The safety of<unk>  is affected by the following conditions: Absolute * bleeding diathesis * uncontrolled severe high blood pressure * uncooperative patient * presence of a solitary native kidney Relative * azotemia or uraemia * certain anatomical abnormalities of the kidney * skin infection at the<unk>  site * medications that interfere with clotting (e.g. warfarin or heparin) * pregnancy * urinary tract infection * obesity
Renal biopsy
Renal ultrasonography
Radioisotope renography
Ureteroscopy
Urine protein/creatinine ratio
Urine cytology
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Microalbuminuria