Bladder * Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia * Neurogenic bladder (commonly spinal cord damage, pelvic splanchic nerve damage, cauda equina syndrome, pontine micturition or storage center lesions, demyelinating diseases or Parkinson's disease) * Iatrogenic (caused by medical treatment/procedure) scarring of the bladder neck (commonly from removal of indwelling catheters or cystoscopy operations) * Damage to the bladder Prostate *<unk><unk><unk>  (BPH) * Prostate cancer and other pelvic malignancies *<unk> is Penile urethra * Congenital urethral valves * Phimosis or pinhole meatus * Circumcision * Obstruction in the urethra, for example a stricture (usually caused either by injury or STD), a metastasis or a precipitated pseudogout crystal in the urine * Pseudodyssynergia * STD lesions (gonorrhoea causes numerous strictures, leading to a "rosary bead" appearance, whereas chlamydia usually causes a single stricture) * Emasculation Postoperative Risk factors include * Age: Older people may have degeneration of neural pathways involved with bladder function and it can lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention. The risk of postoperative urinary retention increases up to 2.11 fold for people older than 60 years. * Medications: Anticholinergics and medications with anticholinergic properties, alpha-adrenergic agonists, opiates, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), calcium-channel blockers and beta-adrenergic agonists, may increase the risk. * Anesthesia: General anesthetics during surgery may cause bladder atony by acting as a smooth muscle relaxant. General anesthetics can directly interfere with autonomic regulation of detrusor tone and predispose people to bladder overdistention and subsequent retention. Spinal anesthesia results in a blockade of the micturition reflex. Spinal anesthesia shows a higher risk of postoperative urinary retention compared to general anesthesia. *<unk><unk><unk> : Men with<unk><unk><unk>  are at an increased risk of acute urinary retention. * Surgery related: Operative times longer than 2 hours may lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention 3-fold. Chronic Chronic urinary retention that is due to bladder blockage which can either be as a result of muscle damage or neurological damage. If the retention is due to neurological damage, there is a disconnect between the brain to muscle communication, which can make it impossible to completely empty the bladder. If the retention is due to muscle damage, it is likely that the muscles are not able to contract enough to completely empty the bladder. The most common cause of chronic urinary retention is BPH. BPH is a result of the ongoing process of testosterone being converted to dihydrotestosterone which stimulates prostate growth. Over a person's lifetime, the prostate experiences constant growth due to the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. This can cause the prostate to push on the urethra and block it, which can lead to urinary retention. Other * Tethered spinal cord syndrome * Psychogenic causes (psychosocial stresses, fear associated with urination, paruresis ("shy bladder syndrome") - in extreme cases, urinary retention can result * Consumption of some psychoactive substances, mainly stimulants, such as MDMA and amphetamine. * Use of NSAIDs or drugs with anticholinergic properties. * Stones or metastases can theoretically appear anywhere along the urinary tract, but vary in frequency depending on anatomy * Muscarinic antagonist such as atropine and scopolamine * Malfunctioning artificial urinary sphincter
symptom of Benign prostatic hyperplasia
symptom of Prostate cancer
symptom of Urethral cancer
symptom of Bladder cancer
symptom of Interstitial cystitis
symptoms of Bladder cancer
symptom of Testicular cancer
symptom of Pelvic inflammatory disease