Exercise Exercise remains the intervention of choice for<unk> , but translation of research findings into clinical practice is challenging. The type, duration and intensity of exercise are variable between studies, preventing a standardized exercise prescription for<unk> . Lack of exercise is a significant risk factor for<unk>  and exercise can dramatically slow the rate of muscle loss. Exercise can be an effective intervention because aging skeletal muscle retains ability to synthesize proteins in response to short-term resistance exercise. Progressive resistance training in older adults can improve physical performance (gait speed) and muscular strength. Medication There are currently no approved medications for the treatment of<unk> . Testosterone or other anabolic steroids have also been investigated for treatment of<unk> , and seem to have some positive effects on muscle strength and mass, but cause several side effects and raise concerns of prostate cancer in men and virilization in women. Additionally, recent studies suggest testosterone treatments may induce adverse cardiovascular events. DHEA and human growth hormone have been shown to have little to no effect in this setting. Growth hormone increases muscle protein synthesis and increases muscle mass, but does not lead to gains in strength and function in most studies. This, and the similar lack of efficacy of its effector insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), may be due to local resistance to IGF-1 in aging muscle, resulting from inflammation and other age changes. Other medications under investigation as possible treatments for<unk>  include ghrelin, vitamin D, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and eicosapentaenoic acid. Nutrition Intake of calories and protein are important stimuli for muscle protein synthesis. Older adults may not utilize protein so efficiently as younger people and may require higher amounts to prevent muscle atrophy. A number of expert groups have proposed an increase in dietary protein recommendations for older age groups to 1.0-1.2 g/kg body weight per day. Ensuring adequate nutrition in older adults is of interest in the prevention of<unk>  and frailty, since it is a simple, low-cost treatment approach without major side effects. Supplements A component of<unk>  is the loss of ability for aging skeletal muscle to respond to anabolic stimuli such as amino acids, especially at lower concentrations. However, aging muscle retains the ability of an anabolic response to protein or amino acids at larger doses. Supplementation with larger doses of amino acids, particularly leucine has been reported to counteract muscle loss with aging. Exercise may work synergistically with amino acid supplementation. β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of leucine that acts as a signalling molecule to stimulate protein synthesis. It is reported to have multiple targets, including stimulating mTOR and decreasing proteasome expression. Its use to prevent the loss of lean body mass in older adults is consistently supported in clinical trials. More research is needed to determine the precise effects of HMB on muscle strength and function in this age group.
Sarcopenia
Urinary incontinence
Orthostatic intolerance
Hyperesthesia
Gastroparesis
Arachnophobia
Dynapenia
Dyscopia