*Inability to identify landmarks (cricothyroid membrane) *Underlying anatomical abnormality such as a tumor or severe goiter *Tracheal transection *Acute laryngeal disease due to infection or trauma *Small children under 12 years old (a 10–14 gauge catheter over the needle may be used)
Cricothyrotomy
Tracheotomy
Cricoidectomy
Trachelectomy
Lobotomy
Transtracheal jet ventilation
Pulmonary tractotomy
Thyrotomy