The specific causes of<unk>  are generally divided into those with low tonicity (lower than normal concentration of solutes), without low tonicity, and falsely low sodiums. Those with low tonicity are then grouped by whether the person has high fluid volume, normal fluid volume, or low fluid volume. Too little sodium in the diet alone is very rarely the cause of<unk> . High volume Both sodium and water content increase: Increase in sodium content leads to hypervolemia and water content to<unk> . * Cirrhosis of the liver * Congestive heart failure * Nephrotic syndrome in the kidneys * Excessive drinking of fluids Normal volume There is volume expansion in the body, no edema, but<unk>  occurs * SIADH (and its many causes) * Hypothyroidism * Not enough ACTH * Beer potomania * Normal physiologic change of pregnancy * Reset osmostat Low volume Hypovolemia (extracellular volume loss) is due to total body sodium loss.<unk>  is caused by a relatively smaller loss in total body water. * Any cause of hypovolemia such as prolonged vomiting, decreased oral intake, severe diarrhea * Diuretic use (due to the diuretic causing a volume depleted state and thence ADH release, and not a direct result of diuretic-induced urine sodium loss) * Addison's disease and congenital adrenal hyperplasia in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones (combined glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency) *Pancreatitis * Prolonged exercise and sweating, combined with drinking water without electrolytes is the cause of exercise-associated<unk>  (EAH). It is common in marathon runners and participants of other endurance events. * The use of MDMA (ecstasy) can result in<unk> . Medication Antipsychotics have been reported to cause<unk>  in a review of medical articles from 1946 to 2016. Available evidence suggests that all classes of psychotropics, i.e., antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and sedative/hypnotics can lead to<unk> . Age is a significant factor for drug induced<unk> . Other causes Miscellaneous causes that are not included under the above classification scheme include the following: * False<unk>  (due to massive increases in blood triglyceride levels or extreme elevation of immunoglobulins as may occur in multiple myeloma) *<unk>  with elevated tonicity can occur with high blood sugar.
Hyponatremia
Hyperproteinemia
Hypernatremia
Hyperglycemia
Alkalosis
Hyperlipidemia
Hypotonic hyponatremia
Hepatic encephalopathy