+Duration of nicotine withdrawal symptoms Craving for tobacco 3 to 8 weeks Dizziness Few days Insomnia 1 to 2 weeks Headaches 1 to 2 weeks Chest discomfort 1 to 2 weeks Constipation 1 to 2 weeks Irritability 2 to 4 weeks Fatigue 2 to 4 weeks Cough or nasal drip Few weeks Lack of concentration Few weeks Hunger Up to several weeks Symptoms In a 2007 review of the effects of abstinence from tobacco, Hughes concluded that "anger, anxiety, depression, difficulty concentrating, impatience, insomnia, and restlessness are valid withdrawal symptoms that peak within the first week and last 2–4 weeks." In contrast, "constipation, cough, dizziness, increased dreaming, and mouth ulcers" may or may not be symptoms of withdrawal, while drowsiness, fatigue, and certain physical symptoms ("dry mouth, flu symptoms, headaches, heart racing, skin rash, sweating, tremor") were not symptoms of withdrawal. Weight gain Giving up smoking is associated with an average weight gain of after 12 months, most of which occurs within the first three months of quitting. The possible causes of the weight gain include: *Smoking over-expresses the gene AZGP1 which stimulates lipolysis, so<unk>  may decrease lipolysis. *Smoking suppresses appetite, which may be caused by nicotine's effect on central autonomic neurons (e.g., via regulation of melanin concentrating hormone neurons in the hypothalamus). *Heavy smokers are reported to burn 200 calories per day more than non-smokers eating the same diet. Possible reasons for this phenomenon include nicotine's ability to increase energy metabolism or nicotine's effect on peripheral neurons. The 2008 Guideline suggests that sustained-release bupropion, nicotine gum, and nicotine lozenge be used "to delay weight gain after quitting." A 2012 Cochrane review concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend a particular program for preventing weight gain. Depression Like other physically addictive drugs, nicotine addiction causes a down-regulation of the production of dopamine and other stimulatory neurotransmitters as the brain attempts to compensate for the artificial stimulation caused by smoking. Therefore, when people stop smoking, depressive symptoms such as suicidal tendencies or actual depression may result, although a recent international study comparing smokers who had stopped for 3 months with continuing smokers found that stopping smoking did not appear to increase anxiety or depression. This side effect of<unk>  may be particularly common in women, as depression is more common among women than among men. Anxiety A 2013 study by The British Journal of Psychiatry has found that smokers who successfully quit feel less anxious afterward, with the effect being greater among those who had mood and anxiety disorders than those who smoked for pleasure.
Smoking cessation
Low sodium diet
Weight management
Nicotine replacement therapy
Graded exercise therapy
Cardiac diet
Reverse smoking
Low-fat diet