HDE and/or pseudopregnancy have been used in clinical medicine for the following indications: * Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in women * As a means of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia in men * In combination with progestins for endometriosis in women. Although initially used alone, progestins were added in the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, the estrogen diethylstilbestrol is an example of medical reversal as it increases the risk of endometriosis in the treated women and in their female children. * Osteopenia and osteoporosis in women * Prevention of tall stature in tall adolescent girls * Suppression of levels in acromegaly and gigantism * As a component of hormone therapy for transgender women to achieve feminization and suppress androgens * Breast hypoplasia or as a means of hormonal breast enhancement in women * Uterine hypoplasia in women * Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women * Postpartum depression and psychosis in women The nonsteroidal estrogen diethylstilbestrol as well as other stilbestrols were previously to support pregnancy and reduce the risk of miscarriage, but subsequent research found that diethylstilbestrol was both ineffective and teratogenic. HDE should be combined with a progestogen in women with an intact uterus as unopposed estrogen, particularly at<unk>  dosages, increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. The majority of women with an intact uterus will develop endometrial hyperplasia within a few years of estrogen treatment even with mere replacement dosages of estrogen if a progestogen is not taken concomitantly. The addition of a progestogen to estrogen abolishes the increase in risk. Available forms The following steroidal estrogens have been used in HDE therapy: * Conjugated estrogens (Premarin) * Estradiol and estradiol esters (e.g., estradiol benzoate, estradiol undecylate, estradiol valerate, polyestradiol phosphate) * Estramustine phosphate (an estradiol ester that is also a cytostatic antineoplastic agent; used for prostate cancer only) * Ethinylestradiol, its ether mestranol, and its ester ethinylestradiol sulfonate As well as the following nonsteroidal estrogens (which are now little or not at all used): * Diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol), fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate), bifluranol, and other stilbestrols Progestogens that have been used in pseudopregnancy regimens include hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and cyproterone acetate, among others. Progesterone has been little-used for such purposes likely due to its poor pharmacokinetics (e.g., low oral bioavailability and short elimination half-life).
High-dose estrogen
Nonsteroidal estrogen
Phytoprogestogen
Antiprogestogen
Male contraceptive
Phytoestrogen
Gestodene
Algestone