<unk> , also known as end-stage<unk>  disease, is a medical condition in which the<unk> s are functioning at less than 15% of normal levels.<unk>  is classified as either acute<unk> , which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic<unk> , which develops slowly and can often be irreversible. Symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion. Complications of acute and chronic<unk>  include uremia, high blood potassium, and volume overload. Complications of chronic<unk>  also include heart disease, high blood pressure, and anemia. Causes of acute<unk>  include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Causes of chronic<unk>  include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic<unk>  disease. Diagnosis of acute<unk>  is often based on a combination of factors such as decreased urine production or increased serum creatinine. Diagnosis of chronic<unk>  is based on a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 or the need for renal replacement therapy. It is also equivalent to stage 5 chronic<unk>  disease. Treatment of acute<unk>  depends on the underlying cause. Treatment of chronic<unk>  may include hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or a<unk>  transplant. Hemodialysis uses a machine to filter the blood outside the body. In peritoneal dialysis specific fluid is placed into the abdominal cavity and then drained, with this process being repeated multiple times per day.<unk>  transplantation involves surgically placing a<unk>  from someone else and then taking immunosuppressant medication to prevent rejection. Other recommended measures from chronic disease include staying active and specific dietary changes. Depression is also common among patients with<unk> , and is associated with poor outcomes including higher risk of<unk>  function decline, hospitalization, and death. A recent PCORI-funded study of patients with<unk>  receiving outpatient hemodialysis found similar effectiveness between nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments for depression. In the United States acute<unk>  affects about 3 per 1,000 people a year. Chronic<unk>  affects about 1 in 1,000 people with 3 per 10,000 people newly developing the condition each year. Acute<unk>  is often reversible while chronic<unk>  often is not. With appropriate treatment many with chronic disease can continue working.
Kidney failure
Heart failure
Liver failure
Hypermagnesemia
Pulmonary toxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Acute liver failure
Neurotoxicity