Conventional<unk>  is usually performed under local, or sometimes spinal or general, anaesthesia. An incision in the median raphe of the scrotum is made and continued through the dartos fibres and the tunica vaginalis. The testicle and epidydymis are then visible. Incisions are then made through the outer covering of the testis to retrieve biopsies of seminiferous tubules, which are the structures that contain sperm. The incision is closed with sutures and each sample is assessed under a microscope to confirm the presence of sperm. Following<unk> , sperm is often cryogenically preserved for future use, but can also be used fresh. Micro-TESE Micro-TESE, or microdissection<unk> , includes the use of an operating microscope. This allows the surgeon to observe regions of seminiferous tubules of the testes that have more chance of containing spermatozoa. The procedure is more invasive than conventional<unk> , requiring general anaesthetic, and usually used only in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Similarly to<unk> , an incision is made in the scrotum and surface of the testicle to expose seminiferous tubules. However, this exposure is much more wide in micro-TESE. This allows exploration of the incision under the microscope to identify areas of tubules more likely to contain more sperm. If none can be identified, biopsies are instead taken at random from a wide range of locations. The incision is closed with sutures. Samples are re-examined post-surgery to locate and then purify sperm. When compared with conventional<unk> , micro-TESE generally has higher success in<unk> g sperm; as such, micro-TESE is preferable in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia, where infertility is caused by a lack of sperm production rather than a blockage. In these cases, micro-TESE is more likely to yield sufficient sperm for use in ICSI.<unk>  vs TESA<unk>  is different to<unk>  sperm aspiration (TESA). TESA is done under local anaesthesia, does not involve an open biopsy and is suitable for patients with obstructive azoospermia.
Testicular sperm extraction
Sacrohysteropexy
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Spermatocelectomy
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection
Vasoepididymostomy
Sperm donation
Orchiopexy