This diagram shows the valves of the heart. The aortic and<unk>  valves are shown in the left heart, and the tricuspid and pulmonic valves are shown in the right heart.<unk>  and insufficiency/regurgitation represent the dominant functional and anatomic consequences associated with valvular heart disease. Irrespective of disease process, alterations to the valve occur that produce one or a combination of these conditions. Insufficiency and regurgitation are synonymous terms that describe an inability of the valve to prevent backflow of blood as leaflets of the valve fail to join (coapt) correctly.<unk>  is characterized by a narrowing of the valvular orifice that prevents adequate outflow of blood.<unk>  can also result in insufficiency if thickening of the annulus or leaflets results in inappropriate leaf closure. Valve involved Stenotic disease Insufficiency/regurgitation disease Aortic valve Aortic valve<unk>  Aortic insufficiency/regurgitation<unk>  valve<unk>  valve<unk> <unk>  insufficiency/regurgitation Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve<unk>  Tricuspid insufficiency/regurgitation Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve<unk>  Pulmonary insufficiency/regurgitation Aortic and<unk>  valve disorders Aortic and<unk>  valve disorders are left heart diseases that are more prevalent than diseases of the pulmonary or tricuspid valve in the right heart due to the higher pressures in the left heart.<unk>  of the aortic valve is characterized by a thickening of the valvular annulus or leaflets that limits the ability of blood to be ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta.<unk>  is typically the result of valvular calcification but may be the result of a congenitally malformed bicuspid aortic valve. This defect is characterized by the presence of only two valve leaflets. It may occur in isolation or in concert with other cardiac anomalies. Aortic insufficiency, or regurgitation, is characterized by an inability of the valve leaflets to appropriately close at the end systole, thus allowing blood to flow inappropriately backward into the left ventricle. Causes of aortic insufficiency in the majority of cases are unknown, or idiopathic. It may be the result of connective tissue or immune disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively. Processes that lead to aortic insufficiency usually involve dilation of the valve annulus, thus displacing the valve leaflets, which are anchored in the annulus.<unk><unk>  is caused largely by rheumatic heart disease, though is rarely the result of calcification. In some cases, vegetations form on the<unk>  leaflets as a result of endocarditis, an inflammation of the heart tissue.<unk><unk>  is uncommon and not as age-dependent as other types of valvular disease.<unk>  insufficiency can be caused by dilation of the left heart, often a consequence of heart failure. In these cases, the left ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and causes displacement of the attached papillary muscles, which control the<unk> . Pulmonary and tricuspid valve disorders Pulmonary and tricuspid valve diseases are right heart diseases. Pulmonary valve diseases are the least common heart valve disease in adults. Pulmonary valve<unk>  is often the result of congenital malformations and is observed in isolation or as part of a larger pathologic process, as in Tetralogy of Fallot, Noonan syndrome, and congenital rubella syndrome. Unless the degree of<unk>  is severe, individuals with pulmonary<unk>  usually have excellent outcomes and better treatment options. Often patients do not require intervention until later in adulthood as a consequence of calcification that occurs with aging. Pulmonary valve insufficiency occurs commonly in healthy individuals to a very mild extent and does not require intervention. More appreciable insufficiency is typically the result of damage to the valve due to cardiac catheterization, intra-aortic balloon pump insertion, or other surgical manipulations. Additionally, insufficiency may be the result of carcinoid syndrome, inflammatory processes such a rheumatoid disease or endocarditis, or congenital malformations. It may also be secondary to severe pulmonary hypertension. Tricuspid valve<unk>  without co-occurrent regurgitation is highly uncommon and typically the result of rheumatic disease. It may also be the result of congenital abnormalities, carcinoid syndrome, obstructive right atrial tumors (typically lipomas or myxomas), or hypereosinophilic syndromes. Minor tricuspid insufficiency is common in healthy individuals. In more severe cases it is a consequence of dilation of the right ventricle, leading to displacement of the papillary muscles which control the valve's ability to close. Dilation of the right ventricle occurs secondary to ventricular septal defects, right to left shunting of blood, eisenmenger syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and pulmonary<unk> . Tricuspid insufficiency may also be the result of congenital defects of the tricuspid valve, such as Ebstein's anomaly.
medical cause of Mitral valve stenosis
medical cause of Mitral insufficiency
medical cause of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
medical cause of Dilated cardiomyopathy
medical cause of Pericarditis
medical cause of Coronary artery disease
symptom of Mitral valve stenosis
medical cause of Myocarditis