Fleming, Florey and Chain equally shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of<unk>  and its curative effect in various infectious diseases." Methods for production and isolation of<unk>  were patented by Andrew Jackson Moyer in the US in 1945. Chain had wanted to file a patent, Florey and his teammates objected to it arguing that it should be a benefit for all. Sir Henry Dale specifically advised that doing so would be unethical. When Fleming learned of the American patents on<unk>  production, he was infuriated and commented: I found<unk>  and have given it free for the benefit of humanity. Why should it become a profit-making monopoly of manufacturers in another country? Dorothy Hodgkin received the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances."
History of penicillin
History of smallpox
History of leprosy
History of aspirin
History of chemical warfare
History of typhoid fever
History of polio
History of cholera