Although elevated whole blood viscosity is a better measure of<unk>  and more common and clinically important, serum viscosity and plasma viscosity are more frequently measured. Normal plasma viscosity is between 1.4 and 1.8 centipoise while symptoms from<unk>  typically occur greater than 4 centipoise (about 4 times more viscous than water) and require emergency treatment. Patients will also have evidence of their underlying disorder. Those with myeloma will typically display a rouleaux formation on a peripheral smear and a large globulin gap, indicative of a significant paraprotein load. Although it used to be the case that test results would take a few days to return, the development of a new generation of automated clinical viscometers means that results can now be obtained within minutes, allowing accurate diagnosis and more targeted therapy. If<unk>  is confirmed, treatment can commence early on in the diagnosis. Fundoscopic examination reveals dilation of retinal veins and flame shaped retinal hemorrhages.
Hyperviscosity syndrome
Capillary leak syndrome
Macrophage activation syndrome
Culture-bound syndrome
Post-transfusion purpura
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
EAST syndrome
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome