Mutations in this gene cause serious problems for bilirubin metabolism; each syndrome can be caused by one or many mutations, so they are differentiated mostly by symptoms and not particular mutations: * Gilbert syndrome (GS) can be caused by a variety of genetic changes, but in Caucasian and African-American populations, it is most commonly associated with the UGT1A1*28 allele ( rs8175347), a homozygous 2-bp insertion (TA) mutation of the TATA box promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene. This polymorphism impairs proper transcription of UGT1A1 gene, resulting in decreased transcriptional activity of UGT1A1 by about 70%; the resulting reduced enzyme activity leads to the hyperbilirubinemia characteristic of GS. The *28 polymorphism occurs with a frequency of 26-31% in Caucasians and 42-56% of African-Americans. About<unk> 0-15% of these populations are homozygous for the *28 allele, but only 5% actually develop UGT1A1-associated hyperbilirubinemia, so it appears that this mutation alone may be a necessary but not sufficient factor in GS, perhaps acting in combination with other UGT1A1 mutation(s) to increase the chances of developing GS. In Asian and Pacific Islander populations, UGT1A1*28 is much less common, occurring at a frequency of approximately 9-16% in Asian populations and 4% of Pacific Islanders. In these populations, Gilbert's syndrome is more often due to missense mutations in the coding region of the gene, such as UGT1A1*6 (glycine to arginine substitution at position 71 (G71R); rs4148323) A special phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module NR3 region (gtPBREM NR3) helps to increase<unk> GT enzyme production, which would make it conceptually possible to medically control the bilirubin level, although this is rarely necessary, particularly in adults (usually the level of total serum bilirubin in Gilbert syndrome patients vary from<unk>  to 6 mg/dL). *Crigler–Najjar syndrome, type I is associated with mutation(s) that result in a complete absence of normal UGT1A1 enzyme, which causes a severe hyperbilirubinemia with levels of total serum bilirubin from 20 to 45 mg/dL. Phenobarbital treatment does not help to lower bilirubin level, because it only increases the amount of mutated UGT1A1 enzyme, which is still unable to catalyze the glucuronidation of bilirubin, which on the other hand makes phenobarbital treatment diagnostically relevant. *Crigler–Najjar syndrome, type II is associated with other mutation(s) that lead to a reduced activity of the mutated UGT1A1 enzyme, which causes a hyperbilirubinemia with levels of total serum bilirubin from 6 to 20 mg/dL. In this case phenobarbital treatment helps to lower bilirubin lever by more than 30%. *Hyperbilirubinemia,<unk> al transient neonatal (also called breastfeeding jaundice) is associated with mutation(s) that alone do not lead to bilirubin level increase in female patients, but their children when breastfed develop from mild to severe hyperbilirubinemia by receiving steroidal substances (with milk) inhibiting glucuronidation of unconjugated bilirubin that may lead to jaundice and even kernicterus.
UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1
Alcohol sulfotransferase
Vitamin K epoxide reductase
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3
Flavin containing monooxygenase 1
Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
Iduronate-2-sulfatase
Monoamine oxidase B