People with single aspergillomas generally do well with surgery to remove the aspergilloma, and are best given pre-and post-operative antifungal medications. Often, no treatment is necessary; however, if a person coughs up blood (haemoptysis), treatment may be required using surgery or injection of dye to locate the bleeding combined with embolisation using chemicals or tiny material meant to block the bleeding blood vessel. Studies of tranexamic acid for treating haemoptysis do not provide strong evidence for long-term benefit. For<unk>  cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis and<unk>  fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis, lifelong use of antifungal medications is commonplace. Itraconazole and voriconazole are first- and second-line antifungal agents respectively. Posaconazole or isavuconazole can be used as third-line agent for people with<unk>  who are intolerant of or developed resistance to the first- and second-line agents. Regular chest X-rays, serological and mycological parameters, and quality of life questionnaires are used to monitor treatment progress. It is important to monitor the blood levels of antifungals to ensure optimal dosing as individuals vary in their absorption levels of these medications.
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
Lung cancer
Tuberculosis
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Miliary tuberculosis
Primary inoculation tuberculosis
Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis