Children may have painful micturition after the procedure, which can lead to urinary retention (children afraid to pee due to pain). Some painkillers or peeing inside a warm bath may help. Those children who receive antibiotics before the procedure for urinary tract infection will double the dose for 3 days after the procedure. Those not already on antibiotics will be prescribed with 3 days of trimethoprim. Haematuria (blood in urine) may also occur after the procedure. The procedure is invasive and uncomfortable, and carries a high potential for psychological trauma for both children and their parents. With respect to post-procedural urinary tract infection, the risk has been found to be sufficiently low, except in patients with a pre-existing urologic diagnosis, that pre-operative antibiotic use is not considered a necessary adjunct. Other complications is perforation of urinary bladder due to overdistension. This condition can be avoided by using non-retaining urinary catheter of Jacques. Accidental catherisation of vagina or unusual urethral opening and retention of urinary catheter are also possible. An increased risk of cancer, in particular genitourinary cancer, has been observed in one study arising from the radiation exposure inherent in the procedure.
Voiding cystourethrography
Urinary tract ultrasound
Retrograde urethrogram
Cystography
Cystometry
Computed tomography urography
Cystoscopy
Urine cytology