In the absence of severe urinary tract obstruction (which generally requires surgery with omental wrapping), treatment is generally with glucocorticoids initially, followed by DMARDs either as steroid-sparing agents or if refractory on steroids. The SERM tamoxifen has shown to improve the condition in various small trials, although the exact mechanism of its action remains unclear. Associations include: * Riedel's thyroiditis * previous radiotherapy * sarcoidosis * inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm * drugs
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Perineal tear
Cervical effacement
Perineal hernia
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis
Accessory pancreas
Ileosigmoid knot
Cyst