Common treatments used for toxic substance<unk> s are ineffective, or are even harmful, when implemented in<unk> s of<unk>  substances. Clinical attempts to empty the stomach can cause further injuries. Activated charcoal does not neutralize<unk> s and can also obscure endoscopic visualization. There is no known clinical benefit of neutralization of the<unk>  substances; neutralization releases heat as well as causing gaseous distention and vomiting, all of which can worsen injuries. Signs of airway compromise including decreased level of consciousness, stridor, change in voice, inability to control oral secretions necessitate intubation and mechanical ventillation. IV fluids are often needed to maintain hydration and replace insensible water losses. Endoscopy should be done within the first 24–48 hours of<unk>  as subsequent wound softening increases the risk of perforation. Endoscopically inserted nasogastric tubes can serve as a stent to prevent esophageal strictures as well as allow tube feedings. A CT scan, often enhanced with contrast, can also be used to evaluate injuries. The most common surgical methods of treatment in children include esophageal dilation and esophageal replacement as less commonly implantation of an esophageal stent.
Caustic ingestion
Mushroom poisoning
Shellfish poisoning
Scombroid food poisoning
Organophosphate poisoning
Strychnine poisoning
Ethylene glycol poisoning
Pesticide poisoning