A recent (2019) systematic review of studies related to urinary incontinence in women found that behavioral therapy, alone or combined with other treatments, is generally more effective than any other single treatment alone. Behavioral therapy as a treatment has been used to improve or cure urgency urinary incontinence, including improving patient satisfaction. Lifestyle Treatment for<unk>  includes nonpharmacologic methods such as lifestyle modification (fluid restriction, avoidance of caffeine),<unk>  retraining, and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) exercise. Timed voiding is a form of<unk>  training that uses biofeedback to reduce the frequency of accidents resulting from poor<unk>  control. This method is aimed at improving the person's control over the time, place and frequency of urination. Timed voiding programs involve establishing a schedule for urination. To do this, a person fills in a chart of voiding and leaking. From the patterns that appear in the chart, the person can plan to empty his or her<unk>  before he or she would otherwise leak. Some individuals find it helpful to use a vibrating reminder watch to help them remember to use the bathroom. Vibrating watches can be set to go off at certain intervals or at specific times throughout the day, depending on the watch. Through this<unk>  training exercise, the person can alter their<unk> 's schedule for storing and emptying urine. Medications A number of antimuscarinic drugs (e.g., darifenacin, hyoscyamine, oxybutynin, tolterodine, solifenacin, trospium, fesoterodine) are frequently used to treat<unk> . Long term use, however, has been linked to dementia. β3 adrenergic receptor agonists (e.g., mirabegron, vibegron), may be used, as well. However, both antimuscarinic drugs and β3 adrenergic receptor agonists constitute a second line treatment due to the risk of side effects. Few people get complete relief with medications and all medications are no more than moderately effective. A typical person with<unk>  may urinate 12 times per day. Medication may reduce this number by 2-3 and reduce urinary incontinence events by 1-2 per day. Procedures Various devices (Urgent PC Neuromodulation System) may also be used. Botulinum toxin A (Botox) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration in adults with neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Botulinum Toxin A injections into the<unk>  wall can suppress involuntary<unk>  contractions by blocking nerve signals and may be effective for up to 9 months. The growing knowledge of pathophysiology of<unk>  fuelled a huge amount of basic and clinical research in this field of pharmacotherapy. A surgical intervention involves the enlargement of the<unk>  using bowel tissues, although generally used as a last resort. This procedure can greatly enlarge urine volume in the<unk> .<unk>  may be treated with electrical stimulation, which aims to reduce the contractions of the muscle that tenses around the<unk>  and causes urine to pass out of it. There are invasive and non-invasive electrical stimulation options. Non-invasive options include the introduction of a probe into the vagina or anus, or the insertion of an electrical probe into a nerve near the ankle with a fine needle. These non-invasive options appear to reduce symptoms while they are in use, and are better than no treatment, or treatment with drugs, or pelvic floor muscle treatment, but the quality of evidence is low. It is unknown which electrical stimulation option works best. Also, it is unknown whether the benefits last after treatment stops.
Overactive bladder
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Underactive bladder
Urinary tract infection
Stress incontinence
Interstitial cystitis
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
Overflow incontinence