Anticonvulsants Many anticonvulsant oral medications are available for the management of<unk>  lobe seizures. Most anticonvulsants function by decreasing the excitation of neurons, for example, by blocking fast or slow sodium channels or by modulating calcium channels; or by enhancing the inhibition of neurons, for example by potentiating the effects of inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA. In<unk> , the most commonly used older medications are phenytoin, carbamazepine, primidone, valproate, and phenobarbital. Newer drugs, such as gabapentin, topiramate, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, pregabalin, tiagabine, lacosamide, and zonisamide promise similar effectiveness, with possibly fewer side-effects. Felbamate and vigabatrin are newer, but can have serious adverse effects so they are not considered as first-line treatments. Up to one third of patients with medial<unk>  will not have adequate seizure control with medication alone. For patients with medial<unk>  whose seizures remain uncontrolled after trials of several types of anticonvulsants (that is, the epilepsy is intractable), surgical excision of the affected<unk>  lobe may be considered. Surgical interventions Epilepsy surgery has been performed since the 1860s and doctors have observed that it is highly effective in producing freedom from seizures. However, it was not until 2001 that a scientifically sound study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of<unk>  lobectomy.<unk>  lobe surgery can be complicated by decreased cognitive function. However, after<unk>  lobectomy, memory function is supported by the opposite<unk>  lobe; and recruitment of the frontal lobe. Cognitive rehabilitation may also help. Other treatments Where surgery is not recommended, further management options include new (including experimental) anticonvulsants, and vagus nerve stimulation. The ketogenic diet is also recommended for children, and some adults. Other options include brain cortex responsive neural stimulators, deep brain stimulation, stereotactic radiosurgery, such as the gamma knife, and laser ablation.
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Frontal lobe epilepsy
Generalized epilepsy
Musicogenic epilepsy
Childhood absence epilepsy
Photosensitive epilepsy
Catamenial epilepsy
Northern epilepsy syndrome