Medicine<unk><unk>  medicine (EBM) is an approach to medical<unk>  intended to optimize decision-making by emphasizing the use of<unk>  from well-designed and well-conducted research. Although all medicine<unk>  on science has some degree of empirical support, EBM goes further, classifying<unk>  by its epistemologic strength and requiring that only the strongest types (coming from meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials) can yield strong recommendations; weaker types (such as from case-control studies) can yield only weak recommendations. The term was originally used to describe an approach to teaching the<unk>  of medicine and improving decisions by individual physicians about individual patients. Use of the term rapidly expanded to include a previously described approach that emphasized the use of<unk>  in the design of guidelines and policies that apply to groups of patients and populations <unk>  policies"). Whether applied to medical education, decisions about individuals, guidelines and policies applied to populations, or administration of health services in general,<unk><unk>  medicine advocates that to the greatest extent possible, decisions and policies should be<unk>  on<unk> , not just the beliefs of practitioners, experts, or administrators. It thus tries to assure that a clinician's opinion, which may be limited by knowledge gaps or biases, is supplemented with all available knowledge from the scientific literature so that best<unk>  can be determined and applied. It promotes the use of formal, explicit methods to analyze<unk>  and makes it available to decision makers. It promotes programs to teach the methods to medical students, practitioners, and policymakers. A process has been specified that provides a standardised route for those seeking to produce<unk>  of the effectiveness of interventions. Originally developed to establish processes for the production of<unk>  in the housing sector, the standard is general in nature and is applicable across a variety of<unk>  areas and potential outcomes of interest. Mental health To improve dissemination of<unk> s, the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) and the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP, Division 53 of the American Psychological Association) maintain updated information on their websites on<unk> s in psychology for practitioners and the general public. An<unk>  consensus statement was developed at a summit on mental healthcare in 2018. As of June 23, 2019, this statement has been endorsed by 36 organizations. Metascience There has since been a movement for the use of<unk>  in conducting scientific research in attempt to address the replication crisis and other major issues affecting scientific research. The application of<unk> s to research itself is called metascience, which seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducing waste. It is also known as "research on research" and "the science of science", as it uses research methods to study how research is done and where improvements can be made. The five main areas of research in metascience are methodology, reporting, reproducibility, evaluation, and incentives. Metascience has produced a number of reforms in science such as the use of study pre-registration and the implementation of reporting guidelines with the goal of bettering scientific research<unk> s. Education<unk><unk>  education (EBE), also known as<unk><unk>  interventions, is a model in which policy-makers and educators use empirical<unk>  to make informed decisions about education interventions (policies,<unk> s, and programs). In other words, decisions are<unk>  on scientific<unk>  rather than opinion. EBE has gained attention since English author David H. Hargreaves suggested in 1996 that education would be more effective if teaching, like medicine, was a "research-based profession". Since 2000, studies in Australia, England, Scotland and the USA have supported the use of research to improve educational<unk> s in teaching reading. In 1997, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) convened a national panel to assess the effectiveness of different approaches used to teach children to read. The resulting National Reading Panel examined quantitative research studies on many areas of reading instruction, including phonics and whole language. In 2000 it published a report entitled Teaching Children to Read: An<unk><unk>  Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Instruction that provided a comprehensive review of what was known about best<unk> s in reading instruction in the U.S. This occurred around the same time as such international studies as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2000 and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) in 2001. Subsequently,<unk>  <unk>  in education (also known as Scientifically<unk>  research), came into prominence in the U.S.A. under the No child left behind act of 2001, replace in 2015 by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). In 2002 the U.S. Department of Education founded the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) to provide scientific<unk>  to guide education<unk>  and policy . English author Ben Goldacre advocated in 2013 for systemic change and more randomized controlled trials to assess the effects of educational interventions. In 2014 the National Foundation for Educational Research, Berkshire, England published a report entitled Using<unk>  in the Classroom: What Works and Why. In 2014 the British Educational Research Association (BERA) and the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) advocated for a closer working partnership between teacher-researchers and the wider academic research community. Reviews of existing research on education The following websites offer free analysis and information on education research: * The Best<unk>  Encyclopedia (BEE) is a free website created by the Johns Hopkins University School of Education's Center for Data-Driven Reform in Education (established in 2004) and is funded by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. It gives educators and researchers reviews about the strength of the<unk>  supporting a variety of English programs available for students in grades K–12. The reviews cover programs in areas such as Mathematics, Reading, Writing, Science, Comprehensive school reform, and Early childhood Education; and includes such topics as effectiveness of technology and struggling readers. * The Education Endowment Foundation was established in 2011 by The Sutton Trust, as a lead charity in partnership with Impetus Trust, together being the government-designated What Works Centre for UK Education. *<unk>  for ESSA began in 2017 and is produced by the Center for Research and Reform in Education (CRRE) at Johns Hopkins University School of Education. It offers free up-to-date information on current PK-12 programs in reading, writing, math, science, and others that meet the standards of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) (the United States K–12 public education policy signed by President Obama in 2015).. It also provides information on programs that do meet ESSA standards as well as those that do not. * What Works Clearinghouse (WWC), established in 2002, evaluates numerous educational programs, in twelve categories, by the quality and quantity of the<unk> , and the effectiveness. It is operated by the federal National Center for Education Evaluation, and Regional Assistance (NCEE), part of Institute of Education Sciences (IES) * Social programs that work is administered by the Arnold Ventures LLC's<unk><unk>  Policy team. The team is composed of the former leadership of the Coalition for<unk><unk>  Policy, a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization advocating the use of well-conducted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in policy decisions. It offers information on twelve types of social programs including education. A variety of other organizations offer information on research and education.
Evidence-based practice
Evidence-based medicine
Good clinical practice
Good tissue practice
Source control 
Personalized medicine
Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies
Integrated delivery system