Calf lymph Calf lymph was the name given to a type of<unk>  used in the 19th century, and which was still manufactured up to the 1970s. Calf lymph was known as early as 1805 in Italy, but it was the Lyon Medical Conference of 1864 which made the technique known to the wider world. In 1898 calf lymph became the standard method of vaccination for<unk>  in the United Kingdom, when arm-to-arm vaccination was eventually banned (due to complications such as the simultaneous transmission of syphilis, erysipelas or<unk>  itself). Dryvax<unk>  being administered using a bifurcated needle Dryvax was a freeze-dried live-virus<unk>  prepared from calf lymph and used for<unk>  eradication efforts. The vaccine was effective, providing successful immunogenicity in about 95% of vaccinated persons. Dryvax has serious adverse side-effects in about 1% to 2% of cases. Before its discontinuation, it was the world's oldest<unk> , created in the late 19th century by American Home Products, a predecessor of Wyeth. By the 1940s, Wyeth was the leading U.S. manufacturer of the vaccine and the only manufacturer by the 1960s. After world health authorities declared<unk>  had been eradicated from nature in 1980, Wyeth stopped making the vaccine. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) kept a stockpile for use in case of emergency. In 2003 this supply helped contain an outbreak of monkeypox in the United States. In February 2008, the CDC disposed of the last of its 12 million doses of Dryvax. Its supply was replaced by ACAM2000, a more modern product manufactured in laboratories by Acambis, a division of Sanofi Pasteur. Trace amounts of the following antibiotics (added during processing) may have been present in Dryvax: neomycin sulfate, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, polymyxin B sulfate, and dihydrostreptomycin sulfate. ACAM2000 ACAM2000 is a<unk>  developed by Acambis. It was approved for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 31 August 2007. It contains live vaccinia virus, cloned from the same strain used in an earlier vaccine, Dryvax. While the Dryvax virus was cultured in the skin of calves and freeze-dried, ACAM2000s virus is cultured in kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells) from an African green monkey. Efficacy and adverse reaction incidence are similar to Dryvax. The vaccine is not routinely available to the U.S. public; it is, however, used in the military and maintained in the Strategic National Stockpile. A droplet of ACAM2000 is administered by the percutaneous route (scarification) using 15 jabs of a bifurcated needle. ACAM2000 should not be injected by the intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous route. MVA-BN MVA-BN (also known as: Imvanex in the European Union; Imvamune in Canada; and Jynneos in the United States) is a live, non-replicating vaccine for<unk>  and monkeypox developed and manufactured by Bavarian Nordic and derived from Modified Vaccinia Ankara, an attenuated strain of the vaccinia virus. It was approved in the European Union for immunization against<unk>  disease in adults in July 2013, and was approved in Canada. MVA-BN underwent further clinical trials in preparation for approval in the United States, and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 2019. MVA-BN contains Modified vaccinia Ankara, a attenuated form of the vaccinia virus that does not replicate in human cells and hence does not cause the sometimes serious side effects that are seen with replicating<unk> s (i.e. preparations of unattenuated vaccinia virus). These replicating vaccines use different strains of the vaccinia virus, which all replicate in humans, and are not recommended for people with immune deficiencies and exfoliative skin disorders, such as eczema or atopic dermatitis. Vaccines containing vaccinia viruses were used effectively in the campaign to eradicate<unk> . Because of similarities between vaccinia and the<unk>  virus, the antibodies produced against vaccinia have been shown to protect against<unk> . In contrast to replicating<unk> s, which are applied by scarification using a bifurcated needle, MVA-BN is administered by injection via the subcutaneous route. , 24 million doses of MVA-BN were delivered to the U.S. Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) for use by people with weakened immune systems or atopic dermatitis.
Smallpox vaccine
Polio vaccine
Mumps vaccine
Hantavirus vaccine
Typhus vaccine
Measles vaccine
Ebola vaccine
Rabies vaccine