The lesions of the Baló's<unk>  belong to the MS lesion pattern III (distal oligodendrogliopathy).<unk>  is now believed to be a variant of pattern III multiple<unk>  and probably due to metabolic problems. The Baló lesions show veins at their center, like those of MS, some suggestive of microhemorrhages or small ectatic venules. Unlike MS, no cortical gray matter lesions appear. Theoretical models According with Dr. Lucchinetti investigations, in Baló's<unk><unk> , the rings may be caused by a physiological hypoxia (similar to that caused by some toxins or viruses) in the lesion, which is in turn countered by expression of stress proteins at the border. This expression and counter-expression forms rings of preserved tissue within the lesion and rings of demyelinated tissue just beyond where the previous attack had induced the protective stress proteins. Hence, subsequent attacks form<unk>  rings. Some other researchers maintain that, as in pattern III MS, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV activity is reduced and this could be the culprit of glutamate-mediated axonal injury. Ultimately, this expanding lesion causes the progressive picture typically seen. However, in some patients, the pathology underlying the disease appears to burn out and hence the disease may halt, hence the patients who spontaneously recover. The mechanisms triggering attacks and recovery remain uncertain. Nevertheless, this model is questioned by recent reports that found astrocyte damage, similar to the one found in aquaporin-seropositive neuromyelitis optica. Though no anti-NMO antibodies have been found, the damage is similar, pointing to problems in the water channel of the astrocytes It presents three clinical subtypes: Monophasic, relapsing-remitting and primary rapidly progressive. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is either normal or shows mild mononuclear inflammatory reaction. CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands are present only in a minority of cases Other models A mathematical model for<unk><unk>  has been proposed. Authors review the previous pathogenic theories, discuss the link between<unk><unk>  and Liesegang's periodic precipitation phenomenon and propose a new mechanism based on self-organization.
Balo concentric sclerosis
Tunnel cluster
Myopic crescent
Contour threads
Neurofibrillary tangle
Storiform pattern
Polymicrogyria
Vossius ring