<unk>  refers to oxidation of protein side chains to introduce ketone- and aldehyde groups in a protein. The following amino acid residues are affected: *prolyl to pyrrolidone *glutamyl to glutamic semialdehyde *lysyl to aminoadipic acid semialdehyde *threonyl to amino ketobutyric acid<unk>  is typically assume to be the result of ROS with the protein side chain. ROS species include hydroperoxide or lipic hydroperoxides.<unk>  is of interest because of its association with various diseases. Oxidative stress, often metal catalyzed, leads to<unk> .
Protein carbonylation
DNA fragmentation
DNA condensation
Protein aggregation
Essential fatty acid interactions
Mitochondrial biogenesis
Nucleotide salvage
DNA replication stress