The National Healthcare Safety Safety Network division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released an updated criteria table in 2021. Patients diagnosed with TACO should have at least 1 of the following two characteristics within 12 hours after the transfusion was ended: * Acute or worsening respiratory distress (tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, and/or hypoxemia) in the absence of other causes * Evidence of acute or worsening pulmonary edema (by physical examination or chest imaging) A chest x-ray showing pulmonary edema with bilateral pleural effusions. Along with: * Elevations in brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal (NT)-pro BNP. * Evidence of cardiovascular system changes (tachycardia, hypertension, widened pulse pressure, jugular venous distension, peripheral edema) * Evidence of fluid<unk> . Classification TACO can be categorized by severity: * Non-severe - where no permanent damage would arise if treatment was not given. However, treatment is still needed. * Severe - where the patient either requires hospitalization as a result or, if already hospitalized, has an extended length of stay as a result. Treatment is needed to avoid permanent damage. * Life threatening - where intensive care such as vasopressor agents and mechanical ventilation is required in order to prevent death. * Death Differential diagnosis TACO and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) are both complications following a transfusion, and both can result in respiratory distress. TACO and TRALI are often difficult to distinguish in the acute situation. Assessing fluid status is key in differentiating between the two. In TACO, the patient will always have a positive fluid balance and will often present with hypertension, jugular venous distension, elevated BNP, peripheral edema, and will respond well to diuretics. In contrast , TRALI is not<unk>  with fluid<unk>  and the patient may have a positive, even, or net fluid balance. Patients with TRALI often present with hypotension, no signs of right-heart fluid<unk> , normal BNP, and lack of clinical improvement in response to diuretics. Other causes of edema that can promote a volume-overloaded state and predispose individuals to TACO include: heart failure, renal insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and chronic venous insufficiency. An illustration of an individual receiving intravenous blood transfusion.
Transfusion associated circulatory overload
Transfusion-related acute lung injury
Transfusion-related immunomodulation
Tumor lysis syndrome
Transfusion transmitted infection
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
Culture-bound syndrome