vaccination in Guinea-Bissau. It is estimated that millions of child deaths could be prevented every year if the<unk>  were taken into consideration in immunization programs.<unk>  (also called "heterologous<unk> s" or "off-target<unk> s") are<unk> s which go beyond the<unk>  protective<unk> s against the targeted diseases.<unk><unk><unk> s can be strongly beneficial by increasing protection against<unk> -targeted infections. This has been shown with two live attenuated<unk> , BCG<unk> and measles<unk>  through multiple randomized controlled trials. Theoretically,<unk>  may be detrimental, increasing overall mortality despite providing protection against the target diseases. Although observational studies suggest that diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis<unk> (DTP) may be detrimental, these studies are at high risk of bias and have failed to replicate when conducted by independent groups. Ongoing research suggests that<unk>  may depend on the<unk>  the vaccination schedule, and the sex of the infant. For example, one hypothesis suggests that all live attenuated<unk>  reduce mortality more than explained by prevention of target infections, while all inactivated<unk>  may increase overall mortality despite providing protection against the target disease. These<unk> s may be long-lasting, at least up to the time point where a new type of<unk> is given. The<unk><unk><unk> s can be very pronounced, with significant<unk> s on overall mortality and morbidity. In a situation with herd immunity to the target disease, the<unk><unk><unk> s can be more important for overall health than the<unk> <unk> unk> s. The<unk><unk><unk> s should not be confused with the side<unk> s of<unk>  (such as local reactions at the site of vaccination or general reactions such as fever, head ache or rash, which usually resolve within days to weeks – or in rare cases anaphylaxis). Rather,<unk><unk><unk> s represent a form of general immunomodulation, with important consequences for the immune system's ability to handle subsequent challenges. It is estimated that millions of child deaths in low income countries could be prevented every year if the<unk>  were taken into consideration in immunization programs.
Non-specific effect of vaccines
Vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease
Vaccine shedding
Intentional contagion of infection
Passive immunity
Vaccine resistance
Trained immunity
Infectious tolerance