Lithotripsy Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a non-invasive method to manage<unk> s that uses high-energy sound waves to disintegrate them first applied in January 1985. Side effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy include biliary pancreatitis and liver haematoma. Surgical Cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) has a 99% chance of eliminating the recurrence of cholelithiasis. The lack of a gallbladder has no negative consequences in most people, however 10 to 15% of people develop postcholecystectomy syndrome, which may cause nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, and episodes of abdominal pain. There are two surgical options for cholecystectomy: * Open cholecystectomy is performed via an abdominal incision (laparotomy) below the lower right ribs. Recovery typically requires 3–5 days of hospitalization, with a return to normal diet a week after release and to normal activity several weeks after release. * Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, introduced in the 1980s, is performed via three to four small puncture holes for a camera and instruments. Post-operative care typically includes a same-day release or a one-night hospital stay, followed by a few days of home rest and pain medication. Perforation of the gall bladder is not uncommon—it has been reported in the range of 10% to 40%. Unretrieved<unk>  spillage has been reported as 6% to 30%, but<unk> s that are not retrieved rarely cause complications (0.08%–0.3%). Obstruction of the common bile duct with<unk> s can sometimes be relieved by endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy (ERS) following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Medical The medications ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) have been used in treatment to dissolve<unk> s. A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that UDCA or higher dietary fat content appeared to prevent formation of<unk> s during weight loss. Medical therapy with oral bile acids has been used to treat small cholesterol stones, and for larger cholesterol<unk> s when surgery is either not possible or unwanted. CDCA treatment can cause diarrhea, mild reversible hepatic injury, and a small increase in the plasma cholesterol level. UDCA may need to be taken for years.
Gallstone
Peptic ulcer disease
Biliary sludge
Breast pain
Hepatolithiasis
Gallbladder polyp
Ascites
Common bile duct stone