Treatments may not be necessary for the<unk>  heart defect. If required, treatments can include medication, catheter procedures, corrective surgery and heart transplants dependent on the severity of the defect, age of the patient and patient's general health. Symptomatic relief of venous hypertension, associated with the<unk>  heart defect, can be achieved through surgery as it reduces the likelihood of hepatic vein thrombosis. Intravascular stents are a treatment method for<unk>  Stenosis of the<unk>  Cava. Expandable metallic stents have been used as part of a procedure to dilate and maintain stenotic<unk>  cava. Experiments carried out on mongrel dogs resulted in some failures for dilation and early migration, and occlusion complications in patients. Immediate relief of persisting symptoms occurred in two patients. Double balloon dilation is another technique used to treat stenosis of the<unk>  cava. Double balloon dilation involves catheters inserted in the left and right femoral vessels placed parallel to stenotic lesions and inflated simultaneously. The two balloon technique creates a substantial decrease in pressure gradients by achieving greater dilation from the use of two smaller balloons as opposed to a single large balloon. Balloons are inflated and deflated repeatedly to reduce the resistance of the vessels to inflation. Once the balloons are removed an end-hole catheter is passed over the wires to ensure a moderate systemic pressure drop occurs and then a stent is placed. Substantial pressure drops are common following single balloon dilation procedures. Hydrophilic catheter treatments can also be used through placement of the catheter through the femoral veins to access the stenosis in the<unk>  cava to measure haemodynamic and angiography. Angiography allows for visualisation of the stenosis in the<unk>  cava and measurements of the pressures and length of narrowing can be obtained from the technique, including the narrowest diameter of the stenosis. Balloon angioplasties can also be performed in the narrowed<unk>  cava using Sterling balloons. Dilations are also performed with higher pressure Dorado balloons, using the same wire as the Sterling balloon. Sustained results of increased flow and significant reduction in obstructions following stent implantation occurs from balloon angioplasty treatments.
Congenital stenosis of vena cava
Persistent left superior vena cava
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
Anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Interrupted aortic arch
Stenosis of pulmonary artery
Aberrant subclavian artery