<unk>  has been linked to family history of malformations and maternal cocaine use, suggesting both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Several genes in the TGF-beta pathway, which controls left-right patterning of visceral organs across the body axis, have been indicated in sporadic and familial cases of atrial isomerism. There is also overlap between genes associated with<unk>  and Primary ciliary dyskinesia, likely due to the important role of cilia is establishing Left-right asymmetry (biology). The planar cell polarity has an important role in positioning these cilia, and thus genes within this pathway are increasingly associated with<unk> . Disrupted mitochondria function has also been recently linked to heterotaxy.
Situs ambiguus
Situs inversus
Pulmonary agenesis
Double aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia
Gastroschisis
Diaschisis
Cranioschisis