Hypotheses about the precise cause of<unk>  vary, but genetics, environmental factors or a combination of both are involved. Research has not yet pinpointed the root cause, but many findings agree that "it is likely there is more than one different cause and at least in some cases the phenotype may occur as a result of a threshold effect of different factors acting together." The most commonly associated conditions are distal arthrogryposis or myelomeningocele. Some researchers hypothesize, from the early development stages of humans, that<unk>  is formed by a malfunction during gestation. Early amniocentesis (11–13 wks) is believed to increase the rate of<unk>  because there is an increase in potential amniotic leakage from the procedure. Underdevelopment of the bones and muscles of the embryonic foot may be another underlying cause. In the early 1900s, it was thought that constriction of the foot by the uterus contributed to the occurrence of<unk> . Underdevelopment of the bones also affects the muscles and tissues of the foot. Abnormality in the connective tissue causes "the presence of increased fibrous tissue in muscles, fascia, ligaments and tendon sheaths".
Clubfoot
Pigeon toe
Jaipur foot
Barefoot
Trench foot
Elm yellows
Jersey finger
Pegleg