<unk> s are used as a screening tool to identify toxins. Causes of an elevated<unk>  are numerous. Generally there are 4 main causes: * alcohols * sugars * lipids * proteins All four are<unk> ically active substances found in humans. Accordingly, intoxications as listed below are reasons for an increased<unk> ar gap. Alcohols * ethanol intoxication * methanol ingestion * ethylene glycol ingestion * isopropyl alcohol ingestion * propylene glycol toxicity (as with intravenous infusions where it is used as an excipient, e.g. lorazepam) * acetone ingestion (not an alcohol) Sugars * mannitol * sorbitol Lipids * Hypertriglyceridemia Proteins * Hypergammaglobinemia (M. Waldenström)
Osmol gap
Anion gap
Sucrose gap
Evans formula
Lactate threshold
Respiratory quotient
NC ratio
Steatocrit