<unk> <unk>  is a disorder characterized by problems with the visual notation of speech, which in most languages of European origin are problems with alphabet writing systems which have a phonetic construction. Examples of these issues can be problems speaking in full sentences, problems correctly articulating Rs and Ls as well as Ms and Ns, mixing up sounds in multi-syllabic words (ex: for animal, for spaghetti, for helicopter, for hamburger, for magazine, etc.), problems of immature speech such as "wed and gween" instead of "red and green". The<unk>  have been identified mainly from research in languages with alphabetic writing systems, primarily English. However, many of these<unk> may be transferable to other types of writing systems. The causes of<unk>  are not agreed upon, although the consensus of neuroscientists believe<unk>  is a phonological processing disorder and that<unk> s have reading difficulties because they are unable to see or hear a word, break it down to discrete sounds, and then associate each sound with letters that make up the word. Some researchers believe that a subset of<unk> s have visual deficits in addition to deficits in phoneme processing, but this view is not universally accepted. In any case, there is no evidence that<unk> s literally "see" letters backward or in reverse order within words.<unk>  is a language disorder, not a vision disorder. Poor working memory may be another reason why those with<unk>  have difficulties remembering new vocabulary words. Remembering verbal instructions may also be a struggle.<unk> s who have not been given structured language instruction may grow to depend on learning individual words by memory rather than decoding words by mapping phonemes (speech sounds) to graphemes (letters and letter combinations which represent individual speech sounds).
Characteristics of dyslexia
Neuroscience of multilingualism
Mechanism of autism
Heritability of autism
Causes of autism
Global perceptions of autism
Social impact of profound hearing loss
Causes of hearing loss