Keratoplasty Keratoplasty also known as corneal transplantation is the main treatment option for visual improvement in<unk> . In this, the opaque cornea is replaced with donor tissue. Depending on type and density of<unk>  different types of keratoplasty may be used such as: * Penetrating keratoplasty: It is the traditional full thickness corneal transplant procedure, in which trephine (a circular cutting device) is used to cut opaque cornea, a similar-sized portion of the donor cornea is removed with a second trephine. The removed part of donor cornea is known as corneal button. The donor tissue is then sutured to the patient eye. Dense<unk>  which occupies all the corneal layers may be treated with penetrating keratoplasty. * Superficial lamellar keratoplasty: Superficial lamellar keratoplasty is used to treat superficial<unk> es, which occupies superficial one third part of stroma. In this technique, the opaque part of the cornea is removed and replaced with donor tissue, leaving healthy part of the cornea including deeper parts of stroma and endothelium. * Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty: DALK may be considered in deep<unk> es with normal endothelium and descemet's membrane. In this procedure, the anterior layers of cornea are removed and replaced with donor tissue, leaving the endothelial layer and the descemet's membrane in place. Optical iridectomy Optical iridectomy creates a clear entrance pupil, improving vision in patients with segmental<unk> es. An area of clear peripheral cornea can produce retinal images compatible with good visual acuity. Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) Excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) is useful in superficial (nebular)<unk> es. Tattooing of scar Keratopigmentation or corneal tattooing is a procedure used for centuries to improve the cosmetic appearance of corneal scars. Tattooing will not improve vision. For tattooing procedure Indian black ink, gold or platinum may be used. Techniques * Staining method: In this technique, tattoo ink is directly applied to anterior surface of cornea. Benefits of this procedure include fast procedure with uniform dye application. Risk of fading is a main drawback. * Femtosecond laser-assisted corneal tattooing: Femtosecond laser-assisted corneal tattooing is a new corneal tattooing technique, with many benefits. Keratoprosthesis Keratoprosthesis is a surgical procedure where damaged or opaque cornea is replaced with an artificial cornea. Artificial corneas currently in commercial use include Boston keratoprosthesis, Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis (OOKP), AlphaCor, KeraKlear Artificial Cornea etc.
Corneal opacity
Cryptophthalmos
Enophthalmos
Conjunctival concretion
Macular corneal dystrophy
Exophthalmos
Enophthalmia
Xerophthalmia