The standard treatment for<unk>  is 6 weeks of radiation therapy, which often dramatically improves symptoms. However, symptoms usually recur after 6 to 9 months and progress rapidly. Neurosurgery Surgery to attempt tumour removal is usually not possible or advisable for<unk> . By nature, these tumors invade<unk> ly throughout the brain stem, growing between normal nerve cells. Aggressive surgery would cause severe damage to neural structures vital for arm and leg movement, eye movement, swallowing, breathing, and even consciousness. A neurosurgically performed brain-stem biopsy for immunotyping of<unk>  has served a limited recent role in experimental clinical studies and treatment trials. This, however, is not the current standard of care, as it presents considerable risk given the biopsy location, and thus is appropriately performed only in the context of participation in an ongoing clinical treatment trial.<unk>  biopsy is in no way a therapeutic or curative surgery, and the risks (potentially catastrophic and fatal) are only outweighed when the diagnosis is uncertain (extremely unusual) or the patient is enrolled in an approved clinical trial. Radiotherapy Radiotherapy for a young adult patient with a<unk> . Color indicates radiation dose. Conventional radiotherapy, limited to the involved area of tumour, is the mainstay of treatment for<unk> . A total radiation dosage ranging from 5400 to 6000 cGy, administered in daily fractions of 150 to 200 cGy over 6 weeks, is standard. Hyperfractionated (twice-daily) radiotherapy was used previously to deliver higher radiation dosages, but did not lead to improved survival. Radiosurgery (e.g., gamma knife or cyberknife) has a role in the treatment of<unk>  and may be considered in selected cases. Chemotherapy and other drug therapies The role of chemotherapy in<unk>  remains unclear. Studies have shown little improvement in survival, although efforts (see below) through the Children's Oncology Group (COG), Paediatric Brain Tumour Consortium (PBTC), and others are underway to explore further the use of chemotherapy and other drugs. Drugs that increase the effect of radiotherapy (radiosensitizers) have shown no added benefit, but promising new agents are under investigation. Immunotherapy with beta-interferon and other drugs has also had little effect in trials. Intensive or high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation or peripheral blood stem cell rescue has not demonstrated any effectiveness in brain stem gliomas. Future clinical trials may involve medicines designed to interfere with cellular pathways (signal transfer inhibitors), or other approaches that alter the tumor or its environment.
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
Giant-cell glioblastoma
Fibrillary astrocytoma
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
Brainstem glioma
Intraneural perineurioma
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Anaplastic astrocytoma