Dental implants The most common use of<unk>  is in the application of dental implants to restore the edentulous area of a missing tooth. Dental implants require<unk> s underneath them for support and proper integration into the mouth. As mentioned earlier<unk>  grafts come in various forms such as autologous (from the same person), Allograft, Xenograft (mainly bovine<unk> , and Alloplastic materials.<unk>  grafts can be used prior to implant placement or simultaneously. People who have been edentulous (without teeth) for a prolonged period may not have enough<unk>  left in the necessary locations. In this case, autologous<unk>  can be taken from the chin, from the pilot holes for the implants, or even from the iliac crest of the pelvis and inserted into the mouth underneath the new implant. Alternatively, exogenous<unk>  can be used: xenograft is the most commonly used, because it offers the advantage of exceptional volume stability over time. Allograft offers the best regeneration quality but has lower volume stability. Often a mix of different kinds of<unk>  grafts is used. In general,<unk>  graft is either used en bloc (such as from the chin or the ascending ramus area of the lower jaw) or particulated, in order to be able to adapt it better to a defect. Dental<unk>  is a specialized oral surgical procedure that has been developed to reestablish lost jawbone. This loss can be a result of dental infection of abscess, periodontal disease, trauma, or the natural process of aging. There are various reasons for replacing lost<unk>  tissue and encouraging natural<unk>  growth, and each technique tackles jawbone defects differently. Reasons that<unk>  might be needed include sinus augmentation, socket preservation, ridge augmentation, or regeneration. There is currently some evidence supporting the use of autologous platelet concentrates (cell fragments containing growth factors to promote tissue regeneration) when<unk>  is used to treat gum disease. Fibular shaft Another common<unk>  graft, which is more substantial than those used for dental implants, is of the fibular shaft. After the segment of the fibular shaft has been removed normal activities such as running and jumping are permitted on the leg with the<unk>  deficit. The grafted, vascularized fibulas have been used to restore skeletal integrity to long<unk> s of limbs in which congenital<unk>  defects exist and to replace segments of<unk>  after trauma or malignant tumor invasion. The periosteum and nutrient artery are generally removed with the piece of<unk>  so that the graft will remain alive and grow when transplanted into the new host site. Once the transplanted<unk>  is secured into its new location it generally restores blood supply to the<unk>  in which it has been attached. Other<unk>  grafts are used in hopes that the defective<unk>  will be healed or will regrow with little to no graft rejection. Besides the main use of<unk>  – dental implants – this procedure is used to fuse joints to prevent movement, repair broken<unk> s that have<unk>  loss, and repair broken<unk>  that has not yet healed. Furthermore,<unk>  grafts or substitutes are widely used for augmentation of spinal fusion procedures.
Bone grafting
Osteoplasty
Distraction osteogenesis
Autologous chondrocyte implantation
Arthrodesis
Joint replacement
Osteotomy
Metroplasty