Schematic diagram illustrating the pathogenic links that lead to<unk> . CIS = carcinoma in situ; GC = Germ CellThe<unk>  hypothesis proposes that<unk>  dysgenesis, which has various primary causes, can lead to abnormalities in Sertoli and/or Leydig cell function. This leads to both impaired germ cell development and hormonal changes during male sexual differentiation. For instance, insufficient production of testosterone can result in incomplete masculinisation, whilst reduced expression of insulin-like factor 3 can lead to incomplete testes descent. The downstream disorders of such abnormalities can include both genital malformations (e.g. hypospadias and cryptorchidism) and delayed reproductive disorders (e.g.<unk>  cancer and poor semen quality) which comprise<unk> .
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome
Cryptorchidism
XX male syndrome
XX gonadal dysgenesis
XY gonadal dysgenesis
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Uhl anomaly
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome