<unk>  is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. The largest single use of<unk>  is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by<unk>  anhydride and ester production. The volume of<unk>  used in vinegar is comparatively small. Vinyl acetate monomer The primary use of<unk>  is the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). In 2008, this application was estimated to consume a third of the world's production of<unk> . The reaction consists of ethylene and<unk>  with oxygen over a palladium catalyst, conducted in the gas phase. : 2 H3C−COOH + 2 C2H4 + O2 → 2 H3C−CO−O−CH=CH2 + 2 H2O Vinyl acetate can be polymerised to polyvinyl acetate or other polymers, which are components in paints and adhesives. Ester production The major esters of<unk>  are commonly used as solvents for inks, paints and coatings. The esters include ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and propyl acetate. They are typically produced by catalyzed reaction from<unk>  and the corresponding alcohol: : H3C−COOH + HO−R → H3C−CO−O−R + H2O, R=A general alkyl group Eg. :- C2H5COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O. Or, ethanol and ethanoic acid gives ethyl ethanoate + water. Most acetate esters, however, are produced from acetaldehyde using the Tishchenko reaction. In addition, ether acetates are used as solvents for nitrocellulose, acrylic lacquers, varnish removers, and wood stains. First, glycol monoethers are produced from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with alcohol, which are then esterified with<unk> . The three major products are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (EEA), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EBA), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA, more commonly known as PGMEA in semiconductor manufacturing processes, where it is used as a resist solvent). This application consumes about 15% to 20% of worldwide<unk> . Ether acetates, for example EEA, have been shown to be harmful to human reproduction.<unk>  anhydride The product of the condensation of two molecules of<unk>  is<unk>  anhydride. The worldwide production of<unk>  anhydride is a major application, and uses approximately 25% to 30% of the global production of<unk> . The main process involves dehydration of<unk>  to give ketene at 700–750 °C. Ketene is thereafter reacted with<unk>  to obtain the anhydride: :CH3CO2H → CH2=C=O + H2O :CH3CO2H + CH2=C=O → (CH3CO)2O<unk>  anhydride is an acetylation agent. As such, its major application is for cellulose acetate, a synthetic textile also used for photographic film.<unk>  anhydride is also a reagent for the production of heroin and other compounds. Use as solvent Glacial<unk>  is an excellent polar protic solvent, as noted above. It is frequently used as a solvent for recrystallization to purify organic compounds.<unk>  is used as a solvent in the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), the raw material for polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In 2006, about 20% of<unk>  was used for TPA production.<unk>  is often used as a solvent for reactions involving carbocations, such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation. For example, one stage in the commercial manufacture of synthetic camphor involves a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of camphene to isobornyl acetate; here<unk>  acts both as a solvent and as a nucleophile to trap the rearranged carbocation. Glacial<unk>  is used in analytical chemistry for the estimation of weakly alkaline substances such as organic amides. Glacial<unk>  is a much weaker base than water, so the amide behaves as a strong base in this medium. It then can be titrated using a solution in glacial<unk>  of a very strong acid, such as perchloric acid. Medical use<unk>  injection into a tumor has been used to treat cancer since the 1800s.<unk>  is used as part of cervical cancer screening in many areas in the developing world. The acid is applied to the cervix and if an area of white appears after about a minute the test is positive.<unk>  is an effective antiseptic when used as a 1% solution, with broad spectrum of activity against streptococci, staphylococci, pseudomonas, enterococci and others. It may be used to treat skin infections caused by pseudomonas strains resistant to typical antibiotics. While diluted<unk>  is used in iontophoresis, no high quality evidence supports this treatment for rotator cuff disease. As a treatment for otitis externa, it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Foods<unk>  has per 100 g. Vinegar is typically no less than 4%<unk>  by mass. Legal limits on<unk>  content vary by jurisdiction. Vinegar is used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods. Table vinegar tends to be more diluted (4% to 8%<unk> , while commercial food pickling employs solutions that are more concentrated. The proportion of<unk>  used worldwide as vinegar is not as large as commercial uses, but is by far the oldest and best-known application.
Acetic acid
Cefazolin
Cephalosporin
Nalidixic acid
Carbenicillin
Extended-spectrum penicillin
Resistin
Ciprofloxacin