<unk>  <unk>  is a pathology affecting the<unk>  folds (commonly referred to as the<unk> <unk> s) characterized by full or partial<unk>  fold closure causing difficulty and distress during respiration, especially during inhalation. Due to the similarity in symptoms,<unk>  attack are often mistaken for asthma attacks or laryngospasms. Symptoms of<unk>  are not always present. Rather, they often occur episodically, often defined as "attacks," where the sufferer will be symptomatic for a short period of time. Although several contributing factors have been identified, the exact cause of<unk>  is unknown. Diagnosis of<unk>  may include a series of evaluations including pulmonary function tests, medical imaging, and the evaluation or visualization of the<unk>  folds during an episode through the use of videolaryngoscopy. Such evaluations can also help to rule out other conditions that can affect the upper and lower airway. Treatment of<unk>  often combines behavioural, medical and psychological approaches, most often including an otolaryngologist, a psychologist, and a speech-language pathologist. Although information on the incidence and prevalence of<unk>  is limited, it is known to occur most frequently in young women.
Vocal cord dysfunction
Vocal cord paresis
Velopharyngeal insufficiency
Laryngotracheal stenosis
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Tracheomalacia
Congenital limb deformities
Tracheal agenesis