Morning sickness Although the pathophysiology of<unk>  is poorly understood, the most commonly accepted theory suggests that levels of β-hCG are associated with it. Leptin, a hormone that inhibits hunger, may also play a role. Possible pathophysiological processes involved are summarized in the following table: Source Cause Pathophysiology Placenta β-hCG * Distention of the gastrointestinal tract * Crossover with TSH, causing gestational thyrotoxicosis * Placenta * Corpus luteum * Estrogen * Progesterone * Decreased gut mobility * Elevated liver enzymes * Decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure * Increased levels of sex steroids in hepatic portal system Gastrointestinal tract Helicobacter pylori Increased steroid levels in circulation
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Hyperthyroidism
Postpartum blues
Urinary tract infection
Placenta praevia
Morning sickness  Morning sickness  1
Eclampsia
Puppy pregnancy syndrome