In the general population, there will always be abnormalities in language and their presence is therefore not always diagnostic of any condition. Language abnormalities can occur in schizophrenia and other disorders such as mania or depression, and can also occur in anybody who may simply be tired or stressed. To distinguish<unk> , patterns of speech, severity of symptoms, their frequency, and resulting functional impairment can be considered. Symptoms of<unk>  include derailment, pressured speech, poverty of speech, tangentiality, and<unk>  blocking. FTD is a hallmark feature of schizophrenia, but is also associated with other conditions including mood disorders, dementia, mania, and neurological diseases. Impaired attention, poor memory, and difficulty formulating abstract concepts may also reflect<unk> , and can be observed or assessed with mental status tests such as serial sevens or memory tests. Types There are many types of<unk> . They are also referred to as symptoms of formal<unk>  of which 30 are described including: Alogia (also poverty of speech) :A poverty of speech, either in amount or content. Under negative/positive symptom classification of schizophrenia, it is classified as a negative symptom. When classifying symptoms into more dimensions, poverty of speech content—paucity of meaningful content with normal amount of speech—is a disorganization symptom, whereas poverty of speech—loss of speech production—is a negative symptom. Under SANS,<unk>  blocking is considered a part of alogia, and so is increased latency in response. Blocking or<unk>  blocking (also deprivation of<unk>  and obstructive<unk> . : An abrupt stop in the middle of a train of<unk>  which may or not be able to be continued. Circumstantial speech (also circumstantial thinking) : An inability to answer a question without giving excessive, unnecessary detail. This differs from tangential thinking, in that the person does eventually return to the original point. For example, the patient answers the question "how have you been sleeping lately?" with "Oh, I go to bed early, so I can get plenty of rest. I like to listen to music or read before bed. Right now I'm reading a good mystery. Maybe I'll write a mystery someday. But it isn't helping, reading I mean. I have been getting only 2 or 3 hours of sleep at night." Clanging : A severe form of flight of ideas whereby ideas are related only by similar or rhyming sounds rather than actual meaning. This may be heard as excessive rhyming and/or alliteration. e.g. "Many moldy mushrooms merge out of the mildewy mud on Mondays." "I heard the bell. Well, hell, then I fell." It is most commonly seen in bipolar disorder (manic phase), although it is often observed in patients with primary psychoses, namely schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Derailment (also loose association and knight's move thinking) :<unk>  frequently moves from one idea to another which is obliquely related or unrelated, often appearing in speech but also in writing, e.g. "The next day when I'd be going out you know, I took control, like uh, I put bleach on my hair in California." Distractible speech : During mid speech, the subject is changed in response to a nearby stimulus. e.g. "Then I left San Francisco and moved to... Where did you get that tie?" Echolalia : Echoing of another's speech that may only be committed once, or may be continuous in repetition. This may involve repeating only the last few words or last word of the examiner's sentences. This can happen immediately after a stimuli, or months to years later. Echolalia is commonly seen with Autism and Tourette's Syndrome, although there are plenty of disorders that it can be attributed to. e.g. "What would you like for dinner?", "What would you like for dinner?" "That's a good question." "That's a good question." Evasion : The next logical idea in a sequence is replaced with another idea closely but not accurately or appropriately related to it. Also called paralogia and perverted logic. Example: "I... er ah... you are uh... I think you have... uh-- acceptable erm... uh... hair." Flight of ideas : A form of formal<unk>  marked by abrupt leaps from one topic to another, possibly with discernable links between successive ideas, perhaps governed by similarities between subjects or, in somewhat higher grades, by rhyming, puns, and word plays, or by innocuous environmental stimuli – e.g., the sound of birds chirping. It is most characteristic of the manic phase of bipolar illness. Illogicality : Conclusions are reached that do not follow logically (non-sequiturs or faulty inferences). e.g. "Do you think this will fit in the box?" draws a reply like "Well of course; it's brown, isn't it?" Incoherence or word salad : Speech that is unintelligible because,<unk> the individual words are real words, the manner in which they are strung together results in incoherent gibberish, e.g. the question "Why do people comb their hair?" elicits a response like "Because it makes a twirl in life, my box is broken help me blue elephant. Isn't lettuce brave? I like electrons, hello please!" Neologisms : forms completely new words or phrases whose origins and meanings are usually unrecognizable. Example is "I got so angry I picked up a dish and threw it at the geshinker." These may also involve elisions of two words that are similar in meaning or in sound. Although neologisms may sometimes refer to words that are formed incorrectly but whose origins are understandable (e.g. "headshoe" for hat), these can be more clearly referred to as word approximations. Overinclusion : The failure to eliminate ineffective, inappropriate, irrelevant, extraneous details associated with a particular stimulus. Perseveration : Persistent repetition of words or ideas even when another person attempts to change the topic. e.g. "It's great to be here in Nevada, Nevada, Nevada, Nevada, Nevada." This may also involve repeatedly giving the same answer to different questions. e.g. "Is your name Mary?" "Yes." "Are you in the hospital?" "Yes." "Are you a table?" "Yes." Perseveration can include palilalia and logoclonia, and can be an indication of organic brain disease such as Parkinson's. Phonemic paraphasia : Mispronunciation; syllables out of sequence. e.g. "I slipped on the lice and broke my arm." Pressured speech : Rapid speech without pauses, difficult to interrupt. Referential thinking : "Patients tendency to view innocuous stimuli as having a specific meaning for the self." This could be seen as them repeatedly and inappropriately referring back to self. e.g. "What's the time?", "It's 7 o'clock. That's my problem." Semantic paraphasia : Substitution of inappropriate word. e.g. "I slipped on the coat, on the ice I mean, and broke my book." Stilted speech : Sentences may be stilted or vague. Speech characterized by the use of words or phrases that are flowery, excessive, and pompous, e.g. "The attorney comported himself indecorously." Tangential speech : Wandering from the topic and never returning to it or providing the information requested. For example, in answer to the question "Where are you from?", the person answers "My dog is from England. They have good fish and chips there. Fish breathe through gills." Verbigeration : Meaningless and stereotyped repetition of words or phrases replacing understandable speech, as seen in schizophrenia.
Thought disorder
Sexual relationship disorder
Diving disorders
Emotional dysregulation
Unipolar emotions
Jurosomatic illness
Alexithymia
Automatic behavior