Symptoms predominantly include a sore of the face or oral cavity that does not heal, trouble swallowing, or a change in the voice. In those with advanced disease, there may be unusual bleeding, facial pain, numbness or swelling, and visible lumps on the outside of the<unk>  or oral cavity.<unk>  often begins with benign signs and symptoms of disease, like an enlarged lymph node on the outside of the<unk> , a hoarse-sounding voice or progressive worsening cough or sore throat. In the case of<unk> , these symptoms will be notably persistent and become chronic. There may be a lump or a sore in the throat or<unk>  that does not heal or go away. There may be difficult or painful swallowing. Speaking may become difficult. There may also be a persistent earache. Other symptoms can include: a lump in the lip, mouth or gums, ulcers or mouth sores that do not heal, bleeding from the mouth or numbness, bad breath, discolored patches that persist in the mouth, a sore tongue, and slurring of speech if the cancer is affecting the tongue. There may also be congested sinuses, weight loss, and some numbness or paralysis of facial muscles. Mouth Squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth Squamous cell cancers are common in areas of the mouth, including the inner lip, tongue, floor of mouth, gums, and hard palate. Cancers of the mouth are strongly associated with tobacco use, especially use of chewing tobacco or dipping tobacco, as well as heavy alcohol use. Cancers of this region, particularly the tongue, are more frequently treated with surgery than are other<unk> s. Lip and oral cavity cancers are the most typically encountered type of<unk> s. Surgeries for oral cancers include: * Maxillectomy (can be done with or without orbital exenteration) * Mandibulectomy (removal of the lower jaw or part of it) * Glossectomy (tongue removal, can be total, hemi or partial) * Radical<unk>  dissection * Combinational e.g., glossectomy and laryngectomy done together. The defect is typically covered/improved by using another part of the body and/or skin grafts and/or wearing a prosthesis. Nose Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer affects the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses. Most of these cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Nasopharynx Nasopharyngeal cancer arises in the nasopharynx, the region in which the nasal cavities and the Eustachian tubes connect with the upper part of the throat. While some nasopharyngeal cancers are biologically similar to the common<unk>  and<unk>  squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), "poorly differentiated" nasopharyngeal carcinoma is lymphoepithelioma, which is distinct in its epidemiology, biology, clinical behavior, and treatment, and is treated as a separate disease by many experts. Throat Most oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that begin in the oropharynx (throat), the middle part of the throat that includes the soft palate, the base of the tongue, and the tonsils. Squamous cell cancers of the tonsils are more strongly associated with human papillomavirus infection than are cancers of other regions of the<unk>  and<unk> . HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer generally has a better outcomes than HPV-negative disease with a 54% better survival, but this advantage for HPV associated cancer applies only to oropharyngeal cancers. People with oropharyngeal carcinomas are at high risk of developing second primary<unk> . Hypopharynx The hypopharynx includes the pyriform sinuses, the posterior pharyngeal wall, and the postcricoid area. Tumors of the hypopharynx frequently have an advanced stage at diagnosis, and have the most adverse prognoses of pharyngeal tumors. They tend to metastasize early due to the extensive lymphatic network around the larynx. Larynx Laryngeal cancer begins in the larynx or "voice box", and is the second most common type of<unk>  encountered. Cancer may occur on the vocal folds themselves ("glottic" cancer), or on tissues above and below the true cords ("supraglottic" and "subglottic" cancers respectively). Laryngeal cancer is strongly associated with tobacco smoking. Surgery can include laser excision of small vocal cord lesions, partial laryngectomy (removal of part of the larynx) or total laryngectomy (removal of the whole larynx). If the whole larynx has been removed, the person is left with a permanent tracheostomy. Voice rehabilitation in such patients can be achieved through three important ways – esophageal speech, tracheoesophageal puncture, or electrolarynx. One would likely require the help of intensive teaching and speech therapy and/or an electronic device. Trachea Cancer of the trachea is a rare cancer usually classed as a lung cancer. Most tumors of the salivary glands differ from the common squamous cell carcinomas of the<unk>  and<unk>  in cause, histopathology, clinical presentation, and therapy. Other uncommon tumors arising in the<unk>  and<unk>  include teratomas, adenocarcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Rarer still are melanomas and lymphomas of the upper aerodigestive tract.
Head and neck cancer
Laryngeal cancer
Oral cancer
Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer
Oropharyngeal cancer
Hypopharyngeal cancer
Nasal polyp
Nasal glioma