<unk>  prevention is defined as active measures to decrease<unk>  risk. The vast majority of<unk> <unk> ses are due to environmental risk factors. Many of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus,<unk>  is generally preventable. Between 70% and 90% of common<unk> s are due to environmental factors and therefore potentially preventable. Greater than 30% of<unk>  deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including: tobacco, excess weight/obesity, poor diet, physical inactivity, alcohol, sexually transmitted infections and air pollution. Further, poverty could be considered as an indirect risk factor in human<unk> s. Not all environmental<unk> uses are controllable, such as naturally occurring background radiation and<unk> s<unk> used through hereditary genetic disorders and thus are not preventable via personal behavior. Dietary While many dietary recommendations have been proposed to reduce<unk>  risks, the evidence to support them is not definitive. The primary dietary factors that increase risk are obesity and alcohol consumption. Diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in red meat have been implicated but reviews and meta-analyses do not come to a consistent conclusion. A 2014 meta-analysis found no relationship between fruits and vegetables and<unk> . Coffee is associated with a reduced risk of liver<unk> . Studies have linked excessive consumption of red or processed meat to an increased risk of breast<unk> , colon<unk>  and pancreatic<unk> , a phenomenon that could be due to the presence of<unk> rcinogens in meats cooked at high temperatures. In 2015 the IARC reported that eating processed meat (e.g., bacon, ham, hot dogs, sausages) and, to a lesser degree, red meat was linked to some<unk> s. Dietary recommendations for<unk>  prevention typically include an emphasis on vegetables, fruit, whole grains and fish and an avoidance of processed and red meat (beef, pork, lamb), animal fats, pickled foods and refined<unk> rbohydrates. Medication Medications<unk> n be used to prevent<unk>  in a few circumstances. In the general population, NSAIDs reduce the risk of colorectal<unk> ; however, due to<unk> rdiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects, they<unk> use overall harm when used for prevention. Aspirin has been found to reduce the risk of death from<unk>  by about 7%. COX-2 inhibitors may decrease the rate of polyp formation in people with familial adenomatous polyposis; however, it is associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs. Daily use of tamoxifen or raloxifene reduce the risk of breast<unk>  in high-risk women. The benefit versus harm for 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor such as finasteride is not clear. Vitamin supplementation does not appear to be effective at preventing<unk> . While low blood levels of vitamin D are correlated with increased<unk>  risk, whether this relationship is<unk> usal and vitamin D supplementation is protective is not determined. One 2014 review found that supplements had no significant effect on<unk>  risk. Another 2014 review concluded that vitamin D3 may decrease the risk of death from<unk>  (one fewer death in 150 people treated over 5 years), but<unk> ns with the quality of the data were noted. Beta-Carotene supplementation increases lung<unk>  rates in those who are high risk. Folic acid supplementation is not effective in preventing colon<unk>  and may increase colon polyps. Selenium supplementation has not been shown to reduce the risk of<unk> . Vaccination Vaccines have been developed that prevent infection by some<unk> rcinogenic viruses. Human papillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil and Cervarix) decrease the risk of developing cervical<unk> . The hepatitis B vaccine prevents infection with hepatitis B virus and thus decreases the risk of liver<unk> . The administration of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccinations is recommended where resources allow.
Cancer
Anorexia nervosa
Disease
Heartburn
Cardiovascular disease
Vaginitis
Skin cancer
Neuropathic pain