<unk>  deals with<unk>  violence experienced by<unk>  in a<unk>  setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. As with<unk>  violence against women, violence against<unk>  may constitute a crime, but laws vary between jurisdictions.<unk>  who report<unk>  violence can face social stigma regarding their perceived lack of machismo and other denigrations of their masculinity. Additionally, intimate partner violence (IPV) against<unk>  is generally less recognized by society than IPV against women, which can act as a further block to<unk>  reporting their situation. The relative prevalence of IPV against<unk>  to that of women is highly disputed between different studies, with some countries having no data at all. Some researchers believe the actual number of male victims may be greater than law enforcement statistics suggest due to the number of<unk>  who do not report their abuse. However, for both<unk>  and women,<unk>  violence is among the most underreported crimes worldwide. IPV against<unk>  is a controversial area of research, with terms such as gender symmetry, battered husband syndrome and bidirectional IPV provoking a great deal of debate. The lines of the debate tend to fall between two basic polemics. The first of these argues that scholars who focus on female-perpetrated IPV are part of an anti-feminist backlash, and are attempting to undermine the problem of male-perpetrated abuse by championing the cause of the man, over the much more serious cause of the abused woman. The second polemic argues that IPV against<unk>  is a significant problem and underreported, that<unk>  violence researchers and feminist academics have ignored this in order to protect the fundamental gains of the battered women's movement, specifically the view that intimate partner abuse is an extension of patriarchal dominance, and that concealing violence perpetrated by women puts the abuser herself at risk of future escalation of IPV. One of the tools used to generate statistics concerning IPV perpetration, the conflict tactics scale, is especially contentious.
Domestic violence against men
Childhood trauma
Sexual violence
Psychological trauma
Adverse childhood experiences
Psychological abuse
Sexual assault
Outline of domestic violence