<unk> , classified as a squamous cell cancer, has not been linked to excessive use of tobacco. However, there are certain risk factors that can predispose an individual to<unk>  if exposed to them. These risk factors include: having Chinese, or Asian, ancestry, exposure to Epstein- Barr virus (EBV), unknown factors that result in rare familial clusters, and heavy alcohol consumption. EBV Epstein- Barr virus infects and persists in more than 90% of world population. Transmission of this virus occurs through saliva and is more commonly seen in developing countries where there are living areas are more packed together and less hygienic. Replication of this virus can occur in the oropharyngeal epithelial tissue and<unk>  tissue. EBV primarily targets B lymphocytes. Patients diagnosed with<unk>  were found to show elevated levels of the antibodies against the EBV antigen than in individuals not diagnosed with<unk> . Smoking Individuals that are exposed to cigarette smoking have an increased risk of developing<unk>  by 2- to 6-fold. Approximately two-thirds of patients with type 1<unk>  was attributed to smoking in the United States. However the declining rates of smoking in the US can be associated with less prevalence of type 1<unk> . In southern China and North Africa, it has been suggested that high smoking rates come from wood fires in the country rather than cigarette smoking.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Laryngeal cancer
Oropharyngeal cancer
Hypopharyngeal cancer
Adenoiditis
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Nasopharyngeal cyst
Laryngeal cyst