Therapeutic interventions are best individualized to particular patients. Basic principles of treatment for<unk>  are to avoid noxious stimuli and provide frequent range of motion exercise. Physical interventions Physiotherapy has been shown to be effective in controlling<unk>  through the use of stretching aimed to reduce motor neuron excitability. The aim of a physical therapy session could be to inhibit excessive tone as far as possible, give the patient a sensation of normal position and movement, and to facilitate normal movement patterns. While static stretch has been the classical means to increase range of motion, PNF stretching has been used in many clinical settings to effectively reduce muscle spasticity. Icing and other topical anesthetics may decrease the reflexive activity for short period of time in order to facilitate motor function. Inhibitory pressure (applying firm pressure over muscle tendon) and promoting body heat retention and rhythmic rotation (slow repeated rotation of affected body part to stimulate relaxation) have also been proposed as potential methods to decrease<unk> . Aside from static stretch casting, splinting techniques are extremely valuable to extend joint range of motion lost to<unk> ity. A more unconventional method for limiting tone is to deploy quick repeated passive movements to an involved joint in cyclical fashion; this has also been demonstrated to show results on persons without physical disabilities. For a more permanent state of improvement, exercise and patient education is imperative. Isokinetic, aerobic, and strength training exercises should be performed as prescribed by a physiotherapist, and stressful situations that may cause increased tone should be minimized or avoided. Pharmaceutical interventions Baclofen, diazepam and dantrolene remain the three most commonly used pharmacologic agents in the treatment of spastic<unk> . Baclofen is generally the drug of choice for spinal cord types of spasticity, while sodium dantrolene is the only agent which acts directly on muscle tissue. Tizanidine is also available. Phenytoin with chlorpromazine may be potentially useful if sedation does not limit their use. Ketazolam, not yet available in the United States, may be a significant addition to the pharmacologic set of options. Intrathecal administration of antispastic medications allows for high concentrations of drug near the site of action, which limits side effects.
Hypertonia
Hyperpathia
Cynanthropy
Phonophoresis
Spasticity
Dyskinesia
Asterixis
Hyperkinesia