NFCI is caused by microvascular endothelial damage, stasis and vascular occlusion, and generally affects the hands or feet during exposure to temperatures just above<unk> , often wet. Risk factors include exposure of the extremities to<unk>  and wet for prolonged periods, usually two to three days or longer, but the duration is relative to the temperature, and cases have been reported after immersion in<unk>  sea water after considerably shorter exposures, and higher temperatures (up to for longer periods (order of 8 days). NFCI correlates with exposure to<unk>  environment with fatigue, malnutrition, and immobility or restricted movement, poor environmental protection, inadequate fluid or caloric intake, fatigue, and stress, often while wearing constricting shoes or boots continuously for many days. Pre-existing conditions that may increase susceptibility include circulatory problems, including peripheral vascular disease or Raynaud phenomenon, and diabetes. Smoking, older age, and ethnicity may have effects, but data are inconclusive. Mental illness and alcohol use may also be risk factors.
Non-freezing cold injury
Uremic frost
NSAID hypersensitivity reactions
Simulator sickness
Foreign body reaction
Aerotoxic syndrome
Bullous drug reaction
High pressure injection injury