The pathogen particles are destroyed and cannot divide, but the pathogens maintain some of their integrity to be recognized by the immune system and evoke an adaptive immune response. When manufactured correctly, the vaccine is not infectious, but improper inactivation can result in intact and infectious particles. When a vaccine is administered, the antigen will be taken up by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and transported to a draining lymph node in vaccinated people. The APC will place a piece of the antigen, an epitope, on its surface along with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. It can now interact with and activate T cells. The resulting helper T cells will then stimulate an antibody-mediated or cell-mediated immune response and develop an antigen-specific adaptive response. This process creates an immunological memory against the specific pathogen and allows the immune system to respond more effectively and rapidly after subsequent encounters with that pathogen.<unk> s tend to produce an immune response that is primarily antibody-mediated. However, deliberate adjuvant selection allows<unk> s to stimulate a more robust cell-mediated immune response.
Inactivated vaccine
Attenuated vaccine
Conjugate vaccine
Synthetic vaccine
Subunit vaccine
Genetically modified vaccine
Heterologous vaccine
Cell-based vaccine