<unk>  (DID), previously known as multiple personality<unk>  (MPD), is a mental<unk>  characterized by the maintenance of at least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states. The<unk>  is accompanied by memory gaps beyond what would be explained by ordinary memory issues. The personality states alternately show in a person's behavior; however, presentations of the<unk>  vary. Other conditions that often occur in people with DID include post-traumatic stress<unk> , personality<unk> s (especially borderline and avoidant), depression, substance use<unk> s, conversion<unk> , somatic symptom<unk> , eating<unk> s, obsessive–compulsive<unk> , and sleep<unk> s. Self-harm, non-epileptic seizures, flashbacks with amnesia for content of flashbacks, anxiety<unk> s, and suicidality are also common. DID is associated with overwhelming traumas, or abuse during childhood. In about 90% of cases, there is a history of neglect or abuse in childhood, while other cases are linked to experiences of war, or medical procedures during childhood. Genetic and biological factors are also believed to play a role. The diagnosis should not be made if the person's condition is better accounted for by substance use<unk> , seizures, other mental health problems, imaginative play in children, or religious practices. Treatment generally involves supportive care and psychotherapy. The condition usually persists without treatment. It is believed to affect about 1.5% of the general population (based on a small US community sample) and 3% of those admitted to hospitals with mental health issues in Europe and North America. DID is diagnosed about six times more often in women than in men. The number of recorded cases increased significantly in the latter half of the 20th century, along with the number of<unk> es reported by those affected. DID is controversial within both the field of psychiatry and the legal system. Rarely, it has been used in court to argue criminal insanity. It is unclear whether increased rates of the<unk>  are due to better recognition or sociocultural factors such as mass media portrayals. The typical presenting symptoms in different regions of the world may also vary depending on culture, for example alter<unk> es taking the form of possessing spirits, deities, ghosts, or mythical figures in cultures where normative possession states are common. The possession form of<unk>  is involuntary and distressing, and occurs in a way that violates cultural or religious norms.
Dissociative identity disorder
Substance use disorder
Internalizing disorder
Bipolar disorder
Sexual masochism disorder
Major depressive disorder
Somatization disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder