Postoperative complications may include a leak at the site of closure of the esophagus. Sometimes a stricture, or tight spot, will develop in the esophagus, making it difficult to swallow.<unk>  stricture can usually be dilated using medical instruments. In later life, most children with this disorder will have some trouble with either swallowing or heartburn or both.<unk>  dismotility occurs in 75-100% of patients. After<unk>  repair (anastomosis) the relative flaccidity of former proximal pouch (blind pouch, above) along with<unk>  dysmotility can cause fluid buildup during feeding. Owing to proximity, pouch ballooning can cause tracheal occlusion. Severe hypoxia ("dying spells") follows and medical intervention can often be required. Tracheomalacia a softening of the trachea, usually above the carina (carina of trachea), but sometimes extensive in the lower bronchial tree as well—is another possible serious complication. A variety of treatments for tracheomalacia associated with<unk>  are available. If not severe, the condition can be managed expectantly since the trachea will usually stiffen as the infant matures into the first year of life. When only the trachea above the carina is compromised, one of the "simplest" interventions is aortopexy wherein the aortic loop is attached to the rear of the sternum, thereby mechanically relieving pressure from the softened trachea. An even simpler intervention is stenting. However, epithelial cell proliferation and potential incorporation of the stent into the trachea can make subsequent removal dangerous. The incidence of asthma, bronchitis, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and recurrent infections in adolescent and adult<unk>  survivors far exceeds that of their healthy peers. During the first decade of surgical repair of<unk> , as much as 20% of patients succumbed to pneumonia. From there on, pneumonia has remained as a major pulmonary complication and a reason for readmissions after repair of<unk> . The risk factors of pneumonia within the first five years of life include other acute respiratory infections and high number of<unk>  dilatations.
Esophageal atresia
Gastric atresia
Esophageal achalasia
Hiatal hernia
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Atresia
Duodenal atresia
Situs inversus