Artificial disc replacement (ADR), or total disc replacement (TDR), is a type of<unk> . It is a surgical procedure in which degenerated intervertebral discs in the spinal column are replaced with artificial disc implants in the lumbar (lower) or cervical (upper) spine. The procedure is used to treat chronic, severe low back pain and cervical pain resulting from degenerative disc disease. Cervical disc replacement is also an alternative intervention for symptomatic disc herniation with associated arm and hand symptoms. Artificial disc replacement has been developed as an alternative to spinal fusion, with the goal of pain reduction or elimination, while still allowing motion throughout the spine. Another possible benefit is the prevention of premature breakdown in adjacent levels of the spine, a potential risk in fusion surgeries.
Intervertebral disc arthroplasty
Intervertebral disc annuloplasty
Carpal tunnel surgery
Instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
Interbody fusion cage
Microsurgical lumbar laminoplasty
Discectomy