No direct determinant of<unk> s has been discovered; however, factors that put one at a higher risk of developing them include; smoking, exposure to asbestos and other chemical carcinogens, being obese and/or consuming an unhealthy diet, having a family history of cancer, and alcohol and coffee consumption. The incidence rate of<unk> s is greater in men than in women. The incidence of<unk> s is more greatly distributed in North America and Europe than in Asia and South America. The incidence of small renal<unk> s (masses under 4 cm long) has been increasing since the 1980s. Because<unk> s are often difficult to detect, the advancement of diagnostic imaging has inherently been correlated with the incidence rate. Although new diagnostic techniques are being utilized and<unk> s have been diagnosed more often at a lower stage, the mortality rate of the<unk> s have not fluctuated accordingly. Score Component 1 point 2 points 3 points R (radius, maximal diameter) ≤ 4 cm > 4 and 4 and entirely above upper polar line Mass crosses polar line 50% of the mass is across polar line, or mass is entirely between polar lines, or mass crosses axial midline A higher score indicates a higher difficulty in removing the<unk>  surgically, potentially making radical (total) nephrectomy necessary. Specific guidelines vary internationally, but in Hong Kong data, patients that underwent partial nephrectomy had scores averaging 7, and those with radical nephrectomy had scores averaging 9.
Kidney tumour
Renal cyst
Kidney cancer
Liver tumor
Ureteral cancer
Pyonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
Kidney stone disease