<unk>  has a very high lipid solubility (oil:gas partition coefficient of around 950), which gives it very slow pharmacokinetics (induction and emergence characteristics); this being undesirable for routine application in the clinical setting. Initial studies performed in 1961 revealed that in unpremedicated healthy individuals, induction of general anesthesia with<unk> -oxygen alone or with nitrous oxide was difficult or even impossible using the vaporizers available at that time. It was found to be necessary to administer an intravenous anesthetic agent such as sodium thiopental to ensure a smooth and rapid induction. It was further found that after thiopental induction, it was necessary to administer nitrous oxide for at least ten minutes before a sufficient amount of<unk>  could accumulate in the bloodstream to ensure an adequate level of anesthesia. This was despite using high flow (liters/minute) of nitrous oxide and oxygen, and with the vaporizers delivering the maximum possible concentration of<unk> . Similar to its induction pharmacokinetics,<unk>  has very slow and somewhat unpredictable emergence characteristics. During initial clinical studies in 1961, the average time to emergence after discontinuation of<unk>  was 59 minutes after administration of<unk>  for an average duration of 87 minutes. The longest time to emergence was 285 minutes, after 165 minutes of<unk>  administration.
Methoxyflurane
Isoflurane
Desflurane
Halothane
Sevoflurane
Etomidate
Methitural
Methacholine