<unk> s are a group of toxins which are produced by flagellate, aquatic, unicellular protists called dinoflagellates.<unk>  was coined by Hardy and Wallace in 2012 as a general term for the variety of toxins produced by dinoflagellates. Dinoflagellates are an enormous group of marine life, with much diversity. With great diversity comes many different toxins, however, there are a few toxins (or derivatives) that multiple species have in common. Dinoflagellates normally have a low toxin production rate, therefore in small concentrations their toxins are not potent. However their toxins are highly poisonous in large concentrations. They are capable of poisoning various species of marine life such as many fish and shellfish, and affecting the nervous system of any wildlife or humans that consume the infected marine life, or drink the contaminated water. Under bloom conditions, commonly referred to as red tides or harmful algal blooms, dinoflagellates are capable of producing immense<unk>  concentrations causing large fish die-offs, and contamination of shellfish. This contamination of shellfish leads to multiple severe human related illnesses. These illnesses include paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and ciguatera fish poisoning.<unk> s are impacting not only the marine ecosystem, but the economy as well. The economic impact is increasing compared to past years, due to the increase in seafood consumption, and coastal tourism.
Dinotoxin
Chlorotoxin
Neurotoxin
Alpha-neurotoxin
Kurtoxin
Conotoxin
Vanillotoxin
Psalmotoxin