Acute Usually, acute<unk>  has an obvious cause and is expected to last for a few days or weeks. It is usually managed with medication and non-pharmacological treatment to provide comfort. Acute<unk>  is an indication for needed assessment, treatment and prevention. While a child is experiencing<unk> , physiological consequences can jeopardize healing and recovery. Unrelieved<unk>  can cause alkalosis and hypoxemia that result from rapid, shallow breathing. This shallow breathing can lead to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, taking away the ability to cough.<unk>  can cause an increase in blood pressure and heart rate, putting stress on the heart.<unk>  also increases the release of anti-inflammatory steroids that reduce the ability to fight infection, increase the metabolic rate and affect healing. Another harmful outcome of acute<unk>  is an increase in sympathetic effects such as the inability to urinate.<unk>  can also slow the gastrointestinal system. Inadequate<unk>  can lead to psycho-social consequences, including lack of interest in food, apathy, sleep problems, anxiety, avoidance of discussions about health, fear, hopelessness and powerlessness. Other consequences include extended hospital stays, high re-admission rates and longer recovery. Examples of harmful consequences of unrelieved<unk>  include: * Infants who have had more than average heel pricks can have poor cognitive and motor function; * Associations of needles with distress may make later medical treatments more difficult; *<unk>  who have experienced invasive procedures often develop post-traumatic stress; * Boys circumcised without anesthesia were found to have greater distress than uncircumcised boys; * Severe<unk>  as a child is associated with higher reports of<unk>  in adults. Neuropathic Neuropathic<unk>  is associated with nerve injuries or abnormal sensitivities to touch or contact. Though neuropathic<unk>  is relatively uncommon in<unk>  compared to adults, greater awareness of these conditions is on the rise. Some causes may include past surgeries and amputations, "autoimmune and degenerative neuropathies", and injury to the spinal cord. Symptoms may include a tingling, shooting, prickling or burning sensation. The<unk>  can be intermittent or continual and is often exacerbates in the evenings. Neuropathic<unk>  can be peripheral or central. Peripheral neuropathic<unk>  refers to disturbance in the function of peripheral nerves while central neuropathic<unk>  refers to nerves in the central nervous system. Though not FDA-approved to address<unk>  in<unk> , anticonvulsants such as gabapentin and pregabalin have been used in severe neuropathic impairment (SNI). Other options are serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Despite limited studies in<unk>  (limited to those with depression), SNRIs such as Venlafaxine have been shown to be effective. Cancer<unk>  Cancer<unk>  in<unk>  may be caused by the cancer itself or the side effects of treatment. Tumors can cause<unk>  in two different ways, either by the physical pressure it places on organs or by occluding normal bodily functions. Treatment such as surgery and injections can also lead to significant<unk>  for the patient. If untreated, the<unk>  can suppress the immune, interfere with sleep, and increase the chance of depression. Many different health care professionals will manage the child's<unk>  and are referred to as the patient's palliative care team, these include oncologists, anesthesiologists, neurologists, surgeons, psychiatrists, and pharmacists. Hospitals may also hire individuals who specialize in music or art therapy, these therapies include acupuncture, biofeedback, massage therapy, and hypnosis. Treatment of the cancer<unk>  is tailored to the child based on age, treatment, and side effects. The goal is to achieve sufficient background control of<unk>  and minimize any acute exacerbation of severe<unk> . Oftentimes medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, or opiates are used to manage the<unk> . Additionally, non-pharmacological can also be used to manage the child's<unk> , this includes distracting the child, massages, acupuncture, heat/cold therapy, exercise, and quality sleep. Chronic Chronic<unk>  in<unk>  is unresolved<unk>  that affects activities of daily living and may result in a significant amount of missed school days. Chronic<unk>  is present for long periods of time and is characterized as mild to severe. Chronic<unk>  has also been described as the<unk>  experienced when the child reports a headache, abdominal<unk> , back<unk> , generalized<unk>  or combination of these. Chronic<unk>  can develop from disease or injury and can occur simultaneously with acute<unk> .<unk>  who experience chronic<unk>  can have psychological effects. Caring for a child in<unk>  may cause distress to the caregiver, may cause costs due to healthcare or lost wages from time off work, and may stop caregivers from leaving the house.
Pain management in children
Management of heart failure
Rehabilitation in spinal cord injury
Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
Pain management during childbirth
Management of cerebral palsy
Cancer rehabilitation
Chiropractic treatment techniques