Risk factors Modifiable risk factors for<unk>  include smoking, obesity, occupation, and physical sports where back muscles and heavy weights are involved. Non-modifiable risk factors include increasing age, being male, and having a personal history of low back pain. Spinal disc herniation Spinal disc herniation pressing on one of the lumbar or sacral nerve roots is the most frequent cause of<unk> , being present in about 90% of cases. This is particularly true in those under age 50. Disc herniation most often occurs during heavy lifting. Pain typically increases when bending forward or sitting, and reduces when lying down or walking. Spinal stenosis Other compressive spinal causes include lumbar spinal stenosis, a condition in which the spinal canal, the space the spinal cord runs through, narrows and compresses the spinal cord, cauda equina, or<unk> nerve roots. This narrowing can be caused by bone spurs, spondylolisthesis, inflammation, or a herniated disc, which decreases available space for the spinal cord, thus pinching and irritating nerves from the spinal cord that become the<unk> nerve. This is the most frequent cause after age 50.<unk> pain due to spinal stenosis is most commonly brought on by standing, walking, or sitting for extended periods of time, and reduces when bending forward. However, pain can arise with any position or activity in severe cases. The pain is most commonly relieved by rest. Piriformis syndrome Piriformis syndrome is a condition that, depending on the analysis, varies from a "very rare" cause to contributing up to 8% of low back or buttock pain. In 17% of people, the<unk> nerve runs through the piriformis muscle rather than beneath it. When the piriformis shortens or spasms due to trauma or overuse, it is posited that this causes compression of the<unk> nerve. Piriformis syndrome has colloquially been referred to as "wallet<unk> " since a wallet carried in a rear hip pocket compresses the buttock muscles and<unk> nerve when the bearer sits down. Piriformis syndrome may be suspected as a cause of<unk>  when the spinal nerve roots contributing to the<unk> nerve are normal and no herniation of a spinal disc is apparent. Endometriosis<unk> endometriosis also called catamenial or cyclical<unk>  is a<unk>  whose cause is endometriosis and whose incidence is unknown. Diagnosis is usually made by an MRI or CT-myelography. Pregnancy<unk>  may also occur during pregnancy, especially during later stages, as a result of the weight of the fetus pressing on the<unk> nerve during sitting or during leg spasms. While most cases do not directly harm the woman or the fetus, indirect harm may come from the numbing effect on the legs, which can cause loss of balance and falls. There is no standard treatment for pregnancy-induced<unk> . Other Pain that does not improve when lying down suggests a nonmechanical cause, such as cancer, inflammation, or infection.<unk>  can be caused by tumors impinging on the spinal cord or the nerve roots. Severe back pain extending to the hips and feet, loss of bladder or bowel control, or muscle weakness may result from spinal tumors or cauda equina syndrome. Trauma to the spine, such as from a car accident or hard fall onto the heel or buttocks, may also lead to<unk> . A relationship has been proposed with a latent Cutibacterium acnes infection in the intervertebral discs, but the role it plays is not yet clear.
Sciatica
Shingles
Calpainopathy
Epicondylitis
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Balanitis
Distal myopathy
Heel pad syndrome