As<unk>  has a negative impact on the secretory function of the<unk><unk> s, findings that could indicate the presence of<unk>  include: * signs of inflammation in a semen analysis (leukocytes ≥ 1x106/mL and/or elastase ≥ 230 ng/mL) * low semen volume * elevated semen pH * low levels of alpha-glucosidase, fructose and zinc WHO criteria<unk>  can be diagnosed when there are two or more factors present that meet criteria defined by the World Health Organization (WHO): Factors Description For positive diagnosis A History of: * urinary tract<unk>  * epididymitis * sexually transmitted<unk>  Physical signs: * thickened or tender epididymis * tender vas deferens * abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) (i) Any one Factor A feature plus (ii) one feature from either Factor B or Factor C B Prostatic fluid: * abnormal expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) * abnormal voided urine after prostate massage (VB3) (i) Either one of the Factor B features plus (ii) one feature from either Factor A or Factor C C Semen: * leukocytes ≥ 1x106/mL * semen culture with significant growth of pathogenic bacteria * abnormal semen appearance * increased semen viscosity (hyperviscosity) * increased pH * abnormal biochemistry of the seminal plasma Any two Factor C features or (i) any one Factor C feature plus (ii) one feature from either Factor A or Factor B Biomarkers One study has proposed that elevated levels of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (SuPAR) in seminal plasma might be useful as a marker for<unk> .
Male accessory gland infection
Autoimmune oophoritis
Testicular sarcoidosis
Male genital disease
Testicular trauma
Pituitary disease
Ejaculatory duct obstruction
Testicular microlithiasis