Among the side effects of percuteneous nephrosotomy are haematuria (blood in urine), pain, sepsis, injury to adjacent organs, extravasaction or urine, catheter dislodgement, and inability to remove nephrostomy tube due to crystallisation. Although pneumothorax and colonic injury are more common on subcostal needle insertion, these are rare complications. Blood in urine usually clears up after 48 to 72 hours. Bleeding longer than this period may signifies more serious bleeding complication. About 2 to 4% of<unk>  cases require blood transfusion.
Percutaneous nephrostomy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Nephrostomy
Ureteric stent
Ureteric balloon catheter
Urostomy
Ureteroureterostomy
Ureterolysis