BEI The Berner<unk> -Inventory (BEI) (Znoj, 2008; 2011) measures emotional<unk> , performance-related<unk> , pessimism/hopelessness, and misanthropy/aggression.<unk>  scale The<unk>  scale is a 19 item self-rating questionnaire and can be used to identify reactive<unk>  and assess the severity of<unk> . Answers are given on a five-point Likert scale. An average score of 2.5 identifies with a clinically relevant degree of<unk>  response, though it does not officially confirm a diagnosis. Higher values are only indications of critical<unk> . The diagnosis of<unk>  is only possible through a detailed clinical assessment or standardized diagnostic interview. Standardized diagnostic interview The standardized diagnostic interview of<unk>  asks for core criteria of<unk> . In the diagnostic interview, it must be clarified what the patient means when they describe their experiences and feelings. Differential diagnosis The<unk>  <unk>  has to be differentiated from the<unk>  stress<unk>  (PTSD). PTSD is defined through intrusions referring to a specific "traumatic" event, which was experienced as "extraordinary threat" and acted as an “unconditional” fear and panic triggering stimulus. When re-exposed or reminded, it comes to a “cognitive rehearsal” and a revival of fear and hyperarousal and at the same time the attempt to suppress the overwhelming pictures up to a state of numbing. PTSD is an anxiety<unk> . In<unk> , there are similar intrusions and the avoidance of situations or objects. The major difference is the quality of the prevailing emotion. In<unk> , this is<unk> , the feeling of vilification, injustice, and aggression towards the perpetrator. Patients often want to think about what has happened so that the world can see what one did to them. Many cases that look like PTSD are<unk>  cases because the problem did not start after an anxiety-triggering situation, but later in the context of injustice, humiliation by the company, insurance, police and courts.
Posttraumatic embitterment disorder
Transference neurosis
Malingering of post-traumatic stress disorder
Prolonged grief disorder
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Complicated grief disorder
Acute stress disorder
Suicide crisis