The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) recommends the use of p16INK4A immunostaining for the diagnosis and classification of HPV-related<unk> . Classification Around 95% of<unk> s are squamous cell carcinomas. They are classified into the following types: * basaloid (4%) * warty (6%) * mixed warty-basaloid (17%) * verrucous (8%) * papillary (7%) * other SCC mixed (7%) * sarcomatoid carcinomas (1%) * not otherwise specified (49%) Other types of carcinomas are rare and may include small cell, Merkel cell, clear cell, sebaceous cell or basal cell tumors. Non-epithelial malignancies such as melanomas and sarcomas are even more rare. Staging Like many malignancies,<unk>  can spread to other parts of the body. It is usually a primary malignancy, the initial place from which cancer spreads in the body. Much less often it is a secondary malignancy, one in which the cancer has spread to the penis from elsewhere. The staging of<unk>  is determined by the extent of tumor invasion, nodal metastasis, and distant metastasis. The T portion of the AJCC TNM staging guidelines are for the primary tumor as follows: * TX: Primary tumor cannot be assessed. * T0: No evidence of primary tumor. * Tis: Carcinoma in situ. * Ta: Noninvasive verrucous carcinoma. * T1a: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue without lymph vascular invasion and is not poorly differentiated (i.e., grade 3–4). * T1b: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue with lymph vascular invasion or is poorly differentiated. * T2: Tumor invades the corpus spongiosum or cavernosum. * T3: Tumor invades the urethra or prostate. * T4: Tumor invades other adjacent structures. Anatomic Stage or Prognostic Groups of<unk>  are as follows: * Stage 0—Carcinoma in situ. * Stage I—The cancer is moderately or well-differentiated and only affects the subepithelial connective tissue. * Stage II—The cancer is poorly differentiated, affects lymphatics, or invades the corpora or urethra. * Stage IIIa—There is deep invasion into the penis and metastasis in one lymph node. * Stage IIIb—There is deep invasion into the penis and metastasis into multiple inguinal lymph nodes. * Stage IV—The cancer has invaded into structures adjacent to the penis, metastasized to pelvic nodes, or distant metastasis is present. HPV positive tumors Human papillomavirus prevalence in<unk> s is high at about 40%. HPV16 is the predominant genotype accounting for approximately 63% of HPV-positive tumors. Among warty/basaloid cancers the HPV prevalence is 70–100% while in other types it is around 30%.
Penile cancer
Urethral cancer
Bladder cancer
Testicular cancer
Hydrocele
Acute prostatitis
Urogenital fistula
Urethrocele