<unk>  does not release glucose within the small intestine, but rather reaches the large intestine where it is consumed or fermented by colonic bacteria (gut microbiota). On a daily basis, human intestinal microbiota encounter more carbohydrates than any other dietary component. This includes<unk> , non-starch polysaccharide fibers, oligosaccharides, and simple sugars which have significance in colon health. The fermentation of<unk>  produces short-chain fatty acids, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate and increased bacterial cell mass. The short-chain fatty acids are produced in the large intestine where they are rapidly absorbed from the colon, then are metabolized in colonic epithelial cells, liver or other tissues. The fermentation of<unk>  produces more butyrate than other types of dietary fibers. Studies have shown that<unk>  supplementation was well tolerated. Modest amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen are also produced in intestinal fermentation. One review estimated that the acceptable daily intake of<unk>  may be as high as 45 grams in adults, an amount exceeding the total recommended intake for dietary fiber of 25–38 grams per day. When isolated<unk>  is used to substitute for flour in foods, the glycemic response of that food is reduced. There is limited evidence that<unk>  can improve fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin<unk> e and sensitivity, especially in individuals who are diabetic, overweight or obese. In 2016, the U.S. FDA approved a qualified health claim stating that<unk>  might reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, but with qualifying language for product labels that limited scientific evidence exists to support this claim. Because qualified health claims are issued when the science evidence is weak or not consistent, the FDA requires specific labeling language, such as the guideline concerning<unk> : "High-amylose maize<unk>  may reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes. FDA has concluded that there is limited scientific evidence for this claim."<unk>  may reduce appetite, especially with doses of 25 grams or more.<unk>  may reduce low-density cholesterol. There is limited evidence that<unk>  might improve inflammatory biomarkers, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein.
Resistant starch
Titratable acid
Salicylate sensitivity
Acid-fastness
Oat sensitivity
Glycoside
Hematinic
Cold sensitivity