Mental disorder Although some people who<unk>  do not have any form of recognized mental disorder, many people experiencing various forms of mental illnesses do have a higher risk of<unk> . The key areas of disorder which exhibit an increased risk include autism spectrum disorders, borderline personality disorder, dissociative disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, phobias, and conduct disorders. As many as 70% of individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in<unk> . An estimated 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders engage in<unk>  at some point, including eye-poking, skin-picking, hand-biting, and head-banging. Schizophrenia may also be a contributing factor for<unk> . Those diagnosed with schizophrenia have a high risk of suicide, which is particularly greater in younger patients as they may not have an insight into the serious effects that the disorder can have on their lives. There are parallels between<unk>  and Münchausen syndrome, a psychiatric disorder in which individuals feign illness or trauma. There may be a common ground of inner distress culminating in<unk> -directed<unk>  in a Münchausen patient. However, a desire to deceive medical personnel in order to gain treatment and attention is more important in Münchausen's than in<unk> . Psychological factors<unk>  is frequently described as an experience of depersonalization or a dissociative state. Abuse during childhood is accepted as a primary social factor increasing the incidence of<unk> , as is bereavement, and troubled parental or partner relationships. Factors such as war, poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse may also contribute. Other predictors of<unk>  and suicidal behavior include feelings of entrapment, defeat, lack of belonging, and perceiving oneself as a burden along with having an impulsive personality and/or less effective social problem-solving skills. The onset of puberty, including the onset of sexual activity, often correlates with the onset of<unk> ; this is because the pubertal period is associated with neurodevelopmental vulnerability and comes with an increased risk of emotional disorders and risk-taking behaviors. Transgender adolescents are significantly more likely to engage in<unk>  than their cisgender peers. This can be attributed to distress caused by gender dysphoria as well as increased likelihoods of experiencing bullying, abuse, and mental illness. Genetics The most distinctive characteristic of the rare genetic condition, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, is<unk>  and may include biting and head-banging. Genetics may contribute to the risk of developing other psychological conditions, such as anxiety or depression, which could in turn lead to<unk> ing behavior. However, the link between genetics and<unk>  in otherwise healthy patients is largely inconclusive. Drugs and alcohol Substance misuse, dependence and withdrawal are associated with<unk> . Benzodiazepine dependence as well as benzodiazepine withdrawal is associated with<unk> ing behavior in young people. Alcohol is a major risk factor for<unk> . A study which analysed<unk>  presentations to emergency rooms in Northern Ireland found that alcohol was a major contributing factor and involved in 63.8% of<unk>  presentations. A recent study in the relation between cannabis use and deliberate<unk>  (DSH) in Norway and England found that, in general, cannabis use may not be a specific risk factor for DSH in young adolescents. Smoking has also been associated with<unk>  in adolescents; one study found that suicide attempts were four times higher for adolescents that smoke than for those that do not. A more recent meta-analysis on literature concerning the association between cannabis use and<unk> -injurious behaviors has defined the extent of this association, which is significant both at the cross-sectional (odds ratio = 1.569, 95% confidence interval 1.167-2.108) and longitudinal (odds ratio = 2.569, 95% confidence interval 2.207-3.256) levels, and highlighting the role of the chronic use of the substance, and the presence of depressive symptoms or of mental disorders as factors that might increase the risk of<unk> -injury among cannabis users.
Self-harm
Physical abuse
Bullying in medicine
Bullying and suicide
Copycat suicide
Bullying
Night terror
Assisted suicide