Initial reports solely documented interclade<unk> , where patients are infected by a virus of a different clade from the initial virus. This is because the viruses in initial cases were all subtypes of HIV-1, with at least a 30% difference in nucleotides in their envelope proteins that makes such<unk> s easier to detect.<unk>  is identified by the detection of viral recombinants for phylogenetically distinct parent strains. Multiregion hybridisation assays are used to identify interclade<unk>  by detecting genetic differences between parental and progeny strains. Heteroduplex mobility assays can be used to sequence viral genetic material, allowing the detection of samples with a genetic difference exceeding 1.5%. Bulk sequencing is used to amplify viral RNA to enable the identification of new phylogenetic species in a patient over time. However, this method is poor at detecting genetic differences at levels of 20% of lower. A third method, next-generation-sequencing assays, was developed in 2005. It enables the rapid sequencing and screening of genomes, detecting genetic differences of 1% or less. There are no known methods to estimate the timing of<unk> .
HIV superinfection
Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection
Epstein–Barr virus infection
Tuberculosis in relation to HIV
HIV/AIDS
Nipah virus infection
HIV-tainted blood scandal 
Risk factors for tuberculosis