Symptoms include persistent bloating, postmenopausal bleeding, and/or appetite loss. Transvaginal ultrasonography as well as cancer marker CA125 level analysis is often used to determine potential malignancy of suspect pelvic masses. Surgical staging is the procedure by which the abdominal cavity and lymph nodes are examined for malignant tissue, usually via laparoscopy. Tissue biopsies may be taken for further analysis. It is not until this histological analysis stage that actual diagnosis of HGSC can be made. If glands are seen to fuse with intricate, extensive papillae featuring epithelial tufting with solid nests surrounded by a space alongside irregular slit-like spaces, then<unk>  carcinoma is suspected. Distinguishing between LGSC and HGSC: # Necrosis is common in HGSC and absent in LGSC, as are giant (multi- or mononucleated) tumour cells. # Psammoma bodies are more frequent in low-grade<unk>  carcinoma. # Tp53 expression is assessed for mutations, overexpression or absence – common features of<unk> s. # LGSCs are generally limited to micropapillary growth patterns, whereas HGSCs can exhibit admixed patterns. Distinction of HGSC from<unk><unk>  endometrioid carcinoma is not always possible. The progression of HGSC may also be determined from examining the cadherin expression profile. Screening As ovarian cancer is rarely symptomatic until an advanced stage, regular pre-emptive screening is a particularly important tool for avoiding the late stage at which most patients present. However, A 2011 US study found that transvaginal ultrasound and cancer marker CA125 screening did not reduce ovarian cancer mortality. In contrast, a more recent UK study found that up to 20% of ovarian cancer deaths could be prevented through annual performance of these procedures.
High-grade serous carcinoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma
Adenomyomatosis
Uterine clear-cell carcinoma
Endometrial stromal tumour
Tubular carcinoma
Uterine serous carcinoma
Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma