Consequences Increased level of anxiety and depression is associated with higher levels of sleep disturbances in TBI patients. If depression or anxiety are not treated in these patients, successful treatment of sleep may be prevented. TBI patients suffering from<unk> ss show impaired cognitive function and vigilance performance which impairs daily functioning. Sleep is known for its neuroprotective role by elimination of neurotoxic waste products, the neural growth and plasticity, but furthermore, for a specific neuroplastic recovery effect from post mild TBI symptoms. Therefore, sleep disturbance may have a negative effect on<unk>  recovery, rehabilitation and outcomes, leading to long term disabilities. This may be related to less non-REM sleep due to a higher amount of stage 1 sleep. TBI patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea show reduced cardiac function and hypertension. Obstructive sleep apnea is also associated with structural changes in the brain. Indirect consequences of sleep<unk>  after TBI can be the exacerbation of the many complications and comorbidities of TBI. These include fatigue, post-traumatic stress symptoms or post-traumatic stress<unk> (PTSD) and chronic pain. Animal studies with rodents showed that sleep deprivation after<unk>  brain<unk>  has been associated with multiple, potentially negative effects on brain homeostasis, including changes in glutamate concentration and energy consumption as well as in brain temperature. In summary, sleep<unk>  occurring in TBI patients are associated with a low health-related quality of life and a shorter survival status.
Sleeping disorders following traumatic brain injury
Acute behavioural disturbance
Mass psychogenic illness
Post-stroke depression
Pollutant-induced abnormal behaviour
Fatal insomnia
Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome
Complications of traumatic brain injury