In<unk> , the patient's body is positioned so that the trachea is inclined downward and below the affected chest area. The body is positioned so that secretions drain into sequentially larger bronchi. Frames, tilt tables, and pillows may be used to support patients in these positions. Up to 12 postures may be used. Patients may need time to adapt to certain postures.<unk>  is done at least three times daily for up to 60 minutes, with 30 minutes being common. It can be done in the night to reduce coughing at night (although<unk>  should be avoided after meals), or in the morning to clear secretions accumulated during the night. Bronchodilators can be used 15 minutes before<unk>  is done to maximise its benefits. The most affected area is drained first to prevent infected secretions spilling into healthy lung.<unk>  time varies, but each position requires 10 minutes. If an entire hemithorax is involved, each lobe has to be drained individually, but a maximum of three position per session is considered sufficient.
Postural drainage
Lumbar–peritoneal shunt
Corticotomy
Ventriculectomy
Pleurodesis
Decortication
Shirley drain
Thoracostomy