An<unk>  is a<unk>  (protrusion) of abdominal-cavity contents through the<unk>  canal. Symptoms are absent in about a third of patients. This may include pain or discomfort especially with or following coughing, exercise, or bowel movements. Often it gets worse throughout the day and improves when lying down. A bulging area may occur that becomes larger when bearing down.<unk> s occur more often on the right than left side. The main concern is strangulation, where the blood supply to part of the intestine is blocked. This usually produces severe pain and tenderness of the area. Risk factors for the development of a<unk>  include: smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease, and previous open appendectomy, among others. Predisposition to<unk> s is genetic and they occur more often in certain families. Deleterious mutations causing predisposition to<unk> s seem to have dominant inheritance (especially for men). It is unclear if<unk> s are associated with heavy lifting.<unk> s can often be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms. Occasionally medical imaging is used to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other possible causes. Groin<unk> s that do not cause symptoms in males do not need to be repaired. Repair, however, is generally recommended in females due to the higher rate of femoral<unk> s which have more complications. If strangulation occurs immediate surgery is required. Repair may be done by open surgery or by laparoscopic surgery. Open surgery has the benefit of possibly being done under local anesthesia rather than general anesthesia. Laparoscopic surgery generally has less pain following the procedure. In 2015<unk> , femoral and abdominal<unk> s affected about 18.5 million people. About 27% of males and 3% of females develop a groin<unk>  at some time in their life. Groin<unk> s occur most often before the age of one and after the age of fifty. Globally,<unk> , femoral and abdominal<unk> s resulted in 60,000 deaths in 2015 and 55,000 in 1990.
Inguinal hernia
Epididymitis
Varicocele
Testicular cancer
Hydrocele
Testicular torsion
Perineal hernia
Hematocele