Diagnostic testing in a possible<unk>  depends on the symptoms and the suspected underlying cancer. Diagnosis may be difficult in patients in whom<unk>  antibodies cannot be detected. In the absence of these antibodies, other tests that may be helpful include MRI, PET, lumbar puncture and electrophysiology. Types<unk>  class<unk>  Main causal cancers Causal mechanism Endocrine Cushing<unk>  * small-cell lung cancer * Pancreatic carcinoma * Neural tumors * Thymoma Ectopic ACTH and ACTH-like substance<unk>  of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone * Small-cell lung cancer * CNS malignancies Antidiuretic hormone Hypercalcemia * Lung cancer (typically squamous cell) * Breast carcinoma * Renal and bladder carcinoma * Multiple myeloma (may occur independent of osteolytic lesions) * Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma * Ovarian carcinoma * Squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., lung, head, neck, esophageus) PTHrP (Parathyroid hormone-related protein), TGF-α, TNF, IL-1 Hypoglycemia * Fibrosarcoma * Other mesenchymal sarcomas * Insulinoma * Hepatocellular carcinoma Insulin or insulin-like substance or "big" IGF-II Carcinoid<unk>  * Bronchial adenoma (carcinoid type) * Pancreatic carcinoma * Gastric carcinoma Serotonin, bradykinin Hyperaldosteronism * Adrenal adenoma / Conn's<unk>  * Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma * Ovarian carcinoma * Pulmonary Aldosterone Neurological Lambert-Eaton myasthenic<unk>  * Small-cell lung cancer Immunologic<unk>  cerebellar degeneration * Lung cancer * Ovarian cancer * Breast carcinoma * Hodgkin's lymphoma Encephalomyelitis Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord Limbic encephalitis * Small-cell lung carcinoma Brainstem encephalitis * Lung cancer * Testicular cancer Antineuronal antibodies (anti-Hu, anti-Ri, and anti-Ma2). Some forms are amenable to immunotherapy while others are not. Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia<unk>  * Breast carcinoma * Ovarian carcinoma * Small-cell lung carcinoma * Neuroblastoma (in children) Autoimmune reaction against the RNA-binding protein Nova-1 Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis * Teratoma Autoimmune reaction against NMDA-receptor subunits Polymyositis * Non-Hodgkin lymphoma * Lung cancer * Bladder cancer Mucocutaneous Acanthosis nigricans * Gastric carcinoma * Lung carcinoma * Uterine carcinoma * Immunologic * Secretion of epidermal growth factor Dermatomyositis * Bronchogenic carcinoma * Breast carcinoma * Ovarian cancer * Pancreatic cancer * Stomach cancer * Colorectal cancer * Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Immunologic Leser-Trélat sign Necrolytic migratory erythema Glucagonoma Sweet's<unk>  Florid cutaneous papillomatosis Pyoderma gangrenosum Acquired generalized hypertrichosis Hematological Granulocytosis G-CSF Polycythemia * Renal carcinoma * Cerebellar hemangioma * Hepatocellular carcinoma Erythropoietin Trousseau sign * Pancreatic carcinoma * Bronchogenic carcinoma Mucins that activate clotting, others Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis * Advanced cancers Hypercoagulability Anemia * Thymic neoplasms Unknown Others Membranous glomerulonephritis * Various * Tumor antigens * Immune complexes Tumor-induced osteomalacia * Hemangiopericytoma * Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor * Fibroblast growth factor 23 Stauffer<unk>  * Renal cell carcinoma Neoplastic fever Thymoma-associated multiorgan autoimmunity * Thymoma * A mechanism similar to that of Graft-versus-host disease A specifically devastating form of (neurological)<unk> s is a group of disorders classified as<unk>  neurological disorders (PNDs). These PNDs affect the central or peripheral nervous system; some are degenerative, though others (such as LEMS) may improve with treatment of the condition or the tumor. Symptoms of PNDs may include difficulty with walking and balance, dizziness, rapid uncontrolled eye movements, difficulty swallowing, loss of muscle tone, loss of fine motor coordination, slurred speech, memory loss, vision problems, sleep disturbances, dementia, seizures, and sensory loss in the limbs. The most common cancers associated with PNDs are breast, ovarian, and lung cancers, but many other cancers can produce<unk>  symptoms, as well. The root cause is extremely difficult to identify for<unk> , as there are so many ways the disease can manifest (which may eventually lead to cancer). Ideas may relate to age-related diseases (unable to handle environmental or physical stress in combination with genetic pre-dispositions), accumulation of damaged biomolecules (damages signaling pathways in various regions of the body), increased oxygen free radicals in the body (alters metabolic processes in various regions of the body), etc . However, prophylactic efforts include routine checks with physicians (particularly those that specialize in neurology and oncology) especially when a patient notices subtle changes in his or her own body.
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Huntington's disease
Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
Hypothalamic disease
Postmenopausal confusion
Thyrotoxic myopathy
Lithium toxicity
Complications of diabetes