When treating<unk> , it is first important to treat whatever may be causing the manifestation of this disorder. This could be hyperglycemia, infections, or neoplastic lesions. Some patients may not even need treatment because the disorder is not severe and can be self-limited. Dopamine blockers When pharmacological treatment is necessary, the most standard type of drug to use is an antidopaminergic drug. Blocking dopamine is effective in about ninety percent of patients. Perphenazine, pimozide, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine are standard choices for treatment. Scientists are still unsure as to why this form of treatment works, as dopamine has not been directly linked to<unk> . Anticonvulsants An anticonvulsant called topiramate has helped patients in three cases and may be a viable treatment for the future. ITB therapy Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy is used to treat a variety of movement disorders such as cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis. It can also be a possibility to help treat<unk> . In one case, before ITB the patient had an average of 10–12 ballism episodes of the right lower limb per hour. During episodes, the right hip would flex up to about 90 degrees, with a fully extended knee. After an ITB pump was implanted and the correct dosage was found, the frequency of ballistic right leg movements decreased to about three per day, and the right hip flexed to only 30 degrees. The patient was also able to better isolate individual distal joint movements in the right lower limb. The patient currently receives 202.4 microg/day of ITB and continues to benefit almost 6 years after the ITB pump was implanted. Botulinum injections New uses for botulinum toxin have included treatment of<unk> . However, this is still in the early stages of testing. This treatment deals with the muscular manifestations of<unk>  as opposed to the neurological causes. Tetrabenazine Tetrabenazine has been used to treat other movement disorders, but is now being used to treat<unk> . Patients using this medication have had a dramatic response. However, lowering the dosage leads to a return of symptoms. This drug works by depleting dopamine. Antipsychotics In one case, a patient had not been responding to haloperidol, thus the physician tried olanzapine. The patient made a significant recovery. More research is being performed on the use of these types of drugs in treating<unk> . Functional neurosurgery Surgery as a treatment should only be used on patients with severe<unk>  that has not responded to treatment. Lesioning of the globus pallidus or deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus are procedures that can be used on humans. Usually, lesioning is favored over deep brain stimulation because of the maintenance required to continue stimulating the brain correctly and effectively.
Hemiballismus
Hypoglossia
Hypophonia
Misophonia
Metamorphopsia
Copropraxia
Dysarthria
Tachylalia