The most common adverse effects of<unk>  treatment include CNS effects such as somnolence, decreased energy, headache, dizziness, mood swings and coordination difficulties. These adverse effects are most pronounced in the first month of therapy. About 4% of patients dropped out of pre-approval clinical trials due to these side effects. About 13% of people taking<unk>  experience adverse neuropsychiatric symptoms, which are usually mild. These include agitation, hostility, apathy, anxiety, emotional lability, and depression. Serious psychiatric adverse side effects that are reversed by drug discontinuation occur in about 1%. These include hallucinations, suicidal thoughts, or psychosis. These occurred mostly within the first month of therapy, but they could develop at any time during treatment. Although rare, Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which appears as a painful spreading rash with redness and blistering and/or peeling skin, have been reported in patients treated with<unk> . The incidence of SJS following exposure to anti-epileptics such as<unk>  is about 1 in 3,000.<unk>  should not be used in people who have previously shown hypersensitivity to<unk>  or any of the inactive ingredients in the tablet or oral solution. Such hypersensitivity reactions include, but are not limited to, unexplained rash with redness or blistered skin, difficulty breathing, and tightness in the chest or airways. In a study, the incidence of decreased bone mineral density of patients on<unk>  was significantly higher than those for other epileptic medications. Suicide<unk> , along with other anti-epileptic drugs, can increase the risk of suicidal behavior or thoughts. People taking<unk>  should be monitored closely for signs of worsening depression, suicidal thoughts or tendencies, or any altered emotional or behavioral states. Kidney and liver Kidney impairment decreases the rate of elimination of<unk>  from the body. Individuals with reduced kidney function may require dose adjustments. Kidney function can be estimated from the rate of creatinine clearance. Dose adjustment of<unk>  is not necessary in liver impairment. Drug interactions No significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed between<unk>  or its major metabolite and concomitant medications. The pharmacokinetic profile of<unk>  is not influenced by phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, lamotrigine, gabapentin, digoxin, ethinylestradiol, or warfarin.
Levetiracetam
Piracetam
Phenylpiracetam
Mesuximide
Dimiracetam
Brivaracetam
Lamotrigine
Ethosuximide