The most important criterion for improving long-term prognosis is success of the initial closure. If a patient requires more than one closure their chance of continence drops off precipitously with each additional closure - at just two closures the chance of voiding continence is just 17%. Even with successful surgery, people may have long-term complications. Some of the most common include: * Vesicoureteral reflux *<unk>  spasm *<unk>  calculus * Urinary tract infections
Bladder exstrophy
Cloacal exstrophy
Hypospadias
Omphalocele
Rectocele
Choanal atresia
Gastroschisis
Imperforate anus