There are multiple types of<unk> , and many diseases and conditions may cause<unk> .<unk>  is classified by: # Clinical characteristics such as age of onset, body distribution, nature of the symptoms, and associated features such as additional movement disorders or neurological symptoms, and # Cause (which includes changes or damage to the nervous system and inheritance). Physicians use these classifications to guide diagnosis and treatment. Types * Generalized * Focal * Segmental * Psychogenic * Acute<unk>  reaction * Vegetative-vascular Generalized<unk> s For example,<unk>  musculorum deformans (Oppenhiem, Flatau-Sterling syndrome): * Normal birth history and milestones * Autosomal dominant * Childhood onset * Starts in lower limbs and spreads upwards Also known as torsion<unk>  or idiopathic torsion<unk>  (old terminology<unk>  musculorum deformans"). Focal<unk> s These most common<unk> s are typically classified as follows: Name Location Description Anismus muscles of the rectum Causes painful defecation, constipation; may be complicated by encopresis. Cervical<unk>  (spasmodic torticollis) muscles of the neck Causes the head to rotate to one side, to pull down towards the chest, or back, or a combination of these postures. Blepharospasm muscles around the eyes The sufferer experiences rapid blinking of the eyes or even their forced closure causing functional blindness. Oculogyric crisis muscles of eyes and head An extreme and sustained (usually) upward deviation of the eyes often with convergence causing diplopia (double vision). It is frequently associated with backward and lateral flexion of the neck and either widely opened mouth or jaw clenching. Frequently a result of antiemetics such as the neuroleptics (e.g., prochlorperazine) or metoclopramide. Can be caused by Chlorpromazine. Oromandibular<unk>  muscles of the jaw and muscles of tongue Causes distortions of the mouth and tongue. Spasmodic dysphonia/Laryngeal<unk>  muscles of larynx Causes the voice to sound broken, become hoarse, sometimes reducing it to a whisper. Focal hand<unk>  (also known as musician's or writer's cramp). single muscle or small group of muscles in the hand It interferes with activities such as writing or playing a musical instrument by causing involuntary muscular contractions. The condition is sometimes "task-specific," meaning that it is generally apparent during only certain activities. Focal hand<unk>  is neurological in origin and is not due to normal fatigue. The loss of precise muscle control and continuous unintentional movement results in painful cramping and abnormal positioning that makes continued use of the affected body parts impossible. The combination of blepharospasmodic contractions and oromandibular<unk>  is called cranial<unk>  or Meige's syndrome. Segmental<unk> s Segmental<unk> s affect two adjoining parts of the body: * Hemidystonia affects an arm and foot on one side of the body. * Multifocal<unk>  affects many different parts of the body. * Generalized<unk>  affects most of the body, frequently involving the legs and back. Genetic/primary Symbol OMIM Gene Locus Alt Name DYT1 TOR1A 9q34 Early-onset torsion<unk>  DYT2 HPCA 1p35-p34.2 Autosomal recessive primary isolated<unk>  DYT3 TAF1 Xq13 X-linked<unk> -parkinsonism DYT4 TUBB4 19p13.12-13 Autosomal dominant whispering dysphonia DYT5a GCH1 14q22.1-q22.2 Autosomal dominant dopamine-responsive<unk>  DYT5b TH 11p15.5 Autosomal recessive dopamine-responsive<unk>  DYT6 THAP1 8p11.21 Autosomal dominant<unk>  with cranio-cervical predilection DYT7 unknown 18p (questionable) Autosomal dominant primary focal cervical<unk>  DYT8 MR1 2q35 Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia DYT9 SLC2A1 1p35-p31.3 Episodic choreoathetosis/spasticity (now known to be synonymous with DYT18) DYT10 PRRT2 16p11.2-q12.1 Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia DYT11 SGCE 7q21 Myoclonic<unk>  DYT12 ATP1A3 19q12-q13.2 Rapid onset<unk>  parkinsonism and alternating hemiplegia of childhood DYT13 unknown, near D1S2667 1p36.32-p36.13 Autosomal dominant cranio-cervical/upper limb<unk>  in one Italian family DYT14 See DYT5 DYT15 unknown 18p11 Myoclonic<unk>  not linked to SGCE mutations DYT16 PRKRA 2q31.3 Autosomal recessive young onset<unk>  parkinsonism DYT17 unknown, near D20S107 20p11.2-q13.12 Autosomal recessive<unk>  in one family DYT18 SLC2A1 1p35-p31.3 Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia DYT19 probably PRRT2 16q13-q22.1 Episodic kinesigenic dyskinesia 2, probably synonymous with DYT10 DYT20 unknown 2q31 Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia 2 DYT21 unknown 2q14.3-q21.3 Late-onset torsion<unk>  DYT24 ANO3 11p14.2 Autosomal dominant cranio-cervical<unk>  with prominent tremor There is a group called myoclonic<unk>  where some cases are hereditary and have been associated with a missense mutation in the dopamine-D2 receptor. Some of these cases have responded well to alcohol. Other genes that have been associated with<unk>  include CIZ1, GNAL, ATP1A3, and PRRT2. Another report has linked THAP1 and SLC20A2 to<unk> .
Dystonia
Akathisia
Paratonia
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Hypophonia
Essential tremor
Misophonia
Tardive dyskinesia  Tardive dyskinesia  1