<unk>  are ocular documentation that record the appearance of a patient's retina. Optometrists, ophthalmologists, orthoptists and other trained medical professionals use<unk>  for monitoring the progression of certain eye condition/diseases.<unk>  are also used to document abnormalities of disease process affecting the eye, and/or to follow up on the progress of the eye condition/disease such as diabetes, age-macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, and neoplasm of the choroid, cranial nerves, retinal or eyeball. In patients with diabetes mellitus, regular<unk>  screening examinations (once every six months to one year) are important to screen for diabetic retinopathy as visual loss due to diabetes can be prevented by retinal laser treatment if retinopathy is spotted early. Besides the prevalent ocular condition/diseases,<unk>  can also be used to monitor individuals on anti-malarial therapy, by noting the changes in the<unk>  during standard screening.<unk>  is also used in emergency cases including patients with constant headaches, diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 120mmHg and patients with sudden visual loss. In patients with headaches, the finding of swollen optic discs, or papilloedema, on<unk>  is a key sign, as this indicates raised intracranial pressure (ICP) which could be due to hydrocephalus, benign intracranial hypertension (aka pseudotumour cerebri) or brain tumor, amongst other conditions. Cupped optic discs are seen in glaucoma. In arterial hypertension, hypertensive changes of the retina closely mimic those in the brain, and may predict cerebrovascular accidents (strokes). In certain cases<unk>  can also be used in research studies.
Fundus photography
Retinal vessel analysis
Retinal birefringence scanning
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Ocular tonometry
Microperimetry
Visual field test
Electroretinography