thumb It is estimated that nearly 5% of the UK or USA population present with dentofacial deformities that are not amenable to orthodontic treatment requiring<unk>  as a part of their definitive treatment.<unk>  can be used to correct: * Gross jaw discrepancies (anteroposterior, vertical, or transverse discrepancies) * Skeletofacial discrepancies associated with documented sleep apnea, airway defects, and soft tissue discrepancies * Skeletofacial discrepancies associated with documented temporomandibular joint pathology A disproportionately grown upper or lower jaw causes dentofacial deformities. Chewing becomes problematic, and may also cause pain due to straining of the jaw muscle and bone. Deformities range from micrognathia, which is when the mandible doesn't grow far forward enough (over bite), and when the mandible grows too much, causing an under bite; all of which are uncomfortable. Also, a total maxilla osteotomy is used to treat the "long face syndrome," known as the skeptical open bite, idiopathic long face, hyper divergent face, total maxillary alveolar hyperplasia, and vertical maxillary excess. Prior to<unk> , surgeons should take x-rays of the patient's jaw to determine the deformity, and to make a plan of procedures. Mandible osteotomies, or corrective jaw<unk> es, benefit individuals who suffer from difficulty chewing, swallowing, TMJ pains, excessive wear of the teeth, open bites, overbites, underbites, or a receding chin. The deformities listed above can be perfected by an osteotomy<unk>  of either the maxilla or mandible (whichever the deformity calls for), which is performed by an oral surgeon who is specialized in the working with both the upper and lower jaws.<unk>  is also available as a very successful treatment (90–100%) for obstructive sleep apnea. ;Cleft lip and palate<unk>  is a well established and widely used treatment option for insufficient growth of the maxilla in patients with an orofacial cleft. There is some debate regarding the timing of<unk>  procedures, to maximise the potential for natural growth of the facial skeleton. Patient reported aesthetic outcomes of<unk>  for cleft lip and palate appear to be of overall satisfaction, despite complications that may arise. A potentially significant long-term outcome of<unk>  is impaired maxillary growth, due to scar tissue formation. A 2013 systematic review comparing traditional<unk>  with maxillary distraction osteogenesis found that the evidence was of low quality; it appeared that both procedures might be effective, but suggested distraction osteogenesis might reduce the incidence of long-term relapse. The most common causes of cleft lip and palate are genetic and environmental factors. Clefts are known to occur due to folic acid deficiency, iron and iodine deficiency
Orthognathic surgery
Palatal lift prosthesis
Facial implant
Cheiloplasty
Non-surgical rhinoplasty
Periradicular surgery
Mandibular advancement splint
Otoplasty