Diminished sensitivity, associated with diabetes risk Although many factors influence insulin secretion, the most important control is the amount of glucose moving from the blood into the beta cells of the pancreas. In healthy people, even small rises in blood glucose result in increased insulin secretion. As long as the pancreatic beta cells are able to sense the glucose level and produce insulin, the amount of insulin secreted is usually the amount required to maintain a fasting blood glucose between 70 and 100 mg/dL (3.9–5.6 mmol/L) and a non-fasting glucose level below 140 mg/dL (<7.8 mmol/L). When liver cells and other cells that remove glucose from the blood become less sensitive (more resistant) to the insulin, the pancreas increases secretion and the level of insulin in the blood rises. This increased secretion can compensate for reduced sensitivity for many years, with maintenance of normal glucose levels. However, if insulin resistance worsens or insulin secretion ability declines, the glucose levels will begin to rise. Persistent elevation of glucose levels is termed diabetes mellitus. Typical fasting insulin levels found in this type of<unk>  are above 20 μU/mL. When resistance is severe, levels can exceed 100 μU/mL. In addition to being a risk factor for type 2 diabetes,<unk>  due to insulin resistance may increase blood pressure and contribute to hypertension by direct action on vascular endothelial cells (the cells lining blood vessels).<unk>  has also been implicated as a contributing factor in the excessive production of androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome. The principal treatments of<unk>  due to insulin resistance are measures that improve insulin sensitivity, such as weight loss, physical exercise, and drugs such as thiazolidinediones or metformin. Inappropriate secretion, associated with hypoglycemia<unk>  may also refer to forms of hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin secretion. In normal children and adults, insulin secretion should be minimal when blood glucose levels fall below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mM). There are many forms of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia caused by various types of insulin excess. Some of those that occur in infants and young children are termed congenital<unk> . In adults, severe hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is often due to an insulinoma, an insulin-secreting tumor of the pancreas. Insulin levels above 3 μU/mL are inappropriate when the glucose level is below 50 mg/dL (2.8 mM), and may indicate<unk>  as the cause of the hypoglycemia. The treatment of this form of<unk>  depends on the cause and the severity of the<unk> , and may include surgical removal of the source of insulin, or a drug such as diazoxide or octreotide that reduces insulin secretion. That spontaneous<unk>  might be a cause of symptomatic hypoglycemia was first proposed by Seale Harris, MD, 1924, in Journal of the American Medical Association. Dr. Seale Harris first diagnosed<unk>  in 1924 and also is credited with the recognition of spontaneous hypoglycemia.
Hyperinsulinism
Hyperproinsulinemia
Idiopathic hypoglycemia
Reactive hypoglycemia
Alpha cell hyperplasia
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia
Hyperinsulinemia
Insulin resistance