<unk>  is a species of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe and comma-shaped bacteria. The bacteria naturally live in brackish or saltwater where they attach themselves easily to the chitin-containing shells of crabs, shrimps, and other shellfish. Some strains of<unk>  are pathogenic to humans and cause a deadly disease<unk>  which can be derived from the consumption of undercooked or raw marine life species.<unk>  was first described by Félix-Archimède Pouchet in 1849 as some kind of protozoa. Filippo Pacini correctly identified it as a bacterium and from him, the scientific name is adopted. The bacterium as the cause of<unk> was discovered by Robert Koch in 1884. Sambhu Nath De isolated the<unk> toxin and demonstrated the toxin as the cause of<unk> in 1959. The bacterium has a flagellum at one pole and several pili throughout its cell surface. It undergoes respiratory and fermentative metabolism. Two serogroups called O1 and O139 are responsible for<unk> outbreaks. Infection is mainly through drinking contaminated water, therefore is linked to sanitation and hygiene. When ingested, it invades the intestinal mucosa can cause diarrhea and vomiting in a host within several hours to 2–3 days of ingestion. Oral rehydration solution and antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines are the common treatment methods.<unk>  has two circular DNA. One DNA produces the<unk> toxin (CT), a protein that causes profuse, watery diarrhea (known as "rice-water stool"). But the DNA does not directly code for the toxin as the genes for<unk> toxin are carried by CTXphi (CTXφ), a temperate bacteriophage (virus). The virus when inserted into the bacterial DNA only produce the toxin.
Vibrio cholerae
Salmonella
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
Shigella
Clostridioides difficile 
Campylobacter upsaliensis
Escherichia coli
Yersinia rohdei