<unk>  due to medicinal drugs Within all classes of medicinal drugs that possibly can lead to<unk>  as a side effect, most<unk>  is due to chemotherapy for cancer. Many medicinal drugs can lead to<unk> . A few medicinal drugs can lead to<unk>  frequently (in medicine defined by international regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the EMEA European Union as > 1% and 10%). These medicinal drugs can include gold and nitrofurantoin, as well as the following drugs used in chemotherapy for cancer: Methotrexate, the taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel), gemcitabine, bleomycin, mitomycin C, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and nitrosourea (e.g., carmustine). Also, some medicinal drugs used in cardiovascular medicine can lead to<unk>  frequently or very frequently. These include above all amiodarone, as well as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors (however,<unk>  of ACE inhibitors usually lasts only 3–4 months and then usually disappears by itself), procainamide, quinidine, tocainide, and minoxidil. Both oncologists and cardiologists are well aware of possible<unk> . Pros and cons of medicinal drugs The "medical benefit-cost ratio" for the patient should be kept in mind. Medicinal drugs should not be ruled out completely right from the start just because they possibly could cause<unk> . A number of medicinal drugs that could cause<unk>  can be life-saving for certain patients with specific diseases. For example, amiodarone falls into this category. Ideally, the pros and cons should be weighed at the start of therapy and in regular intervals thereafter, based on the available scientific/medical evidence, by an expert physician, together with an informed patient.<unk>  due to radiation (radiotherapy) Radiation (radiotherapy) is frequently used for the treatment of many cancer types, and can be highly effective. Unfortunately, it also can lead to<unk>  as a side effect. Radiotherapists are well aware of possible<unk> , and take a number of precautions to minimise the incidence of this side effect. There are research efforts to possibly eliminate this side effect in the future.<unk>  due to chemical compounds<unk>  is possible due to many chemical compounds. However, the most famous (infamous) example is<unk>  due to asbestos. Asbestos can lead to a highly dangerous (i.e., highly malignant) lung cancer called malignant pleural mesothelioma, sometimes also simply called mesothelioma. As a consequence, the use of asbestos is now completely prohibited by law in most countries. Particulate matter leading to<unk>  Atmospheric particulate matter is part of air pollution. Particulate matter is produced mainly by car traffic, overland traffic (trucks), industrial production facilities, and cigarette smoking. More and more data were gathered in recent years. The data showed that particulate matter can be a major cause of cardiovascular disease, and can also cause<unk> . As a consequence, laws, by-laws and guidelines that regulate the amount of particulate matter that can be emitted in a given time period were issued in the European Union.
Pulmonary toxicity
Neurotoxicity
Cardiotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Phototoxicity
Ototoxicity
Bone marrow suppression
Nephrotoxicity