A<unk>  is done to prevent fertility in males. It ensures that in most cases the person will be sterile after confirmation of success following surgery. The procedure is regarded as permanent because<unk>  reversal is costly and often does not restore the male's sperm count or sperm motility to prevasectomy levels. Men with<unk> es have a very small (nearly zero) chance of successfully impregnating a woman, but a<unk>  has no effect on rates of sexually transmitted infections. After<unk> , the testes remain in the scrotum where Leydig cells continue to produce testosterone and other male hormones that continue to be secreted into the bloodstream. Some studies have found that sexual desire after<unk>  may be somewhat diminished. When the<unk>  is complete, sperm cannot exit the body through the penis. Sperm is still produced by the testicles but is broken down and absorbed by the body. Much fluid content is absorbed by membranes in the epididymis, and much solid content is broken down by the responding macrophages and reabsorbed via the bloodstream. Sperm is matured in the epididymis for about a month before leaving the testicles. After<unk> , the membranes must increase in size to absorb and store more fluid; this triggering of the immune system causes more macrophages to be recruited to break down and reabsorb more solid content. Within one year after<unk> , sixty to seventy percent of<unk> zed men develop antisperm antibodies. In some cases, vasitis nodosa, a benign proliferation of the ductular epithelium, can also result. The accumulation of sperm increases pressure in the vas deferens and epididymis. The entry of the sperm into the scrotum can cause sperm granulomas to be formed by the body to contain and absorb the sperm which the body will treat as a foreign biological substance (much like a virus or bacterium). Efficacy Frequency Risk Source 1 in 1400 Unwanted pregnancy (failure of<unk>  1 in 11 For comparison: unwanted pregnancy w/ typical use of pill 1 in 6 For comparison: unwanted pregnancy w/ typical use of condom 1 in 40 Infection after surgery 1 in 7 Pain at 7 months after<unk>  1 in 110 Pain at 7 months affecting quality of life<unk>  is the most effective permanent form of contraception available to men. (Removing the entire vas deferens would very likely be more effective, but it is not something that is regularly done.) In nearly every way that<unk>  can be compared to tubal ligation it has a more positive outlook.<unk>  is more cost effective, less invasive, has techniques that are emerging that may facilitate easier reversal, and has a much lower risk of postoperative complications. Early failure rates, i.e. pregnancy within a few months after<unk> , typically result from unprotected sexual intercourse too soon after the procedure while some sperm continue to pass through the vasa deferentia. Most physicians and surgeons who perform<unk> es recommend one (sometimes two) postprocedural semen specimens to verify a successful<unk> ; however, many men fail to return for verification tests citing inconvenience, embarrassment, forgetfulness, or certainty of sterility. In January 2008, the FDA cleared a home test called SpermCheck<unk>  that allows patients to perform postvasectomy confirmation tests themselves; however, compliance for postvasectomy semen analysis in general remains low. Late failure, i.e. pregnancy following spontaneous recanalization of the vasa deferentia, has also been documented. This occurs because the epithelium of the vas deferens (similar to the epithelium of some other human body parts) is capable of regenerating and creating a new tube if the vas deferens is damaged and/or severed. Even when as much as five centimeters (or two inches) of the vas deferens is removed, the vas deferens can still grow back together and become reattached—thus allowing sperm to once again pass and flow through the vas deferens, restoring one's fertility. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists states there is a generally agreed-upon rate of late failure of about one in 2000<unk> es— better than tubal ligations for which the failure rate is one in every 200 to 300 cases. A 2005 review including both early and late failures described a total of 183 recanalizations from 43,642<unk> es (0.4%), and sixty pregnancies after 92,184<unk> es (0.07%).
Vasectomy
Hymenotomy
Chemical castration
Vaginectomy
Sacrohysteropexy
Menstrual extraction
Prolotherapy
Vasoepididymostomy