<unk>  involves a neurosurgical procedure where an area of the brain involved in seizures is either resected, ablated, disconnected or stimulated. The goal is to eliminate seizures or significantly reduce seizure burden. Approximately 60% of all people with<unk>  (0.4% of the population of industrialized countries) have focal<unk>  syndromes. In 15% to 20% of these patients, the condition is not adequately controlled with anticonvulsive drugs. Such patients are potential candidates for surgical<unk>  treatment. First line therapy for<unk>  involves treatment with anticonvulsive drugs, also called antiepileptic drugs. Most patients will respond to one or two different medication trials. The goal of this treatment is the elimination of seizures, since uncontrolled seizures carry significant risks, including injury and sudden death. However, in up to one third of patients, medications alone do not eliminate seizures, and/or cause adverse effects. In these patients,<unk>  is considered as an alternate treatment method to medications. Generally, surgery is considered in patients whose seizures cannot be controlled by adequate trials of two different medications.<unk>  has been performed for more than a century, but its use dramatically increased in the 1980s and 1990s, reflecting its efficacy in selected patients.
Epilepsy surgery
Brain implant
Cochlear implant
Craniofacial surgery
Magnetic seizure therapy
Sleep surgery
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
Strabismus surgery