Testing for<unk>  is usually performed in people with symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Certain populations that cannot feel or express symptoms of infection are also tested when showing nonspecific symptoms. For example, confusion or other changes in behaviour can be a sign of an infection in the elderly. Screening for asymptomatic<unk>  in pregnancy is a common routine in many countries, but controversial. * The gold standard for detecting<unk>  is a bacterial culture which identifies the concentration of bacterial cells in the urine. The culture is usually combined with subsequent MALDI-TOF, which allows to identify the bacterial species, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Urine culture is quantitative and very reliable, but takes at least one day to obtain a result. Miniaturisation of bacterial culture within dipstick format, Digital Dipstick, allows bacterial detection, identification and quantification for<unk>  within 10–12 hours at the point-of-care. Clinicians will often treat symptomatic<unk>  based on the results of the urine dipstick test while waiting for the culture results.<unk>  can usually be detected using a urine dipstick test. The nitrite test detects nitrate-reducing bacteria if growing in high numbers in urine. A negative dipstick test does not exclude<unk> , as not all bacteria which can colonise the urinary tract are nitrate-reducing. The leukocyte esterase test indirectly detects the presence of leukocytes (white blood cells) in urine which can be associated with a urinary tract infection. In the elderly, the leukocyte esterase test is often positive even in the absence of an infection. The urine dipstick test is readily available and provides fast, but often unreliable results. * Microscopy can also be used to detect<unk> . It is rarely used in clinical routine since it requires more time and equipment and does not allow reliable identification or quantification of the causal bacterial species.<unk>  is assumed if a single bacterial species is isolated in a concentration greater than 100,000 colony forming units per millilitre of urine in clean-catch midstream urine specimens. In urine samples obtained from women, there is a risk for bacterial contamination from the vaginal flora. Therefore, in research, usually a second specimen is analysed to confirm asymptomatic<unk>  in women. For urine collected via bladder catheterization in men and women, a single urine specimen with greater than 100,000 colony forming units of a single species per millilitre is considered diagnostic. The threshold for women displaying UTI symptoms can be as low as 100 colony forming units of a single species per millilitre. However, bacteria below a threshold of 10000 colony forming units per millilitre are usually reported as "no growth" by clinical laboratories. Using special techniques certain non-disease causing bacteria have also been found in the urine of healthy people. These are part of the resident microbiota. Screening Although controversial, many countries including the United States recommend a one time screening for<unk>  during mid pregnancy. The screening method is by urine culture. Screening non pregnant adults is recommended against by the United States Preventive Task Force.
Bacteriuria
Pyuria
Proteinuria
Microhematuria
Pneumaturia
Crystalluria
Elevated transaminases
Anuria