Operations that attempt to restore a blood supply to the lunate may be performed. Depending on the stage the disease is in when it is discovered, varying treatments are applied. If X-rays show a mostly intact lunate (not having lost a great deal of size, and not having been compressed into a triangular shape), but an MRI shows a lack of blood flow to the bone, then revascularization is normally attempted. Revascularization techniques, usually involving a bone graft taken elsewhere from the body — often held in place by an external fixator for a period of weeks or months — have been successful at stages as late as 3B, although their use at later stages (like most treatments for<unk> 's) is controversial.One conservative treatment option would be using an Ultrasound Bone Stimulator, which uses low-intensity pulsed ultrasound to increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEG-F) and increase blood flow to the bone.Negative ulnar variance. Some<unk> 's patients present with an abnormally large difference in length between the radius and the ulna, termed "ulnar variance", which is hypothesized to cause undue pressure on the lunate, contributing to its avascularity. In cases with such a difference, radial shortening is commonly performed. In this procedure, the radius (the lateral long bone) is shortened by a given length, usually between 2 and 5 mm, to relieve the pressure on the dying lunate. A titanium plate is inserted to hold the newly shortened bone together. During Stage 3, the lunate has begun to break apart due to the pressure of the surrounding bones. This causes sharp fragments of bone to float between the joints, causing excruciating pain. At this point, the lunate is ready for removal. The most frequently performed surgery is the Proximal Row Carpectomy, where the lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum are extracted. This greatly limits the range of motion of the wrist, but pain relief can be achieved for longer than after the other surgeries. Another surgical option for this stage is a titanium, silicon or pyrocarbon implant that takes place of the lunate, though doctors shy from this due to a tendency of the implant to smooth the edges of the surrounding bones, thus causing painful pinched nerves when the bones slip out of place. After the lunate is removed, another procedure, ulnar shortening can be performed. This relieves pressure on the newly formed wrist joint of the pisiform, hamate and capitate. Depending on the surgeon, the procedure may be performed the same way as the radial shortening where a small section is removed, or the entire top of the ulna may be excised. At Stage 4, the lunate has completely disintegrated and the other bones in the wrist have radiated downward to fill in the void. The hand now has a deformed, crippled appearance. The only procedure that can be done is the total wrist fusion, where a plate is inserted on the top of the wrist from the radius to the carpals, effectively freezing all flexion and movement in the wrist. Rotation is still possible as it is controlled by the radius and ulna. This is currently the last and most complete surgical option for<unk> 's sufferers.Most of the treatments described here are not mutually exclusive — meaning that a single patient may receive many of them in his quest to relieve pain. For instance, some patients have had casting, bone graft, radial shortening, proximal row carpectomy, and wrist fusion, all on the same hand. Left hand x-ray with<unk>  top view.Left hand x-ray with<unk>  showing 4 mm negative ulnar variance and<unk>  Stage IIIB Left hand x-ray with<unk>  side view.Left hand x-ray with<unk>  Left hand post proximal row carpectomy.Left hand x-ray post proximal row carpectomy<unk>  Stage IIIB.X-ray showing stage IIIB on right wrist, with ulnar impingement. X-Ray Showing Arthrodesis of the Right Wrist.X-ray on the right wrist showing arthrodesis. X-Ray on Left Hand Post-Proximal Row Carpectomy 1.X-Ray on Left Hand Post-Proximal Row Carpectomy, in Traction. X-Ray on Left Hand Post-Proximal Row Carpectomy 2.X-Ray on Left Hand Post-Proximal Row Carpectomy.
Kienböck's disease
Tornwaldt's disease
Pogosta disease
Dieterich's disease
Ontario Minamata disease
Kimura's disease
Brill–Zinsser disease
Urbach–Wiethe disease