A<unk> -era<unk> -smoking ad titled "The chain-smoker" reading: "He does not devour it, it devours him" (from the<unk><unk>  publication Reine Luft, 1941;23:90) In the early 20th century,<unk> researchers made advances in linking smoking to health harms, which strengthened the<unk><unk><unk>  in the Weimar Republic and led to a state-supported<unk> -smoking campaign. Early<unk><unk><unk> s grew in many nations from the middle of the 19th century. The 1933–1945<unk><unk>  campaigns in<unk><unk>  have been widely publicized, although stronger laws than those passed in<unk>  were passed in some American states, the UK, and elsewhere between 1890 and 1930. After 1941,<unk><unk>  campaigns were restricted by the<unk>  government. The<unk> unk>  was the most powerful<unk> -smoking<unk>  in the world during the 1930s and early 1940s. However,<unk>  control policy was incoherent and ineffective, with uncoordinated and often regional efforts by many actors. Obvious measures were not taken, and existing measures were not enforced. Some<unk>  leaders condemned smoking and several of them openly criticized<unk>  consumption, but others publicly smoked and denied that it was harmful. There was much research on smoking and its effects on health during<unk>  rule, and it was the most important of its type at that time. A directly-supported<unk>  research institute produced work of only marginal scientific importance, but substantial academic work was done privately, with little to negative official support. Adolf Hitler's personal distaste for<unk>  and the<unk>  reproductive policies were among the motivating factors behind the<unk>  campaigns against smoking. The<unk> <unk><unk>  campaign included banning smoking in trams, buses, and city trains, promoting health education, limiting cigarette rations in the Wehrmacht, organizing medical lectures for soldiers, and raising the<unk>  tax. The<unk> s also imposed restrictions on<unk>  advertising and smoking in public spaces, and regulated restaurants and coffeehouses. These measures were widely circumvented or ignored. The<unk>  did not reduce the number of smokers.<unk>  use increased rapidly in the early years of the<unk>  regime, between 1933 and 1939. The number of smokers increased from 1939 to 1945, but cigarette consumption declined; rationing towards the end of the war and post-war poverty meant that the increasing numbers of smokers could not buy as many cigarettes.<unk> -related nicotine marketing messages have often been used to oppose<unk>  control, and criticized for historical inaccuracy. Even by the end of the 20th century, the<unk> -smoking<unk>  in<unk>  had not attained the influence of the<unk> <unk> -smoking campaign.<unk>  has some of the weakest<unk>  control measures in Europe, and<unk> unk>  research has been described as "muted".
Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany
Positions of medical organizations on electronic cigarettes
Tobacco harm reduction
Suicide prevention
Urban legends about drugs
Counterfeit medicines online
Toxics use reduction
Electronic cigarette and e-cigarette liquid marketing