A<unk>  is caused by the venomous tail spines, stingers or dermal denticles of rays in the order Myliobatiformes, most significantly those belonging to the families Dasyatidae, Urotrygonidae, Urolophidae, and Potamotrygonidae.<unk> s generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves. When threatened, their primary reaction is to swim away. However, when attacked by predators or stepped on, the stinger in their tail is whipped up. This is normally ineffective against sharks, their main predator. Depending on the size of the<unk> , humans are usually stung in the lower limb region. Stings usually occur when swimmers or divers accidentally step on a<unk> , but a human is less likely to be stung by simply brushing against the stinger. Those who enter waters with large populations of<unk> s are advised to slide their feet through the sand rather than taking normal steps, as the rays detect the vibrations in the sand and swim away. There are reports of stingers breaking off in wounds, but this may be rare. This would not be fatal to the<unk>  as it will be regrown at a rate of about per month (though with significant variations depending on the size of the<unk>  and the exact species). Contact with the stinger causes local trauma (from the cut itself), pain, swelling, and muscle cramps from the venom, and possible later infection from bacteria or fungi. Immediate injuries to humans include envenomation, punctures, severed arteries and veins, and rarely death. Fatal stings are very rare; the most famous case is when Australian wildlife expert Steve Irwin died in 2006, which was only the second case recorded in Australia since 1945. In Irwin's case, the stinger penetrated his thoracic wall, causing massive trauma.
Stingray injury
High pressure injection injury
Avulsion injury
Lisfranc injury
Dental avulsion
Suspension trauma
Coup contrecoup injury
Blast injury