Testicular cancer metastasizes in a predictable pattern, and<unk> <unk> s in the retroperitoneum are typically the first place it lands. By examining the removed<unk> atic tissue, a pathologist can determine whether the disease has spread. If no malignant tissue is found, the cancer can be labeled Stage I, limited to the testicle. The procedure is common in the treatment of Stage I and II non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. In seminomas, another form of testicular cancer, radiation therapy is generally preferred to the invasive<unk>  procedure. Whether<unk>  is needed after orchiectomy depends on the type of tumor and its stage.<unk>  may be performed to remove tumor remnants that persist after chemotherapy, because these remnants might otherwise spread and become resistant to the chemotherapy agents previously used. Chemotherapy may be administered before<unk>  and, if successful, may render surgery unnecessary. However, if the cancer does recur, surgery is much more difficult in a patient previously treated with chemotherapy.
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
Inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy
Abdominoperineal resection
Lower anterior resection
Pinealectomy
Frozen pelvis
Transperineal biopsy
Radical retropubic prostatectomy