The causes of<unk>  are numerous and different causes may be inter-related. *It is commonly associated with diabetes. Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell. *Age-related<unk>  degeneration may cause<unk> . As individuals age there may be a natural deterioration in the<unk> which can lead to the depositing of drusen under the retina sometimes with the formation of abnormal blood vessels. *Replacement of the lens as treatment for cataract can cause pseudophakic<unk> . (‘pseudophakia’ means ‘replacement lens’) also known as Irvine-Gass syndrome The surgery involved sometimes irritates the retina (and other parts of the eye) causing the capillaries in the retina to dilate and leak fluid into the retina. Less common today with modern lens replacement techniques. *Chronic uveitis and intermediate uveitis can be a cause. *Blockage of a vein in the retina can cause engorgement of the other retinal veins causing them to leak fluid under or into the retina. The blockage may be caused, among other things, by atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and glaucoma. *A number of drugs can cause changes in the retina that can lead to<unk> . The effect of each drug is variable and some drugs have a lesser role in causation. The principal medication known to affect the retina are:- latanoprost, epinephrine, rosiglitazone, timolol and thiazolidinediones among others. *A few congenital diseases are known to be associated with<unk>  for example retinitis pigmentosa and retinoschisis.
Macular edema
Macular scarring
Corneal neovascularization
Macular corneal dystrophy
Corneal hydrops
Conjunctival concretion
Papilledema
Granular corneal dystrophy