Birth control pills There are few well-controlled studies on whether<unk>  use increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure. The majority of studies indicate<unk> s do not interfere with birth control pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by<unk> s is very low <unk> out 1%). Situations that may increase the risk of oral contraceptive failure include non-compliance (missing taking the pill), vomiting, or diarrhea. Gastrointestinal disorders or interpatient variability in oral contraceptive<unk> sorption affecting ethinylestradiol serum levels in the blood. Women with menstrual irregularities may be at higher risk of failure and should be advised to use backup contraception during<unk>  treatment and for one week after its completion. If patient-specific risk factors for reduced oral contraceptive efficacy are suspected, backup contraception is recommended. In cases where<unk> s have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum<unk>  rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced<unk> sorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using<unk> s that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives. More studies on the possible interactions between<unk> s and birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are required as well as careful assessment of patient-specific risk factors for potential oral contractive pill failure prior to dismissing the need for backup contraception. Alcohol Interactions between alcohol and certain<unk> s may occur and may cause side effects and decreased effectiveness of<unk>  therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common<unk> s, there are specific types of<unk> s, with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side effects. Therefore, potential risks of side effects and effectiveness depend on the type of<unk>  administered.<unk> s such as metronidazole, tinidazole, cephamandole, latamoxef, cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, and furazolidone, cause a disulfiram-like chemical reaction with alcohol by inhibiting its breakdown by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which may result in vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath. In addition, the efficacy of doxycycline and erythromycin succinate may be reduced by alcohol consumption. Other effects of alcohol on<unk>  activity include altered activity of the liver enzymes that break down the<unk>  compound.
Antibiotic
Steroid
Antimicrobial
Antiseptic
Broad-spectrum antibiotic
Antiemetic
Analgesic
Antiviral drug