<unk>  is a delay in acceptance, or refusal of<unk> s despite the availability of<unk>  services. The term covers outright refusals to<unk> te, delaying<unk> s, accepting<unk> s but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain<unk> s but not others. The scientific consensus that<unk> s are generally safe and effective is overwhelming.<unk>  often results in disease outbreaks and deaths from<unk> -preventable diseases. Therefore, the World Health Organization characterizes<unk>  as one of the top ten global health threats. "Anti-vaccinationism" refers to total opposition to<unk> tion; in more recent years, anti-vaccinationists have been known as "anti-vaxxers" or "anti-vax".<unk>  is complex and context-specific, varying across time, place and<unk> s. It can be influenced by factors such as lack of proper scientifically based knowledge and understanding about how<unk> s are made or work, as well as psychological factors including fear of needles and distrust of public authorities, a person's lack of confidence (mistrust of the<unk>  and/or healthcare provider), complacency (the person does not see a need for the<unk>  or does not see the value of the<unk> , and convenience (access to<unk> s). It has existed since the invention of<unk> tion and pre-dates the coining of the terms<unk> " and "vaccination" by nearly eighty years. The specific hypotheses raised by anti-vaccination advocates have been found to change over time. Although myths, conspiracy theories, and misinformation spread by the anti-vaccination movement and fringe doctors leads to<unk>  and public debates around the medical, ethical, and legal issues related to<unk> s, there is no serious<unk>  or debate within mainstream medical and scientific circles. Proposed laws that mandate<unk> tion, such as California Senate Bill 277 and Australia's No Jab No Pay, have been opposed by anti-vaccination activists and organizations. Opposition to mandatory<unk> tion may be based on anti-vaccine sentiment, concern that it violates civil liberties or reduces public trust in<unk> tion, or suspicion of profiteering by the pharmaceutical industry.
Vaccine hesitancy
Vaccine misinformation
At risk mental state
Surrogacy laws by country
Vaccine resistance
Suboptimal health
Patient Abuse
Diagnostic delay