Academic performance Studies have found that peer<unk>  provides academic benefits for learners across the subject areas of "reading, mathematics, science, and social studies" Peer<unk>  has also been found to be an effective teaching method in enhancing the reading comprehension skills of students, especially that of students with a low academic performance at the secondary level in schools. Additionally, peer<unk>  has been proven especially useful for those with learning disabilities at the elementary level, while there is mixed evidence showing the effectiveness of peer<unk>  for those at the secondary level. One study suggests that phonologically based reading instruction for first-graders at risk for learning disability can be delivered by non-teachers. In the study, non-certified tutors gave students intensive one-to-one<unk>  for 30 minutes, 4 days a week for one school year. The students outperformed untutored control students on measures of reading, spelling, and decoding; with effect sizes ranging from .42 to 1.24. The<unk>  included instruction in phonological skills, letter-sound correspondence, explicit decoding, rime analysis, writing, spelling, and reading phonetically controlled text. Although the effects diminished at the end of second grade, the tutored students continued to significantly outperform untutored students in decoding and spelling. Economic effects Although certain types of<unk>  arrangements can require a salary for the tutor, typically<unk>  is free of cost and thus financially affordable for learners. The cost-effectiveness of<unk>  can prove to be especially beneficial for learners from low-income backgrounds or resource-strapped regions. In contrast, paid<unk>  arrangements can create or further highlight socioeconomic disparities between low-income, middle-income and high-income populations. A study found that access to private<unk>  was less financially affordable for low-income families, who thus benefited less from private<unk>  as compared to high-income populations, who had the resources to profit from private<unk> .
Tutoring
Mentorship
Latch 
Source control 
Seclusion
Harm avoidance
Augmentative and alternative communication
Foreclosure 