Testicular torsion usually presents with severe testicular pain or pain in the groin and lower abdomen. Pain generally begins suddenly and typically involves only one side. There is often associated nausea and vomiting. The testicle may lie higher in the scrotum due to twisting and subsequent shortening of the spermatic cord or may be positioned in a horizontal orientation. Mild warmth and redness of the overlying area may be present. Elevation of the testicle may worsen the pain. Urinary symptoms, such as pain or increased frequency of urination are also typically absent. Symptom onset often follows physical activity or trauma to the testes or scrotum. Children with testicular torsion may awaken with testicular or abdominal pain in the middle of the night or in the morning. There may be a history of previous, similar episodes of scrotal pain due to prior transient testicular torsion with spontaneous resolution.<unk>  * Testicular infarction: Testicular damage occurs as a consequence of decreased blood flow, and therefore decreased oxygen and nutrient supply, to the testicle. If the testicle is not viable during surgical exploration, it must be removed to prevent further necrosis, or tissue death. * Infertility: The impact of testicular torsion on long-term fertility is not yet fully understood. However, testicular torsion may cause abnormal sperm function on semen analysis, although these abnormalities are more likely to be found in adolescents and in adults. Torsion does not seem to affect long-term sperm function in neonates. The cause of abnormal sperm function is thought to be due to the following mechanisms: * Immunological theory, also known as "sympathetic orchidopathia": It is thought that following injury to the testicle, the body's immune system is activated to clean up damaged cells. In the process, it creates anti-testicular cell antibodies, or proteins that cross the injured blood-testis barrier and damage both the affected and contralateral testicles. * Abnormalities in microcirculation within the testicle * Reperfusion injury: This type of injury is seen in tissues that have been deprived of blood supply for a prolonged period. * Gangrene, or a type of tissue damage caused by lack of blood supply, of the testis. * Sepsis, in extremely rare cases (0,03%), if not treated for a long period of time, it could lead to sepsis and cause severe life-threatening infections and injuries through the blood and organs, which could lead to death. * Recurrence of torsion may occur even after surgical fixation, although this is very unlikely. * Psychological impact of losing a testicle.
complications of Teratoma
complications of Mastitis
complications of Ovarian cyst
complications of Nuchal cord
complications of Epididymitis
complications of Testicular torsion
complications of Cystocele
complications of Klinefelter syndrome