De-icing and freezing-point depression Bulk<unk>  for de-icing in Japan By depressing the freezing point of water,<unk>  is used to prevent ice formation and is used to de-ice. This application consumes the greatest amount of<unk> .<unk>  is relatively harmless to plants and soil. As a deicing agent, it is much more effective at lower temperatures than sodium chloride. When distributed for this use, it usually takes the form of small, white spheres a few millimeters in diameter, called prills. Solutions of<unk>  can prevent freezing at temperatures as low as −52 °C (−62 °F), making it ideal for filling agricultural implement tires as a liquid ballast, aiding traction in cold climates. It is also used in domestic and industrial chemical air dehumidifiers. Road surfacing<unk>  was sprayed on this road to prevent weathering, giving it a wet appearance even in dry weather. The second largest application of<unk>  exploits its hygroscopic nature and the tackiness of its hydrates;<unk>  is highly hygroscopic and its hydration is an exothermic process. A concentrated solution keeps a liquid layer on the surface of dirt roads, which suppresses the formation of dust. It keeps the finer dust particles on the road, providing a cushioning layer. If these are allowed to blow away, the large aggregate begins to shift around and the road breaks down. Using<unk>  reduces the need for grading by as much as 50% and the need for fill-in materials as much as 80%. Food The average intake of<unk>  as food additives has been estimated to be 160–345 mg/day.<unk>  is permitted as a food additive in the European Union for use as a sequestrant and firming agent with the E number E509. It is considered as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Its use in organic crop production is generally prohibited under the US National Organic Program. In marine aquariums,<unk>  is one way to introduce bioavailable<unk>  for<unk>  carbonate-shelled animals such as mollusks and some cnidarians.<unk>  hydroxide (kalkwasser mix) or a<unk>  reactor can also be used. As a firming agent,<unk>  is used in canned vegetables, in firming soybean curds into tofu and in producing a caviar substitute from vegetable or fruit juices. It is commonly used as an electrolyte in sports drinks and other beverages, including bottled water. The extremely salty taste of<unk>  is used to flavor pickles without increasing the food's sodium content.<unk> 's freezing-point depression properties are used to slow the freezing of the caramel in caramel-filled chocolate bars. Also, it is frequently added to sliced apples to maintain texture. In brewing beer,<unk>  is sometimes used to correct mineral deficiencies in the brewing water. It affects flavor and chemical reactions during the brewing process, and can also affect yeast function during fermentation. In cheesemaking,<unk>  is sometimes added to processed (pasteurized/homogenized) milk to restore the natural balance between<unk>  and protein in casein. It is added before the coagulant.<unk>  is used to prevent cork spot and bitter pit on apples by spraying on the tree during the late growing season. Laboratory and related drying operations Drying tubes are frequently packed with<unk> . Kelp is dried with<unk>  for use in producing sodium carbonate. Anhydrous<unk>  has been approved by the FDA as a packaging aid to ensure dryness (CPG 7117.02). The hydrated salt can be dried for re-use but will dissolve in its own water of hydration if heated quickly and form a hard amalgamated solid when cooled. Other applications<unk>  is used in concrete mixes to accelerate the initial setting, but chloride ions lead to corrosion of steel rebar, so it should not be used in reinforced concrete. The anhydrous form of<unk>  may also be used for this purpose and can provide a measure of the moisture in concrete.<unk>  is included as an additive in plastics and in fire extinguishers, in blast furnaces as an additive to control scaffolding (clumping and adhesion of materials that prevent the furnace charge from descending), and in fabric softener as a thinner. The exothermic dissolution of<unk>  is used in self-heating cans and heating pads. In the oil industry,<unk>  is used to increase the density of solids-free brines. It is also used to provide inhibition of swelling clays in the water phase of invert emulsion drilling fluids. acts as flux material, decreasing the melting point, in the Davy process for the industrial production of sodium metal through the electrolysis of molten NaCl. Similarly, is used as a flux and electrolyte in the FFC Cambridge process for titanium production, where it ensures the proper exchange of<unk>  and oxygen ions between the electrodes.<unk>  is also used in the production of activated charcoal.<unk>  can be used to precipitate fluoride ions from water as insoluble .<unk>  is also an ingredient used in ceramic slipware. It suspends clay particles so that they float within the solution, making it easier to use in a variety of slipcasting techniques.<unk>  dihydrate (20 percent by weight) dissolved in ethanol (95 percent ABV) has been used as a sterilant for male animals. The solution is injected into the testes of the animal. Within one month, necrosis of testicular tissue results in sterilization. Cocaine producers in Colombia import tons of<unk>  to recover solvents that are on the INCB Red List and are more tightly controlled.
Calcium chloride
Potassium chloride 
Potassium chloride
Potassium bromide
Sodium bicarbonate
Magnesium sulfate 
Magnesium sulfate
Glucagon 