<unk>  refers to a group of functional disorders leading to abdominal pain due to<unk>  of the<unk>  of<unk> : functional biliary<unk>  of<unk>  and functional pancreatic<unk>  of<unk>  disorder. The<unk>  of<unk>  is a<unk>  muscle, a circular band of muscle at the bottom of the biliary tree which controls the flow of pancreatic juices and bile into the second part of the duodenum. The pathogenesis of this condition is recognized to encompass stenosis or dyskinesia of the<unk>  of<unk>  (especially after cholecystectomy); consequently the terms biliary dyskinesia, papillary stenosis, and postcholecystectomy syndrome have all been used to describe this condition. Both stenosis and dyskinesia can obstruct flow through the<unk>  of<unk>  and can therefore cause retention of bile in the biliary tree and pancreatic juice in the pancreatic duct. Individuals with<unk>  present with abdominal pain resembling that of structural or inflammatory disorders of the gallbladder, biliary tree or pancreas. Among other characteristics, the pain is typically in the upper part of the abdomen or in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, lasts 30 minutes or longer, and is not associated with a structural abnormality that could lead to these symptoms. The disorder is classified into two subtypes: functional biliary<unk>  of<unk>  disorder, where there is no disturbance in pancreatic enzyme measurements, such as amylase and lipase; and, functional pancreatic<unk>  of<unk>  disorder, where pancreatic enzyme measurements are elevated. Attacks can be precipitated by opioid analgesics, particularly in patients having undergone a cholecystectomy or bariatric surgery.
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Sphincter paralysis
Neurogenic bowel dysfunction
Retained antrum syndrome
Anorectal anomalies
Rectal foreign body
Functional constipation
Anal dysplasia