Prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis (fluid-filled kidneys) suggest post-natal follow-up examination. The strongest neo-natal presentation is urinary tract infection. A hydronephrotic kidney may present as a palpable abdominal mass in the newborn, and may suggest an ectopic ureter or ureterocele. In older children, ureteral duplication may present as: * Urinary tract infection - most commonly due to vesicoureteral reflux (flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter, rather than vice versa). * Urinary incontinence in females occurs in cases of ectopic ureter entering the vagina, urethra or vestibule. Classification One of a series of IVP films at 15 minutes after injection of contrast medium showed incomplete duplication of left collecting system. Ureteral duplication is either of: ; Partial: I.e., the two ureters drain into the bladder via a single common ureter. Partial, or incomplete, ureteral duplication is rarely clinically significant. ; Complete: In which the two ureters drain separately. Complete ureteral duplication may result in one ureter opening normally into the bladder, and the other being ectopic, ending in the vagina, the urethra or the vulval vestibule. These cases occur when the ureteric bud arises twice (rather than splitting).
Duplicated ureter
Ectopic ureter
Ectopic kidney
Crossed renal ectopia
Pelvic kidney
Ureteric stricture
Urethral caruncle
Multicystic dysplastic kidney