Serious complications with<unk>  are rare with about 0.04%–0.9% requiring hospitalization and 0.05% requiring blood transfusion. Nearly all women using the<unk> /misoprostol regimen experienced abdominal pain, uterine cramping, and vaginal bleeding or spotting for an average of 9–16 days. For most women, the most severe cramps after use of misoprostol last for less than 6 hours and can generally be managed with ibuprofen. Up to 8% of women experienced some type of bleeding for 30 days or more. Other less common side effects included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, and fever. Pelvic inflammatory disease is a very rare but serious complication. Excessive bleeding and incomplete termination of a pregnancy require further intervention by a doctor (such as a repeat dose of misoprostol or a vacuum aspiration).<unk>  is contraindicated in the presence of adrenal failure, long-term oral corticosteroid therapy (although inhaled and topical steroids are fine), hemorrhagic disorders, inherited porphyria, and hemophilia or anticoagulant use. Women with an intrauterine device in their uterus should remove the IUD prior to medication abortion to avoid unnecessary cramping.<unk>  is not effective in treating ectopic pregnancy. A postmarketing summary found, of about 1.52 million women who had received<unk>  until April 2011 in the United States, 14 were reported to have died after application. Eight of these cases were associated with sepsis; the other six had various causes such as drug abuse and suspected murder. Other incidents reported to the FDA included 612 nonlethal hospitalizations, 339 blood transfusions, 48 severe infections, and 2,207 (0.15%) adverse events altogether. Cancer No long-term studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of<unk>  have been performed. This is in accord with ICH guidelines, which do not require carcinogenicity testing in nongenotoxic drugs intended for administration for less than six months. Pregnancy<unk>  alone results in abortion within 1–2 weeks in 54% to 92% of pregnancies. The effectiveness increases to greater than 90% if misoprostol is given after the<unk> . There is no evidence that the effects of<unk>  can be reversed, although some anti-abortion groups claim that it can be reversed by giving progesterone. Researchers in the United States initiated a trial of the so-called "reversal" regimen in 2019, but stopped prematurely due to serious safety concerns about using<unk>  without follow-up misoprostol. Giving progesterone has not been shown to halt medication abortion, and not completing the combination regimen of<unk>  and misoprostol may cause serious bleeding. In those who continue pregnancy after use of<unk>  together with misoprostol for termination, birth defects may occur. Exposure to a single large dose of<unk>  in newborn rats was not associated with any reproductive problems, although chronic low-dose exposure of newborn rats to<unk>  was associated with structural and functional reproductive abnormalities. Studies in mice, rats, and rabbits revealed developmental abnormalities for rabbits, but not rats or mice.
Mifepristone
Metapristone
Telapristone
Ethinylestradiol sulfonate
Promegestone
Dydrogesterone
Aminoglutethimide
Formestane