<unk>  can be treated with topical anti-fungal drugs, such as nystatin, miconazole, Gentian violet or amphotericin B. Surgical excision of the lesions may be required in cases that do not respond to anti-fungal medications. Underlying immunosuppression may be medically manageable once it is identified, and this helps prevent recurrence of candidal infections. Patients who are immunocompromised, either with HIV/AIDS or as a result of chemotherapy, may require systemic prevention or treatment with<unk>  or intravenous administered anti-fungals. However, there is strong evidence that drugs that are absorbed or partially absorbed from the GI tract can prevent<unk>  more effectively than drugs that are not absorbed in the same way. If<unk>  is secondary to corticosteroid or antibiotic use, then use may be stopped, although this is not always a feasible option.<unk>  secondary to the use of inhaled steroids may be treated by rinsing out the mouth with water after taking the steroid. Use of a spacer device to reduce the contact with the<unk>  mucosa may greatly reduce the risk of<unk> . In recurrent<unk> , the use of azole antifungals risks selection and enrichment of drug-resistant strains of candida organisms. Drug resistance is increasingly more common and presents a serious problem in persons who are immunocompromised. Prophylactic use of antifungals is sometimes employed in persons with HIV disease, during radiotherapy, during immunosuppressive or prolonged antibiotic therapy as the development of candidal infection in these groups may be more serious. The candidal load in the mouth can be reduced by improving<unk>  hygiene measures, such as regular toothbrushing and use of anti-microbial mouthwashes. Since smoking is associated with many of forms of<unk> , cessation may be beneficial. Denture hygiene Good denture hygiene involves regular cleaning of the dentures, and leaving them out of the mouth during sleep. This gives the mucosa a chance to recover, while wearing a denture during sleep is often likened to sleeping in one's shoes. In<unk> , the dentures may act as a reservoir of Candida species known as denture stomatitis which continually reinfects the mucosa once antifungal medication is stopped. Therefore, they must be disinfected as part of the treatment for<unk> . There are commercial denture cleaner preparations for this purpose, but it is readily accomplished by soaking the denture overnight in a 1:10 solution of sodium hypochlorite (Milton, or household bleach). Bleach may corrode metal components, so if the denture contains metal, soaking it twice daily in chlorhexidine solution can be carried out instead. An alternative method of disinfection is to use a 10% solution of acetic acid (vinegar) as an overnight soak, or to microwave the dentures in 200mL water for 3 minutes at 650 watts. Microwave sterilization is only suitable if no metal components are present in the denture. Antifungal medication can also be applied to the fitting surface of the denture before it is put back in the mouth. Other problems with the dentures, such as inadequate<unk> clusal vertical dimension may also need to be corrected in the case of angular cheilitis.
Oral candidiasis
Geographic tongue
Denture-related stomatitis
Leukoplakia
Contact stomatitis
Aphthous stomatitis
Caviar tongue
Head lice infestation