<unk>  alone do not need to be treated since they do not necessarily indicate pathology. However, in the context of overt viral replication against the background of immunodeficiency, the viruses that cause the emergence of<unk>  must be treated. For polyomavirus BK, only the restoration of immunologic function and the subsequent reconstitution of<unk>  with antiviral activity such as natural killer<unk>  and cytotoxic T<unk>  has proven to be effective. Restoration of the immune system can be achieved via different paths according to the different patient groups. For example, in severely immunocompromised HIV-patients, previously called AIDS-patients, immunologic function can be restored by treatment with highly active anti-retroviral therapy. In kidney transplant recipients who are treated with immunosuppressive agents, immunologic function can be treated by tapering of the immunosuppressive regimen. Other agents that have been proposed to target polyomavirus BK, such as cidofovir, fluoroquinolones, leflunomide, and statins are far from established and the published results on their effectivity are conflicting. Also, some of these agents may cause severe long-lasting side effects.
Decoy cells
Nurse cell
Elliptocyte
Tingible body macrophage
Aschoff cell
Langhans giant cell
Nevus cell
Stratified squamous epithelium