<unk>  forceps commonly used on teeth in the maxillary arch<unk> s are often categorized as "simple" or "surgical". Simple<unk> s are performed on teeth that are visible in the mouth, usually with the patient under local anaesthetic, and require only the use of instruments to elevate and/or grasp the visible portion of the tooth. Typically the tooth is lifted using an elevator, and using dental forceps, specific tooth movements are performed (e.g. rocking the tooth back and forth) expanding the tooth socket. Once the periodontal ligament is broken and the supporting alveolar bone has been adequately widened the tooth can be removed. Typically, when teeth are removed with forceps, slow, steady pressure is applied with controlled force.Molar cut up during surgical<unk>  - the curvature of the three roots (top right) prevented simple<unk>  Surgical<unk> s involve the removal of teeth that cannot be easily accessed or removed via simple<unk> , for example because they have broken under the gum or because they have not erupted fully, such as an impacted wisdom tooth. Surgical<unk> s almost always require an incision. In a surgical<unk>  the dentist may elevate the soft tissues covering the tooth and bone, and may also remove some of the overlying and/or surrounding jaw bone with a drill or, less commonly, an instrument called an osteotome. Frequently, the tooth may be split into multiple pieces to facilitate its removal. Common risks after any<unk>  include pain, swelling, bleeding, bruising, infection, trismus (not being able to open as wide as normal) and dry socket. There are additional risks associated with the surgical<unk>  of wisdom teeth in particular: permanent or temporary damage to the inferior alveolar nerve +/- lingual nerve, causing permanent or temporary numbness, tingling or altered sensation to the lip, chin +/- tongue. Surgical procedure # Incisions are made full thickness through mucosa and periosteum to bone. In general, the flap is extended from one tooth behind the tooth concerned to one tooth in front, including the interdental papilla. # An anterior relieving incision is made extending down into the sulcus. This flap design is called “two sided”. A “three sided” flap includes an additional relieving incision posteriorly. # The flap is raised using periosteal elevator to expose the area of interest. # The flap is held out of the way with an instrument such as a rake retractor. # A small gutter of bone is drilled away around the tooth to make space into which an application point for instruments can be achieved. It is important that copious amount of saline is used to cool the bone during this process. # The tooth concerned can be removed using a combination of luxators, elevators and<unk>  forceps. # Any sharp bone is smoothed off and the wound is irrigated with saline. # The flap is repositioned and sutured in place.
Dental extraction
Orthognathic surgery
Glossectomy
Dental implant
Dental vibration appliance
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Surgery for temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Crown lengthening