<unk>  is the branch of<unk>  that seeks to understand the molecular basis of<unk> cal activity in and between cells, including molecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions. The study of chemical and physical structure of<unk> cal macromolecules is known as<unk> .<unk>  was first described as an approach focused on the underpinnings of<unk> cal phenomena - uncovering the structures of<unk> cal molecules as well as their interactions, and how these interactions explain observations of classical<unk> . In 1945 the term<unk>  was used by physicist William Astbury. The development in the field of<unk>  happened very late as to understand that the complex system or advantageous approach would be made in simple way of understanding by using bacteria and bacteriophages this organism yields information about basic<unk> cal process more readily than animal cell. In 1953 then two young men named Francis Crick and James Watson working at Medical Research Council unit, Cavendish laboratory, Cambridge (now the MRC Laboratory of<unk> , made a double helix model of DNA which changed the whole research scenario they proposed the DNA structure based on previous research done by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins then the research lead to finding DNA material in other microorganisms, plants and animals.<unk>  is not simply the study of<unk> cal molecules and their interactions; rather, it is also collection of techniques developed since the field's genesis which have enabled scientists to learn about molecular processes. One notable technique which has revolutionized the field is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which was developed in 1983. PCR is a reaction which amplifies small quantities of DNA, and it is used in many applications across scientific disciplines, as will be discussed later. The central dogma of<unk>  describes the process in which DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.<unk>  also plays a critical role in the understanding of structures, functions, and internal controls within individual cells, all of which can be used to efficiently target new drugs, diagnose disease, and better understand cell physiology. Some clinical research and medical therapies arising from<unk>  are covered under gene therapy whereas the use of<unk>  or molecular cell<unk>  in medicine is now referred to as molecular medicine.
Molecular biology
Genomics
Neuroinformatics
Virology
Lineage markers
Toxicogenomics
Molecular medicine
Molecular genetics