The<unk>  is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for<unk> s, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome.<unk> s include both protein-coding DNA genes and noncoding DNA. Haploid<unk> s, which are contained in germ cells (the egg and sperm gamete cells created in the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction before fertilization) consist of 3,054,815,472 DNA base pairs (if X chromosome is used), while female diploid genomes (found in somatic cells) have twice the DNA content. While there are significant differences among the genomes of<unk>  individuals (on the order of 0.1% due to single-nucleotide variants and 0.6% when considering indels), these are considerably smaller than the differences between<unk> s and their closest living relatives, the bonobos and chimpanzees (~1.1% fixed single-nucleotide variants and 4% when including indels). Size in basepares can vary too: telomeres size is decreasing after every duplication of chromosomes and size of centromeres can be slightly different (which was discovered when those were fully sequenced in 2022). Although the sequence of the<unk>  has been completely determined by DNA sequencing, it is not yet fully understood. Most, but not all, genes have been identified by a combination of high throughput experimental and bioinformatics approaches, yet much work still needs to be done to further elucidate the biological functions of their protein and RNA products (in particluar, annotation of complete CHM13v2.0 sequence is still ongoing). And yet, the case of overlapping genes is quite common, in some cases allowing to have two protein coding genes from each strand reusing base pairs twice (for example, genes DCDC2 and KAAG1). Recent results suggest that most of the vast quantities of noncoding DNA within the genome have associated biochemical activities, including regulation of gene expression, organization of chromosome architecture, and signals controlling epigenetic inheritance. There are also a lot of retroviruses in<unk>  DNA, at least 3 were proved to have an important role, i.e. HIV-like HERV-K, HERV-W, HERV-FRD play role in placenta machinery by inducing cell-cell fusion. In 2003, scientists reported the sequencing 85% of the entire<unk> , but even in 2020 at least 8% was still missing. In 2021, scientists reported sequencing the complete "female" genome, without Y chromosome (that nevertheless allowed to achieve "complete status"). This sequence identified 19,969 protein-coding sequences, accounting for approximately 1.5% of the genome, and 63,494 genes in total, most of them being non-coding RNA genes. Genome consists of regulatory DNA sequences, LINEs, SINEs, introns, and sequences for which as yet no function has been determined. The<unk>  Y chromosome, from a different cell line, containing 62,460,029 base pairs, and found in all men, has been sequenced completely in January 2022.
Human genome
Genome 
Nuclear gene
Gene
Mutanome
Active chromatin sequence
RNA Biology
Neanderthal genome project