Diagnosis<unk>  is used in Whitaker test to differentiate recurrent obstruction or permanent dilatation after an operative surgery that corrects the cause of obstruction. This procedure is also used for antegrade pyelography to visualize the upper urinary tract system. Treatment<unk>  is also used to treat hydronephrosis caused by kidney stones, pregnancy, stricture of the urinary tract, urinary tract/cervical/prostate tumours. Besides, infections such as urosepsis and pyonephrosis can also be drained by nephrostomy tube insertion.<unk>  is also useful in divert urine away from diseased site to enhance healing. Examples of conditions that can be treated with such method are malignant/traumatic/inflammatory fistula, and haemorrhagic cystitis.<unk>  is also used to provide access for chemotherapy/antibiotic/antifungal therapy, antegrade urethral stent placement, stone retrieval, and endopyelotomy (endoscopic surgery for the enlargement of the junction of renal pelvis and ureter).
Percutaneous nephrostomy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Nephrostomy
Ureteric stent
Ureteric balloon catheter
Urostomy
Ureteroureterostomy
Ureterolysis