<unk>  outcomes (after hospital treatment) Duration of submersion Risk of death or poor outcomes 0–5 min 10% 6–10 min 56% 11–25 min 88% >25 min nearly 100% Signs of brain-stem injury predict death or severe neurological consequences People who have drowned who arrive at a hospital with spontaneous circulation and breathing usually recover with good outcomes. Early provision of basic and advanced life support improve the probability of a positive outcome. A longer duration of submersion is associated with a lower probability of survival and a higher probability of permanent neurological damage. Contaminants in the water can cause bronchospasm and impaired gas exchange and can cause secondary infection with delayed severe respiratory compromise. Low water temperature can cause ventricular fibrillation, but hypothermia during immersion can also slow the metabolism, allowing longer hypoxia before severe damage occurs. Hypothermia that reduces brain temperature significantly can improve the outcome. A reduction of brain temperature by 10 °C decreases ATP consumption by approximately 50%, which can double the time the brain can survive. The younger the person, the better the chances of survival. In one case, a child submerged in cold () water for 66 minutes was resuscitated without apparent neurological damage. However, over the long term significant deficits were noted, including a range of cognitive difficulties, particularly general memory impairment, although recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were within normal range. Children<unk>  is a major worldwide cause of death and injury in children. Long-term neurological outcomes of<unk>  cannot be predicted accurately during the early stages of treatment. Although survival after long submersion times, mostly by young children, has been reported, many survivors will remain severely and permanently neurologically compromised after much shorter submersion times. Factors affecting the probability of long-term recovery with mild deficits or full function in young children include the duration of submersion, whether advanced life support was needed at the accident site, the duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and whether spontaneous breathing and circulation are present on arrival at the emergency room. Data on the long-term outcome are scarce and unreliable. Neurological examination at the time of discharge from the hospital does not accurately predict long-term outcomes. Some people with severe brain injury who were transferred to other institutions died months or years after the<unk>  and are recorded as survivors. Nonfatal<unk> s have been estimated as two to four times more frequent than fatal<unk> s.
Drowning
Arrhythmia
Heat stroke
Hypoglycemia
Sudden wealth syndrome
Murder
Heat exhaustion
Seizure