Thumbnail of the right hand with cuticle (left) and hangnail (top) Healthcare and pre-hospital-care providers (EMTs or paramedics) often use the fingernail beds as a cursory indicator of distal tissue perfusion of individuals who may be dehydrated or in shock. However, this test is not considered reliable in adults. This is known as the CRT or blanch test. The fingernail bed is briefly depressed to turn the<unk> bed white. When the pressure is released, the normal pink colour should be restored within a second or two. Delayed return to pink color can be an indicator of certain shock states such as hypovolemia.<unk> growth record can show the history of recent health and physiological imbalances, and has been used as a diagnostic tool since ancient times. Deep, horizontally transverse grooves known as "Beau's lines" may form across the<unk>  (horizontal, not along the<unk> from cuticle to tip). These lines are usually a natural consequence of aging, although they may result from disease. Discoloration, thinning, thickening, brittleness, splitting, grooves, Mees' lines, small white spots, receded lunula, clubbing (convex), flatness, and spooning (concave) can indicate illness in other areas of the body, nutrient deficiencies, drug reaction or poisoning, or merely local injury.<unk>  can also become thickened (onychogryphosis), loosened (onycholysis), infected with fungus (onychomycosis), or degenerate (onychodystrophy). A common<unk> disorder is an ingrowing toenail (onychocryptosis). DNA profiling is a technique employed by forensic scientists on hair, fingernails, toenails, etc. Health and care A set of professional<unk> care tools The best way to care for<unk>  is to trim them regularly. Filing is also recommended, as to keep<unk>  from becoming too rough and to remove any small bumps or ridges that may cause the<unk> to get tangled up in materials such as cloth. Bluish or purple fingernail beds may be a symptom of peripheral cyanosis, which indicates oxygen deprivation.<unk>  can dry out, just like skin. They can also peel, break, and be infected. Toe infections, for instance, can be caused or exacerbated by dirty socks, specific types of aggressive exercise (long-distance running), tight footwear, and walking unprotected in an unclean environment. Common organisms causing<unk> infections include yeasts and molds (particularly dermatophytes).<unk> tools used by different people may transmit infections. Standard hygiene and sanitation procedures avoid transmission. In some cases, gel and cream cuticle removers can be used instead of cuticle scissors.<unk> disease can be very subtle and should be evaluated by a dermatologist with a focus in this particular area of medicine. However, most times it is a<unk> technician who will note a subtle change in<unk> disease. Inherited accessory<unk> of the fifth toe occurs where the toenail of the smallest toe is separated, forming a smaller "sixth toenail" in the outer corner of the<unk>  Like any other<unk>  it can be cut using a<unk> clipper. Effect of nutrition Biotin-rich foods and supplements may help strengthen brittle fingernails. A few small studies support biotin supplement use to that effect. One study in 35 people with brittle fingernails found that 2.5 mg of biotin per day for six weeks to seven months improved symptoms in 63% of participants. Vitamin A is an essential micro-nutrient for vision, reproduction, cell and tissue differentiation, and immune function. Vitamin D and calcium work together in cases of maintaining homeostasis, creating muscle contraction, transmission of nerve pulses, blood clotting, and membrane structure. A lack of vitamin A, vitamin D, or calcium can cause dryness and brittleness. Insufficient vitamin B12 can lead to excessive dryness, darkened<unk> , and rounded or curved<unk> ends. Insufficient intake of both vitamin A and B results in fragile<unk>  with horizontal and vertical ridges. Some over-the-counter vitamin supplements such as certain multivitamins and biotin may help in growth of strong<unk> , although this is quite subjective. Both vitamin B12 and folate play a role in red blood cell production and oxygen transportation to<unk> cells. Inadequacies can result in discoloration of your<unk> . Omega-3 fatty acids can help lubricate and moisturize your<unk> , giving them a shiny appearance. These fatty acids may also reduce inflammation in your<unk> bed, which nourishes and promotes the health of cells that give rise to your<unk> plate. A lack of omega-3 fatty acids could contribute to dry and brittle<unk> . Protein is a building material for new<unk> ; therefore, low dietary protein intake may cause anemia and the resultant reduced hemoglobin in the blood filling the capillaries of the<unk> bed reflects varying amounts of light incident on the<unk> matrix resulting in lighter shades of pink ultimately resulting in white<unk> beds when the hemoglobin is very low. When hemoglobin is close to 15 or 16 grams, most of the spectrum of light is absorbed and only the pink color is reflected back and the<unk>  look pink. Essential fatty acids play a large role in healthy skin as well as<unk> . Splitting and flaking of<unk>  may be due to a lack of linoleic acid. Iron-deficiency anemia can lead to a pale color along with a thin, brittle, ridged texture. Iron deficiency in general may cause the<unk>  to become flat or concave, rather than convex. As oxygen is needed for healthy<unk> , an iron deficiency or anemia can lead to vertical ridges in your<unk>  or your<unk>  may concave or “spoon”. RDAs for iron vary considerably depending on age and gender. The recommendation for men is 8 mg per day, while that of women aged 19–50 is 18 mg per day. After women hit age 50 or go through menopause, their iron needs drop to 8 mg daily.
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