Histopathological hallmarks of<unk>  include segmental loss of pyramidal neurons, granule cell dispersion and reactive gliosis. This means that pyramidal neuronal cells are lost, granule cells are spread widely or driven off, and glial cells are changed in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Generally,<unk>  may be seen in some cases of epilepsy, particularly temporal lobe epilepsy. It is important to clarify the nature of insults that most likely have caused the<unk>  and have initiated the epileptogenic process. Presence of<unk>  and duration of epilepsy longer than 10 years were found to cause parasympathetic autonomic dysfunction, whereas seizure refractoriness was found to cause sympathetic autonomic dysfunction. Apart from its association with the chronic nature of epilepsy,<unk>  was shown to have an important role in internal cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Patients with left<unk>  had more severe parasympathetic dysfunction as compared with those with right<unk> . In young individuals, mesial temporal<unk>  is commonly recognized with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). On the other hand, it is an often unrecognized cause of cognitive decline, typically presenting with severe memory loss. Temporal lobe epilepsy<unk>  is often associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Ammon's horn<unk>  (AHS) is the type of<unk>  associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. The terms are often used interchangeably but Ammon's horn<unk>  does not involve the dentate gyrus. The type of neuronal loss in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), is primarily found in the hippocampus, and can be seen in approximately 65% of TLE cases. Sclerotic hippocampus is pointed to as the most likely origin of chronic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy, rather than the amygdala or other temporal lobe regions. Although<unk>  has been identified as a distinctive feature of the pathology associated with temporal lobe epilepsy, this disorder is not merely a consequence of prolonged seizures as argued. A long and ongoing debate addresses the issue of whether<unk>  is the cause or the consequence of chronic and pharmaceutically resistant seizure activity. Temporal lobectomy is a common treatment for TLE, surgically removing the seizure focal area, though complications can be severe. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), may be due to<unk> , or due to thalamic changes in temporal lobe epilepsy with and without<unk> ,
Hippocampal sclerosis
Posterior cortical atrophy
Geographic atrophy
Superficial siderosis
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
Cerebral atrophy
Neurofibrillary tangle
Corticobasal degeneration