A study was performed to assess the toxicity effects of doxorubicin-loaded polymeric<unk> systems. It was found that doses up to 400 mg/kg of PBCA<unk>  alone did not cause any toxic effects on the organism. These low toxicity effects can most likely be attributed to the controlled release and modified biodistribution of the<unk>  due to the traits of the<unk> delivery system. Toxicity is a highly important factor and limit of<unk>  delivery studies, and a major area of interest in research on<unk> delivery to the brain. Metal<unk>  are associated with risks of neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity. These heavy metals generate reactive oxygen species, which causes oxidative stress and damages the cells’ mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. This leads to further issues in cellular toxicity, such as damage to DNA and disruption of cellular pathways. Silver<unk>  in particular have a higher degree of toxicity compared to other metal<unk>  such as gold or iron. Silver<unk>  can circulate through the body and accumulate easily in multiple organs, as discovered in a study on the silver<unk> distribution in rats. Traces of silver accumulated in the rats’ lungs, spleen, kidney, liver, and brain after the<unk>  were injected subcutaneously. In addition, silver<unk>  generate more reactive oxygen species compared to other metals, which leads to an overall larger issue of toxicity.
Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain
Drug delivery to the brain
Cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease
Peripherally selective drug
Chlorine-releasing compounds
Small modular immunopharmaceutical
Nanoparticle drug delivery
Magnetic-targeted carrier