<unk>  occurs in animals as well as humans; horses can have achondroplastic symptoms, as shown here next to a person with<unk> . A defining characteristic of<unk>  is an adult height less than the 2.3rd percentile of the CDC standard growth charts. There is a wide range of physical characteristics. Variations in individuals are identified by diagnosing and monitoring the underlying disorders. There may not be any complications outside adapting to their size. Short stature is a common replacement of the term<unk> ', especially in a medical context. Short stature is clinically defined as a height within the lowest 2.3% of those in the general population. However, those with mild skeletal dysplasias may not be affected by<unk> . In some cases of untreated hypochondroplasia, males grow up to . Though that is short in a relative context, it does not fall into the extreme ranges of the growth charts. Disproportionate<unk>  is characterized by shortened limbs or a shortened torso. In achondroplasia one has an average-sized trunk with short limbs and a larger forehead. Facial features are often affected and individual body parts may have problems associated with them. Spinal stenosis, ear infection, and hydrocephalus are common. In case of spinal dysostosis, one has a small trunk, with average-sized limbs. Proportionate<unk>  is marked by a short torso with short limbs, thus leading to a height that is significantly below average. There may be long periods without any significant growth. Sexual development is often delayed or impaired into adulthood. This<unk>  type is caused by an endocrine disorder and not a skeletal dysplasia. Physical effects of malformed bones vary according to the specific disease. Many involve joint pain caused by abnormal bone alignment, or from nerve compression. Early degenerative joint disease, exaggerated lordosis or scoliosis, and constriction of spinal cord or nerve roots can cause pain and disability. Reduced thoracic size can restrict lung growth and reduce pulmonary function. Some forms of<unk>  are associated with disordered function of other organs, such as the brain or liver, sometimes severely enough to be more of an impairment than the unusual bone growth. Mental effects also vary according to the specific underlying syndrome. In most cases of skeletal dysplasia, such as achondroplasia, mental function is not impaired. However, there are syndromes which can affect the cranial structure and growth of the brain, severely impairing mental capacity. Unless the brain is directly affected by the underlying disorder, there is little to no chance of mental impairment that can be attributed to<unk> . The psycho-social limitations of society may be more disabling than the physical symptoms, especially in childhood and adolescence, but people with<unk>  vary greatly in the degree to which social participation and emotional health are affected. * Social prejudice against extreme shortness may reduce social and marital opportunities. * Numerous studies have demonstrated reduced employment opportunities. Severe shortness is associated with lower income. * Self-esteem may suffer and family relationships may be affected. * Extreme shortness (in the range) can, if not accommodated for, interfere with activities of daily living, like driving or using countertops built for taller people. Other common attributes of<unk>  such as bowed knees and unusually short fingers can lead to back problems and difficulty in walking and handling objects. * Children with<unk>  are particularly vulnerable to teasing and ridicule from classmates. Because<unk>  is relatively uncommon, children may feel isolated from their peers.
Dwarfism
Primordial dwarfism
Brachyphalangy
Parastremmatic dwarfism
Micrognathism
Renal hypoplasia
Iniencephaly
Renal agenesis