The drugs involved can include opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), ethanol, and benzodiazepines. Opioids may be more likely to cause NAS than other substances due to an increase in its usage. Exposure to heroin and methadone claimed to be correlated with a 60 to 80% occurrence of<unk> , whereas buprenorphine has been associated with a lower risk. Neonatal abstinence syndrome does not happen in prenatal cocaine exposure. Prematurity and exposure to other drugs may instead be the cause of symptoms. The main mechanistic pathway of prescribed and illicit substance-induced NAS is the hyperactivity of the central and autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal tract There are several potential mechanisms and pathways that have been proposed, which includes the interaction between the neurotransmitters and lack of adequate expression of opioid receptors. However, the main pathophysiology of this syndrome remains unknown. Most of the opioid induced NAS are due to opioid exposure during pregnancy for pain relief, misuse, or abuse of prescribed opioids or other medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder.
Neonatal withdrawal
Traumatic asphyxia
Neonatal encephalopathy
Positional asphyxia
Shaken baby syndrome
Neonatal seizure
Neonatal stroke
Emergence delirium