Boiling sheep livers containing hydatid cysts for 30 minutes kills the cestode larvae – a simple method for prevention in remote areas Cystic<unk>  There are several different strategies that are currently being used to prevent and control cystic<unk>  (CE). Most of these various methods try to prevent and control CE by targeting the major risk factors for the disease and the way it is transmitted. For instance, health education programs focused on cystic<unk>  and its agents, and improved water sanitation attempt to target poor education and poor drinking water sources, which are both risk factors for contracting<unk> . Furthermore, since humans often come into contact with Echinococcus eggs via touching contaminated soil, animal feces and animal hair, another prevention strategy is improved hygiene. In addition to targeting risk factors and transmission, control and prevention strategies of cystic<unk>  also aim at intervening at certain points of the parasite's life cycle, in particular, the infection of hosts (especially dogs) that reside with or near humans. For example, many countries endemic to<unk>  have implemented programs geared at de-worming dogs and vaccinating dogs and other livestock, such as sheep, that also act as hosts for E. granulosus. Proper disposal of carcasses and offal after home slaughter is difficult in poor and remote communities and therefore dogs readily have access to offal from livestock, thus completing the parasite cycle of Echinococcus granulosus and putting communities at risk of cystic<unk> . Boiling livers and lungs that contain hydatid cysts for 30 minutes has been proposed as a simple, efficient and energy- and time-saving way to kill the infectious larvae. Alveolar<unk>  A number of strategies are geared towards prevention and control of alveolar<unk> —most of which are similar to those for cystic<unk> . For instance, health education programs, improved water sanitation, improved hygiene and de-worming of hosts (particularly red foxes) are all effective to prevent and control the spread of alveolar<unk> . Unlike cystic<unk> , however, where there is a vaccine against E. granulosus, there is currently no canidae or livestock vaccine against E. multilocularis. Polycystic<unk>  While a number of control and prevention strategies deal with cystic and alveolar<unk> , there are few methods to control and prevent polycystic<unk> . This is probably due to the fact that polycystic<unk>  is restricted to Central and South America, and that the way that humans become accidental hosts of E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli is still not completely understood. Human vaccines Currently there are no human vaccines against any form of<unk> . However, there are studies being conducted that are looking at possible vaccine candidates for an effective human vaccine against<unk> .
Echinococcosis
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiosarcoma
Cryptococcosis
Alveolar hydatid disease
Liver angiosarcoma
Amoebic liver abscess
Hepatocellular carcinoma