Subcutaneous Subcutaneous<unk>  (SCIT), also known as allergy shots, is the historical route of administration and consists of injections of<unk>  extract, which must be performed by a medical professional. Subcutaneous<unk>  protocols generally involve weekly injections during a build-up phase, followed by monthly a maintenance phase that consists of injections for a period of 3–5 years. The build-up phase involves the patient being administered injections which contain increasing amounts of<unk> s about one to two times per week. The length of the build-up phase is dependent upon how often injections are administered, but normally ranges from three to six months. After the effective dose is reached, the maintenance phase is implemented, which varies depending upon an individual’s response to the build-up phase. When accounting for a person’s age, type of<unk> , and severity of allergy, there is a high probability that subcutaneous<unk>  may provide greater clinical and immunological responses than sublingual<unk> . Compared to sublingual<unk> , there are no significant differences observed in quality of life. It is possible, but rare (1/2.5 million), that people undergoing subcutaneous<unk>  may experience a fatal anaphylactic event. Subcutaneous<unk>  adverse events vary significantly depending on different<unk> ic extracts and the application of different<unk>  schedules.<unk>  schedules include the "cluster" approach, which involves administering several doses sequentially in a single day; a "conventional" approach, which involves incrementally increasing the dose over approximately 15 weeks; and the "rush" approach, which involves administering incremental doses at intervals of 15–60 minutes over 1–3 days). It is challenging to perform an adequate risk assessment on the use of subcutaneous<unk>  compared to other forms of<unk>  administration due to the variability of<unk>  schedules and further research is required. Sublingual Sublingual<unk>  involves putting drops or a tablet of<unk>  extracts under the tongue, which are then absorbed through the lining of the mouth. Sublingual<unk>  has been demonstrated to be effective against rhinoconjuctivitis and asthma symptoms. This effectiveness, however, varies depending on the type of<unk> . The strongest evidence for the efficacy of sublingual<unk>  comes from studies that used grass<unk> s or mite<unk> s to alleviate allergic rhinitis symptoms; the evidence shows modest improvement. Sublingual<unk>  is used to treat allergic rhinitis, often from seasonal allergies, and is typically given in several doses over a 12-week period. It works best when given 12 weeks before the start of the pollen season. The first dose is given by a physician to monitor for any rare reactions or anaphylaxis. Subsequent doses can be taken at home which makes this a convenient alternative to subcutaneous<unk> . While a number of side effects have been associated with sublingual<unk> , serious adverse effects are very rare (about 1.4/100000 doses), and there has not been a reported fatality. There have been a small number of reports of anaphylaxis. The majority of side effects are ‘local’ and usually resolve within a few days. They include swelling of the mouth, tongue or lip, throat irritation, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn, and uvular edema. It is not yet clear if there are any risk factors that might increase a person's susceptibility to these adverse effects. Sublingual<unk>  appears to be better tolerated than subcutaneous<unk>  and causes fewer side effects. The safety of sublingual<unk>  has not been studied extensively in people with chronic immunodeficiency or autoimmune disorders. Oral Oral<unk>  (OIT) involves feeding an allergic individual increasing amounts of a food<unk>  in order to raise the threshold which triggers a reaction. Long-term, many study participants still experienced mild allergic reactions or needed to regularly consume the<unk>  to maintain desensitivity. Additionally, oral<unk>  is known to have an increased risk in the probability of needing epinephrine in patients who take it. Transdermal Transdermal<unk>  (TDIT) involves skin-induced suppression via epicutaneous (EC) application of an antigen in order to raise the threshold which triggers a reaction.
Allergen immunotherapy
Ozone therapy
Maggot therapy
Asthma spacer
Helminthic therapy
T-cell vaccination
Antigen-presenting cell vaccine
Aerosol-generating procedure