Diagram showing<unk><unk>  pressing on the urethra<unk><unk>  is a management option for localized<unk><unk>  that can be offered to appropriate patients who would also be candidates for aggressive local therapies (surgery and radiotherapy), with the intent to intervene if the disease progresses.<unk><unk>  should not be confused with watchful waiting, another observational strategy for men that would not be candidates for curative therapy (surgery, radiation) because of a limited life expectancy.<unk><unk>  offers men with a<unk><unk>  that is thought to have a low risk of causing harm in the absence of treatment, a chance to delay or avoid aggressive treatment and its associated side effects.While<unk><unk>  is the most common non cutaneous<unk>  and second leading cause of<unk> -related death in American men, it is conservatively estimated that approximately 100,000 men per year in the United States who would be eligible for conservative treatment through<unk><unk> , undergo unnecessary treatments. The management of localized<unk><unk>  is controversial and men with localized disease diagnosed today often undergo treatments with significant side effects that will not improve overall health outcomes. The 2011 NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on the "Role of<unk><unk>  in the management of men with localized<unk><unk> " pointed out the many unanswered questions about observational strategies for<unk><unk>  that require further research and clarification. These included: * Improvements in the accuracy and consistency of pathologic diagnosis of<unk><unk>  * Consensus on which men are the most appropriate candidates for<unk><unk>  * The optimal protocol for<unk><unk>  and the potential for individualizing the approach based on clinical and patient factors * Optimal ways to communicate the option of<unk><unk>  to patients * Methods to assist patient decision-making * Reasons for acceptance or rejection of<unk><unk>  as a treatment strategy * Short- and long-term outcomes of<unk><unk>  The consensus statement highlighted the need for well-designed studies to address these questions as an important health research priority. In the meantime,<unk><unk>  for the treatment of low risk<unk><unk>  is now being offered to more and more patients where it is generally considered that<unk><unk>  will not cause the man harm during his lifetime if treatment is delayed or avoided. For these men,<unk>  is thought to offer a more targeted approach to management; avoiding unnecessary treatment and its risk of associated side effects, while allowing for curative intervention for those that experience disease progression on observation.
Active surveillance of prostate cancer
Prostate brachytherapy
Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate
Prostate steam treatment
Transurethral resection of the prostate
Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
Androgen deprivation therapy
Prostate saturation biopsy