<unk>  occurs when levels of<unk><unk>  (ALP) exceed the reference range. This group of enzymes has a low substrate specificity and catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters in a basic environment. The major function of<unk><unk>  is transporting across cell membranes.<unk><unk> s are present in many human tissues, including bone, intestine, kidney, liver, placenta and white blood cells. Damage to these tissues causes the release of ALP into the bloodstream.<unk>  levels can be detected through a blood test.<unk><unk>  phosphate is associated with certain medical conditions or syndromes (e.g., hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome, HPMRS). It serves as a significant indication for certain medical conditions, diseases and syndromes. If the reason for<unk><unk>  elevation is unknown, isoenzyme studies using electrophoresis can confirm the source of the ALP. Heat stability also distinguishes bone and liver isoenzymes ("bone burns, liver lasts"). It is essential to use age specific normal reference values, as healthy infants and children usually have levels that would be considered<unk>  in adults. no citation given: this is taught to every medical student and pediatrician-in-training.
Elevated alkaline phosphatase
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
Lymphocytic pleocytosis
Plasma cell dyscrasias
Elevated transaminases
Plasmacytosis
Pleocytosis
Villonodular synovitis