Research suggests that individuals experiencing psychopathology are at a greater risk of perpetration or victimization of IPV compared to veterans without a formal clinical diagnosis. Individuals who experience symptoms associated with PTSD are at a greater risk of perpetrating IPV and being victimized than civilians and veterans without PTSD symptoms. Intrusive negative thoughts, flashbacks, feelings of generalized distress, lack of connection with family or community, and hyperarousal are symptoms that have been shown to influence the relationship between combat exposure and IPV perpetration. This relationship varies with type and level of combat exposure (i.e., witnessing atrocities). History of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been associated with higher rates of IPV perpetration. Additional risk factors include heavy alcohol and drug<unk> se, which has been shown to increase the risk of<unk>  among couples who score high in verbal aggressive conflict communication style. Childhood trauma was found to be correlated with increased risk of<unk>  with Air Force and Navy FAPs reporting 11–25% of service members experiencing physical or emotional abuse by a parent and 49% of treatment-mandated active duty service member samples reporting childhood abuse. Research suggests a positive correlation between length of deployment and severity of self-reported IPV following a deployment. Being junior in rank and marrying at a young age (i.e., below 25-years of age) were also identified.
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