<unk>  in childhood commonly has no identifiable cause (idiopathic), and adult-onset<unk>  is commonly due to pituitary tumours and their treatment or to cranial irradiation. A more complete list of causes includes: * mutations of specific genes (e.g., GHRHR, GH1) * congenital diseases such as Prader-Willi syndrome, Turner syndrome, or short-stature homeobox gene<unk>  * congenital malformations involving the pituitary (e.g., septo-optic dysplasia, posterior pituitary ectopia) * chronic kidney disease * intracranial tumors in or near the sella turcica, especially craniopharyngioma * damage to the pituitary from radiation therapy to the head (e.g. for leukemia or brain tumors), from surgery, from trauma, or from intracranial disease (e.g. hydrocephalus) * autoimmune inflammation (hypophysitis) * ischemic or hemorrhagic infarction from low blood pressure (Sheehan syndrome) or hemorrhage pituitary apoplexy There are a variety of rare diseases that resemble<unk> , including the childhood<unk>  failure, facial appearance, delayed bone age, and low insulin-like<unk>  factor-1 (IGF-1) levels. However, GH testing elicits normal or high levels of GH in the blood, demonstrating that the problem is not due to a<unk>  of GH but rather to a reduced sensitivity to its action. Insensitivity to GH is traditionally termed Laron dwarfism, but over the last 15 years many different types of GH resistance have been identified, primarily involving mutations of the GH binding protein or receptors. Familial isolated<unk>  (IGHD) can be inherited as an autosomal recessive (type I), autosomal dominant (type II), or X-linked (type III) characteristic.
Growth hormone deficiency
Prader–Willi syndrome
Isolated growth hormone deficiency
Turner syndrome
Thyroid dysgenesis
Noonan syndrome
Congenital hypothyroidism
Small for gestational age