Familial and genetic factors are identified in 5-15% of<unk>  cases. In <5-10% of cases, there are known environmental exposures and exogenous factors, such as prenatal exposure to tobacco, X-rays, or certain medications. For the remaining 75-90% of cases, however, the individual causes remain unknown. In most cases, as in carcinogenesis in general, the cancers are assumed to involve multiple risk factors and variables. Aspects that make the risk factors of<unk>  different from those seen in adult cancers include: *Different, and sometimes unique, exposures to environmental hazards. Children must often rely on adults to protect them from toxic environmental agents. *Immature physiological systems to clear or metabolize environmental substances *The growth and development of children in phases known as "developmental windows" result in certain "critical windows of vulnerability". Also, a longer life expectancy in children avails for a longer time to manifest cancer processes with long latency periods, increasing the risk of developing some cancer types later in life. Advanced parental age has been associated with increased risk of<unk>  in the offspring. There are preventable causes of<unk>  malignancy, such as delivery overuse and misuse of ionizing radiation through computed tomography scans when the test is not indicated or when adult protocols are used.
Childhood cancer
Childhood leukemia
Trauma in children
Childhood acquired brain injury
Undernutrition in children
Pediatric stroke
Learning problems in childhood cancer
Pediatric end-stage liver disease