Initial treatment of bleeding from<unk>  focuses on resuscitation, much as with esophageal varices. This includes administration of fluids, blood products, and antibiotics. Another treatment for<unk>  is injection of the varices with cyanoacrylate, first described by German surgeon Nib Soehendra and colleagues in 1986. The results from two randomized trials comparing band ligation vs cyanoacrylate suggests that endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate, known as<unk> l obliteration or<unk> O is superior to band ligation in preventing rebleeding rates. Cyanoacrylate, a common component in 'super glue' is often mixed 1:1 with lipiodol to prevent polymerization in the endoscopy delivery optics, and to show on radiographic imaging.<unk> O is usually performed in specialized therapeutic endoscopy centers. Complications include sepsis, embolization of glue, and obstruction from polymerization in the lumen of the stomach. Other techniques for refractory bleeding include: * Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) * Balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration techniques (BORTO) * Coil-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (CARTO) *<unk> l ligation, although this modality is falling out of favour * Intra-gastric balloon tamponade as a bridge to further therapy * a caveat is that a larger balloon is required to occupy the fundus of the stomach where<unk>  commonly occur * Liver transplantation
Gastric varices
Anorectal varices
Esophageal varices
Tropical ulcer
Mouth ulcer
Nosebleed
Black stomach
Stercoral ulcer