<unk>  develops with regular use of<unk> s. This in turn may lead to a need for increasing doses of the drug to get the original desired pharmacological or therapeutic effect.<unk>  use can lead to both addiction and physical<unk> , and as such they have a high potential for excess or non-medical use, however, it does not affect all users. Management of<unk>  involves considering the affected person's age, comorbidity and the pharmacological pathways of<unk> s. Psychological addiction to<unk> s can develop quickly. The patients will then have a strong desire to take any<unk> -like drug. The chronic use of<unk> s leads to moderate degradation of the personality with narrowing of interests, passivity and loss of volition. The somatic signs include hypomimia, problems articulating, weakening of reflexes, and ataxia. The GABAA receptor, one of<unk> s' main sites of action, is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of tolerance to and<unk>  on<unk> s, as well as the euphoric "high" that results from their use. The mechanism by which<unk>  tolerance develops is believed to be different from that of ethanol or benzodiazepines, even though these drugs have been shown to exhibit cross-tolerance with each other and poly drug administration of<unk> s and alcohol used to be common. The management of a physical<unk>  on<unk> s is stabilisation on the long-acting<unk>  phenobarbital followed by a gradual titration down of dose. People who use<unk> s tend to prefer rapid-acting<unk> s (amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital) rather than long-acting<unk> s (barbital, phenobarbital). The slowly eliminated phenobarbital lessens the severity of the withdrawal syndrome and reduces the chances of serious<unk>  withdrawal effects such as seizures. A cold turkey withdrawal can in some cases lead to death. Antipsychotics are not recommended for<unk>  withdrawal (or other CNS depressant withdrawal states) especially clozapine, olanzapine or low potency phenothiazines e.g. chlorpromazine as they lower the seizure threshold and can worsen withdrawal effects; if used extreme caution is required. The withdrawal symptoms after ending<unk>  consumption are quite severe and last from 4 to 7 days.
Barbiturate dependence
Caffeine dependence
Piquerism
Sundowning
Snatiation
Sleep paralysis
Presbyphagia
Alcohol tolerance