In depth reviews of the underlying causes of a couple's infertility should be undertaken with a qualified fertility specialist in order to make decisions regarding further management. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption and BMI. Women with<unk>  should be advised to abstain from both alcohol and smoking, and male partners may also consider cessation of smoking due to effects associated with weaker sperm counts and damage to sperm DNA and motility. An ideal BMI target for women with<unk>  is between 19 and 29; obese women may consider structured weight-loss programmes and regular exercise over bariatric surgery due to potential folate, iron, vitamin B12 and other nutritional deficiencies. Table below showing the main first-line treatments for couples undergoing<unk> . + Contribution Factors Treatment Maternal Uterine anatomy *Myomectomy * Removal of polyps and intrauterine adhesions Impaired endometrial function *Aspirin *Sildenafil * Mechanical stimulation of the endometrium * High dose oestradiol Thrombophilia *LMWH * Aspirin Immunology * High dose (30g) of IVIg before embryo transfer and a second similar dose when fetal heart rate is noticed Embryonic Genetic causes * Karyotyping * Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Impaired embryo development in utero * Laser assisted hatching * Blastocyst culture and transfer *ZIFT Paternal Male factor contribution *IMSI
Repeated implantation failure
High-risk pregnancy
Male lactation
Male pregnancy
Abortion in Europe
Teenage pregnancy
Pregnancy
Pre-existing disease in pregnancy