Acute Acute<unk>  (ACS) is a medical emergency that can develop after traumatic injuries, such as in automobile accidents or dynamic sporting activities – for example, a severe crush injury or an open or closed fracture of an extremity. Rarely, ACS can develop after a relatively minor injury, or due to another medical issue. The lower legs and the forearms are the most frequent sites affected by<unk> . Other areas of the body such as thigh, buttock, hand, abdomen, and foot can also be affected. The most common cause of acute<unk>  is fracture of a bone, most commonly the tibia. There is no difference between acute<unk>  originating from an open or closed fracture. Leg<unk>  is found in 2% to 9% of tibial fractures. It is strongly related to fractures involving the tibial diaphysis as well as other sections of the tibia. Direct injury to blood vessels can lead to<unk>  by reducing the downstream blood supply to soft tissues. This reduction in blood supply can cause a series of inflammatory reactions that promote the swelling of the soft tissues. Such inflammation can be further worsened by reperfusion therapy. Because the fascia layer that defines the<unk>  of the limbs does not stretch, a small amount of bleeding into the<unk> , or swelling of the muscles within the<unk> , can cause the pressure to rise greatly. Intravenous drug injection, casts, prolonged limb compression, crush injuries, anabolic steroid use, vigorous exercise, and eschar from burns can also cause<unk> . Patients on anticoagulant therapy have an increased risk of bleeding into a closed<unk> . Abdominal<unk>  occurs when the intra-abdominal pressure exceeds 20 mmHg and abdominal perfusion pressure is less than 60 mmHg. This disease process is associated with organ dysfunction and multiple organ failures. There are many causes, which can be broadly grouped into three mechanisms: primary (internal bleeding and swelling); secondary (vigorous fluid replacement as an unintended complication of resuscitative medical treatment, leading to the acute formation of ascites and a rise in intra-abdominal pressure); and recurrent<unk>  that has returned after the initial treatment of secondary<unk> .<unk>  after snake bite is rare. Its incidence varies from 0.2 to 1.36% as recorded in case reports.<unk>  is more common in children possibly due to inadequate volume of the bodily fluid to dilute the snake venom. Increased white blood cell count of more than 1,650/μL and aspartate transaminase (AST) level of more than 33.5 U/L could increase the risk of developing<unk> . Otherwise, those bitten by venomous snake should be observed for 48 hours to exclude the possibility of<unk> . There have been cases of<unk>  associated with hypothyroidism. Chronic When<unk>  is caused by repetitive use of the muscles, it is known as chronic<unk>  (CCS). This is usually not an emergency, but the loss of circulation can cause temporary or permanent damage to nearby nerves and muscles. A subset of chronic<unk>  is chronic exertional<unk>  (CECS), often called exercise-induced<unk>  (EICS). Oftentimes, CECS is a diagnosis of exclusion. CECS of the leg is a condition caused by exercise which results in increased tissue pressure within an anatomical<unk>  due to an acute increase in muscle volume – as much as 20% is possible during exercise. When this happens, pressure builds up in the tissues and muscles causing tissue ischemia. An increase in muscle weight will reduce the<unk>  volume of the surrounding fascial borders and result in an increased<unk>  pressure. An increase in the pressure of the tissue can force fluid to leak into the interstitial space (extracellular fluid), leading to a disruption of the micro-circulation of the leg. This condition occurs commonly in the lower leg and various other locations within the body, such as the foot or forearm. CECS can be seen in athletes who train rigorously in activities that involve constant repetitive actions or motions.
Compartment syndrome
Tendinopathy
Overlap syndrome
Cellulitis
Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome
Deep vein thrombosis
Crush syndrome
Chronic venous insufficiency