<unk>  symbol<unk>  is a movement based on the view that<unk> c treatment is often more damaging than helpful to patients, highlighting controversies about<unk> . Objections may include concerns about the effectiveness and potential harm of treatments such as electroconvulsive treatment or insulin shock therapy. Beyond concerns about effectiveness,<unk>  might question the philosophical and ethical underpinnings of psychotherapy and psychoactive medication, seeing them as shaped by social and political concerns rather than the autonomy and integrity of the individual mind. They may believe that "judgements on matters of sanity should be the prerogative of the philosophical mind", and that the mind should not be a medical concern. Some activists reject the<unk> c notion of mental illness.<unk>  considers<unk>  a coercive instrument of oppression due to an unequal power relationship between doctor and patient, and a highly subjective diagnostic process. Wrongful involuntary commitment is an important issue in the movement. The decentralized movement has been active in various forms for two centuries. In the 1960s, there were many challenges to psychoanalysis and mainstream<unk> , where the very basis of<unk> c practice was characterized as repressive and controlling.<unk> sts identified with the movement included Thomas Szasz, Timothy Leary, Giorgio Antonucci, R. D. Laing, Franco Basaglia, Theodore Lidz, Silvano Arieti, and David Cooper. Others involved were L. Ron Hubbard, Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Erving Goffman. Cooper coined the term<unk> " in 1967, and wrote the book<unk>  and<unk>  in 1971. Thomas Szasz introduced the definition of mental illness as a myth in the book The Myth of Mental Illness (1961), Giorgio Antonucci introduced the definition of<unk>  as a prejudice in the book I pregiudizi e la conoscenza critica alla psichiatria (1986). The movement continues to influence thinking about<unk>  and psychology, both within and outside of those fields, particularly in terms of the relationship between providers of treatment and those receiving it. Contemporary issues include freedom versus coercion, nature versus nurture, and the right to be different.
Anti-psychiatry
Addiction medicine
Antimanic drugs
Sleep medicine
Anthroposophic medicine
Heroic medicine
Kinaesthetics
Topological drugs