<unk>  is almost completely restricted to women. While lung cysts consistent with<unk>  are reported in some men with tuberous sclerosis, very few of these men develop symptoms. The prevalence of<unk>  is estimated using data from registries and patient groups and is between 3.4 and 7.8/million women. The number of new cases each year is between 0.23 and 0.31/million women/year in the US, UK and Switzerland. The variation between countries and between adjacent states in the US, suggest that a significant number of women with<unk>  remain either undiagnosed or their symptoms are attributed to other diseases. Adult women with tuberous sclerosis are more likely to develop<unk>  than women without tuberous sclerosis. Cohorts of patients with tuberous sclerosis have been screened for<unk>  using CT scanning. In a retrospective study of adults with tuberous sclerosis, CT demonstrated lung cysts in 42% of 95 women and 13% of 91 men. In general, lung cysts were larger and more numerous in women than in men. In a further retrospective study of women with TSC who underwent CT scanning to detect<unk> , 25% of those in their 20s had lung cysts whereas 80% of women in their 40s were affected, suggesting that the development of<unk>  is age dependent at least in tuberous sclerosis-related<unk> . Although the prevalence of tuberous sclerosis at 1 in 6000 births is much greater than that of<unk> , most pulmonary clinics see more cases of sporadic than tuberous sclerosis-LAM: probably due to a combination of low levels of screening for<unk>  in tuberous sclerosis and in many, the absence of symptoms. Female sex and tuberous sclerosis are the only known risk factors. Although use of supplemental estrogen is not associated with development of<unk> , one study suggested that use of estrogen-containing contraceptive pills was associated with earlier onset. It occurs in more than 30% of women with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC-LAM), a heritable syndrome that is associated with seizures, cognitive impairment and benign tumors in multiple tissues. Most<unk>  patients who present for medical evaluation have the sporadic form of the disease (S-LAM), however, which is not associated with other manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex. Mild cystic changes consistent with<unk>  have been described in 10–15% of men with TSC, but symptomatic<unk>  in males is rare. Sporadic<unk>  occurs exclusively in women, with one published exception to date. Both TSC-LAM and S-LAM are associated with mutations in tuberous sclerosis genes.
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Intravenous leiomyomatosis
Lymphangiomatosis
Angiodysplasia
Adenomyomatosis
Papillomatosis
Bagassosis
Fibromuscular dysplasia