IVCS presents with a wide variety of signs and symptoms, making it difficult to diagnose clinically. * Edema of the lower extremities (peripheral edema), caused by an increase in the venous blood pressure. * Tachycardia. This is caused by the decreased preload, decreased cardiac output, and leads to increased frequency. * In pregnant women, signs of fetal hypoxia and distress may be seen in the cardiotocography. This is caused by decreased perfusion of the uterus, resulting in hypoxemia of the fetus. * Supine hypotensive syndrome
Inferior vena cava syndrome
Superior vena cava syndrome
Mediastinitis
Aortocaval compression syndrome
Subclavian steal syndrome
Pulmonary hematoma
COACH syndrome
Fat embolism syndrome