A support-group structure is needed to reinforce parenting skills and closely monitor the<unk> 's well-being. Visiting home nurse or social-worker visits are also required to observe and evaluate the progress of the<unk>  and the caretaking situation. The support-group structure and visiting home nurse or social-worker visits are not mutually exclusive. Many studies have demonstrated that the two measures must be coupled together for the best possible outcome. Studies show that if health and medical care personnel in a structured way ask parents about important psychosocial risk factors in connection with visiting pediatric primary care and, if necessary, offering the parent help may help prevent<unk>  maltreatment.<unk> ren's school programs regarding "good touch … bad touch" can provide<unk> ren with a forum in which to role-play and learn to avoid potentially harmful scenarios. Pediatricians can help identify<unk> ren at risk of maltreatment and intervene with the aid of a social worker or provide access to treatment that addresses potential risk factors such as maternal depression. Videoconferencing has also been used to diagnose<unk>  in remote emergency departments and clinics. Unintended conception increases the risk of subsequent<unk> , and large family size increases the risk of<unk>  neglect. Thus, a comprehensive study for the National Academy of Sciences concluded that affordable contraceptive services should form the basis for<unk>  prevention. "The starting point for effective<unk>  programming is pregnancy planning," according to an analysis for US Surgeon General C. Everett Koop. Findings from research published in 2016 support the importance of family relationships in the trajectory of a<unk> 's life: family-targeted interventions are important for improving long-term health, particularly in communities that are socioeconomically disadvantaged. Resources for<unk> -protection services are sometimes limited. According to Hosin (2007), "a considerable number of traumatized abused<unk> ren do not gain access to protective<unk> -protection strategies." Briere (1992) argues that only when "lower-level violence" of<unk> ren ceases to be culturally tolerated will there be changes in the victimization and police protection of<unk> ren. United States<unk>  sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United States of America during the 1970s and originally delivered to<unk> ren. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long. In the last 15 years, web-based programmes have been developed. Since 1983, April has been designated<unk>  Prevention Month in the United States. U.S. President Barack Obama continued that tradition by declaring April 2009<unk>  Prevention Month. One way the Federal government of the United States provides funding for<unk>  prevention is through Community-Based Grants for the Prevention of<unk>  and Neglect (CBCAP). An investigation by The Boston Globe and ProPublica published in 2019 found that the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico were all out of compliance with the requirements of the<unk>  Prevention and Treatment Act, and that underfunding of<unk>  welfare agencies and substandard procedures in some states caused failures to prevent avoidable<unk>  injuries and deaths. A number of policies and programs have been put in place in the U.S. to try to better understand and to prevent<unk>  fatalities, including: safe-haven laws,<unk>  fatality review teams, training for investigators, shaken baby syndrome prevention programs, and<unk>  death laws which mandate harsher sentencing for taking the life of a<unk> . Treatments== A number of treatments are available to victims of<unk> . However,<unk> ren who experience<unk> hood trauma do not heal from abuse easily. There are focused cognitive behavioral therapy, first developed to treat sexually abused<unk> ren, is now used for victims of any kind of trauma. It targets trauma-related symptoms in<unk> ren including PTSD, clinical depression and anxiety. It also includes a component for non-offending parents. Several studies have found that sexually abused<unk> ren undergoing TF-CBT improved more than<unk> ren undergoing certain other therapies. Data on the effects of TF-CBT for<unk> ren who experienced non-sexual abuse was not available . The purpose of dealing with the thoughts and feelings associated with the trauma is to deal with nightmares, flashbacks and other intrusive experiences that might be spontaneously brought on by any number of discriminative stimuli in the environment or in the individual’s brain. This would aid the individual in becoming less fearful of specific stimuli that would arouse debilitating fear, anger, sadness or other negative emotion. In other words, the individual would have some control or mastery over those emotions. Parenting training can prevent<unk>  in the short term, and help<unk> ren with a range of emotional, conduct and behavioural challenges, but there is insufficient evidence about whether it treat parents who already abuse their<unk> ren. Abuse-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was designed for<unk> ren who have experienced physical abuse. It targets externalizing behaviors and strengthens prosocial behaviors. Offending parents are included in the treatment, to improve parenting skills/practices. It is supported by one randomized study. Rational Cognitive Emotive Behavior Therapy consists of ten distinct but interdependent steps. These steps fall into one of three theoretical orientations (i.e., rational or solution focused, cognitive emotive, and behavioral) and are intended to provide abused<unk> ren and their adoptive parents with positive behavior change, corrective interpersonal skills, and greater control over themselves and their relationships. They are: # determining and normalizing thinking and behaving # evaluating language # shifting attention away from problem talk # describing times when the attachment problem is not happening # focusing on how family members "successfully" solve problematic attachment behavior # acknowledging "unpleasant emotions" (i.e., angry, sad, scared) underlying negative interactional patterns # identifying antecedents (controlling conditions) and associated negative cognitive emotive connections in behavior (reciprocal role of thought and emotion in behavioral causation) # encouraging previously abused<unk> ren to experience or "own" negative thoughts and associated aversive emotional feelings # modeling and rewarding positive behavior change (with themselves and in relationships) # encouraging and rewarding thinking and behaving differently This type of therapy shifts victims thoughts away from the bad and changes their behavior. Parent–child interaction therapy was designed to improve the<unk> -parent relationship following the experience of domestic violence. It targets trauma-related symptoms in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, including PTSD, aggression, defiance, and anxiety. It is supported by two studies of one sample. School-based programs have also been developed to treat<unk> ren who are survivors of abuse. This approach teaches<unk> ren, parents, teachers, and other school staff how to identify the signs of<unk>  maltreatment as well as skills that can be helpful in preventing<unk>  maltreatment. Other forms of treatment include group therapy, play therapy, and art therapy. Each of these types of treatment can be used to better assist the client, depending on the form of abuse they have experienced. Play therapy and art therapy are ways to get<unk> ren more comfortable with therapy by working on something that they enjoy (coloring, drawing, painting, etc.). The design of a<unk> 's artwork can be a symbolic representation of what they are feeling, relationships with friends or family, and more. Being able to discuss and analyze a<unk> 's artwork can allow a professional to get a better insight of the<unk> .
Child abuse
Physical abuse
Developmental regression
Psychological abuse
Sexual violence
Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
Vitamin A deficiency
Substance abuse