<unk> ic acid is the major metabolite of<unk><unk>  responsible for toxicity The three main systems affected by<unk>  are the central nervous system, metabolic processes, and the kidneys. The central nervous system is affected early in the course of poisoning as the result of a direct action of<unk><unk> . Similar to ethanol, it causes intoxication, followed by drowsiness or coma. Seizures may occur due to a direct effect. The toxic mechanism of<unk>  is mainly due to the metabolites of<unk><unk> . Initially it is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to<unk> aldehyde, which is then oxidized to<unk> ic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase. The increase in metabolites may cause encephalopathy or cerebral edema. The metabolic effects occur 12 to 36 hours post ingestion, causing primarily metabolic acidosis which is due mainly to accumulated<unk> ic acid. Additionally, as a side effect of the first two steps of metabolism, an increase in the blood concentration of lactic acid occurs contributing to lactic acidosis. The formation of acid metabolites also causes inhibition of other metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation. The kidney toxicity of<unk><unk>  occurs 24 to 72 hours post ingestion and is caused by a direct cytotoxic effect of<unk> ic acid. The<unk> ic acid is then metabolized to glyoxylic acid and finally to oxalic acid. Oxalic acid binds with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals which may deposit and cause damage to many areas of the body including the brain, heart, kidneys, and lungs. The most significant effect is accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys which causes kidney damage leading to oliguric or anuric acute kidney failure. The rate-limiting step in this cascade is the conversion of<unk> ic to glyoxylic acid. Accumulation of<unk> ic acid in the body is mainly responsible for toxicity. Toxicity<unk><unk>  has been shown to be toxic to humans and is also toxic to domestic pets such as cats and dogs. A toxic dose requiring medical treatment varies but is considered more than 0.1 mL per kg body weight (mL/kg) of pure substance. That is roughly 16 mL of 50%<unk><unk>  for an 80 kg adult and 4 mL for a 20 kg child. Poison control centers often use more than a lick or taste in a child or more than a mouthful in an adult as a dose requiring hospital assessment. The orally lethal dose in humans has been reported as approximately 1.4 mL/kg of pure<unk><unk> . That is approximately 224 mL (7.6 oz.) of 50%<unk><unk>  for an 80 kg adult and 56 mL (2 oz.) for a 20 kg child. Although survival with medical treatment has occurred with doses much higher than this, death has occurred with 30 mL of the concentrate in an adult. In the EU classification of dangerous substances it is 'harmful' (Xn) while more toxic substances are classified as 'toxic' (T) or 'very toxic' (T+). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency generally puts substances which are lethal at more than 30 g to adults in Toxicity Class III.<unk><unk>  has a low vapor pressure; it does not evaporate readily at normal temperatures and therefore high concentrations in air or intoxication are unlikely to occur following inhalational exposures. There may be a slight risk of poisoning where mists or fogs are generated, although this rarely leads to poisoning as<unk><unk>  causes irritation and coughing when breathed in, alerting victims to its presence.<unk><unk>  is not well absorbed through skin meaning poisoning following dermal exposure is also uncommon.
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