<unk>  necrosis Because of the<unk> 's rich perfusion,<unk>  necrosis is unlikely to occur. If it happens the result of severe ischemia is normally caused by excessive tension on the<unk> , a misidentification of past injury, nearby scar formation, fanatic inset to the recipient site or exaggerated<unk>  thinning. To solve the problem, to keep the underlying cartilage from infecting and to stop the situation from getting worse, it is better to excise dead tissue at an early stage than to wait watchfully allowing the injury to heal secondarily Infection It is unlikely for the operation area to get infected. In this situation failure in aseptic techniques or necrosis of the lining are the main causes. Early discovery of infection is very important so complete debridement can take place before underlying cartilage is exposed. Chronically infected cartilage is cured by reelevating the<unk>  and excising the infected parts. Recurrence/ inadequate initial reconstruction In some patients a new tumor develops in the skin injured by the sun or an old cancer can redevelop. In a few cases the result of the first reconstruction was not good enough. When this takes place the next step is to take away the old<unk>  and redo the reconstruction. A second<unk>  can be taken from the contra lateral side in most instances Eyebrow malposition The defect created at the donor site is usually positioned at the central/lateral<unk> . The defect can be closed by pulling the different sides of the wound together in vertical and horizontal direction. If there is a resulting defect after closure it is situated high in the<unk>  and it closes by secondary healing. In spite of the fact that, as a result, the eyebrow could be distorted, this is usually avoided. As a result of a large initial defect, the<unk>  has to be larger and the bigger the<unk>  defect will be. When there is a large resultant<unk>  defect it logically lies closer to the eyebrow. That is why there is a significant risk of superior eyebrow malposition, especially if a horizontal or oblique oriented<unk> <unk>  is used. Then the solution is to close the remaining defect with a skin graft. However a skin graft is esthetically inferior and will always look like a shiny, irregularly pigmented, mismatched piece of skin. Alternatively, secondary placement of a tissue expander in the<unk>  can be used to correct the eyebrow malposition and to excise the skin graft and primarily close the<unk>  defect.
Nasal reconstruction using a paramedian forehead flap
Alveolar cleft grafting
Clitoral hood reduction
Frenuloplasty of tongue
Facial feminization surgery
Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis
Greyhound therapy
Scalp reconstruction