The hallmark of<unk>  is weakness, affecting different muscles, depending on where the damage has occurred. Some common signs include the following Phonation and prosody: Damage to cranial nerve X can present as changes in voice quality. One or both vocal folds may be effectively paralyzed, or have diminished function. If a vocal fold is stuck in an adducted or closed position, the voice will be harsh and low in volume. A vocal fold stuck in an abducted or open position may cause breathiness and low volume. Listen for vocal flutter and diplophonia. Having both vocal folds stuck in an abducted position creates a breathy voice, with potential inspiratory stridor. Having both vocal folds stuck in an adducted or closed position compromises the airway significantly. In addition to these changes in phonation, someone may have issues changing their pitch or loudness. Or, they may speak in short phrases, as they release more air than normal through their larynx while speaking. Resonance: Damage to the cranial nerves innervating muscles that control the velum may result in hypernasal speech. This can sound like someone is saying things through their nose, making oral sounds like "b" or "d" sound more like "m" or "n", respectively. Or, there may be air release through the nose that is audible, as in an attempt to say "s". Articulation: Damage to the cranial nerves innervating the lips, tongue and other key muscles for making speech sounds may result in inaccurate or imprecise articulation. This may improve with rest. Other:<unk>  paralysis can cause muscles to atrophy or lose mass over time. Twitches in the affected muscle fibres (fasciculations) may be present. In the tongue, this resembles worms moving in the tissue. If the muscles of the face are affected (i.e. if there is damage to cranial nerve VII; V for the jaw in mastication), there may be drooping, sagging or drooling. When the tongue moves forward (as in a protrusion exercise), it will move to the stronger side. If the person is asked to move their jaw, it will be opposite (toward the weaker side). Other visible signs that accompany<unk>  include facial or soft palate droop, or nasal regurgitation with eating (again, if the velum is an affected area). Issues with eating are common, given the shared nature of the muscles for talking and those for chewing and swallowing. These require evaluation alongside any speech difficulties, and if present, may be medically serious (i.e. if material enters the lungs, or if not enough food is able to be eaten).
Flaccid dysarthria
Global aphasia
Dysarthria
Hypophonia
Anomic aphasia
Hypotonia
Expressive aphasia
Myopathic gait