Frontal (coronal) section human brain. Lesions occurring in the highlighted regions are characteristic of<unk><unk><unk>  Syndrome. There are two forms (also referred to as "classifications") of FCMS; bilateral and unilateral. The bilateral form is most common (also referred to as the "classical form") and is caused by the formation of lesions on both sides of the anterior or posterior region of the operculum. In contrast, the unilateral form is rare and is caused by the formation of lesions on one side of the anterior or posterior region of the operculum. Lesions located in the anterior regions of the operculum are associated with motor deficits and anarthria, a total absence of the ability to form speech or language. Lesions located in the posterior regions of the operculum are associated with<unk> tal opercular functions. The two classifications of FCMS were established based on the location of the lesion, stroke, and trauma affecting the brain. Classifying FCMS based solely upon lesions yields five specific subtypes of FCMS currently known to fall into the bilateral and unilateral categories: * Bilateral anterior opercular syndrome (lesion in both the anterior or in the frontal operculum) * Opercular-subopercular syndrome (lesions in the opercular cortex on one side and the subopercular lesion in the contralateral side). * Subopercular syndrome (lesions in the subcortical corticobulbar projections only). * Unilateral anterior syndrome involving the frontal operculum. * Posterior syndrome involving the junction between the frontal and the<unk> tal lobe of the operculum. Bilateral The bilateral form of FCMS (also known as facio-labio-pharyngo-glosso-laryngo-brachial paralysis) is consistent with the classic presentation of bilateral corticobulbar involvement. It is characterized by well-preserved automatic and reflex movements. It is caused by lesions in the cortical or subcortical region of the anterior opercular area surrounding the insula forming the gyri of the frontal, temporal, and<unk> tal lobes. Unilateral The unilateral operculum syndrome is a very rare form of FCMS caused by the formation of unilateral lesions. In this form of FCMS, the unaffected hemisphere of the brain compensates for the unilateral lesion. Usually, this occurs when the unaffected region is the individual's dominant hemisphere.
Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome
Wilson–Turner syndrome
Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome
Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome
Witteveen–Kolk syndrome
Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome