Pre- and post-testicular<unk>  are frequently correctible, while testicular<unk>  is usually permanent. In the former the cause of the<unk>  needs to be considered and it opens up possibilities to manage this situation directly. Thus men with<unk>  due to hyperprolactinemia may resume sperm production after treatment of hyperprolactinemia or men whose sperm production is suppressed by exogenous androgens are expected to produce sperm after cessation of androgen intake. In situations where the testes are normal but unstimulated, gonadotropin therapy can be expected to induce sperm production. A major advancement in recent years has been the introduction of IVF with ICSI which allows successful fertilization even with immature sperm or sperm obtained directly from testicular tissue. IVF-ICSI allows for pregnancy in couples where the man has irreversible testicular<unk>  as long as it is possible to recover sperm material from the testes. Thus men with non-mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome have fathered children using IVF-ICSI. Pregnancies have been achieved in situations where<unk>  was associated with cryptorchism and sperm where obtained by testicular sperm extraction (TESE). In men with post-testicular<unk> , different approaches are available. For obstructive<unk> , IVF-ICSI or surgery can be used and individual factors are considered for the choice of treatment. Medication may be helpful for retrograde ejaculation.
Azoospermia
Hypospermia
Oligospermia
Asthenozoospermia
Hematospermia
Globozoospermia
Teratospermia
Spermatorrhea