The spread of leishmaniasis can be prevented by interrupting the sand fly life cycle or removing or treating pathogen reservoirs. Avoiding sand fly bites is an effective means of avoiding disease for short term visitors to areas where L.<unk>  is endemic. This can be accomplished through the use of DEET containing insect repellent, application of insecticides to clothes and bedding, as well as using mosquito nets to cover beds. Sand flies usually bite between dusk and dawn, so preventative measures should be taken during these times. Though a vaccine does not yet exist that can prevent cutaneous leishmaniasis, it is speculated that one will be developed in the near future. Patients who have recovered from L.<unk>  infections develop high- level immunity to the pathogen. In Russia and Israel, soldiers were "immunized" against L.<unk>  through the injection of live promastigotes into the buttocks; however, this form of treatment was discontinued in Israel due to the occasional formation of large or slow-healing lesions.
Leishmania major
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania mexicana
Leishmania amazonensis
Aedes epactius
Schistosoma intercalatum
Leishmania infantum
Leishmania donovani