Immune complexes (black) are deposited in a thickened basement membrane creating a "spike and dome" appearance on electron microscopy. MGN is caused by immune complex formation in the glomerulus. The immune complexes are formed by binding of antibodies to antigens in the glomerular basement membrane. The antigens may be part of the basement membrane, or deposited from elsewhere by the systemic circulation. The immune complex serves as an activator that triggers a response from the C5b - C9 complements, which form a membrane attack complex (MAC) on the glomerular epithelial cells. This, in turn, stimulates release of proteases and oxidants by the mesangial and epithelial cells, damaging the capillary walls and causing them to become "leaky". In addition, the epithelial cells also seem to secrete an unknown mediator that reduces nephrin synthesis and distribution. Within membranous glomerulonephritis, especially in cases caused by viral hepatitis, serum C3 levels are low. Similar to other<unk>  (e.g., focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or minimal change disease), membranous nephropathy is known to predispose affected individuals to develop blood clots such as pulmonary emboli. Membranous nephropathy in particular is known to increase this risk more than other<unk>  though the reason for this is not yet clear.
causes of Nephrotic syndrome
causes of Chronic kidney disease
causes of Pyelonephritis
causes of Hyperphosphatemia
causes of Hemolytic anemia
causes of Hypercalcaemia
medical cause of Chronic kidney disease
causes of Hematuria