<unk> s are most commonly diagnosed by means of questionnaires. These questionnaires include a detailed analyses of the clinical history and contain questions to: # Rule out sleep deprivation # Rule out effects of intoxication or withdrawal # Rule out sleep disorders causing sleep instability # Rule out medical disorders or treatments associated with sleep instability # Confirm presence of NREM<unk> s in other family members and during the patient's childhood # Determine the timing of the events # Determine the morphology of the events. Furthermore, a sleep diary is helpful to exclude that sleep deprivation could be a precipitating factor. An additional tool could be the partner's log of the events. The following questions should therefore be considered: # Do you or your bed partner believe that you move your arms, legs, or body too much, or have unusual behaviors during sleep? # Do you move while dreaming, as if you are simultaneously attempting to carry out the dream? l Have you ever hurt yourself or your bed partner during sleep? # Do you sleepwalk or have sleep terrors with loud screaming? # Do your legs feel restless or begin to twitch a lot or jump around when you are drowsy or sleepy, either at bedtime or during the day? # Do you eat food or drink fluids without full awareness during the night? Do you wake up in the morning feeling bloated and with no desire to eat breakfast? In potentially harmful or disturbing cases a specialist in sleep disorders should be approached. Video polysomnographic documentation is necessary only in REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), since it is an essential diagnostic criteria in the ICSD to demonstrate the absence of muscle atonia and to exclude comorbid sleep disorders. For most of the other<unk> s, polysomnographic monitoring is a costly, but still supportive tool in the clinical diagnosis. The use of actigraphy can be promising in the diagnostical assessment of NREM-related<unk> s, for example to rule out sleep deprivation or other sleep disorders, like circadian sleep-wake rhythm disorder which often develops among shift workers. However, there is currently no generally accepted standardized technique available of identifying and quantifying periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) that distinguishes movements resulting from<unk> s, nocturnal seizures, and other dyskinesias. Eventually, using actigraphy for<unk> s in general is disputed.
Parasomnia
Insomnia
Hypersomnia
Dyssomnia
Orthosomnia
Sleepwalking
Amnesia
Snatiation