Four distinct stages occur: # During<unk>  exposure vasoconstriction reduces perfusion, and the tissue becomes<unk>  and numb. This may affect senses of touch and proprioception, resulting in loss of dexterity and strength, clumsiness, and disturbance of gait. Skin colour may be initially flushed, followed by pallor. # After<unk>  exposure, and during warming, a short phase of mottled cyanosis may occur, while remaining<unk>  and numb, with swelling and reduced peripheral pulses. # The third stage, of hyperaemia, may last for several weeks. with swelling and hot, red, dry skin, poor microcirculation, but full peripheral pulses. Paraesthesias and pain are likely, and areas of skin may show signs of necrosis. # The final stages may last for weeks to years, even indefinitely. Obvious physical signs may dissipate, with reduced inflammatory responses and reduced limb temperature. Complications may occur. Complications Short-term complications can include infection of the affected area and gangrene. Walking in the first few days of recovery may be affected by poor coordination of the affected limb and have a springless gait. Longer term complications may include chronic pain and temperature sensitivity.
Non-freezing cold injury
Uremic frost
NSAID hypersensitivity reactions
Simulator sickness
Foreign body reaction
Aerotoxic syndrome
Bullous drug reaction
High pressure injection injury