Pregnancy when coupled with<unk><unk>  is a form of intimate partner<unk>  (IPV) where health risks may be amplified. Abuse during pregnancy, whether physical, verbal or emotional, produces many adverse physical and psychological effects for both the mother and fetus.<unk><unk>  during pregnancy is categorized as abusive behavior towards a pregnant woman, where the pattern of abuse can often change in terms of severity and frequency of<unk> . Abuse may be a long-standing problem in a relationship that continues after a woman becomes pregnant or it may commence in pregnancy. Although female-to-male partner<unk>  occurs in these settings, the overwhelming form of<unk><unk>  is perpetrated by men against women. Pregnancy provides a unique opportunity for healthcare workers to screen women for<unk><unk>  though a recent review found that the best way in which to do this is unclear. Reducing<unk><unk>  in pregnancy should improve outcomes for mothers and babies though more good quality studies are needed to work out effective ways of screening pregnant women.
Domestic violence and pregnancy
Miscarriage and mental illness
Smoking and pregnancy
Diabetes and pregnancy
Abortion in Europe
Alcohol and pregnancy
Obesity and the environment
Male lactation