Pesticides vary in their effects on<unk> . Contact pesticides are usually sprayed on plants and can kill<unk>  when they crawl over sprayed surfaces of plants or other areas around it. Systemic pesticides, on the other hand, are usually incorporated into the soil or onto seeds and move up into the stem, leaves, nectar, and pollen of plants. Of contact pesticides, dust and wettable powder pesticides tend to be more hazardous to<unk>  than solutions or emulsifiable concentrates. When a bee comes in contact with pesticides while foraging, the bee may die immediately without returning to the hive. In this case, the queen bee, brood, and nurse<unk>  are not contaminated and the colony survives. Alternatively, the bee may come into contact with an insecticide and transport it back to the colony in contaminated pollen or nectar or on its body, potentially causing widespread colony death. Actual damage to bee populations is a function of<unk>  and exposure of the compound, in combination with the mode of application. A systemic pesticide, which is incorporated into the soil or coated on seeds, may kill soil-dwelling insects, such as grubs or mole crickets as well as other insects, including<unk> , that are exposed to the leaves, fruits, pollen, and nectar of the treated plants. Pesticides, especially neonicotinoids, have been investigated in relation to Colony Collapse Disorder. Potentially toxic effects studied in the laboratory have often been followed by field studies that fail to show effects on actual bee populations. Despite gaps in the scientific evidence, regulators have restricted the use of neonicotinoids in Europe and elsewhere largely on the basis of concerns for bee health.
Pesticide toxicity to bees
Intentional contagion of infection
Pesticide poisoning
Animal bite
Pesticide residue
Transmission of hepadnaviruses
Behavior-altering parasite
Mushroom poisoning