An<unk>  is toxicity due to excessive consumption of<unk> s, such as morphine, codeine, heroin, fentanyl, tramadol, and methadone. This preventable pathology can be fatal if it leads to respiratory depression, a lethal condition that can cause hypoxia. Other symptoms include insufficient breathing, small pupils, and unconsciousness, however its onset can depend on the method of ingestion, the dosage and individual risk factors. Although there were over 110,000 deaths in 2017 due to<unk> s, individuals who survived also faced adverse complications, including permanent brain damage.<unk> s are diagnosed based on symptoms and examination. Risk factors for<unk>  include high levels of<unk>  dependence, use of<unk> s via injection, high dosed<unk>  usage, having a mental disorder or having a predisposition for one, and use of<unk> s in combination with other substances, such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, or cocaine. Dependence on prescription<unk> s can occur from their use to treat chronic pain in individuals. Additionally, if followed by detoxification, the risk of<unk>  is particularly high. Initial treatment of an<unk>  involves supporting the person's breathing and providing oxygen to reduce the risk of hypoxia. Naloxone is then recommended to those who cannot reverse the<unk> 's effects through breathing. Giving naloxone via nasal administration or as an injection into a muscle has shown to be equally effective. Among those who refuse to go to hospital following reversal, the risks of a poor outcome in the short term appear to be low. Other efforts to prevent deaths from<unk>  include increasing access to naloxone and treatment for<unk>  dependence. Drug use contributes to 500,000 deaths worldwide, with<unk>  resulting in approximately 115,000 of these deaths in 2018. This is up from 18,000 deaths in 1990. In 2018, approximately 269 million people had engaged in drug usage at least once, 58 million of which used<unk> s. Drug use disorders have affected around 35.6 million people worldwide in 2018. The WHO estimates that 70% of deaths due to drug use are in relation to<unk> s, with 30% being due to<unk> . It is believed that the<unk>  epidemic has partly been caused due to assurances that prescription<unk> s were safe, by the pharmaceutical industry in the 1990s. This led to unwarranted trust and a subsequent heavy reliance on<unk> s. Though there are treatment interventions which can effectively reduce the risk of<unk>  in people suffering from<unk>  dependence, less than 10% of affected individuals receive it.
Opioid overdose
Stroke
Nicotine withdrawal
Alcohol intoxication
Benzodiazepine overdose
Hypoglycemia
Carbamate poisoning
Head injury