Using a tailored multi-faceted approach as outlined above can decrease rates of<unk>  by 27% among the elderly. At least 30–40% of all cases of<unk>  could be prevented, and high rates of<unk>  reflect negatively on the quality of care. Episodes of<unk>  can be prevented by identifying hospitalized people at risk of the condition. This includes individuals over age 65, with a cognitive impairment, with hip fracture, or with severe illness. Close observation for the early signs is recommended in such populations.<unk>  may be prevented and treated by using non-pharmacologic approaches focused on risk factors, such as constipation, dehydration, low oxygen levels, immobility, visual or hearing impairment, sleep deprivation, functional decline and removing or minimizing problematic medications. Ensuring a therapeutic environment (e.g. individualized care; clear communication; adequate reorientation and lighting during daytime; promoting uninterrupted sleep hygiene with minimal noise and light at night; minimizing bed relocation; having familiar objects like family pictures; providing earplugs; and providing adequate nutrition, pain control, and assistance toward early mobilization) can also yield benefit toward preventing<unk> . Research into pharmacologic prevention and treatment is weak and insufficient to make proper recommendations. Melatonin and other pharmacological agents have been studied for prevention of postoperative<unk> , but evidence is not clear. Avoidance or cautious use of benzodiazepines has been recommended for reducing the risk of<unk>  in critically ill individuals. It is unclear if the medication donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor, reduces<unk>  following surgery. There is also no clear evidence to suggest that citicoline, methylprednisolone, or antipsychotic medications prevent<unk> . A review of intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non-cardiac surgery showed little or no difference in postoperative<unk>  according to the type of anaesthetic maintenance agents in five studies (321 participants). The authors of this review were uncertain whether maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) or with inhalational agents can affect the incidence rate of postoperative<unk> . Interventions for preventing<unk>  in older people in institutional long-term care The current evidence suggests that software-based interventions to identify medications that could contribute to<unk>  risk and recommend a pharmacist's medication review probably reduces incidence of<unk>  in older adults in long-term care. The benefits of hydration reminders and education on risk factors and care homes' solutions for reducing<unk>  is still uncertain.
Delirium
Dementia
Excited delirium
Status epilepticus
Ateliosis
Dancing mania
Oneiroid syndrome
Depression of Alzheimer disease