<unk>  usually affects individuals with cirrhosis and elevated pressures in the portal vein system (termed portal hypertension). While<unk>  may develop in any type of cirrhosis, it is most common in individuals with alcoholic cirrhosis, particularly if there is concomitant alcoholic hepatitis identifiable on liver biopsies.<unk>  can also occur in individuals without cirrhosis, but with acute onset of liver failure, termed fulminant liver failure. Certain precipitants of<unk>  have been identified in vulnerable individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure. These include bacterial infection, acute alcoholic hepatitis, or bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which is the infection of ascites fluid, is the most common precipitant of<unk>  in cirrhotic individuals.<unk>  can sometimes be triggered by treatments for complications of liver disease: iatrogenic precipitants of<unk>  include the aggressive use of diuretic medications or the removal of large volumes of ascitic fluid by paracentesis from the abdominal cavity without compensating for fluid losses by intravenous replacement.
Hepatorenal syndrome
Conorenal syndrome
Papillorenal syndrome
Nephritic syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome
Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome
Acute uric acid nephropathy