Like any medical procedure,<unk>  has some potential complications. In a review by Tyler et al., an analysis across the included studies found the overall complication rate associated with IO infusions to be less than 1% (0.9%). Complications include: * Bone fractures from the puncture devices * Catheter misplacement which can lead to extravasation * Bone and tissue damage from the puncturing device needle breaking off in the bone * Compartment syndrome * Osteomyelitis * Epiphyseal plate injury in pediatric populations Many of these potential complications can be prevented with simple measures like using good technique and keeping the period of IO infusion short by switching to IV as soon as it becomes feasible. Bone fracture complications can be decreased by using modern techniques and requiring more regular training in the methods of<unk>  marrow access for infusion. Extravasation can lead to the more serious complication of compartment syndrome. The risk of developing compartment syndrome can be reduced by medical personnel checking the infusion site regularly for any signs of swelling. Swelling could indicate misplacement of the catheter. Avoiding puncturing the same bone in a 48-hour period can also lessen the risk of developing this complication. The risk of osteomyelitis, while very low ( <1%), can be further lessened by using sterile, hygienic practices and modern devices to make the puncture. Damage to the epiphyseal plate can be avoided by training medical personnel about proper landmarks to be used for determining puncture sites.
Intraosseous infusion
Subcutaneous infusion
Intracardiac injection
Intraperitoneal injection
Subcutaneous injection
Intramuscular injection
Intracameral injection
Transdermal spray