<unk>  is a combination of photopic vision and scotopic vision in low but not quite dark lighting situations.<unk>  light levels range from luminances of approximately 0.01 cd/m2 to 3 cd/m2. Most nighttime outdoor and street lighting scenarios are in the<unk>  range. Human eyes respond to certain light levels differently. This is because under high light levels typical during daytime (photopic vision), the eye uses cones to process light. Under very low light levels, corresponding to moonless nights without artificial lighting (scotopic vision), the eye uses rods to process light. At many nighttime levels, a combination of both cones and rods supports vision. Photopic vision facilitates excellent color perception, whereas colors are barely perceptible under scotopic vision.<unk>  falls between these two extremes. In most nighttime environments, enough ambient light prevents true scotopic vision. In the words of Duco Schreuder: The effect of switching from cones to rods in processing light is called the "Purkinje shift". During photopic vision, people are most sensitive to light that is greenish-yellow. In scotopic vision, people are more sensitive to light which would appear greenish-blue. These are combinations of primary colors. The traditional method of measuring light assumes photopic vision and is often a poor predictor of how a person sees at night. Typically research in this area has focused on improving street and outdoor lighting as well as aviation lighting. Prior to 1951, there was no standard for scotopic photometry (light measurement); all measurements were based on the photopic spectral sensitivity function V(λ) which was defined in 1924. In 1951, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) established the scotopic luminous efficiency function, V'(λ). However, there was still no system of<unk>  photometry. This lack of a proper measurement system can lead to difficulties in relating light measurements under<unk>  luminances to visibility. Due to this deficiency, the CIE established a special technical committee (TC 1-58) for collecting the results of<unk>  visual performance research. Two very similar measurement systems were created to bridge the scotopic and photopic luminous efficiency functions, creating a unified system of photometry. This new measurement has been well-received because the reliance on V(λ) alone for characterizing night-time light illumination can result in the use of more electric energy than might otherwise be needed. The energy-savings potential of using a new way to measure<unk>  lighting scenarios is significant; superior performance could in certain cases be achieved with as much as 30 to 50% reduction in the energy use comparing to the high pressure sodium lights.
Mesopic vision
Binocular vision
Scotopic vision
Photopic vision
Monocular vision
Underwater vision
Retinal summation
Tunnel vision