<unk> s (14 mm diameter) incidentally found in a<unk>  diverticulum during transvesical prostatectomy (removal of the prostate via an incision in the<unk> <unk> s are small mineral deposits that can form in the<unk> . In most cases<unk> s develop when the urine becomes very concentrated or when one is dehydrated. This allows for minerals, such as calcium or magnesium salts, to crystallize and form<unk> s.<unk> s vary in number, size and consistency. In some cases<unk> s do not cause any symptoms and are discovered as an incidental finding on a plain radiograph. However, when symptoms do occur, these may include severe lower abdominal and back pain, difficult urination, frequent urination at night, fever, painful urination and blood in the urine. The majority of individuals who are symptomatic will complain of pain which comes in waves. The pain may also be associated with nausea, vomiting and chills.<unk> s vary in their size, shape and texture- some are small, hard and smooth whereas others are huge, spiked and very soft. One can have one or multiple<unk> s.<unk> s are somewhat more common in men who have prostate enlargement. The large prostate presses on the urethra and makes it difficult to pass urine. Over time, stagnant urine collects in the<unk>  and minerals like calcium start to precipitate. Other individuals who develop<unk> s include those who have had spinal cord injury, paralysis, or some type of nerve damage. When nerves to the back are damaged, the<unk>  cannot empty, resulting in stagnant urine.
Bladder stone
Pyonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
Pyelonephritis
Ureteric stricture
Glomerulonephrosis
Interstitial cystitis
Hemorrhagic cystitis