Chance of receiving<unk>  Various studies show that in out-of-home cardiac arrest, bystanders in the US attempt<unk>  in between 14% and 45% of the time, with a median of 32%. Globally, rates of bystander<unk>  reported to be as low as 1% and as high as 44%. However, the effectiveness of this<unk>  is variable, and the studies suggest only around half of bystander<unk>  is performed correctly. One study found that members of the public having received<unk>  training in the past lack the skills and confidence needed to save lives. The report's authors suggested that better training is needed to improve the willingness to respond to cardiac arrest. Factors that influence bystander<unk>  in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest include: * Affordable training. * Target<unk>  training to family members of potential cardiac arrest *<unk>  classes should be simplified and shortened. * Offer reassurance and education about<unk> . * Provide clearer information about legal implications for specific regions. * Focus on reducing the stigma and fears around providing bystander<unk> . There is a relation between age and the chance of<unk>  being commenced. Younger people are far more likely to have<unk>  attempted on them before the arrival of emergency medical services. Bystanders more commonly administer<unk>  when in public than when at the person's home, although health care professionals are responsible for more than half of out-of-hospital resuscitation attempts. People with no connection to the person are more likely to perform<unk>  than are a member of their family. There is also a clear relation between the cause of arrest and the likelihood of a bystander initiating<unk> . Laypersons are most likely to give<unk>  to younger people in cardiac arrest in a public place when it has a medical cause; those in arrest from trauma, exsanguination or intoxication are less likely to receive<unk> . It is believed that there is a higher chance that<unk>  will be performed if the bystander is told to perform only the chest compression element of the resuscitation. The first formal study into gender bias in receiving<unk>  from the public versus professionals was conducted by the American Heart Association and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and examined nearly 20,000 cases across the U.S. The study found that women are six percent less likely than men to receive bystander<unk>  when in cardiac arrest in a public place, citing the disparity as "likely due to the fear of being falsely accused of sexual assault." Chance of receiving<unk>  in time<unk>  is likely to be effective only if commenced within 6 minutes after the blood flow stops because permanent brain cell damage occurs when fresh blood infuses the cells after that time, since the cells of the brain become dormant in as little as 4–6 minutes in an oxygen deprived environment and, therefore, cannot survive the reintroduction of oxygen in a traditional resuscitation. Research using cardioplegic blood infusion resulted in a 79.4% survival rate with cardiac arrest intervals of 72±43 minutes, traditional methods achieve a 15% survival rate in this scenario, by comparison. New research is currently needed to determine what role<unk> , defibrillation, and new advanced gradual resuscitation techniques will have with this new knowledge. A notable exception is cardiac arrest that occurs in conjunction with exposure to very cold temperatures. Hypothermia seems to protect by slowing down metabolic and physiologic processes, greatly decreasing the tissues' need for oxygen. There are cases where<unk> , defibrillation, and advanced warming techniques have revived victims after substantial periods of hypothermia.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Rapid sequence induction
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
Resuscitation
Resuscitative thoracotomy