Mechanism of action<unk>  lowers blood glucose by stimulating the release of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas. It achieves this by closing ATP-dependent potassium channels in the membrane of the beta cells. This depolarizes the beta cells, opening the cells' calcium channels, and the resulting calcium influx induces insulin secretion. Pharmacokinetics Absorption:<unk>  has a 56% bioavailability when absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Bioavailability is reduced when taken with food; the maximum concentration decreases by 20%. Distribution: The protein binding of<unk>  to albumin is greater than 98%. Metabolism:<unk>  is primarily metabolized by the liver - specifically CYP450 2C8 and 3A4 - and to a lesser extent via glucuronidation. Metabolites of<unk>  are inactive and do not display glucose-lowering effects. Excretion:<unk>  is 90% excreted in the feces and 8% in the urine. 0.1% is cleared unchanged in the urine. Less than 2% is unchanged in the feces.
Repaglinide
Liraglutide
Linagliptin
Exenatide
Vildagliptin
Insulin glulisine
Insulin degludec
Miglitol