Once the diagnosis of<unk>  has been established in an individual, the following approach can be used for discussion of prognosis: A pregnancy history should be sought, with particular regard to infections, trauma, multiple gestations, and other documented problems. Screening for the common congenital infections associated with<unk>  with standard TORCH testing may be appropriate. Other specific tests targeting individual neurometabolic disorders can be obtained if clinically suggested. The following may help in determining a genetic etiology: Family history It is important to ask for the presence of neurologic problems in family members, including seizures, cognitive delay, motor impairment, pseudobulbar signs, and focal weakness because many affected family members, particularly those who are older, may not have had MRI performed, even if these problems came to medical attention. In addition, although most individuals with<unk>  do present with neurologic difficulties in infancy, childhood, or adulthood, those with mild forms may have no obvious deficit or only minor manifestations, such as a simple lisp or isolated learning disability. Therefore, if a familial<unk>  syndrome is suspected, it may be reasonable to perform MRI on relatives who are asymptomatic or have what appear to be minor findings. The presence of consanguinity in a child's parents may suggest an autosomal recessive familial<unk>  syndrome. Physical examination A general physical examination of the proband may identify associated craniofacial, musculoskeletal, or visceral malformations that could indicate a particular syndrome. Neurologic examination should assess cognitive and mental abilities, cranial nerve function, motor function, deep tendon reflexes, sensory function, coordination, and gait (if appropriate). Genetic testing
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria
Hippocampal sclerosis
Posterior cortical atrophy
Polymicrogyria
Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges
Gray matter heterotopia
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy