<unk>  (RVPs) are replication-incompetent<unk><unk>  engineered to express one or more<unk>  genes upon infecting susceptible cells. Since the RVP genome lacks genes essential for viral replication, RVPs are capable of only a single round of infection. Thus they are safe to work with under BSL-2 conditions, enabling the study of highly pathogenic<unk> es using standard laboratory facilities. Expression of a<unk>  such as luciferase can provide a quantitative readout of infection. With proper design and quality control, RVPs remain stable under common assay conditions and yield reproducible results that correlate with those obtained from live<unk> . These qualities make RVPs a safer and faster alternative to plaque assays, and especially well-suited for high-throughput applications. RVPs offer flexibility for different uses, as they are antigenically identical to wild-type<unk> , and can be engineered with various proteins or express mutant envelopes to study infectivity or antigenicity. SARS-CoV-2 RVPs contain the viral Spike protein embedded in a lipid bilayer, a lentiviral core, and a<unk>  gene. Dengue RVPs contain the native viral structural proteins envelope (E), and pre-membrane/membrane (prM/M) in a lipid envelope, capsid protein, and a<unk>  RNA replicon genome.
Reporter virus particles
Genetically modified virus
Genetically modified bacteria
Microbial cell factory
Virus counter
Virulence factor
Bacterial adhesin
Tax gene product