<unk>  is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thoracic cavity — generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease), lungs (lung disease), and other pleural or mediastinal structures. In most countries,<unk>  is further subspecialized into cardiac surgery (involving the heart and the great vessels) and thoracic surgery (involving the lungs, esophagus, thymus, etc.); the exceptions are the United States, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and some European Union countries such as Portugal.
Cardiothoracic surgery
Cardiology
Intensive care medicine
Interventional pulmonology
Cardiothoracic anesthesiology
Neuromuscular medicine
Pediatric surgery
Neonatology