Estimated median survival from diagnosis until liver transplant or<unk> -related death is 21.3 years. Various models have been developed to help predict survival, but their use is generally best suited for research and not clinical purposes. A serum alkaline phosphatase less than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal has been associated with better outcomes, but its use in predicting long-term outcomes is unclear. Related diseases The development of any of the cancers associated with<unk>  predicts a poor prognosis. Complications from<unk> -associated cancers account for 40% of deaths from<unk> .<unk>  is one of the major known risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma, a cancer of the biliary tree, for which the lifetime risk among patients with<unk>  is 10-15%. This represents a 400-fold greater risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma compared to the general population. Surveillance for cholangiocarcinoma in patients with<unk>  is encouraged, with some experts recommending annual surveillance with a specialized imaging study and serum markers, although consensus regarding the modality and interval has yet to be established. Similarly, a screening colonoscopy is recommended in people who receive a new diagnosis of<unk>  since their risk of colorectal cancer is 10 times higher than that of the general population.<unk>  is strongly associated with IBD, in particular ulcerative colitis (UC) and to a lesser extent Crohn's disease. As many as 5% of patients with IBD are co-diagnosed with<unk> , and approximately 70% of people with<unk>  have IBD. Of note, the presence of colitis appears to be associated with a greater risk of liver disease progression and bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) development, although this relationship remains poorly understood. Close monitoring of<unk>  patients is vital. Various forms of gallbladder disease such as gallstones and gallbladder polyps are also common in those with<unk> . Approximately 25% of people with<unk>  have gallstones. Ultrasound surveillance of the gallbladder every year is recommended for people with<unk> . Any person with<unk>  who is found to have a mass in the gallbladder should undergo surgical removal of the gallbladder due to the high risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Osteoporosis (hepatic osteodystrophy) and hypothyroidism are also associated with<unk> . A 2-3:1 male-to-female predilection occurs in<unk> .<unk>  can affect men and women at any age, although it is commonly diagnosed in the fourth decade of life, most often in the presence of IBD.<unk>  progresses slowly and is often asymptomatic, so it can be present for years before it is diagnosed and before it causes clinically significant consequences. Relatively few data are available on the prevalence and incidence of<unk> , with studies in different countries showing annual incidence of 0.068–1.3 per 100,000 people and prevalence 0.22–8.5 per 100,000; given that<unk>  is closely linked with ulcerative colitis, the risk is likely higher in populations where UC is more common. In the United States, an estimated 29,000 individuals have<unk> .
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
Fatty liver disease
Primary biliary cholangitis
Alcoholic hepatitis
Ischemic hepatitis
Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis