* Disproportionate dwarfism * Shortening of the proximal limbs (called rhizomelic shortening) * Short fingers and toes with trident hands * Large head with prominent forehead frontal bossing * Small midface with a flattened nasal bridge * Spinal kyphosis (convex curvature) or lordosis (concave curvature) * Varus (bowleg) or valgus (knock knee) deformities * Frequent ear infections (due to Eustachian tube blockages), sleep apnea (which can be central or obstructive), and hydrocephalus Complications Children Children with<unk>  often have less muscle tone; because of this it is common for them to have delayed walking and motor skills. It is also common for children to have bowed legs, scoliosis, lordosis, arthritis, issues with joint flexibility, breathing problems, ear infections, and crowded teeth. These issues can be treated with surgery, braces, or physical therapy. Hydrocephalus is a severe effect associated with<unk>  in children. This condition occurs when cerebrospinal fluid is not able to flow in and out of the skull because of how the spine narrows. This fluid build up is associated with an enlarged head, vomiting, lethargy, headaches, and irritability. A shunt surgery is commonly performed to treat this condition, but an endoscopic third ventriculostomy can also be done. Adults Adults with<unk>  often face issues with obesity and sleep apnea. It is also typical for adults to suffer from numbness or tingling in their legs because of nerve compression. Pregnancy in women with<unk>  is considered higher risk. Women with<unk>  generally have their babies delivered through C-sections to prevent complications that could occur with a natural birth.
Achondroplasia
Pseudoachondroplasia
Thanatophoric dysplasia
Hypochondroplasia
Cartilage–hair hypoplasia
Metaphyseal dysplasia
Rachischisis
Cranioschisis