There are three types of<unk> : * A McDonald<unk> , described in 1957, is the most common, and is essentially a pursestring stitch used to cinch the cervix shut; the cervix stitching involves a band of suture at the upper part of the cervix while the lower part has already started to efface. This<unk>  is usually placed between 16 weeks and 18 weeks of pregnancy. The stitch is generally removed around the 37th week of gestation or earlier if needed. This procedure was developed by the Australian Gynecologist and Obstetrician, I.A. McDonald. * A Shirodkar<unk>  is very similar, but the sutures pass through the walls of the cervix so they're not exposed. This type of<unk>  is less common and technically more difficult than a McDonald, and is thought (though not proven) to reduce the risk of infection. The Shirodkar procedure sometimes involves a permanent stitch around the cervix which will not be removed and therefore a Caesarean section will be necessary to deliver the baby. The Shirodkar technique was first described by V. N. Shirodkar in Bombay in 1955. In 1963, Shirodkar traveled to NYC to perform the procedure at the New York Hospital of Special Surgery; the procedure was successful, and the baby lived to adulthood. * An abdominal<unk> , the least common type, is permanent and involves placing a band at the very top and outside of the cervix, inside the abdomen. This is usually only done if the cervix is too short to attempt a standard<unk> , or if a vaginal<unk>  has failed or is not possible. However, a few doctors (namely Arthur Haney at the University of Chicago and George Davis at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey) are pushing for the transabdominal<unk>  (TAC) to replace vaginal<unk> s, due to perceived better outcomes and more pregnancies carried to term. A c-section is required for women giving birth with a TAC. A transabdominal<unk>  can also be placed pre-pregnancy if a patient has been diagnosed with an incompetent cervix.
Cervical cerclage
Tubal ligation
Uterine balloon tamponade
Resuscitative hysterotomy
Menstrual extraction
Labor induction
Cervical pessary
Tubal reversal