Lifespan may be significantly shortened in males with<unk> . Patients may survive into their late twenties, but generally suffer from early mortality due to cardiac, respiratory, and post-operative complications. The progression of reduced cardiac functioning over time may necessitate surgical procedures to counteract mitral valve dysfunction, congenital heart disease, patent ductus arteriosus, and ventricular hypertrophy. Kyphoscoliosis may worsen over time and contribute to these pathologies.
Coffin–Lowry syndrome
Irvine–Gass syndrome
Young–Madders syndrome
Nelson's syndrome
Fowler's syndrome
Potocki–Lupski syndrome
Lujan–Fryns syndrome
Worster-Drought syndrome