<unk>  can be diagnosed via different types of assessment, most of which are also used to detect acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Most<unk>  incidents are diagnosed weeks or months after taking OSP, due to its clinical silence. For example, these assessments include the measurement of serum phosphorus with an elevation of more than 3 mmol/L, the finding of an elevated serum creatinine level and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine microscopy for crystallization detection, the image of calcium<unk>  crystals deposited through CT scanning, urinalysis, renal biopsy specimens with histochemical staining for calcium<unk> . These assessments are generally carried out within the laboratory environment, in which longer waiting time is required to attain the results. The measurement of serum creatinine level and GFR are used to indicate the severity stage of acute kidney injury or the duration of impairment of kidney function, when early-onset<unk>  occurs. The more than 1.5 fold increase in serum creatinine level, or the more than 25% decrease in GFR, or the decrease in urine output less than 0.5mL/kg/h within 6 hours, signify the risk of attaining acute kidney injury after ingestion of OPS. Urine microscopy is reported to be an accurate diagnostic assessment for underlying crystalline-induced nephropathy, either endogenous or drug-induced calcium<unk>  crystals. Via examining the urinary sediments, calcium<unk>  crystals are identified, and the associated<unk>  is determined. As<unk>  results in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, the impairment in kidney function can be measured via urinalysis. The presence of non-dysmorphic erythrocytes, modest proteinuria or protein within urine, pyuria or pus within urine, and leukocyte cast indicates acute tubular necrosis and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. For<unk>  with nonspecific symptoms, renal biopsy is reported as an important diagnosis due to the normal levels of both calcium and phosphorus. Following renal biopsy, the calcium<unk>  crystals are distinguished from calcium oxalate crystals via staining with haematoxylin and eosin, as calcium<unk>  deposits lack birefringence under polarized light. Then, the positive staining with the von Kossa stains can be used to display the presence of abnormal calcium and<unk>  deposits respectively via light illumination.
Phosphate nephropathy
Analgesic nephropathy
Sickle cell nephropathy
IgA nephropathy
Myeloma cast nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Reflux nephropathy
Malarial nephropathy