Gram stain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae showing characteristic diplococci morphology Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacterium that causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, has developed antibiotic<unk>  to many antibiotics. The bacteria was first identified in 1879. In the 1940s effective treatment with penicillin became available, but by the 1970s resistant strains predominated.<unk>  to penicillin has developed through two mechanisms: chromosomally mediated<unk>  (CMRNG) and penicillinase-mediated<unk>  (PPNG). CMRNG involves step wise mutation of penA, which codes for the penicillin-binding protein (PBP-2); mtr, which encodes an efflux pump that removes penicillin from the cell; and penB, which encodes the bacterial cell wall porins. PPNG involves the acquisition of a plasmid-borne beta-lactamase. N. gonorrheoea has a high affinity for horizontal gene transfer, and as a result, the existence of any strain resistant to a given drug could spread easily across strains. Fluoroquinolones were a useful next-line treatment until<unk>  was achieved through efflux pumps and mutations to the gyrA gene, which encodes DNA gyrase. Third-generation cephalosporins have been used to treat gonorrhoea since 2007, but resistant strains have emerged. As of 2010, the recommended treatment is a single 250 mg intramuscular injection of ceftriaxone, sometimes in combination with azithromycin or doxycycline. However, certain strains of N. gonorrhoeae can be resistant to antibiotics usually that are normally used to treat it. These include: cefixime (an oral cephalosporin), ceftriaxone (an injectable cephalosporin), azithromycin, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline.
Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea
Rhinorrhea
Leukorrhea
Side effects of penicillin
Antibiotic use in livestock
Risk factors for tuberculosis
complications of Gonorrhea
Vaginal yeast infection