* Vitamin B12 deficiency: * Achlorhydria-induced malabsorption * Deficient intake * Deficient intrinsic factor, a molecule produced by cells in the stomach that is required for B12 absorption (pernicious anemia or gastrectomy) * Coeliac disease * Biological competition for vitamin B12 by diverticulosis, fistula, intestinal anastomosis, or infection by the marine parasite Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) * Selective vitamin B12 malabsorption (congenital—juvenile megaloblastic anemia 1—and drug-induced) * Chronic pancreatitis * Ileal resection and bypass * Nitrous oxide anesthesia (usually requires repeated instances). * Folate deficiency: * Alcoholism * Deficient intake * Increased needs: pregnancy, infant, rapid cellular proliferation, and cirrhosis * Malabsorption (congenital and drug-induced) * Intestinal and jejunal resection * (indirect) Deficient thiamine and factors (e.g., enzymes) responsible for abnormal folate metabolism. * Combined Deficiency: vitamin B12 & folate. * Inherited Pyrimidine Synthesis Disorders: Orotic aciduria * Inherited DNA Synthesis Disorders * Toxins and Drugs: *Folic acid antagonists (methotrexate) * Purine synthesis antagonists (6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine) * Pyrimidine antagonists (cytarabine) * Phenytoin * Nitrous Oxide * Erythroleukemia * Inborn genetic mutations of the Methionine synthase gene * Di Guglielmo's syndrome * Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia * Copper deficiency resulting from an excess of zinc from unusually high oral consumption of zinc-containing denture-fixation creams has been found to be a cause.
complications of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
complications of Myotonic dystrophy
complications of Botulism
complications of Kallmann syndrome
symptom of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
complications of Hashimoto's thyroiditis
complications of Fabry disease
symptom of Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome