, a vaccine against<unk><unk><unk><unk>  was not yet available. The<unk>  establishes latent infection and causes infectious mononucleosis. There is also increasingly more evidence that EBV may be a trigger of multiple sclerosis. It is a dual-tropic<unk> , meaning that it infects two different host cell types — in this case, both B cells and epithelial cells. One challenge is that the<unk><unk><unk><unk>  expresses very different proteins during its lytic and its latent phases. Antiviral agents act by inhibiting viral DNA replication, but , there was little evidence that they are effective against<unk><unk><unk><unk> , they are expensive, they risk causing resistance to antiviral agents, and (in 1% to 10% of cases) can cause unpleasant side effects. Several clinical trials for a vaccine were conducted in 2006–2008. The viral proteins Gp350/220 are a primary target, but this would only block infection of B cells, not epithelial cells. A vaccine called MVA-EL has been also proposed as a target for EBV-positive cancers, but this would only be effective in combating EBV-related cancers, not the EBV infection itself. VLP<unk> -like particle)-based EBV vaccines are also the subject of intensive research. In April 2018, the first human antibody that blocks<unk> -Barr<unk>  was discovered, called AMMO1. It blocks glycoproteins gH and gL. This discovery defines new sites of vulnerability on<unk> -Barr<unk> , and neutralizes the dual-tropic infection (stopping both infection of B cells and epithelial cells). It is the most promising discovery to date, as it is the first that may be able to block both B cell infection and epithelial infection. In 2021, Moderna announced two mRNA vaccine candidates targeting EBV: a prophylactic mRNA-1189 and a therapeutic mRNA-1195. Regarding the mRNA-1189, the company said that the "vaccine encodes five glycoproteins to inhibit both mechanisms for viral entry into B cells (gp350 plus gH/gL/gp42), adds protection for epithelial cells (gH/gL), and includes gB for protection of all cells." The viral proteins produced by the mRNA in this vaccine are expressed in their native form, bound to the cell membrane, where they are available for recognition by the immune system. The company began Phase I clinical trials of mRNA-1189 on 5 January 2022. The other candidate, mRNA-1195 vaccine, is being developed to prevent longer-term complications which may be caused by EBV, and it contains additional antigens compared to mRNA-1189. , mRNA-1195 is still in pre-clinical trials.
Epstein–Barr virus vaccine
Cytomegalovirus vaccine
Polio vaccine
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine
MMRV vaccine
Smallpox vaccine
Mumps vaccine
BCG vaccine