Chronic Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia infections are associated with the onset and exacerbation of<unk> . These microbial infections result in chronic lower airway inflammation, impaired mucociliary clearance, an increase in mucous production and eventually<unk> . Furthermore, children who experience severe viral respiratory infections early in life have a high possibility of having<unk>  later in their childhood. These viral respiratory infections are mostly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV). Although RSV infections increase the risk of<unk>  in early childhood, the association between<unk>  and RSV decreases with increasing age. HRV on the other hand is an important cause of bronchiolitis and is strongly associated with<unk>  development. In children and adults with established<unk> , viral upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), especially HRVs infections, can produce acute exacerbations of<unk> . Thus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and human rhinoviruses are<unk>  that play a major role in non-atopic<unk> .
Asthma-related microbes
Tumor-homing bacteria
Carcinogenic bacteria
Tobacco smoke
Human pathogen
Multidrug-resistant bacteria
Air pollution
Human parainfluenza viruses