<unk>  associated * Postperfusion syndrome (pumphead), a transient neurocognitive impairment associated with cardiopulmonary<unk> . Some research shows the incidence is initially decreased by off-pump coronary artery<unk> , but with no difference beyond three months after surgery. A neurocognitive decline over time has been demonstrated in people with coronary artery disease regardless of treatment (OPCAB, conventional<unk>  or medical management). However, a 2009 research study suggests that longer term (over 5 years) cognitive decline is not caused by<unk>  but is rather a consequence of vascular disease. Loss of mental function is a complication of<unk>  surgery in elderly people, and might influence procedure cost benefit considerations. Several factors may contribute to immediate cognitive decline. The heart-lung blood circulation system and the surgery itself release a variety of debris, including bits of blood cells, tubing, and plaques. For example, when surgeons clamp and connect the aorta to tubing, resulting emboli block blood flow and cause mini strokes. Other heart surgery factors related to mental damage may be events of hypoxia, high or low body temperature, abnormal blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms, and fever after surgery. * Nonunion of the sternum; internal thoracic artery harvesting increases the sternum devascularization risk. * Myocardial infarction due to embolism, hypoperfusion, or graft failure. In most cases, early graft failure can be successfully treated in order to improve outcomes. While remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) reduces the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) release measured at 72 hours after surgery and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) release measured at 48 hours and 72 hours after surgery, it does not reduce reperfusion injury in people undergoing cardiac surgery. * Late graft stenosis, particularly of saphenous vein grafts due to atherosclerosis causing recurrent angina or myocardial infarction. * Acute renal failure due to embolism or hypoperfusion. * Stroke, secondary to embolism or hypoperfusion. * Vasoplegic syndrome, secondary to cardiopulmonary<unk>  and hypothermia * Pneumothorax: An air collection around the lung that compresses the lung * Hemothorax: Blood in the space around the lungs * Pericardial tamponade: Blood collection around the heart that compresses the heart and causes poor body and brain perfusion. Chest tubes are placed around the heart and lung to prevent this. If the chest tubes become clogged in the early post operative period when bleeding is ongoing this can lead to pericardial tamponade, pneumothorax or hemothorax. * Pleural effusion: Fluid in the space around the lungs. This can lead to hypoxia which can slow recovery. * Pericarditis * Lower extremity edema, extravasation, inflammation, and eccymoses from vein harvest; entrapment of up to of fluid in the extremity is common. This is managed with a thigh length compression stocking, elevation of the limb, and early and frequent slow walking; as well as avoidance of standing in place, sitting, and bending the leg at the knee more than a few degrees. Open heart surgery associated * Post-operative atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. * Anemia - secondary to blood loss, plus the anemia of inflammation, inflammation being inevitable with opening the chest plus harvesting of leg for grafting. A fall in the hemoglobin from normal preoperative levels (e.g. 15) to postoperative levels of 6 to 10 are inevitable. There is no benefit from transfusions until the hemoglobin falls below 7.5. Institutions should establish protocols to ensure transfusions are not given unless the hemoglobin falls below 7.5 without some additional compelling . * Delayed healing or refracture of sternum - the sternum is bifurcated longitudinally (a median sternotomy) and retracted to access the heart. Failure to follow "sternal precautions" following surgery could result in delayed healing or refracture of the sternum which was sutured at the closure of the chest wound: * Hold a pillow against the chest whenever getting out of or into a chair or bed; or coughing, sneezing, blowing nose, or laughing, in order to oppose the intrathoracic outward force created by these activities on the healing sternum. * Avoid using the pectoral muscles, such as by pushing on the chair arms to assist one's self out of a chair, or by using the arms to assist in sitting down. Proper standing technique is to rock three times in the chair and then stand to provide momentum for moving the center of gravity from the sitting to the standing position. Proper sitting technique is to slowly lower the bottom toward the chair seat using gluteus and quadriceps muscles ("legs only") without grabbing the chair arms. Second, patients should avoid lifting objects utilizing the pectoral muscles: carrying light objects with arms extended down at sides, and lifting light objects with the elbows pressed to the chest and using the biceps, are acceptable. Also, avoid using the arms overhead. * Avoid sitting in the car front seat (no driving) for at least four weeks: the explosion of the deployment of an airbag could refracture the sternal union. General surgery associated * Infection at incision sites * Sepsis * Deep vein thrombosis * Anesthetic complications such as malignant hyperthermia * Keloid scarring * Chronic pain at incision sites * Chronic stress related illnesses
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Bypass surgery
Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery
Cardiomyoplasty
Aortic valvuloplasty
Coronary stent
Valvulotomy
Percutaneous coronary intervention