A non-vital tooth is necessary for the diagnosis of a<unk> , meaning the nerve has been removed by root canal therapy. Oral examination The surrounding intraoral anatomical structures should be palpated to identify the presence of bone expansion or displacement of tooth roots as well as crepitus noises during examination, indicating extensive bone damage. Bulging of the buccal or lingual cortical plates may be present. Age of occurrence in the patient, the location of the<unk> , the edges of<unk> ic contours, and the impact that the<unk>  has on adjacent structures must all be considered for proper diagnosis. Radiology Several lesions can appear similarly in radiographic appearance. Intraoral X-rays or a 3-D cone beam scan of the affected area can be used to obtain radiological images and confirm diagnosis of<unk> s in the<unk>  area. Circular or ovoid radiolucency surrounding the root tip of approximately 1-1.5 cm in diameter is indicative of the presence of a<unk> . The border of the<unk>  is seen as a narrow opaque margin contiguous with the lamina dura. In<unk> s that are actively enlarging, peripheral areas of the margin may not be present.<unk> s have a characteristic unilocular shape on radiographs. There is also a severe border of cortication between the<unk>  and surrounding bone. Pseudocysts, on the other hand, have a fluid filled cavity but are not lined by epithelium, therefore they have a less severe and more blurred border between the fluid and bony surroundings. Histopathology Histopathology of a<unk> , with metaplastic changes of mucous secreting cells (B), and ciliated cells (C). Cholesterol clefts of a<unk>  of the jaw. In light microscopy,<unk> s show: *Stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness, except when originating in a maxillary sinus where there is respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium). *A fibrous capsule of varying thickness, with chronic inflammatory cells, wherein a plasma cells may be abundant They sometimes have the following features: *Rushton hyaline bodies, which are amorphic, eosinophilic, linear to crescent-shaped bodies in the<unk>  epithelium, present in 10% of<unk> s. *Scattered ciliated cells *Cholesterol clefts in the<unk>  lining. Classification<unk> s exist in two structurally distinct classes: #<unk>  true<unk> s -<unk> s containing cavities entirely surrounded in epithelial lining. Resolution of this type of<unk>  requires surgical treatment such as a<unk> ectomy. #<unk>  pocket<unk> s - epithelium lined cavities that have an opening to the root canal of the affected tooth. Resolution may occur after traditional root canal therapy. Differentiation Radiographically, it is virtually impossible to differentiate granuloma from a<unk> . If the lesion is large it is more likely to be a<unk> . Radiographically, both granulomas and<unk> s appear radiolucent. Many lesions of the mandible in particular appear<unk> like in appearance. It is often necessary to obtain a biopsy and evaluate the tissue under a microscope to accurately identify the lesion.
Periapical cyst
Subareolar abscess
Nabothian cyst
Proliferating trichilemmal cyst
Keratin implantation cyst
Trichilemmal cyst
Limbal nodule
Genu recurvatum