Although bone tissue contains no pain receptors, a bone fracture is painful for several reasons: * Breaking in the continuity of the periosteum, with or without similar discontinuity in endosteum, as both contain multiple pain receptors. * Edema and hematoma of nearby soft tissues caused by ruptured bone marrow evokes pressure pain. * Involuntary muscle spasms trying to hold bone fragments in place. Damage to adjacent structures such as nerves, muscles or blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots (for spine fractures), or cranial contents (for skull fractures) may cause other specific signs and symptoms. Complications nonunion of the fracture fragments Some fractures may lead to serious complications including a condition known as compartment syndrome. If not treated, eventually, compartment syndrome may require amputation of the affected limb. Other complications may include non-union, where the fractured bone fails to heal or mal-union, where the fractured bone heals in a deformed manner. One form of malunion is the malrotation of a bone, which is especially common after femoral and tibial fractures. Complications of fractures may be classified into three broad groups, depending upon their time of occurrence. These are as follows – # Immediate complications – occurs at the time of the fracture. # Early complications – occurring in the initial few days after the fracture. # Late complications – occurring a long time after the fracture. Immediate Early Late Systemic * Hypovolaemic shock Systemic * Hypovolemic shock * ARDS – Adult respiratory distress syndrome * Fat embolism syndrome * Deep vein thrombosis * Pulmonary Embolism syndrome * Aseptic traumatic fever * Sepsis (in open fracture ) * Crush syndrome Imperfect union of the fracture * Delayed union * Non-union * Malunion * Cross union Local * Injury to major vessels * Injury to muscles and tendons * Injury to joints * Injury to viscera Local * Infection * Compartment syndrome Others * Avascular necrosis * Shortening * Joint stiffness * Sudeck's dystrophy * Osteomyelitis * Ischaemic contracture * Myositis ossificans * Osteoarthritis
medical cause of Fat embolism syndrome
symptom of Fat embolism syndrome
symptoms of Fat embolism syndrome
medical cause of Cardiogenic shock
complications of Air embolism
complications of Pulmonary embolism
medical cause of Cardiac tamponade
complications of Coronary thrombosis