Leg Lower limb amputations can be divided into two broad categories: minor and major amputations. Minor amputations generally refer to the amputation of digits. Major amputations are commonly below-knee- or above-knee amputations. Common partial foot amputations include the Chopart, Lisfranc, and ray amputations. Common forms of ankle disarticulations include Pyrogoff, Boyd, and Syme amputations. A less common major amputation is the Van Nes rotation, or rotationplasty, i.e. the turning around and reattachment of the foot to allow the ankle joint to take over the function of the knee. Types of amputations include: An above-knee amputation ; partial foot amputation: amputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint ; ankle disarticulation: amputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint ; trans-tibial amputation: amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint, commonly referred to as a below-knee amputation ; knee disarticulation: amputation of the lower limb at the knee joint ; trans-femoral amputation: amputation of the lower limb between the hip joint and the knee joint, commonly referred to an above-knee amputation ; hip disarticulation: amputation of the lower limb at the hip joint ; trans-pelvic disarticulation: amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the pelvis, also known as a hemipelvectomy or hindquarter amputation Arm The 18th century guide to amputationsTypes of upper extremity amputations include: * partial hand amputation * wrist disarticulation * trans-radial amputation, commonly referred to as below-elbow or forearm amputation * elbow disarticulation * trans-humeral amputation, commonly referred to as above-elbow amputation * shoulder disarticulation * forequarter amputation A variant of the trans-radial amputation is the Krukenberg procedure in which the radius and ulna are used to create a stump capable of a pincer action. Other Partial amputation of index finger. * Facial amputations include but are not limited to: * amputation of the ears * amputation of the nose (rhinotomy) * amputation of the tongue (glossectomy). * amputation of the eyes (enucleation). * amputation of the teeth (dental avulsion). Removal of teeth, mainly incisors, is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the Iberomaurusian culture of Neolithic North Africa). * Breasts: * amputation of the breasts (mastectomy). * Genitals: * amputation of the testicles (castration). * amputation of the penis (penectomy). * amputation of the foreskin (circumcision). * amputation of the clitoris (clitoridectomy). Hemicorporectomy, or amputation at the waist, and decapitation, or amputation at the neck, are the most radical amputations. Genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease. Nails are typically trimmed with nail clippers, but this is not typically considered amputation. Self-amputation In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated his or her own limb. The most notable case of this is Aron Ralston, a hiker who amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was unable to free himself for over five days. Body integrity identity disorder is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed.
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