Neural tube closure Some human studies showed low maternal intake of<unk>  to significantly increase the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in newborns. Folate deficiency also causes NTDs.<unk>  and folate, interacting with vitamin B12, act as methyl donors to homocysteine to form methionine, which can then go on to form SAM (S-adenosylmethionine). SAM is the substrate for almost all methylation reactions in mammals. It has been suggested that disturbed methylation via SAM could be responsible for the relation between folate and NTDs. This may also apply to<unk> . Certain mutations that disturb<unk>  metabolism increase the prevalence of NTDs in newborns, but the role of dietary<unk>  deficiency remains unclear, Cardiovascular diseases and cancer<unk>  deficiency can cause fatty liver, which increases cancer and cardiovascular disease risk.<unk>  deficiency also decreases SAM production, which partakes in DNA methylation – this decrease may also contribute to carcinogenesis. Thus, deficiency and its association with such diseases has been studied. However, observational studies of free populations have not convincingly shown an association between low<unk>  intake and cardiovascular diseases or most cancers. Studies on prostate cancer have been contradictory. Cognition Studies observing the effect between higher<unk>  intake and cognition have been conducted in human adults, with contradictory results. Similar studies on human infants and<unk> ildren have been contradictory and also limited.
Choline
Phenylacetic acid
Arachidonic acid
Keto acid
Gluten
Butyric acid
Palate
Inositol