<unk>  is a branch of medicine that emerged in the late 20th century. It deals with injuries and the prevention of injuries to<unk>  artists, particularly musicians and dancers.<unk>  is an outgrowth of occupational and physical medicine concerned with the medical complaints of musicians, dancers, actors and other<unk>  artists. Medical issues can range from pain in performance to neuro-muscular dysfunction or psychological problems related to performance. The awkward positions and repetitive motions commonly required of<unk>  artists can lead to these and other problems. Medical problems related to performance are common among musicians: according to a 1987 survey of musicians, "Eighty-two percent said they experienced a medical problem, either physical or psychological, and 76 percent said it was severe enough to interfere with their work." The first survey of medical problems of<unk>  artists is in the 1713 treatise Diseases of Workers by Bernardino Ramazzini. More recently, Diseases of the Music Profession: A Systematic Presentation of Their Causes, Symptoms and Methods of Treatment, by Kurt Singer, was translated into English in 1932.<unk>  began to take an organizational shape in the 1980s, with the first annual symposium on the topic in 1983, at the request of the Aspen Music Festival. A peer-reviewed journal, Medical Problems of<unk>  Artists, began publication in 1986, edited by Alice Brandfonbrener. It is a joint publication of the<unk>  Association (PAMA), the Dutch<unk>  Association (NVDMG) and the Australian Society for<unk> <unk>  Healthcare (ASPAH). A textbook, now titled<unk> , has been published in successive editions, most recently in 2010. The<unk>  Association was founded in 1988.
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