The multiple subtypes of<unk>  have varying epidemiological, diagnostic, and prognostic characteristics. Light chain (AL-CM) This relatively rare form of<unk>  occurs in an estimated six to ten cases per 1,000,000 people. This sub- type usually affects males over the age of 60 and is rapidly progressive. Pathogenesis of this form is due to the aggregation of immunoglobulin lambda light chains. These chains are created by an abnormal expansion of plasma cells. Over time, these light chains deposit into the interstitial tissue within the myocardium. Diagnostic tests includes serum and urine electrophoresis, laboratory testing for the determination of elevated levels of troponin and BNP, and ECGs showing low QRS voltages. Familial (ATTRm-CM) This type is caused by mutations of proteins involved in amyloid formation, including transthyretin (TTR), fibrinogen, apolipoprotein A1, or apolipoprotein A2. Due to the multiple number of potential genetic causes the incidence of this form is variable. The vast majority of familial<unk>  still present after the age of 60. A common mutation is the TTR gene mutation Val122Ile. It is estimated that 3.5–4% of African Americans in The United States have the Val 122lle mutation. This type of<unk>  can be identified by genetic testing for protein mutation. For the diagnosis of familial<unk>  to be made a biopsy with histological evaluation must be obtained. In this histological evaluation special stains are utilized to visualize the amyloid deposits. One such stain is Congo Red, which binds specifically to the amyloid deposit and can be characterized by various lighting methods. Under polarized light, the amyloid deposits while show pathognomonic apple green birefringence, and under plain light the deposits will appear a light salmon pink color. Familial<unk>  symptoms are centered around neuropathological and<unk>  problems.<unk>  manifestations of the TTR mutation present more often in The United States. Senile (ATTRwt-CM) This type is considered the wild-type mutation which leads to the development of TTR deposits. It usually affects males over 70 years with the manifestation of carpal tunnel syndrome. Similar to the other subtypes of<unk> , a biopsy is required for diagnosis. However, formal diagnosis of Senile<unk>  is a diagnosis of exclusion. Biopsy with histological evaluation can rule out Light chain and Familial subtypes, leaving the diagnosis of Senile. This type is often misdiagnosed, however, greater use of<unk>  magnetic resonance has increased the rate of diagnosis The severity of the disease tends to be less than the Light chain and Familial variants. This is due to the amount of time that it takes to accumulate the amyloid depositions being longer in the Senile variant.
Cardiac amyloidosis
Amyloid cardiomyopathy
Viral cardiomyopathy
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
HIV associated cardiomyopathy
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
Coxsackievirus-induced cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy