The prevalence of<unk>  cannot be accurately quantified as there are numerous etiologies from which<unk>  can arise. Many people have<unk>  as a result of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The prevalence of CKD (all stages) from 1988 to 2016 in the U.S. has remained relatively consistent at about 14.2% annually. The prevalence of people who have received treatment for ESRD has increased to about 2,284 people per 1 million in 2018, up from 1927 people per 1 million in 2007. Prevalence of treated ESRD increases with age, is more prevalent in males than in females, and is higher in Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders over any other racial group. However, the prevalence of<unk>  specifically is difficult to quantify as people who have diseases that cause protein metabolites to accumulate typically initiate hemodialysis before they become symptomatic. Urea cycle disorders also cause toxic buildup of protein metabolites, namely ammonia. As of 2013, in the U.S., the incidence of urea cycle disorders has been estimated to be 1 case in every 31,000 births, resulting in about 113 new cases annually.
Protein toxicity
Protein poisoning
Lysinuric protein intolerance
Lipid storage disorder
Metal toxicity
Mitochondrial toxicity
Lead poisoning
Boron deficiency 