Conservative There is currently no medical recommendation about how to manage an<unk>  condition in adults, due to the fact that, until recently, elective surgery used to be recommended. The<unk>  truss (or<unk>  belt) is intended to contain a reducible<unk>  within the abdomen. It is not considered to provide a cure, and if the pads are hard and intrude into the<unk>  aperture they may cause scarring and enlargement of the aperture. In addition, most trusses with older designs are not able effectively to contain the<unk>  at all times, because their pads do not remain permanently in contact with the<unk> . The more modern variety of truss is made with non-intrusive flat pads and comes with a guarantee to hold the<unk>  securely during all activities. They have been described by users as providing greater confidence and comfort when carrying out physically demanding tasks. However, their use is controversial, as data to determine whether they help prevent<unk>  complications are lacking. A truss also increases the probability of complications, which include strangulation of the<unk> , atrophy of the spermatic cord, and atrophy of the fascial margins. This allows the defect to enlarge and makes subsequent repair more difficult. Their popularity is nonetheless likely to increase, as many individuals with small, painless<unk> s are now delaying<unk>  surgery due to the risk of post-herniorrhaphy pain syndrome. Elasticated pants used by athletes may also provide useful support for the smaller<unk> . Surgical Surgical incision in groin after<unk>  operation Surgical correction of<unk> s is called a<unk>  repair. It is not recommended in minimally symptomatic<unk> s, for which watchful waiting is advised, due to the risk of post<unk> rraphy pain syndrome. Surgery is commonly performed as outpatient surgery. There are various surgical strategies which may be considered in the planning of<unk>  repair. These include the consideration of mesh use (e.g. synthetic or biologic), open repair, use of laparoscopy, type of anesthesia (general or local), appropriateness of bilateral repair, etc. Mesh or non mesh repairs have both benefits in different areas, but mesh repairs may reduce the rate of<unk>  reappearance, visceral or neurovascular injuries, length of hospital stay and time to return to activities of daily living. Laparoscopy is most commonly used for non-emergency cases; however, a minimally invasive open repair may have a lower incidence of post-operative nausea and mesh associated pain. During surgery conducted under local anaesthesia, the patient will be asked to cough and strain during the procedure to help in demonstrating that the repair is without tension and sound. Constipation after<unk>  repair results in strain to evacuate the bowel causing pain, and fear that the sutures may rupture. Opioid analgesia makes constipation worse. Promoting an easy bowel motion is important post-operatively. Surgical correction is always recommended for<unk> s in children. Emergency surgery for incarceration and strangulation carry much higher risk than planned, "elective" procedures. However, the risk of incarceration is low, evaluated at 0.2% per year. On the other hand, surgery has a risk of inguinodynia (10-12%), and this is why males with minimal symptoms are advised to watchful waiting. However, if they experience discomfort while doing physical activities or they routinely avoid them for fear of pain, they should seek surgical evaluation. For female patients, surgery is recommended even for asymptomatic patients.
Inguinal hernia
Epididymitis
Varicocele
Testicular cancer
Hydrocele
Testicular torsion
Perineal hernia
Hematocele