Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) cells adhered to bladder epithelial cell. Uropathogenic E. coli from the gut is the cause of 80–85% of community-acquired<unk> s, with Staphylococcus saprophyticus being the cause in 5–10%. Rarely they may be due to viral or fungal<unk> s. Healthcare-associated<unk> s (mostly related to urinary catheterization) involve a much broader range of pathogens including: E. coli (27%), Klebsiella (11%), Pseudomonas (11%), the fungal pathogen Candida albicans (9%), and Enterococcus (7%) among others.<unk> s due to Staphylococcus aureus typically occur secondary to blood-borne<unk> s. Chlamydia<unk> omatis and Mycoplasma genitalium can infect the urethra but not the bladder. These<unk> s are usually classified as a urethritis rather than<unk> . Intercourse In young sexually active women, sexual activity is the cause of 75–90% of bladder<unk> s, with the risk of<unk>  related to the frequency of sex. The term "honeymoon cystitis" has been applied to this phenomenon of frequent<unk> s during early marriage. In post-menopausal women, sexual activity does not affect the risk of developing a<unk> . Spermicide use, independent of sexual frequency, increases the risk of<unk> s. Diaphragm use is also associated. Condom use without spermicide or use of birth control pills does not increase the risk of uncomplicated<unk> . Sex Women are more prone to<unk> s than men because, in females, the urethra is much shorter and closer to the anus. As a woman's estrogen levels decrease with menopause, her risk of<unk> s increases due to the loss of protective vaginal flora. Additionally, vaginal atrophy that can sometimes occur after menopause is associated with recurrent<unk> s. Chronic prostatitis in the forms of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and chronic bacterial prostatitis (not acute bacterial prostatitis or asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis) may cause recurrent<unk> s in males. Risk of<unk> s increases as males age. While bacteria is commonly present in the urine of older males this does not appear to affect the risk of<unk> s. Urinary catheters Urinary catheterization increases the risk for<unk> s. The risk of bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) is between three and six percent per day and prophylactic antibiotics are not effective in decreasing symptomatic<unk> s. The risk of an associated<unk>  can be decreased by catheterizing only when necessary, using aseptic technique for insertion, and maintaining unobstructed closed drainage of the catheter. Male scuba divers using condom catheters and female divers using external catching devices for their dry suits are also susceptible to<unk> s. Others A predisposition for bladder<unk> s may run in families. This is believed to be related to genetics. Other risk factors include diabetes, being uncircumcised, and having a large prostate. In children<unk> s are associated with vesicoureteral reflux (an abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into ureters or kidneys) and constipation. Persons with spinal cord injury are at increased risk for<unk>  in part because of chronic use of catheter, and in part because of voiding dysfunction. It is the most common cause of<unk>  in this population, as well as the most common cause of hospitalization.
Urinary tract infection
Vaginitis
Ureteral neoplasm
Interstitial cystitis
Pyelonephritis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Urinary bladder disease
Urethritis