All people with diabetes are at risk—those with Type I diabetes and those with Type II diabetes. The longer a person has had diabetes, the higher their risk of developing some ocular problem. Between 40 and 45 percent of Americans diagnosed with diabetes have some stage of<unk> . After 20 years of diabetes, nearly all patients with Type I diabetes and >60% of patients with Type II diabetes have some degree of retinopathy; however, these statistics were published in 2002 using data from four years earlier, limiting the usefulness of the research. The subjects would have been diagnosed with diabetes in the late 1970s, before modern fast-acting insulin and home glucose testing. Prior studies had also assumed a clear glycemic threshold between people at high and low risk of<unk> . Published rates vary between trials, the proposed explanation being differences in study methods and reporting of prevalence rather than incidence values. During pregnancy,<unk>  may also be a problem for women with diabetes. The US National Institutes of Health recommends that all pregnant women with diabetes have comprehensive eye examination. People with Down syndrome, who have extra chromosome 21 material, almost never acquire<unk> . This protection appears to be due to the elevated levels of endostatin, an anti-angiogenic protein, derived from collagen XVIII. The collagen XVIII gene is located on chromosome 21. Genetics also play a role in<unk> . Genetic predisposition to<unk>  in type 2 diabetes consists of many genetic variants across the genome that are collectively associated with<unk>  (polygenic risk) and overlaps with genetic risk for glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure.
Diabetic retinopathy
Autoimmune retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Radiation retinopathy
Photic retinopathy
Retinal vasculitis
Autoimmune optic neuropathy
Sickle cell retinopathy