Limitation of availability Limiting the availability of<unk>  tablets has been attempted in some countries. In the UK, sales of over-the-counter<unk>  are restricted to packs of 32 x 500 mg tablets in pharmacies, and 16 x 500 mg tablets in non-pharmacy outlets. Pharmacists may provide up to 100 tablets for those with chronic conditions at the pharmacist's discretion. In Ireland, the limits are 24 and 12 tablets, respectively. Subsequent study suggests that the reduced availability in large numbers had a significant effect in reducing poisoning deaths from<unk>  overdose. One suggested method of prevention is to make<unk>  a prescription-only medicine, or to remove it entirely from the market. However, overdose is a relatively minor problem; for example, 0.08% of the UK population (over 50 thousand people) present with<unk>  overdose each year. In contrast,<unk>  is a safe and effective medication that is taken without complications by millions of people. In addition, alternative pain relief medications such as aspirin are more toxic in overdose, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with more adverse effects following normal use. Combination with other agents One strategy for reducing harm done by acetaminophen overdoses is selling<unk>  pre-combined in tablets either with an emetic or an antidote. Paradote was a tablet sold in the UK which combined 500 mg<unk>  with 100 mg methionine, an amino acid formerly used in the treatment of<unk>  overdose. There have been no studies so far on the effectiveness of<unk>  when given in combination with its most commonly used antidote, acetylcysteine. Calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D3, appears to be a catalyst for glutathione production. Calcitriol was found to increase glutathione levels in rat astrocyte primary cultures on average by 42%, increasing glutathione protein concentrations from 29 nmol/mg to 41 nmol/mg, 24 and 48 hours after administration; it continued to have an influence on glutathione levels 96 hours after administration. It has been proposed that co-administration of calcitriol, via injection, may improve treatment outcomes.<unk>  replacements<unk>  ester prodrug with L-pyroglutamic acid (PCA), a biosynthetic precursor of glutathione, has been synthesized to reduce<unk>  hepatotoxicity and improve bioavailability. The toxicological studies of different<unk>  esters show that L-5-oxo-pyrrolidine-2-paracetamol carboxylate reduces toxicity after administration of an overdose of<unk>  to mice. The liver glutathione values in mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of the ester are superimposable with the GSH levels recorded in untreated mice control group. The mice group treated with an equivalent dose of<unk>  showed a significative decrease of glutathione of 35% (p<0.01 vs untreated control group). The oral LD50 was found to be greater than 2000 mg kg-1, whereas the intraperitoneal LD50 was 1900 mg kg-1. These results taken together with the good hydrolysis and bioavailability data show that this ester is a potential candidate as a prodrug of<unk> .
Paracetamol poisoning
Alcoholism
Carbamate poisoning
Viral hepatitis
Salicylate poisoning
Gastroenteritis
Cyanide poisoning
Secondary poisoning