Vincent<unk> <unk> , Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear (1889), Courtauld Institute of Art, London<unk>  is a mental condition in which an adult performs self-mutilations. It usually happens on the ground of a specific psychiatric condition. The term is derived from the action of Vincent<unk> <unk>  in 1888, cutting off his own ear, or a part of it, after a quarrel with fellow artist Paul Gauguin during one of his psychotic episodes. Sufferers may burn themselves, attempt to severely damage their genital organs (especially amputate their penis), castrate themselves, extract their own eyes, amputate their own hands, or commit suicide. Self-injury in children may be labeled with different diagnostic terms such as Lesch-Nyhan and Munchausen syndromes. Another medical condition for which the term is used, but only rarely, is when the vision turns yellow for a period of time as, for example, in digoxin toxicity.<unk>  is, now, a synonym for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI), where participants intentionally and repetitively inflict injuries on their bodies without suicidal intention and not social sanctioned. These injuries are not meant to cause lethal harm and range from biting, scratching, cutting to serious acts like mutilating reproductive parts. Self-injuring occurs quite commonly in children from 9–18 months, and is considered pathological in children beyond 3 years of age. NSSI is most prevalent in adolescents and patients with diagnosed psychological illnesses, however frequent incidents are also recorded among young adults. In the past, NSSI was thought of as symptoms that associated with many psychological conditions, not an entity by itself. With increasing reports of prevalence and causative origins, recently, NSSI has been classified as an independent syndrome that can co-occur with a variety of other mental conditions. The fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5), published in 2013, has officially recognized NSSI as its own entity and updated diagnostic methods for patients with clinical symptoms for NSSI. NSSI patients usually use self-mutilation as a mean to relieve stress and negative feelings, often harbor thoughts of self-injure, repeat injuries, and experience satisfaction post-action. Although NSSI is often associated with suicidal attempts, there is a clear distinction between the two conditions. People who practice NSSI do not set death as their final goal. Severity of wounds may vary and some may end up needing medical attention, however, the purpose is never to cause lethal harm. Indeed, NSSI serves as several functioning outlets for participants, including negative and positive reinforcements.
Van Gogh syndrome
Van der Woude syndrome
Van Den Bosch syndrome
Koolen–De Vries syndrome
Nezelof syndrome
Crigler–Najjar syndrome
Wildervanck syndrome
DeSanto-Shinawi syndrome