Inflammatory<unk> <unk>  has a multitude of causes. The most common is chronic inflammatory<unk> , when the<unk>  are soft and discolored. This is caused by tissue edema and infective cellular infiltration caused by prolonged exposure to bacterial plaque, and is treated with conventional periodontal treatment, such as scaling and root planing. Gingivitis and<unk>  are often seen in mouth breathers, as a result of irritation brought on by surface dehydration, but the manner in which it is caused has not been demonstrated. The accumulation and retention of plaque is the chief cause of inflammatory<unk> . Risk factors include poor oral hygiene, as well as physical irritation of the<unk> by improper restorative and orthodontic appliances. Drug-induced<unk>  This type of<unk>  is sometimes termed "drug induced<unk> " or "drug influenced<unk>  overgrowth", abbreviated to "DIGO".<unk>  may also be associated with the administration of three different classes of drugs, all producing a similar response:<unk>  overgrowth is a common side effect of phenytoin, termed "Phenytoin-induced<unk>  overgrowth" (PIGO). * anticonvulsants (such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, lamotrigine, vigabatrin, ethosuximide, topiramate and primidone NOT common for valproate) * calcium channel blockers (antihypertensives such as nifedipine, amlodipine, and verapamil). The dihydropyridine derivative isradipidine can replace nifedipine and does not induce<unk>  overgrowth. * cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant. Of all cases of DIGO, about 50% are attributed to phenytoin, 30% to cyclosporins and the remaining 10-20% to calcium channel blockers. Drug-induced<unk>  has been associated with a patient's genetic predisposition, and its association with inflammation is debated. Some investigators assert that underlying inflammation is necessary for the development of drug-induced<unk> , while others purport that the existing<unk>  induced by the drug effect compounds plaque retention, thus furthering the tissue response. Careful attention to oral hygiene may reduce the severity of<unk>  hyperplasia. In most cases, discontinuing the culprit drug resolves the hyperplasia.<unk>  associated with systemic factors Many systemic diseases can develop oral manifestations that may include<unk> , some that are related to conditions and others that are related to disease: * Conditioned<unk>  * pregnancy * puberty * vitamin C deficiency * nonspecific, such as a pyogenic granuloma * Systemic disease causing<unk>  * leukemia * granulolomatous diseases, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis, sarcoidosis, or orofacial granulomatosis. * neoplasm * benign neoplasms, such as fibromas, papillomas and giant cell granulomas * malignant neoplasms, such as a carcinoma or malignant melanoma * false<unk> s, such as when there is an underlying bony or dental tissue lesion
Gingival enlargement
Periorbital hyperpigmentation
Oral pigmentation
Anismus
Photophthalmia
Breast atrophy
Anophthalmia
Clitoromegaly