<unk> lar heart disease is a general term referring to dysfunction of the<unk> s, and is primarily in two forms, either regurgitation, (also insufficiency, or incompetence) where a dysfunctional<unk>  lets blood flow in the wrong direction, or stenosis, when a<unk>  is narrow. Regurgitation occurs when a<unk>  becomes insufficient and malfunctions, allowing some blood to flow in the wrong direction. This insufficiency can affect any of the<unk> s as in aortic insufficiency, mitral insufficiency, pulmonary insufficiency and tricuspid insufficiency. The other form of<unk> lar heart disease is stenosis, a narrowing of the<unk> . This is a result of the<unk>  becoming thickened and any of the<unk> s can be affected, as in mitral<unk>  stenosis, tricuspid<unk>  stenosis, pulmonary<unk>  stenosis and aortic<unk>  stenosis. Stenosis of the mitral<unk>  is a common complication of rheumatic fever. Inflammation of the<unk> s can be caused by infective endocarditis, usually a bacterial infection but can sometimes be caused by other organisms. Bacteria can more readily attach to damaged<unk> s. Another type of endocarditis which doesn't provoke an inflammatory response, is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. This is commonly found on previously undamaged<unk> s. A major<unk> lar heart disease is mitral<unk>  prolapse, which is a weakening of connective tissue called myxomatous degeneration of the<unk> . This sees the displacement of a thickened mitral<unk>  cusp into the left atrium during systole. Disease of the<unk> s can be congenital, such as aortic regurgitation or acquired, for example infective endocarditis. Different forms are associated with cardiovascular disease, connective tissue disorders and hypertension. The symptoms of the disease will depend on the affected<unk> , the type of disease, and the severity of the disease. For example,<unk> lar disease of the aortic<unk> , such as aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation, may cause breathlessness, whereas<unk> lar diseases of the tricuspid<unk>  may lead to dysfunction of the liver and jaundice. When<unk> lar heart disease results from infectious causes, such as infective endocarditis, an affected person may have a fever and unique signs such as splinter haemorrhages of the nails, Janeway lesions, Osler nodes and Roth spots. A particularly feared complication of<unk> lar disease is the creation of emboli because of turbulent blood flow, and the development of heart failure.<unk> lar heart disease is diagnosed by echocardiography, which is a form of ultrasound. Damaged and defective<unk> s can be repaired, or replaced with artificial<unk> s. Infectious causes may also require treatment with antibiotics. Congenital heart disease The most common form of<unk> lar anomaly is a congenital heart defect (CHD), called a bicuspid aortic<unk> . This results from the fusing of two of the cusps during embryonic development forming a bicuspid<unk>  instead of a tricuspid<unk> . This condition is often undiagnosed until calcific aortic stenosis has developed, and this usually happens around ten years earlier than would otherwise develop. Less common CHD's are tricuspid and pulmonary atresia, and Ebstein's anomaly. Tricuspid atresia is the complete absence of the tricuspid<unk>  which can lead to an underdeveloped or absent right ventricle. Pulmonary atresia is the complete closure of the pulmonary<unk> . Ebstein's anomaly is the displacement of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid<unk>  causing a larger atrium and a smaller ventricle than normal.
Heart valve
Coronary circulation
Endobronchial valve
Pericardial heart valves
Electrical conduction system of the heart
Cranial nerves
Soft tissue
Cardiac cycle