Figure 1: Example sleep patterns. Top row depicts a typical sleep pattern (9 h), middle two rows show 1 day of early and late partial sleep deprivation (4 h) and bottom row shows 1 day of total sleep deprivation (0 h night 1). Each box represents 1 hour. Boxes without color indicate periods of<unk> fulness.<unk> , a specific application of intentional sleep deprivation, encompasses many sleep-restricting paradigms that aim to address mood disorders with a form of non-pharmacological therapy.<unk>  was first popularized in 1966 and 1971 following articles by Schulte and by Pflug and Tölle describing striking symptom relief in individuals who had depression after 1 night of total sleep deprivation.<unk>  can involve partial sleep deprivation, which usually consists of restricting sleep to 4-6 hours, or total sleep deprivation, in which an individual stays up for more than 24 consecutive hours. During total sleep deprivation, an individual typically stays up about 36 hours, spanning a normal awakening time until the evening after the deprivation. It can also involve shifting the sleep schedule to be later or earlier than a typical schedule (eg. going to bed at 5 am), which is called Sleep Phase Advancement. Older studies involved the repetition of sleep deprivation in the treatment of depression, either until the person showed a response to the treatment or until the person had reached a threshold for the possible number of sleep deprivation treatments. Chronic sleep deprivation is dangerous and in modern research studies it is no longer common to repeat sleep deprivation treatments close together in time. Figure 2: Electroencephalography cap. A 64 channel EEG cap is shown here on a melon as a model. This type of cap is used to measure scalp electrical signal during many EEG studies of sleep. Recent closed-loop paradigms have been developed to selectively deprive individuals of some stages -- but not others--of sleep. During slow-wave sleep deprivation, researchers monitor the electrical activity on an individuals' scalp with electroencepholagram (EEG) in real-time, and use sensory stimulation (eg. playing a noise such as a burst of pink noise) to disrupt that stage of sleep (eg. to interfere with slow waves during non-rapid eye movement sleep) The goal of these paradigms is to investigate how the deprivation of one type of sleep stage, or sleep microarchitecture, affects outcome measures, rather than the deprivation of all sleep stages. One drawback of closed loop sleep deprivation paradigms is that they must be carefully calibrated for each individual. If researchers use auditory stimuli to inhibit slow waves, they must calibrate the volume of the stimulus so that it is loud enough to evoke a sensory response, but quiet enough that it does not<unk>  the patient from sleep. There is some evidence that depriving individuals of slow wave sleep can induce a rapid antidepressant effect in a dose-dependent manner, meaning a greater reduction in slow wave activity relative to baseline is expected to induce greater symptom relief.
Wake therapy
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