<unk>  onset has been found to be more prevalent in certain demographics due to their associated anatomical characteristics. The physiological differences due to age, gender, or inherited features may place such patients at an increased risk of<unk>  injury, and subsequently the occurrence of<unk> s. Age Pediatric and geriatric patients are at higher risk of laryngeal injury. Compared to adults, newborns and young children possess a higher, more anterior larynx, a larger and stiffer epiglottis as well as a more fragile laryngotracheal mucosa, making them more vulnerable to traumatic damage by prolonged tracheal<unk> . In addition, the fragility of the mucous larynx increases with age, leaving the patient more prone to<unk> -induced tracheal and laryngeal injuries. Gender Females were found to be at greater risk of<unk> s as they tend to have a narrower glottis, lower glottic proportion and a thinner arytenoid mucochondrium. 75% to 90% of<unk> s found in the vocal cords are reported in female patients. Furthermore, females displayed greater postintubation pharyngitis, which have led to increased incidence of<unk> s. Anatomical characteristics Congenital and/or acquired abnormalities of the larynx - laryngeal webs, bands, cysts and tumours - are predisposing risk factors of<unk> . In addition, facial and cervical anomalies, short necks, receding chins and obesity can heighten the difficulty in successful laryngoscopy, predisposing the patient to traumatic<unk>  as their airway becomes more challenging to navigate during the<unk>  process.
Intubation granuloma
Bronchopleural fistula
Pleural empyema
Aspiration pneumonia
Fibrothorax
Lobar pneumonia
Lung abscess
Urinothorax