Classical signs of<unk>  are: progressive weakness and easy fatigue, loss of appetite due to nausea and vomiting, muscle atrophy, tremors, abnormal mental function, frequent shallow respiration, and metabolic acidosis. Without intervention via dialysis or kidney transplant,<unk>  due to renal failure will progress and cause stupor, coma, and death. Because<unk>  is mostly a consequence of kidney failure, its signs and symptoms often occur concomitantly with other signs and symptoms of kidney failure. + Clinical features of<unk>  Area affected Signs and symptoms Central nervous system diurnal somnolence, night insomnia, memory and concentration disorders, asthenia, headache, confusion, fatigue, seizures, coma, encephalopathy, decreased taste and smell, hiccups, serositis Peripheral nervous system polyneuritis, restless legs, cramps, peripheral neuropathy, oxidative stress, reduced body temperature Gastrointestinal anorexia, nausea, vomiting, gastroparesis, parotitis, stomatitis, superficial gastrointestinal ulcers Hematologic anemia, hemostasis disorders, granulocytic, lymphocytic and platelet dysfunction Cardiovascular hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, pericarditis, peripheral and pulmonary edema Skin itching, skin dryness, calciphylaxis,<unk>  frost (excretion of urea through the skin) Endocrinology growth impairment, impotence, infertility, sterility, amenorrhea Skeletal osteomalacia, β2-microglobulin amyloidosis, bone disease (via vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism and hyperphosphatemia) Nutrition malnutrition, weight loss, muscular catabolism Other<unk>  fetor immunity low response rate to vaccination, increased sensitivity to infectious diseases, systemic inflammation Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures the amount of plasma in millilitres being filtered through the kidneys each minute. As the GFR decreases, the prognosis worsens. Some of the effects can be reversed, albeit temporarily, with dialysis. + GFR and their effects GFR (mL/min) Effects 100–120 Normal GFR 2-microglobulin); the accumulation of protein-bound small molecular weight solutes that are poorly dialyzed (e.g. p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate); the accumulation of dialyzable solutes that are incompletely removed (e.g. sequestered solutes like phosphate in cells or insufficient elimination of other more toxic solutes); indirect phenomena such as carbamylation of proteins, tissue calcification, or a toxic effect of hormone imbalance (e.g. parathyroid hormone) and; the toxic effects of dialysis itself (e.g. removal of unknown important vitamins or minerals). Dialysis increases life span but patients may have more limited function. They suffer physical limitations which include impairment of balance, walking speed, and sensory functions. They also suffer cognitive impairments such as impairment in attention, memory, and performance of higher-order tasks. Patients have been maintained longer than three decades on dialysis, but average mortality rates and hospitalizations are high. Also, patient rehabilitation and quality of life is poor.
Uremia
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Ketosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Albuminuria
Ketoacidosis
Cholemia
Alkalosis