<unk> tion consists of signal collection and transduction A<unk>  is a biological system used by an organism for<unk> tion, the process of gathering information about the world and responding to stimuli. (For example, in the human body, the brain receives signals from the<unk> s, which continuously receive information from the environment, interprets these signals, and causes the body to respond, either chemically or physically.) Although traditionally around five human<unk> s were known (namely sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing), it is now recognized that there are many more.<unk> s used by other non-human organisms are even greater in variety and number. During<unk> tion,<unk>  organs collect various stimuli (such as a sound or smell) for transduction, meaning transformation into a form that can be understood by the brain.<unk> tion and perception are fundamental to nearly every aspect of an organism's cognition, behavior and thought. In organisms, a<unk> ry organ consists of a group of interrelated<unk> ry cells that respond to a specific type of physical stimulus. Via cranial and spinal nerves (nerves of the Central and Peripheral nervous systems that relay<unk> ry information to and from the brain and body), the different types of<unk> ry receptor cells (such as mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors) in<unk> ry organs transduct<unk> ry information from these organs towards the central nervous system, finally arriving at the<unk> ry cortices in the brain, where<unk> ry signals are processed and interpreted (perceived).<unk> ry systems, or<unk> s, are often divided into external (exteroception) and internal (interoception)<unk> ry systems. Human external<unk> s are based on the<unk> ry organs of the eyes, ears, skin, nose, and mouth. Internal<unk> tion detects stimuli from internal organs and tissues. Internal<unk> s possessed by humans include the vestibular system<unk>  of balance)<unk> d by the inner ear, as well as others such as spatial orientation, proprioception (body position) and nociception (pain). Further internal<unk> s lead to signals such as hunger, thirst, suffocation, and nausea, or different involuntary behaviors, such as vomiting. Some animals are able to detect electrical and magnetic fields, air moisture, or polarized light, while others<unk>  and perceive through alternative systems, such as echolocation.<unk> ry modalities or sub modalities are different ways<unk> ry information is encoded or transduced. Multimodality integrates different<unk> s into one unified perceptual experience. For example, information from one<unk>  has the potential to influence how information from another is perceived.<unk> tion and perception are studied by a variety of related fields, most notably psychophysics, neurobiology, cognitive psychology, and cognitive science.
Sense
Proximate
Mange
Grief
Antidromic
Form constant
Highmark
Modic changes