1) Increase of GLP-1 levels because of early food contact with ileum mucosa, which in turn regulates early phase insulin secretion (jejuno<unk>  nutrient sensing) 2) Regulation of late term glucose dependent (20–120 minutes) plasma insulin response because of GIP effect (duodenal exclusion) 3) Decrease of hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance 4) Calorie restriction and weight control dependent on hormonal thermostat mechanism 5) Increased gastric emptying and decreased ghrelin levels 6) Regulation of late phase insufficient glucagon suppression 7) Reduction of increased hepatic glucose output 8) Resolution/control of type 2 diabetes and accompanying co-morbidities
Ileal interposition
Ileojejunal bypass
Jejunoileal bypass
Enterostomy
Gastroenterostomy
Ileostomy
Intestinal bypass
Jejunojejunostomy