<unk>  is an operation with a complication risk ranging from 15 to 41%. The cause for such a high risk of complication compared to other neurosurgical operations is unclear. Male patients and older patients are groups with higher rates of complication. Complications occurring after<unk>  include bacterial infection, bone flap resorption, wound dehiscence, hematoma, seizures, hygroma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. The risk of bacterial infections in performing<unk>  ranges from 5 to 12.8%. Multiple factors are affecting the risk of infection, one being the materials used for the operation. Using titanium, whether being custom-made or using a mesh, is associated with a lower infection rate; on the other hand, materials such as methyl methacrylate and autologous bone is associated with a higher infection rate. Another risk factor for bacterial infection is the location of the operation. Bifrontal<unk> es are associated with significantly higher infection rates and higher rates for reoperation. Other risk factors for infection include previous infections, contact between sinuses and operation site, devascularized scalp (loss of blood supply in the scalp), previous operations, and type of injury. Bone resorption is another complication of<unk>  with a complication rate of 0.7-17.4%. Bone resorption occurs when the autologous graft does not have blood supply due to devitalisation, or when scar tissues or soft tissues remain on the edge of the cranial defect during<unk> . Paediatric patients have a higher risk of resorption, with a resorption rate up to 50%. Bone resorption is more likely to occur in this group of patients when their<unk>  is carried out over 6 weeks from their previous operation. Fragmented bone flaps, as well as large bone flaps (>70 cm2), are associated with a higher resorption rate.
Cranioplasty
Astragalectomy
Craniotomy
Cerebrospinal fluid diversion
Decompressive craniectomy
Minimal-access cranial suspension
Head transplant
Lumbar–peritoneal shunt