<unk>  illnesses are more common than cancer, diabetes, or heart disease. Over 26 percent of all Americans over the age of 18 meet the criteria for having a<unk>  illness. Evidence suggests that 450 million people worldwide have some<unk>  illness. Major depression ranks fourth among the top 10 leading causes of disease worldwide. By 2029,<unk>  illness is predicted to become the leading cause of disease worldwide. Women are more likely to have a<unk>  illness than men. One million people commit suicide every year and 10 to 20 million attempt it. A World Health Organization (WHO) report estimates the global cost of<unk>  illness at nearly $2.5 trillion (two-thirds in indirect costs) in 2010, with a projected increase to over $6 trillion by 2030. Evidence from the WHO suggests that nearly half of the world's population is affected by<unk>  illness with an impact on their self-esteem, relationships and ability to function in everyday life. An individual's emotional health can impact their physical health. Poor<unk>  can lead to problems such as the inability to make adequate decisions and substance use disorders. Good<unk>  can improve life quality whereas poor<unk>  can worsen it. According to Richards, Campania, & Muse-Burke, "There is growing evidence that is showing emotional abilities are associated with pro-social behaviors such as stress management and physical health." Their research also concluded that people who lack emotional expression are inclined to anti-social behaviors (e.g., substance use disorder and alcohol use disorder, physical fights, vandalism), which reflects one's<unk>  and suppressed emotions. Adults and children who face<unk>  illness may experience social stigma, which can exacerbate the issues. Global prevalence The Two Continua Model of<unk>  and<unk>  Illness<unk>  can be seen as an unstable continuum, where an individual's<unk>  may have many different possible values.<unk>  wellness is generally viewed as a positive attribute, even if the person does not have any diagnosed<unk>  condition. This definition of<unk>  highlights emotional well-being, the capacity to live a full and creative life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. Some discussions are formulated in terms of contentment or happiness. Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving the<unk>  wellness. Positive psychology is increasingly prominent in<unk> . A holistic model of<unk>  generally includes concepts based upon anthropological, educational, psychological, religious, and sociological perspectives. There are also models as theoretical perspectives from personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology. The tripartite model of<unk>  well-being views<unk>  well-being as encompassing three components of emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being. Emotional well-being is defined as having high levels of positive emotions, whereas social and psychological well-being are defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning in daily life. The model has received empirical support across cultures. The<unk>  Continuum-Short Form <unk> C-SF) is the most widely used scale to measure the tripartite model of<unk>  well-being. Demographics Children and young adults<unk>  conditions are 16% of the global burden of disease and injury in people aged 10–19 years. Half of all<unk>  conditions start by 14 years of age but most cases go undetected and untreated. Depression is one of the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death in 15-19-year-olds. Exposure to childhood trauma can cause<unk>  disorders and poor academic achievement. Ignoring<unk>  conditions in adolescents can impact adulthood. 50% of preschool children show a natural reduction in behavioral problems. The remaining experience long-term consequences. It impairs physical and<unk>  and limits opportunities to live fulfilling lives. A result of depression during adolescence and adulthood may be substance abuse. The average age of onset is between 11 and 14 years for depressive disorders. Only approximately 25% of children with behavioral problems refer to medical services. The majority of children go untreated. Homeless population A woman sitting on steps with a broken shopping cart full of papers to her left. Around her there is trash and the floor looks dirty and unsanitary.<unk>  illness is thought to be highly prevalent among homeless populations, though access to proper diagnoses is limited. An article written by Lisa Goodman and her colleagues summarized Smith's research into PTSD in homeless single women and mothers in St. Louis, Missouri, which found that 53% of the respondents met diagnostic criteria, and which describes homelessness as a risk factor for<unk>  illness. At least two commonly reported symptoms of psychological trauma, social disaffiliation and learned helplessness are highly prevalent among homeless individuals and families. While<unk>  illness is prevalent, people infrequently receive appropriate care. Case management linked to other services is an effective care approach for improving symptoms in people experiencing homelessness. Case management reduced admission to hospitals, and it reduced substance use by those with substance abuse problems more than typical care. Immigrants and refugees States that produce refugees are sites of social upheaval, civil war, even genocide. Most refugees experience trauma. It can be in the form of torture, sexual assault, family fragmentation, and death of loved ones. Refugees and immigrants experience psychosocial stressors after resettlement. These include discrimination, lack of economic stability, and social isolation causing emotional distress. For refugees family reunification can be one of the primary needs to improve quality of life. Post-migration trauma is a cause of depressive disorders and psychological distress for immigrants. Cultural and religious considerations<unk>  is a socially constructed and socially defined concept; different societies, groups, cultures, institutions, and professions have very different ways of conceptualizing its nature and causes, determining what is<unk> ly healthy, and deciding what interventions, if any, are appropriate. Thus, different professionals will have different cultural, class, political and religious backgrounds, which will impact the methodology applied during treatment. In the context of deaf<unk>  care, it is necessary for professionals to have cultural competency of deaf and hard of hearing people and to understand how to properly rely on trained, qualified, and certified interpreters when working with culturally Deaf clients. Research has shown that there is stigma attached to<unk>  illness. Due to such stigma, individuals may resist labeling and may be driven to respond to<unk>  diagnoses with denialism. Family caregivers of individuals with<unk>  disorders may also suffer discrimination or face stigma. Addressing and eliminating the social stigma and perceived stigma attached to<unk>  illness has been recognized as crucial to education and awareness surrounding<unk>  issues. In the United Kingdom, the Royal College of Psychiatrists organized the campaign Changing Minds (1998–2003) to help reduce stigma, while in the United States, efforts by entities such as the Born This Way Foundation and The Manic Monologues specifically focus on removing the stigma surrounding<unk>  illness. The National Alliance on<unk>  Illness (NAMI) is a U.S. institution founded in 1979 to represent and advocate for those struggling with<unk>  issues. NAMI helps to educate about<unk>  illnesses and health issues, while also working to eliminate stigma attached to these disorders. Many<unk>  professionals are beginning to, or already understand, the importance of competency in religious diversity and spirituality. They are also partaking in cultural training to better understand which interventions work best for these different groups of people. The American Psychological Association explicitly states that religion must be respected. Education in spiritual and religious matters is also required by the American Psychiatric Association, however, far less attention is paid to the damage that more rigid, fundamentalist faiths commonly practiced in the United States can cause. This theme has been widely politicized in 2018 such as with the creation of the Religious Liberty Task Force in July of that year. Also, many providers and practitioners in the United States are only beginning to realize that the institution of<unk> care lacks knowledge and competence of many non-Western cultures, leaving providers in the United States ill-equipped to treat patients from different cultures. Occupations<unk>  in social work Social work in<unk> , also called psychiatric social work, is a process where an individual in a setting is helped to attain freedom from overlapping internal and external problems (social and economic situations, family and other relationships, the physical and organizational environment, psychiatric symptoms, etc.). It aims for harmony, quality of life, self-actualization and personal adaptation across all systems. Psychiatric social workers are<unk>  professionals that can assist patients and their family members in coping with both<unk>  issues and various economic or social problems caused by<unk>  illness or psychiatric dysfunctions and to attain improved<unk>  and well-being. They are vital members of the treatment teams in Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in hospitals. They are employed in both outpatient and inpatient settings of a hospital, nursing homes, state and local governments, substance use clinics, correctional facilities, health care services, private practice,
Mental health
Brain and Behavior
Motor skill
Social 
Mental environment
Women's health
Public health
Child development