The effects of the<unk>  on weight loss are primarily due to the ephedrine component. Ephedrine acts both as an α and β adrenergic agonist, stimulating the release of norepinephrine. Increased circulating norepinephrine in the body then acts on brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. This causes a thermogenic effect, raising bodily heat production and increasing energy consumption in conjunction with the rest of the<unk> . However, the body's negative feedback systems quickly activate to normalize metabolism. This takes the form of elevated phosphodiesterase enzyme activity within the cells, as well as prostaglandin release in the synaptic junctions; both of these degrade cAMP and mitigate the thermogenic effects. Adenosine release in the brain additionally speeds the breakdown of cAMP. Caffeine inhibits the production of phosphodiesterase inside the cell and therefore slows the degradation of cAMP. It also binds with and competitively inhibits adenosine receptors in the brain, triggering the release of epinephrine and increasing cAMP levels further. Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin production outside of the cells, which, in conjunction with caffeine, greatly prolongs the thermogenic effects and increased metabolism by sustaining elevated cAMP levels. Additionally, Ephedrine acts as an anorectic, or appetite-suppressing drug. However, the anorectic effect becomes less pronounced over time, as the body becomes tolerant of ephedrine to some degree. An estimated 75% of the efficacy of the<unk>  can be attributed to decreased appetite, while the remaining 25% is due to the thermogenic effects of the<unk> . The stimulating effects of caffeine and ephedrine are an additional contributing factor to weight loss. The<unk> 's effect on the central nervous system results in increased aerobic exercise performance, measured as time until exhaustion relative to respiratory metrics.
ECA stack
Critical green inclusion
Kerley lines
Engel classification
Cramp-ring
Wale mark
Hollenhorst plaque
Co-rumination