Rates of<unk>  vaccination worldwide Mothers who are immune to<unk>  pass antibodies to their children while they are still in the womb, especially if the mother acquired immunity through infection rather than vaccination. Such antibodies will usually give newborn infants some immunity against<unk> , but these antibodies are gradually lost over the course of the first nine months of life. Infants under one year of age whose maternal anti-measles antibodies have disappeared become susceptible to infection with the<unk>  virus. In developed countries, it is recommended that children be immunized against<unk>  at 12 months, generally as part of a three-part MMR vaccine<unk> , mumps, and rubella). The vaccine is generally not given before this age because such infants respond inadequately to the vaccine due to an immature immune system. A second dose of the vaccine is usually given to children between the ages of four and five, to increase rates of immunity.<unk>  vaccines have been given to over a billion people. Vaccination rates have been high enough to make<unk>  relatively uncommon. Adverse reactions to vaccination are rare, with fever and pain at the injection site being the most common. Life-threatening adverse reactions occur in less than one per million vaccinations (<0.0001%). In developing countries where<unk>  is common, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends two doses of vaccine be given, at six and nine months of age. The vaccine should be given whether the child is HIV-infected or not. The vaccine is less effective in HIV-infected infants than in the general population, but early treatment with antiretroviral drugs can increase its effectiveness.<unk>  vaccination programs are often used to deliver other child health interventions as well, such as bed nets to protect against malaria, antiparasite medicine and vitamin A supplements, and so contribute to the reduction of child deaths from other causes. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that all adult international travelers who do not have positive evidence of previous<unk>  immunity receive two doses of MMR vaccine before traveling, although birth before 1957 is presumptive evidence of immunity. Those born in the United States before 1957 are likely to have been naturally infected with<unk>  virus and generally need not be considered susceptible. There have been false claims of an association between the<unk>  vaccine and autism; this incorrect concern has reduced the rate of vaccination and increased the number of cases of<unk>  where immunization rates became too low to maintain herd immunity. Additionally, there have been false claims that<unk>  infection protects against cancer. Administration of the MMR vaccine may prevent<unk>  after exposure to the virus (post-exposure prophylaxis). Post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines are specific to jurisdiction and population. Passive immunization against<unk>  by an intramuscular injection of antibodies could be effective up to the seventh day after exposure. Compared to no treatment, the risk of<unk>  infection is reduced by 83%, and the risk of death by<unk>  is reduced by 76%. However, the effectiveness of passive immunization in comparison to active<unk>  vaccine is not clear. The MMR vaccine is 95% effective for preventing<unk>  after one dose if the vaccine is given to a child who is 12 months or older; if a second dose of the MMR vaccine is given, it will provide immunity in 99% of children. There is no evidence that the<unk>  vaccine virus can be transmitted to other persons.
Measles
Zika fever
Mumps
Roseola
Ebola
Trichinosis
Smallpox
Scabies