Urothelial carcinoma is a prototypical example of a malignancy arising from environmental carcinogenic influences. By far the most important cause is cigarette smoking, which contributes to approximately one-half of the disease burden. Chemical exposure, such as those sustained by workers in the petroleum industry, the manufacture of paints and pigments (e.g., aniline dyes), and agrochemicals are known to predispose one to urothelial cancer. The risk is lowered by increased liquid consumption, presumably as a consequence of increased urine production and thus less dwell time on the urothelial surface. Conversely, risk is increased among long-haul truck drivers and others in whom long urine dwell-times are encountered. As with most epithelial cancers, physical irritation has been associated with increased risk of malignant transformation of the urothelium. Thus, urothelial carcinomas are more common in the context of chronic urinary stone disease, chronic catheterization (as in patients with paraplegia or multiple sclerosis), and chronic infections. Some particular examples are listed below: # Certain drugs, such as cyclophosphamide, via the metabolites acrolein and phenacetin, may predispose to the development of<unk> s (the latter especially with respect to the upper urinary tract). # Radiation exposure # Somatic mutation, such as deletion of chromosome 9q, 9p, 11p, 17p, 13q, 14q and overexpression of RAS (oncogene) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). # Presence of an abnormal extra chromosome, classified as a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC), in this malignancy's tumor<unk> s. The sSMC has an isochromosome-like structure consisting of two copies of the short (i.e. p) arm of chromosome 5. In consequence, the malignant<unk> s bearing it have four copies of this p arm's genetic material, two from each of the normal chromosome 5's and two from the sSMC. "sSMC i(5)(p10)" is the single most common recurrent structural chromosomal abnormality in<unk> , being present in its malignant<unk> s in most cases of the disease.<unk> <unk>  bladder carcinomas associated with this sSMS are more aggressive and invasive than those not associated with it.
Transitional cell carcinoma
Invasive urothelial carcinoma
Collecting duct carcinoma
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Papillary renal cell carcinoma
Renal medullary carcinoma
Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma
Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma