<unk>  <unk>  is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents. The most common type is known as sickle<unk>  anaemia. It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood<unk> s. This leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances. Problems in<unk>  typically begin around 5 to 6 months of age. A number of health problems may develop, such as attacks of pain (known as a sickle<unk>  crisis), anemia, swelling in the hands and feet, bacterial infections and stroke. Long-term pain may develop as people get older. The average life expectancy in the developed world is 40 to 60 years.<unk>  occurs when a person inherits two abnormal copies of the β-globin gene (HBB) that makes haemoglobin, one from each parent. This gene occurs in chromosome 11. Several subtypes exist, depending on the exact mutation in each haemoglobin gene. An attack can be set off by temperature changes, stress, dehydration, and high altitude. A person with a single abnormal copy does not usually have symptoms and is said to have sickle<unk>  trait. Such people are also referred to as carriers. Diagnosis is by a blood test, and some countries test all babies at birth for the<unk> . Diagnosis is also possible during pregnancy. The care of people with<unk>  may include infection prevention with vaccination and antibiotics, high fluid intake, folic acid supplementation, and pain medication. Other measures may include blood transfusion and the medication hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea). A small percentage of people can be cured by a transplant of bone marrow<unk> s. , about 4.4 million people have<unk> , while an additional 43 million have sickle<unk>  trait. About 80% of<unk>  cases are believed to occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. It also occurs relatively frequently in parts of India, the Arabian Peninsula, and among people of African origin living in other parts of the world. In 2015, it resulted in about 114,800 deaths. The condition was first described in the medical literature by American physician James B. Herrick in 1910. In 1949, its genetic transmission was determined by E. A. Beet and J. V. Neel. In 1954, the protective effect against malaria of sickle<unk>  trait was described.
Sickle cell disease
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Sickle cell trait
Avascular necrosis
Primary hyperoxaluria
Sick cell syndrome
Thalassemia
Hawkinsinuria