<unk>  (or weight loss surgery) includes a variety of procedures performed on people who are obese. Long term weight loss through the standard of care procedures (Roux en-Y bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) is largely achieved by altering gut hormone levels responsible for hunger and satiety, leading to a new hormonal weight set point.<unk>  is a hormonal surgery in these procedures, for which the alteration in gut hormones develops as a result of the procedure's restriction and malabsorption. Long-term studies from 2009 show the procedures result in significant long-term loss of weight, recovery from diabetes, improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, and a mortality reduction from 40% to 23%. As of 2009, the U.S. National Institutes of Health has recommended<unk>  for obese adults with a body mass index (BMI) of at least 40 and for people with a BMI of at least 35 and serious coexisting medical conditions, such as diabetes. However, research is emerging that suggests<unk>  could be appropriate for those with a BMI of 35 to 40 with no comorbidities or a BMI of 30 to 35 with significant comorbidities. The most recent American Society for Metabolic &<unk>  guidelines from 2008 suggest the position statement on consensus for BMI as an indication for<unk> . The recent guidelines suggest that any person with a BMI of more than 30 with comorbidities is a candidate for<unk> . The risk of death in the period following surgery is less than 1 in 1,000. A meta-analysis in 2021 found that<unk>  was associated with 59% and 30% reduction in all-cause mortality among obese adults with or without type 2 diabetes, respectively. This meta-analysis also found that median life-expectancy was 9.3 years longer for obese adults with diabetes who received<unk>  as compared to routine (non-surgical) care, whereas the life expectancy gain was 5.1 years longer for obese adults without diabetes. A National Institute of Health symposium held in 2013 that summarized available evidence found a 29% mortality reduction, a 10-year remission rate of type 2 diabetes of 36%, fewer cardiovascular events, and a lower rate of diabetes-related complications in a long-term, non-randomized, matched intervention 15–20 year follow-up study, the Swedish Obese Subjects Study. The symposium also found similar results from a Utah study using more modern gastric bypass techniques, though the follow-up periods of the Utah studies are only up to seven years. While randomized controlled trials of<unk>  exist, they are limited by short follow-up periods.
Bariatric surgery
Gastric bypass surgery
Bariatrics
Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
Rosedale diet
Low-carbohydrate diet
Specific carbohydrate diet
Scarsdale diet