Physical forces Ricochet of the brain within the skull may account for the coup-contrecoup phenomenon. The type, direction, intensity, and duration of forces all contribute to the characteristics and severity TBI. Forces that may contribute to TBI include angular, rotational, shear, and translational forces. Even in the absence of an impact, significant acceleration or deceleration of the head can<unk>  TBI; however in most<unk> s, a combination of impact and acceleration is probably to blame. Forces involving the head striking or being struck by something, termed contact or impact loading, are the<unk>  of most focal injuries, and movement of the brain within the skull, termed noncontact or inertial loading, usually<unk> s diffuse injuries. The violent shaking of an infant that<unk> s shaken baby syndrome commonly manifests as diffuse injury. In impact loading, the force sends shock waves through the skull and brain, resulting in tissue damage. Shock waves<unk> d by penetrating injuries can also destroy tissue along the path of a projectile, compounding the damage<unk> d by the missile itself. Damage may occur directly under the site of impact, or it may occur on the side opposite the impact (coup and contrecoup injury, respectively). When a moving object impacts the stationary head, coup injuries are typical, while contrecoup injuries are usually produced when the moving head strikes a stationary object. Primary and secondary injury MRI scan showing damage due to brain herniation after TBI A large percentage of the people killed by brain trauma do not die right away but rather days to weeks after the event; rather than improving after being hospitalized, some 40% of TBI patients deteriorate. Primary brain injury (the damage that occurs at the moment of trauma when tissues and blood vessels are stretched, compressed, and torn) is not adequate to explain this deterioration; rather, it is<unk> d by secondary injury, a complex set of cellular processes and biochemical cascades that occur in the minutes to days following the trauma. These secondary processes can dramatically worsen the damage<unk> d by primary injury and account for the greatest number of TBI deaths occurring in hospitals. Secondary injury events include damage to the blood–brain barrier, release of factors that<unk>  inflammation, free radical overload, excessive release of the neurotransmitter glutamate (excitotoxicity), influx of calcium and sodium ions into neurons, and dysfunction of mitochondria. Injured axons in the brain's white matter may separate from their cell bodies as a result of secondary injury, potentially killing those neurons. Other factors in secondary injury are changes in the blood flow to the brain; ischemia (insufficient blood flow); cerebral hypoxia (insufficient oxygen in the brain); cerebral edema (swelling of the brain); and raised intracranial pressure (the pressure within the skull). Intracranial pressure may rise due to swelling or a mass effect from a lesion, such as a<unk> . As a result, cerebral perfusion pressure (the pressure of blood flow in the brain) is reduced; ischemia results. When the pressure within the skull rises too high, it can<unk>  brain death or herniation, in which parts of the brain are squeezed by structures in the skull. A particularly weak part of the skull that is vulnerable to damage<unk> ng extradural haematoma is the pterion, deep in which lies the middle meningeal artery, which is easily damaged in fractures of the pterion. Since the pterion is so weak, this type of injury can easily occur and can be secondary due to trauma to other parts of the skull where the impact forces spreads to the pterion.
medical cause of Intracerebral hemorrhage
symptom of Intracerebral hemorrhage
medical cause of Epidural hematoma
medical cause of Subarachnoid hemorrhage
medical cause of Stroke
symptom of Meningioma
medical cause of Vertebral artery dissection
symptom of Idiopathic intracranial hypertension