Successful diagnosis of<unk>  depends on the patient's access to quality health-care services. If TB bacteria are found in the sputum, the diagnosis of TB can be made in a day or two, but this finding will not be able to distinguish between<unk> -susceptible and<unk> -resistant TB. To evaluate<unk>  susceptibility, the bacteria need to be cultivated and tested in a suitable laboratory. Final diagnosis in this way for TB, and especially for<unk> , may take from 6 to 16 weeks. The original method used to test for MDR-TB and<unk>  was the<unk>  Susceptibility Testing (DST). DST is capable of determining how well four primary antitubercular<unk> s inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. The four primary antitubercular<unk> s are Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide.<unk>  Susceptibility testing is done by making a Lowenstein-Jensen medium plate and spreading the bacteria on the plate. Disks containing one of the four primary<unk> s are added to the plate. After weeks of allowing the bacteria to grow the plate is checked for clear areas around the disk. If there is a clear area, the<unk>  has killed the bacteria and most likely the bacteria are not resistant to that<unk> . As Mycobacterium tuberculosis evolved new strains of resistant bacteria were being found such as<unk> . The problem was that primary DST was not suitable for testing bacteria strains that were<unk> <unk>  resistant. This problem was starting to be fixed when<unk>  susceptibility tests started including not just the four primary<unk> s, but secondary<unk> s. This secondary test is known as Bactec MGIT 960 System. Although Bactec MGIT 960 System was accurate it was still slow at determining the level of resistance. Diagnosis of MDR and<unk>  in children is challenging. With an increasing number of cases being reported worldwide there is a great need for better diagnostic tools available for pediatric patients. In recent years<unk>  resistant tuberculosis testing has shown a lot of progress. Some studies have found an in-house assay that could rapidly detect resistance to<unk> s involved in the definition of<unk>  directly from smear-positive specimens. The assay is called Reverse Line Blot Hybridization Assay also known as RLBH. The study showed that the results of RLBH were as accurate as other<unk>  susceptibility tests, but at the same time didn`t take weeks to get results. RLBH testing only took 3 days to determine how resistant the strain of bacteria was. The current research has shown progress in the testing of<unk>  resistance. A recent study found that a research technique known as direct nitrate reductase assay (D-NRA) showed efficient accuracy for the rapid and simultaneous detection of resistance to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), kanamycin (KAN) and ofloxacin (OFL). D-NRA results were obtained in 16.9 days, comparably less than other<unk>  susceptibility testing. At the same time the study mentioned how D-NRA is a low-cost technology, easy to set up in clinical laboratories and suitable to be used for DST of M. tuberculosis in all smear-positive samples.
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
Primary inoculation tuberculosis
Latent tuberculosis
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Miliary tuberculosis