Classifying speech into normal and<unk> ed is more problematic than it first seems. By strict classification, only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking (with respect to all parameters) and healthy voice; all others suffer from one<unk>  or another. There are three different levels of classification when determining the magnitude and type of a<unk>  and the proper treatment or therapy: # Sounds the patient can produce ## Phonemic – can be produced easily; used meaningfully and constructively ## Phonetic – produced only upon request; not used consistently, meaningfully, or constructively; not used in connected speech # Stimulate sounds ## Easily stimulated ## Stimulate after demonstration and probing (i.e. with a tongue depressor) # Cannot produce the sound ## Cannot be produced voluntarily ## No production ever observed Types of<unk>  * Apraxia of speech may result from stroke or progressive illness, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word ("potato" may become "topato" and next "totapo"). Production of words becomes more difficult with effort, but common phrases may sometimes be spoken spontaneously without effort. * Cluttering, a speech and fluency<unk>  characterized primarily by a rapid rate of speech, which makes speech difficult to understand. * Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as childhood apraxia of speech. * Dysarthria is a weakness or paralysis of speech muscles caused by damage to the nerves or brain. Dysarthria is often caused by strokes, Parkinson's disease, ALS, head or neck injuries, surgical accident, or cerebral palsy. * Aphasia * Dysprosody is the rarest neurological<unk> . It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadence, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the fundamental frequency, and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors. * Muteness is the complete inability to speak. * Speech sound<unk> s involve difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/), and are subdivided into articulation<unk> s (also called phonetic<unk> s) and phonemic<unk> s. Articulation<unk> s are characterized by difficulty learning to produce sounds physically. Phonemic<unk> s are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound<unk>  with both phonemic and phonetic components. *Stuttering (AKA “Dysphemia”) affects approximately 1% of the adult population. * Voice<unk> s are impairments, often physical, that involve the function of the larynx or vocal resonance.
Speech disorder
Language disorder
Speech and language impairment
Speech delay
Motor speech disorders
Language delay
Infantile speech
Nonverbal learning disorder