Many congenital heart defects can be diagnosed prenatally by fetal echocardiography. This is a test which can be done during the second trimester of pregnancy, when the woman is about 18–24 weeks pregnant. It can be an abdominal ultrasound or transvaginal ultrasound. If a baby is born with cyanotic heart disease, the diagnosis is usually made shortly after birth due to the blue colour of their skin (called cyanosis). If a baby is born with a septal defect or an obstruction defect, often their<unk> s are only noticeable after several months or sometimes even after many years. Classification A number of classification systems exist for congenital heart defects. In 2000 the International Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature was developed to provide a generic classification system. Hypoplasia Hypoplasia can affect the heart, typically resulting in the underdevelopment of the right ventricle or the left ventricle. This causes only one side of the heart to be capable of pumping blood to the body and lungs effectively. Hypoplasia of the heart is rare but is the most serious form of CHD. It is called hypoplastic left heart syndrome when it affects the left side of the heart and hypoplastic right heart syndrome when it affects the right side of the heart. In both conditions, the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus (and, when hypoplasia affects the right side of the heart, a patent foramen ovale) is vital to the infant's ability to survive until emergency heart surgery can be performed, since without these pathways blood cannot circulate to the body (or lungs, depending on which side of the heart is defective). Hypoplasia of the heart is generally a cyanotic heart defect. Obstructive defects Obstructive defects occur when heart valves, arteries, or veins are abnormally narrow or blocked. Common defects include pulmonic stenosis, aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta, with other types such as bicuspid aortic valve stenosis and subaortic stenosis being comparatively rare. Any narrowing or blockage can cause heart enlargement or hypertension. Septal defects The septum is a wall of tissue which separates the left heart from the right heart. Defects in the interatrial septum or the interventricular septum allow blood to flow from the left side of the heart to the right, reducing the heart's efficiency. Ventricular septal defects are collectively the most common type of CHD, although approximately 30% of adults have a type of atrial septal defect called probe patent foramen ovale. Cyanotic defects Cyanotic heart defects are called such because they result in cyanosis, a bluish-grey discoloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygen in the body. Such defects include persistent truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and tricuspid atresia. Defects * Aortic stenosis * Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy * Atrial septal defect (ASD) * Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) * Bicuspid aortic valve * Cardiomyopathy * Complete heart block (CHB) * Dextrocardia * Double inlet left ventricle (DILV) * Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) * Ebstein's anomaly * Early Repolarization Syndrome * Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) * Hypoplastic right heart syndrome (HRHS) * Mitral stenosis * Persistent truncus arteriosus * Pulmonary atresia * Pulmonary stenosis * Rhabdomyomas (Tumors of the Heart) * Transposition of the great vessels * dextro-Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) * levo-Transposition of the great arteries (l-TGA) * Tricuspid atresia * Ventricular septal defect (VSD) * Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) Some conditions affect the great vessels or other vessels in close proximity to the heart, but not the heart itself, but are often classified as congenital heart defects. * Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) * Double aortic arch, aberrant subclavian artery, and other malformations of the great arteries * Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) * Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) * Scimitar syndrome (SS) * Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) * Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) Some constellations of multiple defects are commonly found together. * Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) * Pentalogy of Cantrell * Shone's syndrome/ Shone's complex / Shone's anomaly
symptom of Klippel–Feil syndrome
symptom of Hirschsprung's disease
symptom of Scheuermann's disease
symptom of Prader–Willi syndrome
symptom of Rotor syndrome
symptom of Coeliac disease
symptom of Stomach cancer
medical cause of Dysphagia