<unk>  has widespread applications. In 1976,<unk>  was reported as a water and oil repellent "in fabrics and leather and in the production of floor waxes and waxed papers"; however, it is believed that paper is no longer treated with perfluorinated compounds, but with fluorotelomers with less than 0.1%<unk> . The compound is also used in "insulators for electric wires, planar etching of fused silica", fire fighting foam, and outdoor clothing. As a protonated species, the<unk>  form of<unk>  was the most widely used perfluorocarboxylic<unk>  used as a reactive intermediate in the production of fluoroacrylic esters. ADONA, ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate, is 3M's<unk>  replacement in the emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers. As a salt, its dominant use is as an emulsifier for the emulsion polymerization of fluoropolymers such as PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride, and fluoroelastomers. For this use, 3M subsidiary Dyneon has a replacement emulsifer despite DuPont stating<unk>  is an "essential processing aid". In the past<unk>  was used in the production of Gore-Tex as it is PTFE-based. In PTFE processing,<unk>  is in aqueous solution and forms micelles that contain tetrafluoroethylene and the growing polymer.<unk>  can be used to stabilize fluoropolymer and fluoroelastomer suspensions before further industrial processing and in ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography it can act as an extraction agent.<unk>  also finds uses in electronic products and as an industrial fluorosurfactant. In a 2009 EPA study of 116 products, purchased between March 2007 and May 2008 and found to contain at least 0.01% fluorine by weight, the concentrations of<unk>  were determined. Concentrations shown below range from not detected, or ND, (with the detection limit in parenthesis) to 6750 with concentrations in nanograms of<unk>  per gram of sample (parts per billion) unless stated otherwise. Product Range, ng/g Pre-treated carpeting ND (2 Food contact paper ND (<1.5) to 4640 Dental floss/tape ND (<1.5) to 96.7 Thread sealant tape ND (<1.5) to 3490 PTFE cookware ND (<1.5) to 4.3
Perfluorooctanoic acid
Triphenylbromoethylene
Tetramethyl bisphenol F
Diiodohydroxyquinoline
Beta-Zearalenol
Diatrizoate
Chloroethane
Triphenylchloroethylene