<unk>  is like other non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Cases are managed by sperm retrieval through testicular sperm extraction (TESE), micro-surgical testicular sperm extraction (mTESE), or testicular biopsy. On retrieval of viable sperm this could be used in Intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI In 1979, Levin described germinal<unk>  aplasia with focal spermatogenesis where a variable percentage of seminiferous tubules contain germ<unk> s. It is important to discriminate between the two types in view of ICSI. A retrospective analysis performed in 2015 detailed the outcomes of N=148 men with non-obstructive azoospermia and diagnosed<unk> : * Men with<unk> : 148 * Testicular sperm was successfully retrieved: 35/148 * Successful ICSI: 20/148 * Clinical pregnancy: 4/148 This study considers the effect of FSH levels on clinical success, and it excludes abnormal karyotypes. All patients underwent MD-TESE in Iran. Ethnicity and genetic lineage may affect treatment of azoospermia.
Sertoli cell-only syndrome
Persistent adrenarche syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Perlman syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Familial male-limited precocious puberty
Young's syndrome
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome