If suspected antenatally, a consultation with a paediatric surgeon/ paediatric urologist maybe indicated to evaluate the risk and consider treatment options. Treatment is by endoscopic<unk>  ablation. Fetal surgery is a high risk procedure reserved for cases with severe oligohydramnios, to try to limit the associated lung underdevelopment, or pulmonary hypoplasia, that is seen at birth in these patients. The risks of fetal surgery are significant and include limb entrapment, abdominal injury, and fetal or maternal death. Specific procedures for in utero intervention include infusions of amniotic fluid, serial bladder aspiration, and creating a connection between the amniotic sac and the fetal bladder, or vesicoamniotic shunt. There are three specific endoscopic treatments of<unk> s: * Vesicostomy followed by<unk>  ablation - a stoma, or hole, is made in the urinary bladder, also known as low diversion, after which the<unk>  is ablated and the stoma is closed. * Pyelostomy followed by<unk>  ablation - stoma is made in the pelvis of the kidney as a slightly high diversion, after which the<unk>  is ablated and the stoma is closed * Primary (transurethral)<unk>  ablation - the<unk>  is removed through the<unk> without creation of a stoma The standard treatment is primary (transurethral) ablation of the<unk> s. Urinary diversion is used in selected cases, and its benefit is disputed. Following surgery, the follow-up in patients with<unk>  syndrome is long term, and often requires a multidisciplinary effort between paediatric surgeons/ paediatric urologists, paediatric nephrologists, pulmonologists, neonatologists, radiologists and the family of the patient. Care must be taken to promote proper bladder compliance and renal function, as well as to monitor and treat the significant lung underdevelopment that can accompany the disorder. Definitive treatment may also be indicated for the vesico-ureteral reflux.
Posterior urethral valve
Urethral caruncle
Hypospadias
Cloacal exstrophy
Epispadias
Mandibuloacral dysplasia
Bladder exstrophy
Urachal cyst