Adverse effects occurring in at least 1% of people include: *Central nervous system: headache (7%), dizziness (2%) *Respiratory: upper respiratory tract infection (2%), cough (1%) *Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain (5%), diarrhea (4%), nausea (4%), vomiting (3%), flatulence (3%), acid regurgitation (2%), constipation (2%) *Neuromuscular and skeletal: back pain (1%), weakness (1%) *Dermatologic: rash (2%) Other concerns related to adverse effects are: *Recurrence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea *Osteoporosis-related fractures *Hypomagnesemia Concern has been expressed regarding vitamin B12 and iron malabsorption, but effects seem to be insignificant, especially when supplement therapy is provided. Since their introduction, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs, especially<unk>  have also been associated with several cases of acute interstitial nephritis, an inflammation of the kidneys that often occurs as an adverse drug reaction. Long-term use Long-term use of PPIs is strongly associated with the development of benign polyps from fundic glands (which is distinct from fundic gland polyposis); these polyps do not cause cancer and resolve when PPIs are discontinued. No association is seen between PPI use and cancer, but use of PPIs may mask gastric cancers or other serious gastric problems and physicians should be aware of this effect. There is a possible association between long term use and dementia which requires further study to confirm. A review article in U.S. Pharmacist in 2013 states that long-term use of PPIs is associated with decreased calcium absorption (causing increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures), decreased magnesium absorption (causing electrolyte disturbances), and increased risk of certain infections such as C. difficile and community-acquired pneumonia. They hypothesize that this is due to decreased stomach acid production. Pregnancy and breastfeeding The safety of using<unk>  has not been established in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Epidemiological data do not show an increased risk of major birth defects after maternal use of<unk>  during pregnancy. No clinical trials have deeply evaluated the potential consequences of the use of<unk>  in breastfeeding. However, the pharmacokinetics of the<unk>  molecule strongly suggest the safety of<unk>  use during breastfeeding: *<unk>  has a high plasma protein binding rate (95%), indicating that a little amount of drug is transferred to the milk duct during breast milk formation. *<unk>  needs to be administrated in an enteric-coated formulation due to its rapid degradation in the acidic conditions of the stomach. This suggests that most of the free molecules ingested by the infant are likely degraded before being absorbed.<unk>  at normal doses is likely safe during breastfeeding.
Omeprazole
Rabeprazole
Esomeprazole
Lansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole
Tenatoprazole
Pantoprazole
Ranitidine