Preparation for surgery On the positive side, if a patient experiences moderate amounts of<unk> , the<unk>  can aid in the preparation for surgery. On the negative side, the<unk>  can cause harm if the patient experiences an excessive or diminutive amount. One reason for this is that small amounts of<unk>  will not adequately prepare the patient for pain. Also, higher levels of<unk>  can over-sensitize the patient to unpleasant stimuli, which would heighten their senses of touch, smell or hearing. This results in intense pain, dizziness, and nausea. It can also increase the patient’s feelings of uneasiness in the unfamiliar surroundings. Post-operation<unk>  has also been proven to cause higher analgesic and anaesthetic requirement, postoperative pain, and prolonged hospital stay. Irving L. Janis separates the effects of preoperative<unk>  on postoperative reactions into three levels: * Low<unk> : The defenses of denial and other reassurances that were created to ward off the worry and apprehension preoperatively are not effective long-term. When all the pain and stress is experienced post-operatively, the emotional tension is unrelieved because there aren’t any real reassurances available from the<unk>  stage. * Moderate<unk> : Reality-oriented reassurances that were used to prepare a patient with moderate<unk>  for an operation are stored in the patient’s memory, so they are available to aid in post-operational stress. * High<unk> : Because the reassurances given by hospital personnel were not effective pre-operatively, there aren’t any real reassurances available to aid with the stress stimuli that are subsequently encountered.
Preoperational anxiety
Psychological resistance
Addiction vulnerability
Ideomotor phenomenon
Psychological resilience
Stress concentration
Listener fatigue
Social stress