Carbamazepine, commonly used to treat<unk>  Antiepileptic drugs may be given to prevent further seizures; these drugs completely eliminate seizures for about 35% of people with<unk> . However, antiepileptics only prevent seizures while they are being taken; they do not reduce the occurrence once the patient stops taking the drugs. Medication may be stopped after seizures have been controlled for two years.<unk>  is commonly difficult to treat with drug therapy, and antiepileptic drugs may be associated with side effects. The antiepileptics carbamazepine and valproate are the most common drugs used to treat<unk> ; phenytoin may also be used but may increase risk of cognitive side effects such as impaired thinking. Other drugs commonly used to treat<unk>  include clonazepam, phenobarbitol, primidone, gabapentin, and ethosuximide. Among antiepileptic drugs tested for seizure prevention after TBI (phenytoin, sodium valproate, carbamazepine, phenobarbital), no evidence from randomized controlled trials has shown superiority of one over another. People whose<unk>  does not respond to medication may undergo surgery to remove the epileptogenic focus, the part of the brain that is causing the seizures. However surgery for<unk>  may be more difficult than it is for<unk>  due to other causes, and is less likely to be helpful in<unk>  than in other forms of<unk> . It can be particularly difficult in<unk>  to localize the epileptic focus, in part because TBI may affect diffuse areas of the brain. Difficulty locating the seizure focus is seen as a deterrent to surgery. However, for people with sclerosis in the mesial temporal lobe (in the inner aspect of the temporal lobe), who comprise about one third of people with intractable<unk> , surgery is likely to have good outcome. When there are multiple epileptic foci or the focus cannot be localized, and drug therapy is not effective, vagus nerve stimulation is another option for treating<unk> . People with<unk>  have follow-up visits, in which health care providers monitor neurological and neuropsychological function and assess the efficacy and side effects of medications. As with sufferers of other types of<unk> ,<unk>  sufferers are advised to exercise caution when performing activities for which seizures could be particularly risky, such as rock climbing.
Post-traumatic epilepsy
Musicogenic epilepsy
Generalized epilepsy
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Rolandic epilepsy
Vertiginous epilepsy
Catamenial epilepsy
Northern epilepsy syndrome