The safety and effectiveness of<unk>  is well established in clinical literature. However, cardiotoxic local anesthetic agents like bupivacaine and etidocaine are contraindicated. Shorter procedure times (for up to 2 hours) are preferred when<unk>  is applied on the distal limb, especially on the forearm, except when the patient is contraindicated for tourniquet use (such as in sickle cell anemia, where there is a risk of massive hemolysis due to low oxygen tension or hemolytic crisis due to restricted blood flow). A systematic review of<unk> -related complications found 64 cases reported between 1964 and 2005, which compares favorably against other techniques. The type of anesthetic agent, improper equipment use or selection, and technical error are prominent factors in most cases of morbidity related to<unk> . Modern practice now includes various safeguards to improve patient safety. Equipment Reports from anesthesiologists and surgeons cite proper selection, inspection, and maintenance of equipment as important safety measures. The safest tourniquet equipment should have<unk> -specific features such as independent limb occlusion pressure measurements for each channel, as well as dual-bladder tourniquet cuffs combined with dedicated safety lockouts that reduce human error. Additionally,<unk>  protocols should include procedures for regular preventative maintenance of the equipment and performance testing, whether manual or automated, prior to surgery. Drug additives Adjuvants improve the safety of<unk>  by promoting anesthetic action and minimizing side effects. For example, benzodiazepine and fentanyl are often added to prevent seizures and to improve nerve blockage, respectively. Procedural safeguards Improved protocols, including adherence to standardized practice, may also help ameliorate the chance and the effect of complications. For example, limb protection padding and a snug tourniquet application prevents tissue damage, while sufficient but not excessive tourniquet pressure ensures that anesthetics remain within the limb without risking injury. Care should be taken to avoid the premature release or a lack of inflation in the cuff. Should complications occur, constant physiological monitoring and ready access to resuscitative drugs and equipment facilitates a speedy response.
Intravenous regional anesthesia
Total intravenous anaesthesia
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
Balanced anesthesia
Local anesthesia
General anaesthesia
Saddle anesthesia
Neurosurgical anesthesia