Illustration of an<unk> c<unk> rctation In mild<unk> ses, children may show no signs or symptoms at first and their condition may not be diagnosed until later in life. Some children born with<unk>  have additional heart defects, such as<unk> c stenosis, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus or mitral valve abnormalities.<unk> rctation is about twice as common in boys as it is in girls. It is frequently found in girls who have Turner syndrome. Symptoms may be absent with mild narrowings <unk> rctation). When present, they include breathing difficulties, poor appetite or trouble feeding, and failure to thrive. Later on, children may develop symptoms related to problems with blood flow and an enlarged heart. They may experience dizziness or shortness of breath, fainting or near-fainting episodes, chest pain, abnormal tiredness or fatigue, headaches, or nosebleeds. They have cold legs and feet or have pain in their legs with exercise (intermittent claudication). In<unk> ses of more severe<unk> rctations, babies may develop serious problems soon after birth because not enough blood<unk> n get through the<unk>  to the rest of their body. Arterial hypertension in the arms with low blood pressure in the lower extremities is classic. In the lower extremities, weak pulses in the femoral arteries and arteries of the feet are found. The<unk> rctation typically occurs after the left subclavian artery. However, if situated before it, blood flow to the left arm is compromised and asynchronous or radial pulses of different "strength" may be detected (normal on the right arm, weak or delayed on the left), termed radio-radial delay. In these<unk> ses, a difference between the normal radial pulse in the right arm and the delayed femoral pulse in the legs (either side) may be apparent, whilst no such delay would be appreciated with palpation of both delayed left arm and either femoral pulses. On the other hand, a<unk> rctation occurring after the left subclavian artery will produce synchronous radial pulses, but radio-femoral delay will be present under palpation in either arm (both arm pulses are normal compared to the delayed leg pulses).
Coarctation of the aorta
Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm
Annuloaortic ectasia
Double aortic arch
Interrupted aortic arch
Aortic stenosis
Pulmonary vein stenosis
Pulmonic stenosis