Defects in the development and continued division of<unk> s can lead to growth disorders collectively known as osteochondrodysplasia. The most common defect is achondroplasia, where there is a defect in cartilage formation. Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism or short stature and it also manifests in generalized deformities of bones and joints. However, various other types of osteochondrodysplasias can cause short stature and generalized deformities of bones and joints due to abnormal function of growth<unk>  cartilage cells. Hereditary multiple exostoses is a genetic condition that is caused by growth irregularities of the<unk> s of the long bones of the upper and lower limbs. It usually results in limb deformities and a certain degree of functional limitations. Salter–Harris fractures are fractures involving<unk> s and hence tend to interfere with growth, height or physiologic functions. Osgood-Schlatter disease results from stress on the<unk>  in the tibia, leading to excess bone growth and a painful lump at the knee. There are important clinical implications of the growth<unk>  physiology. For example guided growth surgery, also known as temporary hemiepiphysiodesis is used to achieve correction or straightening of the bone deformities in a variety of pediatric orthopedic disorders such as Blount's disease, rickets, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and osteochondrodysplasias among others. This applies to bone and joint deformities in the coronal – medial/lateral –<unk>  or genu varum/genu valgum<unk>  and in the sagittal – anterior/posterior –<unk>  or knee flexion deformity/genu recurvatum<unk> .
Epiphyseal plate
Ossification center
Sesamoid bone
Osteotome
Axon hillock
Fibrous cap
Dorsal nexus
Pivot joint