The rate of ETMR is not correlated with sex, occurring equally in children of all sexes. It occurs more often in children under the age of three, and very rarely in children older than ten. The main molecular characteristic of this<unk>  is amplification of the C19MC microRNA cluster, which is one of the largest miRNA clusters in the human genome, encoding 59 mature miRNAs expressed commonly in the placenta and in some embryonic stem cells. The amplification can be identified using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or copy number profiling with either SNP arrays, DNA methylation arrays or next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. Another marker of the disease is high expression of LIN28A, which is often identified using immunohistochemistry and is useful for diagnosis, as it is very rarely seen in other brain<unk>  entities. Around 10% of ETMRs lack amplification of C19MC, but retain LIN28A expression. Clustering those<unk> s based on gene expression or DNA methylation profiling reveals they are not molecularly distinct from CN19MC-amplified ETMRs, and often have alterations in other miRNA genes or in miRNA-processing cellular machinery, such as DICER1.
Embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes
Sex cord tumour with annular tubules
Lipofibromatosis-like neural tumor
Surface epithelial-stromal tumor
Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma
Germ cell neoplasia in situ
Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma
Neural fibrolipoma