In order to qualify a patient's condition as BSS, the bending angle must be greater than 45 degrees. While the presence of the condition is very easy to note, the cause of the condition is much more difficult to discern. Conditions not considered to be BSS include vertebral fractures, previously existing conditions, and ankylosing spondylitis. Lower-back CT scans and MRIs can typically be used to visualize the cause of the disease. Further identification of the cause can be done by histochemical or cellular analysis of muscle biopsy. Spinal-muscle biopsy showing intense endomysial deposit of 220x220px<unk>  is becoming progressively found in patients with Parkinson's disease. The diagnosis of Parkinson's-associated<unk>  includes the use of imaging of the brain and the spinal cord, along with electromyography or muscle biopsies. Muscle biopsies are also a useful tool to diagnose<unk> . Muscle biopsies found to have variable muscle fiber sizes and even endomysial fibrosis may be markers of bent spine syndrome. In addition, disorganized internal architecture and little necrosis or regeneration is a marker of<unk> . Patients with<unk>  present with reduced strength and stooped posture when standing due to weakened paraspinous muscles (muscles parallel to the spine). Clinically, limb muscles show fatigue with repetitive movements. Paraspinous muscles undergo fat infiltration. Electromyography may be used as well in diagnosis. On average, the paraspinous muscles of affected individuals were found to be 75% myopathic, while limb muscles were 50% percent myopathic. Creatine kinase activity levels in skeletal muscle are a diagnostic indicator that can be identifiable through blood tests.
Camptocormia
Boswellia
Antihecticum poterii
Vitellaria
Rhinophyma
Gongylonema pulchrum
Echinostoma
Pseudophyllidea