Complications are less frequent in comparison to a cold-knife conization but can include infection and hemorrhage. A survey study has indicated that the<unk><unk>  does not appear to affect fertility. On the other hand, a case-control study has found an association between surgical treatment of CIN lesions and risk of infertility or subfertility, with an odds ratio of approximately 2. Scarring of the cervix is a theoretical mechanism of causing trouble conceiving. This scar tissue can be massaged or broken up in a number of ways, thus allowing the cervical opening to dilate back to normal size. A cohort study came to the result that women with a time interval from<unk>  to pregnancy of less than 12 months compared with 12 months or more were at significantly increased risk for miscarriage, with risk of miscarriage of 18% compared with 4.6%, respectively. On the other hand, no increased risk was identified for preterm birth after<unk> . However a large meta-analysis concluded that women with CIN have a higher baseline risk for preterm birth than the general population and that<unk>  as the treatment for CIN probably increase this risk further. Also, the risk of preterm birth appears to increase with multiple treatments and increasing amounts of tissue removed. A study found that women reported a statistically significant decrease in sexual satisfaction following<unk> .
Loop electrical excision procedure
Radiofrequency thermocoagulation
Microwave thermotherapy
Climatotherapy
Cryosurgery
Laser coagulation
Cryoablation
Trepanning