Moderate to severe<unk>  at the levels of L3/4 and L4/5 The diagnosis of<unk>  involves a complete evaluation of the spine. The process usually begins with a medical history and physical examination. X-ray and MRI scans are typically used to determine the extent and location of the nerve compression. Medical history The medical history is the most important aspect of the examination as it will tell the physician about subjective symptoms, possible causes for<unk> , and other possible causes of back pain. Physical examination The physical examination of a patient with<unk>  will give the physician information about exactly where nerve compression is occurring. Some important factors that should be investigated are any areas of sensory abnormalities, numbness, irregular reflexes, and any muscular weakness. MRI MRI has become the most frequently used study to diagnose<unk> . The MRI uses electromagnetic signals to produce images of the spine. MRIs are helpful because they show more structures, including nerves, muscles, and ligaments, than seen on X-rays or CT scans. MRIs are helpful at showing exactly what is causing<unk>  nerve compression. Myelography In CT myelography,<unk>  tap is performed in the low back with dye injected into the<unk>  fluid. X-rays are performed followed by a CT scan of the spine to help see narrowing of the<unk>  canal. This is a very effective study in cases of lateral recess stenosis. It is also necessary for patients in which MRI is contraindicated, such as those with implanted pacemakers. Red flags * Fever * Nocturnal pain * Gait disturbance * Structural deformity * Unexplained weight loss * Previous carcinoma * Severe pain upon lying down * Recent trauma with suspicious fracture * Presence of severe or progressive neurologic deficit
Spinal stenosis
Fibromyalgia
Spinal tumor
Peripheral artery disease
Spinal disease
Cauda equina syndrome
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Osteomyelitis