<unk>  is a rare disorder. The exact prevalence of<unk>  is not known; however, it has been reported that 6.8% of patients with cerebral palsy or 68% of patients with epilepsy and congenital vascular hemiparesis have<unk> .<unk>  has a number of different, often unknown, causes including absence of brain development and destruction of brain tissue. With limited research, the most commonly regarded cause of<unk>  is disturbances in blood circulation, ultimately leading to brain damage. However, a number of different and multiple factors such as abnormal brain development or damage to the brain tissue can also affect the development of<unk> . The following text lists out potential risk factors of developing<unk>  and<unk> c cysts and cavities along with brief description of certain terminologies. Cysts or cavities can occur anywhere within the brain and the locations of these cysts depend highly on the patient. Cysts can develop in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, forebrain, hindbrain, temporal lobe, or virtually anywhere in the cerebral hemisphere. Genetics From recent studies, de novo and inherited mutations in the gene COL4A1, suggesting genetic predisposition within the family, that encodes type IV collagen α1 chain has shown to be associated with and present in patients with<unk> . COL4A1 mutation causes a variety of phenotypes, including<unk> , infantile hemiplegia, and cerebral small vessel diseases involving both stroke and infarction. Abnormal gene expression of COL4A1 can contribute to the development of<unk> . COL4A1 gene expresses a type IV collagen (basement protein) that is present in all tissue and blood vessels and is extremely important for the structural stability of vascular basement membranes. The COL4A1 protein provides a strong layer around blood vessels. The mutation can weaken the blood vessels within the brain, elevating the probability of a hemorrhage, and eventually promoting internal bleeding then leading to<unk>  during neurodevelopment of infantile stage. Therefore, the formation of cavities can be a result of hemorrhages which promote cerebral degeneration. In a mouse model, mouse with COL4A1 mutations displayed cerebral hemorrhage,<unk> , and abnormal development of vascular basement membranes, such as uneven edges, inconsistent shapes, and highly variable thickness. Purposely causing a mutation in the COL4A1 gene caused several mouse to develop cerebral hemorrhage and<unk> -like diseases. Though, there is no direct correlation between mutations of the COL4A1 gene, it appears that it has an influential effect on the development of<unk> . Another genetic mutation, factor V G1691A mutation, has been reported to show possible association to the development of<unk> . A mutation in factor V G1691A increases the risk of thrombosis, blood clots, in neonates, infants, and children. Therefore, 76<unk> c and 76 healthy infants were investigated for factor V G1691A mutation along with other different prothrombotic risk factors. The results indicated that there was higher prevalence of the factor V G1691A mutation in the<unk> c patient group. The prediction that childhood<unk>  is caused by hypercoagulable state, a condition where one has a higher chance of developing blood clots, was supported by the significance of the factor V G1691A mutation. Also, pregnant women in hypercoagulable state can cause the fetus to have the same risks, therefore possibly causing fetal loss, brain damage, lesions, and infections that lead to<unk> . However, other different prothrombotic risk factors individually did not reach statistical significance to link it to the development of<unk> , but a combination of multiple prothrombotic risk factors in the<unk>  group was significant. Overall, factor V G1691A mutation has been linked to the development of<unk> . However, this one mutation is not the cause of<unk> , and whether further prothrombiotic risk factors are associated with<unk>  still remains unknown. Cocaine and other street drugs In utero exposure to cocaine and other street drugs can lead to<unk> .
Porencephaly
Plagiocephaly
Colpocephaly
Cebocephaly
Trigonocephaly
Dolichocephaly
Ethmocephaly
Otocephaly