German physician who developed<unk> .<unk>  () are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. The<unk>  were formulated by Robert<unk>  and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle, and refined and published by<unk>  in 1890.<unk>  applied the<unk>  to describe the etiology of cholera and tuberculosis, both of which are now ascribed to bacteria. The<unk>  have been controversially generalized to other diseases. More modern concepts in microbial pathogenesis cannot be examined using<unk> , including viruses (which are obligate intracellular parasites) and asymptomatic carriers. They have largely been supplanted by other criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria for infectious disease causality in modern public health, and Falkow's criteria for microbial pathogenesis.
Koch's postulates
Jaffe reaction
Virus counter
Mixed-field agglutination
Simpson test
Kell antigen system
Field stain
Virtual colony count