<unk> s are normally waited out, as any fit of them will usually pass quickly. Folk 'cures' for<unk> s are common and varied, but no effective standard for stopping<unk> s has been documented.<unk> s are treated medically only in severe and persistent (termed "intractable") cases. Numerous medical remedies exist but no particular treatment is known to be especially effective, generally because of a lack of high-quality evidence. Many drugs have been used, such as baclofen, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, gabapentin, and various proton-pump inhibitors.<unk> s that are secondary to some other cause, like gastroesophageal reflux disease or esophageal webs, are dealt with by treating the underlying disorder. The phrenic nerve can be blocked temporarily with injection of 0.5% procaine, or permanently with bilateral phrenicotomy or other forms of surgical destruction. Even this rather drastic treatment does not cure some cases, however. Haloperidol, metoclopramide, and chlorpromazine are used in cases of intractable<unk> s. Effective treatment with sedatives often requires a dose that renders the person either unconscious or highly lethargic. Hence, medicating with sedatives is only appropriate short-term, as the affected individual cannot continue with normal life activities while under their effect. A vagus nerve stimulator has been used with an intractable case of<unk> s. "It sends rhythmic bursts of electricity to the brain by way of the vagus nerve, which passes through the neck. The Food and Drug Administration approved the vagus nerve stimulator in 1997 as a way to control seizures in some patients with epilepsy." Persistent digital rectal massage has also been proven effective in terminating intractable<unk> s. Folk remedies There are many superstitious and folk remedies for<unk> s, including headstanding, drinking a glass of water upside-down, being frightened by someone, breathing into a bag, eating a large spoonful of peanut butter and placing sugar on or under the tongue. Acupressure, either through actual function or placebo effect, may cure<unk> s in some people. For example, one technique is to relax your chest and shoulders and find the deepest points of the indentations directly below the protrusions of your collarbones. Insert your index or middle fingers into the indents and press firmly for sixty seconds as you take long, deep breaths. A simple treatment involves increasing the partial pressure of CO2 and inhibiting diaphragm activity by holding one’s breath or rebreathing into a paper bag. Other potential remedies suggested by NHS Choices include pulling your knees up to your chest and leaning forward, sipping ice-cold water and swallowing some granulated sugar. Drinking through a straw with the ears plugged is a folk remedy that can be successful. In 2021 a scientific tool with a similar basis was tested on 249<unk> s subjects; the results were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). This device is named FISST (Forced Inspiratory Suction and Swallow Tool) and branded as "HiccAway". This study supports the use of FISST as an option to stop transient<unk> s, with more than 90% of participants reporting better results than home remedies. HiccAway stops<unk> s by forceful suction that is being generated by diaphragm contraction (phrenic nerve activity), followed by swallowing the water, which requires epiglottis closure.
Hiccup
Sleepwalking
Drooling
Hypersomnia
Stuttering
Snatiation
Orthosomnia
Kussmaul breathing