The optimal management of<unk>  is not well defined, depending mainly on the type of the<unk> . General treatment options include # Tracheal dilation using rigid bronchoscope # Laser surgery and endoluminal stenting # Tracheal resection and<unk>  reconstruction Tracheal dilation is used to temporarily enlarge the airway. The effect of dilation typically lasts from a few days to 6 months. Several studies have shown that as a result of mechanical dilation (used alone) may occur a high mortality rate and a rate of recurrence of<unk>  higher than 90%. Thus, many authors treat the<unk>  by endoscopic excision with laser (commonly either the carbon dioxide or the neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser) and then by using bronchoscopic dilatation and prolonged stenting with a T-tube (generally in silicone). There are differing opinions on treating with laser surgery. In very experienced surgery centers, tracheal resection and reconstruction (anastomosis complete end-to-end with or without<unk>  temporary stent to prevent airway collapse) is currently the best alternative to completely cure the<unk>  and allows to obtain good results. Therefore, it can be considered the gold standard treatment and is suitable for almost all patients. The narrowed part of the trachea will be cut off and the cut ends of the trachea sewn together with sutures. For<unk>  of length greater than 5 cm a stent may be required to join the sections. Late June or early July 2010, a new potential treatment was trialed at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, where Ciaran Finn-Lynch (aged 11) received a transplanted trachea which had been injected with stem cells harvested from his own bone marrow. The use of Ciaran's stem cells was hoped to prevent his immune system from rejecting the transplant, but there remain doubts about the operation's success, and several later attempts at similar surgery have been unsuccessful.
Laryngotracheal stenosis
Tracheobronchomalacia
Laryngomalacia
Subglottic stenosis
Tracheal deviation
Tracheoinnominate fistula
Tracheomalacia
Glossoptosis