<unk>  is an indication of renal (kidney) health. The normal range is 2.1–7.1 mmol/L or 6–20 mg/dL. The main causes of an increase in<unk>  are: high protein diet, decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (suggestive of kidney failure), decrease in<unk>  volume (hypovolemia), congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, fever, rapid cell destruction from infections, athletic activity, excessive muscle breakdown, and increased catabolism. Hypothyroidism can cause both decreased GFR and hypovolemia, but<unk> -to-creatinine ratio has been found to be lowered in hypothyroidism and raised in hyperthyroidism. The main causes of a decrease in<unk>  are severe liver disease, anabolic state, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Reference ranges for<unk>  tests, comparing<unk>  (yellow at right) to other<unk>  constituents Another rare cause of a decreased<unk>  is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, which is a genetic disorder inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. OTC deficiency is also accompanied by hyperammonemia and high orotic acid levels.
Blood urea nitrogen
Blood protein
Uric acid
Hematocrit
Glycated hemoglobin
Urine osmolality
Serum total protein
Urine sodium