<unk>  is difficult to diagnose accurately, and operation is often performed before certain diagnosis is made. A study at an obstetrics and gynaecology department found that preoperative diagnosis of<unk>  was confirmed in only 46% of people. Ultrasound Gynecologic ultrasonography is the imaging modality of choice. Use of doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis has been suggested. However, doppler flow is not always absent in<unk>  – the definitive diagnosis is often made in the operating room. Lack of ovarian blood flow on doppler sonography seems to be a good predictor of<unk> . Women with pathologically low flow are more likely to have<unk> . The sensitivity and specificity of abnormal ovarian flow are 44% and 92%, respectively, with a positive and negative predictive value of 78% and 71%, respectively. Specific flow features on Doppler sonography include: * Little or no intra-ovarian venous flow. This is commonly seen in<unk> . * Absent arterial flow. This is a less common finding in<unk>  * Absent or reversed diastolic flow Normal vascularity does not exclude intermittent<unk> . There may occasionally be normal Doppler flow because of the ovary's dual blood supply from both the ovarian arteries and uterine arteries. Other ultrasonographic features include: * Enlarged hypoechogenic or hyperechogenic ovary * Peripherally displaced ovarian follicles * Free pelvic fluid. This may be seen in more than 80% of cases * Whirlpool sign of twisted vascular pedicle * Underlying ovarian lesion can often be found * Uterus may be slightly deviated towards the torted ovary.
Ovarian torsion
Appendicitis
Testicular torsion
Ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian vein syndrome
Kidney stone disease
Tubo-ovarian abscess
Pyelonephritis