<unk>  is an umbrella term for a wide and heterogeneous group of very rare conditions. The population incidence of adult post-intubation<unk>  which is the commonest benign sub-type of this condition is approximately 1 in 200,000 adults per year. The main causes of adult<unk>  are: + Main causes of<unk>  Benign causes Malignant causes Extrinsic compression * Thyroid goitre * Thymoma * Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (e.g. TB) * Vascular anomalies * Thyroid cancer * Lung cancer/lymphomas-related mediastinal lymphadenopathy Intrinsic narrowing * At the level of the larynx (glottis) * Bilateral vocal fold paralysis * Blunt/sharp laryngeal trauma * Foreign body inhalation * Sarcoidosis * Amyloidosis * Bilateral vocal fold mobility impairment * Crico-arytenoid joint fixation * Rheumatoid arthritis * Intubation-related joint fixation * Inter-arytenoid scarring * Intubation-related * Infections (e.g. Diphtheria, epiglottitis) * Respiratory papillomatosis * Large ball-valving vocal polyps * Congenital laryngeal stenosis * Laryngeal atresia * Congenital laryngeal webs * At the level of subglottis/trachea * Intubation/tracheostomy-related (most common cause) * Granulomatosis with polyangiitis * Idiopathic Progressive Subglottic Stenosis * Amyloidosis * Tracheopathia osteoplastica * Tracheomalacia * Expiratory Dynamic Airway Collapse (EDAC) * Tracheobronchomalacia * Relapsing polychondritis * Tracheal ring damage due to COPD * Tracheal ring weakness * Benign tumors (e.g. Carcinoid) * Tracheal trauma / rupture * Congenital subglottic/tracheal anomalies * Complete tracheal rings * Congenital subglottic/tracheal webs * Subglottic haemangioma * Subglottic / tracheal cysts * At the level of carina or main bronchi * Granulomatosis with polyangiitis * Foreign body inhalation * Tuberculosis * Following Photodynamic Therapy * Head and neck (especially laryngeal or supraglottic) cancers * Primary tracheal cancers * Erosive thyroid cancer * Erosive esophageal cancer * Lung cancer causing central airway obstruction
Laryngotracheal stenosis
Tracheobronchomalacia
Laryngomalacia
Subglottic stenosis
Tracheal deviation
Tracheoinnominate fistula
Tracheomalacia
Glossoptosis