Diagnosis of<unk>  can be challenging and is based on a history of painless cervical dilation usually after the first trimester without contractions or labor and in the absence of other clear pathology. In addition to history, some providers use assessment of cervical length in second trimester to identify cervical shortening using ultrasound. However, short cervical length has actually been shown to be a marker of preterm birth rather than<unk> . Other diagnostic tests that have been suggested which have not been validated include hysterosalpingography and radiographic imaging of balloon traction on the cervix, assessment of the patulous cervix with Hegar or Pratt dilators, the use of a balloon elastance test, and use of graduated cervical dilators to calculate a cervical resistance index. Normally, the cervix should be at least 30 mm in length.<unk>  is variably defined. However, a common definition is a cervical length of less than 25 mm at or before 24 weeks of gestational age. The risk of preterm birth is inversely proportional to cervical length: *Less than 25 mm; 18% risk of preterm birth *Less than 20 mm; 25% risk of preterm birth *Less than 15 mm; 50% risk of preterm birth
Cervical weakness
Cervical motion tenderness
Lumbar enlargement
Middle back pain
Back pain
Neuralgia
Radicular pain
Pelvic girdle pain