Though many positive results have been seen in the experiments, it is not clear what the dominant mechanism of action is for any applications in<unk> . The<unk>  treatment generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which include free radicals. These species include O, O3, OH, H2O2, HO2, NO, ONOOH and many others. This increase the oxidative stress on cells, which may explain the selective killing of cancer cells, which are already oxidatively stressed. Additionally, prokaryotic cells may be more sensitive to the oxidative stress than eukaryotic cells, allowing for selective killing of bacteria. It is known that electric fields can influence cell membranes from studies on electroporation. Electric fields on the cells being treated by a<unk>  jet can be high enough to produce electroporation, which may directly influence the cell behavior, or may simply allow more reactive species to enter the cell. Both physical and chemical properties of<unk>  are known to induce uptake of nanomaterials in cells. For example, the uptake of 20 nm gold nanoparticles can be stimulated in cancer cells using non-lethal doses of cold<unk> . Uptake mechanisms involve both energy dependent endocytosis and energy independent transport across cell membranes. The primary route for accelerated endocytosis of nanoparticles after exposure to cold<unk>  is a clathrin-dependent membrane repair pathway caused by lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage. The role of the immune system in<unk>  has recently become very convincing. It is possible that the reactive species introduced by a<unk>  recruit a systemic immune response.
Plasma medicine
Blood substitute
Transfusion medicine
Immunoisolate
Blood fractionation
Blood product
Autotransfusionist
EMedicine