Because of bleeding risks associated with the procedure,<unk>  is not considered safe for many patients with cardiac problems. Postoperative complications include: ;Acute complications * Bleeding (most common). Bleeding may be reduced by pre-treatment with an anti-androgen such as finasteride or flutamide. * Clot retention and clot colic. The blood released from the resected prostate may become stuck in the urethra and can cause pain and urine retention. * Bladder wall injury, such as perforation (rare). Intraperitoneal bladder rupture will present with upper abdominal pain and referred pain to the shoulder. Extraperitoneal bladder rupture may present with inguinal, peri-umbilical pain. *<unk>  syndrome: Hyponatremia and water intoxication caused by an overload of fluid absorption from the open prostatic sinusoids during the procedure. This complication can lead to confusion, changes in mental status, vomiting, nausea, and even coma. To prevent<unk>  syndrome, the length of the procedure is limited to less than one hour in many centers, and the height of the container of irrigating solution above the surgical table – determining the hydrostatic pressure driving fluid into the prostatic veins and sinuses – is kept to a minimum. The classic triad of<unk>  syndrome includes elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressures with increased pulse pressure, bradycardia, and mental status changes (assuming an awake patient under regional anesthesia). * The different types of irrigation fluids used for<unk>  each have specific disadvantages. Glycine irrigating solution may cause transient blindness. Distilled water has the highest risk for intravascular hemolysis, hypervolemia, and dilutional hyponatremia. Balanced salt solutions (such as normal saline) cause electrical current dispersion during<unk> , but significantly reduce the risk of<unk>  syndrome. Sorbitol and mannitol solutions may lead to hyperglycemia (sorbitol), intravascular fluid expansion with absorption (mannitol), and osmotic diuresis (sorbitol and mannitol). Chronic complications In most cases, urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction resolve on their own within 6 to 12 months post-TURP. Therefore, many doctors will postpone invasive treatment until a year after the surgery. * Urinary incontinence – most commonly stress incontinence – due to injury of the external sphincter system, may be prevented by taking the verumontanum of the prostate as a distal limiting boundary during<unk> . Initial management includes lifestyle changes, bladder training, pelvic floor muscle training, and using incontinence pads. The current gold standard of management for persistent urinary incontinence after prostatectomy is the placement of an artificial urinary sphincter. Male slings are an alternative for mild to moderate post-prostatectomy incontinence. * Retrograde ejaculation due to injury of the prostatic urethra. This is one of the most frequent complications of the procedure, occurring in about 65% of patients. * Bladder neck stenosis. * Erectile dysfunction may be seen in some patients, however, many have reported that erectile function improved after<unk> . Additionally,<unk>  is associated with a low risk of mortality.
Transurethral resection of the prostate
Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate
Transurethral incision of the prostate
Prostatic artery embolization
Radical retropubic prostatectomy
Prostatic stent
Radical perineal prostatectomy
Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy