Coolant and heat-transfer agent The major use of<unk>  is as an antifreeze agent in the coolant in for example, automobiles and air-conditioning systems that either place the chiller or air handlers outside or must cool below the freezing temperature of water. In geothermal heating/cooling systems,<unk>  is the fluid that transports heat through the use of a geothermal heat pump. The<unk>  either gains energy from the source (lake, ocean, water well) or dissipates heat to the sink, depending on whether the system is being used for heating or cooling. Pure<unk>  has a specific heat capacity about one half that of water. So, while providing freeze protection and an increased boiling point,<unk>  lowers the specific heat capacity of water mixtures relative to pure water. A 1:1 mix by mass has a specific heat capacity of about 3140 J/(kg·°C) (0.75 BTU/(lb·°F)), three quarters that of pure water, thus requiring increased flow rates in same-system comparisons with water. The formation of large bubbles in cooling passages of internal combustion engines will severely inhibit heat flow (flux) from the area, so that allowing nucleation (tiny bubbles) to occur is not advisable. Large bubbles in cooling passages will be self-sustaining or grow larger, with a virtually complete loss of cooling in the area. With pure MEG (mono-ethylene<unk>  the hot spot will reach . Cooling by other effects such as air draft from fans (not considered in pure nucleation analysis) will assist in preventing large-bubble formation. The mixture of<unk>  with water provides additional benefits to coolant and antifreeze solutions, such as preventing corrosion and acid degradation, as well as inhibiting the growth of most microbes and fungi. Mixtures of<unk>  and water are sometimes informally referred to in industry as<unk>  concentrates, compounds, mixtures, or solutions. Anti-freeze Pure<unk>  freezes at about −12 °C (10.4 °F) but, when mixed with water, the mixture freezes at a lower temperature. For example, a mixture of 60%<unk>  and 40% water freezes at −45 °C (−49 °F). Diethylene<unk>  behaves similarly. The freezing point depression of some mixtures can be explained as a colligative property of solutions but, in highly concentrated mixtures such as the example, deviations from ideal solution behavior are expected due to the influence of intermolecular forces. It's important to note that though pure and distilled water will have a greater specific heat capacity than any mixture of antifreeze and water, commercial antifreezes also typically contain an anti-corrosive additive to prevent pure water from corroding coolant passages in the engine block, cylinder head(s), water pump and radiator. There is a difference in the mixing ratio, depending on whether it is<unk>  or propylene<unk> . For<unk> , the mixing ratios are typically 30/70 and 35/65, whereas the propylene<unk>  mixing ratios are typically 35/65 and 40/60. It is important that the mixture be frost-proof at the lowest operating temperature. Because of the depressed freezing temperatures,<unk>  is used as a de-icing fluid for windshields and aircraft, as an antifreeze in automobile engines, and as a component of vitrification (anticrystallization) mixtures for low-temperature preservation of biological tissues and organs. The use of<unk>  not only depresses the freezing point of aqueous mixtures, but also elevates their boiling point. This results in the operating temperature range for heat-transfer fluids being broadened on both ends of the temperature scale. The increase in boiling temperature is due to pure<unk>  having a much higher boiling point and lower vapor pressure than pure water, as is typical with most binary mixtures of volatile liquids. Precursor to polymers In the plastic industry,<unk>  is an important precursor to polyester fibers and resins. Polyethylene terephthalate, used to make plastic bottles for soft drinks, is prepared from<unk> .<unk>  is one precursor to polyethyleneterephthalate, which is produced on the multimillion ton scale annually. Other uses Dehydrating agent<unk>  is used in the natural gas industry to remove water vapor from natural gas before further processing, in much the same manner as triethylene<unk>  (TEG). Hydrate inhibition Because of its high boiling point and affinity for water,<unk>  is a useful desiccant.<unk>  is widely used to inhibit the formation of natural gas clathrates (hydrates) in long multiphase pipelines that convey natural gas from remote gas fields to a gas processing facility.<unk>  can be recovered from the natural gas and reused as an inhibitor after purification treatment that removes water and inorganic salts. Natural gas is dehydrated by<unk> . In this application,<unk>  flows down from the top of a tower and meets a rising mixture of water vapor and hydrocarbon gases. Dry gas exits from the top of the tower. The<unk>  and water are separated, and the<unk>  recycled. Instead of removing water,<unk>  can also be used to depress the temperature at which hydrates are formed. The purity of<unk>  used for hydrate suppression (monoethylene<unk>  is typically around 80%, whereas the purity of<unk>  used for dehydration (triethylene<unk>  is typically 95 to more than 99%. Moreover, the injection rate for hydrate suppression is much lower than the circulation rate in a<unk>  dehydration tower. Applications Minor uses of<unk>  include the manufacture of capacitors, as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of 1,4-dioxane, as an additive to prevent corrosion in liquid cooling systems for personal computers, and inside the lens devices of cathode-ray tube type of rear projection televisions.<unk>  is also used in the manufacture of some vaccines, but it is not itself present in these injections. It is used as a minor (1–2%) ingredient in shoe polish and also in some inks and dyes.<unk>  has seen some use as a rot and fungal treatment for wood, both as a preventative and a treatment after the fact. It has been used in a few cases to treat partially rotted wooden objects to be displayed in museums. It is one of only a few treatments that are successful in dealing with rot in wooden boats, and is relatively cheap.<unk>  may also be one of the minor ingredients in screen cleaning solutions, along with the main ingredient isopropyl alcohol.<unk>  is commonly used as a preservative for biological specimens, especially in secondary schools during dissection as a safer alternative to formaldehyde. It is also used as part of the water-based hydraulic fluid used to control subsea oil and gas production equipment.<unk>  is used as a protecting group in organic synthesis to protect carbonyl compounds such as ketones and aldehydes. Silicon dioxide reacts in heated reflux under dinitrogen with<unk>  and an alkali metal base to produce highly reactive, pentacoordinate silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds. The silicates are essentially insoluble in all polar solvents except methanol. It also can be used in vaccine manufacture or as a formaldehyde substitute when preserving biological specimens.
Ethylene glycol
Triphenylbromoethylene
Triphenylchloroethylene
Chloroethane
Vinyl chloride
Perfluorooctanoic acid
Methanol
Chloroform