A<unk> is one type of treatment for incontinence in women.<unk>  are considered by a clinician when the woman has urinary sphincter dysfunction,<unk>  hypermobility, persistent stress urinary incontinence after a<unk>  sling or urethropexy, or stress urinary incontinence in women who cannot undergo surgery due to other illnesses or conditions. It restores the ability to retain urine during coughing, laughing and other normal occurrences that increase inter-abdominal pressure Some women choose to have<unk>  because they wish to avoid surgery or the use of mesh material. Another reason other treatments may not be chosen include the desire to maintain fertility. Woman who benefit most from this treatment are those who have a stable bladder neck and an inadequate muscle strength of the sphincter muscles that close the<unk> <unk>  instability is identified by the angle of the<unk>  This can be evaluated when the woman lays on her back and the angle of the<unk>  is greater than 30° during coughing. Tests are performed to confirm the diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence such as the bladder capacity to hold urine and the strength of the bladder muscle contractions. Diagnosis is aided before the procedure by a thorough evaluation of the woman. Information that is gathered prior to the<unk> includes consists of a medical history and physical exam. The residual, postvoid residual urine determination and urinalysis and urine culture help in the diagnosis. The surgeon will ask the woman to keep a diary of urine output and frequency. The physician may order a urodynamic evaluation to establish the diagnosis of intrinsic sphincter deficiency. A voiding diary and/or a measured voided volume gives an estimate of bladder capacity. A free-flow uroflowmetric examination gives additional information about flow rate, voided time and volume. A cystometrogram will evaluate detrusor over-activity, bladder compliance, bladder capacity, and abdominal (Valsalva) leak pressure. Another diagnostic tool is the<unk>  pressure profile. This measures the maximum<unk>  closure strength. The physician will use instrumentation and do a visual examination called a urethroscopic visualization.
Urethral bulking injections
Urethroplasty
Urethrectomy
Bladder augmentation
Prostatic urethral lift
Urethropexy
Urethrotomy
Bladder training