There are many ways to utilize<unk>  in research. One of the main challenges of<unk>  is in introducing the magnetic component into a specific system (i.e. protein or cells) or regions (e.g. mouse brain region) of the organism in question. One approach involves synthesizing the fusion protein of ion channels with iron containing proteins such as ferritins to synthesize the magnetic component in the biological system itself (i.e. neurons). Another method is to use magnetic nanoparticles such as iron oxide, synthesized outside of the biosystems, and design the particle so that it will specifically bind to target ion channels. The working mechanism of<unk>  can be classified by how magnetic stimulation is mediated to activate bio systems, such as ion channels. Heat mediated (magneto-thermal genetics) activation and force mediated activation (magneto-mechanical genetics) are two main categories of<unk> . In magneto-mechanical genetics, pulling force (e.g. magnetic tweezers) and torque force are commonly used to mechanically open ion channels in cells and in neurons. Heat mediated activation The superparamagnetic nanocomposites generate thermal energy under alternating magnetic fields. This process is closely related to the Neel relaxation theory of magnetic energy. Generated heat from magnetic nanocomposites is generally used for the magnetic hyperthermia. In<unk> , the temperature increase caused by magnetic nanocomposites activate the genetically modified neurons via gating of thermosensitive ion channels (e.g. TRPV1). Force mediated activation Pulling force In the gradient magnetic field, magnetic objects are attracted to the magnetic field region with relatively stronger magnetic force. The force of this magnetic pulling depends on the equation of force between magnets. This force traps the biomolecules on the cell membrane to make cluster of proteins or changes the conformation of proteins which initiate the cascade of cell signaling. Torque When the magnetization axis of magnetic particles is not aligned with external magnetic field, the magnetic particles will involuntarily continue to rotate to align with the axis. This rotating motion is the origin of the magnetic torque. The torque of the magnetic particles is proportional to the magnetic moment of the particles and external magnetic fields. The magnetic particles that are bound to the target proteins generate rotating movements in the rotating or alternating magnetic field, inducing desired cell signaling or ion channel gating of mechanosensitive ion channels such as Piezo1.
Magnetogenetics
Molecular genetics
Cytogenetics
Molecular pathology
Karyotype
Amniocentesis
Triple test
Pharmacogenomics