The<unk>  (DGA) provide nutritional advice for<unk>  who are healthy or who are at risk for chronic disease but do not currently have chronic disease. The<unk>  are published every five years by the US Department of Agriculture, together with the US Department of Health and Human Services. Notably, the most recent ninth edition for 2020–2025 includes<unk><unk>  for children from birth to 23 months. In addition to the<unk><unk>  per se, there additional tools for assessing diet and nutrition, including the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) which can be used to assess the quality of a given selection of foods in the context of the<unk><unk> . Also provided are additional explanations regarding customization of the<unk>  to individual eating preferences, application of the<unk>  during pregnancy and infancy, the USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review, information about the Nutrition Communicators Network and the MyPlate initiative, information from the National Academies about redesigning the process by which the<unk>  are created, and information about<unk><unk>  from other nations. The nominal purpose of the<unk>  is to help health professionals and policymakers to advise<unk>  about healthy choices for their diet; many critics have suggested that the chief purpose is instead to support the commercial interests of agribusiness and food manufacturers. For the expert panel that developed the new<unk> , 19 of the twenty panel members had conflicts of interest due to ties to the food or pharmaceutical industries with research funding or membership of an advisory/executive board accounting for more than 60% of the documented conflicts of interest. Multiple panel members had connections with one or more of Kellogg, Abbott, Kraft, Mead Johnson, General Mills, Dannon, and the International Life Sciences. In formulating the<unk><unk>  for 2020–2025, the US Federal government rejected the advice of the expert scientific panel that the<unk>  set new low targets for consumption of sugar and alcoholic beverages. Some experts have criticized the current<unk><unk>  for a lack of adherence to a rigorous, verified scientific methodology and inadequate efforts to increase transparency and manage bias as was recommended by two Congressionally-mandated reports issued by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) in 2017. It has been noted that the 2020 Report does not comply with the law, as it does not reflect the “preponderance of scientific and medical knowledge which is current at the time the report is prepared.” The current edition (2020-2025) gives four overarching<unk> : Follow a healthy<unk>  pattern throughout life; use nutrient-dense food and beverages to reflect personal preferences, cultural traditions, and budgetary considerations; meet<unk>  food group needs with nutrient-dense foods and beverages within calorie limits; and limit foods and beverages with higher added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium, and limit alcoholic beverages. In support of these four<unk> , the key recommendations are: avoid added sugars for infants and toddlers and limit added sugars to less than 10% of calories for those 2 years old and older; limit saturated fat to less than 10% of calories starting at age 2; limit sodium to less than 2,300 mg per day (or even less if younger than 14) and limit alcoholic beverages (if consumed) to 2 drinks or less daily for men and 1 drink or less a daily for women. Since the introduction of the<unk>  in 1980, many<unk>  have followed the recommendations in these<unk> , markedly increasing their consumption of carbohydrates. Since 1980, there has been a marked increase in obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 in the<unk> population.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Canada's Food Guide
Nutrition facts label
Glycemic index
Dietary fiber
Sports nutrition
Epidemiology of childhood obesity
Biomarkers of diabetes