Insecticide * In agriculture, to protect crops (a drawback is that it is lethal to bees) * In agriculture, to kill livestock parasites * For industrial and domestic insect control * In the textile industry, to prevent insect attack of woollen products * In aviation, the WHO, IHR and ICAO require arriving aircraft be disinsected prior to embarkation, departure, descent, or deplaning in certain countries. Aircraft disinsection with<unk> -based products is recommended only prior to embarkation. Prior to departure (after boarding), at the top of descent or on arrival, d-phenothrin-based (1R-trans phenothrin) aircraft insecticides are recommended. Insect repellent * As a personal protective measure,<unk>  is applied to clothing. It is a cloth impregnant, notably in mosquito nets and field wear. Note that while<unk>  may be marketed as an insect repellent, it doesn't prevent insects from landing. Instead it works by incapacitating or killing insects before they can bite. * In pet flea preventive collars or treatment (safe for use on dogs but not cats) * In timber treatment Medical use<unk>  is available for topical use as a cream or lotion. It is indicated for the treatment and prevention in exposed individuals of head lice and treatment of scabies. For treatment of scabies: Adults and children older than 2 months are instructed to apply the cream to the entire body from head to the soles of the feet. Wash off the cream after 8–14 hours. In general, one treatment is curative. For treatment of head lice: Apply to hair, scalp, and neck after shampooing. Leave in for 10 minutes and rinse. Avoid contact with eyes. Pest control / effectiveness and persistence In agriculture,<unk>  is mainly used on cotton, wheat, maize, and alfalfa crops. Its use is controversial because, as a broad-spectrum chemical, it kills indiscriminately; as well as the intended pests, it can harm beneficial insects, including honey bees, as well as cats and aquatic life.<unk>  kills ticks and mosquitoes on contact with treated clothing. A method of reducing deer tick populations by treating rodent vectors involves stuffing biodegradable cardboard tubes with<unk> -treated cotton. Mice collect the cotton for lining their nests.<unk>  on the cotton kills any immature ticks feeding on the mice.<unk>  is used in tropical areas to prevent mosquito-borne disease such as dengue fever and malaria. Mosquito nets used to cover beds may be treated with a solution of<unk> . This increases the effectiveness of the bed net by killing parasitic insects before they are able to find gaps or holes in the net. Personnel working in malaria-endemic areas may be instructed to treat their clothing with<unk>  as well.<unk>  is the most commonly used insecticide worldwide for the protection of wool from keratinophagous insects such as Tineola bisselliella. To better protect soldiers from the risk and annoyance of biting insects, the British and US armies are treating all new uniforms with<unk> .<unk>  (as well as other long-term pyrethroids) is effective over several months, in particular when used indoors. International studies report that<unk>  can be detected in house dust, in fine dust, and on indoor surfaces even years after the application. Its degradation rate under indoor conditions is approximately 10% after 3 months. Resistance Contrary to the most common mechanism of insecticide resistance evolution selection for preexisting, low-frequency alleles in Aedes aegypti<unk>  resistance has come about through the mechanism common to pyrethroids and DDT known as "knockdown resistance" (kdr) mutations. García et al 2009 finds a kdr allele to rapidly spread through Mexico and recently become dominant there.
Permethrin
Tetramethrin
Cypermethrin
Quarantine
Deltamethrin
Dapsone
K-Quarantine
Scyllatoxin