Possible treatments include: * Stable cases are effectively treated with laxatives and bulking agents, as well as modifications in diet and stool habits. * Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory medications are used in toxic<unk> . * Antibiotics are used for bacterial infections such as oral vancomycin for Clostridium difficile * Disimpaction of feces and decompression using anorectal and nasogastric tubes are used to treat<unk> . * When<unk>  worsens and the conservative measures fail to restore transit, surgery may be necessary. * Bethanechol can also be used to treat<unk>  by means of its direct cholinergic action and its stimulation of muscarinic receptors which bring about a parasympathetic-like effect. There are several surgical approaches to treat<unk> , such as a colectomy (removal of the entire colon) with ileorectal anastomosis (ligation of the remaining ileum and rectum segments), or a total proctocolectomy (removal of colon, sigmoid and rectum) followed by ileostomy or followed by ileoanal anastomosis.
Megacolon
Fecal impaction
Vesicointestinal fistula
Rectal foreign body
Toxic megacolon
Neutropenic enterocolitis
Defecation
Black stomach