A scanner used to measure<unk>  using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry<unk> , or bone mineral<unk>  (BMD), is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue. The concept is of mass of mineral per volume of bone (relating to<unk>  in the physics sense), although clinically it is measured by proxy according to optical<unk>  per square centimetre of bone surface upon imaging.<unk>  measurement is used in clinical medicine as an indirect indicator of osteoporosis and fracture risk. It is measured by a procedure called<unk> metry, often performed in the radiology or nuclear medicine departments of hospitals or clinics. The measurement is painless and non-invasive and involves low radiation exposure. Measurements are most commonly made over the lumbar spine and over the upper part of the hip. The forearm may be scanned if the hip and lumbar spine are not accessible. There is a statistical association between poor<unk>  and higher probability of fracture. Fractures of the legs and pelvis due to falls are a significant public health problem, especially in elderly women, leading to much medical cost, inability to live independently and even risk of death.<unk>  measurements are used to screen people for osteoporosis risk and to identify those who might benefit from measures to improve bone strength.
Bone density
Body composition
Bone age
Peak bone mass
Lean body mass
Body fat percentage
Waist–hip ratio
Human height