Mechanical ventilator Treatment of the underlying cause is required, if possible. The treatment of acute<unk>  may involve medication such as bronchodilators (for airways disease), antibiotics (for infections), glucocorticoids (for numerous causes), diuretics (for pulmonary oedema), amongst others.<unk>  resulting from an overdose of opioids may be treated with the antidote naloxone. In contrast, most benzodiazepine overdose does not benefit from its antidote, flumazenil.<unk>  therapy/respiratory physiotherapy may be beneficial in some cases of<unk> . Type 1<unk>  may require oxygen therapy to achieve adequate oxygen saturation. Lack of oxygen response may indicate other modalities such as heated humidified high-flow therapy, continuous positive airway pressure or (if severe) endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. . Type 2<unk>  often requires non-invasive ventilation (NIV) unless medical therapy can improve the situation. Mechanical ventilation is sometimes indicated immediately or otherwise if NIV fails.<unk>  stimulants such as doxapram are now rarely used. There is tentative evidence that in those with<unk>  identified before arrival in hospital, continuous positive airway pressure can be helpful when started before conveying to hospital.
Respiratory failure
Respiratory compromise
Pulmonary toxicity
Liver failure
Sleep paralysis
Pulmonary insufficiency
Neurotoxicity
Sedation