Normal resting 12-lead ECG in a patient with<unk> <unk>  may be challenging to diagnose as the structure of the heart appears normal in those affected by the condition when assessed using an echocardiogram, cardiac MRI scan or cardiac CT scan, while the electrical function of the heart also appears normal at rest when assessed using a standard 12-lead ECG. However, in response to exercise or catecholamines such as adrenaline, abnormal heart rhythms such as bidirectional<unk><unk>  or frequent<unk><unk>  ectopic beats may be seen. 12-lead ECG The resting 12-lead ECG is a useful test to differentiate<unk>  from other electrical diseases of the heart that can cause similar abnormal heart rhythms. Unlike conditions such as long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome, the resting 12-lead ECG in those with<unk>  is generally normal. However, approximately 20% of those affected have a slow resting heart rate or sinus bradycardia. Exercise and other provocative testing Treadmill exercise stress testing Exercise testing, commonly performed on a treadmill or stationary bicycle, can help to diagnose<unk> . During the test, those with<unk>  often experience ectopic beats, which may progress to bidirectional and then<unk><unk><unk>  as the intensity of exercise increases. Some of those suspected of having<unk> , such as young children, may not be able to perform an exercise tolerance test. In these cases, alternative forms of testing include adrenaline provocation testing, during which adrenaline is infused into a vein at gradually increasing doses under close supervision and ECG monitoring. Additionally, long term or Holter ECG monitoring can be performed, although this form of testing is less likely to detect an arrhythmia. Invasive electrophysiological studies do not provide useful information to help diagnose<unk>  or to assess the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias. Genetic testing<unk>  can also be diagnosed by identifying a disease-causing mutation in a gene associated with<unk>  using genetic testing. This technique may be the only way to identify the condition in someone suspected of having<unk>  who has died, and in this case may be known as a molecular autopsy.
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
Benign early repolarization
Junctional ectopic tachycardia
Brugada syndrome
Pre-excitation syndrome
Long QT syndrome
Wandering atrial pacemaker
Andersen–Tawil syndrome