Botulinum toxin injected into the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle has been shown to be beneficial in some cases associated with orbicularis oculi contraction or blepharospasm. Levodopa has been reported to improve symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. There have also been reports of improvement with trihexyphenidyl and valproic acid. Surgical treatment may be considered in severe cases or cases that occur with blepharospasm.
Apraxia of lid opening
Ocular dysmetria
Horizontal gaze palsy
Facial toning
Binocular dysphoria
Ocular tremor
Emmasofia
Hemifacial spasm