<unk>  or nephrocalcinosis is an adverse renal condition that arises with a formation of<unk>  crystals within the kidney's tubules. This renal insufficiency is associated with the use of oral sodium<unk>  (OSP) such as C.B. Fleet's Phospho soda and Salix's Visocol, for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the potential risk factors of this complication are pre-existing kidney disease, increased age, female gender, dehydration, comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension,...concurrent treatment with hypertensive medications (ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers) and medications that affect renal perfusion (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAIDs and diuretics). This complication can be diagnosed with renal tests and biomarkers in laboratories including histochemical staining of renal biopsy specimens, the measure of creatinine level, GFR level, and urine output, urine microscopy, CT scanning, and urinalysis.<unk>  may also lead to further renal complications including acute kidney diseases and chronic kidney diseases, or the abrupt and gradual loss of kidney function over time. Different management approaches involve the use of alternative bowel preparation agents and increasing patients' risk assessment among healthcare professionals, including nephrologists, gastroenterologists, and renal pathologists. Other agents used for bowel preparation (e.g. magnesium citrate or PEG-3350 & electrolyte-based purgatives such as Colyte or Golytely) do not carry this risk. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "acute<unk>  is a rare, serious adverse event that has been associated with the use of OSPs. The occurrence of these events was previously described in an Information for Healthcare Professionals sheet and an FDA Science Paper issued in May 2006. Additional cases of acute<unk>  have been reported to FDA and described in the literature since these were issued." __TOC__
Phosphate nephropathy
Analgesic nephropathy
Sickle cell nephropathy
IgA nephropathy
Myeloma cast nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Reflux nephropathy
Malarial nephropathy