<unk>  is an unusual ocular<unk>  (strabismus), wherein the eyes move upward (hypertropia) in opposite directions.<unk>  is caused by abnormal prenuclear vestibular input to the ocular motor nuclei, most commonly due to brainstem or cerebellar stroke. Other causes include multiple sclerosis and head trauma.<unk>  is usually characterized by torticollis (head tilting) and binocular torsion. The exact pathophysiology of<unk>  remains incompletely understood.<unk>  appears to be a perturbation of the ocular tilt reaction, which is itself is most likely a vestigial righting response used to keep fish and other lateral-eyed animals properly oriented. There are three types of<unk> s: Type 1: Upward<unk>  of both eyes; sound-induced vestibular symptoms; both eyes show counterclockwise rotary upward rotation Type 2: Hypertropia in one eye; dorsolateral medullary infarctions; excyclotropia in the ipsilateral eye; hypertropia in the contralateral eye Type 3: Simultaneous hypertropia one eye and hypotropia in the other eye; upper brainstem lesion
Skew deviation
Bragg peak
Trends in Amplification
Lewis offset
Mange
Threshold expression
Form constant
Flattening the curve