Different forms of birth control have different potential side effects. Not all, or even most, users will experience side effects from a<unk>  The less effective the<unk>  the greater the risk of the side-effects associated with pregnancy. Minimal or no other side effects are possible with coitus interruptus, fertility awareness-based, and LAM. Some forms of periodic abstinence encourage examination of the cervix; insertion of the fingers into the vagina to perform this examination may cause changes in the vaginal environment. Following the rules for LAM may delay a woman's first post-partum menstruation beyond what would be expected from different breastfeeding practices. Barrier<unk>  have a risk of allergic reaction. Users sensitive to latex may use barriers made of less allergenic materials - polyurethane condoms, or silicone diaphragms, for example. Barrier<unk>  are also often combined with spermicides, which have possible side effects of genital irritation, vaginal infection, and urinary tract infection. Sterilization procedures are generally considered to have a low risk of side effects, though some persons and organizations disagree. Female sterilization is a more significant operation than vasectomy, and has greater risks; in industrialized nations, mortality is 4 per 100,000 tubal ligations, versus 0.1 per 100,000 vasectomies. After IUD insertion, users may experience irregular periods in the first 3–6 months with Mirena, and sometimes heavier periods and worse menstrual cramps with ParaGard. However, continuation rates are much higher with IUDs compared to non-long-acting<unk> . A positive characteristic of IUDs is that fertility and the ability to become pregnant returns quickly once the IUD is removed. Because of their systemic nature, hormonal<unk>  have the largest number of possible side effects. Sexually transmitted disease prevention Male and female condoms provide significant protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) when used consistently and correctly. They also provide some protection against cervical cancer. Condoms are often recommended as an adjunct to more effective birth control<unk>  (such as IUD) in situations where STD protection is also desired. Other barrier<unk> , such as diaphragm may provide limited protection against infections in the upper genital tract. Other<unk>  provide little or no protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
Comparison of birth control methods
Phases of clinical research
Birth control
Birth control 
Clinical prediction rule
Well-woman examination
Outline of clinical research
Personal health application