<unk>  is a state of dependence upon<unk> .<unk>  is a chronic, relapsing disease defined as a compulsive craving to use the drug, despite social consequences, loss of control over drug intake, and emergence of withdrawal symptoms. Tolerance is another component of drug dependence.<unk>  develops over time as a person continues to use<unk> . The most commonly used tobacco product is cigarettes, but all forms of tobacco use and e-cigarette use can cause dependence.<unk>  is a serious public health problem because it leads to continued tobacco use, which is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide, causing more than 8 million deaths per year. According to the World Health Organization, "Greater<unk>  has been shown to be associated with lower motivation to quit, difficulty in trying to quit, and failure to quit, as well as with smoking the first cigarette earlier in the day and smoking more cigarettes per day." The WHO estimates that there are 1.1 billion smokers globally. Of the 34 million smokers in the US in 2018, 74.6% smoked every day, indicating the potential for some level of<unk> . There is an increased frequency of<unk>  in people with anxiety disorders. There are different ways of measuring<unk> . Common dependence assessment scales for cigarette smokers are the Fagerström Test for<unk> , the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the Cigarette Dependence Scale, the<unk>  Syndrome Scale, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM).<unk>  is a sympathomimetic stimulant that attaches to<unk> c acetylcholine receptors in the brain. Neuroplasticity within the brain's reward system, including an increase in the number of<unk>  receptors, occurs as a result of long-term<unk>  use, leading to<unk> . There are genetic risk factors for developing dependence. For instance, genetic markers for a specific type of<unk> c receptor (the α5-α3-β4<unk>  receptors) have been linked to increased risk for dependence. Evidence-based treatments, including medications<unk>  replacement therapy, bupropion, varenicline, or cytisine) and behavioral counseling, can double or triple a smoker's chances of quitting successfully.
Nicotine dependence
Exercise addiction
Cocaine dependence
Nicotine withdrawal
Alcohol dependence
Benzodiazepine dependence
Caffeine dependence
Polysubstance dependence