Genetic risks Mutations of genes involved in transcription regulation, chromatin remodelling, α-dystroglycan glycosylation, cytoskeleton and scaffolding protein, RNA splicing, and the MAP kinase signalling pathway are currently known to cause<unk> . Many transcription factors for eye development are also involved in the morphogenesis of forebrain, which may explain why<unk>  is commonly a part of a syndrome involving brain malformations.<unk>  impacts all ethnic groups, although in the United States, occurrence is lower in persons of Asian descent. To date, there have been few reports of<unk>  occurrence in Asian countries, although it is uncertain why this is so. Gestational and exposure history Although many perinatal and prenatal risk factors for<unk>  have been suggested, the predominant, enduring, most frequent risk factors are young maternal age and primiparity (the affected child being the first child born to the mother). Increased frequency of delivery by caesarean section and fetal/neonatal complications, preterm labor, gestational vaginal bleeding, low maternal weight gain, and weight loss during pregnancy are also associated with<unk> .
Optic nerve hypoplasia
Septo-optic dysplasia
Macular hypoplasia
Cystic eyeball
Retinal dysplasia
Congenital cataract
Vitreous bulge
Post-lingual deafness