<unk>  access is indicated in emergent situations, such as when a person experiences some type of major trauma like shock, cardiac arrest, severe dehydration, or severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage. IO access can provide the quickest way to rapidly infuse needed medications and fluids in an emergency situation. In people who experience critical trauma and who do not have adequate blood pressure, the IO route doubles the success rate of the peripheral IV route. In addition to the emergency clinical scenario that can call for an IO route to be used, IO access is only indicated when access to peripheral veins is either not possible or delayed. When IV access is either not possible or delayed, other indications for utilizing the IO route include administering contrast if needed for radiology scans and drawing blood for laboratory testing and analysis. Situations that can result in decreased or delayed access to peripheral veins, and thus necessitate the use of an IO route to infuse medications and fluids include circumstances such as burns, fluid accumulation (edema), past IV drug use, obesity and very low blood pressure.
Intraosseous infusion
Subcutaneous infusion
Intracardiac injection
Intraperitoneal injection
Subcutaneous injection
Intramuscular injection
Intracameral injection
Transdermal spray