<unk>  is used to treat certain venomous bites and stings. They are recommended only if there is significant toxicity or a high risk of toxicity. The specific<unk>  needed depends on the venomous species involved. In the US, approved<unk> , including for pit viper (rattlesnake, copperhead and water moccasin) snakebite, is based on a purified product made in sheep known as CroFab. It was approved by the FDA in October, 2000. U.S. coral snake<unk>  is no longer manufactured, and remaining stocks of in-date<unk>  for coral snakebite expired in the Fall of 2009, leaving the U.S. without a coral snake<unk> . Efforts are being made to obtain approval for a coral snake<unk>  produced in Mexico which would work against U.S. coral snakebite, but such approval remains speculative. As an alternative when conventional<unk>  is not available, hospitals sometimes use an intravenous version of the antiparalytic drug neostigmine to delay the effects of neurotoxic envenomation through snakebite. Some promising research results have also been reported for administering the drug nasally as a "universal<unk> " for neurotoxic snakebite treatment. A monovalent<unk>  is specific for one toxin or species, while a polyvalent one is effective against multiple toxins or species. The majority of<unk> s (including all snake<unk> s) are administered intravenously; however, stonefish and redback spider<unk> s are given intramuscularly. The intramuscular route has been questioned in some situations as not uniformly effective.<unk> s bind to and neutralize the venom, halting further damage, but do not reverse damage already done. Thus, they should be given as soon as possible after the venom has been injected, but are of some benefit as long as venom is present in the body. Since the advent of<unk> s, some bites which were previously invariably fatal have become only rarely fatal provided that the<unk>  is given soon enough.
Antivenom
Altitoxin
Antitoxin
Snake antivenom
Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin
Rabies immunoglobulin
QuantiFERON
Sarin