<unk>  can have short and long term complications. Generally long-term<unk>  carries higher risk of complications. Long-term<unk>  carries a significant risk of urinary tract infection. Because of this risk<unk>  is a last resort for the management of incontinence where other measures have proved unsuccessful. Other long term complications may include blood infections (sepsis), urethral injury, skin breakdown, bladder stones, and blood in the urine (hematuria). After many years of catheter use, bladder cancer may also develop. Some people experience bladder spasms with<unk>  and may be more common in males. If bladder spasms occur, or there is no urine in the drainage bag, the catheter may be blocked by blood, thick sediment, or a kink in the catheter or drainage tubing. Sometimes spasms are caused by the catheter irritating the bladder, prostate/skene's glands, or penis/vulva. Such spasms can be controlled with medication such as butylscopolamine, although most patients eventually adjust to the irritation and the spasms go away.
Urinary catheterization
Foley catheter
Ureteric balloon catheter
Cystography
Urinary tract ultrasound
Retrograde urethrogram
Bladder training
Ureteroscopy