Physiologic<unk> , common in males 10 years of age and younger, is normal, and does not require intervention. Non-retractile foreskin usually becomes retractable during the course of puberty. If<unk>  in older children or adults is not causing acute and severe problems, nonsurgical measures may be effective. Choice of treatment is often determined by whether circumcision is viewed as an option of last resort or as the preferred course. Nonsurgical * Patients are advised to stop exacerbating masturbation techniques and are encouraged to masturbate by moving the foreskin up and down so as to mimic more closely the action of sexual intercourse. After giving this advice Beaugé noted not once did he have to recommend circumcision. * Topical steroid creams such as betamethasone, mometasone furoate and cortisone are effective in treating<unk>  and should be considered before circumcision. It is theorized that the steroids work by reducing the body's inflammatory and immune responses, and also by thinning the skin. * Gently stretching of the foreskin can be accomplished manually. Skin that is under tension expands by growing additional cells. There are different ways to stretch the<unk> . If the opening of the foreskin is already large enough, the foreskin is rolled over two fingers and these are carefully pulled apart. If the opening is still too small, flesh tunnels can be used. These are inserted into the foreskin opening and should preferably be made of silicone so that they can be folded when inserted and so that they do not interfere when worn. The diameter is gradually increased until the foreskin can be retracted without difficulty. Even<unk>  with a diameter of less than a millimetre can be stretched with these rings. Rings in different sizes are also available as stretching sets. Studies involving treating<unk>  using topical steroids in conjunction with stretching exercises have reported success rates of up to 96%. However, other sources claim "wildly variable reported failure rates (5 – 33 %) and lack of follow-up to adulthood." File:Stretching of foreskin to cure<unk> .Stretching the foreskin opening with two fingers File:Stretching of foreskin to cure<unk>  using silicon ear plugs.Stretching the foreskin opening with flesh tunnel of different diameters Surgical Preputioplasty:Fig 1. Penis with tight phimotic ring making it difficult to retract the foreskin.Fig 2. Foreskin retracted under anaesthetic with the phimotic ring or stenosis constricting the shaft of the penis and creating a "waist".Fig 3. Incision closed laterally.Fig 4. Penis with the loosened foreskin replaced over the glans. Surgical methods range from the complete removal of the foreskin to more minor operations to relieve foreskin tightness: * Dorsal slit (superincision) is a single incision along the upper length of the foreskin from the tip to the corona, exposing the glans without removing any tissue. * Ventral slit (subincision) is an incision along the lower length of the foreskin from the tip of the frenulum to the base of the glans, removing the frenulum in the process. Often used when frenulum breve occurs alongside the<unk> . * Preputioplasty, in which a limited dorsal slit with transverse closure is made along the constricting band of skin, can be an effective alternative to circumcision. It has the advantage of only limited pain and a short healing duration relative to circumcision, while also avoiding cosmetic effects. * Circumcision is sometimes performed for<unk> , and is an effective treatment; however, this method has become less common as of 2012. While circumcision prevents<unk> , studies of the incidence of healthy infants circumcised for each prevented case of<unk>  are inconsistent.
Phimosis
Lymphedema
Hypertrichosis
Hair tourniquet
Lipedema
Schooliosis
Acanthosis nigricans
Green nails