<unk>  focuses on utilizing preventive methods to<unk>  or eliminate<unk>  populations. Common preventive measures are: Habitat and environmental<unk>  Removing or reducing areas where<unk> s can easily breed can help limit their growth. For example, stagnant water removal, destruction of old tires and cans which serve as mosquito breeding environments, and good management of used water can reduce areas of excessive<unk>  incidence. Further examples of environmental<unk>  is by reducing the prevalence of open defecation or improving the designs and maintenance of pit latrines. This can reduce the incidence of flies acting as<unk> s to spread diseases via their contact with feces of infected people. Reducing contact Limiting exposure to insects or animals that are known disease<unk> s can reduce infection risks significantly. For example, bed nets, window screens on homes, or protective clothing can help reduce the likelihood of contact with<unk> s. To be effective this requires education and promotion of methods among the population to raise the awareness of<unk>  threats. Chemical<unk>  Insecticides, larvicides, rodenticides, Lethal ovitraps and repellents can be used to<unk> <unk> s. For example, larvicides can be used in mosquito breeding zones; insecticides can be applied to house walls or bed nets, and use of personal repellents can reduce incidence of insect bites and thus infection. The use of pesticides for<unk>  is promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and has proven to be highly effective. Biological<unk>  The use of natural<unk>  predators, such as bacterial toxins or botanical compounds, can help<unk> <unk>  populations. Using fish that eat mosquito larvae, the use cat fish to eat up mosquito larve in pond can eradicate the mosquito population, or reducing breeding rates by introducing sterilized male tsetse flies have been shown to<unk> <unk>  populations and reduce infection risks.
Vector control
Clone 
Endotype
Locus
Heterologous vaccine
Independent SAGE
Serotype
Mutational signatures