<unk>  (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation) is a risk model which allows the calculation of the risk of death after a heart operation. The model asks for 17 items of information about the patient, the state of the heart and the proposed operation, and uses logistic regression to calculate the risk of death. It is free to use online. First published in 1999, the model has been adopted worldwide, becoming the most widely used risk index for cardiac surgery, and its use is believed to have contributed substantially to the improvement in the results of heart surgery seen at the beginning of the millennium. The original models are now aging, and a new model -<unk>  II - was announced at the EACTS meeting in Lisbon on Monday 3 October 2011 and published in the European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery in April 2012. The updated calculator is available online at the official<unk>  website. Early reports on the use of<unk>  II are encouraging, with evidence showing that it has substantially improved the calibration of the older models and at least maintained and perhaps further improved on the discriminatory power of the previous models. Risk models are used for two main reasons. The first is that a risk model such as<unk>  allows the calculation of the risk of death before undertaking a heart operation. This is important as it serves to guide the clinician and the patient about the advisability of an operation by helping to weigh the risk against the benefits. The second is as a method of quality control. By calculating the expected risk of death for a population of patients having heart operations, this can be compared with the number of actual deaths. This comparison can be used as a measure of the quality of the performance of the hospital, unit or surgeon in question.
EuroSCORE
HeartScore
BODE index
ThroLy score
Parkland formula
Krenning score
CHA2DS2–VASc score
FOUR score