<unk> s are metal-free biologically compatible<unk> <unk> s with photoluminescence emission maxima that are tunable through the visible to near-infrared spectral regions. These<unk> <unk> s have unique properties arising from their indirect band gap, including long-lived luminescent excited-states and large Stokes shifts. A variety of disproportionation, pyrolysis, and solution protocols have been used to prepare<unk> s, however it is important to note that some solution-based protocols for preparing luminescent<unk> s actually yield carbon<unk> <unk> s instead of the reported<unk> . The unique properties of<unk> s lend themselves to an array of potential applications: biological imaging, luminescent solar concentrators, light emitting diodes, sensors, and lithium-ion battery anodes.
Silicon quantum dot
Hemichrome
Silver nanoparticle
Respiratory pigment
Vapours 
Tetrachlorodecaoxide
Hematoporphyrin
WAIFW matrix