Inguinal Ultrasound showing an inguinal<unk>  An incarcerated inguinal<unk>  as seen on CT X-ray of colonic<unk> tion By far the most common<unk> s (up to 75% of all abdominal<unk> s) are inguinal<unk> s, which are further divided into the more common indirect inguinal<unk>  (2/3, depicted here), in which the inguinal canal is entered via a congenital weakness at its entrance (the internal inguinal ring), and the direct inguinal<unk>  type (1/3), where the<unk>  contents push through a weak spot in the back wall of the inguinal canal. Inguinal<unk> s are the most common type of<unk>  in both men and women. In some selected cases, they may require surgery. There are special cases where a direct and indirect<unk>  appear together. A pantaloon<unk>  (or saddlebag<unk>  is a combined direct and indirect<unk>  when the<unk> l sac protrudes on either side of the inferior epigastric vessels. Additionally, though very rare, two or more indirect<unk> s may appear together such as in a double indirect<unk> . Femoral Femoral<unk> s occur just below the inguinal ligament, when abdominal contents pass into the weak area at the posterior wall of the femoral canal. They can be hard to distinguish from the inguinal type (especially when ascending cephalad): however, they generally appear more rounded, and, in contrast to inguinal<unk> s, there is a strong female preponderance in femoral<unk> s. The incidence of strangulation in femoral<unk> s is high. Repair techniques are similar for femoral and inguinal<unk> . A Cooper's<unk>  is a femoral<unk>  with two sacs, the first being in the femoral canal, and the second passing through a defect in the superficial fascia and appearing almost immediately beneath the skin. Umbilical They involve protrusion of intra-abdominal contents through a weakness at the site of passage of the umbilical cord through the abdominal wall. Umbilical<unk> s in adults are largely acquired, and are more frequent in obese or pregnant women. Abnormal decussation of fibers at the linea alba may be a contributing factor. Incisional An incisional<unk>  occurs when the defect is the result of an incompletely healed surgical wound. When these occur in median laparotomy incisions in the linea alba, they are termed ventral<unk> s. These can be the most frustrating and difficult to treat, as the repair utilizes already attenuated tissue. These occur in about 13% of people at 2 years following surgery. Diaphragmatic Diagram of a hiatus<unk>  (coronal section, viewed from the front). Higher in the abdomen, an (internal) "diaphragmatic<unk> " results when part of the stomach or intestine protrudes into the chest cavity through a defect in the diaphragm. A hiatus<unk>  is a particular variant of this type, in which the normal passageway through which the esophagus meets the stomach (esophageal hiatus) serves as a functional "defect", allowing part of the stomach to (periodically)<unk> te" into the chest. Hiatus<unk> s may be either "sliding", in which the gastroesophageal junction itself slides through the defect into the chest, or non-sliding (also known as para-esophageal), in which case the junction remains fixed while another portion of the stomach moves up through the defect. Non-sliding or para-esophageal<unk> s can be dangerous as they may allow the stomach to rotate and obstruct. Repair is usually advised. A congenital diaphragmatic<unk>  is a distinct problem, occurring in up to 1 in 2000 births, and requiring pediatric surgery. Intestinal organs may<unk> te through several parts of the diaphragm, posterolateral (in Bochdalek's triangle (lumbocostal triangle), resulting in a Bochdalek<unk> , or anteromedial-retrosternal (in the cleft of foramina of Morgagni (sternocostal triangle), resulting in a Morgagni's<unk> . Other<unk> s Since many organs or parts of organs can<unk> te through many orifices, it is very difficult to give an exhaustive list of<unk> s, with all synonyms and eponyms. The above article deals mostly with "visceral<unk> s", where the<unk> ting tissue arises within the abdominal cavity. Other<unk>  types and unusual types of visceral<unk> s are listed below, in alphabetical order: *Abdominal wall<unk> s: *Umbilical<unk>  *Epigastric<unk> : a<unk>  through the linea alba above the umbilicus. *Spigelian<unk> , also known as spontaneous lateral ventral<unk>  *Amyand's<unk> : containing the appendix vermiformis within the<unk>  sac *Brain<unk> tion, sometimes referred to as brain<unk> , is a potentially deadly side effect of very high intracranial pressure that occurs when a part of the brain is squeezed across structures within the skull. *Broad ligament<unk> , of the uterus. *Double indirect<unk> : an indirect inguinal<unk>  with two<unk>  sacs, without a concomitant direct<unk>  component (as seen in a pantaloon<unk> . *Hiatus<unk> : a<unk>  due to "short oesophagus" — insufficient elongation — stomach is displaced into the thorax *Littre's<unk> : a<unk>  involving a Meckel's diverticulum. It is named after the French anatomist Alexis Littré (1658–1726). *Lumbar<unk> : a<unk>  in the lumbar region (not to be confused with a lumbar disc<unk> , contains the following entities: *Petit's<unk> : a<unk>  through Petit's triangle (inferior lumbar triangle). It is named after French surgeon Jean Louis Petit (1674–1750). *Grynfeltt's<unk> : a<unk>  through Grynfeltt-Lesshaft triangle (superior lumbar triangle). It is named after physician Joseph Grynfeltt (1840–1913). *Maydl's<unk> : two adjacent loops of small intestine are within a<unk> l sac with a tight neck. The intervening portion of bowel within the abdomen is deprived of its blood supply and eventually becomes necrotic. *Obturator<unk> :<unk>  through obturator canal Patient with a colostomy complicated by a large parastomal<unk> . *Parastomal<unk> s, which is when tissue protrudes adjacent to a stoma tract. *Paraumbilical<unk> : a type of umbilical<unk>  occurring in adults *Perineal<unk> : a perineal<unk>  protrudes through the muscles and fascia of the perineal floor. It may be primary but usually is acquired following perineal prostatectomy, abdominoperineal resection of the rectum, or pelvic exenteration. *Properitoneal<unk> : rare<unk>  located directly above the peritoneum, for example, when part of inguinal<unk>  projects from the deep inguinal ring to the preperitoneal space. *Richter's<unk> : a<unk>  involving only one sidewall of the bowel, which can result in bowel strangulation leading to perforation through ischaemia without causing bowel obstruction or any of its warning signs. It is named after German surgeon August Gottlieb Richter (1742–1812). *Sliding<unk> : occurs when an organ drags along part of the peritoneum, or, in other words, the organ is part of the<unk>  sac. The colon and the urinary bladder are often involved. The term also frequently refers to sliding<unk> s of the stomach. *Sciatic<unk> : this<unk>  in the greater sciatic foramen most commonly presents as an uncomfortable mass in the gluteal area. Bowel obstruction may also occur. This type of<unk>  is only a rare cause of sciatic neuralgia. *Sports<unk> : a<unk>  characterized by chronic groin pain in athletes and a dilated superficial inguinal ring. *Tibialis anterior<unk> : can present as a bulge in the shins. Pain on rest, walking, or during exercise may occur. The bulge can typically not be present unless pressure or flexing of the leg occurs. *Velpeau<unk> : a<unk>  in the groin in front of the femoral blood vessels
Hernia
Bartholin's cyst
Abscess
Hip fracture
Adhesion 
Baby colic
Volvulus
Venous leak