Some uses of this procedure are: to study the presence of Vesico ureteric reflux, study of urethra during micturition, presence of bladder leak post surgery or trauma, and is used in urodynamic testing to assess urinary incontinence. *All males with recurrent UTIs (urinary tract infections) or abnormality on ultrasound if first UTI. *Females < 3 years of age with their first UTI. *Females < 5 years of age with febrile UTIs *Older females with pyelonephritis or recurrent UTIs *Suspected obstruction (e.g. bilateral hydronephrosis) *Suspected bladder trauma or rupture * Vesico Vaginal/Vesico Colic fistula *Cystocele Contraindications for<unk>  cystourethrogram is when the subject is having ongoing acute urinary tract infection. *Hypersensitivity to contrast media *Fever within the past 24 hours *Pregnancy
Voiding cystourethrography
Urinary tract ultrasound
Retrograde urethrogram
Cystography
Cystometry
Computed tomography urography
Cystoscopy
Urine cytology