Adverse drug reactions most commonly associated with<unk>  are constipation (which occurs in 1.7–5.3% of users), dizziness (up to 1.4%), nausea (0.7–3.2%), and abdominal cramps (0.5–3.0%). Rare, but more serious, side effects include toxic megacolon, paralytic ileus, angioedema, anaphylaxis/allergic reactions, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, urinary retention, and heat stroke. The most frequent symptoms of<unk>  overdose are drowsiness, vomiting, and abdominal pain, or burning. High doses may result in heart problems such as abnormal heart rhythms. Contraindications Treatment should be avoided in the presence of high fever or if the stool is bloody. Treatment is not recommended for people who could have negative effects from rebound constipation. If a suspicion exists of diarrhea associated with organisms that can penetrate the intestinal walls, such as E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella,<unk>  is contraindicated as a primary treatment.<unk>  treatment is not used in symptomatic C. difficile infections, as it increases the risk of toxin retention and precipitation of toxic megacolon.<unk>  should be administered with caution to people with liver failure due to reduced first-pass metabolism. Additionally, caution should be used when treating people with advanced HIV/AIDS, as cases of both viral and bacterial toxic megacolon have been reported. If abdominal distension is noted, therapy with<unk>  should be discontinued. Children The use of<unk>  in children under two years is not recommended. Rare reports of fatal paralytic ileus associated with abdominal distention have been made. Most of these reports occurred in the setting of acute dysentery, overdose, and with very young children less than two years of age. A review of<unk>  in children under 12 years old found that serious adverse events occurred only in children under three years old. The study reported that the use of<unk>  should be contraindicated in children who are under 3, systemically ill, malnourished, moderately dehydrated, or have bloody diarrhea. In 1990, all formulations for children of the antidiarrheal<unk>  were banned in Pakistan. Pregnancy and breast feeding<unk>  is not recommended in the United Kingdom for use during pregnancy or by nursing mothers. In the U.S.,<unk>  is classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as pregnancy category C. Studies in rat models have shown no teratogenicity, but sufficient studies in humans have not been conducted. One controlled, prospective study of 89 women exposed to<unk>  during their first trimester of pregnancy showed no increased risk of malformations. This, however, was only one study with a small sample size.<unk>  can be present in breast milk, and is not recommended for breast-feeding mothers.
Loperamide
Sucralfate
Cimetidine
Lansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole
Trifluoperazine
Sodium hydroxide
Ethacizine