloon angioplasty in a preliminary, uncontrolled, unblinded study by Zamboni improved symptoms in MS in a minority of treated people. Although the procedure pushes the vein open temporarily, the effect does not persist, supporters advise against using stents.<unk>  percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has proven to be safe but due to its ineffectiveness is not recommended. Adverse effects While the procedure has been reported to be generally safe for MS patients, severe complications related to the angioplasty and stenting that have been reported include intracranial hemorrhage, stent migration into a renal vein, thrombosis and nerve compression syndrome of cranial nerves XI and XII. One death case appeared in the scientific literature, while 3 other deaths have been related to CCSVI treatment in the media. Some United States hospitals have banned the surgical procedure outside clinical trials due to safety concerns until more evidence to support its use is available. In May 2012 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a safety communication on CCSVI, stating that MS patients undergoing angioplasty and/or stenting to treat CCSVI risk serious injuries or death. Furthermore, it also noted that the benefits of these experimental procedures have not been proven and that studies exploring a link between MS and CCSVI are inconclusive.
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency controversy
causes of Intracranial aneurysm
causes of Subarachnoid hemorrhage
causes of Epidural hematoma
Causes of hearing loss
complications of Vertebral artery dissection
medical cause of Epidural hematoma
Ramsay Hunt syndrome