Explaining the causes of<unk> s continues to be challenging and several theories have been developed. One is the genetic or biological theory, which states that close relatives of people with<unk> al disorder are at increased risk of<unk> al traits. Another theory is the dysfunctional cognitive processing, which states that<unk> s may arise from distorted ways people have of explaining life to themselves. A third theory is called motivated or defensive<unk> s. This one states that some of those persons who are predisposed might suffer the onset of<unk> al disorder in those moments when coping with life and maintaining high self-esteem becomes a significant challenge. In this case, the person views others as the cause of their personal difficulties in order to preserve a positive self-view. This condition is more common among people who have poor hearing or sight. Also, ongoing stressors have been associated with a higher possibility of developing<unk> s. Examples of such stressors are immigration, low socioeconomic status, and even possibly the accumulation of smaller daily hassles. Specific<unk> s The top two factors mainly concerned in the germination of<unk> s are disorder of brain functioning and background influences of temperament and personality. Higher levels of dopamine qualify as a symptom of disorders of brain function. That they are needed to sustain certain<unk> s was examined by a preliminary study on<unk> al disorder (a psychotic syndrome) instigated to clarify if schizophrenia had a dopamine psychosis. There were positive results -<unk> s of jealousy and persecution had different levels of dopamine metabolite HVA and homovanillyl alcohol (which may have been genetic). These can be only regarded as tentative results; the study called for future research with a larger population. It is simplistic to say that a certain measure of dopamine will bring about a specific<unk> . Studies show age and gender to be influential and it is most likely that HVA levels change during the life course of some syndromes. On the influence of personality, it has been said: "Jaspers considered there is a subtle change in personality due to the illness itself; and this creates the condition for the development of the<unk> al atmosphere in which the<unk> al intuition arises." Cultural factors have "a decisive influence in shaping<unk> s". For example,<unk> s of guilt and punishment are frequent in a Western, Christian country like Austria, but not in Pakistan, where it is more likely persecution. Similarly, in a series of case studies,<unk> s of guilt and punishment were found in Austrian patients with Parkinson's being treated with l-dopa, a dopamine agonist.
Delusion
Distress 
Morbid love
Perseveration
Obsessive love
Automatism 
Mindfulness
Intrusive thought