Despite the popular understanding that<unk>  is a socially-based construct, research indicates that it has critical social implications and plays a role in the way individuals navigate society.<unk>  is viewed as a consequence of racially motivated discrimination, exclusion, and unjust treatment. Racial discrimination can be interpersonal, institutional/structural, and/or cultural. At the interpersonal level,<unk>  occurs when an individual directly experiences<unk><unk>  prejudice from another person. Institutional racial discrimination occurs at the hands of trusted or imperative social structures of power in society that for example, may withhold services or resources from people of color. Lastly, on a cultural level, racial discrimination occurs when non-Eurocentric cultures are devalued or viewed as inferior. Additionally, research indicates that racial discrimination can be experienced both overtly and covertly. On an overt level, people of color are targeted in an intentionally blatant manner due to their racial identities. In contrast, covert racial discrimination, often termed microaggressions, often come in the form of subtle messages, whether intentional or not, and demonstrate malicious, invalidating, or disparaging meaning for people of color. With the frequency at which<unk><unk>  discrimination is found to occur, on both overt and covert levels, some individuals may experience re-traumatization.
Race-based traumatic stress
Transgenerational trauma
Psychological trauma
Social stress
Childhood trauma
Adverse childhood experiences
Outline of domestic violence
Incident stress