Symptom ICD-10 DSM-IV Headache Dizziness Fatigue Irritability Sleep problems Concentration problems Memory problems Problems tolerating stress/emotion/alcohol Affect changes, anxiety, or depression Changes in personality Apathy The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders have set out criteria for<unk>  <unk>  and<unk><unk> al disorder (PCD), respectively. The ICD-10 established a set of diagnostic criteria for<unk>  in 1992. In order to meet these criteria, a patient has had a head injury "usually sufficiently severe to result in loss of consciousness" and then develop at least three of the eight symptoms marked with a check mark in the table at right under "ICD-10" within four weeks. About 38% of people who suffer a head injury with symptoms of<unk>  and no radiological evidence of brain lesions meet these criteria. In addition to these symptoms, people that meet the ICD-10 criteria for<unk>  may fear that they will have permanent brain damage, which may worsen the original symptoms. Preoccupation with the injury may be accompanied by the assumption of a "sick role" and hypochondriasis. The criteria focus on subjective symptoms and mention that neuropsychological evidence of significant impairment is not present. With their focus on psychological factors, the ICD-10 criteria support the idea that the cause of<unk>  is functional. Like the ICD-10, the ICD-9-CM defines<unk>  in terms of subjective symptoms and discusses the greater frequency of<unk>  in people with histories of mental disorders or a financial incentive for a diagnosis. The DSM-IV lists criteria for diagnosis of PCD in people who have suffered a head trauma with persistent<unk> -traumatic amnesia, loss of consciousness, or<unk> -traumatic seizures. In addition, for a diagnosis of PCD, patients must have neuropsychological impairment as well as at least three of the symptoms marked with a check mark in the table at right under "DSM-IV". These symptoms must be present for three months after the injury and must have been absent or less severe before the injury. In addition, the patient must experience social problems as a result, and must not meet criteria for another disorder that explains the symptoms better. Neuropsychological tests exist to measure deficits in cognitive functioning that can result from<unk> . The Stroop Color Test and the 2&7 Processing Speed Test (which both detect deficits in speed of mental processing) can predict the development of cognitive problems from<unk> . A test called the Rivermead<unk><unk>  Symptoms Questionnaire, a set of questions that measure the severity of 16 different<unk><unk>  symptoms, can be self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Other tests that can predict the development of<unk>  include the Hopkins Verbal Learning A test (HVLA) and the Digit Span Forward examination. The HVLA tests verbal learning and memory by presenting a series of words and assigning points based on the number recalled, and digit span measures attention efficiency by asking the examinee to repeat back digits spoken by the tester in the same order as they are presented. In addition, neuropsychological tests may be performed to detect malingering (exaggerating or making up symptoms) . Differential diagnosis<unk> , which shares symptoms with a variety of other conditions, is highly likely to be misdiagnosed in people with these conditions. Cognitive and affective symptoms that occur following a traumatic injury may be attributed to mTBI, but in fact be due to another factor such as<unk> traumatic stress disorder, which is easily misdiagnosed as<unk>  and vice versa. Affective disorders such as depression have some symptoms that can mimic those of<unk>  and lead to a wrongful diagnosis of the latter; these include problems with concentration, emotional lability, anxiety, and sleep problems. Depression, which is highly common in persistent<unk> , can worsen other<unk>  symptoms, such as headaches and problems with concentration, memory, and sleep.<unk>  also shares symptoms with chronic fatigue<unk> , fibromyalgia, and exposure to certain toxins. Traumatic brain injury may cause damage to the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland, and deficiencies of pituitary hormones (hypopituitarism) can cause similar symptoms to<unk> ; in these cases, symptoms can be treated by replacing any hormones that are deficient.
Post-concussion syndrome
Post-stroke depression
Emergence delirium
Organic brain syndrome
Complications of traumatic brain injury
Drug-induced amnesia
Stroke recovery
Chiasmal syndrome