A 2007 assessment of harm from recreational drug use (mean physical harm and mean dependence liability):<unk>  was ranked 9th in dependence, 8th in physical harm, and 11th in social harm. Common adverse drug reactions associated with the use of<unk> , similar to those of other opioids, include nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, memory loss, cognitive and neural inhibition, perspiration, itchiness, dry mouth, shrinking of the pupils of the eyes (miosis), orthostatic hypotension, male ejaculatory difficulty, decreased libido, and urinary retention. Constipation and central nervous system (CNS) effects are seen less frequently than with morphine. Respiratory effects The most severe side effect associated with<unk>  is respiratory depression (insufficient breathing). It occurs more often in those who are also taking benzodiazepines or alcohol, or have underlying lung disease. The usual reversal agents for opioids, such as naloxone, may be only partially effective, and additional efforts to support breathing may be required. Respiratory depression may be less than with other opioids, particularly with chronic use. In the setting of acute pain management, though,<unk>  appears to cause the same rate of respiratory depression as other opioids such as morphine.<unk>  dependence<unk>  treatment carries the risk of causing psychological or physiological (physical) dependencies. It has a slow onset of activity, with a long duration of action, and a long half-life of 24 to 60 hours. Once a patient has stabilised on the<unk>  medication and programme, three options remain - continual use<unk> -only medication), switching to a<unk> /naloxone combination, or a medically supervised withdrawal. Pain management Achieving acute opioid analgesia is difficult in persons using<unk>  for pain management.
Buprenorphine
Methadone
Isomethadone
Naltrexone
Normethadone
Tapentadol
Morphine
Acetylmethadol