ADSCs Human mesenchymal<unk> <unk> s Fang et al. proposed that ADSCs are the most widely used due to the following three characteristics: their pluripotent differentiation potentials, paracrine activity and immunomodulatory function. ADSCs are one type of mesenchymal<unk> <unk> s (MSCs), and they exhibit high similarities with BM-MSCs. Hence, they are capable of multilineage differentiation into<unk> s, cartilages, cardiac muscles, nerves, skins, and Skeletal muscles. They also tend to survive for a longer period with a higher proliferative capacity than other<unk> <unk> s. ADSCs secret pro-angiogenic factors and anti-apoptotic factors like cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, mRNAs, and microRNAs. Then, they act on different systems where they were transplanted and regenerate<unk> s in these transplanted systems. Moreover, as ADSCs resemble BM-MSCs, they have immunosuppressive characteristics, suppressing both innate and adaptive immune systems. However, their capacity is even stronger than BM-MSCs by secretion of immunosuppressive factors such as IL-6 and TGF-B. Additionally, they perform as immune tolerators to suppress lymphocyte proliferation; such property suggests the possibility of ADSCs for xenotransplantation. Homing effect The homing effect refers to the engraftment of ADSCs to bone marrow endothelium owing to the arrest of ADSCs within the vasculature of a tissue. ADSCs are engrafted to the bone marrow endothelium, as they circulate across the endothelium and adhesion interactions are activated to the bone marrow endothelium. Thus, such engraftment increases the probability of long-term survival of transferred<unk> s. The homing effect follows three main processes: rolling, adhesion, and transmigration. During the rolling, ADSCs migrate and interacts with vascular endothelial<unk> s in bone marrow in shear-resistant and low-affinity manners. As ADSCs adhere to bone marrow endothelium, MSCs express several different molecules that increase the adhesion such as CD44 isoforms and integrins. As ADSCs transmigrate through vessels in bone marrow, interaction and signaling between stromal-derived chemokine factor -1 (SDF-1) and receptor CXCR4 is the most crucial process. Isolation or expansion from<unk> s Mechanical+Enzymatic(ME) and mechanical methods are the most common isolation methods, although there is no standard method. Accordingly, Dr. Glass and Ferretti proposed one of the ME methods which is to apply tumescent-assisted liposuction using a mechanical or ultrasound-assisted liposuction cannula. Through liposuction, the<unk>  sample is digested by enzymatic activities of collagenase or trypsin in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). The resultant tissue suspension undergoes incubation and agitation at around 37 °C and is filtered through a strainer to remove unnecessary debris. The<unk>  pallet left after centrifugation is called SVF. The SVF is seeded on the plate, after the second suspension with bovine calf serum, 1% penicillin or streptomycin, and L-glutamine. The adherent properties of ADSCs on the plate allow isolation of ADSCs. However, due to the inconvenience of isolating the pure ADSCs, a<unk> -assisted lipo-transfer (CAL) is more commonly used. CAL transforms poor ADSCs into enriched ADSCs by mixing isolate SVF and aspirated<unk> . The efficacy of CAL was proven by the increased survival rate of autologous breast augmentation when introduced around 270ml for each breast.
Stem cell fat grafting
Phemister graft
Skin grafting
Foreskin restoration
Autotransplantation
Hair transplantation
Tissue engineering
Free flap