Dietary supplement<unk>  is used as a nutritional supplement in animal feeds and also in the human diet. For the latter, it is the most common additive used to "iodize" table salt (a public health measure to prevent<unk>  deficiency in populations that get little seafood). The oxidation of<unk>  causes slow loss of<unk>  content from<unk> d salts that are exposed to excess air. The alkali metal<unk>  salt, over time and exposure to excess oxygen and carbon dioxide, slowly oxidizes to metal carbonate and elemental<unk> , which then evaporates. Potassium iodate <unk> O3) is used to add<unk>  to some salts so that the<unk>  is not lost by oxidation. Dextrose or sodium thiosulfate are often added to<unk> d table salt to stabilize<unk>  thus reducing loss of the volatile chemical. Thyroid protection Pheochromocytoma seen as dark sphere in center of the body. Image is by MIBG scintigraphy with radiation from radioiodine in the MIBG. However, note unwanted uptake of radioiodine from the pharmaceutical by the thyroid gland in the neck, in both images (front and back) of the same patient. Radioactivity is also seen in the bladder. Thyroid<unk>  uptake blockade with<unk>  is used in nuclear medicine scintigraphy and therapy with some radioiodinated compounds that are not targeted to the thyroid, such as iobenguane (MIBG), which is used to image or treat neural tissue tumors, or iodinated fibrinogen, which is used in fibrinogen scans to investigate clotting. These compounds contain<unk> , but not in the<unk>  form. However, since they may be ultimately metabolized or break down to radioactive<unk> , it is common to administer non-radioactive<unk>  to ensure that<unk>  from these radiopharmaceuticals is not sequestered by the normal affinity of the thyroid for<unk> . U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved dosing of<unk>  for this purpose with iobenguane, is as follows (per 24 hours): infants less than 1 month old, 16 mg; children 1 month to 3 years, 32 mg; children 3 years to 18 years, 65 mg; adults 130 mg. However, some sources recommend alternative dosing regimens. Not all sources are in agreement on the necessary duration of thyroid blockade, although agreement appears to have been reached about the necessity of blockade for both scintigraphic and therapeutic applications of iobenguane. Commercially available iobenguane is labeled with<unk> -123, and product labeling recommends administration of<unk>  1 hour prior to administration of the radiopharmaceutical for all age groups, while the European Association of Nuclear Medicine recommends (for iobenguane labeled with either isotope), that<unk>  administration begin one day prior to radiopharmaceutical administration, and continue until the day following the injection, with the exception of new-borns, who do not require<unk>  doses following radiopharmaceutical injection. Product labeling for diagnostic<unk> -131 iobenguane recommends<unk>  administration one day before injection and continuing 5 to 7 days following administration, in keeping with the much longer half-life of this isotope and its greater danger to the thyroid.<unk> -131 iobenguane used for therapeutic purposes requires a different pre-medication duration, beginning 24–48 hours prior to iobenguane injection and continuing 10–15 days following injection. Nuclear accidents + WHO recommended dose for radiological emergencies involving radioactive<unk>  Age<unk>  in mg per day Over 12 years old 130 3 – 12 years old 65 1 – 36 months old 32 70 kg 154 lbs) should receive the full adult dose (130 mg) for maximal block of thyroid radioiodine uptake. Neonates ideally should receive the lowest dose (16 mg) of<unk> ." SSKI (i.e., the "saturated solution of<unk> " rather than tablets) may be used in radioiodine-contamination emergencies (i.e., nuclear accidents) to "block" the thyroid's uptake of radioiodine, at a dose of two drops of SSKI per day for an adult. This is not the same as blocking the thyroid's release of thyroid hormone, for which the adult dose is different (and is actually higher by a factor of 7 or 8), and for which<unk>  anti-radiation pills (not a common medical treatment form of<unk>  are not usually available in pharmacies, or normally used in hospitals, or by physicians. Although the two forms of<unk>  are completely interchangeable, normally in practice the SSKI solution, which is the historical medical form of high dose<unk> , is generally used for all medical purposes save for radioiodine prophylaxis. For protection of the thyroid against radioiodine <unk> -131) contamination, the convenient standard 130 mg<unk>  pill is used, if available. As noted, the equivalent two drops of SSKI (equaling the dose of one<unk>  pill) may be used for this purpose, if the pills are not available.
Potassium iodide
Sodium fluoride
Potassium fluoride
Lugol's iodine
Sodium benzoate
Amine fluoride
Silver diammine fluoride
Perchloryl fluoride