<unk>  may be inherited (primary) or caused by injury to the lymphatic vessels (secondary). Lymph node damage It is most frequently seen after lymph node dissection, surgery and/or radiation therapy, in which damage to the lymphatic system is caused during the treatment of cancer, most notably breast cancer. In many patients with cancer, this condition does not develop until months or even years after therapy has concluded.<unk>  may also be associated with accidents or certain diseases or problems that may inhibit the lymphatic system from functioning properly. In tropical areas of the world, a common cause of secondary<unk>  is filariasis, a parasitic infection. It can also be caused by damage to the lymphatic system from infections such as cellulitis. Primary<unk>  may be congenital or arise sporadically. Multiple syndromes are associated with primary<unk> , including Turner syndrome, Milroy's disease, and Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. It is generally thought to occur as a result of absent or malformed lymph nodes and/or lymphatic channels.<unk>  may be present at birth, develop at the onset of puberty (praecox), or not become apparent for many years into adulthood (tarda). In men, lower-limb primary<unk>  is most common, occurring in one or both<unk> gs. Some cases of<unk>  may be associated with other vascular abnormalities. Secondary<unk>  affects both men and women. In women, it is most prevalent in the upper limbs after breast cancer surgery, in particular after axillary lymph node dissection, occurring in the arm on the side of the body in which the surgery is performed. Breast and trunk<unk>  can also occur but go unrecognised as there is swelling in the area after surgery, and its symptoms (peau d'orange and/or an inverted nipple) can be confused with post surgery fat necrosis. In Western countries, secondary<unk>  is most commonly due to cancer treatment. Between 38 and 89% of breast cancer patients suffer from<unk>  due to axillary lymph node dissection and/or radiation. Unilateral<unk>  occurs in up to 41% of patients after gynecologic cancer. For men, a 5-66% incidence of<unk>  has been reported in patients treated with incidence depending on whether staging or radical removal of lymph glands was done in addition to radiotherapy. Head and neck<unk>  can be caused by surgery or radiation therapy for tongue or throat cancer. It may also occur in the lower limbs or groin after surgery for colon, ovarian or uterine cancer, in which removal of lymph nodes or radiation therapy is required. Surgery or treatment for prostate, colon and testicular cancers may result in secondary<unk> , particularly when lymph nodes have been removed or damaged. The onset of secondary<unk>  in patients who have had cancer surgery has also been linked to aircraft flight (likely due to decreased cabin pressure or relative immobility). For cancer survivors, therefore, wearing a prescribed and properly fitted compression garment may help decrease swelling during air travel. Some cases of lower-limb<unk>  have been associated with the use of tamoxifen, due to the blood clots and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that can be associated with this medication. Resolution of the blood clots or DVT is needed before<unk>  treatment can be initiated. Infectious causes include lymphatic filariasis. At birth Hereditary<unk>  is a primary<unk>  – swelling that results from abnormalities in the lymphatic system that are present from birth. Swelling may be present in a single affected limb, several limbs, genitalia, or the face. It is sometimes diagnosed prenatally by a nuchal scan or post-natally by lymphoscintigraphy. The most common form is Meige disease that usually presents at puberty. Another form of hereditary<unk>  is Milroy's disease caused by mutations in the VEGFR3 gene. Hereditary<unk>  is frequently syndromic and is associated with Turner syndrome,<unk> –distichiasis syndrome, yellow nail syndrome, and Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome. One defined genetic cause for hereditary<unk>  is GATA2 deficiency. This deficiency is a grouping of several disorders caused by common defect, viz., familial or sporadic inactivating mutations in one of the two parental GATA2 genes. These autosomal dominant mutations cause a reduction, i.e. a haploinsufficiency, in the cellular<unk> vels of the gene's product, GATA2. The GATA2 protein is a transcription factor critical for the embryonic development, maintenance, and functionality of blood-forming, lympathic-forming, and other tissue-forming stem cells. In consequence of these mutations, cellular<unk> vels of GATA2 are deficient and individuals develop over time hematological, immunological, lymphatic, and/or other disorders. GATA2 deficiency-induced defects in the lymphatic vessels and valves underlies the development of<unk>  which is primarily located in the lower extremities but may also occur in other places such as the face or testes (i.e. hydrocele). This form of the deficiency, when coupled with sensorineural hearing loss which may also be due to faulty development of the lymphatic system, is sometimes termed the Emberger syndrome. Primary<unk>  has a quoted incidence of approximately 1-3 births out of every 10,000 births, with a particular female preponderance to male ratio of 3.5:1 In North America, the incidence of primary<unk>  is approximately 1.15 births out of every 100,000 births Compared to secondary<unk> , primary<unk>  is relatively rare. Inflammatory<unk>  Bilateral lower extremity inflammatory<unk>  (BLEIL) is a distinct type of<unk>  occurring in a setting of acute and prolonged standing, such as in new recruits during basic training. The possible underlying mechanisms are thought to be venous congestion and inflammatory vasculitis.
Lymphedema
Lipodystrophy
Pustulosis
Chronic venous insufficiency
Scleredema
Phimosis
Lymphangitis
Lipedema