Pediatric<unk> es may be congenital or acquired. Congenital<unk> es Congenital reasons for this condition include: * Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED): There are 2 forms of congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). Commonest is an autosomal recessive form, which is present at birth, but nonprogressive. Nystagmus is seen in association with this form. Another is an autosomal dominant form that occurs within the first few years of life. This form is progressive, but nystagmus is not seen. Deafness and CHED are seen in Harboyan syndrome. The histologic findings are very similar to those seen in pseudophakic/ aphakic bullous keratopathy. The appearance of the<unk> is similar to that in congenital glaucoma but without increased<unk>  diameter and elevated intraocular pressure. * Posterior polymorphous<unk>  dystrophy (PPMD, PPCD): PPCD, also known as Schlichting dystrophy, is an autosomal dominant disorder of the<unk>  endothelium and Descemet’s membrane. It is usually present in the second or third decade of life. It has the same entity as the first form of CHED. Most cases of PPMD are asymptomatic, and these cases generally do not require treatment. PPMD patients with bilateral,<unk> es that can affect vision, descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty or penetrating keratoplasty are the treatments of choice to improve vision and to avoid amblyopia. * Congenital hereditary stromal dystrophy (CHSD): CHSD is also known as Congenital stromal<unk>  dystrophy or Congenital stromal dystrophy of the<unk>  It is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in the DCN gene. In this bilateral Snowflake, whitish<unk> es appear throughout the<unk>  The stromal lamellae are abnormal and may be separated by amorphous deposits. Moderate to severe vision loss may occur due to<unk> . In case of severe vision loss, treatment of choice is penetrating keratoplasty. * Peters anomaly: Peters anomaly, also known as iridocorneal adhesions or keratolenticular adhesions, is a posterior<unk>  defect with an overlying stromal<unk> , often accompanied by adherent iris strands (Peters anomaly type 1). The size and density of the<unk>  can range from a mild to dense central leukoma. * Congenital anterior staphyloma: Congenital anterior staphyloma is a rare form of anterior segment dysgenesis that shares similarities with Peters anomaly. It is characterized by an ectatic protrusion of a central opacified<unk> lined by uveal tissue. The protrusion extends beyond the plane of the eyelid margins and it can be unilateral or bilateral. * Lattice<unk>  dystrophy: Lattice<unk>  dystrophy is an autosomal-dominant characterized by amyloid deposition in the<unk>  stroma. Due to deposits, lattice-like<unk> es may occur in stroma. Three types of dystrophies are there, type 1, type 2 and type 3. Type 1 is also known as Biber-Haab-Dimmer<unk>  dystrophy, TGFBI type Lattice Dystrophy, or Classic Lattice Dystrophy. LCD type II is not included in<unk>  dystrophies. * Granular<unk>  dystrophy: Two types, Type 1 and Type 2 are there. Both have autosomal dominant inheritance. In Type 1, Discrete crumb-like<unk> es are seen in the central anterior stroma. Visual symptoms such as glare and photophobia may occur early in life. In Type 2, deposits begin to appear in early childhood or adolescence as tiny whitish dots in the anterior stroma. Larger stellate, ring, or snowflake<unk> es may occur in later stages. Decrease in vision starts earlier in type2 than type1. * Sclerocornea: Sclerocornea is a congenital disorder in which the<unk> is opaque and resembles the sclera, making the limbus indistinct. The central<unk> is clearer than the periphery. * Cystinosis: Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of cystine within the cell. Early deposition of cystine crystals in the<unk> cause tinsel-like<unk> es. * Ichthyosis: X-linked ichthyosis is a genetic skin disorder caused by the hereditary deficiency of the steroid sulfatase enzyme. Ocular manifestations of XLI include superficial or deep<unk> es. * Trisomy 8 mosaicism (T8M): It is a rare chromosome disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 8 in some cells of the body. Dense<unk> es may occur in trisomy 8 mosaicism. * Farber's disease: Nodular<unk>  may be seen in association with this rare autosomal recessive disease. Acquired pediatric<unk> es Acquired reasons for this condition include: * Traumatic: Traumatic breaks in Descemet membrane may cause<unk> . Injuries to Descemet membrane occur during delivery.<unk>  is commonly unilateral. * Congenital or infantile glaucoma: In Congenital glaucoma, the<unk> becomes edematous, cloudy, and enlarged. Treatment should be done to reduce Intraocular pressure. * Congenital<unk>  ulcers: Unilateral<unk>  may occur in association with conjunctival injection and other signs of inflammation. * Mucopolysaccharidoses: The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by the absence or malfunctioning of certain enzymes the body needs to break down molecules called glycosaminoglycans. It is an autosomal recessive disorder. Sometimes,<unk>  haze may be present in early life. Treatment options for significant<unk> es include penetrating keratoplasty and DALK.
Corneal opacity
Cryptophthalmos
Enophthalmos
Conjunctival concretion
Macular corneal dystrophy
Exophthalmos
Enophthalmia
Xerophthalmia