Immune<unk> s are important for the normal development of T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the intestine. Mice with the CTLA-4 gene removed (eg CTLA-4 knockout) develop severe autoimmune disease, with diffuse infiltration of T cells in multiple organs and fatal enterocolitis. Immune<unk><unk><unk>  is typically characterized by either diffuse mucosal inflammation or focal active<unk>  with patchy crypt abscesses. Common findings of acute<unk>  include: intraepithelial neutrophilic infiltrates, crypt abscesses, and increased apoptotic cells within crypts. However, the histologic appearance varies, and evidence of chronic inflammation is seen in some cases, including intraepithelial lymphocytes or basal lymphocytes and crypt architecture distortion. Histologic inflammation may occur as early as 1–2 weeks after immune<unk><unk>  therapy, well before the onset of symptoms. Anti-PD-1<unk><unk>  may lead to more CD8+ T cell inflammation, whereas Anti-CTLA4<unk><unk>  may involve more CD4+ T cell infiltration and higher mucosal levels of the inflammatory molecule TNF alpha. Amongst people treated with immune<unk><unk> s, those with Faecalibacterium genus and other Bacillota present in the colonic flora have longer progression-free survival and overall survival. In addition, a higher rate of<unk>  is associated with the presence of Faecalibacterium in the fecal microbiota.
Checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis
Radiation enteropathy
Radiation colitis
Alkylating antineoplastic agent
Lymphocytic colitis
Microscopic colitis
Immunosuppressive drug
NSAID hypersensitivity reactions