Alveolar<unk>  Alveolar<unk> , caused by thumb sucking and tongue thrusting in a seven-year-old girl. Not all alveolar<unk>  is anomalous, and significant differences can be observed among different ethnicities. Harmful habits such as thumb sucking or tongue thrusting can result in or exaggerate an alveolar<unk> , causing teeth to misalign. Functional appliances can be used in growing children to help modify bad habits and neuro-muscular function, with the aim of correcting this condition. Alveolar<unk>  can also easily be corrected with fixed orthodontic therapy. However, relapse is quite common, unless the cause is removed or a long-term retention is used. Maxillary<unk>  In disease states, maxillary<unk>  is associated with Cornelia de Lange syndrome; however, so-called false maxillary<unk> , or more accurately, retrognathism, where there is a lack of growth of the mandible, is by far a more common condition.<unk> , if not extremely severe, can be treated in growing patients with orthodontic functional or orthopaedic appliances. In adult patients this condition can be corrected by means of a combined surgical/orthodontic treatment, where most of the time a mandibular advancement is performed. The same can be said for mandibular<unk> . Mandibular<unk>  (progenism) Pathologic mandibular<unk>  is a potentially disfiguring genetic disorder where the lower jaw outgrows the upper, resulting in an extended chin and a crossbite. In both humans and animals, it can be the result of inbreeding. In brachycephalic or flat-faced dogs, like shih tzus and boxers, it can lead to issues, such as underbite. In humans, it results in a condition sometimes called lantern jaw, reportedly derived from 15th century horn lanterns, which had convex sides. Traits such as these were often exaggerated by inbreeding, and can be traced within specific families. Although more common than appreciated, the best known historical example is Habsburg jaw, or Habsburg or Austrian lip, due to its prevalence in members of the house of Habsburg, which can be traced in their portraits. The process of portrait-mapping has provided tools for geneticists and pedigree analysis; most instances are considered polygenic, but a number of researchers believe that this trait is transmitted through an autosomal recessive type of inheritance. Leopold I, showing progenism Allegedly introduced into the family by a member of the Piast dynasty, it is clearly visible on family tomb sculptures in St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw. A high propensity for politically motivated intermarriage among Habsburgs meant the dynasty was virtually unparalleled in the degree of its inbreeding. Charles II of Spain, who lived 1661 to 1700, is said to have had the most pronounced case of the Habsburg jaw on record, due to the high number of consanguineous marriages in the dynasty preceding his birth.
Prognathism
Trichomegaly
Dyscalculia
Testicular atrophy
Polyorchidism
Micrognathism
Hyperkatifeia
Macroorchidism