Micro-TESE and<unk>  have risks of postoperative infection, bleeding and pain.<unk>  can result in<unk>  abnormalities and scarring of the tissue. The procedure can cause<unk>  fibrosis and inflammation, which can reduce<unk>  function and cause<unk>  atrophy. Both procedures can alter the steroid function of the testes causing a decline in serum testosterone levels, which can result in testosterone deficiency. This can cause side-effects including muscle weakness, decreased sexual function, anxiety, leading to sleep deficiency. The blood supply to the testis can also be altered during this procedure, potentially reducing supply. Long-term follow-ups are often recommended to prevent these complications. Micro-TESE has limited postoperative complications compared with<unk> . The use of the surgical microscope allows for small specific incisions to retrieve seminiferous tubules and evade damaging blood vessels by avoiding regions with no vasculature. If<unk>  needs to be repeated due to insufficient sperm recovery, patients are usually advised to wait 6–12 months in order to allow adequate healing of the testis before further surgery.
Testicular sperm extraction
Sacrohysteropexy
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Spermatocelectomy
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection
Vasoepididymostomy
Sperm donation
Orchiopexy