The<unk>  is done via a median sternotomy and uses cardiopulmonary bypass. If there is a patent ductus arteriosus, the surgeon begins by closing it. The surgeon then connects the separated parts of the aorta together. The surgeon then transects the pulmonary artery and aorta and frees them from surrounding tissue, then makes an incision into the right ventricle to allow them to assess the ventricular septal defect and remove excess muscle bundles in cases of extensive right ventricular hypertrophy. If the ventricular septal defect is smaller than the pulmonary valve, the surgeon will enlarge the defect. The surgeon then uses a patch, commonly made of bovine (cow) pericardium or the child's own tissue, to create a tunnel between the ventricular septal defect and the pulmonary valve. This allows for blood to flow from the left ventricle to the pulmonary valve. After creating this tunnel, the surgeon connects the aortic and pulmonary roots (Damus-Kaye-Stansel anastomosis).
Yasui procedure
Kawashima procedure
Nuss procedure
Krukenberg procedure
Sugiura procedure
Hughes procedure
Darrach's procedure
Broström procedure