The cause of in-toeing can be differentiated based on the location of the misalignment. The variants are: * Curved foot (metatarsus adductus) * Twisted shin (tibial torsion) * Twisted thighbone (femoral anteversion) Metatarsus adductus The most common form of being<unk> d, when the feet bend inward from the middle part of the foot to the<unk> s. This is the most common congenital foot abnormality, occurring every 1 in 5,000 births. The rate of metatarsus adductus is higher in twin pregnancies and preterm deliveries. Most often self-resolves by one year of age and 90% of cases will resolve spontaneously (without treatment) by age 4. Signs and Symptoms *C-shaped lateral border of foot * Intoeing gait * Pressure sites during shoe wear Tibial torsion The tibia or lower leg slightly or severely twists inward when walking or standing. Usually seen in 1-3 year olds, internal tibial torsion is the most common cause of intoeing in toddlers. It is usually bilateral (both legs) condition that typically self-resolves by 4 to 5 years of age. Signs and Symptoms *Frequent tripping and clumsiness * Intoeing gait Femoral anteversion The neck of the femur is angled forward compared to the rest of the bone, cauing a compensatory internal rotation of the leg. As a result all structures downstream of the hip including the thigh, knee, and foot will turn in toward mid-line. Femoral anteversion is the most common cause of in<unk> ing in children older than 3 years of age. It is most commonly bilateral, affects females twice as much as males, and in some families can show a hereditary pattern. This condition may progressively worsen from years 4 to 7, yet the majority of case still spontaneously resolve by 8 years of age. Signs and Symptoms *W-Sitting and inability to sit cross-legged * Intoeing gait * Circumduction Gait (legs swing around one another) * Frequent tripping and clumsiness
Pigeon toe
Clubfoot
Trigger finger
Pincer nail
Jersey finger
Trench foot
Hammer toe
Jammed finger