Although<unk> 's development is unclear, several risk factors have been identified. Trauma and bullying Versus the general population, persons manifesting<unk>  are more likely to have experienced or observed traumatic events like sexual assault or domestic violence, or to have sustained adolescent bullying and ridicule for actual or perceived deficiencies such as smallness, weakness, poor athleticism, or intellectual inferiority. Increased body mass may seem to reduce the threat of further mistreatment. Sociopsychological traits Low self-esteem is associated with higher levels of body dissatisfaction and of<unk> . Increased body size or muscularity may seem to enhance the masculine identity. Media exposure As Western media emphasize physical attractiveness, some marketing campaigns now exploit male body-image insecurities. Over the past 20 years, the number of fitness magazines and of partially undressed, muscular men in advertisements have increased. Such media provoke bodily comparisons and pressure individuals to conform, yet increase the gap between men's perceptions of their own muscularity versus their desired muscularity. In college-aged men, a strong predictor of a muscularity quest is internalization of the idealized male bodies depicted in media. Athletic participation Athletes tend to share some psychological factors that may predispose to<unk> , factors including high levels of competitiveness, need for control, and perfectionism, and athletes tend to be more critical of their own bodies and body weight. Athletes who also fail to their sports performance goals may escalate efforts to modify their builds, efforts that overlap those of<unk> . Involvement in sports where size, strength, or weight, whether higher or lower, imply competitive advantage associates with<unk> . Athletic ideals reinforce the social ideal of muscularity. Conversely, those already disposed to<unk>  may be more likely to participate in such sports.
Muscle dysmorphia
Macroglossia
Lipoatrophy
Macrodontia 
Hypergraphia
Clitoromegaly
Trichomegaly
Hemifacial hypertrophy