In a normal subject, actions of somatostatin include: :*In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are: ::* Inhibit the release of growth hormone, thus opposing the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) ::* Inhibit the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) :*Somatostatin suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones ::* Gastrin ::* Cholecystokinin (CCK) ::* Secretin ::* Motilin ::* Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ::* Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) ::* Enteroglucagon :* Lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine :* Suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones ::* Inhibits the release of insulin ::* Inhibits the release of glucagon :* Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. This explains how abnormally elevated somatostatin can cause diabetes mellitus, by inhibiting insulin secretion, steatorrhoea by inhibiting cholecystokinin and secretin, gall stones by inhibiting cholecystokinin which normally induce gallbladder myocytes to contract, and hypochlorhydria caused by inhibiting gastrin, which normally stimulate acid secretion.<unk> s are associated with calcium deposits called psammoma bodies.
Somatostatinoma
VIPoma
Glucagonoma
Gastrinoma
Insulinoma
Glomus tumor
Gangliocytic paraganglioma
Metastatic insulinoma