<unk>  is protean in its manifestations, i.e., often presenting with signs or symptoms suggestive of other diagnoses that affect specific organ systems. Many of the signs and symptoms below are uncommon, and most patients with the<unk>  form of<unk>  do not show any overt signs of disease nor do they suffer premature morbidity, if they are diagnosed early, but, more often than not, the condition is diagnosed only at autopsy. Presently, the classic triad of cirrhosis, bronze skin, and diabetes is less common because of earlier diagnosis. The more common clinical manifestations include: * Fatigue * Malaise * Joint pain (mainly knee and hand) * Abdominal pain * Bronze or gray skin color (for this the illness was named "bronze diabetes" when it was first described by Armand Trousseau in 1865) * Liver fibrosis or cirrhosis (with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma): Liver disease is always preceded by evidence of liver dysfunction, including elevated serum enzymes specific to the liver, clubbing of the fingers, leuconychia, asterixis, hepatomegaly, palmar erythema, and spider naevi. Cirrhosis can also present with jaundice (yellowing of the skin) and ascites. * Diabetes mellitus type 2:<unk>  patients have insulin resistance for liver disease, and poor insulin secretion due to pancreatic damage from iron deposition. * Erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism, resulting in decreased libido, amenorrhea * Congestive heart failure, abnormal heart rhythms, or pericarditis * Arthritis of the hands (especially the second and third metacarpophalangeal joints), but also the knee and shoulder joints * Weight loss Less common findings including: * Memory loss * Hair loss * Splenomegaly * adrenal insufficiency * Deafness * Dyskinesias, including Parkinsonian symptoms * Dysfunction of certain endocrine organs: * Parathyroid gland (leading to hypocalcaemia) * Pituitary gland: secondary hypothyroidism, secondary hypogonadism * Adrenal gland * An increased susceptibility to certain infectious diseases caused by siderophilic microorganisms: * Vibrio vulnificus infections from eating seafood or wound infection * Listeria monocytogenes * Yersinia enterocolica * Salmonella enterica (serotype Typhymurium) * Klebsiella pneumoniae * Escherichia coli * Rhizopus arrhizus * Mucor species * Aspergillus fumigatus * Cytomegalovirus * Hepatitis B virus * Hepatitis C virus In the<unk>  <unk>  or<unk> C), males are usually diagnosed after their forties and fifties, and women some decades later, during menopause. The severity of clinical disease varies considerably. Some evidence suggests that<unk>  patients affected with other liver ailments such as hepatitis or alcoholic liver disease suffer worse liver disease than those with either condition alone. Also, juvenile form of primary<unk>  <unk>  type 2) present in childhood with the same consequences of iron overload. End-organ damage Iron is stored in the liver, pancreas and heart. Long-term effects of<unk>  on these organs can be serious, even fatal when untreated. Since the liver is a primary storage area for iron and naturally accumulates excess iron over time, it is likely to be damaged by iron overload. Toxins may accumulate in the blood and eventually affect mental functioning due to increased risk of hepatic encephalopathy. Together, they can increase the risk of liver cancer to one in three persons. If excess iron in the heart interferes with its ability to circulate enough blood, a number of problems can occur, including (potentially fatal) congestive heart failure. The condition may be reversible when<unk>  is treated and excess iron stores are reduced. Arrhythmia or abnormal heart rhythm can cause heart palpitations, chest pain, and light-headedness, and is occasionally life-threatening. This condition can often be reversed with treatment. The pancreas, which also stores iron, is very important in the body's mechanisms for sugar metabolism. Diabetes affects the way the body uses blood sugar (glucose), and diabetes is, in turn, the leading cause of new blindness in adults and may be involved in kidney failure.<unk>  may lead to cirrhosis and its complications, including bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus (esophageal varices) and stomach (gastric varices) and severe fluid retention in the abdomen (ascites). Severity of periodontal disease is associated with high transferrin saturation in<unk>  patients.
Hereditary haemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis type 4
Juvenile hemochromatosis
Haemochromatosis type 3
Aceruloplasminemia
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Familial cirrhosis
Wilson's disease