Treatment is generally not necessary in people without symptoms. In moderate<unk> es echocardiography is performed every 1–2 years to monitor the progression, possibly complemented with a cardiac stress test. In severe<unk> es, echocardiography is performed every 3–6 months. In both moderate and mild<unk> es, the person should immediately make a revisit or be admitted for inpatient care if any new related symptoms appear. There are no therapeutic options currently available to treat people with aortic valve stenosis; however, studies in 2014 indicated that the disease occurs as a result of active cellular processes, suggesting that targeting these processes may lead to viable therapeutic approaches. Medication Observational studies demonstrated an association between lowered cholesterol with statins and decreased progression, but a randomized clinical trial published in 2005 failed to find any effect on calcific<unk> . The effect of statins on the progression of AS is unclear. A 2007 study found a slowing of<unk>  with rosuvastatin. In 2013 it was reported that trials did not show any benefit in slowing AS progression, but did demonstrate a decrease in ischemic cardiovascular events. In general, medical therapy has relatively poor efficacy in treating<unk> . However, it may be useful to manage commonly coexisting conditions that correlate with<unk> : * Any angina is generally treated with beta-blockers and/or calcium blockers. Nitrates are contraindicated due to their potential to cause profound hypotension in<unk> . * Any hypertension is treated aggressively, but caution must be taken in administering beta-blockers. * Any heart failure is generally treated with digoxin and diuretics, and, if not contraindicated, cautious administration of ACE inhibitors. Aortic valve repair Aortic valve repair or aortic valve reconstruction describes the reconstruction of both form and function of the native and dysfunctioning aortic valve. Most frequently it is applied for the treatment of aortic regurgitation. It can also become necessary for the treatment of an aortic aneurysm, less frequently for congenital<unk> . Aortic valve replacement In adults, symptomatic severe<unk>  usually requires aortic valve replacement (AVR). While AVR has been the standard of care for<unk>  for several decades, aortic valve replacement approaches included open-heart surgery, minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS), and minimally invasive catheter-based (percutaneous) aortic valve replacement. However, surgical aortic valve replacement is well-studied, and generally has a good and well-established longer-term prognosis. A diseased aortic valve is most commonly replaced using a surgical procedure with either a mechanical or a tissue valve. The procedure is done either in an open-heart surgical procedure or, in a smaller but growing number of<unk> es, a minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) procedure. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement Globally more than 250,000 people have received transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). For people who are not candidates for surgical valve replacement and most patients who are older than 75, TAVR may be a suitable alternative. Balloon valvuloplasty For infants and children, balloon valvuloplasty, where a balloon is inflated to stretch the valve and allow greater flow, may also be effective. In adults, however, it is generally ineffective, as the valve tends to return to a stenosed state. The surgeon will make a small incision at the top of the person's leg and proceed to insert the balloon into the artery. The balloon is then advanced up to the valve and is inflated to stretch the valve open. Heart failure Acute decompensated heart failure due to AS may be temporarily managed by an intra-aortic balloon pump while pending surgery. In those with high blood pressure nitroprusside may be carefully used. Phenylephrine may be used in those with very low blood pressure.
Aortic stenosis
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Mitral stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Tricuspid valve stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
Pulmonary valve stenosis