Reactions catalyzed by<unk> s. The general function of these enzymes is to metabolise xenobiotics. Hence, they are considered to be xenobiotic detoxication catalysts. These proteins catalyze the oxygenation of multiple heteroatom-containing compounds that are present in our diet, such as amine-, sulfide-, phosphorus-, and other nucleophilic heteroatom-containing compounds.<unk> s have been implicated in the metabolism of a number of pharmaceuticals, pesticides and toxicants, by converting the lipophilic xenobiotics into polar, oxygenated, and readily excreted metabolites. Substrate diversity<unk>  substrates are structurally diverse compounds. However, they all share similar characteristics: * Soft nucleophiles (basic amines, sulfides, Se- or P-containing compounds) * Neutral or single-positively charged Zwitterions, anions and dications are considered to be unfavorable substrates. There are several drugs reported to be typical substrates for<unk> s. +Typical Drug Substrates Albendazole Clindamycin Pargyline Benzydamine Fenbendazole Ranitidine Chlorpheniramine Itopride Thioridazine Cimetidine Olopatadine Sulindac sulfide Xanomeline Zimeldine The majority of drugs function as alternate substrate competitive inhibitors to<unk> s (i.e. good nucleophiles that compete with the drug for<unk>  oxygenation), since they are not likely to serve as<unk>  substrates. Only a few true<unk>  competitive inhibitors have been reported. Those include indole-3-carbinol and N,N-dimethylamino stilbene carboxylates. A well-known<unk>  inhibitor is methimazole (MMI).
Flavin-containing monooxygenase
Flavin containing monooxygenase 1
Biotinidase
Disaccharidase
Transfer factor
Proteases 
Amidase
Xanthine oxidase