<unk>  (BUD), also called misuse or abuse, is the<unk>  of<unk> s without a prescription, often for recreational purposes, which poses risks of dependence, withdrawal and other long-term effects.<unk> s are one of the more common prescription drugs<unk> d recreationally. When<unk> d recreationally<unk> s are usually administered orally but sometimes they are taken intranasally or intravenously. Recreational<unk>  produces effects similar to alcohol intoxication. In tests in pentobarbital trained rhesus monkeys<unk> s produced effects similar to barbiturates. In a 1991 study, triazolam had the highest self-administration rate in cocaine trained baboons, among the five<unk> s examined: alprazolam, bromazepam, chlordiazepoxide, lorazepam, triazolam. A 1985 study found that triazolam and temazepam maintained higher rates of self-injection in both human and animal subjects compared to a variety of other<unk> s (others examined: diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, flurazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, nitrazepam, flunitrazepam, bromazepam, and clorazepate). A 1991 study indicated that diazepam, in particular, had a greater abuse liability among people who were drug abusers than did many of the other<unk> s. Some of the available data also suggested that lorazepam and alprazolam are more diazepam-like in having relatively high abuse liability, while oxazepam, halazepam, and possibly chlordiazepoxide, are relatively low in this regard. A 1991–1993 British study found that the hypnotics flurazepam and temazepam were more toxic than average<unk> s in overdose. A 1995 study found that temazepam is more rapidly absorbed and oxazepam is more slowly absorbed than most other<unk> s.<unk> s have been abused both orally and intravenously. Different<unk> s have different abuse potential; the more rapid the increase in the plasma level following ingestion, the greater the intoxicating effect and the more open to abuse the drug becomes. The speed of onset of action of a particular<unk>  correlates well with the 'popularity' of that drug for abuse. The two most common reasons for preference were that a<unk>  was 'strong' and that it gave a good 'high'. According to Dr. Chris Ford, former clinical director of Substance Misuse Management in General Practice, among drugs of abuse,<unk> s are often seen as the 'bad guys' by drug and alcohol workers. Illicit<unk> rs of<unk> s have been found to take higher methadone doses, as well as showing more HIV/HCV risk-taking behavior, greater poly-drug<unk> , higher levels of psychopathology and social dysfunction. However, there is only limited research into the adverse effects of<unk> s in drug misusers and further research is needed to demonstrate whether this is the result of cause or effect.
Benzodiazepine use disorder
Benzodiazepine dependence
Amphetamine dependence
Stimulant use disorder
Cannabis use disorder
Opioid use disorder
Drug withdrawal
Opioid withdrawal