Micrograph showing a fetal (placental) vein thrombosis, in a case of fetal thrombotic vasculopathy. This is associated with cerebral palsy and is suggestive of a hypercoagulable state as the underlying cause. Cerebral palsy is due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain. This damage can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood. Structural problems in the brain are seen in 80% of cases, most commonly within the white matter. More than three-quarters of cases are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy. Most children who are born with cerebral palsy have more than one risk factor associated with CP. While in certain cases there is no identifiable cause, typical causes include problems in intrauterine development (e.g. exposure to radiation, infection, fetal growth restriction), hypoxia of the brain (thrombotic events, placental insufficiency, umbilical cord prolapse), birth trauma during labor and delivery, and complications around birth or during childhood. In Africa birth asphyxia, high bilirubin levels, and infections in newborns of the central nervous system are main cause. Many cases of CP in Africa could be prevented with better resources available.<unk>  birth Between 40% and 50% of all children who develop cerebral palsy were born prematurely. Most of these cases (75-90%) are believed due to issues that occur around the time of birth, often just after birth. Multiple-birth infants are also more likely than single-birth infants to have CP. They are also more likely to be born with a low birth weight. In those who are born with a weight between 1 kg and 1.5 kg CP occurs in 6%. Among those born before 28 weeks of gestation it occurs in 8%. Genetic factors are believed to play an important role in prematurity and cerebral palsy generally. While in those who are born between 34 and 37 weeks the risk is 0.4% (three times normal). Term infants In babies that are born at term risk factors include problems with the placenta, birth defects, low birth weight, breathing meconium into the lungs, a delivery requiring either the use of instruments or an emergency Caesarean section, birth asphyxia, seizures just after birth, respiratory distress syndrome, low blood sugar, and infections in the baby. , it was unclear how much of a role birth asphyxia plays as a cause. It is unclear if the size of the placenta plays a role. it is evident that in advanced countries, most cases of cerebral palsy in term or near-term neonates have explanations other than asphyxia. Genetics Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. About 2% of all CP cases are expected to be inherited, with glutamate decarboxylase-1 being one of the possible enzymes involved. Most inherited cases are autosomal recessive. However the vast majority of CP cases are connected to the brain damages created during birth and in infancy. There is a small percentage of CP cases caused by brain damages that stemmed from the prenatal period, which is estimated to be less than 5% of CP cases overall. Due to that fact CP is not commonly considered a genetic disease. Moreover, there is no one reason why some CP cases come from prenatal brain damages and it's not known if are those cases have to occur per the genetic issues. Early childhood After birth, other causes include toxins, severe jaundice, lead poisoning, physical brain injury, stroke, abusive head trauma, incidents involving hypoxia to the brain (such as near drowning), and encephalitis or meningitis. Others Infections in the mother, even those not easily detected, can triple the risk of the child developing cerebral palsy. Infections of the fetal membranes known as chorioamnionitis increases the risk. Intrauterine and neonatal insults (many of which are infectious) increase the risk. Rh blood type incompatibility can cause the mother's immune system to attack the baby's red blood cells. It has been hypothesised that some cases of cerebral palsy are caused by the death in very early pregnancy of an identical twin.
complications of Preterm birth
treatment of Preterm birth
complications of Nuchal cord
medical cause of Stillbirth
complications of Mastitis
symptom of Stillbirth
complications of Pregnancy
symptoms of Birth defect