Side effects of these drugs may include but are not limited to: * Constipation * Peripheral edema, which can occur in as much as 70% of people receiving<unk> , is caused by<unk> s' preferential arteriolar or precapillary dilation without commensurate dilation in the venous or postcapillary circulation. Since lymphatic drainage relies on contraction of the smooth muscle inside the lymphatic vessel supported by voltage-gated<unk><unk> s, inhibition of voltage-gated<unk><unk>  poses a threat towards lymphatic removal of interstitial fluid essential for normal lymphatic system functioning. (See also: Lymphedema.) * Gingival overgrowth Toxicity Lipid emulsion as used in<unk>  toxicity Mild<unk>  toxicity is treated with supportive care. Nondihydropyridine<unk> s may produce profound toxicity, and early decontamination, especially for slow-release agents, is essential. For severe overdoses, treatment usually includes close monitoring of vital signs and the addition of vasopressive agents and intravenous fluids for blood pressure support. Intravenous<unk>  gluconate (or<unk>  chloride if a central line is available) and atropine are first-line therapies. If the time of the overdose is known and presentation is within two hours of ingestion, activated charcoal, gastric lavage, and polyethylene glycol may be used to decontaminate the gut. Efforts for gut decontamination may be extended to within 8 hours of ingestion with extended-release preparations. Hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia therapy has emerged as a viable form of treatment. Although the mechanism is unclear, increased insulin may mobilize glucose from peripheral tissues to serve as an alternative fuel source for the heart (the heart mainly relies on oxidation of fatty acids). Theoretical treatment with lipid emulsion therapy has been considered in severe cases, but is not yet standard of care. Caution should be taken when using verapamil with a beta blocker due to the risk of severe bradycardia. If unsuccessful, ventricular pacing should be used.
Calcium channel blocker
Beta blocker
Channel blocker
ACE inhibitor
Channel opener
Angiotensin II receptor blocker
Beta-adrenergic agonist
Mercurial diuretic