<unk> , often<unk> , is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to correctly imitate hand gestures and voluntarily mime tool use, e.g. pretend to brush one's hair. The ability to spontaneously use tools, such as brushing one's hair in the morning without being instructed to do so, may remain intact, but is often lost. The general concept of<unk>  and the classification of<unk>  were developed in Germany in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by the work of Hugo Liepmann, Adolph Kussmaul, Arnold Pick, Paul Flechsig, Hermann Munk, Carl Nothnagel, Theodor Meynert, and linguist Heymann Steinthal, among others.<unk>  was classified as "ideo-kinetic<unk> " by Liepmann due to the apparent dissociation of the idea of the action with its execution. The classifications of the various subtypes are not well defined at present, however, owing to issues of diagnosis and pathophysiology.<unk>  is hypothesized to result from a disruption of the system that relates stored tool use and gesture information with the state of the body to produce the proper motor output. This system is thought to be related to the areas of the brain most often seen to be damaged when<unk>  is present: the left parietal lobe and the premotor cortex. Little can be done at present to reverse the motor deficit seen in<unk> , although the extent of dysfunction it induces is not entirely clear.
Ideomotor apraxia
Visuospatial dysgnosia
Misophonia
Copropraxia
Metamorphopsia
Hypophonia
Finger agnosia
Bruns apraxia