premature infants cannot suck effectively, which can lead to decreased<unk>  production in the mother.<unk>  can be either primary (caused by medical conditions or anatomical issues in the mother), secondary (caused by not thoroughly and regularly removing<unk>  from the breasts) or both. Secondary causes are far more common than primary ones. One study found that 15% of healthy first-time mothers had<unk>  2–3 weeks after birth, with secondary causes accounting for at least two-thirds of those cases. Breastfeeding management issues that can interfere with regular<unk>  drainage from the breast include poor latch, unnecessary use of<unk> mental formula, timed or scheduled feedings (as opposed to on-demand feedings), and overuse of pacifiers. Medical conditions in the infant that result in weak or unco-ordinated sucking can cause<unk>  by inhibiting the transfer of<unk>  to the baby. These conditions include tongue-tie, congenital heart defects, prematurity, and Down syndrome. Primary causes of<unk>  include: * insufficient glandular tissue, also known as primary lactation failure. Breasts with insufficient glandular tissue often have a tubular shape, with a large space between the breasts, and often do not grow during pregnancy. * retained placenta * Sheehan's syndrome * prior breast surgery (especially breast reduction) * prior nipple piercing * polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) * hypothyroidism * hypoprolactinemia * theca lutein cysts * hypertension * pregnancy Smoking more than 15 cigarettes per day is associated with reduced<unk>  production. Many medications are known to significantly suppress<unk>  production, including pseudoephedrine, diuretics, and contraceptives that contain estrogen. It is suspected that some herbs, particularly sage and peppermint, suppress<unk>  production.
Low milk supply
Delayed onset of lactation
Undernutrition in children
Postpartum infections
Breastfeeding difficulties
Maternal recognition of pregnancy
Other specified feeding or eating disorder
Water birth