Unless otherwise demonstrated,<unk> es are commonly irreversible, and therefore complete treatment is rather difficult, though still possible and hence lifelong management of disabilities arising due to<unk> es is necessary.<unk>  regeneration therapies Electrical stimulation can promote<unk>  regeneration. The positive effect of electrical stimulation on<unk>  regeneration is due to its molecular influence on the damaged neuron and Schwann cells. Electrical stimulation can directly accelerate the expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) both in neurons and Schwann cells. cAMP is a molecule that stimulates multiple signaling pathways that aid<unk>  regeneration by enhancing the expression of several neurotrophic factors. Electrical stimulation also results in the influx of calcium ions, which further triggers multiple regeneration pathways. The frequency of stimulation is an important factor in the success of both quality and quantity of axon regeneration as well as growth of the surrounding myelin and blood vessels that support the axon. Histological analysis and measurement of regeneration showed that low frequency stimulation had a more successful outcome than high frequency stimulation on regeneration of damaged sciatic<unk> s. Other studies have used both oscillating current (AC) and non-oscillating direct current (DC) stimulation to regenerate mammalian peripheral<unk> s. Mammalian neurons preferentially orient and grow towards the cathode in DC electric fields. Surgery can be done in case a<unk>  has become cut or otherwise divided. Recovery of a<unk>  after surgical repair depends mainly on the age of patients. Younger the patients, better the prognosis, because of better healing capacity of young tissues. Young children can recover almost normal<unk>  function. In contrast, a patient over 60 years old with a cut<unk>  in the hand would expect to recover only protective sensory function, that is, the ability to distinguish hot/cold or sharp/dull; recovery of motor function would be likely incomplete. Many other factors also affect<unk>  recovery. The use of autologous<unk>  grafting procedures that involve redirection of regenerative donor<unk>  fibers into the graft conduit has been successful in restoring target muscle function. Localized delivery of soluble neurotrophic factors may help promote the rate of axon regeneration observed within these graft conduits. An expanding area of<unk>  regeneration research deals with the development of scaffolding and bio-conduits. Scaffolding developed from bio-compatible material would be useful in<unk>  regeneration if they successfully exhibit essentially the same role as the endoneurial tubes and Schwann cells do in guiding regrowing axons.
Nerve injury
Accessory nerve disorder
Neurocristopathy
Catastrophic injury
Enthesopathy
Neuromuscular disease
Nerve compression syndrome
Spinal disease