The<unk> 's transmission cycle in the wild is similar to the continuous sylvatic cycle of yellow fever, and is believed to involve wild primates (monkeys) as the natural reservoir and the tree canopy-dwelling Haemagogus species mosquito as the vector. Human infections are strongly associated with exposure to humid tropical forest environments. Chikungunya<unk>  is closely related, producing a nearly indistinguishable, highly debilitating arthralgic<unk> . On February 19, 2011, a Portuguese-language news source reported on a recent survey that revealed<unk><unk>  activity in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. The survey studied blood samples from 600 residents of Manaus who had experienced a high fever;<unk><unk>  was identified in 33 cases. Four of the cases experienced mild hemorrhagic (bleeding) symptoms, which had not previously been described in<unk> . The report stated that this outbreak is the first detected in a metropolitan setting, and expressed concern that the<unk>  might be adapting to urban species of mosquito vectors, which would make it a risk for spreading within the country. A study published in 1991 demonstrated that a colonized strain of Brazilian Aedes albopictus was capable of acquiring MAYV from infected hamsters and subsequently transmitting it, and another study demonstrated that A. aegypti can transmit MAYV, supporting the possibility of wider transmission of<unk>  in urban settings. A 2018 study demonstrated that A. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were inefficient MAYV vectors, but Anopheles freeborni, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Anopheles stephensi were able to transmit MAYV, with three of the four capable of transmitting two genotypes. The tested Anopheles species are native to Africa, Asia, and North America, suggesting that Anopheles spp. could play a significant role in the dissemination and establishment of MAYV in diverse regions of the world.
Mayaro virus disease
Barcoo fever
Pel–Ebstein fever
Rubella
Ebola
Trench fever
Japanese spotted fever
Chikungunya