The most common side effects with<unk>  are nausea, headache, and flatulence. Less common adverse events (occurring in less than 1% of those taking the drug) include: *Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, constipation, emesis *Neurologic: dizziness, drowsiness, amblyopia *Respiratory: acute pulmonary hypersensitivity reaction *Allergic: pruritus, urticaria *Dermatologic: hair loss *Miscellaneous: fever, chills, malaise Patients should be informed that<unk>  colours urine brown; this is completely harmless. Some of the more serious but rare side effects of<unk>  have been a cause of concern. These include pulmonary reactions, hepatotoxicity, and neuropathy. Pulmonary toxicity The pulmonary toxicity caused by<unk>  can be categorized into acute, subacute, and chronic pulmonary reactions. The acute and subacute reactions are thought to be due to a hypersensitivity reaction and often resolve when the drug is discontinued. Acute reactions have been estimated to occur in about one in 5000 women who take the drug. These reactions usually develop 3–8 days after the first dose of<unk> , but may occur from a few hours to a few weeks after starting the drug. Symptoms include fever, dyspnea, chills, cough, pleuritic chest pain, headache, back pain, and epigastric pain. Chest radiograph will often show unilateral or bilateral infiltrates similar to pulmonary edema. Treatment includes discontinuation of the<unk> , which should result in symptom improvement within 24 hours. Chronic pulmonary reactions caused by<unk>  include diffuse interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, or both. This uncommon reaction may occur 1 month to 6 years after starting the drug and is usually related to its total lifetime dose. This reaction manifests with progressive shortness of breath. It is important to recognize<unk>  as possible cause of symptoms and discontinue the drug when the suspicion of pulmonary side effects arises as it can be reversible if the drug is stopped early. Hepatotoxicity Hepatic reactions, including hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice, chronic active hepatitis, and hepatic necrosis, occur rarely. The onset of chronic active hepatitis may be insidious, and patients should be monitored periodically for changes in biochemical tests that would indicate liver injury. These reactions usually occur after exposure to the drug for more than 6 weeks. If signs of liver failure are observed in a patient taking<unk> , the drug should be discontinued. Re-challenge with the drug at a later date is not recommended, as the reaction may have a hypersensitivity component and recur when the drug is resumed. Neuropathy Neuropathy is a rare side effect of taking<unk> . Patients may experience numbness and tingling in a stocking-glove pattern, which may or may not improve upon discontinuation of the drug. Contraindications<unk>  is contraindicated in patients with decreased renal function (CrCl < 60 ml/min) due to systemic accumulation and subtherapeutic levels reached in the urinary tract. However, a retrospective chart review suggests the data for this cutoff are slim and a cutoff of CrCl < 40 ml/min would be more appropriate. Many of the severe side effects of this drug are more common in the elderly and those with renal impairment, as this causes the drug to be retained in the body and reach higher systemic levels. Thus, the drug is not recommended for the elderly population according to 2012 AGS Beers criteria.<unk>  is also contraindicated in babies up to the age of one month, as they have immature enzyme systems in their red blood cells (glutathione instability), so<unk>  must not be used because it can cause haemolytic anaemia. For the same reason,<unk>  should not be given to pregnant women after 38 weeks of pregnancy.<unk>  is contraindicated in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) because of risk of intravascular hemolysis resulting in anemia.
Nitrofurantoin
Cethromycin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Tetracycline
Ciprofloxacin
Oxytetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Carbenicillin