<unk><unk>  is distinct from vagal stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the external surfaces of the carotid sinus activates baroreceptors believed to be in the adventitia of the artery. This stimulates an afferent limb which activates central nervous system pathways that in turn exert two different but synergistic autonomic effects on the body. First, global sympathetic outflow is reduced and, second, vagal outflow is increased. These two autonomic effector pathways reduce heart rate and vasomotor tone, leading to a reduction in blood pressure. Effects can be seen within a few seconds of initiation of stimulation, a feature which is used in the initial implant procedure to aid positioning of the electrode.
Baroreflex activation therapy
Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation
Retrobulbar block
Constraint-induced movement therapy
Neuroreflexotherapy
Craniosacral therapy
Sympathectomy
Neuromuscular therapy