This diagram shows the<unk> s of the heart. The aortic and<unk><unk> s are shown in the left heart, and the tricuspid and pulmonic<unk> s are shown in the right heart.<unk>  and insufficiency/regurgitation represent the dominant functional and anatomic consequences associated with<unk> lar heart disease. Irrespective of disease process, alterations to the<unk>  occur that produce one or a combination of these conditions. Insufficiency and regurgitation are synonymous terms that describe an inability of the<unk>  to prevent backflow of blood as leaflets of the<unk>  fail to join (coapt) correctly.<unk>  is characterized by a narrowing of the<unk> lar orifice that prevents adequate outflow of blood.<unk>  can also result in insufficiency if thickening of the annulus or leaflets results in inappropriate leaf closure.<unk>  involved Stenotic disease Insufficiency/regurgitation disease Aortic<unk>  Aortic<unk><unk>  Aortic insufficiency/regurgitation<unk><unk> <unk><unk><unk> <unk>  insufficiency/regurgitation Tricuspid<unk>  Tricuspid<unk><unk>  Tricuspid insufficiency/regurgitation Pulmonary<unk>  Pulmonary<unk><unk>  Pulmonary insufficiency/regurgitation Aortic and<unk><unk>  disorders Aortic and<unk><unk>  disorders are left heart diseases that are more prevalent than diseases of the pulmonary or tricuspid<unk>  in the right heart due to the higher pressures in the left heart.<unk>  of the aortic<unk>  is characterized by a thickening of the<unk> lar annulus or leaflets that limits the ability of blood to be ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta.<unk>  is typically the result of<unk> lar calcification but may be the result of a congenitally malformed bicuspid aortic<unk> . This defect is characterized by the presence of only two<unk>  leaflets. It may occur in isolation or in concert with other cardiac anomalies. Aortic insufficiency, or regurgitation, is characterized by an inability of the<unk>  leaflets to appropriately close at the end systole, thus allowing blood to flow inappropriately backward into the left ventricle. Causes of aortic insufficiency in the majority of cases are unknown, or idiopathic. It may be the result of connective tissue or immune disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively. Processes that lead to aortic insufficiency usually involve dilation of the<unk>  annulus, thus displacing the<unk>  leaflets, which are anchored in the annulus.<unk><unk>  is caused largely by rheumatic heart disease, though is rarely the result of calcification. In some cases, vegetations form on the<unk>  leaflets as a result of endocarditis, an inflammation of the heart tissue.<unk><unk>  is uncommon and not as age-dependent as other types of<unk> lar disease.<unk>  insufficiency can be caused by dilation of the left heart, often a consequence of heart failure. In these cases, the left ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and causes displacement of the attached papillary muscles, which control the<unk> . Pulmonary and tricuspid<unk>  disorders Pulmonary and tricuspid<unk>  diseases are right heart diseases. Pulmonary<unk>  diseases are the least common heart<unk>  disease in adults. Pulmonary<unk><unk>  is often the result of congenital malformations and is observed in isolation or as part of a larger pathologic process, as in Tetralogy of Fallot, Noonan syndrome, and congenital rubella syndrome. Unless the degree of<unk>  is severe, individuals with pulmonary<unk>  usually have excellent outcomes and better treatment options. Often patients do not require intervention until later in adulthood as a consequence of calcification that occurs with aging. Pulmonary<unk>  insufficiency occurs commonly in healthy individuals to a very mild extent and does not require intervention. More appreciable insufficiency is typically the result of damage to the<unk>  due to cardiac catheterization, intra-aortic balloon pump insertion, or other surgical manipulations. Additionally, insufficiency may be the result of carcinoid syndrome, inflammatory processes such a rheumatoid disease or endocarditis, or congenital malformations. It may also be secondary to severe pulmonary hypertension. Tricuspid<unk><unk>  without co-occurrent regurgitation is highly uncommon and typically the result of rheumatic disease. It may also be the result of congenital abnormalities, carcinoid syndrome, obstructive right atrial tumors (typically lipomas or myxomas), or hypereosinophilic syndromes. Minor tricuspid insufficiency is common in healthy individuals. In more severe cases it is a consequence of dilation of the right ventricle, leading to displacement of the papillary muscles which control the<unk> 's ability to close. Dilation of the right ventricle occurs secondary to ventricular septal defects, right to left shunting of blood, eisenmenger syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and pulmonary<unk> . Tricuspid insufficiency may also be the result of congenital defects of the tricuspid<unk> , such as Ebstein's anomaly.
causes of Mitral valve stenosis
causes of Mitral insufficiency
causes of Ventricular tachycardia
causes of Cardiomegaly
causes of Cardiac tamponade
causes of Libman–Sacks endocarditis
causes of Heart murmur
risks of Atrial fibrillation