<unk>  involves the placement of a stent across the stenosis in the<unk>  artery. It can be performed under general or local anesthesia. The stent may be placed from the femoral artery, radial artery, or from the common<unk>  artery at the base of the neck. Critical steps in both approaches are vascular access, crossing the stenosis with a wire, deploying a stent across the lesion, and removing the vascular access. A number of other steps may or may not be performed, including the use of a cerebral protection device, pre- or post-stent balloon angioplasty and cerebral angiography. Trans-femoral<unk>  The trans-femoral route is the traditional approach to<unk> . The vast majority of these procedures are performed under local anesthesia. In this technique, puncture of the common femoral artery is used to gain access to the arterial system. Wire and sheath are advanced through the aorta to the common<unk>  artery on the side to be treated. Flow reversal or filter cerebral protection may be used. The procedure is typically performed percutaneously. Trans-carotid artery revascularization Trans-carotid artery<unk>  involves a surgical incision at the base of the neck over the common<unk>  artery. It is performed under either local or general anesthesia. Wire access is obtained at that location and used to deliver the stent to the internal<unk>  artery. Cerebral protection is usually obtained by flow reversal - the common<unk>  artery is clamped, and arterial blood from the internal<unk>  is run through a filter and returned to a femoral vein during the highest risk portions of the procedure. Trans-radial<unk>  The trans-radial route has been introduced as an alternative in the past few years. The vast majority of these procedures are performed under local anesthesia. In this technique, puncture of the radial artery is used to gain access to the arterial system. Wire and sheath are advanced through the aorta to the common<unk>  artery on the side to be treated. Flow reversal or filter cerebral protection may be used. The procedure is typically performed percutaneously.
Carotid stenting
Carotid endarterectomy
Endarterectomy
Angioplasty
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy
Angioprevention
Thrombectomy
Endovascular coiling