<unk>  discovered thus far include polymer conjugates, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based carriers, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and gold nanoparticles. Lipid-based carriers include both liposomes and micelles. Examples of gold nanoparticles are gold nanoshells and nanocages. Different types of nanomaterial being used in<unk>  allows for hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs to be delivered throughout the body. Since the human body contains mostly water, the ability to deliver hydrophobic drugs effectively in humans is a major therapeutic benefit of<unk> . Micelles are able to contain either hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs depending on the orientation of the phospholipid molecules. Some<unk>  contain nanotube arrays allowing them to contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. One potential problem with<unk>  is unwanted toxicity from the type of nanomaterial being used. Inorganic nanomaterial can also be toxic to the human body if it accumulates in certain cell organelles. New research is being conducted to invent more effective, safer<unk> . Protein based<unk>  show promise for use therapeutically since they occur naturally, and generally demonstrate less cytotoxicity than synthetic molecules.
Nanocarriers
Biopharmaceutical
Redox
Nano-scaffold
Biomaterial
Immunogen
Immunoconjugate
Bioceramic