The White classification, named after Priscilla White who pioneered research on the effect of<unk>  types on perinatal outcome, is widely used to assess maternal and fetal risk. It distinguishes between gestational<unk>  (type A) and<unk>  that existed before pregnancy (pregestational<unk> . These two groups are further subdivided according to their associated risks and management. There are 2 classes of gestational<unk> <unk>  which began during pregnancy): * Class A1: gestational<unk> ; diet controlled * Class A2: gestational<unk> ; medication controlled The second group of<unk>  which existed before pregnancy can be split up into these classes: * Class B: onset at age 20 or older or with duration of less than 10 years * Class C: onset at age 10-19 or duration of 10–19 years * Class D: onset before age 10 or duration greater than 20 years * Class E: overt<unk>  mellitus with calcified pelvic vessels * Class F: diabetic nephropathy * Class R: proliferative retinopathy * Class RF: retinopathy and nephropathy * Class H: ischemic heart disease * Class T: prior kidney transplant An early age of onset or long-standing disease comes with greater risks, hence the first three subtypes.
Diabetes and pregnancy
Smoking and pregnancy
Alcohol and pregnancy
Lupus and pregnancy
Domestic violence and pregnancy
HIV and pregnancy
Pregnancy vegetarianism
Drugs in pregnancy