The aetiology of<unk>  is not fully understood, although there are three common causes: excessive urine volume, poor sleep arousal, and bladder contractions. Differentiation of cause is mainly based on patient history and fluid charts completed by the parent or carer to inform management options. Bedwetting has a strong genetic component. Children whose parents were not enuretic have only a 15% incidence of bedwetting. When one or both parents were bedwetters, the rates jump to 44% and 77% respectively. These first two items are the most common factors in bedwetting, but current medical technology offers no easy testing for either cause. There is no test to prove that bedwetting is only a developmental delay, and genetic testing offers little or no benefit. As a result, other conditions should be ruled out. The following causes are less common, but are easier to prove and more clearly treated: In some bed wetting children this increase in ADH production does not occur, while other children may produce an increased amount of ADH but their response is insufficient. * Individuals with reported bedwetting issues are 2.7 times more likely to be diagnosed with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. * Caffeine increases urine production. * Chronic constipation can cause bed wetting. When the bowels are full, it can put pressure on the bladder. Often such children defecate normally, yet they retain a significant mass of material in the bowel which causes bed wetting. * Infections and disease are more strongly connected with secondary<unk>  and with daytime wetting. Less than 5% of all bedwetting cases are caused by infection or disease, the most common of which is a urinary tract infection. * Patients with more severe<unk> urological-developmental issues have a higher rate of bedwetting problems. One study of seven-year-olds showed that "handicapped and intellectually disabled children" had a bedwetting rate almost three times higher than "non-handicapped children" (26.6% vs. 9.5%, respectively). * Psychological issues (e.g., death in the family, sexual abuse, extreme bullying) are established as a cause of secondary<unk>  (a return to bedwetting), but are very rarely a cause of PNE-type bedwetting. Bedwetting can also be a symptom of a pediatric<unk> uropsychological disorder called PANDAS. * Sleep apnea stemming from an upper airway obstruction has been associated with bedwetting. Snoring and enlarged tonsils or adenoids are a sign of potential sleep apnea problems. * Sleepwalking can lead to bedwetting. During sleepwalking, the sleepwalker may think he/she is in another room. When the sleepwalker urinates during a sleepwalking episode, he/she usually thinks they are in the bathroom, and therefore urinate where they think the toilet should be. Cases of this have included opening a closet and urinating in it; urinating on the sofa and simply urinating in the middle of the room. * Stress is a cause of people who return to wetting the bed. Researchers find that moving to a<unk> w town, parent conflict or divorce, arrival of a<unk> w baby, or loss of a loved one or pet can cause insecurity, contributing to returning bedwetting. * Type 1 diabetes mellitus can first present as<unk>  could be the presenting symptom of. It is classically associated with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, and weight loss, lethargy, and diaper candidiasis may also be present in those with<unk> w-onset disease. Unconfirmed * Food allergies may be part of the cause for some patients. This link is not well established, requiring further research. * Improper toilet training is another disputed cause of bedwetting. This theory was more widely supported in the last century and is still cited by some authors today. Some say bedwetting can be caused by improper toilet training, either by starting the training when the child is too young or by being too forceful. Recent research has shown more mixed results and a connection to toilet training has not been proven or disproven. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, more child abuse occurs during potty training than in any other developmental stage. * Dandelions are reputed to be a potent diuretic, and anecdotal reports and folk wisdom say children who handle them can end up wetting the bed. English folk names for the plant are "peebeds" and "pissabeds". In French the dandelion is called pissenlit, which means "piss in bed"; likewise "piscialletto", an Italian folkname, and "meacamas" in Spanish.
Nocturnal enuresis
Diurnal enuresis
Paruresis
Post-void dribbling
Premenstrual water retention
Nocturnal penile tumescence
Orthostatic albuminuria
Nocturia