Sensory afferent nerves trigger a systemic sympathetic activation leading to marked vasoconstriction. The result is an elevated pulse<unk> e (normal is 40mm Hg), due to catecholamine release. This increased<unk> e fills the ventricle to a greater extent, but stroke volume decreases due to an increase in afterload.
Cold pressor test
Tourniquet test
Pressure reactivity index
Photoplethysmogram
Sphygmograph
Contraction stress test
Tilt table test
Capnography