Unilateral<unk>  results in decreased sperm count but does not reduce testosterone levels. Bilateral<unk>  causes infertility and greatly reduced testosterone levels. This can lead to side effects including loss of sexual interest, erectile dysfunction, hot flashes, breast enlargement (gynecomastia), weight gain, loss of muscle mass, and osteoporosis. It has been discovered that some individuals with a history of prostate cancer who had bilateral<unk>  had effects on their new bone production, resulting in increased risk of bone fractures due to testosterone deficiency after the procedure. Bilateral<unk>  also reduces the use of exogenous medications for transgender women; the reduction in testosterone eliminates the need for testosterone-blocking medications and can contribute to feminizing features such as breast enlargement. Psychosocial effects The loss of one or both testicles from<unk>  can have severe implications in a male's identity and self-image surrounding masculinity, such that it can lead to an individual having thoughts of hopelessness, inadequacy, and loss. Among testicular cancer survivors who have lost a testicle, there are feelings of shame and loss, which are more evident in young and single men than older and non-single men. As many as one third of individuals who will undergo<unk>  are not offered the option of having a testicular prosthesis. Data shows that simply offering testicular prosthesis to individuals undergoing<unk>  is psychologically beneficial. While some individuals do not mind losing a testicle, studies have shown that there is a change in body image in testicular cancer survivors who have undergone<unk>  and an improvement in body image in 50-60% of individuals who undergo testicular prosthesis placement. One year after testicular prosthesis placement, there are reports of increase in self-esteem and psychological well-being during sexual activity in a study that followed up on post-orchiectomy individuals including adolescents. On the other hand, there is a current debate whether children undergoing<unk>  should be offered testicular prosthesis to be inserted at the time of<unk>  procedure.
Orchiectomy
Orchiopexy
Vaginectomy
Hymenotomy
Spermatocelectomy
Sacrohysteropexy
Prolotherapy
Tubal ligation