<unk>  is common after cardiac surgery, and recent studies have now verified that<unk>  also exists after major non-cardiac surgery, although at a lower incidence. The risk of<unk>  increases with age, and the type of surgery is also important because there is a very low incidence associated with minor surgery.<unk>  is common in adult patients of all ages at hospital discharge after major noncardiac surgery, but only the elderly (aged 60 years or older) are at significant risk for long-term<unk>  problems. Patients with<unk>  are at an increased risk of death in the first year after surgery. Research interest has increased since early 2000, especially as more elderly patients are able to undergo successful minor and major surgeries.<unk>  has been studied through various institutions since the inception of the IPOCDS-I study centred in Eindhoven, Netherlands and Copenhagen, Denmark. This study found no causal relationship between cerebral hypoxia and low blood pressure and<unk> . Age, duration of anaesthesia, introperative complications, and<unk>  infections were found to be associated with<unk> . *<unk>  is just as likely to occur after operations under regional anesthesia as under general anesthesia. * More likely after major operations than minor operations. * More likely after heart operations than other types of surgery. * More likely in aged than in younger patients. * More likely in older patients with high alcohol intake. * People with higher preoperative ASA physical status scores are more likely to develop<unk> . * People with lower educational level are more likely to develop<unk>  than those with a higher educational level. * People with prior history of a stroke, even though there is complete functional recovery, are more likely to develop<unk> . * More likely in the elderly with pre-existing declining mental functions, termed mild<unk>  impairment (MCI). MCI is a transitional zone between normal mental function and evident Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia. It is insidious, and seldom recognized, except in retrospect after affected persons are evidently demented. * Delirium and severe worsening of mental function is very likely in those with clinically evident Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia, as well as those with a history of delirium after previous operations.
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction
Postoperative nausea and vomiting
Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment
Complications of traumatic brain injury
Stroke recovery
Primary and secondary brain injury
Postoperative fever
Central nervous system fatigue