Structural Structural homogeneity has been able to partially distinguish between<unk> s that do not demonstrate a considerable degree of redundancy so that they can be classified into four types: *The four-α-helix bundle family (): member<unk> s have three-dimensional structures with a bundle of four α-helices. This family, in turn, is divided into three sub-families: *# the IL-2 subfamily. This is the largest family. It contains several non-immunological<unk> s including erythropoietin (EPO) and thrombopoietin (TPO). They can be grouped into long-chain and short-chain<unk> s by topology. Some members share the common gamma chain as part of their receptor. *# the interferon (IFN) subfamily. *# the IL-10 subfamily. *The IL-1 family, which primarily includes IL-1 and IL-18. * The cysteine knot<unk> s () include members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3. * The IL-17 family, which has yet to be completely characterized, though member<unk> s have a specific effect in promoting proliferation of T-cells that cause cytotoxic effects. Functional A classification that proves more useful in clinical and experimental practice outside of structural biology divides immunological<unk> s into those that enhance cellular immune responses, type 1 (TNFα, IFN-γ, etc.), and those that enhance antibody responses, type 2 (TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, etc.). A key focus of interest has been that<unk> s in one of these two sub-sets tend to inhibit the effects of those in the other. Dysregulation of this tendency is under intensive study for its possible role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Several inflammatory<unk> s are induced by oxidative stress. The fact that<unk> s themselves trigger the release of other<unk> s and also lead to increased oxidative stress makes them important in chronic inflammation, as well as other immunoresponses, such as fever and acute phase proteins of the liver (IL-1,6,12, IFN-a).<unk> s also play a role in anti-inflammatory pathways and are a possible therapeutic treatment for pathological pain from inflammation or peripheral nerve injury. There are both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory<unk> s that regulate this pathway.
Cytokine
Lymphokine
Hormone
Inflammatory cytokine
Gastrointestinal hormone
Neurohormone
Xenohormone
Antibody