Michael P. Johnson argues for four major types of<unk>  (also known as "Johnson's typology"), which is supported by subsequent research and evaluation, as well as independent researchers. Distinctions are made among the types of<unk> , motives of perpetrators, and the social and cultural context based upon patterns across numerous incidents and motives of the perpetrator. The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) also divides domestic<unk>  into types. Elaine Storkey in her comprehensive analysis, Scars Across Humanity IVP Academic 2018, argues that<unk>  is one aspect of a global manifestation of<unk>  against women. Other examples she cites are selective abortion, female genital mutilation, early, enforced marriage, honour killings, rape, trafficking, prostitution and sexual<unk>  in war.<unk>  terrorism<unk>  terrorism, or coercive controlling<unk>  (CCV), occurs when one<unk>  in a relationship, typically a man, uses coercive control and power over the other<unk> , using threats, intimidation, and isolation. CCV relies on severe psychological abuse for controlling purposes; when physical abuse occurs it too is severe. In such cases, "one<unk> , usually a man, controls virtually every aspect of the victim's, usually a woman's, life." Johnson reported in 2001 that 97% of the perpetrators of<unk>  terrorism were men.<unk>  may involve sexual, sadistic control, economic, physical, emotional and psychological abuse.<unk>  terrorism is more likely to escalate over time, not as likely to be mutual, and more likely to involve serious injury. The victims of one type of abuse are often the victims of other types of abuse. Severity tends to increase with multiple incidents, especially if the abuse comes in many forms. If the abuse is more severe, it is more likely to have chronic effects on victims because the long-term effects of abuse tend to be cumulative. Because this type of<unk>  is most likely to be extreme, survivors of<unk>  terrorism are most likely to require medical services and the safety of shelters. Consequences of physical or sexual<unk>  terrorism include chronic pain, gastrointestinal and gynecological problems, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and death. Other mental health consequences are anxiety, substance abuse, and low-self esteem. Abusers are more likely to have witnessed abuse as children than those who engage in situational couple<unk> .<unk>  terrorism batterers include two types: "Generally-violent-antisocial" and "dysphoric-borderline". The first type includes people with general psychopathic and violent tendencies. The second type includes people who are emotionally dependent on the relationship.<unk>  by an individual against their<unk><unk>  is often done as a way for controlling the<unk> , even if this kind of<unk>  is not the most frequent. Violent resistance Violent resistance (VR), a form of self-defense, is<unk>  perpetrated by victims against their<unk> s who have exerted<unk>  terrorism against them. Within relationships of<unk>  terrorism and violent resistance, 96% of the violent resisters are women. VR can occur as an instinctive reaction in response to an initial attack or a defense mechanism after prolonged instances of<unk> . This form of resistance can sometimes become fatal if the victim feels as though their only way out is to kill their<unk> . Situational couple<unk>  Situational couple<unk> , also called common couple<unk> , is not connected to general control behavior, but arises in a single argument where one or both<unk> s physically lash out at the other. This is the most common form of<unk> , particularly in the western world and among young couples, and involves women and men nearly equally. Among college students, Johnson found it to be perpetrated about 44% of the time by women and 56% of the time by men. Johnson states that situational couple<unk>  involves a relationship dynamic "in which conflict occasionally gets 'out of hand,' leading usually to 'minor' forms of<unk> , and rarely escalating into serious or life-threatening forms of<unk> ." In situational couple<unk> , acts of<unk>  by men and women occur at fairly equal rates, with rare occurrences of injury, and are not committed in an attempt to control a<unk> . It is estimated that approximately 50% of couples experience situational couple<unk>  in their relationships. Situational couple<unk>  involves: * Mode: Mildly aggressive behavior such as throwing objects, ranging to more aggressive behaviors such as pushing, slapping, biting, hitting, scratching, or hair pulling. * Frequency: Less frequent than<unk>  terrorism, occurring once in a while during an argument or disagreement. * Severity: Milder than<unk>  terrorism, very rarely escalates to more severe abuse, generally does not include injuries that were serious or that caused one<unk>  to be admitted to a hospital. * Mutuality:<unk>  may be equally expressed by either<unk>  in the relationship. * Intent: Occurs out of anger or frustration rather than as a means of gaining control and power over the other<unk> . Mutual violent control Mutual violent control (MVC) is rare type of<unk>  occurring when both<unk> s act in a violent manner, battling for control. Reciprocal and non-reciprocal The CDC divides domestic<unk>  into two types: reciprocal, in which both<unk> s are violent, and non-reciprocal<unk> , in which one<unk>  is violent. Of the four types, situational couple<unk>  and mutual violent control are reciprocal, while<unk>  terrorism is non-reciprocal. Violent resistance on its own is non-reciprocal, but is reciprocal when in response to<unk>  terrorism.
Intimate partner violence
Sexual violence
Domestic violence
Sexual assault
Childhood trauma
Anti-abortion violence
Marital rape
Botanical sexism