A<unk>  is an opaque disk with one or more small holes through it, used by ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists to test visual acuity. The<unk>  is a simple way to focus light, as in a<unk>  camera, temporarily removing the effects of refractive errors such as myopia. Because light passes only through the center of the eye's lens, defects in the shape of the lens (errors of refraction) have no effect while the<unk>  is used. In this way, the ophthalmologist, orthoptist or optometrist can estimate the maximum improvement in a patient's vision that can be attained by lenses to correct errors of refraction. This can be used to distinguish visual defects caused by refractive error, which improve when the<unk>  is used, from other problems, which do not. The<unk>  can also be used in testing visual acuity in mydriatic patients. In this case the<unk>  compensates for the inability to contract the iris assisting the eye in obtaining a retinal projection similar to that of a non-cycloplegic eye. Squinting and looking through a tiny hole made with a finger works similarly to a<unk> , by blocking light through the outer parts of the eye's lens. An improvised<unk>  has a similar but better effect. The same principle has also been applied as an alternative to corrective lenses: a screen of<unk> s is mounted on an eyeglass frame and worn as<unk>  glasses. Differential diagnosis: * *<unk>  worsen vision: Macular diseases, central lens opacities * Vision static with<unk> : Amblyopia
Pinhole occluder
Pulmonary artery banding
Bag valve mask
Bentall procedure
Mitrofanoff procedure
Balloon sinuplasty
Blalock–Taussig shunt
Aortopulmonary window