A patient sits comfortably with the treatment leg elevated. A fine needle electrode is inserted into the lower, inner aspect of the leg, slightly cephalad/rostral to the medial malleolus. As the goal is to send<unk>  through the<unk>  nerve, it is important to have the needle electrode near (but not on) the<unk>  nerve. A surface electrode (grounding pad) is placed over the medial aspect of the calcaneus on the same leg. The needle electrode is then connected to an external pulse generator which delivers an adjustable electrical pulse that travels to the sacral plexus via the<unk>  nerve. Among other functions, the sacral nerve plexus regulates bladder and pelvic floor function. With correct placement of the needle electrode and level of electrical impulse, there is often an involuntary toe flex or fan, or an extension of the entire foot. However, for some patients, the correct placement and<unk>  may only result in a mild sensation in the ankle area or across the sole of the foot. The treatment protocol requires once-a-week treatments for 12 weeks, 30 minutes per session. Many patients begin to see improvements by the 6th treatment. Patients who respond to treatment may require occasional treatments (about once every three weeks) to sustain improvements.<unk>  is a low-risk procedure. The most common side-effects with<unk>  treatment are temporary and minor, resulting from the placement of the needle electrode. They include minor bleeding, mild pain and skin inflammation.
Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation
Femoral nerve stretch test
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
Nerve conduction study
Nerve biopsy
Repetitive nerve stimulation
Electromyography
Cervicography