A method to treat<unk>  is transurethral resection of the<unk> <unk> s (TURED). This operative procedure is relatively invasive, has some severe complications, and has led to natural pregnancies of their partners in approximately 20% of affected men. A disadvantage is the destruction of the valves at the openings of the<unk> <unk> s into the urethra such that urine may flow backwards into the seminal vesicles. Another, experimental approach is the recanalization of the<unk> <unk> s by transrectal or transurethral inserted balloon catheter. Though much less invasive and preserving the anatomy of the<unk> <unk> s, this procedure is probably not completely free of complications either and success rates are unknown. There is a clinical study currently ongoing to examine the success rate of recanalization of the<unk> <unk> s by means of balloon dilation. Usually, affected men have a normal production of spermatozoa in their testicles, so that after spermatozoa were harvested directly from the testes e.g. by TESE, or the seminal vesicles (by needle aspiration) they and their partners are potentially candidates for some treatment options of assisted reproduction e.g. in-vitro fertilisation. Note that in this case, most of the treatment (e.g. ovarian stimulation and transvaginal oocyte retrieval) is transferred to the female partner.
Ejaculatory duct obstruction
Penile torsion
Prostate hypoplasia
Male accessory gland infection
Testicular trauma
Müllerian agenesis
Urethral caruncle
Fallopian tube obstruction