<unk>  piping and regulator with flow meter, for<unk> , mounted in an ambulance<unk>  is widely used by hospitals, EMS, and first-aid providers in a variety of conditions and settings. A few indications frequently requiring high-flow<unk>  include resuscitation, major trauma, anaphylaxis, major bleeding, shock, active convulsions, and hypothermia. Acute conditions In context of acute hypoxemia,<unk>  should be titrated to a target level based on pulse oximetry (94–96% in most patients, or 88–92% in people with COPD). This can be performed by increasing<unk>  delivery, described as FIO2(fraction of inspired<unk> . In 2018, the British Medical Journal recommended that<unk>  be stopped for saturations greater than 96% and not started for saturations above 90 to 93%. This may be due to an association between excessive<unk> ation in the acutely ill and increased mortality. Exceptions to these recommendations include carbon monoxide poisoning, cluster headaches, sickle cell crisis, and pneumothorax.<unk>  has also been used as emergency treatment for decompression sickness for years. Recompression in a hyperbaric chamber with 100%<unk>  is the standard treatment for decompression illness. The success of recompression therapy is greatest if given within four hours after resurfacing, with earlier treatment associated with a decreased number of recompression treatments required for resolution. It has been suggested in literature that heliox may be a better alternative to<unk> . In the context of stroke,<unk>  may be beneficial as long as hyperoxic environments are avoided. People receiving outpatient<unk>  for hypoxemia following acute illness or hospitalization should be re-assessed by a physician prior to prescription renewal to gauge the necessity of ongoing<unk> . If the initial hypoxemia has resolved, additional treatment may be an unnecessary use of resources. Chronic conditions Common conditions which may require a baseline of supplementary<unk>  include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Patients may also require additional<unk>  during acute exacerbations.<unk>  may also be prescribed for breathlessness, end-stage cardiac failure, respiratory failure, advanced cancer, or neurodegenerative disease in spite of relatively normal blood<unk>  levels. Physiologically, it may be indicated in people with arterial<unk>  partial pressure Pa ≤ 55mmHg (7.3kPa) or arterial<unk>  saturation Sa ≤ 88%. Careful titration of<unk>  should be considered in patients with chronic conditions predisposing them to carbon dioxide retention (e.g., COPD, emphysema). In these instances,<unk>  may decrease respiratory drive, leading to accumulation of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), acidemia, and increased mortality secondary to respiratory failure. Improved outcomes have been observed with titrated<unk>  treatment largely due to gradual improvement of the ventilation/perfusion ratio. The risks associated with loss of respiratory drive are far outweighed by the risks of withholding emergency<unk> , so emergency administration of<unk>  is never contraindicated. Transfer from the field to definitive care with titrated<unk>  typically occurs long before significant reductions to the respiratory drive are observed. Contraindications There are certain situations in which<unk>  has been shown to negatively impact a person's condition. *<unk>  can exacerbate the effects of paraquat poisoning and should be withheld unless severe respiratory distress or respiratory arrest is present. Paraquat poisoning is rare, with about 200 deaths globally from 1958 to 1978. *<unk>  is not recommended for people with pulmonary fibrosis or bleomycin-associated lung damage. * ARDS caused by acid aspiration may be exacerbated with<unk>  according to some animal studies. * Hyperoxic environments should be avoided in cases of sepsis.Pin-indexed<unk>  Regulator for portable D-Cylinder, usually carried in an ambulance's resuscitation kit Adverse effects In some instances,<unk>  delivery can lead to particular complications in population subsets. * In infants with respiratory failure, administration of high levels of<unk>  can sometimes promote overgrowth of new blood vessels in the eye leading to blindness. This phenomenon is known as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). * In rare instances, people receiving hyperbaric<unk>  have had seizures, which has been previously attributed to<unk>  toxicity. Alternative medicine Some practitioners of alternative medicine have promoted<unk> " as a cure for many human ailments including AIDS, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that putting<unk> -releasing chemicals into a person's body is effective in treating cancer", and some of these treatments can be dangerous.
Oxygen therapy
Asthma spacer
Bubble CPAP
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Positive airway pressure
Continuous positive airway pressure
Nicotine nasal spray
Balneotherapy