Because these<unk>  lie in the posterior part of the vertebral canal, their hypertrophy can cause spinal stenosis, particularly in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. The<unk>  may also become fatty or calcify during ageing. These cause degeneration of elastin. Some studies indicate that the hypertrophy of these<unk>  may be linked to a fibrotic process associated with increased collagen VI, which could represent an adaptive and reparative process in response to the rupture of elastic fibers. Epidural During an epidural, the needle has to be inserted into the spinal space through a<unk> m<unk> m. Once it passes through, this is felt as a decrease in the pressure requited to further advance the needle. This makes the<unk> m<unk> m an important landmark to overcome to ensure proper needle placement. Removal During a microdiscectomy, a procedure to remove part of an intervertebral disc that is pressing on the spinal nerves, the<unk>  may need to be removed or reshaped. A hook can be placed underneath a<unk> m<unk> m to ensure it is separated from the dura mater.
Ligamenta flava
Vesical tenesmus
Stratum spinosum
Planum temporale
Glia limitans
Livedo reticularis
Stratum granulosum
Dens invaginatus