<unk>  <unk>  is a group of movement disorders that appear in early childhood. Signs and symptoms vary among people and over time, but include poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, and tremors. There may be problems with sensation, vision, hearing, and speaking. Often, babies with<unk>  do not roll over, sit, crawl or walk as early as other children of their age. Other symptoms include seizures and problems with thinking or reasoning, which each occur in about one-third of people with<unk> . While symptoms may get more noticeable over the first few years of life, underlying problems do not worsen over time.<unk>  is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but they may also occur during childbirth or shortly after birth. Often, the cause is unknown. Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections during pregnancy, such as toxoplasmosis or rubella, exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life, among others. About 2% of cases are believed to be due to an inherited genetic cause. A number of sub-types are classified, based on the specific problems present. For example, those with stiff muscles have spastic<unk> , those with poor coordination in locomotion have ataxic<unk> , and those with writhing movements have dyskinetic<unk> . Diagnosis is based on the child's development over time. Blood tests and medical imaging may be used to rule out other possible causes.<unk>  is partly preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as through improved safety. There is no known cure for<unk> , but supportive treatments, medication and surgery may help many individuals. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy. Medications such as diazepam, baclofen and botulinum toxin may help relax stiff muscles. Surgery may include lengthening muscles and cutting overly active nerves. Often, external braces and other assistive technology are helpful. Some affected children can achieve near normal adult lives with appropriate treatment. While alternative medicines are frequently used, there is no evidence to support their use.<unk>  is the most common movement disorder in children. It occurs in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births.<unk>  has been documented throughout history, with the first known descriptions occurring in the work of Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE. Extensive study of the condition began in the 19th century by William John Little, after whom spastic diplegia was called "Little's disease". William Osler first named it<unk> " from the German<unk>  child-paralysis). A number of potential treatments are being examined, including stem cell therapy. However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe.
Cerebral palsy
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Athetoid cerebral palsy
Angelman syndrome
Spastic cerebral palsy
Tardive dyskinesia  Tardive dyskinesia  1
Spina bifida
Snyder–Robinson syndrome