As with other cardiac procedures,<unk>  is associated with risks, such as bleeding, infection, thromboembolism, renal shutdown, cardiac tamponade, stroke, or reaction to anesthesia. The risk of death is about 1%. Risks depend on a patient’s age, general health, specific medical conditions, and heart function. Flipped Vortex Circulation Pedrizetti et al. studied the fluid mechanics in the left heart in 40 randomized patients with mechanical and tissue artificial heart valves. Using echocardiography they quantitatively analyzed the velocity field in the left heart and found that the patients with artificial mitral valves had a consistent counterclockwise circulation, as opposed to the normal clockwise circulation that is characteristic of normal transmitral flow. To further characterize this counterclockwise circulation a numerical simulation was performed which backed up the data taken from the echocardiograph study. This flipped vortex circulation could lead to further complications in the patient who had<unk>  surgery as it was observed to cause stagnation points, crossed flows, increased energy requirements and pressure shifts from the lateral to the septal wall in the left heart.
Mitral valve replacement
Mitral valve repair
Mitral valve annuloplasty
Aortic valve repair
Heart valve repair
Aortic valvuloplasty
Aortic valve replacement
Percutaneous aortic valve replacement