<unk>  most commonly occurs in people with psychiatric conditions who are treated with antipsychotic medications for many years. The average rate of people affected has been estimated to be around 30% for individuals taking antipsychotic medication, such as that used to treat schizophrenia. A study being conducted at the Yale University School of Medicine has estimated that "32% of people develop persistent tics after 5 years on major tranquilizers, 57% by 15 years, and 68% by 25 years." More drastic data was found during a longitudinal study conducted on individuals 45 years of age and older who were taking antipsychotic drugs. According to this research study, 26% of people developed<unk>  after just one year on the medication. Another 60% of this at-risk group developed the disorder after 3 years, and 23% developed severe cases of<unk>  within 3 years. According to these estimates, the majority of people will eventually develop the disorder if they remain on the drugs long enough. Elderly people are more prone to develop<unk> , and elderly women are more at-risk than elderly men. The risk is much lower for younger men and women, and also more equal across the sexes. People who have undergone electroconvulsive therapy or have a history of diabetes or heavy alcohol use also have a higher risk of developing<unk> . Several studies have recently been conducted comparing the number of people affected of<unk>  with second generation, or more modern, antipsychotic drugs to that of first generation drugs. The newer antipsychotics appear to have a substantially reduced potential for causing<unk> . However, some studies express concern that the number of people affected has decreased far less than expected, cautioning against the overestimation of the safety of modern antipsychotics. A practitioner can evaluate and diagnose a person with<unk>  by conducting a systematic examination. The practitioner should ask the person to relax, and look for symptoms like facial grimacing, eye or lip movements, tics, respiratory irregularities, and tongue movements. In some cases, people experience nutritional problems, so a practitioner can also look for a gain or loss in weight. Apart from the underlying psychiatric disorder,<unk>  may cause afflicted people to become socially isolated. It also increases the risk of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and can even lead to suicide. Emotional or physical stress can increase the severity of dyskinetic movements, whereas relaxation and sedation have the opposite effect.
Tardive dyskinesia
Akathisia
Focal dystonia
Torsion dystonia
Myoclonic dystonia
Paroxysmal dyskinesia
Pseudoathetosis
Dopamine-responsive dystonia