The universal feature of<unk> s is inconsolability, very similar to that of a panic attack. During<unk>  bouts, people are usually described as "bolting upright" with their eyes wide open and a look of fear and panic on their faces. They will often yell, scream, or attempt to speak, though such speech is often incomprehensible. Furthermore, they will usually sweat, exhibit rapid breathing, and have a rapid heart rate (autonomic signs). In some cases, individuals are likely to have even more elaborate motor activity, such as a thrashing of limbs—which may include punching, swinging, or fleeing motions. There is a sense that the individuals are trying to protect themselves and/or escape from a possible threat of bodily injury. Although people may seem to be awake during a<unk> , they will appear confused, be inconsolable and/or unresponsive to attempts to communicate with them, and may not recognize others familiar to them. Occasionally, when a person with a<unk>  is awakened, they will lash out at the one awakening them, which can be dangerous to that individual. Most people who experience this do not remember the incident the next day, although brief dream images or hallucinations may occur and be recalled. Sleepwalking is also common during<unk>  bouts, as sleepwalking and<unk> s are different manifestations of the same parasomnia. Both children and adults may display behaviour indicative of attempting to escape; some may thrash about or get out of bed and begin walking or running around aimlessly while inconsolable, increasing the risk of accidental injury. The risk of injury to others may be exacerbated by inadvertent provocation by nearby people, whose efforts to calm the sufferer may result in a physically violent response from the sufferer as they attempt to escape. During lab tests, subjects are known to have very high voltages of electroencephalography (EEG) delta activity, an increase in muscle tone, and a doubled or faster heart rate. Brain activities during a typical episode show theta and alpha activity when monitored with an EEG. Episodes can include tachycardia.<unk> s are also associated with intense autonomic discharge of tachypnea, flushing, diaphoresis, and mydriasis—that is, unconscious or involuntary rapid breathing, reddening of the skin, profuse sweating, and dilation of the pupils. Abrupt but calmer arousal from NREM sleep, short of a full<unk>  episode, is also common. In children with<unk> s, there is no increased occurrence of psychiatric diagnoses. However, in adults who suffer from<unk> s there is a close association with psychopathology and mental disorders. There may be an increased occurrence of<unk> s—particularly among those suffering or having suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It is also likely that some personality disorders may occur in individuals with<unk> s, such as dependent, schizoid, and borderline personality disorders. There have been some symptoms of depression and anxiety that have increased in individuals that have suffered from frequent<unk> s. Low blood sugar is associated with both pediatric and adult<unk> s. A study of adults with thalamic lesions of the brain and brainstem have been occasionally associated with<unk> s.<unk> s are closely linked to sleepwalking and frontal lobe epilepsy. Children<unk> s typically occur in children between the ages of three and twelve years, with a peak onset in children aged three and a half years old. An estimated 1–6% of children experience<unk> s. Children of both sexes and all ethnic backgrounds are affected equally. In children younger than three and a half years old, peak frequency of<unk> s is at least one episode per week. Among older children, peak frequency of<unk> s is one or two episodes per month. The children will most likely have no recollection of the episode the next day. Pediatric evaluation may be sought to exclude the possibility that the<unk> s are caused by seizure disorders or breathing problems. Most children will outgrow sleep<unk> s. Adults<unk> s in adults have been reported in all age ranges. Though the symptoms of<unk> s in adolescents and adults are similar, the cause, prognosis and treatment are qualitatively different. These<unk> s can occur each<unk>  if the sufferer does not eat a proper diet, get the appropriate amount or quality of sleep (e.g. sleep apnea), is enduring stressful events, or if he or she remains untreated. Adult<unk> s are much less common, and often respond to treatments to rectify causes of poor quality or quantity of sleep.<unk> s are classified as a mental and behavioral disorder in the ICD. A study done about<unk> s in adults showed that other psychiatric symptoms were prevalent in most patients experiencing<unk> s hinting at the comorbidity of the two. There is some evidence of a link between<unk> s and hypoglycemia. When a<unk>  happens, it is typical for a person to wake up yelling and kicking and to be able to recognize what he or she is saying. The person may even run out of the house (more common among adults) which can then lead to violent actions. It has been found that some adults who have been on a long-term intrathecal clonidine therapy show side effects of<unk> s, such as feelings of<unk>  early in the sleep cycle. This is due to the possible alteration of cervical/brain clonidine concentration. In adults,<unk> s can be symptomatic of neurological disease and can be further investigated through an MRI procedure.
Night terror
Sleep paralysis
Night Terror
Biovail
Bad Trip
Youth suicide
Copycat suicide
Yumiko-chan incident