1.Damage to soft-tissue structures - Transfixing pins or wires may injure nerves or vessels, or may tether ligaments and inhibit joint movement. The surgeon must be thoroughly familiar with the cross-sectional anatomy before operating. 2. Overdistraction - If there is no contact between the fragments, bone union is unlikely to occur. 3. Pin-track infection - This is less likely with good operative technique. Nevertheless, meticulous pinsite care is essential to avoid infection.
External fixation
Internal fixation
Percutaneous pinning
Shoulder reduction
Condylar decompression
Arthrodesis
Knee replacement
Narcosynthesis