Peripheral The most common form of<unk>  is a peripheral<unk>  cannula which is generally inserted into veins of the hands, forearms, and occasionally feet. Healthcare providers may use a number of different techniques in order to improve the chances of successful<unk> . Some techniques include using a tourniquet, tapping over the vein, warming the area to dilate the vein, or using an ultrasound to directly visualize the target vein. Near-infrared illumination devices can also be used to help identify superficial veins that are not easily felt or seen with the naked eye. These devices emit infrared light which is absorbed by hemoglobin in the blood, allowing for easier visualization of the vasculature. Peripheral<unk>  is usually indicated when short-term<unk>  up to 7 days is needed. Complication rates from these peripheral<unk>  points increase quickly the longer they remain in place (such as inflammation of the veins), and thus are routinely removed and replaced every 3–4 days if possible. Central In some situations,<unk>  is obtained by inserting catheters into the large central veins of the trunk of the body such as the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral veins. This type of<unk>  is performed with central<unk>  catheters (CVCs), and is required in certain situations where peripheral<unk>  is inadequate. Such situations include, but are not limited to, the need for long-term<unk>  (for weeks or months, not days), administering of medications that can damage smaller veins (e.g. chemotherapy), measuring central<unk>  pressure, obtaining certain blood tests (specifically central<unk>  oxygen saturation), or performing dialysis. Types of CVCs include non-tunneled and tunneled catheters, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC lines), and implanted ports. Midline Midline<unk>  is a type of peripheral<unk>  inserted into peripheral veins and that extends further than standard peripheral catheters but does not yet reach the large central veins of the thorax. They are used when intermediate-term<unk>  (one month) is needed or when administering medications that are highly irritating to smaller veins. However, their use is declining in favor of PICC lines which have the added benefit of more central<unk>  and longer potential dwell-times.
Venous access
Vascular access
Preoperative care
Blood transfusion
Electrocoagulation
Personal protective equipment
Dental anesthesia
Blood donation