<unk>  is a suicide inhibitor of the E3 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase. As an efficient method to produce ATP, pyruvate dehydrogenase is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. The latter subsequently enters the TCA cycle. Peripheral nervous system pathology usually arises from<unk>  exposure as the nervous system essentially relies on glucose as its only catabolic fuel. concentrations from 0.01% to 0.06% It can easily penetrate ordinary clothing and latex rubber gloves. Upon skin contact it causes immediate stinging, burning pain and itching that can last for 24 hours. Within minutes, a rash develops and the agent is absorbed through the skin. Large, fluid-filled blisters (similar to those caused by mustard gas exposure) develop after approximately 12 hours and cause pain for 2–3 days. These are severe chemical burns and begin with small blisters in the red areas of the skin within 2–3 hours and grow worse, encompassing the entire red area, for the ensuing 12–18 hours after initial exposure. Liquid<unk>  has faster effects than<unk>  vapor. Sufficient absorption can cause deadly liver necrosis. Those exposed to<unk>  can develop refractory hypotension (low blood pressure) known as<unk>  shock, with some features of arsenic toxicity.<unk>  damages capillaries, which then become leaky, reducing blood volume required to maintain blood pressure, a condition called hypovolemia. When the blood pressure is low, the kidneys may not receive enough oxygen and can be damaged. Inhalation, the most common route of exposure, causes burning pain and irritation throughout the respiratory tract, nosebleed (epistaxis), laryngitis, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, difficult breathing (dyspnea), and in severe cases of exposure, can cause fatal pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, or respiratory failure. Ingestion results in severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and tissue damage. The results of eye exposure can range from stinging, burning pain and strong irritation to blistering and scarring of the cornea, along with blepharospasm, lacrimation, and edema of the eyelids and periorbital area. The eyes can swell shut, which can keep the eyes safe from further exposure. The most severe consequences of eye exposure to<unk>  are globe perforation and blindness. Generalised symptoms also include restlessness, weakness, hypothermia and low blood pressure. It is possible that<unk>  is carcinogenic: arsenic is categorized as a respiratory carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, though it has not been confirmed that<unk>  is a carcinogen.<unk>  causes damage to the respiratory tract at levels lower than the odor detection threshold. Early tissue damage causes pain. Hydrolysis leads to chlorovinylarsonous acid, CVAA. Treatment British anti-lewisite, also called dimercaprol, is the antidote for<unk> . It can be injected to prevent systemic toxicity, but will not prevent injury to the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. Chemically, dimercaprol binds to the arsenic in<unk> . It is contraindicated in those with peanut allergies. Other treatment for<unk>  exposure is primarily supportive. First aid of<unk>  exposure consists of decontamination and irrigation of any areas that have been exposed. Other measures can be used as necessary, such as airway management, assisted ventilation, and monitoring of vital signs. In an advanced care setting, supportive care can include fluid and electrolyte replacement. Because the tube may injure or perforate the esophagus, gastric lavage is contraindicated. Long-term effects From one acute exposure, someone who has inhaled<unk>  can develop chronic respiratory disease; eye exposure to<unk>  can cause permanent visual impairment or blindness. Chronic exposure to<unk>  can cause arsenic poisoning (due to its arsenic content) and development of a<unk>  allergy. It can also cause long-term illnesses or permanent damage to organs, depending on where the exposure has occurred, including conjunctivitis, aversion to light (photophobia), visual impairment, double vision (diplopia), tearing (lacrimation), dry mucous membranes, garlic breath, burning pain in the nose and mouth, toxic encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, nausea, vomiting, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, dermatitis, skin ulcers, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
Lewisite
Metaldehyde
Lewis lead
Vinyl chloride
Cyanide
Bromide
Alkylphenol
Methanol