<unk>  can be a medical emergency, as it can become associated with decreased lung function, and if progressed to tension<unk> , potentially fatal. In many cases,<unk>  will resolve spontaneously and not require immediate intervention. In more severe cases, a chest tube may be required to release air and/or blood and to allow the lung to re-expand. Surgery, hormonal treatments and combined approaches have all been proposed, with variable results in terms of short and long term outcome. These have both been effective, separately and together. Both have been used to treat women with this condition, and specifics depend on each patient and each situation. Surgery may be used to excise endometrial tissue from the lungs and pleural space as well as repair damage and holes in the diaphragm. Surgery may also be used to remove blisters (blebs). An additional procedure involves a mesh that is placed over the diaphragm to block any holes that may have been missed in the first surgery. Hormonal therapies can also be used to suppress ovulation. Surgical removal of the endometrial tissue should be endeavored during menstruation for optimal visualization. Pleurodesis may also be effective in removing the space between the lung and the chest wall; preventing air build up between these layers. Non-surgical treatment includes pharmacological treatment via continuous oral contraceptive therapy to avoid cyclical bleeding with monthly menstruation. Oral contraceptives appear to be preferable for patients due to fewer negative side effects than treatment with GnRH agonist therapy, which can lead to hypoestrogenic effects including osteoporosis, resulting in discontinuation of therapy and thus a higher likelihood of recurrence of<unk> .
Catamenial pneumothorax
Pneumothorax ex vacuo
Tracheoinnominate fistula
Pulmonary hematoma
Tonic tensor tympani syndrome
Tracheal deviation
Hemothorax
Chylothorax