The symptoms of<unk>  are unspecific, and their occurrence varies between individuals. These factors increased the difficulty for physicians to diagnose. So, there is a considerable time delay for the disease to be diagnosed, though it's capable of detection since birth or even prenatally. Prenatal Prenatal diagnosis of<unk>  is yet to be reached satisfaction, due to the technical difficulties in differentiating this disorder with other malformation. Only a few cases of reported cases are diagnosed before birth. Prenatal sonographic evaluation, also known as Biophysical profile is frequently used for prenatal testing. High frequency of associated abnormalities (see the section - "Associated Abnormalities" for details) may also lead to suspicion of<unk> . 2‐dimensional color Doppler imaging could visually capture the blood flow, hence determine the existence of pulmonary vasculature. It is also a frequently used technique for<unk>  diagnosis. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), in this case, the upward displacement of the diaphragm and abdominal organs, is a possible clinical outcome detectable before birth. The displacement is caused by organ herniation occupying the empty space in the chest wall, while this space is created by the absence of lung tissue. However, it's important to note that a list of other disorders could also be the cause of CDH. After birth Several techniques are frequently involved in the diagnosis of<unk>  after birth: *Chest X-ray is effective in detecting the traits of lung herniation. The unaffected side of lung tends to undergo hypertrophy, and move towards the empty space in the chest wall on the opposite side. This herniation could be indicated by fluoroscopy. With age increasing, the herniation progresses and ease its detection. *Pulmonary angiography assists in detecting the presence of pulmonary artery branches, differentiating<unk>  to hypoplasia and aplasia. *Electrocardiogram is useful in detecting dextrocardia, a possible outcome when<unk>  is present on the right lung. With empty space in the chest wall, the heart rotates in clockwise direction, shifting the location for apex beat occurrence. Hence cardiac physical examination also helps as heart sounds is heard best at right chest with dextrocardia. In the condition of left side<unk> , heart sounds will appear to be louder than normal. *Chest asymmetry, as a possible trait for<unk> , is found to be more obvious in adult patients, especially in males. Breast development in females tends to make it less obvious for the observance of asymmetry, though it could still be indicated by a more conical shape and slightly higher location of the breast on the affected side. *CT scan, bronchoscopy, bronchography and Magnetic resonance imaging also contributes to the observation of patients’ lung anatomy.
Pulmonary agenesis
Pulmonary atresia
Tracheal agenesis
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Situs ambiguus
Renal agenesis
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Double aortic arch