In many cases, a<unk>  will cause no problems. People with<unk>  may become tired more easily than those with normal<unk> lar function and have difficulty maintaining stamina for cardio-intensive activities due to poor heart performance caused by stress on the<unk>  wall. Complications Calcification<unk>  may become calcified later in life, which may lead to varying degrees of severity of<unk>  stenosis that will manifest as murmurs. If the leaflets do not close correctly,<unk>  regurgitation can occur. If these become severe enough, they may require heart surgery. The heart is put under more stress in order to either pump more blood through a stenotic<unk>  or attempt to circulate regurgitation blood through a leaking<unk> . Ultimately there is a risk of rupture in the<unk><unk>  due to<unk>  aortopathy which is a result of progressive<unk>  dilation from the stress of having only two<unk> s where three should exist<unk>  lesions One of the most notable associations with<unk>  is the tendency for these patients to present with ascending<unk>  aneurysmal lesions. The extracellular matrix of the aorta in patients with<unk>  shows marked deviations from that of the normal tricuspid<unk><unk> . It is currently believed that an increase in the ratio of MMP2 (Matrix Metalloproteinases 2) to TIMP1 (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase) may be responsible for the abnormal degradation of the<unk>  matrix and therefore lead to<unk>  dissection and aneurysm. However, other studies have also shown MMP9 involvement with no differences in TIMP expression. The size of the proximal aorta should be evaluated carefully during the workup. The initial diameter of the aorta should be noted and annual evaluation with CT scan, or MRI to avoid ionizing radiation, should be recommended to the patient; the examination should be conducted more frequently if a change in<unk>  diameter is seen. From this monitoring, the type of surgery that should be offered to the patient can be determined based on the change in size of the aorta.<unk>  narrowing A<unk>  may cause the heart's<unk><unk>  to narrow<unk>  stenosis). This narrowing prevents the<unk>  from opening fully, which reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to the body. In some cases, the<unk><unk>  does not close tightly, causing blood to leak backward into the left ventricle. Coarctation of the aorta (a congenital narrowing in the region of the ductus arteriosus) has also been associated with<unk> .
Bicuspid aortic valve
Quadricuspid aortic valve
Flutter valve
Mitral annular calcification
Supravalvular aortic stenosis
Accessory auricle
Overriding aorta
Mitral annular disjunction