<unk>  as seen on plain X ray of the abdomen While the ability to retrieve a<unk>  does exist for many models, it cannot be guaranteed that all cases of<unk>  placement will allow for, or be indicated for retrieval. Thus, the requirements and indications for permanent placement of<unk> s is used to decide on when to use both permanent and temporary<unk><unk> s. Long-term risk factors must be considered as well, to include life expectancy of more than six months following insertion, and the ability of the patient to comply with anticoagulation therapy. The decision to use a<unk>  that is temporary vs permanent basically is tied to the expected duration of time that protection is needed to prevent pulmonary emboli from passing to the heart and lungs. One such guideline is outlined below: * Contraindications to anticoagulation; e.g. a patient with DVT or PE who has another condition that puts them at risk of bleeding, such as a recent bleed into the brain, or a patient about to undergo major surgery * Short-term risk of PE/Short-term contraindication of anticoagulation: Usually merits a retrievable<unk>  * Uncertain risk of PE and/or lack of control for anticoagulation: Usually results in permanent<unk> s for long term management * Long-term risk of PE/recurrent PE/recurrent DVT: permanent<unk>  Indication categories While many studies have been done on the efficacy of<unk> <unk><unk> s, there still have not been any major studies done on the actual placement and removal of the<unk> s regarding standard guidelines. Which is why the Society of Interventional Radiology created a multidisciplinary panel that developed the following guidelines to see if someone qualifies for implantation: Absolute indications These are patients that should strongly consider having<unk><unk>  placement, as they are at greatest risk of pulmonary embolus. * Proven VTE: Venous thromboembolism and contraindication or complication due to anticoagulation therapy * Recurrent VTE: Despite adequate anticoagulation therapy Relative indications This is a maybe category; normally it represents patients who could benefit from an<unk><unk> , but may be just fine without one as well. * Proven VTE: High risk of contraindication or complication to arise during anticoagulation therapy * Large, free-floating proximal DVT's * Poor Compliance: INR levels are not stable, not taking medicine as directed * Thrombolysis: Iliocaval DVT's, which are emboli in the Illiac region Prophylactic indications These are usually very controversial reasons to do an<unk><unk> , and most radiologists and doctors generally will not recommend an<unk><unk>  if other options are available instead. * No VTE: Anticoagulation therapy is not possible (high risk of bleeding) * Transient risk of VTE: Trauma, surgical procedures or medical conditions Other indications * Bariatric patients: Undergoing surgery for weight control, only if BMI greater than 55, previous history of DVT/PE, hypercoagulable state, chronic venous insufficiency, truncal obesity or contraindication to anticoagulation therapy. Indications for removing<unk><unk>  There is no current published data confirming the benefit of removing an IVC. Because of this, the Society of Interventional Radiology created a multidisciplinary panel that developed the following guidelines to see if someone qualifies for removal: * No need for permanent<unk> : Remove temporary * Low risk of significant PE: Continued anticoagulation is working, remove temporary * No expected near-term high-risk PE: Continuation of anticoagulation therapy, remove temporary * Life expectancy of more than six months: Remove temporary * Ability to retrieve the<unk> : No complications, no tear probability, no trauma probability; if so, remove temporary Anticoagulation In those with initial acute proximal DVT or acute PE who had<unk><unk> s placed instead of anticoagulation, and who have their risk of bleeding resolve, the American College of Chest Physicians suggested, in 2012, that they receive a standard course of anticoagulation. While<unk><unk> s are associated with a long term risk of DVT, they are not, alone, reason enough to maintain extended anticoagulation.
Inferior vena cava filter
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy
Thrombectomy
Low-molecular-weight heparin
Pulmonary thrombectomy
Endarterectomy
Endovascular aneurysm repair
Carotid endarterectomy