<unk> s (sometimes shortened to neonics ) are a class of neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to nicotine. In the 1980s Shell and in the 1990s Bayer started work on their development. The<unk>  family includes acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam. Imidacloprid has been the most widely used insecticide in the world from 1999 through . Compared to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides,<unk> s are less toxic to birds and mammals.<unk>  use has been studied in relation to adverse ecological effects, including honey-bee colony collapse disorder (CCD), and declining populations of insect-eating birds. In 2013, the European Union and a few neighbouring countries restricted the use of certain<unk> s. In 2018 the EU banned the three main<unk> s (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) for all outdoor uses, but in 2020, France re-allowed the use of<unk> s on sugar beet crops. Several US states have restricted<unk> s out of concern for pollinators and bees.
Neonicotinoid
Opioid peptide
Monoamine neurotransmitter
Opioid
AmnesiA
Somatrem
Baroreceptor
Acetylcholine