<unk>  <unk>  is a neurological<unk>  characterized by repetitive<unk> s of large muscle groups immediately before and during sleep often involving the head and neck. It was independently described first in 1905 by Zappert as jactatio capitis nocturna and by Cruchet as '. The majority of<unk>  episodes occur during NREM sleep, although REM<unk> s have been reported.<unk>  is often associated with other psychiatric conditions or mental disabilities. The<unk>  often leads to bodily injury from unwanted<unk> s. Because of these incessant muscle contractions, patients’ sleep patterns are often disrupted. It differs from restless legs syndrome in that<unk>  involves involuntary muscle contractions before and during sleep while restless legs syndrome is the urge to move before sleep.<unk>  occurs in both males and females, often during early childhood with symptoms diminishing with age. Many sufferers also have other sleep related<unk> s, like sleep apnea. The<unk>  can be differentially diagnosed into small subcategories, including sleep related bruxism, thumb sucking, hypnagogic foot tremor, and<unk>  sucking, to name a few. In order to be considered pathological, the ICSD-II requires that in the sleep-related<unk><unk> s should “markedly interfere with normal sleep, cause significant impairment in daytime function, or result in self-inflicted bodily injury that requires medical treatment (or would result in injury if preventive measures were not used)”.
Rhythmic movement disorder
Essential tremor
Dopamine-responsive dystonia
Benign fasciculation syndrome
Torsion dystonia
Paroxysmal exercise-induced dystonia
Focal dystonia
Stiff-person syndrome