An uncooperative patient or a coagulation disorder that cannot be corrected are relative contraindications. Routine measurement of coagulation profiles is generally not indicated, however; when performed by an experienced operator "hemorrhagic complications are infrequent after ultrasound-guided<unk> , and attempting to correct an abnormal INR or platelet level before the procedure is unlikely to confer any benefit." Relative contraindications include cases in which the site of insertion has known bullous emphysema, use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP, see mechanical ventilation) and only one functioning lung (due to diminished reserve). Traditional expert opinion suggests that the aspiration should not exceed 1L to avoid the possible development of pulmonary edema, but this recommendation is uncertain as the volume removed does not correlate well with this complication.
Thoracentesis
Thoracotomy
Thoracostomy
Pleurodesis
Thoracoscopy
Paracentesis
Pneumonectomy
Pulmonary tractotomy