Immunomodulatory Intracellular pathogens often reside in immune cells like macrophages. These pathogens can be obligate or facultative intracellular pathogens. Changing the innate immune response of these<unk> -cells can alter the pathogen's ability to live inside the cell. Many of these immunomodulatory<unk><unk>  therapies are adjuvants or pathogen-associated molecular patterns. They can include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), mannose receptor (MR), dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM3)-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), complement receptors, Fc receptors, and DNA sensors (e.g., STING). Epithelial cells also<unk>  pathogens, like Salmonella enterica. These immunomodulatory agents can also alter the epithelial cell environments, since they also have a role in innate signalling. Enhanced<unk>  cell function Autophagy modulators are one type of method to enhance<unk>  cell functions. Pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), will be degraded in the autophagosome during an effective<unk>  response that will clear the bacteria. Because bacteria and other pathogens like MTB can take over cellular responses like autophagy, they can increase their survival in the body. By reactivating effective autophagy processes the pathogen could be cleared. Examples of this has been shown with MTB, and Listeria monocytogenes. OSU-03012 is thought to modulate autophagy in its effect on Salmonella enterica, and Francisella tularensis. Pathology modification Modifying lung and macrophage pathology has been shown to have a role in the<unk><unk>  therapies for MTB.
Host-directed therapeutics
Antisense therapy
Nanomedicine 
Nanomedicine
Cell therapy
Conservation medicine
Regenerative medicine
Exomedicine