The usual chemotherapy regimen has limited efficacy in tumours of this type, although imatinib has shown some promise. There is no current role for radiotherapy. The usual treatment is surgery. The surgery for females usually is a fertility-sparing unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. For malignant tumours, the surgery may be radical and usually is followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, sometimes by radiation therapy. In all cases, initial treatment is followed by surveillance. Because in many cases<unk>  does not produce elevated tumour markers, the focus of surveillance is on repeated physical examination and imaging. In males, a radical inguinal orchiectomy is typically performed. However, testes-sparing surgery can be used to maintain fertility in children and young adults. This approach involves an inguinal or scrotal incision and ultrasound guidance if the tumour is non-palpable. This can be done because the tumour is typically unifocal, not associated with precancerous lesions, and is unlikely to recur. The prognosis is generally good as the tumour tends to grow slowly and usually is benign: 10% are malignant. For malignant tumours with undifferentiated histology, prognosis is poor.
Leydig cell tumour
Gonadoblastoma
Sertoli cell tumour
Granulosa cell tumour
Seminoma
Ovarian fibroma
Theca lutein cyst
Mixed Müllerian tumor