<unk>  is a condition in which there are excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of glucose. While it is often mistaken for diabetes or hyperglycaemia,<unk>  can result from a variety of metabolic diseases and conditions, as well as non-nutritive sugars in the diet. While<unk>  is often seen in people with early stage type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is not the cause of the condition and is only one symptom of the disease. Type 1 diabetes only occurs when pancreatic beta-cell function is impaired.<unk>  can be seen in a variety of conditions including diabetes mellitus type 2, in neonates and in drug-induced<unk> . It can also occur in congenital hyperinsulinism, including nesidioblastosis.<unk>  is associated with hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. These conditions are collectively known as Metabolic syndrome. This close association between<unk>  and conditions of metabolic syndrome suggest related or common mechanisms of pathogenicity.<unk>  has been shown to "play a role in obese hypertension by increasing renal sodium retention". In type 2 diabetes, the cells of the body become resistant to the effects of insulin as the receptors which bind to the hormone become less sensitive to insulin concentrations resulting in<unk>  and disturbances in insulin release. With a reduced response to insulin, the beta cells of the pancreas secrete increasing amounts of insulin in response to the continued high blood glucose levels resulting in<unk> . In insulin resistant tissues, a threshold concentration of insulin is reached causing the cells to uptake glucose and therefore decreases blood glucose levels. Studies have shown that the high levels of insulin resulting from insulin resistance might enhance insulin resistance. Studies on mice with genetically reduced circulating insulin suggest that<unk>  plays a causal role in high fat diet-induced obesity. In this study, mice with reduced insulin levels expended more energy and had fat cells that were reprogrammed to burn some energy as heat.<unk>  in neonates can be the result of a variety of environmental and genetic factors. If the mother of the infant is a diabetic and does not properly control her blood glucose levels, the hyperglycemic maternal blood can create a hyperglycemic environment in the fetus. To compensate for the increased blood glucose levels, fetal pancreatic beta cells can undergo hyperplasia. The rapid division of beta cells results in increased levels of insulin being secreted to compensate for the high blood glucose levels. Following birth, the hyperglycemic maternal blood is no longer accessible to the neonate resulting in a rapid drop in the newborn’s blood glucose levels. As insulin levels are still elevated this may result in hypoglycemia. To treat the condition, high concentration doses of glucose are given to the neonate as required maintaining normal blood glucose levels. The<unk>  condition subsides after one to two days.
Hyperinsulinemia
Hyperproinsulinemia
Oxyhyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Hyperinsulinism
Glycemia
Hyperprolactinaemia
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia