Disability-adjusted life year rates for<unk>  per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 There is debate over the rates of<unk>  found in populations, but, despite changes in diagnosis and the criteria used to define<unk>  between 1997 and 2013, epidemiological rates have not changed significantly. Most of the current reliable data regarding the epidemiology of<unk>  is based on DSM-IV criteria, as the DSM-5 was not introduced until 2013. The United Nations' World Health Organization publishes estimates of<unk>  impact for each of its member states; the latest data available are for 2004. Considering only the 25 most populated countries ranked by overall age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) rate, the top half of the ranked list is dominated by Asian/Pacific countries, the US, and Egypt. Ranking the countries by the male-only or female-only rates produces much the same result, but with less meaningfulness, as the score range in the single-sex rankings is much-reduced (4 for women, 3 for men, as compared with 14 for the overall score range), suggesting that the differences between female and male rates, within each country, is what drives the distinctions between the countries. As of 2017, the cross-national lifetime prevalence of<unk>  was 3.9%, based on a survey were 5.6% had been exposed to trauma. The primary factor impacting treatment-seeking behavior, which can help to mitigate<unk>  development after trauma was income, while being younger, female, and having less social status (less education, lower individual income, and being unemployed) were all factors associated with less treatment-seeking behaviour. + Age-standardized Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates for<unk> , per 100,000 inhabitants, in 25 most populous countries, ranked by overall rate (2004) Region Country<unk>  DALY rate,overall<unk>  DALY rate,females<unk>  DALY rate,males Asia / Pacific Thailand 59 86 30 Asia / Pacific Indonesia 58 86 30 Asia / Pacific Philippines 58 86 30 Americas USA 58 86 30 Asia / Pacific Bangladesh 57 85 29 Africa Egypt 56 83 30 Asia / Pacific India 56 85 29 Asia / Pacific Iran 56 83 30 Asia / Pacific Pakistan 56 85 29 Asia / Pacific Japan 55 80 31 Asia / Pacific Myanmar 55 81 30 Europe Turkey 55 81 30 Asia / Pacific Vietnam 55 80 30 Europe France 54 80 28 Europe Germany 54 80 28 Europe Italy 54 80 28 Asia / Pacific Russian Federation 54 78 30 Europe United Kingdom 54 80 28 Africa Nigeria 53 76 29 Africa Dem. Republ. of Congo 52 76 28 Africa Ethiopia 52 76 28 Africa South Africa 52 76 28 Asia / Pacific China 51 76 28 Americas Mexico 46 60 30 Americas Brazil 45 60 30 United States The National Comorbidity Survey Replication has estimated that the lifetime prevalence of<unk>  among adult Americans is 6.8%, with women (9.7%) more than twice as likely as men (3.6%) to have<unk>  at some point in their lives. More than 60% of men and more than 60% of women experience at least one<unk>  event in their life. The most frequently reported<unk>  events by men are rape, combat, and childhood neglect or physical abuse. Women most frequently report instances of rape, sexual molestation, physical attack, being threatened with a weapon and childhood physical abuse. 88% of men and 79% of women with lifetime<unk>  have at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. Major depressive disorder, 48% of men and 49% of women, and lifetime alcohol use disorder or dependence, 51.9% of men and 27.9% of women, are the most common comorbid disorders. Military combat The United States Department of Veterans Affairs estimates that 830,000 Vietnam War veterans suffered symptoms of<unk> . The National Vietnam Veterans' Readjustment Study (NVVRS) found 15% of male and 9% of female Vietnam veterans had<unk>  at the time of the study. Life-time prevalence of<unk>  was 31% for males and 27% for females. In a reanalysis of the NVVRS data, along with analysis of the data from the Matsunaga Vietnam Veterans Project, Schnurr, Lunney, Sengupta, and Waelde found that, contrary to the initial analysis of the NVVRS data, a large majority of Vietnam veterans suffered from<unk>  symptoms (but not the disorder itself). Four out of five reported recent symptoms when interviewed 20–25 years after Vietnam. A 2011 study from Georgia State University and San Diego State University found that rates of<unk>  diagnosis increased significantly when troops were stationed in combat zones, had tours of longer than a year, experienced combat, or were injured. Military personnel serving in combat zones were 12.1 percentage points more likely to receive a<unk>  diagnosis than their active-duty counterparts in non-combat zones. Those serving more than 12 months in a combat zone were 14.3 percentage points more likely to be diagnosed with<unk>  than those having served less than one year. Experiencing an enemy firefight was associated with an 18.3 percentage point increase in the probability of<unk> , while being wounded or injured in combat was associated with a 23.9 percentage point increase in the likelihood of a<unk>  diagnosis. For the 2.16 million U.S. troops deployed in combat zones between 2001 and 2010, the total estimated two-year costs of treatment for combat-related<unk>  are between $1.54 billion and $2.69 billion. As of 2013, rates of<unk>  have been estimated at up to 20% for veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. As of 2013 13% of veterans returning from Iraq were unemployed. Man-made disasters The September 11 attacks took the lives of nearly 3,000 people, leaving 6,000 injured. First responders (police, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians), sanitation workers, and volunteers were all involved in the recovery efforts. The prevalence of probable<unk>  in these highly exposed populations was estimated across several studies using in-person, telephone, and online interviews and questionnaires. Overall prevalence of<unk>  was highest immediately following the attacks and decreased over time. However, disparities were found among the different types of recovery workers. The rate of probable<unk>  for first responders was lowest directly after the attacks and increased from ranges of 4.8-7.8% to 7.4-16.5% between the 5-6 year follow-up and a later assessment. When comparing traditional responders to non-traditional responders (volunteers), the probable<unk>  prevalence 2.5 years after the initial visit was greater in volunteers with estimates of 11.7% and 17.2% respectively. Volunteer participation in tasks atypical to the defined occupational role was a significant risk factor for<unk> . Other risk factors included exposure intensity, earlier start date, duration of time spent on site, and constant, negative reminders of the trauma. Additional research has been performed to understand the social consequences of the September 11 attacks. Alcohol consumption was assessed in a cohort of World Trade Center workers using the cut-annoyed-guilty-eye (CAGE) questionnaire for alcohol use disorder. Almost 50% of World Trade Center workers who self-identified as alcohol users reported drinking more during the rescue efforts. Nearly a quarter of these individuals reported drinking more following the recovery. If determined to have probable<unk>  status, the risk of developing an alcohol problem was double compared to those without psychological morbidity. Social disability was also studied in this cohort as a social consequence of the September 11 attacks. Defined by the disruption of family, work, and social life, the risk of developing social disability increased 17-fold when categorized as having probable<unk> .
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Acute stress disorder
Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified
Adjustment disorder
Exploding head syndrome
Stress-related disorders
Hodophobia