Tracking the change in contraception use of<unk> n women from 2008-2012 Use of modern birth<unk>  methods has been shown to decrease female fertility rate in Sub-Saharan<unk> . Health<unk>  has the highest maternal death rate, which measures the death rate of women due to pregnancy and childbirth. The maternal mortality ratio in Sub Saharan<unk>  is 1,006 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. An article by Baggaley et al. suggests that increasing access to safe abortion would reduce maternal mortality due to unsafe abortions in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Alvergne et al. argue in “Fertility, parental investment, and the early adoption of modern contraception in rural Ethiopia” that an increase in usage of family planning increases birth spacing which consequently decreases infant mortality, although it had no observed effect on overall child mortality, possibly due to a recent overall decrease childhood death rates among both contraception users and nonusers. Additionally, increasing condom use in<unk>  would decrease rates of HIV transmission. Social According to Gyimah, women who have their first child at a younger age are less likely to finish school and will be more limited to low-paying career options. Research suggests that desire to continue with their education is one of the largest reasons that women use birth<unk>  and terminate pregnancies. Since birth<unk>  is not widely available, beginning a family at a young age is additionally correlated with a higher overall fertility rate. Alvergne suggests that another benefit of longer birth intervals due to contraception use is an increase in parental investment and proportion of resources dedicated to each child. Two of the most prevalent reasons for married women to use birth<unk>  are to plan birth spacing and postpone pregnancies to achieve their desired family size. According to Gyimah, fertility rates are declining in some<unk> n countries, particularly Kenya, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Ghana. The decrease in fertility rates in Ghana is largely attributed to investment in education that has caused an increase in age at first birth and improved job opportunities for women. Economic Increased use of family planning leads to economic development because women are more likely to work and their children are more likely to be healthy and educated. There is an estimated 140%-600% return on investment in family planning methods due to health care savings and economic development. "The Economic Case for Birth<unk> ," published in 1967, argues that decreasing the birth rate in countries with high fertility levels is crucial to economic growth and that "one dollar used to slow population growth can be 100 times more effective in raising income per head than one dollar to expand output." Since the majority of<unk> n countries have high fertility rates relative to the rest of the world, it is clear that most<unk> n countries have not undergone a demographic transition. In other parts of the world, there is evidence that economic growth increases after a country undergoes demographic transition. This is due to more women working, greater parental investment in children in terms of education and attention, and longer, more productive working life due to health improvements. Although other improvements in public health are necessary to fully undergo a demographic transition, it can not occur without family planning. It is unclear, however, how exactly the demographic transition will affect society in sub-Saharan<unk> . An economic downside to using birth<unk>  to limit fertility is the possibility that parents will not having enough successful, living offspring to support them financially in old age. This is a significant concern among parents.
Birth control in Africa
Nutrition in Clinical Practice
Vaccines for Children Program
African Americans and birth control
Preventive healthcare
Animal vaccination
Human nutrition
Vaccination policy