Endothelium lines the inner wall of the vessel<unk>  is a pathological state of large and medium muscular arteries and is triggered by endothelial cell dysfunction. Because of factors like pathogens, oxidized LDL particles and other inflammatory stimuli endothelial cells become active. The process causes thickening of the vessel wall, forming a plaque that consists of proliferating smooth muscle cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. The plaque results in a restricted blood flow which will decrease the amount of oxygen and nutrients that reach certain organs, the plaque might rupture causing the formation of clots.
Vascular disease
Precancerous condition
Hematologic disease
Malignancy
Degenerative disease
Diathesis 
Nerve injury
Neuromuscular disease