Some reports of<unk> -term illness after infection appeared early during the COVID-19 pandemic, including in people who had a mild (not requiring hospitalization) or moderate (requiring oxygen supplementation) initial infection as well as those who were admitted to hospital with more severe infection. In a 4-year survey following SARS in Hong Kong, 42.5% of survivors reported at least one diagnosable psychiatric disorder ranging from post-traumatic stress disorders, depression, and chronic fatigue. , the precise incidence was unknown. The incidence declines over time, as many people slowly recover. Some early studies suggested that between 20% and 33% of people with COVID-19 experienced symptoms lasting<unk> er than a month. A telephone survey in the U.S. in the first half of 2020 showed that about 35% of people who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 experienced a range of symptoms that lasted<unk> er than three weeks. As of December 2020, the Office of National Statistics in the UK estimated that, of all people with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2, about 21% experienced symptoms for<unk> er than five weeks, and about 10% experienced symptoms for<unk> er than 12 weeks. Some studies have suggested that some children experience lingering symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although anyone who gets infected can develop<unk> , people who become so sick that they require hospitalization take<unk> er to recover. A majority (up to 80%) of those who were admitted to hospital with severe disease experience<unk> -term problems including fatigue and shortness of breath (dyspnoea). Patients with severe initial infection, particularly those who required mechanical ventilation to help breathing, are also likely to suffer from post-intensive care syndrome following recovery. A study of patients who had been hospitalised in Wuhan found that the majority still had at least one symptom after six months. Patients who had been more severely ill still showed severe incapacity in lung function. Among the 1733 patients who had been discharged from hospital and followed up about six months later, the most common symptoms were fatigue or muscle weakness (63%), sleep difficulties (26%), and anxiety or depression (23%). Some people suffer<unk> -term neurologic symptoms despite never having been hospitalized for COVID-19; the first study of this population was published in March 2021. Most frequently, these non-hospitalized patients experienced "prominent and persistent 'brain fog' and fatigue that affect their cognition and quality of life." In January 2021, a study in the UK reported that 30% of recovered patients were readmitted to hospital within 140 days, and 12% of the total died. Many patients had developed diabetes for the first time, as well as problems with heart, liver and kidney problems. The mode of insulin failure was at that point unknown. In March 2021, the Indonesian Doctors Association, in a survey of 463 people, suggested that 63.5% of respondents self-reported lingering symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The exact set of symptoms was not specified, however, according to the article, fatigue and cough were the most commonly reported symptoms, followed by muscle pain and headache. In May 2021, a global systematic review led by researchers at Stanford University reported that a wide variety of symptoms persisted in more than 70% of COVID-19 patients months after recovering from the initial phase of the disease. Most patients in this study were previously hospitalized. The most common lingering symptoms included shortness of breath, fatigue, and sleep disorders. In total, the study reported 84 clinical signs or symptoms, including loss of taste and smell, cognitive disorders such as memory loss and difficulty concentrating, depression, and anxiety. In June 2021, a<unk> -term study in Bergen, Norway, found 52% (31/61) of a cohort of home-isolated young adults cases, ages 16–30, continued to experience symptoms at six months. The study captured 82% (312) of the pandemic first wave cases: 247 home-isolated and 65 hospitalized. There is little data on<unk>  following breakthrough infections (cases in fully vaccinated people). In July 2021, a study with 1,497 fully vaccinated healthcare professionals in Israel reported that 19% of those testing positive (7 out of 36 infected people) also had<unk> -19 symptoms at 6 weeks or more, with the Alpha variant identified in 85% of positive cases. In August 2021, a study of 1,276 hospital survivors of the early 2020 outbreak in Wuhan reported that, while many symptoms disappeared over time and 88% of those previously employed returned to their original work, 49% of them had at least one sequela 12 months after discharge from the hospital, and the general health status of the group was lower than that of the control population. Women had a greater chance of fatigue, muscle weakness, anxiety, depression, or impaired lung diffusion compared to men. The study also found that survivors are at greater risk for psychiatric outcomes such as anxiety and depression. A September 2021 study published in The Lancet found that having two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine halved the odds of<unk> .
Long COVID
Zero-COVID
FACE AIDS
NHS COVID-19
Rapid Reviews: COVID-19
PLOS Pathogens
HIV/AIDS in Asia
HIV/AIDS in Europe