<unk>  <unk>  or<unk>  is a genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease. Onset of lung problems is typically between 20 and 50 years of age. This may result in shortness of breath, wheezing, or an increased risk of lung infections. Complications may include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cirrhosis, neonatal jaundice, or panniculitis.<unk>  is due to a mutation in the SERPINA1 gene that results in not enough<unk> -1<unk>  <unk> . Risk factors for lung disease include tobacco smoking and environmental dust. The underlying mechanism involves unblocked neutrophil elastase and buildup of abnormal<unk> in the liver. It is autosomal co-dominant, meaning that one defective allele tends to result in milder disease than two defective alleles. The diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and confirmed by blood tests or genetic tests. Treatment of lung disease may include bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, and, when infections occur, antibiotics. Intravenous infusions of the<unk> protein or in severe disease lung transplantation may also be recommended. In those with severe liver disease liver transplantation may be an option. Avoiding smoking is recommended. Vaccination for influenza, pneumococcus, and hepatitis is also recommended. Life expectancy among those who smoke is 50 years while among those who do not smoke it is almost normal. The condition affects about<unk>  in 2,500 people of European descent. Severe<unk>  occurs in about<unk>  in 5,000. In Asians it is uncommon. About 3% of people with COPD are believed to have the condition.<unk>  was first described in the<unk> 960s.
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Asthma
CHILD syndrome
Reactive airway disease
Mineral dust airway disease
Cystic fibrosis
Yokkaichi asthma
Upper airway resistance syndrome