Lupus systemic erythematosus is one of the most common causes of<unk>  as it is believed that more than half of the patients with lupus from the United States suffer from a degree or another of lupus<unk> . The exact pathophysiological process of lupus<unk>  is unknown. The proposed mechanisms are likely due to the assault of several autoimmune system changes, including the following: * Circulating immune complexes. The immune complexes, which consist of DNA and anti-DNA, cause an inflammatory response as well as a disruption of the blood–brain barrier. These circulating complexes have been found trapped in the highly vascular choroid plexus of SLE patients upon autopsy. True vasculitis, however, is found only in about 10% of patients with cerebral lupus. * Anti-neuronal antibodies. The three identified anti-neuronal antibodies postulated in CNS involvement are the lympho-cytotoxic antibodies (LCAs), which somehow react with brain tissue and interfere with the neuron's ability to respond. LCAs have a specific role and are found in both the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of lupus patients with<unk> . These antibodies also correlate with cognitive and visual spatial defects. Second, the anti-neuronal membrane antibodies are targeted directly to neuronal antigens. They, too, are found in the serum of SLE patients with<unk> . And third, the intracytoplasmic antibodies target the constituents of the neuron cells and they are found in the CSF and serum. These antibodies are seen in 90% of SLE patients with psychosis. * Antiphospholipid antibodies. The two antibodies implicated are anticardiolipin and lupus anticoagulant. Anticardiolipin antibodies attach to the endothelial lining of cells, causing endothelial damage, platelet aggregation, inflammation, and fibrosis. * Cytokine release. The final mechanism of lupus<unk>  involves the cytokines. The cytokines trigger edema, endothelial thickening, and infiltration of neutrophils in brain tissue. Two cytokines, interferon alpha and interleukin-6, have been found in the CSF of SLE patients with psychosis. However, it is not clear which mechanism is the actual cause of<unk>  in lupus patients. Specialists believe that all mechanisms may be present at the same time or they may act independently. In very rare cases,<unk>  may occur as a result of a Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. One other reason to develop<unk>  is an infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or other organisms. Infections can occur when infectious agents enter the brain through the sinuses or as a result of trauma. Some pathogens are also capable of passing over the blood–brain barrier and entering the brain through the bloodstream, despite the fact that the body has evolved defenses which are specifically designed to prevent this.
Cerebritis
Meningitis
Optic neuritis
Endophthalmitis
Encephalitis
Panophthalmitis
Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea
Conjunctivitis