Seizures<unk>  is sometimes used for the acute management of seizures. Long-term use for the management of epilepsy is not recommended due to the significant risk of tolerance (which renders<unk>  and other benzodiazepines ineffective) and the significant side effect of sedation. A benefit of<unk>  is that in children it can be given in the cheek or in the nose for acute seizures, including status epilepticus.<unk>  is effective for status epilepticus that has not improved following other treatments or when intravenous access cannot be obtained, and has advantages of being water-soluble, having a rapid onset of action and not causing metabolic acidosis from the propylene glycol vehicle (which is not required due to its solubility in water), which occurs with other benzodiazepines. Drawbacks include a high degree of breakthrough seizures—due to the short half-life of<unk> —in over 50% of people treated, as well as treatment failure in 14–18% of people with refractory status epilepticus. Tolerance develops rapidly to the anticonvulsant effect, and the dose may need to be increased by several times to maintain anticonvulsant therapeutic effects. With prolonged use, tolerance and tachyphylaxis can occur and the elimination half-life may increase, up to days. There is evidence buccal and intranasal<unk>  is easier to administer and more effective than rectally administered diazepam in the emergency control of seizures. Procedural sedation Intravenous<unk>  is indicated for procedural sedation (often in combination with an opioid, such as fentanyl), for preoperative sedation, for the induction of general anesthesia, and for sedation of people who are ventilated in critical care units.<unk>  is superior to diazepam in impairing memory of endoscopy procedures, but propofol has a quicker recovery time and a better memory-impairing effect. It is the most popular benzodiazepine in the intensive care unit (ICU) because of its short elimination half-life, combined with its water solubility and its suitability for continuous infusion. However, for long-term sedation, lorazepam is preferred due to its long duration of action, and propofol has advantages over<unk>  when used in the ICU for sedation, such as shorter weaning time and earlier tracheal extubation.<unk>  is sometimes used in neonatal intensive care units. When used, additional caution is required in newborns;<unk>  should not be used for longer than 72 hours due to risks of tachyphylaxis, and the possibility of development of a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, as well as neurological complications. Bolus injections should be avoided due to the increased risk of cardiovascular depression, as well as neurological complications.<unk>  is also sometimes used in newborns who are receiving mechanical ventilation, although morphine is preferred, owing to its better safety profile for this indication. Sedation using<unk>  can be used to relieve anxiety and manage behaviour in children undergoing dental treatment. Agitation<unk> , in combination with an antipsychotic drug, is indicated for the acute management of schizophrenia when it is associated with aggressive or out-of-control behaviour. End of life care In the final stages of end-of-life care,<unk>  is routinely used at low doses via subcutaneous injection to help with agitation, myoclonus, restlessness or anxiety in the last hours or days of life. At higher doses during the last weeks of life,<unk>  is considered a first line agent in palliative continuous deep sedation therapy when it is necessary to alleviate intolerable suffering not responsive to other treatments, but the need for this is rare.
Midazolam
Ketazolam
Mexazolam
Remimazolam
Haloxazolam
Adinazolam
Triazolam
Estazolam