Electrocardiogram of a person with pulmonary embolism, showing sinus tachycardia of approximately 100 beats per minute, large S wave in Lead I, moderate Q wave in Lead III, inverted T wave in Lead III, and inverted T waves in leads V1 and V3.<unk>  (also<unk>  ventricular<unk>  or RV<unk>  is a medical finding of<unk>  ventricular dysfunction where the<unk>  muscle of the<unk>  ventricle (RV) is deformed.<unk>  can be caused by pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism (or PE, which itself can cause pulmonary hypertension), RV infarction (a<unk>  attack affecting the RV), chronic lung disease (such as pulmonary fibrosis), pulmonic stenosis, bronchospasm, and pneumothorax. When using an echocardiograph (echo) to visualize the<unk> ,<unk>  can appear with the RV being enlarged and more round than typical. When normal, the RV is about half the size of the left ventricle (LV). When<unk> ed, it can be as large as or larger than the LV. An important potential finding with echo is McConnell's sign, where only the RV apex wall contracts; it is specific for<unk>  and typically indicates a large PE. On an electrocardiogram (ECG), there are multiple ways RV<unk>  can be demonstrated. A finding of S1Q3T3 is an insensitive sign of<unk> . It is non-specific (as it does not indicate a cause) and is present in a minority of PE cases. It can also result from acute changes associated with bronchospasm and pneumothorax. Other EKG signs include a<unk>  bundle branch block as well as T wave inversions in the anterior leads, which are "thought to be the consequence of an ischemic phenomenon due to low cardiac output in the context of RV dilation and<unk> ." Aside from echo and ECG, RV<unk>  is visible with a CT scan of the chest and via cardiac magnetic resonance.
Right heart strain
Thoracic insufficiency syndrome
Hemothorax
Pneumothorax
Pneumopericardium
Hydropneumothorax
Pleural effusion
Pleural empyema