Priorix Cochrane concluded that the "Existing evidence on the safety and effectiveness of<unk>  and<unk>  supports current policies of mass immunisation aimed at global measles eradication in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with measles mumps rubella and varicella." The combined<unk>  induces immunity less painfully than three separate injections at the same time, and sooner and more efficiently than three injections given on different dates. Public Health England reports that providing a single combined<unk>  as of 1988, rather than giving the option to have them also done separately, increased uptake of the<unk> . Measles Measles cases reported in the United States fell drastically after introduction of the measles<unk> . Before the widespread use of a<unk>  against measles, rates of disease were so high that infection was felt to be "as inevitable as death and taxes." Reported cases of measles in the United States fell from hundreds of thousands to tens of thousands per year following introduction of the<unk>  in 1963. Increasing uptake of the<unk>  following outbreaks in 1971, and 1977, brought this down to thousands of cases per year in the 1980s. An outbreak of almost 30,000 cases in 1990 led to a renewed push for<unk> tion and the addition of a second<unk>  to the recommended schedule. Fewer than 200 cases have been reported in the U.S. each year between 1997 and 2013, and the disease is no longer considered endemic there. The benefit of measles<unk> tion in preventing illness, disability, and death has been well documented. The first 20 years of licensed measles<unk> tion in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of intellectual disability, and 5,200 deaths. During 1999–2004, a strategy led by the World Health Organization and UNICEF led to improvements in measles<unk> tion coverage that averted an estimated 1.4 million measles deaths worldwide. Between 2000 and 2013, measles<unk> tion resulted in a 75% decrease in deaths from the disease. Measles is common in many areas of the world. Although it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, high rates of<unk> tion and good communication with persons who refuse<unk> tion are needed to prevent outbreaks and sustain the elimination of measles in the U.S. Of the 66 cases of measles reported in the U.S. in 2005, slightly over half were attributable to one unvaccinated individual who acquired measles during a visit to Romania. This individual returned to a community with many unvaccinated children. The resulting outbreak infected 34 people, mostly children and virtually all unvaccinated; 9% were hospitalized, and the cost of containing the outbreak was estimated at $167,685. A major epidemic was averted due to high rates of<unk> tion in the surrounding communities. In 2017, an outbreak of measles occurred among the Somali-American community in Minnesota, where<unk> tion rates had declined due to the misconception that the<unk>  could cause autism. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recorded 65 affected children in the outbreak by April 10, 2017. Rubella Rubella rates fell sharply in the United States when immunization was introduced. Rubella, also known as German measles, was also very common before widespread<unk> tion. The major risk of rubella is during pregnancy when the baby may contract congenital rubella, which can cause significant congenital defects. Mumps Mumps is another viral disease that was once very common, especially during childhood. If mumps is acquired by a male who is past puberty, a possible complication is bilateral orchitis, which can in some cases lead to sterility. Administration The<unk>  is administered by a subcutaneous injection, the first dose typically at 12 months of age. The second dose may be given as early as one month after the first dose. The second dose is a dose to produce immunity in the small number of persons (2–5%) who fail to develop measles immunity after the first dose. In the U.S. it is done before entry to kindergarten because that is a convenient time. Areas where measles is common typically recommend the first dose at 9 months of age and the second dose at 15 months of age.
MMR vaccine
MMRV vaccine
Polio vaccine
Typhus vaccine
DPT vaccine
DTaP-IPV vaccine
DTP-HepB vaccine
BCG vaccine