There is no cure for BD, although treatment options are available for reducing the negative symptoms of BD. The drugs dantrolene and verapamil are used in BD treatment due to their effects on Ca2+. Dantrolene is a muscle relaxer that decreases the symptoms of BD by inhibiting Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, while verapamil sequesters Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells by functioning as a Ca2+ channel blocker. These drugs act by limiting the amount of Ca2+ from being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When a muscle is stimulated, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm where it binds to a protein called troponin. This event allows the muscle fibers to overlap, causing a contraction. In BD, Ca2+ levels are high in the cytoplasm, which means Ca2+ can readily bind troponin, leading to muscles that are in an extended state of contraction.
Brody myopathy
Nemaline myopathy
Muscular dystrophy
Centronuclear myopathy
Bethlem myopathy
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy
Metabolic myopathy
Madras motor neuron disease