Various triggers have been associated with switching from euthymic or depressed states into<unk> . One common trigger of<unk>  is antidepressant therapy. Studies show that the risk of switching while on an antidepressant is between 6-69 percent. Dopaminergic drugs such as reuptake inhibitors and dopamine agonists may also increase risk of switch. Other medication possibly include glutaminergic agents and drugs that alter the HPA axis. Lifestyle triggers include irregular sleep-wake schedules and sleep deprivation, as well as extremely emotional or stressful stimuli. Various genes that have been implicated in genetic studies of bipolar have been<unk> ulated in preclinical animal models to produce syndromes reflecting different aspects of<unk> . CLOCK and DBP polymorphisms have been linked to bipolar in population studies, and behavioral changes induced by knockout are reversed by lithium treatment. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 has been genetically linked to bipolar, and found to be under-expressed in the cortex. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide has been associated with bipolar in gene linkage studies, and knockout in mice produces<unk>  like-behavior. Targets of various treatments such as GSK-3, and ERK1 have also demonstrated<unk>  like behavior in preclinical models.<unk>  may be associated with strokes, especially cerebral lesions in the right hemisphere. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease has been associated with<unk> , especially with electrodes placed in the ventromedial STN. A proposed mechanism involves increased excitatory input from the STN to dopaminergic nuclei. There are certain psychoactive drugs that can induce a state of<unk>  psychosis, including: amphetamine, cathinone, cocaine, MDMA, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, oxycodone, phencyclidine, designer drugs, etc.<unk>  can also be caused by physical trauma or illness. When the causes are physical, it is called secondary<unk> .
Mania
Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome  Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome  1
Dyssomnia
Orthosomnia
Anotia
Ergotism
Parasomnia
Insomnia