The applications of<unk>  powder are numerous, and the principal ones are summarized below. Most applications exploit the reactivity of the<unk>  as a precursor to other zinc compounds. For material science applications,<unk>  has high refractive index, high thermal conductivity, binding, antibacterial and UV-protection properties. Consequently, it is added into materials and products including plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, rubber, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesive, sealants, concrete manufacturing, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, etc. Rubber manufacture Between 50% and 60% of<unk>  use is in the rubber industry.<unk>  along with stearic acid is used in the vulcanization of rubber<unk>  additives also protect rubber from fungi (see medical applications) and UV light. Ceramic industry Ceramic industry consumes a significant amount of<unk> , in particular in ceramic glaze and frit compositions. The relatively high heat capacity, thermal conductivity and high temperature stability of<unk>  coupled with a comparatively low coefficient of expansion are desirable properties in the production of ceramics.<unk>  affects the melting point and optical properties of the glazes, enamels, and ceramic formulations.<unk>  as a low expansion, secondary flux improves the elasticity of glazes by reducing the change in viscosity as a function of temperature and helps prevent crazing and shivering. By substituting<unk>  for BaO and PbO, the heat capacity is decreased and the thermal conductivity is increased. Zinc in small amounts improves the development of glossy and brilliant surfaces. However, in moderate to high amounts, it produces matte and crystalline surfaces. With regard to color, zinc has a complicated influence. Medicine<unk>  as a mixture with about 0.5% iron(III)<unk>  (Fe2O3) is called calamine and is used in calamine lotion. Two minerals, zincite and hemimorphite, have been historically called calamine. When mixed with eugenol, a ligand,<unk>  eugenol is formed, which has applications as a restorative and prosthodontic in dentistry. Reflecting the basic properties of<unk> , fine particles of the<unk>  have deodorizing and antibacterial properties and for that reason are added into materials including cotton fabric, rubber, oral care products, and food packaging. Enhanced antibacterial action of fine particles compared to bulk material is not exclusive to<unk>  and is observed for other materials, such as silver. This property results from the increased surface area of the fine particles.<unk>  is used in mouthwash products and toothpastes as an anti-bacterial agent proposed to prevent plaque and tartar formation, and to control bad breath by reducing the volatile gases and volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the mouth. Along with<unk>  or zinc salts, these products also commonly contain other active ingredients, such as cetylpyridinium chloride, xylitol, hinokitiol, essential oils and plant extracts.<unk>  is widely used to treat a variety of skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, itching due to eczema, diaper rash and acne.<unk>  is also often added into sunscreens. It is used in products such as baby powder and barrier creams to treat diaper rashes, calamine cream, anti-dandruff shampoos, and antiseptic ointments. It is also a component in tape (called<unk>  tape") used by athletes as a bandage to prevent soft tissue damage during workouts.<unk>  can be used in ointments, creams, and lotions to protect against sunburn and other damage to the skin caused by ultraviolet light (see sunscreen). It is the broadest spectrum UVA and UVB absorber that is approved for use as a sunscreen by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and is completely photostable. When used as an ingredient in sunscreen,<unk>  blocks both UVA (320–400 nm) and UVB (280–320 nm) rays of ultraviolet light.<unk>  and the other most common physical sunscreen, titanium dioxide, are considered to be nonirritating, nonallergenic, and non-comedogenic. Zinc from<unk>  is, however, slightly absorbed into the skin. Many sunscreens use nanoparticles of<unk>  (along with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide) because such small particles do not scatter light and therefore do not appear white. The nanoparticles are not absorbed into the skin more than regular-sized<unk>  particles are, and are only absorbed into the outermost layer of the skin but not into the body.<unk>  nanoparticles can enhance the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin. It has been shown that nano<unk>  that has an average size between 20 nm and 45 nm can enhance the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro. The enhancing effect of this nanomaterial is concentration dependent against all test strains. This effect may be due to two reasons. First,<unk>  nanoparticles can interfere with NorA protein, which is developed for conferring resistance in bacteria and has pumping activity that mediate the effluxing of hydrophilic fluoroquinolones from a cell. Second,<unk>  nanoparticles can interfere with Omf protein, which is responsible for the permeation of quinolone antibiotics into the cell. Cigarette filters<unk>  is a component of cigarette filters. A filter consisting of charcoal impregnated with<unk>  and iron<unk>  removes significant amounts of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from tobacco smoke without affecting its flavor. Food additive<unk>  is added to many food products, including breakfast cereals, as a source of zinc, a necessary nutrient. (Zinc sulfate is also used for the same purpose.) Some prepackaged foods also include trace amounts of<unk>  even if it is not intended as a nutrient.<unk>  was linked to dioxin contamination in pork exports in the 2008 Chilean pork crisis. The contamination was found to be due to dioxin contaminated<unk>  used in pig feed. Pigment<unk>  (zinc white) is used as a pigment in paints and is more opaque than lithopone, but less opaque than titanium dioxide. It is also used in coatings for paper. Chinese white is a special grade of zinc white used in artists' pigments. The use of zinc white as a pigment in oil painting started in the middle of 18th century. It has partly replaced the poisonous lead white and was used by painters such as Böcklin, Van Gogh, Manet, Munch and others. It is also a main ingredient of mineral makeup (CI 77947). UV absorber Micronized and nano-scale<unk>  and titanium dioxide provide strong protection against UVA and UVB ultraviolet radiation, and are used in suntan lotion, and also in UV-blocking sunglasses for use in space and for protection when welding, following research by scientists at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Coatings Paints containing<unk>  powder have long been utilized as anticorrosive coatings for metals. They are especially effective for galvanized iron. Iron is difficult to protect because its reactivity with organic coatings leads to brittleness and lack of adhesion.<unk>  paints retain their flexibility and adherence on such surfaces for many years.<unk>  highly n-type doped with aluminium, gallium, or indium is transparent and conductive (transparency ~90%, lowest resistivity ~10−4 Ω·cm).<unk> :Al coatings are used for energy-saving or heat-protecting windows. The coating lets the visible part of the spectrum in but either reflects the infrared (IR) radiation back into the room (energy saving) or does not let the IR radiation into the room (heat protection), depending on which side of the window has the coating. Plastics, such as polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), can be protected by applying<unk>  coating. The coating reduces the diffusion of oxygen with PEN.<unk>  layers can also be used on polycarbonate in outdoor applications. The coating protects polycarbonate from solar radiation, and decreases its<unk> tion rate and photo-yellowing. Corrosion prevention in nuclear reactors<unk>  depleted in 64Zn (the zinc isotope with atomic mass 64) is used in corrosion prevention in nuclear pressurized water reactors. The depletion is necessary, because 64Zn is transformed into radioactive 65Zn under irradiation by the reactor neutrons. Methane reforming<unk>  <unk>  is used as a pretreatment step to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from natural gas following hydrogenation of any sulfur compounds prior to a methane reformer, which can poison the catalyst. At temperatures between about , H2S is converted to water by the following reaction: :H2S +<unk>  → H2O + ZnS The zinc sulfide (ZnS) is replaced with fresh<unk>  when the<unk>  has been consumed.
Zinc oxide
Zinc sulfate 
Zinc pyrithione
Silver diammine fluoride
Amylmetacresol
Zinc cadmium sulfide
Perchloryl fluoride
Sodium hydroxide