Medical management of patients with<unk>  is often challenging as focus on treatment of one organ may have worsening outcome on the other. It is known that many of the medications used to treat HF may worsen kidney function. In addition, many trials on HF excluded patients with advanced kidney dysfunction. Therefore, our understanding of<unk>  management is still limited to this date. Diuretics :Used in the treatment of heart failure and<unk>  patients, however must be carefully dosed to prevent kidney injury. Diuretic resistance is frequently a challenge for physicians to overcome which they may tackle by changing the dosage, frequency, or adding a second drug. ACEI, ARB, renin inhibitors, aldosterone inhibitors :The use of ACE inhibitors have long term protective effect on kidney and heart tissue. However, they should be used with caution in patients with<unk>  and kidney failure. Although patients with kidney failure may experience slight deterioration of kidney function in the short term, the use of ACE inhibitors is shown to have prognostic benefit over the long term. Two studies have suggested that the use of ACEI alongside statins might be an effective regimen to prevent a substantial number of<unk>  cases in high risk patients and improve survival and quality of life in these people. There are data suggesting combined use of statin and an ACEI improves clinical outcome more than a statin alone and considerably more than ACE inhibitor alone. Natriuretic peptides :Nesiritide which is an analogue of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was shown to result in poorer kidney outcome or have no effect. Vasopressin antagonists :Tolvaptan showed to have no benefit. It is also a very costly drug. Adenosine antagonists :Adenosine is responsible for constriction of afferent arteriole and reduction in GFR. It was found that an adenosine A1-receptor antagonist called KW-3902 was able to improve kidney function in<unk>  patients. Ultrafiltration :Many case reports have shown improved kidney function with ultrafiltration. Inotropes :Their roles remain unknown.
Cardiorenal syndrome
Conorenal syndrome
Papillorenal syndrome
Hepatorenal syndrome
Nephritic syndrome
Tumor lysis syndrome
Monofixation syndrome
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome