Many treatments have been tried for<unk> s including freezing, surgery, radiation, and tattooing;<unk> s can also be covered with cosmetics. Lasers may be able to destroy the capillaries without significant damage to the overlying skin. Lasers and other light sources may therefore be able to reduce the redness of<unk> s, although there is not enough evidence to recommend one form over another. For most people in trials of pulsed dye laser, more than 25% of the redness was reduced by laser after one to three treatments. Adverse effects were rare in these trials, although some people had changes to the color of the skin, especially Chinese people with darker skin. There can be pain, crusting, and blistering in the two weeks after treatment. The trials only followed people for six months, so long-term outcomes are not known. Up to 10 treatments may be necessary for improvement, but complete removal may not result. The use of topical rapamycin as an adjunct to pulsed dye laser may improve results. Treatment is generally given before one year of age. However, as it is recommended to be performed under anesthesia (15 minutes) on small children, it is not always possible to get frequent treatments. For example in Finland a child gets treated 2-3 times per year, resulting in a target of "being ready before school age" (7 years). After the laser treatment the skin is filled with black marks, the size of a pen. This is due to the laser instrument's size; the black marks disappear within 1–3 weeks. The treated area can be sore and swollen for a couple of days.
Port-wine stain
Forchheimer spots
Bier spots
Elschnig spots
Riehl melanosis
Brushfield spots
Koebner phenomenon
Cameron lesions