<unk>  identification on label of generic ibuprofen, an over-the-counter drug (OTC)<unk> .<unk> s<unk>  are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, decreases inflammation, decreases fever, and prevents blood clots. Side effects depend on the specific drug, its dose and duration of use, but largely include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds, heart attack, and kidney disease. The term<unk>  distinguishes these drugs from steroids, which while having a similar eicosanoid-depressing, anti-inflammatory action, have a broad range of other effects. First used in 1960, the term served to distance these medications from steroids, which were particularly stigmatised at the time due to some connotations with anabolic steroid abuse.<unk> s work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 or COX-2). In cells, these enzymes are involved in the synthesis of key biological mediators, namely prostaglandins, which are involved in inflammation, and thromboxanes, which are involved in blood clotting. There are two general types of<unk> s available: non-selective, and COX-2 selective. Most<unk> s are non-selective, and inhibit the activity of both COX-1 and COX-2. These<unk> s, while reducing inflammation, also inhibit platelet aggregation and increase the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds. COX-2 selective inhibitors have fewer gastrointestinal side effects, but promote thrombosis, and some of these agents substantially increase the risk of heart attack. As a result, certain older COX-2 selective inhibitors are no longer used due to the high risk of undiagnosed vascular disease. These differential effects are due to the different roles and tissue localisations of each COX isoenzyme. By inhibiting physiological COX activity, all<unk> s increase the risk of kidney disease and through a related mechanism, heart attack. In addition,<unk> s can blunt the production of erythropoietin, resulting in anaemia, since haemoglobin needs this hormone to be produced. The most prominent<unk> s are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen; all available over the counter (OTC) in most countries. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally not considered an<unk>  because it has only minor anti-inflammatory activity. Paracetamol treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 and inhibiting endocannabinoid reuptake almost exclusively within the brain, but not much in the rest of the body.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Antiarthritics
Anticorticosteroid
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
Antiviral drug
Chiral drugs
Antiprion drug
Antiplatelet drug