The main form of treatment is laparotomy, a modern and minimally invasive type of surgery. Laparotomy properly positions the testes within the scrotum (orchidopexy) and remove Müllerian structures, the uterus and fallopian tubes. Occasionally they are unsalvageable if located high in the retroperitoneum. During this surgery, the uterus is usually removed and attempts made to dissect away Müllerian tissue from the vas deferens and epididymis to improve the chance of fertility. If the person has male gender identity and the testes cannot be retrieved, testosterone replacement will be usually necessary at puberty should the affected individual choose to pursue medical attention. Recently, laparoscopic hysterectomy is offered to patients as a solution to both improve the chances of fertility and to prevent the occurrence of neoplastic tissue formation. The surgery is recommended to be performed when the individual is between one and two years old, but usually done when less than one year old. Having a target age for surgery reduces the risks of damaging the vas deferens. The vas deferens is in close proximity to the Müllerian structures, and is sometimes lodged in the uterine wall. Overall, the purpose of the treatment improves self-identification of an individual, reduces the increased risk of cancer and reduces the possibility of infertility, if not already present.<unk>  patients have a possibility of infertility in the future if not promptly operated on. When the affected males are adults, those who are not aware of the condition may find the presence of blood in their semen (hematospermia). The Müllerian structures and cryptorchidism can also develop into cancer if ignored, or if there are pieces of Müllerian structures left from past surgery. If<unk>  is found during adulthood, or if Müllerian structures had to be left behind due to risks in surgery, biopsies of the remaining Müllerian structures can be performed. Upon pathohistological observation, the endometrial tissues appear atrophied, and the fallopian tubes have begun to congest showing signs of fibrosis.
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
Mixed Müllerian tumor
Müllerian agenesis
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome
Persistent adrenarche syndrome
Cryptorchidism
Ovarian remnant syndrome
Caudal regression syndrome