<unk> s <unk> s) or<unk><unk>  modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes.<unk> s are vital components of genetic<unk>  networks, which in turn control morphogenesis, the development of anatomy, and other aspects of embryonic development, studied in evolutionary developmental biology.<unk> s are found in the vicinity of the genes that they regulate.<unk> s typically regulate gene transcription by binding to transcription factors. A single transcription factor may bind to many<unk> s, and hence control the expression of many genes (pleiotropy). The Latin prefix<unk>  means "on this side", i.e. on the same molecule of DNA as the gene(s) to be transcribed. CRMs are stretches of DNA, usually 100–1000 DNA base pairs in length, where a number of transcription factors can bind and regulate expression of nearby genes and regulate their transcription rates. They are labeled as<unk>  because they are typically located on the same DNA strand as the genes they control as opposed to trans, which refers to effects on genes not located on the same strand or farther away, such as transcription factors. One<unk>  can regulate several genes, and conversely, one gene can have several<unk><unk>  modules.<unk><unk>  modules carry out their function by integrating the active transcription factors and the associated co-factors at a specific time and place in the cell where this information is read and an output is given.<unk> s are often but not always upstream of the transcription site.<unk> s contrast with trans-regulatory<unk> s (TREs). TREs code for transcription factors.
Cis-regulatory element
Insertion sequence
Active chromatin sequence
Regulator gene
Replicon 
Mutanome
Pre-integration complex
Origin recognition complex