<unk><unk>  is most endemic in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions, but sporadic cases have been described in other areas of the world. The number of reported cases of the borreliosis have been increasing, as are endemic regions in North America. Of cases reported to the United States Centers for<unk>  Control and Prevention (CDC), the rate of<unk><unk>  infection is 7.9 cases for every 100,000 persons. In the 10 states where<unk><unk>  is most common, the average was 31.6 cases per 100,000 persons for 2005. Although<unk><unk>  has now been reported in 49 of 50 states in the U.S (all but Hawaii), about 99% of all reported cases are confined to just five geographic areas (New England, Mid-Atlantic, East-North Central, South Atlantic, and West North-Central). In Europe, cases of B. burgdorferi s.l.-infected ticks are found predominantly in Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, Slovenia, and Poland, but have been isolated in almost every country on the continent.<unk><unk>  statistics for Europe can be found at Eurosurveillance website. Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.-infested ticks are being found more frequently in Japan, as well as in northwest China and far eastern Russia. Borrelia has been isolated in Mongolia as well. In South America, tick-borne<unk>  recognition and occurrence is rising. Ticks carrying B. burgdorferi s.l., as well as canine and human tick-borne<unk> s, have been reported widely in Brazil, but the subspecies of Borrelia has not yet been defined. The first reported case of<unk><unk>  in Brazil was made in 1993 in Sao Paulo. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto antigens in patients have been identified in Colombia and in Bolivia. B. burgorferi has been reported in Bay Islands of Honduras. In Northern Africa, B. burgdorferi s.s. has been identified in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia. In western and sub-Saharan Africa, tick-borne relapsing fever has been recognized for over a century, since it was first isolated by the British physicians Joseph Everett Dutton and John Lancelot Todd in 1905. Borrelia in the manifestation of<unk><unk>  in this region is presently unknown, but evidence indicates the<unk>  may occur in humans in sub-Saharan Africa. The abundance of hosts and tick vectors would favor the establishment of the infection in Africa. In East Africa two cases of<unk><unk>  have been reported in Kenya. In Australia, no definitive evidence exists for the existence of B. burgdorferi or for any other tick-borne spirochete that may be responsible for a local syndrome being reported as<unk><unk> . Cases of neuroborreliosis have been documented in Australia, but are often ascribed to travel to other continents. The existence of<unk><unk>  in Australia is controversial.
Lyme disease microbiology
Herpes simplex research
PLOS Pathogens
Epidemiology of syphilis
Guatemala syphilis experiments
Virus counter
Tuberculosis diagnosis
Tuberculosis radiology