Comorbidity There is a considerable<unk>  diagnostic co-occurrence. Patients who meet the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for one<unk>  are likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for another. Diagnostic categories provide clear, vivid descriptions of discrete personality types but the personality structure of actual patients might be more accurately described by a constellation of maladaptive personality traits. + DSM-III-R<unk>  diagnostic co-occurrence aggregated across six research sites Type of<unk>  PPD SzPD StPD ASPD BPD HPD NPD AvPD DPD OCPD PAPD Paranoid (PPD) 8 19 15 41 28 26 44 23 21 30 Schizoid (SzPD) 38 39 8 22 8 22 55 11 20 9 Schizotypal (StPD) 43 32 19 4 17 26 68 34 19 18 Antisocial (ASPD) 30 8 15 59 39 40 25 19 9 29 Borderline (BPD) 31 6 16 23 30 19 39 36 12 21 Histrionic (HPD) 29 2 7 17 41 40 21 28 13 25 Narcissistic (NPD) 41 12 18 25 38 60 32 24 21 38 Avoidant (AvPD) 33 15 22 11 39 16 15 43 16 19 Dependent (DPD) 26 3 16 16 48 24 14 57 15 22 Obsessive–Compulsive (OCPD) 31 10 11 4 25 21 19 37 27 23 Passive–Aggressive (PAPD) 39 6 12 25 44 36 39 41 34 23 Sites used DSM-III-R criterion sets. Data obtained for purposes of informing the development of the DSM-IV-TR<unk>  diagnostic criteria. Abbreviations used: PPD – Paranoid<unk> , SzPD – Schizoid<unk> , StPD – Schizotypal<unk> , ASPD – Antisocial<unk> , BPD – Borderline<unk> , HPD – Histrionic<unk> , NPD – Narcissistic<unk> , AvPD – Avoidant<unk> , DPD – Dependent<unk> , OCPD – Obsessive–Compulsive<unk> , PAPD – Passive–Aggressive<unk> . Impact on functioning It is generally assumed that all<unk> s are linked to impaired functioning and a reduced quality of life (QoL) because that is a basic diagnostic requirement. But research shows that this may be true only for some types of<unk> . In several studies, higher disability and lower QoL were predicted by avoidant, dependent, schizoid, paranoid, schizotypal and antisocial<unk> . This link is particularly strong for avoidant, schizotypal and borderline<unk> . However, obsessive–compulsive<unk>  was not related to a compromised QoL or dysfunction. A prospective study reported that all<unk>  were associated with significant impairment 15 years later, except for obsessive compulsive and narcissistic<unk> . One study investigated some aspects of "life success" (status, wealth and successful intimate relationships). It showed somewhat poor functioning for schizotypal, antisocial, borderline and dependent<unk> , schizoid<unk>  had the lowest scores regarding these variables. Paranoid, histrionic and avoidant<unk>  were average. Narcissistic and obsessive–compulsive<unk> , however, had high functioning and appeared to contribute rather positively to these aspects of life success. There is also a direct relationship between the number of diagnostic criteria and quality of life. For each additional<unk>  criterion that a person meets there is an even reduction in quality of life.
Personality disorder
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
Tic disorder
Bipolar disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Psychopathy
Schizotypal personality disorder  Schizotypal disorder  1