Because of the configuration of their glycosidic bonds,<unk> s largely resist hydrolysis by salivary and intestinal digestive enzymes.<unk> s are classified as prebiotics, defined as non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon. The increased activity of these health-promoting bacteria results in a number of effects, both directly by the bacteria themselves or indirectly by the organic acids they produce via fermentation. Examples of effects are stimulation of immune functions, absorption of essential nutrients, production of the powerful anti-oxidant H2 gas and syntheses of certain vitamins. Stimulating bacteria<unk> s are a substrate for bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Studies with infants and adults have shown that foods or drinks enriched with<unk> s result in a significant increase in Bifidobacteria. These sugars can be found naturally in human milk, known as human milk oligosaccharides. Examples include lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and lacto-N-fucopentaose. Immune response Human gut microbiota play a key role in the intestinal immune system.<unk> s support natural defenses of the human body via the gut microflora, indirectly by increasing the number of bacteria in the gut and inhibiting the binding or survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridia.<unk>  can positively influence the immune system indirectly through the production of antimicrobial substances, reducing the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. Constipation Constipation is a potential problem, particularly among infants, elderly and pregnant women. In infants, formula feeding may be associated with constipation and hard stools.<unk> s may improve stool frequency and relieve symptoms related to constipation.
Galactooligosaccharide
Lecithin
Polysaccharide peptide
Polysaccharide-K
Delta-Palutoxin
Glucomannan
Lactose
Lipoarabinomannan