Substituted amphetamines Drugs in the class of amphetamines, or substituted amphetamines, are known to induce "amphetamine<unk> " typically when chronically abused or used in high doses. In an Australian study of 309 active methamphetamine users, 18% had experienced a clinical level<unk>  in the past year. Commonly abused amphetamines include methamphetamine, MDMA, 4-FA, as well as substituted cathinones like a-PVP, MDPV, and mephedrone, though a large number of other closely related compounds have been recently synthesized. Methylphenidate is sometimes incorrectly included in this class, although it is nonetheless still capable of producing<unk> . The symptoms of amphetamine<unk>  include auditory and visual hallucinations, grandiosity, delusions of persecution, and delusions of reference concurrent with both clear consciousness and prominent extreme agitation. A Japanese study of recovery from methamphetamine<unk>  reported a 64% recovery rate within 10 days rising to an 82% recovery rate at 30 days after methamphetamine cessation. However it has been suggested that around 5–15% of users fail to make a complete recovery in the long term. Furthermore, even at a small dose, the<unk>  can be quickly reestablished. Psychosocial stress has been found to be an independent risk factor for<unk>  relapse even without further substituted amphetamine use in certain cases. The symptoms of acute amphetamine<unk>  are very similar to those of the acute phase of schizophrenia although in amphetamine<unk>  visual hallucinations are more common and thought disorder is rare. Amphetamine<unk>  may be purely related to high drug usage, or high drug usage may trigger an underlying vulnerability to schizophrenia. There is some evidence that vulnerability to amphetamine<unk>  and schizophrenia may be genetically related. Relatives of methamphetamine users with a history of amphetamine<unk>  are five times more likely to have been diagnosed with schizophrenia than relatives of methamphetamine users without a history of amphetamine<unk> . The disorders are often distinguished by a rapid resolution of symptoms in amphetamine<unk> , while schizophrenia is more likely to follow a chronic course. Although rare and not formally recognized, a condition known as Amphetamine Withdrawal<unk>  (AWP) may occur upon cessation of substituted amphetamine use and, as the name implies, involves<unk>  that appears on withdrawal from substituted amphetamines. However, unlike similar disorders, in AWP, substituted amphetamines reduce rather than increase symptoms, and the<unk>  or mania resolves with resumption of the previous dosing schedule. Cocaine Cocaine has a similar potential to induce temporary<unk>  with more than half of cocaine abusers reporting at least some psychotic symptoms at some point. Typical symptoms of sufferers include paranoid delusions that they are being followed and that their drug use is being watched, accompanied by hallucinations that support the delusional beliefs. Delusional parasitosis with formication ("cocaine bugs") is also a fairly common symptom. Cocaine-induced<unk>  shows sensitization toward the psychotic effects of the drug. This means that<unk>  becomes more severe with repeated intermittent use. Phenidates Methylphenidate and its analogues (such as ethylphenidate, 4F-MPH, and isopropylphenidate) share similar pharmacological profiles as other norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors. Chronic abuse of methylphenidate has the potential to lead to<unk> . Similar psychiatric side effects have been reported in a study of ethylphenidate. No studies regarding<unk>  and 4F-MPH or isopropylphenidate have been conducted, but given their high DAT binding and cellular uptake activity, the possibility of<unk>  remains. Caffeine There is limited evidence that caffeine, in high doses or when chronically abused, may induce<unk>  in normal individuals and worsen pre-existing<unk>  in those diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Stimulant psychosis
Myxedema psychosis
Dancing mania
Substance-induced psychosis
Suicide crisis
Alcoholic hallucinosis
Unitary psychosis
Excited delirium