During<unk> , the procedure is<unk>  by preoperative or intraoperative imaging.<unk>  has been applied to procedures involving on multiple organs such as the brain, spine, pelvis/hip, knee, lung, breast, liver, and prostate. Part of the wider field of computer-assisted<unk> ,<unk>  can take place in hybrid operating rooms using intraoperative imaging. A hybrid operating room is a surgical theatre that is equipped with advanced medical imaging devices such as fixed C-Arms, CT scanners or MRI scanners. Most image-guided surgical procedures are minimally invasive. A field of medicine that pioneered and specializes in minimally invasive<unk>  is interventional radiology. A hand-held surgical probe is an essential component of any<unk>  system as it provides the surgeon with a map of the designated area. During the surgical procedure, the<unk>  tracks the probe position and displays the anatomy beneath it as, for example, three orthogonal image slices on a workstation-based 3D imaging system. Existing<unk>  systems use different tracking techniques including mechanical, optical, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic. When fluorescence modality is adopted to such devices, the technique is also called fluorescence<unk> .<unk>  using medical ultrasound utilises sounds waves and as such does not require the protection and safety precautions necessary with ionising radiation modalities such as fluoroscopy, CT, X-Ray and tomography. Optical topographic imaging using structured light and machine vision stereoscopic cameras has been applied in neurosurgical navigation systems to reduce the use of intraoperative ionising radiation as well. Modern<unk>  systems are often combined with robotics. Neurosurgery The various applications of navigation for neurosurgery have been widely used and reported for almost two decades. According to a study in 2000, researchers were already anticipating that a significant portion of neurosurgery would be performed using computer-based interventions. Recent advancements in ultrasound, including intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) allow for real-time cross sectional mapping of vessels and lateral tissues providing calibrated measurements of vessel diameters, contours and morphology.<unk>  was originally developed for treatment of brain tumors using stereotactic<unk>  and radiosurgery that are<unk>  by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) via technologies such as the N-localizer and Sturm-Pastyr localizer.<unk>  systems are also used in spine<unk>  to<unk> the placement of implants and avoid damaging the nearby neurovascular structures. Orthopedics A mini-optical navigation system has been developed that makes real-time measurements to<unk> surgeons during total hip arthroplasty procedures. This<unk>  system involves a patient-mounted camera and a tracker for positional detection by the camera when mounted on surgical instruments or anatomical locations. Urology<unk>  based on MRI is used to<unk> prostatic biopsy. Image guidance is used to assist surgeons with identifying anatomic landmarks and surgical planes between the prostate and neurovascular bundles during nerve-sparing procedures. This can help reduce negative effects of the procedure like sexual dysfunction and urinary incontinence.
Image-guided surgery
Fluorescence image-guided surgery
Surgical segment navigator
Robot-assisted surgery
Robotic magnetic navigation
Bone segment navigation
Computer-assisted surgery
Sensei robotic catheter system