<unk>  () is part of the Traditional<unk>  medicine (TCM). Here diseases of the eyes are treated with<unk>  herbs, acupuncture/moxibustion, tuina,<unk>  dietary therapy as well as qigong and taijiquan. Inscriptions on oracle bones and tortoise shells from the Shang and Yin dynasties (16th century to 1066 BCE) already contain indications of eye diseases and of their treatment in China. The work Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea (, yínhǎi jīngwēi) has had wide influence on the<unk>  until today. It was probably written by Sun Simiao and published at the end of the Yuan Dynasty (1271−1368). A particular feature of<unk>  are the "five wheels" (, wǔlún) and "eight boundaries" (, bākuò). They characterise certain anatomical segments of the eyes and correspond to certain zang-fu organs. From changes of the five wheels and eight boundaries diseases and the necessary therapy may be deduced. In modern<unk>  in China as well as in Western countries diagnostic methods of Western medicine (such as the slit lamp) are combined with the diagnostic methods of<unk>  medicine (such as pulse diagnosis and tongue diagnosis). Then a disease pattern is stated based on the theories of<unk>  medicine. Amongst others, the acupuncture points BL-1 (jingming , "Bright Eyes") and ST-1 (chengqi , "Container of Tears") are said to have a special relationship to eye diseases.<unk>  herbs such as Chrysanthemi flos (, júhuā) have a special relationship to the eyes. Throughout history, a number of qigong exercises for the better nourishing of the eyes have developed. They are said to prevent defective vision such as shortsightedness and are recommended in cases of eye fatigue (so-called "eye qigong"). These exercises are regularly practised in<unk>  schools. In TCM, eye qigong and tuina are considered to be important additional therapies for consolidation of the therapy results following acupuncture in shortsightedness.
Chinese ophthalmology
JAMA Dermatology
Aviation medicine
Barefoot doctor
Vision science
Travel medicine
Arctic Sun medical device
Fluorescent lamps and health