There have been several proposed factors that may contribute to the development of a<unk> . Different exposures to the developing fetus such as different teratogens (e.g. thalidomide, ethanol, ACE inhibitors, cocaine, gentamicin, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and vitamin A) have been hypothesized. Impairment of a developing embryo's nephrogenic cell migration or abnormal migration of the<unk> s due to fetal structural abnormalities is another potential factor. However, no definitive genetic cause has been identified.
Horseshoe kidney
Page kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Ectopic kidney
Crossed renal ectopia
Supernumerary kidney
Medullary sponge kidney
Renal segmental hypoplasia