High blood pressure<unk>  is considered a first-line medication for treatment high blood pressure. Some recommend<unk>  over hydrochlorothiazide. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that<unk>  is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide for lowering blood pressure, while the two drugs have similar toxicity. Trials of<unk>  for high blood pressure found that lower doses of<unk>  (e.g., 12.5 mg daily in ALLHAT study) had maximal blood pressure lowering effect and that higher doses did not lower it more.<unk>  and other thiazide diuretics are effective for lowering high blood pressure in persons with chronic kidney disease, although the risk of adverse effects is higher in these persons. Left ventricular hypertrophy<unk>  is used to treat left ventricular hypertrophy in the heart; it works chiefly by lowering blood pressure, and thereby reducing systemic vascular resistance. There is evidence that<unk>  is superior to hydrochlorothiazide for reducing the mass of the left ventricle of the heart in persons with enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart.<unk>  is superior to angiotensin converting enzyme Inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers for inducing regression of enlargement of the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart. Swelling<unk>  may improve edema (swelling) by increasing urinary salt and water excretion, lowering intravascular hydrostatic pressure and thereby lowering transcapillary pressure (see Starling Equation). Edema may be caused by either increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced oncotic pressure in the blood vessels. Edema due to increased hydrostatic pressure may be a result of serious cardiopulmonary disease (which reduces glomerular perfusion in the kidney) or to kidney injury or disease (which may reduce glomerular excretion of salt and water by the kidney) or due to relatively benign conditions such as menstrual-related fluid retention, or as an adverse effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, which commonly cause swelling of the feet and lower legs. Edema due to decreased oncotic pressure may be a result of leaking of blood proteins through the glomeruli of an injured kidney or a result of decreased synthesis of blood proteins by the liver. Regardless of cause,<unk>  may sometimes reduce the severity of edema by reducing intravascular volume and thereby reducing intravascular hydrostatic pressure. Bone fracture prevention<unk>  decreases mineral bone loss by promoting calcium retention by the kidney, and by directly stimulating osteoblast differentiation and bone mineral formation. A Cochrane review found tentative evidence that thiazide exposure was associated with a reduced risk of hip fracture. A secondary analysis of data from the ALLHAT study found that<unk>  reduced risk of hip and pelvis fracture. Kidney stone prevention<unk>  reduces the amount of calcium excreted in urine, reducing the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. In people who have had multiple episodes of calcium oxalate kidney stones,<unk>  lowers the risk of having another episode of kidney stones.<unk>  is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide for lowering urine calcium levels and is therefore probably more effective. Ménière's disease<unk>  reduces the volume and thereby reduces the pressure in the inner ear chambers; elevated endolymph pressure in the inner ear is thought to be the cause of Ménière's disease or ’Endolymphatic hydrops.’ Synthesis of evidence from multiple small, low-quality studies indicates that<unk>  or other thiazide diuretics are effective for Ménière's Disease. Diabetes insipidus<unk>  (or other thiazide medication) is a key component of treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs when the kidney is unable to produce concentrated urine because it has an inadequate response to vasopressin-dependent removal of free water from the renal tubular filtrate. By blocking sodium ion resorption in the distal convoluted tubule,<unk>  induces an increase in excretion of sodium ion in urine (natriuresis). Giving<unk>  while simultaneously restricting dietary sodium intake causes mild hypovolemia (low intravascular volume), which induces isotonic reabsorption of solute from the proximal renal tubule, reducing solute delivery in the renal collecting tubule and renal medullary collecting duct. This reduced delivery of solute to the collecting tubule and medullary collecting duct allows increased water resorption and higher concentration of urine, which leads to reversal of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by a means that is independent of vasopressin.
Chlortalidone
Primidone
Rimonabant
Thioridazine
Ziprasidone
Domperidone
Methylphenidate
Paliperidone