A thorough patient history and physical examination is used to better understand the underlying cause of abdominal pain. The process of gathering a history may include: * Identifying more information about the chief complaint by eliciting a history of present illness; i.e. a narrative of the current symptoms such as the onset, location, duration, character, aggravating or relieving factors, and temporal nature of the pain. Identifying other possible factors may aid in the diagnosis of the underlying cause of abdominal pain, such as recent travel, recent contact with other ill individuals, and for females, a thorough gynecologic history. * Learning about the patient's past medical history, focusing on any prior issues or surgical procedures. * Clarifying the patient's current medication regimen, including prescriptions, over-the-counter medications, and supplements. * Confirming the patient's drug and food allergies. * Discussing with the patient any family history of<unk>  processes, focusing on conditions that might resemble the patient's current presentation. * Discussing with the patient any health-related behaviors (e.g. tobacco use, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexual activity) that might make certain diagnoses more likely. * Reviewing the presence of non-abdominal symptoms (e.g., fever, chills, chest pain, shortness of breath, vaginal bleeding) that can further clarify the diagnostic picture. *Using Carnett's sign to differentiate between visceral pain and pain originating in the muscles of the abdominal wall. After gathering a thorough history, one should perform a physical exam in order to identify important physical signs that might clarify the diagnosis, including a cardiovascular exam, lung exam, thorough abdominal exam, and for females, a genitourinary exam. Additional investigations that can aid diagnosis include: * Blood tests including complete blood count, basic metabolic panel, electrolytes, liver function tests, amylase, lipase, troponin I, and for females, a serum pregnancy test. * Urinalysis * Imaging including chest and abdominal X-rays * Electrocardiogram If diagnosis remains unclear after history, examination, and basic investigations as above, then more advanced investigations may reveal a diagnosis. Such tests include: * Computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis * Abdominal or pelvic ultrasound * Endoscopy and/or colonoscopy
symptom of Hirschsprung's disease
symptom of Necrotizing enterocolitis
symptom of Stomach cancer
symptom of Intussusception 
symptom of Small intestine cancer
symptom of Hiatal hernia
symptom of Ulcerative colitis
medical cause of Constipation