* Oliguria or anuria (decreased or absent urine output) * Fatigue * Asterixis (flapping tremor) * Decreased alertness * Confusion * Pale skin * Tachycardia (rapid pulse) * Xerostomia (dry mouth) * Thirst * Edema, anasarca (swelling) * Orthostatic blood pressure (fluctuates depending on body position) * Uremic frost, a condition that occurs when urea and urea derivatives are secreted through the skin in sweat, which evaporates away to leave solid uric compounds, resembling a frost. A urinalysis will typically show a decreased urine sodium level, a high urine creatinine-to-serum creatinine ratio, a high urine urea-to-serum urea ratio, and concentrated urine (determined by osmolality and specific gravity). None of these is particularly useful in diagnosis. In pre-renal and post-renal<unk> s, elevation of the BUN exceeds that of the creatinine (i.e., BUN>12*creatinine). This is because BUN is readily reabsorbed by the kidneys while creatinine is not. In congestive heart failure (a cause of pre-renal<unk>  or any other condition that causes poor perfusion of kidneys, the sluggish flow of glomerular filtrate results in excessive absorption of BUN and elevation of its value in blood. Creatinine, however, is not absorbable and therefore does not rise significantly. Stasis of urine in post-renal<unk>  has the same effect.
Azotemia
Hypercapnia
Lactic acidosis
Hyperammonemia
Hyperaemia
Hypocapnia
Hypoxemia
Acidosis