<unk>  is a systematic approach to maintaining and improving the quality of patient care within the National Health Service (NHS).<unk>  became important in health care after the Bristol heart scandal in 1995, during which an anaesthetist, Dr Stephen Bolsin, exposed the high mortality rate for paediatric cardiac surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary. It was originally elaborated within the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS), and its most widely cited formal definition describes it as: A framework through which NHS organisations are accountable for continually improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish. This definition is intended to embody three key attributes: recognisably high standards of care, transparent responsibility and accountability for those standards, and a constant dynamic of improvement. The concept has some parallels with the more widely known corporate<unk> , in that it addresses those structures, systems and processes that assure the quality, accountability and proper management of an organisation's operation and delivery of service. However<unk>  applies only to health and social care organisations, and only those aspects of such organisations that relate to the delivery of care to patients and their carers; it is not concerned with the other business processes of the organisation except insofar as they affect the delivery of care. The concept of "integrated<unk> " has emerged to refer jointly to the corporate<unk>  and<unk>  duties of healthcare organisations. Prior to 1999, the principal statutory responsibilities of UK NHS Trust Boards were to ensure proper financial management of the organisation and an acceptable level of patient safety. Trust Boards had no statutory duty to ensure a particular level of quality. Maintaining and improving the quality of care was understood to be the responsibility of the relevant clinical professions. In 1999, Trust Boards assumed a legal responsibility for quality of care that is equal in measure to their other statutory duties.<unk>  is the mechanism by which that responsibility is discharged.<unk> " does not mandate any particular structure, system or process for maintaining and improving the quality of care, except that designated responsibility for<unk>  must exist at Trust Board level, and that each Trust must prepare an Annual Review of<unk>  to report on quality of care and its maintenance. Beyond that, the Trust and its various clinical departments are obliged to interpret the principle of<unk>  into locally appropriate structures, processes, roles and responsibilities.
Clinical governance
Nursing ethics
Community health trust
Public security
Organ procurement
Patient safety organization
Good tissue practice
Clinical research ethics