Conservative<unk>  is self-limiting after growth is complete, meaning that it generally runs its course and never presents further complication. Typically, however, once the patient is fully grown, the bones will maintain the deformity. For this reason, there are many treatment methods and options available that aim to correct the kyphosis while the spine is still growing, and especially aim to prevent it from worsening. While there is no explanation for what causes<unk> , there are ways to treat it. For less extreme cases, manual medicine, physical therapy and/or back braces can help reverse or stop the kyphosis before it does become severe. Because the<unk>  is often benign, and because back surgery includes many risks, surgery is usually considered a last resort for patients. In severe or extreme cases, patients may be treated through an extensive surgical procedure in an effort to prevent the<unk>  from worsening or harming the body. In Germany, a standard treatment for both<unk>  and lumbar kyphosis is the Schroth method, a system of specialized physical therapy for scoliosis and related spinal deformities. The method has been shown to reduce pain and decrease kyphotic angle significantly during an inpatient treatment program. Bracing can be utilized to help prevent progression and in some cases reduce the hyperkyphosis Cobb angle. Conservative treatment of<unk> 's hyperkyphosis in international literature is generally regarded as an effective treatment approach. Physiotherapy and bracing are the first-line treatments for this condition. Braces such as the Scolibrace (kyphobrace) and Kyphologic brace systems have been shown to be effective in the treatment of<unk> 's Surgery A post-operative X-ray of a 22-year-old male with<unk> . After a 13-level spinal fusion to correct the excessive curvature, the person now presents a normal degree of kyphosis, with a minimal loss of flexibility.<unk>  can be successfully corrected with surgical procedures, almost all of which include spinal fusion and hardware instrumentation, i.e., rods, pedicle screws, etc. While many patients are typically interested in getting surgery for their correction, it is important to realize the surgery aims to reduce pain, and not cosmetic defect. As always, surgical intervention should be used as a last resort once conservative treatment fails or the patient's health is in imminent danger as any surgical procedure is not without risk. However, the chances of complication are relatively low, and the surgeries are often successful. There are two primary surgical techniques to correct kyphosis: posterior-only fusion and anterior/posterior fusion. While debate lingers over which surgical approach is optimal, several studies published since 2018 suggest treatment trends are favoring posterior-only fusion. The classic surgical procedure entails entering two titanium rods, each roughly long (depending on the size of the kyphosis) into the back on either side of the spine. Eight titanium screws and hardware are drilled through the bone to secure the rods onto either side of the spine. On the internal-facing side of the spine, ligaments (which can be too short, pulling the spine into its abnormal shape) must be surgically cut or released, not only stopping part of the cause of the kyphosis, but also allowing the titanium rods to pull the spine into a more natural position. The damaged discs between the troubled vertebrae (wedged vertebrae) are normally removed and replaced with bone grafting from the hip or other parts of the vertebrae, which once healed or "fused" will solidify. The titanium instrumentation holds everything in place during healing. The patient can expect to remain in hospital for minimum of a week, and possibly longer. They may then be required to wear a brace for several months more to ensure the spine heals appropriately. The titanium instrumentation may stay in the body permanently, or be removed years later. Patients who have undergone such surgery may need physical therapy to manage pain and mobility. Recovery can be prolonged: typically patients are not allowed to lift anything above for 6 months to 1 year, and many are out of work for at least 6 months. However, once the fusion is solidified, most patients can return to their usual lifestyle within 1–2 years.
Scheuermann's disease
Zimmermann–Laband syndrome
Hartnup disease
Ackerman syndrome
Camurati–Engelmann disease
Binder's syndrome
Urbach–Wiethe disease
Brill–Zinsser disease