Treatment is dictated by both the tissues affected and the extent to which they are affected. Skeletal abnormalities Surgical management of skeletal abnormalities has evolved over the years. Surgical intervention may be necessary for some skeletal abnormalities. Bisphosphonates are helpful in relieving bone pain, but it is no longer believed that they prevent progression of the disease. Denosumab has been found successful in reducing bone pain and decreasing tumor growth, however there is limited safety data available in patients with fibrous dysplasia. Muscle strengthening exercises are important for preventing bone fractures; cycling and swimming are recommended in order to reduce the risk of fracture during exercise. Screening and management of endocrinopathies is an important part of managing fibrous dysplasia. For example, untreated growth hormone excess increases the risk of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia expansion and may lead to vision loss. Untreated hyperthyroidism and hypophosphatemia increases the risk of fractures and skeletal deformities. Endocrine abnormalities For treatment of precocious puberty, the aromatase inhibitor such as letrozole is effective at prevent bleeding episodes and preventing short stature. In boys, these should be combined with drugs such as spironolactone and flutamide to treat androgen excess. Periodic ultrasounds of testicular lesions should be performed to screen for cancer. Hyperthyroidism is managed with medications such as thioamides. However, because hyperthyroidism in<unk>  does not resolve, surgery or radiation are more definitive treatments. Periodic thyroid examination should be performed to screen for thyroid cancer. Oral phosphate and calcitriol may be given for treatment of hypophosphatemia. For growth hormone excess, treatment with somatostatin analogues or pegvisomant may be effective. Surgery may be an option, but may be complicated by the cranial abnormalities associated with the disorder. Excessive prolactin secretion may also occur; this is treated with dopamine agonists such as cabergoline. Radiation therapy has been associated with malignant transformation of skull base fibrous dysplasia, and should be avoided in all but the most dire cases. Cushing syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal complication that can occur in the first year of life. Adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice. Metyrapone may also be used for treatment.
McCune–Albright syndrome
Lightwood–Albright syndrome
Alström syndrome
Young–Madders syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Wilson–Turner syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
Wolcott–Rallison syndrome