<unk> (anti-Kell1) is the second most common cause of severe<unk> (HDN) after Rh<unk> . Anti-Kell1 is becoming relatively more important as prevention of Rh<unk>  is also becoming more effective.<unk> (anti-Kell1) is caused by a mismatch between the Kell antigens of the mother and fetus. About 91% of the population are Kell1 negative and about 9% are Kell1 positive. A fraction of a percentage are homozygous for Kell1. Therefore, about 4.5% of babies born to a Kell1 negative mother are Kell1 positive. The<unk>  results when maternal antibodies to Kell1 are transferred to the fetus across the placental barrier, breaching immune privilege. These antibodies can cause severe anemia by interfering with the early proliferation of red blood cells as well as causing alloimmune hemolysis. Very severe<unk>  can occur as early as 20 weeks gestation. Hydrops fetalis can also occur early. The finding of anti-Kell antibodies in an antenatal screening blood test (indirect Coombs test) is an indication for early referral to a specialist service for assessment, management and treatment.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn 
Neonatal meningitis
Neonatal hepatitis
Michelin tire baby syndrome
Neonatal diabetes
Shaken baby syndrome
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Neonatal toxic shock-like exanthematous disease