Classically it is cardiogenic (left ventricular) but fluid may also accumulate due to damage to the lung. This damage may be direct injury or injury mediated by high pressures within the pulmonary circulation. When directly or indirectly caused by increased left ventricular pressure pulmonary edema may form when mean pulmonary pressure rises from the normal of 15 mmHg to above 25 mmHg. Broadly, the causes of pulmonary edema can be divided into cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic. By convention cardiogenic refers to left ventricular causes. Cardiogenic * Congestive heart failure which is due to the heart's inability to pump the blood out of the pulmonary circulation at a sufficient rate resulting in elevation in wedge pressure and pulmonary edema – this may be due to left ventricular failure, arrhythmias, or fluid overload, e.g., from kidney failure or intravenous therapy. * Hypertensive crisis can cause pulmonary edema as the elevation in blood pressure and increased afterload on the left ventricle hinders forward flow and causes the elevation in wedge pressure and subsequent pulmonary edema. Non-cardiogenic * Negative pressure pulmonary edema in which a significant negative pressure in the chest (such as from an inhalation against an upper airway obstruction) ruptures capillaries and floods the alveoli. Negative pressure pulmonary edema has an incidence in the range of 0.05-0.1% for general anesthesia. The negative pressure causes a significant increase in preload, thereby increasing pulmonary blood volume. There is also a significant increase in left ventricular afterload, which causes a decreased cardiac output. The increase in pulmonary blood volume along with a decrease in cardiac output will increase the pulmonary transudative pressures. With all this occurring, pulmonary vascular resistance increases causing a shift of the intraventricular septum. The ventricular septal shift to the left causes a left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, which further increases pulmonary hydrostatic pressures. * Neurogenic causes (seizures, head trauma, strangulation, electrocution). *Pulmonary embolism Acute lung injury may also cause pulmonary edema through injury to the vasculature and parenchyma of the lung. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress<unk> . (ALI-ARDS) cover many of these causes, but they may include: * Inhalation of hot or toxic gases * Pulmonary contusion, i.e., high-energy trauma (e.g. vehicle accidents) * Aspiration, e.g., gastric fluid * Reexpansion, i.e. post large volume thoracocentesis, resolution of pneumothorax, post decortication, removal of endobronchial obstruction, effectively a form of negative pressure pulmonary oedema. * Reperfusion injury, i.e., postpulmonary thromboendartectomy or lung transplantation *Swimming induced pulmonary edema also known as immersion pulmonary edema * Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload occurs when multiple blood transfusions or blood-products (plasma, platelets, etc.) are transfused over a short period of time. * Transfusion associated Acute Lung Injury is a specific type of blood-product transfusion injury that occurs when the donors plasma contained antibodies against the recipient, such as anti-HLA or anti-neutrophil antibodies. * Severe infection or inflammation which may be local or systemic. This is the classical form of acute lung injury-adult respiratory distress<unk> . Some causes of pulmonary edema are less well characterised and arguably represent specific instances of the broader classifications above. * Arteriovenous malformation * Hantavirus pulmonary<unk>  * High altitude pulmonary edema * Envenomation, such as with the venom of Atrax robustus
complications of HELLP syndrome
symptom of HELLP syndrome
complications of Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
medical cause of Rhabdomyolysis
complications of Hepatitis
complications of Hemolysis
complications of Hemolytic disease of the newborn
complications of Eclampsia