The treatment is dependent on the severity of respiratory impairment and the underlying etiology of the disorder. In most cases, surgical resection is performed to remove the nonfunctioning lobe or the entire defected lung. Removing the malformed part of the lung helps reduce symptoms and chances of lung infection. In the past, patients underwent<unk>  plombage to render the empty hemithorax. Plombage, also known as extraperiosteal or extrapleural pneumonolysis, is a historical treatment procedure for cavity tuberculosis of upper lobes of lungs used between the 1930s and 1950s. During the operation, a cavity is created by the intrathoracic placement of inert materials, commonly Lucite (acrylic) balls, ping pong balls, oils, rubber sheets, paraffin wax, and gauze. As a result, the mediastinal and skeletal shift toward the volume loss side. Chest radiograph of a 3-year-old who underwent right<unk>  plombage with insertion of three Ping-Pong balls 1 year earlier. Recent approach involves the implantation of tissue expander either via open thoracotomy or thoracoscopically in an attempt to shift the mediastinum back to its anatomical location. Such surgical procedure involving the implantation of tissue expander for treating<unk>  was first reported in Berlin, Germany which was then followed by reports from Bordeaux, France and Verona, Italy. The main focus of the treatment procedure is to preserve the remaining functional tissue and prevent significant musculoskeletal disfigurement that may arise as a side effect of tissue expander implantation, as the mediastinal and skeletal shift towards the volume-loss side. If the defect is extensive but there is a chance for the fetus to live, an exo-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) may be performed to salvage the potential life. EXIT technique involves partial delivery of a baby through an incision in the uterus while remaining attached to their mother's placenta. Such procedure is necessary for babies who require airway support so that they are provided with a functioning airway before they are detached from their mother's placenta. The EXIT procedure is used to perform lung resection for babies with extensive lung defects in a relatively stabilized condition after birth.
Pulmonary agenesis
Pulmonary atresia
Tracheal agenesis
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Situs ambiguus
Renal agenesis
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Double aortic arch