Blood symptoms The characteristic hematological (blood) effects of<unk>  are anemia (which may be microcytic, normocytic or macrocytic) and neutropenia. Thrombocytopenia (low blood platelets) is unusual. The peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate findings in<unk>  can mimic myelodysplastic syndrome. Bone marrow aspirate in both conditions may show dysplasia of blood cell precursors and the presence of ring sideroblasts (erythroblasts containing multiple iron granules around the nucleus). Unlike most cases of myelodysplastic syndrome, the bone marrow aspirate in<unk>  characteristically shows cytoplasmic vacuoles within red and white cell precursors, and karyotyping in cases of<unk>  does not reveal cytogenetic features characteristic of myelodysplastic syndrome. Anemia and neutropenia typically resolve within six weeks of<unk>  replacement. Neurological symptoms<unk>  can cause a wide variety of neurological problems including myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and optic neuropathy. Myelopathy<unk>  myelopathy in humans was discovered and first described by Schleper and Stuerenburg in 2001. They described a patient with a history of gastrectomy and partial colonic resection who presented with severe tetraparesis and painful paraesthesias and who was found on imaging to have dorsomedial cervical cord T2 hyperintensity. Upon further analysis, it was found that the patient had decreased levels of serum coeruloplasmin, serum<unk> , and CSF<unk> . The patient was treated with parenteral<unk>  and the patient's paraesthesias did resolve. Since this discovery, there has been heightened and increasing awareness of<unk>  myelopathy and its treatment, and this disorder has been reviewed by Kumar. Sufferers typically present difficulty walking (gait difficulty) caused by sensory ataxia (irregular muscle coordination) due to dorsal column dysfunction or degeneration of the spinal cord (myelopathy). Patients with ataxic gait have problems balancing and display an unstable wide walk. They often feel tremors in their torso, causing sideways jerks and lunges. In brain MRI, there is often an increased T2 signalling at the posterior columns of the spinal cord in patients with myelopathy caused by<unk> . T2 signalling is often an indicator of some kind of neurodegeneration. There are some changes in the spinal cord MRI involving the thoracic cord, the cervical cord or sometimes both.<unk>  myelopathy is often compared to subacute combined degeneration (SCD). Subacute combined degeneration is also a degeneration of the spinal cord, but instead vitamin B12 deficiency is the cause of the spinal degeneration. SCD also has the same high T2 signalling intensities in the posterior column as<unk>  deficient patient in MRI imaging. Peripheral neuropathy Another common symptom of<unk>  is peripheral neuropathy, which is numbness or tingling that can start in the extremities and can sometimes progress radially inward towards the torso. In an Advances in Clinical Neuroscience & Rehabilitation (ACNR) published case report, a 69-year-old patient had progressively worsened neurological symptoms. These symptoms included diminished upper limb reflexes with abnormal lower limb reflexes, sensation to light touch and pin prick was diminished above the waist, vibration sensation was lost in the sternum, and markedly reduced proprioception or sensation about the self’s orientation. Many people suffering from the neurological effects of<unk>  complain about very similar or identical symptoms as the patient. This numbness and tingling poses danger for the elderly because it increases their risk of falling and injuring themselves. Peripheral neuropathy can become very disabling leaving some patients dependent on wheelchairs or walking canes for mobility if there is a lack of correct diagnosis. Rarely can<unk>  cause major disabling symptoms. The deficiency will have to be present for an extensive amount of time until such disabling conditions manifest. Optic neuropathy Some patients suffering from<unk>  have shown signs of vision and color loss. The vision is usually lost in the peripheral views of the eye. The bilateral vision loss is usually very gradual. An optical coherence tomography (OCT) shows some nerve fiber layer loss in most patients, suggesting the vision loss and color vision loss was secondary to optic neuropathy or neurodegeneration.
Copper deficiency
Boron deficiency 
Fluorine deficiency
Copper toxicity
Biotin deficiency
Selenium deficiency
Zinc toxicity
Zinc deficiency