Acute<unk>  injury Acute<unk>  injury (previously known as acute renal failure) – or AKI – usually occurs when the blood supply to the<unk> s is suddenly interrupted or when the<unk> s become overloaded with toxins. Causes of acute<unk>  injury include accidents, injuries, or complications from surgeries in which the<unk> s are deprived of normal blood flow for extended periods of time. Heart-bypass surgery is an example of one such procedure. Drug overdoses, accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics or chemotherapy, along with bee stings may also cause the onset of acute<unk>  injury. Unlike chronic<unk>  disease, however, the<unk> s can often recover from acute<unk>  injury, allowing the person with AKI to resume a normal life. People suffering from acute<unk>  injury require supportive treatment until their<unk> s recover function, and they often remain at increased risk of developing future<unk> . Among the accidental causes of renal failure is the crush syndrome, when large amounts of toxins are suddenly released in the blood circulation after a long compressed limb is suddenly relieved from the pressure obstructing the blood flow through its tissues, causing ischemia. The resulting overload can lead to the clogging and the destruction of the<unk> s. It is a reperfusion injury that appears after the release of the crushing pressure. The mechanism is believed to be the release into the bloodstream of muscle breakdown products – notably myoglobin, potassium, and phosphorus – that are the products of rhabdomyolysis (the breakdown of skeletal muscle damaged by ischemic conditions). The specific action on the<unk> s is not fully understood, but may be due in part to nephrotoxic metabolites of myoglobin. Chronic<unk>  Chronic<unk>  has numerous causes. The most common causes of chronic failure are diabetes mellitus and long-term, uncontrolled hypertension. Polycystic<unk>  disease is another well-known cause of chronic failure. The majority of people afflicted with polycystic<unk>  disease have a family history of the disease. Other genetic illnesses cause<unk> , as well. Overuse of common drugs such as ibuprofen, and acetaminophen (paracetamol) can also cause chronic<unk> . Some infectious disease agents, such as hantavirus, can attack the<unk> s, causing<unk> . Genetic predisposition The APOL1 gene has been proposed as a major genetic risk locus for a spectrum of nondiabetic renal failure in individuals of African origin, these include HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), primary nonmonogenic forms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and hypertension affiliated chronic<unk>  disease not attributed to other etiologies. Two western African variants in APOL1 have been shown to be associated with end stage<unk>  disease in African Americans and Hispanic Americans.
Kidney failure
Heart failure
Liver failure
Hypermagnesemia
Pulmonary toxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Acute liver failure
Neurotoxicity