Effective treatments include vestibular rehabilitation therapy, medications such as SSRIs and psychotherapy, including the most effectively represented cognitive behavioral therapy. Promising results were also found with Transcranial direct-current stimulation combined with vestibular rehabilitation with significant improvement in symptoms of patients over a sham group in an exploratory study. More recently, a study showed non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation to offer significant effect in PPPD patients regarding the quality of life, postural balance control, attack severity and depression level, with no reported serious side effects. The findings are argued to imply nVNS to be a safe and promising treatment option in patients with treatment-refractory PPPD and suggesting the need for further research.
Chronic subjective dizziness
New daily persistent headache
Acute visual loss
Dichoptic presentation
symptom of Glaucoma
Long-term depression
Headache attributed to a substance or its withdrawal
symptoms of Migraine