<unk>  (also known as Ethnopsychiatry or transcultural<unk>  or<unk><unk>  is a branch of<unk>  concerned with the<unk>  context of mental disorders and the challenges of addressing ethnic diversity in<unk> c services. It emerged as a coherent field from several strands of work, including surveys of the prevalence and form of disorders in different cultures or countries; the study of migrant populations and ethnic diversity within countries; and analysis of<unk>  itself as a<unk>  product. The early literature was associated with colonialism and with observations by asylum<unk> sts or anthropologists who tended to assume the universal applicability of Western<unk> c diagnostic categories. A seminal paper by Arthur Kleinman in 1977 followed by a renewed dialogue between anthropology and<unk> , is seen as having heralded a "new<unk> ". However, Kleinman later pointed out that culture often became incorporated in only superficial ways, and that for example 90% of DSM-IV categories are culture-bound to North America and Western Europe, and yet the "culture-bound syndrome" label is only applied to "exotic" conditions outside Euro-American society. Reflecting advances in medical anthropology, DSM-5 replaced the term "culture-bound syndrome" with a set of terms covering<unk>  concepts of distress:<unk>  syndromes (which may not be bound to a specific culture but circulate<unk>  cultures);<unk>  idioms of distress (local modes of expressing suffering that may not be syndromes); causal explanations (that attribute symptoms or suffering to specific causal factors rooted in local ontologies); and folk diagnostic categories (which may be part of ethnomedical systems and healing practices).
Cross-cultural psychiatry
Orthomolecular psychiatry
Psychosomatic medicine
Biological psychiatry
Sports psychiatry
Counseling psychology
Social medicine
Military psychiatry