Cancer therapy Schematic of therapeutic<unk> strategies against hypoxic tumors After systemic administration,<unk> localize to the tumor microenvironment. The interactions between<unk>  cancer cells, and the surrounding microenvironment cause various alterations in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines, which further facilitate tumor regression. ①<unk>  toxins from S. Typhimurium, Listeria, and Clostridium can kill tumor cells directly by inducing apoptosis or autophagy. Toxins delivered via Salmonella can upregulate Connexin 43 (Cx43), leading to<unk> induced gap junctions between the tumor and dendritic cells (DCs), which allow cross-presentation of tumor antigens to the DCs. ② Upon exposure to tumor antigens and interaction with<unk>  components, DCs secrete robust amounts of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, which subsequently activates CD8+ T cells. ③ The antitumor response of the activated CD8+ T cells is further enhanced by<unk>  flagellin (a protein subunit of the<unk>  flagellum) via TLR5 activation. The perforin and granzyme proteins secreted by activated CD8+ T cells efficiently kill tumor cells in primary and metastatic tumors. ④ Flagellin and TLR5 signaling also decreases the abundance of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, which subsequently improves the antitumor response of the activated CD8+ T cells. ⑤ S. Typhimurium flagellin stimulates NK cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), an important cytokine for both innate and adaptive immunity. ⑥ Listeria-infected MDSCs shift into an immune-stimulating phenotype characterized by increased IL-12 production, which further enhances the CD8+ T and NK cell responses. ⑦ Both S. Typhimurium and Clostridium infection can stimulate significant neutrophil accumulation. Elevated secretion of TNF-α and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) by neutrophils enhances the immune response and kills tumor cells by inducing apoptosis. ⑧ The macrophage inflammasome is activated through contact with<unk>  components (LPS and flagellin) and Salmonella-damaged cancer cells, leading to elevated secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α into the tumor microenvironment. NK cell: natural killer cell. Treg cell: regulatory T cell. MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells. P2X7 receptor: purinoceptor 7-extracellular ATP receptor. LPS: lipopolysaccharide<unk> involved in causing and treating cancers There is tremendous interest in using<unk> as a therapy to treat tumors. In particular, tumor-homing<unk> that thrive in hypoxic environments are particularly attractive for this purpose, as they will tend to migrate to, invade (through the leaky vasculature in the tumor microenvironment) and colonize tumors. This property tends to increase their residence time in the tumor, giving them longer to exert their therapeutic effects, in contrast to other<unk> that would be quickly cleared by the immune system. Microbiome engineering Genetically engineered probiotics as living medicines to treat intestinal inflammation There is considerable interest in using<unk> utics to alter human gastrointestinal microbiota, which would be helpful in treating diseases like small intestinal<unk>  overgrowth and other forms of dysbiosis.
Bacterial therapy
Antibiotic prophylaxis
Helminthic therapy
Bowel cleansing
Broad-spectrum antibiotic
Chemoprophylaxis
Pain management
Maggot therapy