Due to its close connection with other diseases and disorders,<unk>  is rarely diagnosed independently and is superseded by those other conditions. The primary test to diagnose a form of<unk>  is a urinalysis to look for any proteinuria. This is a very important step as an otherwise healthy individual will have low protein levels in the urine. A Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) is also often used to test for hypoalbuminemia, levels of albumin lower than ≤2.5 g/dL. This is a key step in differentiating<unk>  from conditions that also cause proteinuria, such as multiple myeloma and diabetes mellitus, that are not marked by hypoalbuminemia. A Creatinine ClearanceCR test will also be used to determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or the rate at which blood flows through the glomerulus. Creatinine is a byproduct of creatine metabolism that will be released as waste in urine, so it is a good benchmark for estimating how much fluid is being filtered through the glomerulus. To differentiate it from glomerulonephritis, microscopy may be used to examine a urinary cast, which is caused by inflammation. In cases involving Minimal Change Disease, an electron microscope can be used to visualize changes in podocyte structure. Additional tests such as a kidney biopsy, lipid profile, ultrasound, and electrolyte, urea, creatinine (EUC) tests can also be performed, but these evaluate overall kidney function rather than the glomerulus specifically. The degree to which an electron microscope can visualize cells. This device is instrumental in diagnosing minimal change disease to view lesions in the glomeruli.
Glomerulonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
Pyonephrosis
Ureteric stricture
Pyelonephritis
Ureteral cancer
Obstructive uropathy
Ectopic ureter