The effects of<unk>  on mothers and newborns have been studied since the<unk>  1960s when the first report on randomly controlled trial of<unk>  was published by Hellman and Palmer in 1962. Since then, there have been controversies on the safety of mothers and newborns regarding<unk><unk><unk> , in which studies have concluded adverse effects while others suggest no significant effects and positive effects. These divergent conclusions have been suggested to result from varying definitions of what constitutes<unk> , differences in methodologies and clinical heterogeneity of interventions and programs. Mothers Breastfeeding Mothers participating in<unk><unk>  programs which include home-based follow-up care have been found to have higher rates of breastfeeding at three months postpartum as well as exclusive breastfeeding compared to later<unk> d mothers. Additionally, it has been found that mothers were significantly more satisfied with initiation of breastfeeding when they were<unk> d<unk> , compared to mothers<unk> d later. In contrast, it has been suggested that mothers who were<unk> d<unk>  felt reduced positive emotions towards breastfeeding compared to mothers who were not<unk> d<unk>  postpartum. The length of<unk><unk><unk>  has also been found to be a predictor of breastfeeding cessation, in which mothers<unk> d<unk>  were more likely to cease breastfeeding compared to mothers who were<unk> d at a conventional duration. No association between the duration of breastfeeding initiation and of the length of<unk>  stay postpartum has been found. In addition, it has also been suggested that the length of<unk><unk>  stay does not influence breastfeeding rates and duration, in which mothers who were<unk> d<unk>  were equally likely to breastfeed their newborns at a similar rate as the mothers who were<unk> d later. Depression<unk>  may influence depression in mothers. Depression amongst mothers who were<unk> d within 48 hours of giving birth were found to be more likely at five to six months postpartum compared to mothers who were<unk> d after five days. In contrast, findings have also suggested that mothers’ depression and anxiety are not influenced by<unk> . It has been found that depression and anxiety measured by the<unk>  anxiety and depression scale showed no differences between mothers who were<unk> d<unk>  and mothers who were<unk> d later. This was also found to be the case for mothers within the first six weeks after birth, in which the proportion of depressed moods reported did not differ between mothers who were<unk> d<unk>  and mothers who were<unk> d later. Newborns Morbidity Although conclusions on the effects of<unk>  on morbidity of newborns remain unclear, it has been suggested that newborns<unk> d within 24 hours of birth are more likely to require readmission by one month compared to newborns<unk> d after 24 hours. The main reason for newborn readmission was jaundice, which occurred at a higher rate than newborns<unk> d later. be re-hospitalised for jaundice. It has also been suggested that there are higher rates of dehydration in<unk><unk> d newborns compared to newborns<unk> d later. In contrast, a systematic literature review has found no significant differences in complication rates, type and occurrence of newborn morbidities between newborns who were<unk> d<unk>  and those who were<unk> d later on. Even after three weeks, no differences of complication rates were found between newborns who were<unk> d<unk>  and newborns who stayed at the<unk>  for a conventional duration.
Early postnatal hospital discharge
Establishment of breastfeeding
Breastfeeding promotion
Assisted feeding
Parent management training
Pre-conception counseling
Morning care
Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns