There are only a few known causes of<unk>  in animals. Most of the experiments done on animals have been done on cats, dogs and rats. The actual symptoms of<unk>  are normal anger and defense reactions in animals. It becomes<unk>  only when this<unk>  reaction is triggered by unthreatening stimuli. A study by Bard (1934) showed that the removal of the neocortex in cats and dogs produced<unk> . The behavior of each animal was observed before the surgery was performed, noting how calm and friendly the animal was with humans and other animals, as well as their reactions to being handled. After the surgery, Bard observed that the animals would have an extreme<unk>  reaction to stimuli that had previously produced little to no response, like touching the tail. He concluded the reason for this might be that the removal of the neocortex causes a loss of inhibition of the areas involved in the<unk>  reaction, causing those areas to become hyperactive. A study by Reis and Gunne (1965) found that electrically stimulating the amygdala of cats caused<unk> , which resulted in a decrease in the presence of adrenaline and noradrenaline. They believed this was because the excited defense reaction known as<unk>  caused such a huge increase in the release of the neurotransmitters that the brain could not resynthesize noradrenaline fast enough to keep up. Reis and Fuxe (1969) then did a study of cats that went into a<unk>  after having a brainstem transection. The purpose was to determine the relationship between the decrease in norepinephrine in<unk>  and the magnitude of the<unk>  behavior. They found that a more extreme<unk>  was correlated with lower levels of norepinephrine. They also found that when they gave these cats protriptyline, which facilitates the actions of norepinephrine, their symptoms got worse and when they gave them haloperidol, which inhibits the functions of norepinephrine, their symptoms were less severe. They concluded that this meant the release of norepinephrine is necessary for<unk>  behavior.
Sham rage
Punding
Hangnail
Cheesewiring
Hangover
Bursting
Gestaltzerfall
Quackery