Treatment consists of painkillers and surgical ablation of the dilated<unk> . This can be accomplished with open abdominal surgery (laparotomy) or keyhole surgery (laparoscopy). Recently, the first robot-assisted surgery was described. Another approach to treatment involves catheter-based embolisation, often preceded by phlebography to visualise the<unk>  on X-ray fluoroscopy.<unk> <unk>  coil embolisation is an effective and safe treatment for pelvic congestion<unk>  and lower limb varices of pelvic origin. Many patients with lower limb varices of pelvic origin respond to local treatment i.e. ultrasound guided sclerotherapy. In those cases,<unk> <unk>  coil embolisation should be considered second line treatment to be used if<unk> s recur in a short time period i.e. 1–3 years. This approach allows further pregnancies to proceed if desired. Bilateral coil embolisation is not advised if a future pregnancy is possible. This treatment has largely superseded operative options. Coil embolisation requires exclusion of other pelvic pathology, expertise in endovascular surgery, correct placement of appropriate sized coils in the pelvis and also in the upper left<unk> <unk> , careful pre- and post-procedure specialist vascular ultrasound imaging, a full discussion of the procedure with the patient i.e. informed consent. Complications, such as coil migration, are rare but reported. Their sequelae are usually minor. If a Nutcracker compression (see below) is discovered, operative relocation of the renal<unk>  should be considered before embolization of the<unk> <unk> . Stenting is not advised. Reducing outflow obstruction should always be the main objective.
Ovarian vein syndrome
Ovarian torsion
Ovarian apoplexy
Salpingitis
Tubo-ovarian abscess
Ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian cyst
PELVIS syndrome