Classification There are three major categories of apnea known as central, obstructive, and mixed apnea. Central Apnea Central apnea is characterized by insufficient responsiveness from respiratory centers such as the medulla, which results in poor coordination of the body systems that are necessary for breathing. Respiratory muscles and nerves to lose the ability to effectively receive and process signals from the brain causing respiratory efforts to cease. Central apnea is quite common and can be found in healthy, full-term infants for short periods of time before breathing patterns in the infant stabilize. In premature infants, central apnea is attributed to an underdeveloped respiratory system which results in decreased response to higher carbon dioxide levels and difficulty breathing. Head trauma may also cause central apnea as it interferes with normal signalling of the central respiratory system, this might be present in infants who suffer from abuse so investigating patient background is an important consideration. Obstructive Apnea Obstructive apnea occurs when the airway passages are obstructed and little to no air exchange occurs, resulting in impaired breathing. In some cases, it occurs when patients are born with a small airway opening. Patients with obstructive apnea often have vigorous inspiratory effort but the efforts are still ineffective. Normally, the muscles at the level of the throat relax and dilate while asleep in order to open up airway however, patients with obstructive apnea may have decreased neuromuscular tone of the muscles responsible for dilating the pharynx during sleep. The inability of the vocal cords to move and the presence of a foreign body may also cause obstructive apnea. Cases of obstructive apnea are rarely found in infants that are healthy. Mixed Apnea Mixed apnea is a combination of both central and obstructive factors. The majority of premature infants with sleep apnea have mixed apnea.
Infantile apnea
Transient tachypnea of the newborn
Apnea of prematurity
Tracheomalacia
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Hyperventilation syndrome