The following joint strategies can enable communities, both rural and peri-urban, to become completely<unk>  free and remain so: Sanitation marketing, behavior change communication, and 'enhanced' community-led total sanitation ('CLTS + ’), supplemented by 'nudging'. There are several drivers used to eradicate<unk> , one of which is behavior change. SaniFOAM (Focus on Opportunity, Ability, and Motivation) is a conceptual framework that was developed specifically to address issues of sanitation and hygiene. Using focus, opportunity, ability and motivation as categories of determinants, SaniFOAM model identifies barriers to latrine adoption while simultaneously serving as a tool for designing, monitoring and evaluating sanitation interventions. The following are some of the key drivers used to fight against<unk>  in addition to behavior change: * Political will * Sanitation solutions that offer a better value than<unk>  * Stronger public sector local service delivery systems * Creation of the right incentive structures Integrated initiatives Efforts to reduce<unk>  are more or less the same as those to achieve the MDG target on access to sanitation. A key aspect is awareness-raising (for example via the UN World Toilet Day at a global level), behavior change campaigns, increasing political will as well as demand for sanitation. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) campaigns have placed a particular focus on ending<unk>  by "triggering" the communities themselves into action. Simple sanitation technology options Residents in Mymensingh, Bangladesh participate in a workshop to discover more about mobile sanitation options (MoSan) as an alternative to<unk>  There are some simple sanitation technology options available to reduce<unk>  prevalence if the<unk>  behavior is due to not having toilets in the household and shared toilets being too far or too dangerous to reach, e.g., at night. Toilet bags People might already use plastic bags (also called flying toilets) at night to contain their feces. However, a more advanced solution of the plastic toilet bag has been provided by the Swedish company People who are producing the "Peepoo bag", a "personal, single-use, self-sanitizing, fully biodegradable toilet that prevents feces from contaminating the immediate area as well as the surrounding ecosystem". This bag is now being used in humanitarian responses, schools, and urban slums in developing countries. Bucket toilets and urine diversion Bucket toilets are a simple portable toilet option. They can be upgraded in various ways, one of them being urine diversion which can make them similar to urine-diverting dry toilets. Urine diversion can significantly reduce odors from dry toilets. Examples of using this type of toilet to reduce<unk>  are the "MoSan" toilet (used in Kenya) or the urine-diverting dry toilet promoted by SOIL in Haiti.
Open defecation
Rectal discharge
Obstructed defecation
Fecal incontinence
Rectal pain
Fecal vomiting
Penile discharge
Frequent urination