1952 edition of the<unk>  <unk> -1) The<unk>  <unk> ; latest edition:<unk> -5TR, published in March 2022) is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental<unk>  using a common language and standard criteria. It is used—mainly in the United States—by researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, health insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, the legal system, and policymakers. Mental health professionals use the<unk>  to determine and help communicate a patient's diagnosis after an evaluation. Hospitals, clinics, and insurance companies in the United States may require a<unk>  diagnosis for all patients. Health-care researchers use the<unk>  to categorize patients for research purposes. The<unk>  evolved from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics, as well as from a United States Army<unk> . Revisions since its first publication in 1952 have incrementally added to the total number of mental<unk> , while removing those no longer considered to be mental<unk> . Recent editions of the<unk>  have received praise for standardizing psychiatric diagnosis grounded in empirical evidence, as opposed to the theory-bound nosology (the branch of medical science that deals with the classification of diseases) used in<unk> . However, it has also generated controversy and criticism, including ongoing questions concerning the reliability and validity of many diagnoses; the use of arbitrary dividing lines between mental illness and "normality"; possible cultural bias; and the medicalization of human distress.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders
Cardiac psychology
Sexología y Sociedad
Nutrition psychology
Social Neuroscience
JAMA Psychiatry
International Review of Psychiatry