Testicular biopsy would confirm the absence of spermatozoa. Seminal plasma protein TEX101 was proposed for differentiation of<unk>  from maturation arrest and hypospermatogenesis. A clinical trial at Mount Sinai Hospital, Canada started testing this hypothesis in 2016.
Sertoli cell-only syndrome
Persistent adrenarche syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Perlman syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Familial male-limited precocious puberty
Young's syndrome
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome