Various treatments exist for<unk> . Non treatment This is equivalent of zero intervention. It has been associated with almost 100% mortality rate of one or all fetuses. Exceptions to this include patients that are still in Stage 1<unk>  and are past 22 weeks' gestation. Adjustment of amniotic fluid Serial amniocentesis This procedure involves removal of amniotic fluid periodically throughout the pregnancy under the assumption that the extra fluid in the recipient<unk>  can cause preterm labor, perinatal mortality, or tissue damage. In the case that the fluid does not reaccumulate, the reduction of amniotic fluid stabilizes the pregnancy. Otherwise, the treatment is repeated as necessary. There is no standard procedure for how much fluid is removed each time. There is a danger that if too much fluid is removed, the recipient<unk>  could die. This procedure is associated with a 66% survival rate of at least one fetus, with a 15% risk of cerebral palsy, and average delivery occurring at 29 weeks' gestation. Septostomy, or iatrogenic disruption of the dividing membrane This procedure involves the tearing of the dividing membrane between fetuses such that the amniotic fluid of both<unk> s mixes, under the assumption that pressure is different in either amniotic sac and that its equilibration will ameliorate progression of the disease. It has not been proven that pressures are different in either amniotic sac. Use of this procedure can preclude use of other procedures as well as make difficult the monitoring of disease progression. In addition, tearing the dividing membrane has contributed to cord entanglement and demise of fetuses through physical complications. Adjustment of blood supply Laser therapy Illustration of a fetoscopy and laser ablation of connecting vessels in<unk>  This procedure involves endoscopic surgery using laser to interrupt the vessels that allow exchange of blood between fetuses under the assumption that the unequal sharing of blood through these vascular communications leads to unequal levels of amniotic fluid. Each fetus remains connected to its primary source of blood and nutrition, the placenta, through the umbilical cord. This procedure is conducted once, with the exception of all vessels not having been found. The use of endoscopic instruments allows for short recovery time. This procedure has been associated with 85% survival rate of at least one fetus, with a 6–7% risk of cerebral palsy and average delivery occurring at 32–33 weeks' gestation.<unk>  anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS) may occur after laser surgery for<unk>  (post-laser form). The spontaneous form of TAPS complicates approximately 3 to 5% of monochorionic<unk>  pregnancies, whereas the post-laser form occurs in 2 to 13% of<unk>  cases. The pathogenesis of TAPS is based on the presence of few, minuscule arterio-venous (AV) placental anastomoses (diameter <1mm) allowing a slow<unk>  of blood from the donor to the recipient and leading gradually to highly discordant Hb levels. A 2014 review found that laser coagulation resulted in fewer fetal and perinatal deaths than amnioreduction and septostomy, and recommended its use for all states of<unk> . Umbilical cord occlusion This procedure involves the ligation or otherwise occlusion of the umbilical cord to interrupt the exchange of blood between the fetuses. The procedure is typically offered in cases where one of the fetuses is presumed moribund and endangering the life or health of the other<unk>  through resultant hypotension. Use of this treatment has decreased as<unk>  is identified and treated in earlier stages and with better outcomes. When used, it is associated with an 85% survival rate of the remaining fetuses with 5% risk of cerebral palsy and a 33–39 weeks of gestation at delivery. Diet supplementation Some doctors recommend complete bed rest for the mother coupled with massive intakes of protein as a therapy to try to counteract the<unk> . Research completed shows these nutritional supplements do work. Diet supplementation was associated with lower overall incidence of<unk>  (20/52 versus 8/51, P = 0.02) and lower prevalence of<unk>  at delivery (18/52 versus 6/51, P = 0.012) when compared with no supplementation. In the study, nutritional supplementation contained 250kcal, consisting of 6g of lipids, 40g of carbohydrates, 9g of protein, vitamins and minerals, consumed three times per day. Nutritional intervention also significantly prolonged the time between the diagnosis of<unk>  and delivery (9.4 ± 3.7 weeks versus 4.6 ± 6.5 weeks; P = 0.014). The earlier nutritional regimen was introduced, the lesser chance of detecting<unk>  ( P = 0.001). Although not statistically significant, dietary intervention was also associated with lower Quintero stage, fewer invasive treatments, and lower<unk>  birth weight discordance. Diet supplementation appears to counter maternal metabolic abnormalities in monochorionic<unk>  pregnancies and improve perinatal outcomes in<unk>  when combined with the standard therapeutic options. Nutritional therapy appears to be most effective in mitigating cases that are caught in Quintero Stage I, little effect has been observed in those that are beyond Stage I.
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Neonatal meningitis
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hemolytic disease of the newborn 
Shaken baby syndrome
Neonatal toxic shock-like exanthematous disease
Michelin tire baby syndrome
Neonatal sepsis