The<unk> , or<unk>  model of psychopathology, emphasises the effects of physical, sexual and psychological<unk>  as key causal factors in the development of psychiatric<unk> , including depression and anxiety as well as psychosis, whether the<unk>  is experienced in childhood or adulthood. It conceptualises victims as having understandable reactions to<unk> tic events rather than suffering from<unk>  illness.<unk>  models emphasise that<unk> tic experiences are more common and more significant in terms of aetiology than has often been thought in people diagnosed with<unk><unk> . Such models have their roots in some psychoanalytic approaches, notably Sigmund Freud's early ideas on childhood sexual abuse and hysteria, Pierre Janet's work on dissociation, and John Bowlby's attachment theory. There is significant research supporting the linkage between early experiences of chronic maltreatment and severe neglect and later psychological problems. In the 1960s<unk>  models became associated with humanist and anti-psychiatry approaches, particularly in regard to understanding schizophrenia and the role of the family. Personality<unk>  have also been a focus, particularly borderline personality<unk>  with the role of dissociation and 'freezing responses' (more extreme reactions than fight-flight when someone is terrified and<unk> tised) thought to have a significant role in the aetiology of psychological disturbance. Extreme versions of<unk>  models have implicated the fetal environment and the<unk>  of being born, but these are not well-supported in the academic literature and have been associated with recovered memory controversies. People are<unk> tised by a wide range of people, not just family members. For example, male victims of sexual abuse report being abused in institutional settings (boarding schools, care homes, sports clubs).<unk>  models thus highlight stressful and<unk> tic factors in early attachment relations and in the development of mature interpersonal relationships. They are often presented as a counterpoint to psychiatric orthodoxy and inform criticisms of<unk>  health research and practice in that it has become too focused on genetics, neurochemistry and medication.
Trauma model of mental disorders
Life-process model of addiction
Disease model of addiction
Dyslexia research
Evolutionary approaches to depression
Recovery model
Mechanisms of schizophrenia
Culture of violence theory