<unk>  is recommended to patients who do not have sperm present in their ejaculate, azoospermia, or who cannot ejaculate at all. In general, azoospermia can be divided into obstructive and non-obstructive subcategories.<unk>  is primarily used for non-obstructive azoospermia, where patients do not have sperm present in the ejaculate but who may produce sperm in the testis. Azoospermia in these patients could be a result of Y chromosome microdeletions, cancer of the testicles or damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, which regulate sperm production. Often in these cases,<unk>  is used as a second option, after prior efforts to treat the azoospermia through hormone therapy have failed. However, if azoospermia is related to a disorder of sexual development, such as Klinefelter syndrome,<unk>  is not used clinically; as of 2016, this was in the research phase. More rarely,<unk>  is used to extract sperm in cases of obstructive azoospermia. Obstructive azoospermia can be caused in a variety of ways: * vasectomy * trauma * congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD) * cystic fibrosis.<unk>  can also be used as a fertility preservation option for patients undergoing gender reassignment surgery and who cannot ejaculate sperm.
Testicular sperm extraction
Sacrohysteropexy
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Spermatocelectomy
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection
Vasoepididymostomy
Sperm donation
Orchiopexy