Most vaccines other than live attenuated vaccines and<unk> s are not taken up by MHC-I-presenting cells, but act outside of these cells, producing only a strong humoral immune response via antibodies. In the case of intracellular pathogens, an exclusive humoral immune response is ineffective.<unk> s are based on the principle of uptake of a nucleic acid into cells, whereupon a protein is produced according to the nucleic acid template. This protein is usually the immunodominant antigen of the pathogen or a surface protein that enables the formation of neutralizing antibodies that inhibit the infection of cells. Subsequently, the protein is broken down at the proteasome into short fragments (peptides) that are imported into the endoplasmic reticulum via the transporter associated with antigen processing, allowing them to bind to MHCI-molecules that are subsequently secreted to the cell surface. The presentation of the peptides on MHC-I complexes on the cell surface is necessary for a cellular immune response. As a result,<unk> s and live vaccines generate cytotoxic T-cells in addition to antibodies in the vaccinated individual. In contrast to live vaccines, only parts of the pathogen are used, which means that a reversion to an infectious pathogen cannot occur as it happened during the polio vaccinations with the Sabin vaccine.
Genetic vaccine
Synthetic vaccine
Viral vector vaccine
Therapeutic vaccines
DNA vaccine
MRNA vaccine
Vaccine
Cell-based vaccine