<unk>  infusion pump with opioid (sufentanil) and anesthetic (bupivacaine) in a locked box Pain relief during childbirth<unk>  injections are commonly used to provide pain relief (analgesia) during childbirth. This usually involves<unk>  injection of a local anesthetic and opioids, commonly called an<unk> ". This is more effective than oral or intra venal (IV) opioids and other common modalities of analgesia in childbirth. After an<unk>  is administered, a woman may not feel pain, but may still feel pressure.<unk>  clonidine is rarely used but has been extensively studied for management of analgesia during labor.<unk>  analgesia is considered a safer and more effective method of relieving pain in labor as compared to intravenous or oral analgesia. In a 2018 Cochrane review of studies which compared<unk>  analgesia with oral opiates, some advantages of<unk>  analgesia included better efficacy, fewer instances of naloxone use in newborns, and decreased risk of maternal hyperventilation. Some disadvantages of<unk> s included an increase in the number of Caesarian sections required due to fetal distress, a longer labor, increased need for oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions, an increased risk of low blood pressure and muscle weakness, as well as fever. However, the review found no difference in overall Caesarean delivery rates, and no evidence of negative effects to the baby soon after birth. Furthermore, the occurrence of long-term backache was unchanged after<unk>  use. Complications of<unk>  analgesia are rare, but may include headaches, dizziness, difficulty breathing and seizures for the mother. The child may experience a slow heartbeat, decreased ability to regulate temperature, and potential exposure to the drugs administered to the mother. There is no overall difference in outcomes based on the time the<unk>  is administered to the mother, specifically no change in the rate of caesarean section, birth which must be assisted by instruments, and duration of labor. There is also no change in the Apgar score of the newborn between early and late<unk> .<unk> s other than low-dose ambulatory<unk> s also impact the ability of the mother to move during labor. Movement such as walking or changing positions may help improve labor comfort and decrease the risk of complications. Pain relief during other surgery<unk>  analgesia has been demonstrated to have several benefits after other surgeries, including decreasing the need for the use of oral or systemic opioids, and reducing the risk of postoperative respiratory problems, chest infections, blood transfusion requirements, and myocardial infarctions. Use of<unk>  analgesia after surgery in place of systemic analgesia is less likely to decrease intestinal motility which would occur with systemic opioid therapy through blockade of the sympathetic nervous system. Some surgeries that spinal analgesia may be used in include lower abdominal surgery, lower limb surgery, cardiac surgery, and perineal surgery. Others The injection of steroids into the<unk>  space is sometimes used to treat nerve root pain, radicular pain and inflammation caused by conditions such as spinal disc herniation, degenerative disc disease, and spinal stenosis. The risk of complications from steroid<unk>  is low and complications are usually minor. The specific drug, dose, and frequency of<unk>  impacts the risk for and severity of complications. Complications of<unk>  steroid<unk>  are similar to the side effects of steroids administered in other manners, and can include higher than normal blood sugar, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes. An<unk>  blood patch consists of a small amount of a person's own blood is injected into the<unk>  space. This is done as a method of sealing a hole or leak in the<unk> . The injected blood clots at the site of the puncture, closes the leak, and modulates CSF pressure. This may be used to treat post-dural-puncture headache and leakage of cerebrospinal fluid due to dural puncture, which occurs in approximately 1.5% of<unk>  analgesia procedures.
Epidural administration
Epidural blood patch
Nerve induction
Neurosurgical anesthesia
Intrathecal pump
Epidural steroid injection
Spinal manipulation
Neurostimulation