<unk>  is a clinical diagnostic category indicating the death of the<unk>  and nerves of the<unk>  chamber and root canal of a tooth which may be due to bacterial sequelae, trauma and chemical or mechanical irritation. It is often the end result of many cases of dental trauma, caries and irreversible<unk> itis. In the initial stage of the infection, the<unk>  chamber is partially necrosed for a period of time and if left untreated, the area of cell death expands until the entire<unk> . The most common clinical signs present in a tooth with a necrosed<unk>  would be a grey discoloration of the crown and/or periapical radiolucency. This altered translucency in the tooth is due to disruption and cutting off of the apical neurovascular blood supply. Sequelae of a necrotic<unk>  include acute apical periodontitis, dental abscess or radicular cyst and discolouration of the tooth. Tests for a necrotic<unk>  include: vitality testing using a thermal test or an electric<unk>  tester. Discolouration may be visually obvious, or more subtle. Treatment usually involves endodontics or extraction.
Pulp necrosis
Fracture blister
Acral necrosis
Fat necrosis
Nutcracker fracture
Gas gangrene
Dilaceration
Clavicle fracture