Photographs which purportedly depicted ghosts or spirits were popular during the 19th century.<unk>  is the study of alleged psychic phenomena (extrasensory perception, telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, a.k.a. telekinesis, and psychometry) and other paranormal claims, for example, those related to near-death experiences, synchronicity, apparitional experiences, etc. Criticized as being a pseudoscience, the majority of mainstream scientists reject it.<unk>  has also been criticised by mainstream critics for many of its practitioners claiming that their studies are plausible in spite of there being no convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research.<unk>  research rarely appears in mainstream scientific journals; instead, most papers about<unk>  are published in a small number of niche journals.
Parapsychology
Orthomolecular psychiatry
Counseling psychology
Biological psychiatry
Psychoanalytic theory
Social cognitive theory
Social narrative
Cross-cultural psychiatry