A preventative procedure (thoracotomy or thoracoscopy with pleurodesis) may be recommended after an episode of<unk> , with the intention to prevent recurrence. Evidence on the most effective treatment is still conflicting in some areas, and there is variation between treatments available in Europe and the US. Not all episodes of<unk>  require such interventions; the decision depends largely on estimation of the risk of recurrence. These procedures are often recommended after the occurrence of a second<unk> . Surgery may need to be considered if someone has experienced<unk>  on both sides ("bilateral"), sequential episodes that involve both sides, or if an episode was associated with pregnancy.
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Pneumatosis
Chylothorax
Costochondritis
Urinothorax
Traumatic cardiac arrest
Hydropneumothorax