<unk>  (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity.<unk>  was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine.<unk>  properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms. It is rarely prescribed over concerns involving human neurotoxicity and potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer substitute drugs with comparable treatment efficacy such as Adderall and Vyvanse. Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger CNS stimulant than levomethamphetamine. Both racemic<unk>  and dextromethamphetamine are illicitly trafficked and sold owing to their potential for recreational use. The highest prevalence of illegal<unk>  use occurs in parts of Asia and Oceania, and in the United States, where racemic<unk>  and dextromethamphetamine are classified as schedule II controlled substances. Levomethamphetamine is available as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug for use as an inhaled nasal decongestant in the United States. Internationally, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of<unk>  is restricted or banned in many countries, due to its placement in schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances treaty. While dextromethamphetamine is a more potent drug, racemic<unk>  is illicitly produced more often due to the relative ease of synthesis and regulatory limits of chemical precursor availability. In low to moderate doses,<unk>  can elevate mood, increase alertness, concentration and energy in fatigued individuals, reduce appetite, and promote weight loss. At very high doses, it can induce psychosis, breakdown of skeletal muscle, seizures and bleeding in the brain. Chronic high-dose use can precipitate unpredictable and rapid mood swings, stimulant psychosis (e.g., paranoia, hallucinations, delirium, and delusions) and violent behavior. Recreationally,<unk> 's ability to increase energy has been reported to lift mood and increase sexual desire to such an extent that users are able to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days while binging the drug.<unk>  is known to possess a high addiction liability (i.e., a high likelihood that long-term or high dose use will lead to compulsive drug use) and high dependence liability (i.e. a high likelihood that withdrawal symptoms will occur when<unk>  use ceases). Withdrawal from<unk>  after heavy use may lead to a post-acute-withdrawal syndrome, which can persist for months beyond the typical withdrawal period.<unk>  is neurotoxic to human midbrain dopaminergic neurons at high doses.<unk>  has been shown to have a higher affinity and, as a result, higher toxicity toward serotonergic neurons than<unk> etamine.<unk>  neurotoxicity causes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in grey matter volume in several brain regions, as well as adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity.<unk>  belongs to the substituted phenethylamine and substituted<unk> etamine chemical classes. It is related to the other dimethylphenethylamines as a positional isomer of these compounds, which share the common chemical formula .
Methamphetamine
Benzphetamine
Amphetamine
Benzyl alcohol
Benzocaine
Cannabis
Cannabis 
Nicotine