The rate of<unk>  is strongly related to age in the United States<unk>  usually occurs from exposure to low temperatures, and is frequently complicated by alcohol consumption. Any condition that decreases heat production, increases heat loss, or impairs thermoregulation, however, may contribute. Thus,<unk>  risk factors include: substance use disorders (including alcohol use disorder), homelessness, any condition that affects judgment (such as hypoglycemia), the extremes of age, poor clothing, chronic medical conditions (such as hypothyroidism and sepsis), and living in a cold environment.<unk>  occurs frequently in major trauma, and is also observed in severe cases of anorexia nervosa.<unk>  is also associated with worse outcomes in people with sepsis. While most people with sepsis develop fevers (elevated body temperature), some develop<unk> . In urban areas,<unk>  frequently occurs with chronic cold exposure, such as in cases of homelessness, as well as with immersion accidents involving drugs, alcohol or mental illness. While studies have shown that people experiencing homelessness are at risk of premature death from<unk> , the true incidence of<unk> -related deaths in this population is difficult to determine. In more rural environments, the incidence of<unk>  is higher among people with significant comorbidities and less able to move independently. With rising interest in wilderness exploration, and outdoor and water sports, the incidence of<unk>  secondary to accidental exposure may become more frequent in the general population. Alcohol Alcohol consumption increases the risk of<unk>  in two ways: vasodilation and temperature controlling systems in the brain. Vasodilation increases blood flow to the skin, resulting in heat being lost to the environment. This produces the effect of feeling warm, when one is actually losing heat. Alcohol also affects the temperature-regulating system in the brain, decreasing the body's ability to shiver and use energy that would normally aid the body in generating heat. The overall effects of alcohol lead to a decrease in body temperature and a decreased ability to generate body heat in response to cold environments. Alcohol is a common risk factor for death due to<unk> . Between 33% and 73% of<unk>  cases are complicated by alcohol. Poverty In the UK, 28,354 cases of<unk>  were treated in 2012–13 – an increase of 25% from the previous year. Some cases of<unk>  death, as well as other preventable deaths, happen because poor people cannot easily afford to keep warm. Rising fuel bills have increased the numbers who have difficulty paying for adequate heating in the UK. Some pensioners and disabled people are at risk because they do not work and cannot easily leave their homes. Better heat insulation can help. Water immersion Two American marines participating in an immersion<unk>  exercise<unk>  continues to be a major limitation to swimming or diving in cold water. The reduction in finger dexterity due to pain or numbness decreases general safety and work capacity, which consequently increases the risk of other injuries. Other factors predisposing to immersion<unk>  include dehydration, inadequate rewarming between repetitive dives, starting a dive while wearing cold, wet dry suit undergarments, sweating with work, inadequate thermal insulation (for example, thin dry suit undergarment), and poor physical conditioning. Heat is lost much more quickly in water than in air. Thus, water temperatures that would be quite reasonable as outdoor air temperatures can lead to<unk>  in survivors, although this is not usually the direct clinical cause of death for those who are not rescued. A water temperature of can lead to death in as little as one hour, and water temperatures near freezing can cause death in as little as 15 minutes. During the sinking of the Titanic, most people who entered the water died in 15–30 minutes. The actual cause of death in cold water is usually the bodily reactions to heat loss and to freezing water, rather than<unk>  (loss of core temperature) itself. For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation: inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body "protectively" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core. Exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning, claiming the rest within a similar time.
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Malignant hyperthermia
Hypocapnia
Alkaline tide
Hyperaemia
Hypoxemia
Acidosis