Postnatal complications After correcting for several factors such as low gestational parental weight, it is estimated that only around 3% of pregnancies are affected by true<unk> . 20% of stillborn infants exhibit<unk> . Perinatal mortality rates are 4-8 times higher for infants with<unk> , and morbidity is present in 50% of surviving infants. Common causes of mortality in fetuses/infants with<unk>  include: severe placental insufficiency and chronic hypoxia, congenital malformations, congenital infections, placental abruption, cord accidents, cord prolapse, placental infarcts, and severe perinatal depression.<unk>  is more common in preterm infants than in full term (37–40 weeks gestation) infants, and its frequency decreases with increasing gestational age. Relative to premature infants who do not exhibit<unk> , premature infants with<unk>  are more likely to have adverse neonatal outcomes, including respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. This association with prematurity suggests utility of screening for<unk>  as a potential risk factor for preterm labor. Feeding intolerance, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia are all common in infants in the postnatal period, indicating the need to closely manage these patients' temperature and nutrition. Furthermore, rapid metabolic and physiologic changes in the first few days after birth can yield susceptibility to hypocalcemia, polycythemia, immunologic compromise, and renal dysfunction. Long-term consequences According to the theory of thrifty phenotype,<unk>  triggers epigenetic responses in the fetus that are otherwise activated in times of chronic food shortage. If the offspring actually develops in an environment where food is readily accessible, it may be more prone to metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type II diabetes. Infants with<unk>  may continue to show signs of abnormal<unk>  throughout childhood. Infants with asymmetric<unk>  (head-sparing) typically have more robust catch-up postnatal<unk> , as compared with infants with symmetric<unk> , who may remain small throughout life. The majority of catch-up<unk>  occurs in the first 6 months of life, but can continue throughout the first two years. Approximately 10% of infants who are small for gestational age due to<unk>  will still have short stature in late childhood. Infants with<unk>  are also at elevated risk for neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including motor delay and cognitive impairments. Low IQ in adulthood may occur in up to one third of infants born small for gestational age due to<unk> . Infants who fail to display adequate catch-up<unk>  in the first few years of life may exhibit worse outcomes. Catch-up<unk>  can alter fat distribution in children diagnosed with<unk>  as infants and increase risk of metabolic syndrome. Infants with<unk>  may be susceptible to long-term dysfunction of several endocrine processes, including<unk>  hormone signaling, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and puberty. Renal dysfunction, disrupted lung development, and impaired bone metabolism are also associated with<unk> .
Intrauterine growth restriction
Uremic fetor
Low Birth Weight
Neonatal hypocalcemia
Small for gestational age
Fetal distress
Large for gestational age
Fetal hydantoin syndrome