Pain The act of piercing the skin with a needle, while necessary for an<unk>  also may cause localized pain. The most common technique to reduce the pain of an<unk> is simply to distract the person receiving the<unk>  Pain may be dampened by prior application of ice or topical anesthetic, or pinching of the skin while giving the<unk>  Some studies also suggest that forced coughing during an<unk> stimulates a transient rise in blood pressure which inhibits the perception of pain. For some<unk> , especially deeper<unk> , a local anesthetic is given. When giving an<unk> to young children or infants, they may be distracted by giving them a small amount of sweet liquid, such as sugar solution, or be comforted by breastfeeding during the<unk>  which reduces crying.<unk> A needle tract infection, also called a needlestick infection, is an<unk> that occurs when pathogens are inadvertently introduced into the tissues of the body during an<unk>  Contamination of the needle used for<unk>  or reuse of needles for<unk>  in multiple people, can lead to transmission of hepatitis B and C, HIV, and other bloodstream infections.<unk> drug users have high rates of unsafe needle use including sharing needles between people. The spread of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C from<unk> drug use is a common health problem, in particular contributing to over half of new HIV cases in North America in 1994. Other infections may occur when pathogens enter the body through the<unk> site, most commonly due to improper cleaning of the site before<unk>  Infections occurring in this way are mainly localized infections, including skin infections, skin structure infections, abscesses, or gangrene. An intravenous<unk> may also result in a bloodstream<unk> (termed sepsis) if the<unk> site is not cleaned properly prior to insertion. Sepsis is a life-threatening condition which requires immediate treatment. Others<unk>  into the skin and soft tissue generally do not cause any permanent damage, and the puncture heals within a few days. However, in some cases,<unk>  can cause long-term adverse effects. Intravenous and intramuscular<unk>  may cause damage to a nerve, leading to palsy or paralysis. Intramuscular<unk>  may cause fibrosis or contracture.<unk>  also cause localized bleeding, which may lead to a hematoma. Intravenous<unk>  may also cause phlebitis, especially when multiple<unk>  are given in a vein over a short period of time. Infiltration and extravasation may also occur when a medication intended to be injected into a vein is inadvertently injected into surrounding tissues. Those who are afraid of needles may also experience fainting at the sight of a needle, or before or after an<unk>
Injection 
Deep clean 
Implant 
Subcutaneous injection
Intradermal injection
Intramuscular injection
Depot injection
Transfusion medicine