<unk>  deficiency has been definitively established as one of the root causes of the general class of myopathies collectively referred to as muscular dystrophy. The deletions of one or several exons of the<unk>  DMD gene cause Duchenne and Becker muscular<unk> s. The large cytosolic protein was first identified in 1987 by Louis M. Kunkel, after concurrent works by Kunkel and Robert G. Worton to characterize the mutated gene that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). At least 9 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered. Normal skeletal muscle tissue contains only small amounts of<unk>  (about 0.002% of total muscle protein), but its absence (or abnormal expression) leads to the development of a severe and currently incurable constellation of symptoms most readily characterized by several aberrant intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately yield pronounced myofiber necrosis as well as progressive muscle weakness and fatigability. Most DMD patients become wheelchair-dependent early in life, and the gradual development of cardiac hypertrophy—a result of severe myocardial fibrosis—typically results in premature death in the first two or three decades of life. Variants (mutations) in the DMD gene that lead to the production of too little or a defective, internally shortened but partially functional<unk>  protein, result in a display of a much milder<unk>  phenotype in affected patients, resulting in the disease known as Becker's muscular dystrophy (BMD). In some cases, the patient's phenotype is such that experts may decide differently on whether a patient should be diagnosed with DMD or BMD. The theory currently most commonly used to predict whether a variant will result in a DMD or BMD phenotype, is the reading frame rule. Though its role in airway smooth muscle is not well established, recent research indicates that<unk>  along with other subunits of<unk>  glycoprotein complex is associated with phenotype maturation.
Dystrophin
Peripherin
Tetraspanin
Neurofilament light polypeptide
Parkin 
Apamin
Internexin
Retapamulin