<unk>  is associated with * Lung disease: * Lung cancer, mainly non-small-cell (54% of all cases), not seen frequently in small-cell lung cancer (< 5% of cases) * Interstitial lung disease most commonly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis * Complicated tuberculosis * Suppurative lung disease: lung abscess, empyema, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis * Mesothelioma of the pleura * Arteriovenous fistula or malformation * Sarcoidosis * Heart disease: * Any disease featuring chronic hypoxia * Congenital cyanotic heart disease (most common cardiac cause) * Subacute bacterial endocarditis * Atrial myxoma (benign tumor) * Tetralogy of Fallot * Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary: * Malabsorption * Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis * Cirrhosis, especially in primary biliary cholangitis * Hepatopulmonary syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis * Others: * Graves' disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism) – in this case it is known as thyroid acropachy * Familial and hereditary<unk>  and "pseudoclubbing" (people of African descent often have what appears to be<unk>  * Vascular anomalies of the affected arm such as an axillary artery aneurysm (in unilateral<unk> <unk>  is not specific to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, in patients with COPD and significant degrees of<unk> , a search for signs of bronchogenic carcinoma (or other causes of<unk>  might still be indicated.A congenital form has also been recognized. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy Bone scan of a patient with HPOA A special form of<unk>  is hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA), known in continental Europe as Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome. This is the combination of<unk>  and thickening of periosteum (connective tissue lining of the bones) and synovium (lining of joints), and is often initially diagnosed as arthritis. It is commonly associated with lung cancer. Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is HPOA without signs of pulmonary disease. This form has a hereditary component, although subtle cardiac abnormalities can occasionally be found. It is known eponymously as the Touraine–Solente–Golé syndrome. This condition has been linked to mutations in the gene on the fourth chromosome (4q33-q34) coding for the enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD); this leads to decreased breakdown of prostaglandin E2 and elevated levels of this substance.
Nail clubbing
Shell nail syndrome
Rose spots
Acrocyanosis
Brachymetatarsia
Parosmia
Copper beaten skull
Varicose veins