Syndrome<unk> –ectodermal dysplasia–cleft syndrome Split-Hand-Foot Malformation Syndrome Silver–Russell syndrome Cornelia de Lange syndrome Acrorenal syndrome Focal dermal hypoplasia<unk>  and cleft palate syndrome<unk> /mandibulofacial dysostosis<unk>  and macular dystrophy A large number of human gene defects can cause<unk> . The most common mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance, while autosomal recessive and X-linked forms occur more rarely.<unk>  can also be caused by a duplication on 10q24. Detailed studies of a number of mouse models for<unk>  have also revealed that a failure to maintain median apical ectodermal ridge (AER) signalling can be the main pathogenic mechanism in triggering this abnormality. A number of factors make the identification of the genetic defects underlying human<unk>  a complicated process: the limited number of families linked to each split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) locus, the large number of morphogens involved in limb development, the complex interactions between these morphogens, the involvement of modifier genes, and the presumed involvement of multiple gene or long-range regulatory elements in some cases of<unk> . In the clinical setting these genetic characteristics can become problematic and making predictions of carrier status and severity of the disease impossible to predict. In 2011, a novel mutation in DLX5 was found to be involved in SHFM.<unk>  is frequently seen with other congenital anomalies. Syndromes in which<unk>  is associated with other abnormalities can occur when two or more genes are affected by a chromosomal rearrangement. Disorders associated with<unk>  include<unk> -Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting (EEC) syndrome, which is closely correlated to the ADULT syndrome and Limb-mammary (LMS) syndrome,<unk> -Cleft Palate (ECP) syndrome,<unk> -Ectodermal Dysplasia-Macular Dystrophy syndrome,<unk> -Fibular Aplasia/Hypoplasia (EFA) syndrome, and<unk> -Polydactyly. More than 50 syndromes and associations involving<unk>  are distinguished in the London Dysmorphology Database.
Ectrodactyly
Clinodactyly
Synpolydactyly
Sclerodactyly
Syndactyly
Camptodactyly
Oligodactyly
Pachydermodactyly