The word<unk> " is derived from two Greek words: φάρμακον pharmakon (drug), and γνῶσις gnosis (knowledge) or the Latin verb cognosco (con, 'with', and gnōscō, 'know'; itself a cognate of the Greek verb γι(γ)νώσκω, gi(g)nόsko, meaning 'I know, perceive'), meaning 'to conceptualize' or 'to recognize'. The term<unk> " was used for the first time by the Austrian physician Schmidt in 1811 and by Crr. Anotheus Seydler in 1815 in a work titled Analecta<unk> ica. Originally—during the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century—"pharmacognosy" was used to define the branch of medicine or commodity sciences (Warenkunde in German) which deals with drugs in their crude, or unprepared form. Crude drugs are the dried, unprepared material of plant, animal or mineral origin, used for medicine. The study of these materials under the name pharmakognosie was first developed in German-speaking areas of Europe, while other language areas often used the older term materia medica taken from the works of Galen and Dioscorides. In German the term drogenkunde ("science of crude drugs") is also used synonymously. As late as the beginning of the 20th century, the subject had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs both in their whole state and in powder form. Such branches of<unk>  are still of fundamental importance, particularly for botanical products (widely available as dietary supplements in the U.S., natural health products in Canada), quality control purposes, pharmacopoeial protocols and related health regulatory frameworks. At the same time, development in other areas of research has enormously expanded the subject. The advent of the 21st century brought a renaissance of<unk>  and its conventional botanical approach has been broadened up to molecular and metabolomic levels. In addition to the previously mentioned definition, the American Society of<unk>  also defines<unk>  as "the study of natural product molecules (typically secondary metabolites) that are useful for their medicinal, ecological, gustatory, or other functional properties." Similarly, the mission of the<unk>  Institute at the University of Illinois at Chicago involves plant-based and plant-related natural health products for the benefit of human health. Other definitions are more encompassing, drawing on a broad spectrum of biological subjects, including botany, ethnobotany, marine biology, microbiology, herbal medicine, chemistry, biotechnology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmaceutics, clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice. * medical ethnobotany: the study of traditional uses of plants for medicinal purposes; *ethnopharmacology: the study of pharmacological qualities of traditional medicinal substances; * phytotherapy: the study of medicinal use of plant extracts; *phytochemistry: the study of chemicals derived from plants (including the identification of new drug candidates derived from plant sources); *zoopharmacognosy: the process by which animals self-medicate, by selecting and using plants, soils, and insects to treat and prevent disease; *marine<unk> : the study of chemicals derived from marine organisms.
Pharmacognosy
Chemical nomenclature
Drug packaging
Drug labelling
Dosing
Regulatory science
Marine pharmacognosy
Nanotoxicology