<unk>  is a group of liver disorders in which substances called<unk> s build up in the body, negatively affecting the skin or nervous system. The types that affect the nervous system are also known as acute<unk> , as symptoms are rapid in onset and short in duration. Symptoms of an attack include abdominal pain, chest pain, vomiting, confusion, constipation, fever, high blood pressure, and high heart rate. The attacks usually last for days to weeks. Complications may include paralysis, low blood sodium levels, and seizures. Attacks may be triggered by alcohol, smoking, hormonal changes, fasting, stress, or certain medications. If the skin is affected, blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure. Most types of<unk>  are inherited from one or both of a person's parents and are due to a mutation in one of the genes that make heme. They may be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked dominant manner. One type,<unk>  cutanea tarda, may also be due to hemochromatosis (increased iron in the liver), hepatitis C, alcohol, or HIV/AIDS. The underlying mechanism results in a decrease in the amount of heme produced and a build-up of substances involved in making heme.<unk> s may also be classified by whether the liver or bone marrow is affected. Diagnosis is typically made by blood, urine, and stool tests. Genetic testing may be done to determine the specific mutation. Treatment depends on the type of<unk>  and the person's symptoms. Treatment of<unk>  of the skin generally involves the avoidance of sunlight, while treatment for acute<unk>  may involve giving intravenous heme or a glucose solution. Rarely, a liver transplant may be carried out. The precise prevalence of<unk>  is unclear, but it is estimated to affect between 1 and 100 per 50,000 people. Rates are different around the world.<unk>  cutanea tarda is believed to be the most common type. The disease was described as early as 370 BC by Hippocrates. The underlying mechanism was first described by German physiologist and chemist Felix Hoppe-Seyler in 1871. The name<unk>  is from the Greek πορφύρα,<unk> , meaning "purple", a reference to the color of the urine that may be present during an attack.
Porphyria
Alcoholic liver disease
Chalicosis
Lead poisoning
Hepatic porphyria
Pellagra
Albinism
Harderoporphyria