There are different ways of measuring<unk> . The five common<unk>  assessment scales are the Fagerström Test for<unk> , the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the Cigarette<unk>  Scale, the<unk>  Syndrome Scale, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking<unk>  Motives. The Fagerström Test for<unk>  focuses on measuring physical<unk>  which is defined "as a state produced by chronic drug administration, which is revealed by the occurrence of signs of physiological dysfunction when the drug is withdrawn; further, this dysfunction can be reversed by the administration of drug". The long use of Fagerström Test for<unk>  is supported by the existence of significant preexisting research, and its conciseness. The 4th edition of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-IV) had a<unk>  diagnosis which was defines as "...a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms..." In the updated DSM-5 there is no<unk>  diagnosis, but rather Tobacco Use Disorder, which is defined as, "A problematic pattern of tobacco use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least 2 of the following 11 symptoms, occurring within a 12-month period." The Cigarette<unk>  Scale was developed "to index<unk>  outcomes and not<unk>  mechanisms". The<unk>  Syndrome Scale, "a 19-item self-report measure, was developed as a multidimensional scale to assess<unk> ". The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking<unk>  Motives "is a 68-item measure developed to assess<unk>  as a motivational state".
Nicotine dependence
Exercise addiction
Cocaine dependence
Nicotine withdrawal
Alcohol dependence
Benzodiazepine dependence
Caffeine dependence
Polysubstance dependence