Testing for a malformed<unk>  of<unk>  is indicated when a patient has heart failure which has no obvious cause. Diagnosis is generally achieved by signs such as cranial bruits and symptoms such as expanded facial<unk> s. The<unk>  of<unk>  can be visualized using ultrasound or Doppler. A malformed Great Cerebral<unk>  will be noticeably enlarged. Ultrasound is a particularly useful tool for<unk>  of<unk><unk>  because so many cases occur in infancy and ultrasound can make diagnoses prenatally. Many cases are diagnosed only during autopsy as congestive heart failure occurs very early. Classification Five patterns of<unk> ic arteriovenous<unk>  have been described: + Patterns Pattern 1 Many vessels, including anterior cerebral arteries, thalamic perforating arteries, and superior cerebellar arteries discharge into the<unk>  of<unk> . Pattern 2 A single posterior choroidal artery drains into the<unk>  of<unk> . Pattern 3 One or both posterior choroidal and one or both anterior cerebral arteries drain directly into the<unk> ic system. Pattern 4 An angiomatous network of posterior choroidal and thalamic perforating arteries enter the<unk>  of<unk>  directly. Pattern 5 A high flow arteriovenous<unk> in the right inferior frontal lobe drains via the inferior sagittal sinus and pericallosal<unk>  into the<unk>  of<unk> . These<unk>  develop in utero by the persistence of fistulae between primitive pia arachnoidal arteries and pial<unk> s that cross each other at right angles. Because the primitive<unk> ic system and the primitive choroidal system lie close together, an arteriovenous<unk> involving the primitive choroidal system will inevitably involve the<unk> ic<unk> . Larger arteriovenous shunts correlate with greater hemodynamic effects and earlier symptom onset; small arteriovenous shunts correlate with greater local mass effect causing progressive neurological impairment.
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations
Central nervous system cavernous hemangioma
Cavernous venous malformation
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
Arteriovenous malformation
Infectious intracranial aneurysm
Duret haemorrhages
Cirsoid aneurysm