The 1.85 kilobase-long<unk> , located on chromosome 20 (20p13) contains three functional domains, including<unk> , neurophysin II (NP) and a C-terminal glycopeptide called copeptin. Using restriction mapping and sequencing, the<unk>  was found to have these domains which spanned over three exons with two intronic sequences. Exon A encodes a putative signal peptide, the arginine vasopressin hormone, and the N terminus of the NP carrier protein. Exon B, which is separated from exon A with a 1 kilobase-long intron, encodes the conserved middle portion of NP. A 227 kilobase intron separates exon B from exon C, which encodes the final domain, including the C terminus of NP and the glycoprotein. The structure of this<unk>  has been found to be<unk> rally conserved across species, including chimpanzees, Rhesus monkeys, dogs, cows, mice, rats, chicken, zebrafish, and frogs. Visualization of the<unk>  Structure Promoter region The<unk>  promoter region consists of an E-box element located 150 residues upstreams of the transcription start site, which binds mammalian clock proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 involved in<unk> rating circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). BMAL1 and CLOCK<unk>  knockouts in the SCN (Bmal-/- and clk-/-) eliminate rhythmicity in<unk>  mRNA expression, confirming that binding of the protein heterodimers to the E-box element is necessary for the intrinsic circadian pattern of the<unk> . In addition to the E-box element, the promoter region of the<unk>  also contains a cAMP response element (CRE) site that is involved in<unk>  expression regulation. Daily rhythms in the phosphorylation of the CRE binding protein (CREB) supports that these elements also contribute to circadian rhythmicity of the<unk>  expression. CRE/CREB-mediated regulation of the<unk>  is activated through the cAMP activation of Ras signaling pathways, culminating in the MAP kinase phosphorylation of the CREB transcription factor. Transcription of the<unk>  to produce<unk>  mRNA has daily rhythms, with mRNA levels peaking during the subjective day and reaching their lowest point in the subject night. This rhythm is regulated by the binding of circadian proteins to the E-box, along with transcriptional regulation of other elements, including the CRE in the promoter region.
AVP gene
GNAS complex locus
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor
Human β-globin locus
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4
Y chromosome
BGR-34