Originally, this was blamed on ungalvanised barrels used to store home-made beer, which led to increased oxidation and increased<unk>  levels in the beer. Further investigation has shown that only some people drinking this sort of beer get an<unk><unk>  syndrome, and that a similar syndrome occurred in people of<unk>  descent who have had no contact with this kind of beer (e.g.,<unk>  Americans). This led investigators to the discovery of a gene polymorphism in the gene for ferroportin, which predisposes some people of<unk>  descent to<unk><unk> . Genetics SLC40A1 gene encodes for ferroportin. It is the main<unk>  export protein. A mutation in SLC40A1 was detected in minority of<unk>  American and Native<unk>  with primary<unk><unk> , but the ferroportin (Q248H) mutation was not found more regularly in Native southern<unk> s with dietary<unk><unk> . Polymorphisms in SLC40A1 have recently been investigated in Americans of<unk>  descent. Ferroportin SLC40A1 Q248H mutation in exon 6 occurs as a polymorphism in individuals of sub-Saharan<unk>  descent, but it was not identified in western Caucasians. Q248H mutation appears to be unique to<unk>  populations. Moreover, studies have shown that SLC40A1 Q248H aggregate allele frequency is higher in Native<unk> s than the aggregate allele frequency in<unk>  Americans. Ferroportin Q248H mutation in<unk>  families with dietary<unk><unk>  showed lower mean cell volume and higher ferritin concentration. It is suggested that the mutation might interfere with<unk>  supply. The probable cause of<unk>  is the combination of excess<unk>  intake and functional changes in ferroportin. Penetrance of Q248H as a cause of<unk><unk>  is most likely low. Hepatocellular carcinoma Excess hepatic<unk>  in dietary<unk><unk>  is typically associated with serum ferritin saturation of greater than 700pg/l and transferrin saturation of greater than 55%. Increased hepatic<unk>  generates chronic oxidative stress by disrupting the redox balance of the cell, which damages DNA, protein, hepatocytes and lipids. Increased lipid peroxidation is thought to be a vital contributor to hepatocellular carcinoma in<unk><unk> . Oxidative stress leads to lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in organelles and cell membrane.
African iron overload
Iron poisoning
Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome
Zinc toxicity
Refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts
Pseudoporphyria
Pernicious anemia
Hereditary haemochromatosis