Samburu<unk>  ceremony, Laikipia plateau, Kenya, 2004 Until the 1980s,<unk>  was widely known in English as<unk>  circumcision", implying an equivalence in severity with male circumcision. From 1929 the Kenya Missionary Council referred to it as the sexual<unk>  of women, following the lead of Marion Scott Stevenson, a Church of Scotland missionary. References to the practice as<unk>  increased throughout the 1970s. In 1975 Rose Oldfield Hayes, an American anthropologist, used the term<unk>  in the title of a paper in American Ethnologist, and four years later Fran Hosken called it<unk>  in her influential The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual<unk>  of<unk> s. The Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children began referring to it as<unk>  in 1990, and the World Health Organization (WHO) followed suit in 1991. Other English terms include<unk>  genital cutting (FGC) and<unk> /cutting <unk> /C), preferred by those who work with practitioners. In countries where<unk>  is common, the practice's many variants are reflected in dozens of terms, often alluding to purification. In the Bambara language, spoken mostly in Mali, it is known as bolokoli ("washing your hands") and in the Igbo language in eastern Nigeria as isa aru or iwu aru ("having your bath"). A common Arabic term for purification has the root t-h-r, used for male and<unk>  circumcision (tahur and tahara). It is also known in Arabic as khafḍ or khifaḍ. Communities may refer to<unk>  as "pharaonic" for infibulation and "sunna" circumcision for everything else; sunna means "path or way" in Arabic and refers to the tradition of Muhammad, although none of the procedures are required within Islam. The term infibulation derives from fibula, Latin for clasp; the Ancient Romans reportedly fastened clasps through the foreskins or labia of slaves to prevent sexual intercourse. The surgical infibulation of women came to be known as pharaonic circumcision in Sudan and as Sudanese circumcision in Egypt. In Somalia, it is known simply as qodob ("to sew up").
Female genital mutilation
Sexual violence
Gonadal dysgenesis
Genital wart
Trauma
Premature thelarche
Infantilism 
Thermal trauma