Of all<unk>  users, women of childbearing age comprise 15–17%. An estimated 0.6 to 3% of pregnant women in the developed world use<unk> . A 1995 survey in the US found that between 30,000 and 160,000 cases of<unk><unk>  to<unk>  occur each year. By one estimate, in the US 100,000 babies are born each year after having been exposed to crack<unk>  in utero. An estimated 7.5 million PCE children are living in the US. Pregnant women in urban parts of the US and who are of a low socioeconomic status use<unk>  more often. However, the real prevalence of<unk>  use by pregnant women is unknown.
Prenatal cocaine exposure
Maternal hypothyroidism
Y chromosome microdeletion
Chromosomal fragile site
Child-on-child sexual abuse
Chromosome 2q deletion
Haploinsufficiency of A20
Prenatal testosterone transfer