Infections * HIV infection—HIV-positive men have eight-fold increased risk of developing<unk>  than HIV-negative men. * Human papillomavirus—HPV is a risk factor in the development of<unk> . According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HPV is responsible for about 800 (about 40%) of 1,570 cases of<unk>  diagnosed annually in the United States. There are more than 120 types of HPV. * Genital warts—Genital or perianal warts increase the risk of invasive<unk>  by about 3.7 times if they occurred more than two years before the reference date. About half of men with<unk>  also have genital warts, which are caused by HPV. Hygiene and injury * Poor hygiene—Poor hygiene can increase a man's risk of<unk> . * Smegma—Smegma, a whitish substance that can accumulate beneath the foreskin, is associated with greater risk of<unk> . The American Cancer Society suggests that smegma may not be carcinogenic, but may increase the risk by causing irritation and inflammation of the penis. * Balanitis and<unk>  injury—Inflammation of the foreskin and/or the glans penis (balanitis) is associated with about 3.1 times increased risk of<unk> . It is usually caused by poor hygiene, allergic reactions to certain soaps, or an underlying health condition such as reactive arthritis, infection, or diabetes. Small tears and abrasions of the penis are associated with about 3.9 times increased risk of cancer. * Phimosis—Phimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans. It is considered a significant risk factor in the development of<unk>  (odds ratio of 38–65). Phimosis may also be a symptom of<unk> . * Paraphimosis—Paraphimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans. It is considered a risk factor for the development of<unk> . * Circumcision—Some studies show that circumcision during infancy or in childhood may provide partial protection against<unk> , but this is not the case when performed in adulthood. It has been suggested that the reduction in risk may be due to reduced risk of phimosis; other possible mechanisms include reduction in risk of smegma and HPV infection. Other * Age—Penile cancer is rarely seen in men under the age of 50. About 4 out of 5 men diagnosed with<unk>  are over the age of 55. * Lichen sclerosus—Lichen sclerosus is a disease causing white patches on the skin. Lichen sclerosus increases the risk of<unk> . As the exact cause of lichen sclerosus is unknown, there is no known way to prevent it. * Tobacco—Chewing or smoking tobacco increases the risk of<unk>  by 1.5–6 times depending on the duration smoking and daily number of cigarettes. * Ultraviolet light—Men with psoriasis who have been treated using UV light and a drug known as psoralen have an increased risk of<unk> .
Penile cancer
Urethral cancer
Bladder cancer
Testicular cancer
Hydrocele
Acute prostatitis
Urogenital fistula
Urethrocele