Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in an infant<unk>  prematurely fuses, and changes the growth pattern of the<unk> . Because the<unk>  cannot expand perpendicular to the fused suture, it grows more in the parallel direction. Sometimes the resulting growth pattern provides the necessary space for the growing brain, but results in an abnormal head shape and abnormal facial features. In cases in which the compensation does not effectively provide enough space for the growing brain, craniosynostosis results in increased intracranial pressure leading possibly to visual impairment, sleeping impairment, eating difficulties, or an impairment of mental development. A copper beaten<unk>  is a phenomenon wherein intense intracranial pressure disfigures the internal surface of the<unk> . The name comes from the fact that the inner<unk>  has the appearance of having been beaten with a ball-peen hammer, such as is often used by coppersmiths. The condition is most common in children. Injuries and treatment Injuries to the brain can be life-threatening. Normally the<unk>  protects the brain from damage through its hard unyieldingness; the<unk>  is one of the least deformable structures found in nature with it needing the force of about 1 ton to reduce the diameter of the<unk>  by 1 cm. In some cases, however, of head injury, there can be raised intracranial pressure through mechanisms such as a subdural haematoma. In these cases the raised intracranial pressure can cause herniation of the brain out of the foramen magnum ("coning") because there is no space for the brain to expand; this can result in significant brain damage or death unless an urgent operation is performed to relieve the pressure. This is why patients with concussion must be watched extremely carefully. Dating back to Neolithic times, a<unk>  operation called trepanning was sometimes performed. This involved drilling a burr hole in the cranium. Examination of<unk> s from this period reveals that the patients sometimes survived for many years afterward. It seems likely that trepanning was also performed purely for ritualistic or religious reasons. Nowadays this procedure is still used but is normally called a craniectomy. In March 2013, for the first time in the U.S., researchers replaced a large percentage of a patient's<unk>  with a precision, 3D-printed polymer implant. About 9 months later, the first complete cranium replacement with a 3D-printed plastic insert was performed on a Dutch woman. She had been suffering from hyperostosis, which increased the thickness of her<unk>  and compressed her brain. A study conducted in 2018 by the researchers of Harvard Medical School in Boston, funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggested that instead of travelling via blood, there are "tiny channels" in the<unk>  through which the immune cells combined with the bone marrow reach the areas of inflammation after an injury to the brain tissues. Transgender procedures Surgical alteration of sexually dimorphic<unk>  features may be carried out as a part of facial feminization surgery, a set of reconstructive surgical procedures that can alter male facial features to bring them closer in shape and size to typical female facial features. These procedures can be an important part of the treatment of transgender people for gender dysphoria.
Skull
Head
Mouth
Eye
Earmold
Caul
Nose
Blob 