<unk> s, often referred to as neural implants, are technological devices that connect directly to a biological subject's<unk>  – usually placed on the surface of the<unk> , or attached to the<unk> 's cortex. A common purpose of modern<unk> s and the focus of much current research is establishing a biomedical prosthesis circumventing areas in the<unk>  that have become dysfunctional after a stroke or other head injuries. This includes sensory substitution, e.g., in vision. Other<unk> s are used in animal experiments simply to record<unk>  activity for scientific reasons. Some<unk> s involve creating interfaces between neural systems and computer chips. This work is part of a wider research field called<unk> –computer interfaces.<unk> –computer interface research also includes technology such as EEG arrays that allow interface between mind and machine but do not require direct implantation of a device.) Neural implants such as deep<unk>  stimulation and Vagus nerve stimulation are increasingly becoming routine for patients with Parkinson's disease and clinical depression, respectively.
Brain implant
Cochlear implant
Epilepsy surgery
Craniofacial surgery
Dental implant
Strabismus surgery
Craniofacial prosthesis
Middle ear implant