Presence of lymphocytes within the tubular epithelium, attesting to acute cellular rejection of a renal graft. Biopsy sample. Problems after a transplant may include: * Post operative complications, such as bleeding, infection, vascular thrombosis and urinary complications * Transplant rejection (hyperacute, acute or chronic) * Infections and sepsis due to the immunosuppressant drugs that are required to decrease risk of rejection * Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (a form of lymphoma due to the immune suppressants). This occurs in about 2% of patients, occurring especially in the first 2 years post-transplant * Skin tumours * Imbalances in electrolytes including calcium and phosphate which can lead to bone problems * Proteinuria * Hypertension * Recurrence of original cause of kidney failure * Other side effects of medications including gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration of the stomach and esophagus, hirsutism (excessive hair growth in a male-pattern distribution) with ciclosporin, hair loss with tacrolimus, obesity, acne, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypercholesterolemia, and osteoporosis. A patient's age and health condition before<unk>  affect the risk of complications. Different transplant centers have different success at managing complications; and therefore, complication rates are different from center to center. The average lifetime for a kidney from a deceased donor is ten years, and fifteen years for a kidney from a living donor. When a transplant fails, a patient may opt for a second transplant, or may have to return to dialysis for some intermediary time. A few (usually older) patients choose not to return to dialysis and be treated with supportive care (no dialysis or transplant). Infections due to the immunosuppressant drugs used in people with kidney transplants most commonly occur in mucocutaneous areas (41%), the urinary tract (17%) and the respiratory tract (14%). The most common infective agents are bacterial (46%), viral (41%), fungal (13%), and protozoan (1%). Of the viral illnesses, the most common agents are human cytomegalovirus (31.5%), herpes simplex (23.4%), and herpes zoster (23.4%). BK virus is now being increasingly recognised as a transplant risk factor. Infection is the cause of death in about one third of people with renal transplants, and pneumonias account for 50% of the patient deaths from infection. File:UOTW 32 - Ultrasound of the Week 1.Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound File:UOTW 32 - Ultrasound of the Week 2.Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound File:UOTW 32 - Ultrasound of the Week 3.Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound File:UOTW 32 - Ultrasound of the Week 4.Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound
Kidney transplantation
Artificial kidney
Intestine transplantation
Renal replacement therapy
Islet cell transplantation
Iridodialysis
Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
Dialysis