Life cycle of Clonorchis sinensis, a liver fluke associated with<unk>  Although most people present without any known risk factors evident, a number of risk factors for the development of<unk>  have been described. In the Western world, the most common of these is primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), an inflammatory disease of the bile ducts which is closely associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). Epidemiologic studies have suggested that the lifetime risk of developing<unk>  for a person with PSC is on the order of 10–15%, although autopsy series have found rates as high as 30% in this population. Certain parasitic liver diseases may be risk factors as well. Colonization with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini (found in Thailand, Laos PDR, and Vietnam) or Clonorchis sinensis (found in China, Taiwan, eastern Russia, Korea, and Vietnam) has been associated with the development of<unk> . Control programs (Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Program) aimed at discouraging the consumption of raw and undercooked food have been successful at reducing the incidence of<unk>  in some countries. People with chronic liver disease, whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to other causes, are at significantly increased risk of<unk> . HIV infection was also identified in one study as a potential risk factor for<unk> , although it was unclear whether HIV itself or other correlated and confounding factors (e.g. hepatitis C infection) were responsible for the association. Infection with the bacteria Helicobacter bilis and Helicobacter hepaticus species can cause biliary cancer. Congenital liver abnormalities, such as Caroli disease (a specific type of five recognized choledochal cysts), have been associated with an approximately 15% lifetime risk of developing<unk> . The rare inherited disorders Lynch syndrome II and biliary papillomatosis have also been found to be associated with<unk> . The presence of gallstones (cholelithiasis) is not clearly associated with<unk> . However, intrahepatic stones (called hepatolithiasis), which are rare in the West but common in parts of Asia, have been strongly associated with<unk> . Exposure to Thorotrast, a form of thorium dioxide which was used as a radiologic contrast medium, has been linked to the development of<unk>  as late as 30–40 years after exposure; Thorotrast was banned in the United States in the 1950s due to its carcinogenicity.
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatoid tumor
Cholangiosarcoma
Periampullary cancer
Pancreatoblastoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Echinococcosis
Hepatoblastoma