<unk>  can be subdivided into three main fields: # Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure direct<unk>  for medical therapy #<unk> -assisted modification of bio-relevant surfaces #<unk> -based bio-decontamination and sterilization Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure<unk>  One of challenges is the application of non-thermal<unk> s directly on the surface of human body or on internal organs. Whereas for surface modification and biological decontamination both low-pressure and atmospheric pressure<unk> s can be used, for direct therapeutic applications only atmospheric pressure<unk>  sources are applicable. The high reactivity of<unk>  is a result of different<unk>  components: electromagnetic radiation (UV/VUV, visible light, IR, high-frequency electromagnetic fields, etc.) on the one hand and ions, electrons and reactive chemical species, primarily radicals, on the other. Besides surgical<unk>  application like argon<unk>  coagulation (APC), which is based on high-intensity lethal<unk>  effects, first and sporadic non-thermal therapeutic<unk>  applications are documented in literature. However, the basic understanding of mechanisms of<unk>  effects on different components of living systems is in the early beginning. Especially for the field of direct therapeutic<unk>  application, a fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms of<unk>  interaction with living cells and tissue is essential as a scientific basis.<unk>  Dermatology The skin offers a convenient target for<unk>  applications, which partly explains the recent boom in<unk>  dermatology. The first successes were achieved by German scientists using<unk>  treatment to heal chronic ulcers. These studies resulted in the development of<unk>  devices now in clinical use in the European Union. In the United States a collaborative group of academic scientists of the Nyheim<unk>  Institute of Drexel University and dermatologist-researcher Dr. Peter C. Friedman pioneered the use of<unk>  to treat precancerous (actinic) keratosis and warts. The same team was able to show promising results in the treatment of hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) with a modified protocol, called indirect<unk>  treatment. Successful<unk>  treatment of actinic keratosis was repeated by a different group in Germany using a different type of<unk>  device, further demonstrating the value of this technology even when compared to established treatment methods such as topical diclofenac. There are ongoing clinical trials in dermatology for acne, rosacea, hair loss, and other conditions. The understanding gained from studying<unk>  treatment of skin diseases, may also help to develop new<unk>  strategies to treat internal organs.
Plasma medicine
Blood substitute
Transfusion medicine
Immunoisolate
Blood fractionation
Blood product
Autotransfusionist
EMedicine