<unk>  is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.<unk>  can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe<unk> ic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large. Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage. A central concept of<unk> icology is that the effects of a<unk> icant are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very<unk> ic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable<unk> ic effect.<unk>  is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of<unk>  endpoints.
Toxicity
Neurotoxicity
Cardiotoxicity
Phototoxicity
Ototoxicity
Side effect
Acute toxicity
Hepatotoxicity