Numerous<unk>  techniques have been proposed, however there is not enough evidence to determine which is more effective.<unk>  involves the manipulation, with X-ray guidance, of the fracture into an acceptable position, and the immediate insertion of metal pins, called Kirschner wires, through the skin, into one bone fragment and across the fracture line into the other bone fragment. These pins are normally left in position for some four to six weeks, and are removed when the fracture has healed. Considerations include the technique chosen for skin incision, pin configuration, how many pins, the size of the pins, pin exposure (whether or not the pins are sticking out of the skin), the length of immobilization after the fracture has been pinned, the type of immobilization, how long the pins are left in place, the method for removing the pins. The joint is usually placed in a plaster cast following<unk> . For a radial fracture, it is not clear if the position in which the wrist is immobilized in the cast after<unk>  effects the risk of reduced grip strength. For an approach in which the pins are placed under the skin, it is not clear if this technique reduces the risk of infection, however in order to remove the pins when the bone has healed an invasive technique may be required.
Percutaneous pinning
Arthrodesis
Internal fixation
Shoulder reduction
Auricular splint
External fixation
Spica splint
Knee replacement