Acid-base disturbances such as<unk>  are typically first assessed using arterial blood gas tests. Testing of venous blood is also available as an alternative as they are effectively interchangeable. Normally resulting<unk> ctate concentrations are in the range indicated below: mg/dL mM Venous blood 4.5–19.8 0.5–2.2 Arterial blood 4.5–14.4 0.5–1.6<unk>  is classically defined as an elevated<unk> ctate together with pH < 7.35 and bicarbonate below 20 mmol/l, but this is not required as<unk>  may exist together with other acid-base abnormalities that may affect these two parameters.
Lactic acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
Acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Azotemia
Hyperammonemia
Alkalosis
Hypercapnia