It is used in the treatment of glaucoma, drug-induced edema, heart failure-induced edema, epilepsy and in reducing intraocular pressure after surgery. It has also been used in the treatment of altitude sickness, Ménière's disease, increased intracranial pressure and neuromuscular disorders. In epilepsy, the main use of<unk>  is in menstrual-related epilepsy and as an add on to other treatments in refractory epilepsy. Though various websites on the internet report that<unk>  can be used to treat dural ectasia in individuals with Marfan Syndrome, the only supporting evidence for this assertion exists from a small study of 14 patients which was not peer-reviewed or submitted for publication. Several published cases of intracranial hypotension related to Marfan syndrome would warrant caution in using<unk>  in these patients unless there is a clear indication, as it could lower intracranial pressure further. A 2012 review and meta-analysis found that there was "limited supporting evidence" but that<unk>  "may be considered" for the treatment of central (as opposed to obstructive) sleep apnea. It has also been used to prevent methotrexate-induced kidney damage by alkalinizing the urine, hence speeding up methotrexate excretion by increasing its solubility in urine. There is some evidence to support its use to prevent hemiplegic migraine. Smaller clinical trials have also shown promising results in the treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). For patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus in whom shunt surgery is contraindicated,<unk>  could be an effective alternative. https://n.neurology.org/content/82/15/1347 https://fluidsbarrierscns.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12987-015-0004-z https://n.neurology.org/content/acetazolamide-treatment-normal-pressure-hydrocephalus https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2399408/ https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03779594 Open-Angle Glaucoma<unk>  is used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor is able to decrease ocular fluid and osmolality of the fluid in the humor of the eye and decrease intraocular pressure in the eye. The medication comes in the form of an oral tablet used for this indication. High altitude sickness<unk>  is also used for the treatment of acute mountain sickness. In the prevention or treatment of mountain sickness,<unk>  forces the kidneys to excrete bicarbonate, the conjugate base of carbonic acid. Increasing the amount of bicarbonate excreted in the urine causes the blood to become more acidic. Because the body equates acidity of the blood to its CO2 concentration, artificially acidifying the blood fools the body into thinking it has an excess of CO2, and this misperception causes the body to excrete this perceived excess CO2 by deeper and faster breathing, which in turn increases the amount of oxygen in the blood.<unk>  is not an immediate cure for acute mountain sickness; rather, it speeds up (or, when taking before traveling, forces the body to early start) part of the acclimatization process which in turn helps to relieve symptoms.<unk>  is still effective if started early in the course of mountain sickness. As prevention, it is started one day before travel to altitude and continued for the first 2 days at altitude. Pregnancy and lactation<unk>  is pregnancy category B3 in Australia, which means that studies in rats, mice and rabbits in which<unk>  was given intravenously or orally caused an increased risk of fetal malformations, including defects of the limbs. Despite this, there is insufficient evidence from studies in humans to either support or discount this evidence. Limited data are available on the effects of nursing mothers taking<unk> . Therapeutic doses create low levels in breast milk and are not expected to cause problems in infants.
Acetazolamide
Trabeculectomy
Osmotherapy
Mannitol
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy
Brinzolamide
Ventriculostomy
Timolol