<unk>  * Mechanism of action:<unk>  acts primarily as an agonist at the mu-opioid receptors, but is also a weak agonist against the delta opioid and kappa opioid receptors. * Absorption/distribution: The oral formulation can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and remain 20–50% bound to plasma proteins. The onset of analgesia is about 20 to 30 minutes with duration of 4 to 8 hours and t1/2 of 3 to 4 hours. * Metabolism/excretion: It is metabolized to norhydrocodone by cytochrome P450 3A4 and to hydromorphone, also biologically active, by cytochrome P450 2D6. For individuals who have a defect in the gene encoding CYP2D6, the clearance of the drug will be lower and less metabolite such as hydromorphone will be formed; however, the effect on analgesia remains unknown.<unk>  *Mechanism of action:<unk>  acts to inhibit COX enzyme, which is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins increase the perception of pain. Inhibition of prostaglandin production helps to alleviate pain. *Absorption/distribution: The half-life of oral<unk>  is 1.25 to 3 hours and peak level is reached by 10–60 minutes after ingestion. *Metabolism/excretion:<unk>  is metabolized primarily in the liver via glucuronidation and sulfation to mostly non-toxic metabolites and some highly reactive metabolites, which is inactivated by glutathione. 85% of the oral dose is excreted renally. At high doses, the supply of glutathione cannot meet its demand, thus results in the accumulation of highly reactive compounds leading to liver damage.
Hydrocodone/paracetamol
Oxycodone/ibuprofen
Hydrocodone/ibuprofen
Ibuprofen/paracetamol
Butalbital/acetaminophen
Celecoxib/tramadol
Naproxen/diphenhydramine
Phenylephrine/ketorolac