Position The patient undergoing<unk>  is positioned supine with the head of the bed raised between a 30 and 60 degree angle. This places the heart in proximity to the chest wall for easier insertion of the needle into the pericardial sac. Anatomically, the procedure is carried out under the xiphoid process, up and leftwards. Process<unk>  is usually performed using a local anaesthetic. A wide-bore catheter is inserted. More modern procedures may be performed in a cardiac catheterization lab. There are two locations that<unk>  can be performed without puncturing the lungs. * The most standard location is through the infrasternal angle and is also called subxiphoid approach. The needle is inserted at an angle between 30 and 45 degrees to the chest. * Another location is through the 5th or 6th intercostal space at the left sternal border at the cardiac notch of the left lung, and is also called as parasternal approach. The needle is inserted at an angle of 90 degrees to the chest. Some evidence suggests that this poses lower risk of vascular damage in adults. Intraoperative assessment<unk>  is generally done under ultrasound guidance to minimize complications. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is continuously recorded during<unk>  to assess for complications.
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardial window
Pericardiectomy
Corticotomy
Balloon tamponade
Pulmonary tractotomy
Cardiomyoplasty
Pulmonary thrombectomy