BSM practitioners provide evidence-based treatments developed for specific sleep disorders, including some that are published in clinical guidelines of organizations such as the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. BSM interventions are typically brief (between one and eight sessions), structured, and cognitive-behavioral in nature, aiming to provide the education and skills for individuals to become more independent in managing their sleep disorder. Infants, children, and adolescents The most common sleep complaints of parents of infants include requiring a parent or specific condition, like rocking, or bouncing, to fall asleep, and struggling to return to sleep during nighttime awakenings. Among toddlers and preschoolers, nighttime fears or resisting/stalling at bedtime (and therefore delaying sleep onset) are common, as well as bedtime co-sleeping with parents or siblings. In school-aged youth, problems with falling or staying asleep due to poor sleep hygiene are common. Insufficient sleep (sleeping under the recommended 8–10 hours) is common in adolescence. The other most common sleep disorders of adolescence include insomnia and delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. High rates of insufficient sleep in adolescence are partially attributed to a mismatch between adolescent biology and school start times. Because adolescents experience a natural shift in their circadian rhythm around puberty (with a preference for later bedtimes and wake times), the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that high schools start no earlier than 8:30am. Evidence-based treatments for childhood<unk>  sleep disorders vary by developmental level, but typically include heavy parental involvement. Interventions generally focus on: * Stabilizing the timing of the sleep/wake schedule to be consistent on school nights and weekends * Scheduling enough time in bed to meet clinical guidelines for developmentally appropriate sleep duration * Promoting healthy bedtime routines that help prepare the body for sleep * Empowering parents to set limits and rules around expected bedtime behavior * Promoting independent sleep * Promoting consistent sleep locations * Addressing any other barriers to sleep onset (such as nightmares, bedtime fears, fear of the dark, anxiety, depression, pain or discomfort, etc.) * Addressing family-level barriers to consistently wearing CPAP to treat obstructive sleep apnea and hypoventilation Treatment with parents of infants emphasizes the implementation of safe sleeping practices in order to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. The recommends that infants 0–12 months of age sleep: * On their back * On their own protected sleep surface, such as a crib or other firm sleep surface, and not in the parent's bed, chair, or sofa * With no heavy blankets, pillows, bumper pads or positioning devices near to them Adults Evidence-based treatments used to treat adult sleep-related disorders include: * Cognitive<unk>  therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). This is an evidence-based, non-pharmacological treatment for insomnia disorder that uses education and systematic changes to insomnia-related behaviors, thoughts, and environment to change the factors that maintain chronic difficulties with falling asleep, staying asleep, and getting restorative sleep. CBT-I is the first-line treatment for insomnia disorder as recommended by the American College of Physicians and American Academy of Sleep Medicine. It is effective for insomnia disorder that occurs alone or along with other medical or psychiatric symptoms. * Intensive sleep retraining * Mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia (MBTI) * Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) for nightmare disorder * Exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy (ERRT) for nightmare disorder * Motivational enhancement therapy for improving adherence to CPAP treatment * Exposure therapy for CPAP claustrophobia *<unk>  therapy for circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders * Clinical hypnosis for NREM parasomnias * Cognitive<unk>  therapy for hypersomnia * Sleep extension
Behavioral sleep medicine
Sleep hygiene
Sleep medicine
Deep sleep therapy
Music therapy
Sleep surgery
Voice therapy
Smell training