Clinical CSF<unk>  can be used in diagnosing and treating ​​aqueduct stenosis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Chiari malformation. Aqueduct stenosis is the narrowing of the aqueduct of Sylvius which blocks the<unk>  of CSF, causing<unk>  buildup in the brain called hydrocephalus. Decreased aqueduct stroke volume and peak systolic velocity could be detected through CSF<unk>  to diagnose a patient with aqueduct stenosis. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) looks at CSF<unk>  values and velocities, which is important for diagnosis because NPH is idiopathic and has varying symptoms amongst patients including urinary incontinence, dementia, and gait disturbances. Increased aqueduct CSF stroke volume and velocity are indicators of NPH. It is critically important to recognize and treat NPH because NPH is one of the few potentially treatable causes of dementia. The treatment of choice in NPH is ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery (VPS). This treatment needs a VP shunt, which is a catheter with a valve aiming at implementing a one-way outflow of the excessive amount of CSF from the ventricles. It is obligatory to have patency control because of some possible complications such as infections and obstruction. Due to the development and widespread of PC-MRI, it superseded spin-echo(SE) images, which is the traditional way to choose patients who might benefit from a VPS. And PC-MRI gradually became the most often used sequence to evaluate the CSF<unk>  pattern in patients with NPH in relation to the cardiac cycle. Figure 1. The<unk>  of a patient with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) showing pulsations of CSF with heartbeat is shown in this moving image. Chiari malformation (CMI) is when the cerebellar tonsils push through the foramen magnum of the skull. CSF<unk>  varies based on level of tonsil descent and type of Chiari malformation, so the<unk>  can also be helpful in deciding the type of surgery to be performed and monitoring progress. CSF<unk>  will be altered within different regions of the spinal cord and brain stem because of the changes in the morphology of the posterior fossa and craniocervical junction, which enables PC-MRI as a fundamental technique in CMI research studies and clinical evaluation. Limitations In PC-MRI, the quantitative analysis of stroke volume, mean peak velocity, and peak systolic velocity is possible only in the plane that is perpendicular to the unidirectional<unk> . Additionally, it is not possible to calculate multidirectional<unk>  in multiaxial planes in 2D or 3D PC-MRI. This means that it is not a useful technique in clinical applications that have turbulent<unk> . Future Emerging 4D PC-MRI is showing promising results in the assessment of multidirectional<unk> . The 4D imaging modality adds time as a dimension to the 3D image. There are many applications of 4D PC-MRI, including the ability to examine blood<unk>  patterns. This is particularly helpful for cardiac and aortic imaging, but the major limitation remains the image acquisition time.
Cerebrospinal fluid flow MRI
CSF tap test
Meningeal biopsy
Electroencephalography functional magnetic resonance imaging
CSF glucose
CSF/serum glucose ratio
Cranio-corpography
Bone conduction auditory brainstem response