Unlike diagnostic efforts prompted by symptoms and medical signs,<unk>  screening involves efforts to detect<unk>  after it has formed, but before any noticeable symptoms appear. This may involve physical examination, blood or urine tests or medical imaging.<unk>  screening is not available for many types of<unk> s. Even when tests are available, they may not be recommended for everyone. Universal screening or mass screening involves screening everyone. Selective screening identifies people who are at higher risk, such as people with a family history. Several factors are considered to determine whether the benefits of screening outweigh the risks and the costs of screening. These factors include: * Possible harms from the screening test: for example, X-ray images involve exposure to potentially harmful ionizing radiation * The likelihood of the test correctly identifying<unk>  * The likelihood that<unk>  is present: Screening is not normally useful for rare<unk> s. * Possible harms from follow-up procedures * Whether suitable treatment is available * Whether early detection improves treatment outcomes * Whether the<unk>  will ever need treatment * Whether the test is acceptable to the people: If a screening test is too burdensome (for example, extremely painful), then people will refuse to participate. * Cost Recommendations U.S. Preventive Services Task Force The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) issues recommendations for various<unk> s: * Strongly recommends cervical<unk>  screening in women who are sexually active and have a cervix at least until the age of 65. * Recommend that Americans be screened for colorectal<unk>  via fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy starting at age 50 until age 75. * Evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against screening for skin<unk> , oral<unk> , lung<unk> , or prostate<unk>  in men under 75. * Routine screening is not recommended for bladder<unk> , testicular<unk> , ovarian<unk> , pancreatic<unk> , or prostate<unk> . * Recommends mammography for breast<unk>  screening every two years from ages 50–74, but does not recommend either breast self-examination or clinical breast examination. A 2013 Cochrane review concluded that breast<unk>  screening by mammography had no effect in reducing mortality because of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Japan Screens for gastric<unk>  using photofluorography due to the high incidence there. Genetic testing Gene<unk>  types BRCA1, BRCA2 Breast, ovarian, pancreatic HNPCC, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2 Colon, uterine, small bowel, stomach, urinary tract Genetic testing for individuals at high-risk of certain<unk> s is recommended by unofficial groups.<unk> rriers of these mutations may then undergo enhanced surveillance, chemoprevention, or preventative surgery to reduce their subsequent risk.
Cancer
Anorexia nervosa
Disease
Heartburn
Cardiovascular disease
Vaginitis
Skin cancer
Neuropathic pain