<unk>  is a benign growth of granulation tissue in the larynx or trachea, which arises from tissue trauma due to endotracheal<unk> . This medical condition is described as a common late complication of tracheal<unk> , specifically caused by irritation to the mucosal tissue of the airway during insertion or removal of the patient’s<unk>  tube. Endotracheal<unk>  is a common medical procedure, performed to assist patient ventilation and protect the airway. However, prolonged endotracheal<unk> , the use of inappropriate<unk>  equipment, or improper airway manipulation by the medical team may directly lead to mechanical trauma, resulting in laryngeal<unk>  formation in the subglottis of the larynx. Diagnosis of<unk> s are achieved through identifying proliferating tissues in the vocal folds via laryngoscopy. The normal larynx is a smooth passageway without abnormal growths or protrusions.<unk> s are most commonly located on the posterior third portion of the larynx. Primary treatment for<unk> s tends to involve surgical excision of the<unk> . However, single treatment methods alone often result in high incidences of recurrence, hence combined therapy is suggested. Secondary methods involve low dose radiotherapy and corticosteroid drug treatments. For extreme cases of refractory<unk> s, in which the aforementioned treatment methods all prove ineffective, botulinum toxin injections and oral zinc sulfate treatments are administered. Other significant risk factors are associated with<unk>  formation as well, such as a patient’s age, sex,<unk>  history and pre-existing medical conditions, which indirectly predispose certain patients to<unk> -related injuries.
Intubation granuloma
Bronchopleural fistula
Pleural empyema
Aspiration pneumonia
Fibrothorax
Lobar pneumonia
Lung abscess
Urinothorax