The adverse effect of<unk>  may be caused by many factors, including overdose of prescribed drugs, or use of illicit substance that are not safe in any pharmacological relevant dose.<unk> -related fatality and toxicity usually arises from abuse of<unk> , rather than adverse drug reactions.<unk>  may lead to serious health issues with dose-dependent severity. Undesired acute effects Effects of chronic Use * Increase in heart rate, blood pressure, rapid breathing * High body temperature, sweating * Behaviour abnormal, mood change * Nausea and vomiting * Hyper-excitability, insomnia, talkativeness, restlessness, irritability, hallucinations at high doses * Convulsion, seizures, arrhythmia and/or heart failure, cerebral hemorrhage * Serotonin syndrome * Pupil dilation * Psychological dependence * Development of tolerance * Malnutrition, weight loss * Disorientation, apathy, confused exhaustion due to lack of sleep * Potential depression, anxiety, fatigue * With prolonged use,<unk> -induced psychosis may occur Psychosis Substantial evidence shows that psychotic patients, especially schizophrenic patients, are more likely to engage in<unk>  abuse.<unk>  abuse inhibits dopamine transporter (DAT) and increases dopamine level in the synaptic cleft. The extent of DAT inhibition is associated with the symptoms.<unk> s-induced psychosis has been reported ever since 1938. Symptoms mainly include delusions and hallucinations. Different kinds of hallucinations are also seen, like auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile hallucinations. Less common symptoms are bizarre behaviour and thought disorder. Though some believed that the<unk> -induced psychosis cannot be distinguished from schizophrenia, delusions of persecution are often reported as a characteristic of<unk> -induced psychosis. The duration of<unk> -induced psychosis has substantial variations, from weeks to months. Based on their durations, psychosis can be divided into two<unk> s. One<unk>  has a shorter psychotic state that shows improvement as the central action of<unk>  changes. The other<unk>  has a longer duration. Toxicity The toxic dose of<unk>  varies between person due to development of drug tolerance and genetic polymorphism of the CYP450 2D6 gene. Different<unk>  also have different toxic dose. Methamphetamine fatality from<unk>  have been reported after ingestion of a minimal dose of 1.3 mg/kg, while the estimated minimum lethal dose in a non-addicted adult is 200 mg. Generally, children are more likely to develop toxicity and have lower chances of developing tolerance. Treatment Studies suggest treatment of<unk> -induced psychosis by risperidone and olanzapine. While some suggest the usage of low-dose antipsychotic medications to alleviate the symptoms by preventing sensitisation. Studies show that antidepressants like fluoxetine, imipramine and desipramine have very limited effects for<unk>  abuse since they may reduce craving or increase period of adherence to short-to-medium-term treatments.
Amphetamine type stimulant
Atypical antidepressant
Antipsychotic ester
Substituted amphetamine
Heterocyclic antidepressant
Synthetic cannabinoids
Tetracyclic antidepressant
Tricyclic antidepressant