Initial steps to alleviate<unk>  include dietary adjustments and simple adjustments when attempting to defecate. Supplementation with a bulking agent such as psyllium 3500 17 mg per day will make stool more bulky, which decreases the effort required to evacuate. Similarly, exercise and adequate hydration may help to optimise stool form. The anorectal angle has been shown to flatten out when in a squatting position, and is thus recommended for patients with functional outlet obstruction like<unk> . If the patient is unable to assume a squatting postures due to mobility issues, a low stool can be used to raise the feet when sitting, which effectively achieves a similar position. Treatments for<unk>  include biofeedback retraining, botox injections, and surgical resection.<unk>  sometimes occurs together with other conditions that limit (see contraindication) the choice of treatments. Thus, thorough evaluation is recommended prior to treatment. Biofeedback training for treatment of<unk>  is highly effective and considered the gold standard therapy by many. Others however, reported that biofeedback had a limited therapeutic effect. Injections of botulin toxin type-A into the puborectalis muscle are very effective in the short term, and somewhat effective in the long term. Injections may be helpful when used together with biofeedback training. Historically, the standard treatment was surgical resection of the puborectalis muscle, which sometimes resulted in fecal incontinence. Recently, partial resection (partial division) has been reported to be effective in some cases.
Anismus
Trismus
Facial weakness
Hemifacial spasm
Strabismus
Ankyloglossia
Stridor
Dysphagia