<unk>  <unk>  is a form of economic<unk>  that compares the relative<unk> s and outcomes (effects) of different courses of action.<unk>  is distinct from<unk> –benefit<unk> , which assigns a monetary value to the measure of effect.<unk>  is often used in the field of health services, where it may be inappropriate to monetize health effect. Typically the<unk>  is expressed in terms of a ratio where the denominator is a gain in health from a measure (years of life, premature births averted, sight-years gained) and the numerator is the<unk>  associated with the health gain. The most commonly used outcome measure is quality-adjusted life years (QALY).<unk> –utility<unk>  is similar to<unk> .<unk>  are often visualized on a plane consisting of four quadrants, the<unk>  represented on one axis and the<unk>  on the other axis.<unk>  focuses on maximising the average level of an outcome, distributional<unk>  extends the core methods of<unk>  to incorporate concerns for the distribution of outcomes as well as their average level and make trade-offs between equity and efficiency, these more sophisticated methods are of particular interest when<unk> g interventions to tackle health inequality.
Cost-effectiveness analysis
Analysis of clinical trials
Public utility model
Electronic patient-reported outcome
Agent study
Platform trial
Clinical peer review
Significant event audit