Classically it is cardiogenic (left ventricular) but fluid may also accumulate due to damage to the lung. This damage may be direct injury or injury mediated by high pressures within the<unk>  circulation. When directly or indirectly caused by increased left ventricular pressure<unk>  may form when mean<unk>  pressure rises from the normal of 15 mmHg to above 25 mmHg. Broadly, the causes of<unk>  can be divided into cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic. By convention cardiogenic refers to left ventricular causes. Cardiogenic * Congestive heart failure which is due to the heart's inability to pump the blood out of the<unk>  circulation at a sufficient rate resulting in elevation in wedge pressure and<unk>  – this may be due to left ventricular failure, arrhythmias, or fluid overload, e.g., from kidney failure or intravenous therapy. * Hypertensive crisis can cause<unk>  as the elevation in blood pressure and increased afterload on the left ventricle hinders forward flow and causes the elevation in wedge pressure and subsequent<unk> . Non-cardiogenic * Negative pressure<unk>  in which a significant negative pressure in the chest (such as from an inhalation against an upper airway obstruction) ruptures capillaries and floods the alveoli. Negative pressure<unk>  has an incidence in the range of 0.05-0.1% for general anesthesia. The negative pressure causes a significant increase in preload, thereby increasing<unk>  blood volume. There is also a significant increase in left ventricular afterload, which causes a decreased cardiac output. The increase in<unk>  blood volume along with a decrease in cardiac output will increase the<unk>  transudative pressures. With all this occurring,<unk>  vascular resistance increases causing a shift of the intraventricular septum. The ventricular septal shift to the left causes a left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, which further increases<unk>  hydrostatic pressures. * Neurogenic causes (seizures, head trauma, strangulation, electrocution).<unk>  embolism Acute lung injury may also cause<unk>  through injury to the vasculature and parenchyma of the lung. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. (ALI-ARDS) cover many of these causes, but they may include: * Inhalation of hot or toxic gases *<unk>  contusion, i.e., high-energy trauma (e.g. vehicle accidents) * Aspiration, e.g., gastric fluid * Reexpansion, i.e. post large volume thoracocentesis, resolution of pneumothorax, post decortication, removal of endobronchial obstruction, effectively a form of negative pressure<unk> . * Reperfusion injury, i.e., postpulmonary thromboendartectomy or lung transplantation *Swimming induced<unk>  also known as immersion<unk>  * Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload occurs when multiple blood transfusions or blood-products (plasma, platelets, etc.) are transfused over a short<unk> riod of time. * Transfusion associated Acute Lung Injury is a specific type of blood-product transfusion injury that occurs when the donors plasma contained antibodies against the recipient, such as anti-HLA or anti-neutrophil antibodies. * Severe infection or inflammation which may be local or systemic. This is the classical form of acute lung injury-adult respiratory distress syndrome. Some causes of<unk>  are less well characterised and arguably represent specific instances of the broader classifications above. * Arteriovenous malformation * Hantavirus<unk>  syndrome * High altitude<unk>  * Envenomation, such as with the venom of Atrax robustus
Pulmonary edema
Pneumonia
Pleurisy
Emphysema
Hydrothorax
Pleural effusion
Pulmonary infiltrate
Atelectasis