<unk>  is a medical procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis. In the most common form of the procedure, the foreskin is extended with forceps (in pre-pubescent children its adhesion to the glans must also be broken with a probe), then a<unk>  device may be placed, after which the foreskin is excised. Topical or locally injected anesthesia is generally used to reduce pain and physiologic stress. It is usually electively administered, performed as a prophylactic health intervention, religious rite, or cultural practice.<unk>  is additionally an option for cases of phimosis, and other pathologies that do not resolve with other treatments, as well as chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). It is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health. Male<unk>  significantly reduces the risk of HIV infection among heterosexual men in sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends consideration of voluntary<unk>  as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention program in areas with high rates of HIV; the effectiveness of using<unk>  to prevent HIV in the developed world is unclear. The WHO does not recommend<unk>  for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men.<unk>  is associated with reduced rates of cancer-causing forms of human papillomavirus (HPV) and UTIs. It also decreases the risk of rare cancer of the penis. Studies of other sexually transmitted infections suggest that<unk>  is protective, including for men who have sex with men. A 2010 review found<unk> s performed by medical providers to have a typical complication rate of 1.5% for babies and 6% for older children, with few cases of severe complications. Bleeding, infection, and the removal of either too much or too little foreskin are the most common acute complications. Meatal stenosis is the most common long term complication. Complication rates are higher when the procedure is performed on individuals that are older. The WHO, UNAIDS, and American medical organizations generally hold the belief that the elective<unk>  of minors in developed countries carries prophylactic health benefits that outweigh small risks, while European medical organizations generally hold the belief that its medical benefits are not counterbalanced by risk. In these situations, questions surrounding prophylactics, bioethics, group rights, and religious freedom have been brought up, leading to ethical discussions surrounding the procedure. There is a consensus across all major medical organizations that the elective<unk>  of minors should be legal, within the purview of medical professionals, and to some extent should yield to parental choice.<unk> umcised men are estimated to constitute 37–39% of the world's male population as of 2016. The procedure plays a central role in many cultures and religions. It is integral to Judaism and Samaritanism and part of their religious law, while it is an established practice in Islam, Coptic Christianity, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the Eritrean Orthodox Church, and the Druze faith.<unk>  has additionally played an important role in Christian history and theology; the<unk>  of Jesus is celebrated as a feast day in the liturgical calendar of many Christian denominations, while Paul the Apostle's teaching that physical<unk>  was unnecessary for membership in the new covenant was instrumental in the separation of Christianity from Judaism. Though mainstream Christian denominations do not require the practice and maintain a neutral position on it, it is widely practiced in many Christian countries and communities.<unk>  is most common among Muslims and Jews (among whom it is near-universal for religious reasons) and the members of the Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, and in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Korea, the United States, parts of Southeast Asia, and Africa. It is relatively rare for non-religious reasons in Europe, Latin America, parts of Southern Africa, and most of Asia. The origin of<unk>  is not known with certainty; the oldest documented evidence for it comes from ancient Egypt. Various theories have been proposed as to its origin including as a religious sacrifice and as a rite of passage marking a boy's entrance into adulthood. The word<unk>  is from Latin<unk> umcidere, meaning "to cut around".
Circumcision
Debulking
Soot tattoo
Moulage
Sexual intercourse
Cheesewiring
Casualty lifting
Amalgam tattoo