When a patient lies supine, the ventilation tube tends to rest on the posterior part of the larynx, above three major potential sites of damage: the arytenoid cartilage, posterior glottis, and cricoid cartilage. Excessive pressure or friction from contact between the tube and the mucosal cell layer of the larynx, which may occur at rest or by unexpected myoclonic movement under sedation (such as coughing or swallowing), can lead to mucosal injury. Under high capillary perfusion pressure, the mucosal cells of the larynx experience pressure ischemia, leading to tissue irritation, acute inflammation, congestion and edema. Ischemic necrosis may occur, leading to erosion and ulcer formation in mucous membranes before progressing to the perichondrium and cartilage. In other cases where<unk> s are found in areas not on the posterior larynx, such tissue injury can also be accounted for by accidental lacerations from the tip of the endotracheal tube or its introducer. During prolonged<unk> , constant stress on the laryngeal tissue prevents full wound recovery until the endotracheal tube is removed. Although the formation of granulation tissue is part of a typical wound healing process, incomplete healing of the mucosal layer and persistent perichondritis causes the formation of chronic, rounded, localized granulation tissue over the ulceration site. As the granulation tissue matures, other cells such as macrophages, fibroblasts and keratinocytes migrate to the granulation tissue to aid the healing process, causing fibrosis of the growth and the production of a protective epithelial layer. Ultimately, a pedunculated globular mass consisting of immune cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, keratinocytes and endothelial cells is formed. In some cases, the<unk>  has been reported to regress after extubation without any medical intervention. However, if the<unk>  is not removed and continues to proliferate, this may pose further health risks to the patient, such as airway obstruction or stenosis. In future<unk> s, even more caution would be required to perform the procedure while avoiding disruption of the<unk> .
Intubation granuloma
Bronchopleural fistula
Pleural empyema
Aspiration pneumonia
Fibrothorax
Lobar pneumonia
Lung abscess
Urinothorax