Congenital dSMA has a relatively stable disease course, with disability mainly attributed to increased contractures rather than loss of muscle strength. Individuals frequently use crutches, knee, ankle, and/or foot orthoses, or wheelchairs. Orthopaedic surgery can be an option for some patients with severely impaired movement. Physical therapy and occupational therapy can help prevent further contractures from occurring, though they do not reverse the effects of preexisting ones. Some literature suggests the use of electrical stimulation or botulinum toxin to halt the progression of contractures.
Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy
Congenital muscular dystrophy
Spinal muscular atrophies
Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
Spinal muscular atrophy
Jokela type spinal muscular atrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1
Monomelic amyotrophy