Protection and injury * The<unk> s are well known to be very sensitive to impact and injury. The pain involved travels up from each<unk>  into the abdominal cavity, via the spermatic plexus, which is the primary nerve of each<unk> . This will cause pain in the hip and the back. The pain usually goes away in a few minutes. * Testicular torsion is a medical emergency. * Testicular rupture is a medical emergency caused by blunt force impact, sharp edge, or piercing impact to one or both<unk> s, which can lead to necrosis of the testis in as little as 30 minutes. * Penetrating injuries to the scrotum may cause castration, or physical separation or destruction of the testes, possibly along with part or all of the penis, which results in total sterility if the<unk> s are not reattached quickly. * Some jockstraps are designed to provide support to the<unk> s. Diseases and conditions * Testicular cancer and other neoplasms – To improve the chances of catching possible cases of testicular cancer or other health issues early, regular testicular self-examination is recommended. * Varicocele, swollen vein(s) from the testes, usually affecting the left side, the testis usually being normal * Hydrocele testis, swelling around testes caused by accumulation of clear liquid within a membranous sac, the testis usually being normal * Spermatocele, a retention cyst of a tubule of the rete testis or the head of the epididymis distended with barely watery fluid that contains spermatozoa * Endocrine disorders can also affect the size and function of the testis. * Certain inherited conditions involving mutations in key developmental genes also impair testicular descent, resulting in abdominal or inguinal testes which remain nonfunctional and may become cancerous. Other genetic conditions can result in the loss of the Wolffian ducts and allow for the persistence of Müllerian ducts. Both excess and deficient levels of estrogens can disrupt spermatogenesis and cause infertility. * Bell-clapper deformity is a deformity in which the<unk>  is not attached to the scrotal walls, and can rotate freely on the spermatic cord within the tunica vaginalis. It is the most common underlying cause of testicular torsion. * Orchitis inflammation of the<unk> s * Epididymitis, a painful inflammation of the epididymis or epididymides frequently caused by bacterial infection but sometimes of unknown origin. * Anorchia, the absence of one or both<unk> s. * Cryptorchidism or "undescended<unk> s", when the<unk>  does not descend into the scrotum of the infant boy. Testicular enlargement is an unspecific sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5 cm (long axis) × 3 cm (short axis). Blue balls is a slang term for a temporary fluid congestion in the<unk> s and prostate region caused by prolonged sexual arousal. Testicular prostheses are available to mimic the appearance and feel of one or both<unk> s, when absent as from injury or as treatment in association to gender dysphoria. There have also been some instances of their implantation in dogs. Effects of exogenous hormones To some extent, it is possible to change testicular size. Short of direct injury or subjecting them to adverse conditions, e.g., higher temperature than they are normally accustomed to, they can be shrunk by competing against their intrinsic hormonal function through the use of externally administered steroidal hormones. Steroids taken for muscle enhancement (especially anabolic steroids) often have the undesired side effect of testicular shrinkage. Similarly, stimulation of testicular functions via gonadotropic-like hormones may enlarge their size. Testes may shrink or atrophy during hormone replacement therapy or through chemical castration. In all cases, the loss in testes volume corresponds with a loss of spermatogenesis.
Testicle
Pelvis
Ovary
Penis
Pelvic kidney
Callus
Uterus
Lutetium 