The term<unk> ' does not directly relate to a specific malformation but rather is used to generally describe physical characteristics of the brain in association with several neuronal migration disorders; most commonly disorders relating to varied degrees of lissencephaly. Lissencephaly is present in 1 of 85,470 births and the life span of those affected is short as only a few survive past the age of 20.<unk>  is a condition identified by a type of cortical genetic malformation. Clinicians will subjectively determine the malformation based on the degree of malposition and the extent of thickened abnormal grey differentiation present. Connections to epilepsy, lissencephaly, and subcortical band heterotopia Various degrees of intensity and locations of epilepsy are associated with malformations of cortical development. Researchers suggest that approximately 40% of children diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy have some degree of cortical malformation. Lissencephaly (to which<unk>  is most closely linked) is associated with severe mental retardation, epilepsy, and motor disability. Two characteristics of lissencephaly include its absence of convolutions (agyria) and decreased presence of convolutions<unk> . The types of seizures associated with lissencephaly include: * persisting spasms * focal seizures * tonic seizures * atypical seizures * atonic seizures Other possible symptoms of lissencephaly include telecanthus, estropia, hypertelorism, varying levels of mental retardation, cerebellar hypoplasia, corpus callosum aplasia, and decreased muscle tone and tendon reflexes. Over 90% of children affected with lissencephaly have seizures. Patients with subcortical band heterotopia (another disorder associated with<unk>  typically have milder symptoms and their cognitive function is closely linked to the thickness of the subcortical band and the degree of<unk>  present.
Pachygyria
Bronchophony
Subcutaneous emphysema
Platypnea
Trepopnea
Tracheobronchomegaly
Aphallia
Obligate nasal breathing