The most pressing complication of<unk>  are the always present risks of poor blood sugar control: severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. Hypoglycemia – typically blood sugar below 70 mg/dL – triggers the release of epinephrine, and can cause people to feel shaky, anxious, or irritable. People with hypoglycemia may also experience hunger, nausea, sweats, chills, dizziness, and a fast heartbeat. Some feel lightheaded, sleepy, or weak. Severe hypoglycemia can develop rapidly, causing confusion, coordination problems, loss of consciousness, and seizure. On average, people with<unk>  experience a hypoglycemia event that requires assistance of another<unk> 6–20 times in<unk> 00 person-years, and an event leading to unconsciousness or seizure 2–8 times per<unk> 00 person-years. The American Diabetes Association recommends treating hypoglycemia by the "15-15 rule": eat<unk> 5 grams of carbohydrates, then wait<unk> 5 minutes before checking blood sugar; repeat until blood sugar is at least 70 mg/dL. Severe hypoglycemia that impairs someone's ability to eat is typically treated with injectable glucagon, which triggers glucose release from the liver into the bloodstream. People with repeated bouts of hypoglycemia can develop hypoglycemia unawareness, where the blood sugar threshold at which they experience symptoms of hypoglycemia decreases, increasing their risk of severe hypoglycemic events. Rates of severe hypoglycemia have generally declined due to the advent of rapid-acting and long-acting insulin products in the<unk> 990s and early 2000s; however, acute hypoglycemic still causes 4–10% of<unk> -related deaths. The other persistent risk is diabetic ketoacidosis – a state where lack of insulin results in cells burning fat rather than sugar, producing toxic ketones as a byproduct.<unk> 3–19% of<unk> -related deaths are caused by ketoacidosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis can cause cerebral edema (accumulation of liquid in the brain). This is a life-threatening issue and children are at a higher risk for cerebral edema than adults, causing ketoacidosis to be the most common cause of death in pediatric diabetes. In addition to the acute complications of diabetes, long-term hyperglycemia results in vascular damage that can affect various parts of the body. This vascular damage can manifest most prominently as cardiovascular disease, which is estimated to shorten the life of the average type<unk>  diabetic by 8–13 years. Other complications of poorly managed<unk>  may include diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy, among others. However, cardiovascular disease as well as neuropathy may have an autoimmune basis, as well. Women with type<unk>  DM have a 40% higher risk of death as compared to men with type<unk>  DM. About<unk> 2 percent of people with<unk>  have clinical depression. About 6 percent of people with<unk>  also have celiac disease, but in most cases there are no digestive symptoms or are mistakenly attributed to poor control of diabetes, gastroparesis or diabetic neuropathy. In most cases, celiac disease is diagnosed after onset of<unk> . The association of celiac disease with<unk>  increases the risk of complications, such as retinopathy and mortality. This association can be explained by shared genetic factors, and inflammation or nutritional deficiencies caused by untreated celiac disease, even if<unk>  is diagnosed first. Urinary tract infection People with diabetes show an increased rate of urinary tract infection. The reason is bladder dysfunction is more common in people with diabetes than people without diabetes due to diabetes nephropathy. When present, nephropathy can cause a decrease in bladder sensation, which in turn, can cause increased residual urine, a risk factor for urinary tract infections. Sexual dysfunction Sexual dysfunction in people with diabetes is often a result of physical factors such as nerve damage and poor circulation, and psychological factors such as stress and/or depression caused by the demands of the disease. The most common sexual issues in males with diabetes are problems with erections and ejaculation: "With diabetes, blood vessels supplying the penis's erectile tissue can get hard and narrow, preventing the adequate blood supply needed for a firm erection. The nerve damage caused by poor blood glucose control can also cause ejaculate to go into the bladder instead of through the penis during ejaculation, called retrograde ejaculation. When this happens, semen leaves the body in the urine." Another cause of erectile dysfunction is reactive oxygen species created as a result of the disease. Antioxidants can be used to help combat this. Sexual problems are common in women who have diabetes, including reduced sensation in the genitals, dryness, difficulty/inability to orgasm, pain during sex, and decreased libido. Diabetes sometimes decreases estrogen levels in females, which can affect vaginal lubrication. Less is known about the correlation between diabetes and sexual dysfunction in females than in males. Oral contraceptive pills can cause blood sugar imbalances in women who have diabetes. Dosage changes can help address that, at the risk of side effects and complications. Women with<unk>  show a higher than normal rate of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The reason may be that the ovaries are exposed to high insulin concentrations since women with<unk>  can have frequent hyperglycemia. Autoimmune disorders People with<unk>  are at an increased risk for developing several autoimmune disorders, particularly thyroid problems – around 20% of people with<unk>  have hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, typically caused by Hashimoto thyroiditis or Graves' disease respectiveley. Celiac disease affects 2–8% of people with<unk> , and is more common in those who were younger at diabetes diagnosis, and in white people. Type<unk>  diabetics are also at increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia, vitiligo, and Addison's disease. Conversely, complex autoimmune syndromes caused by mutations in the immunity-related genes AIRE (causing autoimmune polyglandular syndrome), FoxP3 (causing IPEX syndrome), or STAT3 include<unk>  in their effects.
Type 1 diabetes
Diabulimia
Type 3 diabetes
Type 3c diabetes
Maturity onset diabetes of the young
Cystic fibrosis–related diabetes
Lipoatrophic diabetes
Type 2 diabetes