Smoking<unk>  exposes users to many of the same harmful and toxic chemicals found in cigarette smoke. Several of the toxic chemicals in<unk>  smoke can cause cancer, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., fluorene and pyrene), heavy metals (e.g., arsenic, chromium, lead), radioactive elements (uranium, polonium, lead), and ultrafine particles. A single session of smoking<unk>  results in far more toxicants inhaled than a session of cigarette smoking, largely because a session of hookah use is much longer than an average session of cigarette smoking: 60 minutes on average for hookah users versus five minutes for a single cigarette. A typical session of smoking<unk>  results in a user inhaling 90,000 ml of smoke versus 500 ml for a cigarette, as well as 1.7 times as much nicotine, 8.4 times as much carbon monoxide, and 36 times as much tar.<unk>  smoking also exposes users to heavy metals and is thought to expose users to more carcinogens than cigarettes. Hookah smokers inhale large amounts of carbon monoxide generated from the combustion of<unk> l as well as the charcoal used to burn the<unk> . Carbon monoxide is a highly toxic odorless gas that can damage the heart and central nervous system. There have been many cases of carbon monoxide poisoning among hookah smokers that require treatment in hospital emergency departments for symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, and weakness. This is sometimes called “hookah sickness.” The charcoal used to heat up the<unk>  increases carbon monoxide and metal inhalation. These toxicants have led the American Lung Association, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Food and Drug Administration to conclude that smoking<unk>  using a hookah "has many of the same health risks as cigarette smoking." These risks include lung cancer, respiratory disease, low birth weight in babies, increased risk of respiratory disease in babies, heart disease and artery clogging, as well as oral, stomach, esophagus, and bladder cancers. Herbal<unk>  and shisha poses similar risks to its tobacco-containing counterpart: smoke from herbal<unk>  contains equal or greater levels of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, aldehydes, tar, and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as tobacco-containing smoke. These chemicals contribute to cancers, heart disease, and lung disease. In addition,<unk> l contains nicotine, which smokers inhale. Nicotine is addictive, which can make quitting hookah difficult and cause withdrawal symptoms such as irritability and depression when people go without smoking hookah for an extended time. Smoking<unk>  in a hookah also releases secondhand smoke that harms the health of those around the smoker. Secondhand smoke from hookahs contains carbon monoxide, PAH, aldehydes, ultrafine particles (<2.5μm), and respirable particulate matter (particles small enough to enter the lungs). Studies of hookah lounges in Virginia have found that hookah lounges have worse air quality than comparable restaurants that allow indoor cigarette smoking. Acute effects of exposure to secondhand smoke from hookahs including wheezing, nasal congestion, and chronic cough, although long term effects have yet to be studied. The detrimental effects of secondhand smoke from hookahs apply equally to tobacco-free<unk>  or shisha: one study found that herbal hookah smoke contains carcinogens equal or greater to that of hookah smoke with tobacco, in addition to PAH, carbon monoxide, and metals.
Muʽassel
Ugeskrift for Læger
Medgadget
Mollipect
Salmawaih ibn Bunan
Beauty Mark
Performing arts medicine
HAZWOPER