As seen on axial CT Ultrasonography showing a trabeculated wall, seen as small irregularities mainly at left (superior part). This is strongly associated with<unk> . Analysis of urine flow may aid in establishing the type of micturition (urination) abnormality. Common findings, determined by ultrasound of the bladder, include a slow rate of flow, intermittent flow, and a large amount of urine retained in the bladder after urination. A normal test result should be 20-25 mL/s peak flow rate. A post-void residual urine greater than 50 ml is a significant amount of urine and increases the potential for recurring<unk>  tract infections. In adults older than 60 years, 50-100 ml of residual urine may remain after each voiding because of the decreased contractility of the detrusor muscle. In chronic<unk> , ultrasound of the bladder may show massive increase in bladder capacity (normal capacity is 400-600 ml). Non-neurogenic chronic<unk>  does not have a standardized definition; however, urine volumes >300mL can be used as an informal indicator. Diagnosis of<unk>  is conducted over a period of 6 months, with 2 separate measurements of urine volume 6 months apart. Measurements should have a PVR (post-void residual) volume of >300mL. Determining the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may help diagnose or rule out prostate cancer, though this is also raised in BPH and prostatitis. A TRUS biopsy of the prostate (trans-rectal ultra-sound guided) can distinguish between these prostate conditions. Serum urea and creatinine determinations may be necessary to rule out backflow kidney damage. Cystoscopy may be needed to explore the<unk>  passage and rule out blockages. In acute cases of<unk>  where associated symptoms in the lumbar spine are present such as pain, numbness (saddle anesthesia), parasthesias, decreased anal sphincter tone, or altered deep tendon reflexes, an MRI of the lumbar spine should be considered to further assess cauda equina syndrome.
Urinary retention
Oliguria
Dysuria
Anuria
Cyclospasm
Polyuria
Urinary incontinence
Perfume intolerance