Eighty percent of cases of<unk>  are caused by alcohol or gallstones. Gallstones are the single most common cause of acute<unk> . Alcohol is the single most common cause of chronic<unk> . Triglyceride levels greater than 1000 mg/dL (11.29 mmol/L) is another cause. Medications There are seven classes of medications associated with acute<unk> : statins, ACE inhibitors, oral contraceptives/hormone replacement therapy (HRT), diuretics, antiretroviral therapy, valproic acid, and oral hypoglycemic agents. Mechanisms of these drugs causing<unk>  are not known exactly, but it is possible that statins have direct toxic effect on the pancreas or through the long-term accumulation of toxic metabolites. Meanwhile, ACE inhibitors cause angioedema of the pancreas through the accumulation of bradykinin. Birth control pills and HRT cause arterial thrombosis of the pancreas through the accumulation of fat (hypertriglyceridemia). Diuretics such as furosemide have a direct toxic effect on the pancreas. Meanwhile, thiazide diuretics cause hypertriglyceridemia and hypercalcemia, where the latter is the risk factor for pancreatic stones. HIV infection itself can cause a person to be more likely to get<unk> . Meanwhile, antiretroviral drugs may cause metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia, which predisposes to<unk> . Valproic acid may have direct toxic effect on the pancreas. There are various oral hypoglycemic agents that contributes to<unk>  including metformin. But, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is more strongly associated with<unk>  by promoting inflammation. Atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine can also cause<unk> . Infection A number of infectious agents have been recognized as causes of<unk>  including: * Viruses * Coxsackie virus * Cytomegalovirus * Hepatitis B * Herpes simplex virus * Mumps * Varicella-zoster virus * Bacteria * Legionella * Leptospira * Mycoplasma * Salmonella * Fungi * Aspergillus * Parasites * Ascaris * Cryptosporidium * Toxoplasma Other Other common causes include trauma, autoimmune disease, high blood calcium, hypothermia, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Pancreas divisum is a common congenital malformation of the pancreas that may underlie some recurrent cases. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is associated with a 2.8-fold higher risk. Less common causes include pancreatic cancer, pancreatic duct stones, vasculitis (inflammation of the small blood vessels in the pancreas), and porphyria—particularly acute intermittent porphyria and erythropoietic protoporphyria. There is an inherited form that results in the activation of trypsinogen within the pancreas, leading to autodigestion. Involved genes may include trypsin 1, which codes for trypsinogen, SPINK1, which codes for a trypsin inhibitor, or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. The mnemonic GETSMASHED is often used to remember the common causes of<unk> : G—gallstones, E—ethanol, T—trauma, S—steroids, M—mumps, A—autoimmune<unk> , S—scorpion sting, H—hyperlipidemia, hypothermia, hyperparathyroidism, E—endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, D—drugs (commonly azathioprine, valproic acid, liraglutide).
Pancreatitis
Cholecystitis
Bornholm disease
Biliary colic
Gastritis
Cholangitis 
Mallet-Guy sign
Duodenitis