Electrocardiogram (ECG) of a 64-year-old female with<unk>  bradycardia. Heart rate 49 bpm. Electrocardiogram The primary 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) finding in<unk>  is inappropriate<unk>  bradycardia.<unk>  can also present with sudden<unk>  arrest with or without junctional escape, sinoatrial block, prolonged asystolic period followed by tachycardias, or tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome presenting as various atrial arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, flutter, tachycardia, or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Clinical diagnosis Diagnosing<unk>  requires clinical symptoms as well as ECG abnormalities. If ECG findings cannot be identified, prolonged cardiac monitoring should be pursued either with a Holter monitor in an outpatient setting or telemetry while inpatient, due to the transient nature of abnormal ECG findings. If Holter or telemetry monitoring fails to identify ECG changes and suspicion of<unk>  remains high due to severe symptoms or episodes of syncope, implantable loop recorders should be considered for extended monitoring up to 24 months. Exercise stress tests can be utilized to identify intrinsic causes of<unk> . Tilt table tests can be used to discriminate bradycardia caused by<unk>  of the autonomic nervous system.
Sinus node dysfunction
Pacemaker crosstalk
Cardiac fibrosis
Primary tumors of the heart
Ventricular dyssynchrony
Coronary vasospasm
Ectopic pacemaker
Ventricular remodeling