<unk> s are<unk>  trials conducted directly through doctors and clinics rather than academic research facilities. They are designed to be administered through primary care physicians,<unk>  health centers and local outpatient facilities. In 1986, the<unk>  Consortium held the first such trials in the United States to determine the efficiency of preventive treatments after the onset of Pneumocystis pneumonia. The trials give patients access to new medications and keep doctors involved with new developments in research. However, critics state that drug company payments to doctors for patients enrolled in such studies present a conflict of interest and potential for abuse.<unk><unk>  trials are becoming prevalent in human-testing stage pharmaceutical research.
Community-based clinical trial
Academic clinical trial
Natural history study
Multicenter trial
Pragmatic clinical trial
Retrospective cohort study
Prospective cohort study
Placebo-controlled study