Picture of the esophagus at the time of endoscopy showing prominent esophageal varices. Bleeding from esophageal varices can be a precipitant for<unk>  in individuals with cirrhosis, and can be prevented by early diagnosis and treatment. The risk of death in<unk>  is very high; consequently, there is a significant emphasis on the identification of patients who are at risk for<unk> , and prevention of triggers for onset of<unk> . As infection (specifically spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) and gastrointestinal hemorrhage are both complications in individuals with cirrhosis, and are common triggers for<unk> , specific care is made in early identification and treatment of cirrhotics with these complications to prevent<unk> . Some of the triggers for<unk>  are induced by treatment of ascites and can be preventable. The aggressive use of diuretic medications should be avoided. In addition, many medications that are either used to treat cirrhotic complications (such as some antibiotics) or other conditions may cause sufficient impairment in kidney function in the cirrhotic to lead to<unk> . Also, large volume paracentesis—which is the removal of ascites fluid from the abdomen using a needle or catheter in order to relieve discomfort—may cause enough alteration in hemodynamics to precipitate<unk> , and should be avoided in individuals at risk. The concomitant infusion of albumin can avert the circulatory dysfunction that occurs after large-volume paracentesis and may prevent<unk> . Conversely, in individuals with very tense ascites, it has been hypothesized that removal of ascitic fluid may improve kidney function if it decreases the pressure on the renal veins. Individuals with ascites that have become infected spontaneously (termed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or SBP) are at an especially high risk for the development of<unk> . In individuals with SBP, one randomized controlled trial found that the administration of intravenous albumin on the day of admission and on the third day in hospital reduced both the rate of kidney insufficiency and the mortality rate.
Hepatorenal syndrome
Conorenal syndrome
Papillorenal syndrome
Nephritic syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome
Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome
Acute uric acid nephropathy