There are three main types of<unk> : traumatic, non-traumatic, and idiopathic. Historically the most common form of<unk>  was non-traumatic, but traumatic<unk> es now represent the majority of cases, with most arising as postoperative complications of surgery. The most common cause of non-traumatic<unk> es is cancer.<unk> es can also be classified as low- or high-output based on the rate of chyle accumulation: low-output<unk> es accumulate 1000 mL per 24 hours. Non-traumatic Malignancies are the most frequent cause of non-traumatic<unk> . Cancers like chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, metastatic carcinoma or esophageal cancer are potential causes of<unk> . Infectious causes are also observed, most often in developing countries. The most common cause of an infectious<unk>  is a complication of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Other possible causative infections include aortitis, histoplasmosis, and filariasis.<unk>  can also be congenital, and may co-occur with other lymphatic malformations like lymphangiectasis and lymphangiomatosis. Other conditions like tuberous sclerosis, congenital heart disease, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), Noonan syndrome, or Turner syndrome (missing X chromosome) are also possible causes of congenital<unk> . Other, more rare causes of congenital<unk>  include Castleman's disease, yellow nail syndrome, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, sarcoidosis, venous thrombosis, thoracic radiation, macroglobulinemia, amyloidosis, and a goiter. These diseases cause<unk>  by obstructing or destroying the thoracic duct. Also, parenteral nutrition has been a possible cause; a quick dose of total parenteral nutrition can overwhelm the thoracic duct, causing the chyle to leak into the surrounding pleural space. Traumatic Iatrogenic<unk>  after surgery is the most common variety of<unk> . It is a common and serious complication of a pneumonectomy. It is especially common in surgeries requiring mediastinal dissection. The probability of<unk>  depends on the type of surgery. The surgery with the highest risk of<unk>  is an esophagostomy, with a 5-10% risk of<unk> . Lung resection and mediastinal node dissection have the second highest risk, with 3-7% risk. Other operations like mediastinal tumor resection, thoracic aneurysm repair, sympathectomy, and any other surgeries that take place in the lower neck or the mediastinum can lead to<unk> .<unk>  after trauma but not after surgery has also been described after central line placement, pacemaker implantation, and embolization of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Blunt trauma to the chest region is another cause of<unk> , which has occurred after blast injuries and even simple injuries from coughing or sneezing.
Chylothorax
Hemothorax
Urinothorax
Hydropneumothorax
Hemopneumothorax
Hydrothorax
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary hematoma