Diagram depicting an alpha intercalated cell with the apical proton pump and basolateral band 3 (kAE1) * Autoimmune disease. Classically Sjögren's syndrome, but it is also associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and even hypergammaglobulinemia. Hypokalaemia is often severe in these cases. * Hereditary causes include mutations of Band 3 the basolateral bicarbonate transporter of the intercalated cell, which may be transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion in western European cases, or in an autosomal recessive fashion in South East Asian cases. The South East Asian cases are associated with more severe hypokalemia. Other hereditary causes include mutations of subunits of the apical proton pump vH+-ATPase, which are transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion, and may be associated with sensorineural deafness. * Liver cirrhosis. * Nephrocalcinosis. While it is a consequence of<unk> , it can also be a cause; related to calcium-induced damage of the cortical collecting duct. *<unk>  transplantation. * Sickle cell anemia. * Toxins, including ifosfamide (more commonly causing pRTA than<unk> , lithium carbonate and amphotericin B. * Chronic urinary tract obstruction. * Toluene causes a non-anion gap metabolic acidosis with hypokalemia and a positive urinary anion gap that looks a lot like<unk>  RTA but there is no hydrogen secretion defect and the acidosis is due to acid production during the metabolism of toluene.
Distal renal tubular acidosis
Renal tubular acidosis
Proximal renal tubular acidosis
Isotonic hyponatremia
Hypotonic hyponatremia
Hyperchloremic acidosis
Cystinuria
Hyperosmolar syndrome