Research has shown that<unk> s are rarely observed in women. However, there have been some studies on females with<unk> s. Sexual masochism has been found to be the most commonly observed<unk>  in women, with approximately 1 in 20 cases of sexual masochism being female. Many acknowledge the scarcity of research on female<unk> s. The majority of<unk>  studies are conducted on people who have been convicted of sex crimes. Since the number of male convicted sex offenders far exceeds the number of female convicted sex offenders, research on<unk>  behavior in women is consequently lacking. Some researchers argue that an underrepresentation exists concerning pedophilia in females. Due to the low number of women in studies on pedophilia, most studies are based from "exclusively male samples". This likely underrepresentation may also be attributable to a "societal tendency to dismiss the negative impact of sexual relationships between young boys and adult women". Michele Elliott has done extensive research on child sexual abuse committed by females, publishing the book Female Sexual Abuse of Children: The Last Taboo in an attempt to challenge the gender-biased discourse surrounding sex crimes. John Hunsley states that physiological limitations in the study of female sexuality must also be acknowledged when considering research on<unk> s. He states that while a man's sexual arousal can be directly measured from his erection (see penile plethysmograph), a woman's sexual arousal cannot be measured as clearly (see vaginal photoplethysmograph), and therefore research concerning female sexuality is rarely as conclusive as research on men.
Paraphilia
Hypersexuality
Musical anhedonia
Alexithymia
Dysgraphia
Gender dysphoria
Acrophobia
Hyperreligiosity