<unk>  (MACs) are<unk>  that are resistant to digestion by a host's metabolism, and are made available for gut microbes, as prebiotics, to ferment or metabolize into beneficial compounds, such as short chain fatty acids. The term, ‘‘microbiota-accessible<unk> ’ contributes to a conceptual framework for investigating and discussing the amount of metabolic activity that a specific food or<unk> can contribute to a host's<unk> . MACs may come from plants, fungi, animal tissues, or food-borne microbes, and must be metabolized by the microbiome. A significant quantity of the cellulose humans consume is not metabolized by gut microbes and therefore cannot be considered a MAC. The amount of dietary MACs found within a food source will differ for each individual, since which<unk>  are metabolized depends upon the composition of each person's<unk> . For example, many Japanese individuals possess the genes for the consumption of the algal polysaccharide porphyran in their microbiomes, which are rarely found in North American and European individuals. For individuals who harbor such a porphyran-degrading strain, porphyran would be a MAC. However, porphyran would not be a MAC for those without a<unk>  adaptation to seaweed. In similar fashion, germ-free mice without a<unk>  might consume a diet with large quantities of potential MACs, but none of the<unk>  would be considered MACs, since they would escape the digestive tract without being metabolized by microbes. Lack of dietary MACs results in a<unk>  reliant upon endogenous host-derived MACs, such as mucin glycans. Different host genotypes can influence the identity of MACs available to the<unk>  in multiple ways. For example, a host's genes may affect the level of mucus structures, such as the absence of alpha-1-2 fucose residues in the mucus of nonsecretor individuals who lack alpha-1-2- fucosyltransferase activity in the intestine. Similarly, a host may have genes that can determine the efficiency of digestion and absorption of<unk>  in the small intestine. For example, lactose is<unk>  to the<unk>  in people who are lactose intolerant, and should therefore be considered a MAC for those individuals. For nursing infants, dietary MACs that are naturally found in breast milk are known as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). For formula-fed infants, dietary MACs, such as galacto-oligosaccharides, are artificially added to formula. Therefore, the research, discussion and quantification of MACs and their impact on a host's<unk>  may be critical to determining their impact on human health.
Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates
Gut microbiota
Human milk microbiome
Microbial cell factory
Human microbiome
Virulence factor
Bacterial adhesin
Mycobiota