Illustration of urban heat exposure via a temperature distribution map: blue shows cool temperatures, red warm, and white hot areas.The<unk>  include direct<unk>  of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life, as well as indirect<unk> , such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures or lack of access safe drinking water.<unk><unk>  poses a wide range of risks to population health. The three main categories of health risks include: (i) direct-acting<unk>  (e.g. due to heat waves, extreme weather disasters), (ii) impacts mediated via<unk> -related<unk> s in ecological systems and relationships (e.g. crop yields, mosquito ecology, marine productivity), and (iii) the more diffuse (indirect) consequences relating to impoverishment, displacement, and mental health problems. More specifically, the relationship between health and heat (increased global temperatures) includes the following aspects: exposure of vulnerable populations to heatwaves, heat-related mortality, impacts on physical activity and labour capacity and mental health. There is a range of<unk> -sensitive infectious diseases which may increase in some regions, such as mosquito-borne diseases, diseases from vibrio pathogens, cholera and some waterborne diseases. Health is also acutely impacted by extreme weather events (floods, hurricanes, droughts, wildfires) through injuries, diseases and air pollution in the case of wildfires. Other health impacts from<unk><unk>  include migration and displacement due rising sea levels; food insecurity and undernutrition, reduced availability of drinking water, increased harmful algal blooms in oceans and lakes and increased ozone levels as an additional air pollutant during heatwaves. The health impacts of<unk><unk>  are felt around the world but disproportionately<unk>  disadvantaged populations, making their<unk><unk>  vulnerability worse, especially in developing countries. Young children are the most vulnerable to food shortages, and together with older people, to extreme heat. The health<unk>  of<unk><unk>  are increasingly a matter of concern for the international public health policy community. Already in 2009, a publication in the well-known general medical journal the Lancet stated:<unk><unk>  is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century". This was re-iterated in 2015 by a statement of the World Health Organisation. In 2019, the Australian Medical Association formally declared<unk><unk>  a health emergency. Studies have found that communication on<unk><unk>  is more likely to lead to engagement by the public if it is framed as a health concern, rather than just as an environmental matter. Health is one part of how<unk><unk> <unk><unk> s, together with aspects such as displacement and migration, security and social impacts.
Effects of climate change on human health
Effects of nuclear explosions on human health
Sex differences in medicine
Road traffic safety
Men's health
Drug Safety
Cancer survival rates
Bicycle safety