European fur traders doing business with<unk><unk>  in 1777, with a barrel of rum to the left. Some<unk><unk>  in the United States have had difficulty with the use of<unk> . Among contemporary<unk><unk>  and Alaska<unk> s, 11.7% of all deaths are related to<unk> . By comparison, about 5.9% of global deaths are attributable to<unk>  consumption. Because of negative stereotypes and biases based on race and social class, generalizations and myths abound around the topic of<unk> <unk> unk>  misuse. A survey of death certificates from 2006 to 2010 showed that deaths among<unk><unk>  due to<unk>  are about four times as common as in the general U.S. population. They are often due to traffic collisions and liver disease, with homicide, suicide, and falls also contributing. Deaths related to<unk>  among<unk><unk>  are more common in men and among Northern Plains Indians. Alaska<unk> s showed the lowest incidence of<unk> -related death.<unk>  misuse amongst<unk><unk>  has been shown to be associated with development of disease, including hearing and vision problems, kidney and bladder problems, head injuries, pneumonia, tuberculosis, dental problems, liver problems, and pancreatitis. In some tribes, the rate of fetal<unk>  spectrum disorder is as high as 1.5 to 2.5 per 1,000 live births, more than seven times the national average, while among Alaska<unk> s, the rate of fetal<unk>  spectrum disorder is 5.6 per 1,000 live births.<unk> <unk> and<unk>  Alaskan youth are far more likely to experiment with<unk>  at a younger age than non-Native youth. Low self-esteem and transgenerational trauma have been associated with substance use disorders among<unk> <unk> teens in the US and Canada.<unk>  education and prevention programs have focused on raising self-esteem, emphasizing traditional values, and recruiting<unk>  youth to advocate for abstinence and healthy substitution. Historically, those<unk> <unk> tribes who manufactured<unk> ic drinks used them and other mind-altering substances in ritual settings and rarely for personal enjoyment; liquor was unknown until introduced by Europeans. Therefore<unk>  dependence was largely unknown when European contact was made. The use of<unk>  as a trade item and the practice of intoxication for fun gradually undermined traditional<unk> <unk> culture until by the late 18th century,<unk> ism was recognized as a serious problem in many<unk> <unk> communities.<unk> <unk> leaders campaigned with limited success to educate<unk><unk>  about the dangers of drinking and intoxication. Legislation prohibiting the sale of<unk>  to<unk><unk>  generally failed to prevent<unk> -related social and health problems, and discriminatory legislation was abandoned in the 1950s in favor of laws passed in<unk> <unk> communities by<unk><unk> . Modern treatment focuses on culturally appropriate strategies that emphasize traditional activities designed to promote spiritual harmony and group solidarity.
Alcohol and Native Americans
EP Europace
African Americans and birth control
Cunning folk
Women and HIV/AIDS
Intimate partner violence and U.S. military populations
Medicine man
HL v United Kingdom