Common causes include infection, or reaction to medication such as an analgesic or antibiotics such as methicillin (meticillin). Reaction to medications causes 71% to 92% of cases. Drugs +Examples of Drugs Associated With<unk>  Class Examples Antibiotic β-lactams (e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins), sulfonamides (e.g. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), fluoroquinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin), macrolides (e.g. erythromycin), anti-tuberculins (e.g. rifampin, ethambutol), chloramphenicol Antiviral Acyclovir, atazanavir, abacavir, indinavir Pain Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (e.g. ibuprofen, naproxen), selective COX-2 inhibitors (e.g. celecoxib) Gastrointestinal Proton pump inhibitors (e.g. omeprazole, lansoprazole), H2-receptor blockers (e.g. cimetidine), 5-aminosalicylates (e.g. mesalamine) Antiseizure Phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital Diuretic Hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, triamterene, chlorthalidone Chemotherapy Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. sunitinib), checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab) Other Allopurinol, Chinese herbs This disease is also caused by other diseases and toxins that damage the kidney. Both acute and chronic tubulointerstitial<unk>  can be caused by a bacterial infection in the kidneys known as pyelonephritis, but the most common cause is by an adverse reaction to a medication. The medications that are known to cause this sort of reaction are β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalexin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin less frequently than others), as well as proton-pump inhibitors, rifampicin, sulfa medications, fluoroquinolones, diuretics, allopurinol, mesalamine, and phenytoin. The time between exposure to the drug and the development of acute tubulointerstitial<unk>  can be anywhere from 5 days to 5 months (fenoprofen-induced).
Interstitial nephritis
Shunt nephritis
Lupus nephritis
Diffuse proliferative nephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Renal papillary necrosis
Focal proliferative nephritis
Analgesic nephropathy