Synthesis<unk>  synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic—it requires the input of energy. Energy for<unk>  synthesis comes from uridine triphosphate (UTP), which reacts with glucose-1-phosphate, forming UDP-glucose, in a reaction catalysed by UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.<unk>  is synthesized from monomers of UDP-glucose initially by the protein<unk> in, which has two tyrosine anchors for the reducing end of<unk> , since<unk> in is a homodimer. After about eight glucose molecules have been added to a tyrosine residue, the enzyme<unk>  synthase progressively lengthens the<unk>  chain using UDP-glucose, adding α(1→4)-bonded glucose to the nonreducing end of the<unk>  chain. The<unk>  branching enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a terminal fragment of six or seven glucose residues from a nonreducing end to the C-6 hydroxyl group of a glucose residue deeper into the interior of the<unk>  molecule. The branching enzyme can act upon only a branch having at least 11 residues, and the enzyme may transfer to the same glucose chain or adjacent glucose chains. Breakdown<unk>  is cleaved from the nonreducing ends of the chain by the enzyme<unk>  phosphorylase to produce monomers of glucose-1 phosphate: Action of<unk>  phosphorylase on<unk>  In vivo, phosphorolysis proceeds in the direction of<unk>  breakdown because the ratio of phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate is usually greater than 100. Glucose-1 phosphate is then converted to glucose 6 phosphate (G6P) by phosphoglucomutase. special debranching enzyme is needed to remove the α(1-6) branches in branched<unk>  and reshape the chain into a linear polymer. The G6P monomers produced have three possible fates: * G6P can continue on the<unk> colysis pathway and be used as fuel. * G6P can enter the pentose phosphate pathway via the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce NADPH and 5 carbon sugars. * In the liver and kidney, G6P can be dephosphorylated back to glucose by the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase. This is the final step in the gluconeogenesis pathway.
Glycogen
Glabrene
Cholesterol
Glycoside
Cerebroside
Iminosugar
Hematogen
Inositol