Kepler Cod Liver Oil with Malt Extract Various recommendations In a 2009 letter on a pending revision to the Dietary Guidelines<unk> r Americans, the American Heart Association recommended 250–500 mg/day of EPA and DHA. The Guidelines were revised again<unk> r 2015–2020; included is a recommendation that adults consume at least eight ounces of a variety of types of<unk>  per week, equating to at least 250 mg/day of EPA + DHA. The<unk> od and Drug Administration recommends not exceeding 3 grams per day of EPA + DHA from all sources, with no more than 2 grams per day from dietary supplements. Prostate cancer The effect of<unk>  consumption on prostate cancer is controversial.<unk> r instance, one study showed decreased risk with higher blood levels of DPA. However, another reported increased risk of more aggressive prostate cancer with higher blood levels of combined EPA and DHA. Some evidence indicated an association between high blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids and an increased prostate cancer risk. Cardiovascular There has been a great deal of controversy in recent years about the role of<unk>  in cardiovascular disease, with recent meta-analyses reaching different conclusions about its potential impact. Multiple evaluations suggest<unk>  has little or no reduction in cardiovascular mortality, in distinction to earlier observational data, though there appears to be a small reduction in the incidence of actual cardiac events and strokes with its use. In 2007, the American Heart Association had recommended the consumption of 1 gram of<unk>  daily, preferably by eating<unk> ,<unk> r patients with coronary artery disease, but cautioned pregnant and nursing women to avoid eating<unk>  with high potential<unk> r mercury contaminants including mackerel, shark, and swordfish. (Optimal dosage was related to body weight.) The US National Institutes of Health lists three conditions<unk> r which<unk>  and other omega-3 sources are most highly recommended: hypertriglyceridemia (high triglyceride level), preventing secondary cardiovascular disease, and hypertension (high blood pressure). It then lists 27 other conditions<unk> r which there is less evidence. It also lists possible safety concerns: "Intake of 3 grams per day or greater of omega-3 fatty acids may increase the risk of bleeding, although there is little evidence of significant bleeding risk at lower doses. Very large intakes of<unk> /omega-3 fatty acids may increase the risk of hemorrhagic (bleeding) stroke." There is also some evidence that<unk>  may have a beneficial effect on certain abnormal heart rhythms. However, a 2012 meta-analysis<unk> und no such significant benefit. A 2008 meta-study by the Canadian Medical Association Journal<unk> und<unk>  supplementation did not demonstrate any preventative benefit to cardiac patients with ventricular arrhythmias. A 2012 meta-analysis published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, covering 20 studies and 68,680 patients,<unk> und that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation did not reduce the chance of death, cardiac death, heart attack, or stroke. A 2018 meta-analysis of randomized trials with a total of 77,000 participants published in JAMA<unk> und a 3% reduction in the relative risk<unk> r those who supplemented<unk> ; however, this effect was not statistically significant, but suggested a very minor benefit. In 2018, Cochrane conducted their own meta-analysis with a total of 79 studies and 112,000 participants and<unk> und a 5% reduction in the relative risk<unk> r cardiovascular mortality and a 7% reduction in the relative risk<unk> r coronary heart disease<unk> r those who supplemented with Omega-3s. Hypertension There have been some human trials that have concluded that consuming omega-3 fatty acids slightly reduces blood pressure (DHA could be more effective than EPA). It is important to note that because omega-3 fatty acids can increase the risk of bleeding, a qualified healthcare provider should be consulted before supplementing with<unk> . Mental health A 2008 Cochrane systematic review<unk> und that limited data is available. In the one eligible study, omega-3s were an effective adjunctive therapy<unk> r depressed but not manic symptoms in bipolar disorder. The authors<unk> und an "acute need"<unk> r more randomised controlled trials. A 2009 metastudy<unk> und that patients taking omega-3 supplements with a higher EPA:DHA ratio experienced fewer depressive symptoms. The studies provided evidence that EPA may be more efficacious than DHA in treating depression. However, this metastudy concluded that due to the identified limitations of the included studies, larger, randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings. In a 2011 meta-analysis of PubMed articles about<unk>  and depression from 1965 to 2010, researchers<unk> und that "nearly all of the treatment efficacy observed in the published literature may be attributable to publication bias." A 2014 meta-analysis of eleven trials conducted respectively on patients with a DSM-defined diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and of eight trials with patients with depressive symptomatology but no diagnosis of MDD demonstrated significant clinical benefit of omega-3 PUFA treatment compared to placebo. The study concluded that: "The use of omega-3 PUFA is effective in patients with diagnosis of MDD and on depressive patients without diagnosis of MDD." Antidepressant A 2019 meta-analysis concluded that EPA ≥ 60% at a dosage of ≤1 g/d may have antidepressant effect. Alzheimer's disease A Cochrane meta-analysis published in June 2012<unk> und no significant protective effect<unk> r cognitive decline<unk> r those aged 60 and over and who started taking fatty acids after this age. A co-author of the study said to Time, "Our analysis suggests that there is currently no evidence that omega-3 fatty acid supplements provide a benefit<unk> r memory or concentration in later life". Psoriasis Diets supplemented with cod liver oil have shown beneficial effects on psoriasis. Pregnancy Some studies reported better psychomotor development at 30 months of age in infants whose mothers received<unk>  supplements<unk> r the first<unk> ur months of lactation. In addition, five-year-old children whose mothers received modest algae based docosahexaenoic acid supplementation<unk> r the first 4 months of breastfeeding performed better on a test of sustained attention. This suggests that docosahexaenoic acid intake during early infancy confers long-term benefits on specific aspects of neurodevelopment. In addition, provision of<unk>  during pregnancy may reduce an infant's sensitization to common<unk> od allergens and reduce the prevalence and severity of certain skin diseases in the first year of life. This effect may persist until adolescence with a reduction in prevalence and/or severity of eczema, hay fever and asthma. Crohn's disease A 2014 Cochrane review<unk> und that, based on two large studies,<unk>  supplements did not appear to be effective<unk> r maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease.
Fish oil
Gutter oil
Yu Yee oil
Baby oil
Soybean oil
Emu oil
Omega-3 fatty acid
Fruit salt