Seneb, court official and priest for the Ancient Egyptian rulers Khufu and Djedefre, with his wife Senetites and their children<unk>  can result from many medical conditions, each with its own separate symptoms and causes. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause, such as growth-hormone deficiency, once called pituitary<unk> . Achondroplasia is responsible for the majority of human<unk>  cases, followed by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and diastrophic dysplasia. Achondroplasia The most recognizable and most common form of<unk>  in humans is achondroplasia, which accounts for 70% of<unk>  cases, and occurs in 4 to 15 out of 100,000 live births. It produces rhizomelic short limbs, increased spinal curvature, and distortion of skull growth. In achondroplasia the body's limbs are proportionately shorter than the trunk (abdominal area), with a larger head than average and characteristic facial features. Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by the presence of an altered allele in the genome. If a pair of achondroplasia alleles are present, the result is fatal. Achondroplasia is a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. In the context of achondroplasia, this mutation causes FGFR3 to become constitutively active, inhibiting bone growth. Growth hormone deficiency Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical condition in which the body produces insufficient growth hormone. Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is a polypeptide hormone which stimulates growth and cell reproduction. If this hormone is lacking, stunted or even halted growth may become apparent. Children with this disorder may grow slowly and puberty may be delayed by several years or indefinitely. Growth hormone deficiency has no single definite cause. It can be caused by mutations of specific genes, damage to the pituitary gland, Turner's syndrome, poor nutrition, or even stress (leading to psychogenic<unk> . Laron syndrome (growth hormone insensitivity) is another cause. Those with growth hormone issues tend to be proportionate. Metatropic Dysplasia Metatropic means "changing form" and refers to this form of skeletal dysplasia as there is an abnormality in the growth plates. Skeletal changes continue over time and may need surgical intervention to help protect the lungs. Symptoms starting at birth may be mild or can be fatal. There are recognizable features in individuals with this genetic disorder. Some are short stature, narrow chest, " facial features such as a prominent forehead, underdevelopment of the upper jaw, cheekbones and eye sockets (midface hypoplasia), and a squared-off jaw." It is considered a more severe skeletal dysplasia, but is very rare, with the exact number of those affected unknown. Prognosis is largely on a case by case basis depending on the severity, and life expectancy may not be impacted unless there are respiratory complications. Other Other causes of<unk>  are spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, diastrophic dysplasia, pseudoachondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, Noonan syndrome, primordial<unk> , Cockayne syndrome, Kniest dysplasia, Turner syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), and hypothyroidism. Severe shortness with skeletal distortion also occurs in several of the Mucopolysaccharidoses and other storage disorders. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may cause proportionate, yet temporary,<unk> . NPR2 disproportionate<unk>  was discovered recently and is caused by a mutant gene. Serious chronic illnesses may produce<unk>  as a side effect. Harsh environmental conditions, such as malnutrition, may also produce<unk> . These types of<unk>  are indirect consequences of the generally unhealthy or malnourished condition of the individual, and not of any specific disease. The<unk>  often takes the form of simple short stature, without any deformities, thus leading to proportionate<unk> . In societies where poor nutrition is widespread, the average height of the population may be reduced below its genetic potential by the lack of proper nutrition. Sometimes there is no definitive cause of short stature.
Dwarfism
Primordial dwarfism
Brachyphalangy
Parastremmatic dwarfism
Micrognathism
Renal hypoplasia
Iniencephaly
Renal agenesis