The modern<unk>  states that problem drinking is sometimes caused by a disease of the brain, characterized by altered brain structure and function. The largest association of physicians - the American Medical Association (AMA) declared that alcoholism was an illness in 1956. In 1991, the AMA further endorsed the dual classification of alcoholism by the International Classification of Diseases under both psychiatric and medical sections.
Disease theory of alcoholism
Molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of alcoholism
Disease model of addiction
Heroic measure
Epigenetics of cocaine addiction
Current Approaches in Psychiatry
Pharmacology of antidepressants
Treatments for PTSD