<unk> s in the<unk>  population often present differently than in other age groups due to brain immaturity. Electroclinical<unk> s are defined by evidence of<unk>  activity on electroencephalogram as well as clinical signs or symptoms. However, in neonates, there may be no clinical movement abnormality (either because the<unk> s are subclinical or because they were not witnessed), so the only symptom may be the abnormal level of consciousness. When motor movements do occur, they cannot be suppressed by gentle restraint by a nurse or caregiver. MOTOR<unk> S: Classification systems have been developed based on<unk>  motor manifestations, summarized below. * Focal or multifocal clonic Clonic<unk> s are defined by repetitive contractions of groups of muscles, typically of the limbs, face, or trunk. These may involve one group of muscles (focal) or multiple groups of muscles (multifocal). An isolated focal<unk>  can move or spread, and can even alternate from one side of the body to the other. If they occur on both sides of the body, they may occur simultaneously in an asynchronous manner. If a multifocal<unk> , is limited to muscles of one side of the body, it may occur synchronously or asynchronously. Focal clonic<unk> s cannot be suppressed by repositioning of limbs or by physical suppression. Due to the<unk>  brain's immaturity, the typical Jacksonian march may not occur. Focal<unk> s typically have very close correlates on EEG, with measurable EEG abnormalities with each<unk>  movement. The rhythm of the clonic movements and EEG abnormalities is usually slow, at 1-3 movements per second. * Focal tonic Focal tonic<unk> s are characterized by sustained muscle contraction of facial, limb, axial, and other muscle groups. It often involves asymmetric positioning of the neck and trunk and appears as abnormal posturing of a single limb. Horizontal eye deviation may or may not be involved. They may be symmetric, asymmetric, focal, or multifocal. Such<unk> s cannot be provoked by stimulation or suppressed by restraint. * Generalized tonic A focal tonic<unk>  can generalize, or the first<unk>  can occur as a generalized<unk> , or<unk> s that impair the neonate's level of consciousness. Generalized tonic<unk> s typically appear as symmetric and sustained posturing of limbs in either an extensor or flexor distribution. Generalized tonic<unk> s often manifest with the tonic extension of the upper and lower limbs and also may involve the axial musculature in an opisthotonic fashion. Generalized tonic<unk> s mimic decorticate posturing; the majority are not associated with electrographic<unk> s.Such<unk> s can be initiated by stimulation and can be suppressed by restraint. * Myoclonic Myoclonic movements can either be caused by<unk> s or be benign<unk>  sleep myoclonus, a common mimicker of<unk> s in neonates. Myoclonic<unk> s are characterized by isolated and fast contractions of muscle groups that are non-repetitive. It generally involves flexor muscle groups of upper extremities- trunk, diaphragm, face. These movements typically occur in the limbs or face. Stimulation can provoke myoclonic<unk> s. * Spasms Spasms include either flexor or extensor or both flexor and extensor. These occur in clusters and cannot be provoked by stimulation or suppressed by restraint. SUBTLE Some clinicians use the term subtle<unk> s to describe<unk> s that appear to be more normal and there is an absence of distinct tonic or clonic movements but the presence of abnormal eye movements, stereotyped lip-smacking, or apneic events. They are often overlooked and are generally assumed to be non-epileptic. The random eye movement in them may be stimulated or increased by tactile stimulation while the progression movements such as bicycling, swimming, etc. can be restrained by repositioning. Both the progression movements and oral-buccal lingual movements can be intensified and provoked upon stimulation. Sometimes in subtle<unk> s complex limbic hyperactivity that is purposeless along with crying could be observed. BENIGN Benign<unk> s are not classified as epilepsy. A benign familial<unk>  onsets as early as 3 days of birth and may involve one or both sides of the brain.Recurrent<unk>  episodes are observed to occur in neonates.Electroencephalogram of infants with BFNS often have normal readings.Sometimes, they may show theta pointy, a specific abnormality. They usually begin with tonic stiffening accompanied by apnea.Later clonic jerks are witnessed.Electroencephalogram of infants with BFNS often have normal readings.Sometimes, they may show theta pointy, a specific abnormality.It occurs in 1 in every 1,00,000 newborns. This condition is usually inherited and is passed on in autosomal dominant manner. This condition is also caused due to mutation in KCNQ2 or KCNQ3 gene that may be carried by people bearing no family history of benign familial<unk> . Mutation in these genes lead to excessive excitiability of neurons. Generally, patients suffering from it are seen to bear mutation in KCNQ2 gene. Most of the infants with BFNS develop normally but some neonates suffering from it may later develop intellectual disability which becomes evident in early childhood.In some patients approximately 15%, epilepsy occurs once in life after<unk> s associated with BFNS are gone away. Myokymia is also witnessed in a few cases.
Neonatal seizure
Neonatal stroke
Neonatal encephalopathy
Neonatal meningitis
Shaken baby syndrome
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Benign neonatal seizures
Neonatal diabetes