Associated defects Refractive errors such as hyperopia and anisometropia may be associated abnormalities found in patients with vertical strabismus. The vertical miscoordination between the two eyes may lead to * Strabismic amblyopia, (due to deprivation / suppression of the deviating eye) * cosmetic defect (most noticed by parents of a young child and in photographs) * Face turn, depending on presence of binocular vision in a particular gaze * diplopia or double vision - more seen in adults (maturity / plasticity of neural pathways) and suppression mechanisms of the brain in sorting out the images from the two eyes. * cyclotropia, a cyclotorsional deviation of the eyes (rotation around the visual axis), particularly when the root cause is an oblique muscle paresis causing the<unk> .
Hypertropia
Quadrantanopia
Emmetropia
Cyclotropia
Heterotopia 
Ocular dysmetria
Exotropia
Nyctalopia