There are several systems for classifying<unk> s, but there is not yet a widely accepted standard. They are sometimes grouped both spatially (moving from outside the cell inwards) and chronologically (parallelling the "normal" process of signal transduction). There are several categories that are commonly used: Category Examples Cancers Gene functions Growth factors, or mitogens c-Sis glioblastomas, fibrosarcomas, osteosarcomas, breast carcinomas, and melanomas induces cell proliferation. Receptor tyrosine kinases epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), HER2/neu Breast cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation. Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases Src-family, Syk-ZAP-70 family, and BTK family of tyrosine kinases, the Abl gene in CML - Philadelphia chromosome colorectal and breast cancers, melanomas, ovarian cancers, gastric cancers, head and neck cancers, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, brain cancers, and blood cancers mediate the responses to, and the activation receptors of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival Cytoplasmic Serine/threonine kinases and their regulatory subunits Raf kinase, and cyclin-dependent kinases (through overexpression). malignant melanoma, papillary thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer, and ovarian cancer involved in organism development, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, differentiation, cells survival, and apoptosis Regulatory GTPases<unk>  protein adenocarcinomas of the pancreas and colon, thyroid tumors, and myeloid leukemia involved in signalling a major pathway leading to cell proliferation. Transcription factors myc gene malignant T-cell lymphomas and acute myeloid leukemias, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, retinoblastoma, and small cell lung cancer regulate transcription of genes that induce cell proliferation. Additional<unk> tic regulator properties include: ::*Growth factors are usually secreted by either specialized or non-specialized cells to induce cell proliferation in themselves, nearby cells, or distant cells. An<unk>  may cause a cell to secrete growth factors even though it does not normally do so. It will thereby induce its own uncontrolled proliferation (autocrine loop), and proliferation of neighboring cells, possibly leading to tumor formation. It may also cause production of growth hormones in other parts of the body. ::*Receptor tyrosine kinases add phosphate groups to other proteins in order to turn them on or off. Receptor kinases add phosphate groups to receptor proteins at the surface of the cell (which receives protein signals from outside the cell and transmits them to the inside of the cell). Tyrosine kinases add phosphate groups to the amino acid tyrosine in the target protein. They can cause cancer by turning the receptor permanently on (constitutively), even without signals from outside the cell. ::*Ras is a small GTPase that hydrolyses GTP into GDP and phosphate.<unk>  is activated by growth factor signaling (i.e., EGF, TGFbeta) and acting as a binary switch (on/off) in growth signaling pathways. Downstream effectors of<unk>  include three mitogen-activated protein kinases Raf a MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase (MAPKKK), MEK a MAP Kinase Kinase (MAPKK), and ERK a MAP Kinase(MAPK), which in turn regulate genes that mediate cell proliferation.
Oncogene
Mitogen
Anticancer gene
Tumor antigen
Metastasis suppressor
Carcinogen
Adjuvant
Gene