Cross section of midbrain. The area affected in<unk>  is indicated by the striped region.<unk>  results from injury, either direct or compressive, to the dorsal midbrain. Specifically, compression or ischemic damage of the mesencephalic tectum, including the superior colliculus adjacent oculomotor (origin of cranial nerve III) and Edinger-Westphal nuclei, causing dysfunction to the motor function of the eye. Classically, it has been associated with three major groups: * Young patients with brain tumors in the pineal gland or midbrain: pinealoma (intracranial germinomas) are the most common lesion producing this<unk> . * Women in their 20s-30s with multiple sclerosis * Older patients following stroke of the upper brainstem However, any other compression, ischemia or damage to this region can produce these phenomena: obstructive hydrocephalus, midbrain hemorrhage, cerebral arteriovenous malformation, trauma and brainstem toxoplasmosis infection. Neoplasms and giant aneurysms of the posterior fossa have also been associated with the midbrain<unk> . Vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia has also been associated with metabolic disorders, such as Niemann-Pick disease, Wilson's disease, kernicterus, and barbiturate overdose.
Parinaud's syndrome
Weaver syndrome
Frey's syndrome
Fountain syndrome
Bell's palsy
Seaver Cassidy syndrome
Horner's syndrome
Renpenning's syndrome