Currently, standard treatment of<unk>  takes the form of long-term chemotherapy and drug intake to prevent or treat side effects associated with low white blood cell count as a result of intensive chemotherapy regimes. The treatment typically takes place over three stages: induction, consolidation, and maintenance. Treatment is expected to span over approximately two years with the maintenance phase lasting the longest.<unk>  can spread to areas of the brain and spinal cord, which can be diagnosed through lumbar puncture assessment in patients suspected to suffer from<unk> . Lumbar puncture helps to identify leukemic cells surrounding the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Even if leukemic cells are not found in the CSF at the time of diagnosis, it is highly likely that they will spread there with time and progression of the disease. Henceforth, Prophylactic Intrathecal Chemotherapy in CNS lymphoma, a treatment to lower risk of leukemia spreading to the spinal cord and brain by directly administering chemotherapy to the CSF, is crucial. In comparison to B-ALL,<unk>  patients present more high-risk features including tendency for earlier relapse, CNS involvement, and resistance to chemotherapy. In response, Prophylactic Intrathecal Chemotherapy is further enhanced with CNS radiation therapy. In treating high-risk<unk>  patients, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been deemed to produce highly successful and promising results. However, its consequence includes increased relapse, which reduces its curative potential. Patients undergoing transplantation must be continuously monitored for Minimal Residual Disease (MRD), usually via qPCR analysis of T-Cell Receptor (TCR) genes to evaluate for fusion transcripts such as SIL-TAL1. Mutation of TAL1 is frequently present in<unk>  patients, where SIL/TAL1 fusion gives rise to inappropriate TAL1 expression, in turn promoting T-Cell leukemogenesis. The analysis is critical to ensure that immediate intervention is taken during early stages of relapse. Young<unk>  patients showed significant improvement through multimodal therapy, involving initial induction therapy – including a glucocorticoid, vincristine, L-asparaginase, and an anthracycline - for 4 to 6 weeks, intensive combination therapy for 6–8 months, lastly 18–30 months of low-intensity anti-metabolite-based therapy. It is crucial to note the importance of differential treatment amongst youth and adults. Studies have shown that through administering a random variation of either traditional pediatric scheme or intensive block-based chemotherapy, the two groups showed significantly different responses. Although both treatments included administering high-dose methotrexate and asparaginase and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, high survival and low death rates were present for all patients for the first treatment whereas the latter led to a high toxic death rate amongst adults.
T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia