A schematic drawing of a bulla and a bleb, two lung abnormalities that may rupture and lead to<unk>  Primary spontaneous Spontaneous<unk> es are divided into two types: primary, which occurs in the absence of known lung disease, and secondary, which occurs in someone with underlying lung disease. The cause of primary spontaneous<unk>  is unknown, but established risk factors include being of the male sex, smoking, and a family history of<unk> . Smoking either cannabis or tobacco increases the risk. The various suspected underlying mechanisms are discussed below. Secondary spontaneous Secondary spontaneous<unk>  occurs in the setting of a variety of lung diseases. The most common is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which accounts for approximately 70% of cases. Known lung diseases that may significantly increase the risk for<unk>  are Type Causes Diseases of the airways COPD (especially when bullous emphysema is present), acute severe asthma, cystic fibrosis Infections of the lung<unk> cystis<unk> nia (PCP), tuberculosis, necrotizing<unk> nia Interstitial lung disease Sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, histiocytosis X, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) Connective tissue diseases Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis, Marfan's syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Cancer Lung cancer, sarcomas involving the lung Miscellaneous Catamenial<unk>  (associated with the menstrual cycle and related to endometriosis in the chest) In children, additional causes include measles, echinococcosis, inhalation of a foreign body, and certain congenital malformations (congenital pulmonary airway malformation and congenital lobar emphysema). 11.5% of people with a spontaneous<unk>  have a family member who has previously experienced a<unk> . The hereditary conditions – Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria, Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (which leads to emphysema), and Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome – have all been linked to familial<unk> . Generally, these conditions cause other signs and symptoms as well, and<unk>  is not usually the primary finding. Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome is caused by mutations in the FLCN gene (located at chromosome 17p11.2), which encodes a protein named folliculin. FLCN mutations and lung lesions have also been identified in familial cases of<unk>  where other features of Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome are absent. In addition to the genetic associations, the HLA haplotype A2B40 is also a genetic predisposition to PSP. Traumatic A traumatic<unk>  may result from either blunt trauma or penetrating injury to the chest wall. The most common mechanism is due to the penetration of sharp bony points at a new rib fracture, which damages lung tissue. Traumatic<unk>  may also be observed in those exposed to blasts, even though there is no apparent injury to the chest. They may be classified as "open" or "closed". In an open<unk> , there is a passage from the external environment into the pleural space through the chest wall. When air is drawn into the pleural space through this passageway, it is known as a "sucking chest wound". A closed<unk>  is when the chest wall remains intact. Medical procedures, such as the insertion of a central venous catheter into one of the chest veins or the taking of biopsy samples from lung tissue, may lead to<unk> . The administration of positive pressure ventilation, either mechanical ventilation or non-invasive ventilation, can result in barotrauma (pressure-related injury) leading to a<unk> . Divers who breathe from an underwater apparatus are supplied with breathing gas at ambient pressure, which results in their lungs containing gas at higher than atmospheric pressure. Divers breathing compressed air (such as when scuba diving) may suffer a<unk>  as a result of barotrauma from ascending just while breath-holding with their lungs fully inflated. An additional problem in these cases is that those with other features of decompression sickness are typically treated in a diving chamber with hyperbaric therapy; this can lead to a small<unk>  rapidly enlarging and causing features of tension. Newborn infants Newborn babies between 3–9 days of birth with low birth weight have a higher risk of<unk> .
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Pneumatosis
Chylothorax
Costochondritis
Urinothorax
Traumatic cardiac arrest
Hydropneumothorax