Diagnostic Techniques Diagnosis is conducted in a multidisciplinary manner. The diagnosis of<unk> <unk>  disease can be confirmed by cation high performance liquid chromatography, haemoglobin electrophoresis in adolescents and adults and molecular genetic diagnosis in prenatal and neonatal populations. Anterior segment signs including the conjunctival sign and iris atrophy are ocular manifestations that are strongly indicative of<unk> <unk>  disease. Early stages of<unk>  are asymptomatic. However, retinal changes that are diagnostic of<unk>  can be visualized using fundoscopic examinations, retinography, fluorescein angiography and coherence tomography. Ultra Widefield Fluorescein Angiography is the gold standard for diagnosis of proliferative<unk> . It is an invasive method that assesses both anterior and posterior segment structures. Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Coherence Tomography Angiography are non invasive methods of diagnosing proliferative<unk> . Visual acuity and intraocular pressure assessments can also yield results that are diagnostic of<unk> . Differential diagnosis<unk>  should be differentiated from other retinal conditions that arise due to similar pathologies. The following differentials are classified by those pathologies. * Additional causes of macular ischemia # Diabetic<unk>  # Retinal embolization (talc<unk> , internal carotid artery embolism) # Retinal vascular occlusion # Infectious<unk>  * Inflammatory diseases leading to ischemia # Sarcoidosis # Retinal vasculitis # Intermediate uveitis # Acute retinal necrosis * Alternative causes of ischemic vascular disease # Proliferative diabetic<unk>  # Central retinal vein occlusion # Branch retinal vein occlusion # Ocular ischemic syndromE # Radiation<unk>  #<unk>  of prematurity * Unclassified causes # Incontinentia pigmenti # Autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy # Chronic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment # Scleral buckle # Retinitis pigmentosa
Sickle cell retinopathy
Autoimmune retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Radiation retinopathy
Chloroquine retinopathy
Photic retinopathy
Autoimmune optic neuropathy