While the biological mechanism of action is not known, a 2020 meta-analysis stated "the consistent protective effect suggests that the reasons for the heterogeneity lie in concomitant individual social and medical factors, such as presence of STIs, rather than a different biological impact of<unk> ." The inner foreskin harbours an increased density of CD4 T-cells and releases increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hence the sub-preputial space displays a pro-inflammatory environment, conducive to HIV infection. Experimental evidence supports the theory that Langerhans cells (part of the human immune system) in foreskin may be a source of entry for the HIV virus. Excising the foreskin removes what is thought to be a main entry point for the HIV virus.
Circumcision and HIV
Breastfeeding and HIV
HIV and pregnancy
Religion and HIV/AIDS
Domestic violence and pregnancy
Alcohol and pregnancy
Alcohol and breast cancer
Smoking and pregnancy