Dermal<unk>  Dermal<unk> s are not usually surgically removed unless they are painful or disfiguring, because there are generally so many of them and they are not dangerous. CO2 lasers have been used to remove dermal<unk> s. In a paper titled Hypertrophic Scars After Therapy with CO2 Laser for Treatment of Multiple Cutaneous<unk> s Ostertag et al. said this about treatment by laser: “The cosmetic disfigurement is the most important issue in the decision to treat cutaneous symptoms of<unk> tosis. Treating patients with extensive<unk> s with a CO2 laser is still the best choice. However, it is strongly advised that a test treatment be performed to judge the effectiveness of the procedure and whether the developed scar is an acceptable trade-off.” Plexiform<unk>  Surgery As of 2002, the primary treatment option for plexiform<unk>  was surgery. Removal of plexiform<unk> s is difficult because they can be large and cross tissue boundaries. However, besides pain, plexiform<unk> s are sometimes removed due to the possibility of malignant transformation. The following examples show that plexiform<unk> s can form anywhere and can make surgical resection difficult: * A large plexiform<unk>  in the leg of a 6-year-old male. The authors state: “Our case was operated, as both the cutaneous and deep branches of the peroneal nerve were involved causing pain and numbness in the leg, and because there was a possibility for malignant transformation, as growth in the mass was realized by the family members of the patient.” The authors also note, “However, complete resection is quite difficult due to invasion of the tumor into the surrounding soft tissues.” * A<unk>  on the left ventricle. The<unk>  was removed and the patient’s mitral valve had to be replaced. * A 14-year-old girl with<unk> 1 was diagnosed with a<unk>  involving her bladder, a rare location. Radiation Once a plexiform<unk>  has undergone malignant transformation, radiation and chemotherapy can be used as treatment. However, radiation is generally not used as a treatment for plexiform<unk> s because of concerns that this could actually promote malignant transformation. There has even been a documented case of a Schwannoma being induced from a<unk>  due to radiation therapy. Medications ACE inhibitors have been proposed as a novel treatment of<unk> s. ACE inhibitors are currently used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure, to avert remodeling and reinfarction after myocardial infarction, and to ameliorate diabetic nephropathy and other renal diseases. ACE inhibitors work by indirectly down regulating TGF-beta, which is a growth factor that has been shown to influence the development of tumors. No effect Pirfenidone inhibits fibroblast growth. Studies showed no improvement over controls. Tipifarnib (also known as drug R115777) inhibits the activation of RAS. This drug is a Farnesyltransferase inhibitor which inhibits the Ras kinase in a post translational modification step before the kinase pathway becomes hyperactive. It successfully passed phase one clinical trials but was suspended (NCT00029354) in phase two after showing no improvement over controls.
Neurofibroma
Palisaded encapsulated neuroma
Neuroma
Hemangioblastoma
Ameloblastoma
Ganglioneuroma
Ganglion cyst
Brenner tumour