Treatment options include spinal bracing, surgical options, and chronic pain management. Kyphosis progression can be halted using a multidisciplinary approach, as the fusion process includes various stages of development. Regular clinical check-ups and close supervision under orthopedic surgeon are crucial to avoid sagittal imbalance. Both lordosis and kyphosis may occur and should be treated accordingly, most often via surgical correction, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications. Malagelada et al. found that functional scores and symptom presentation did not significantly differ depending on operative or non-operative treatments. However, treatment selection can affect progression of kyphosis. After fusion in the thoracolumbar spine is complete, progression stabilizes into adulthood and symptoms are gradually reduced. There are few case reports of long-term follow-up with longitudinal imaging. There is also limited information on effectiveness and types of bracing, and further data is needed regarding clinician guidelines.
Copenhagen disease
TRIANGLE disease
CHAI disease
Upington disease
BENTA disease
Caplan's syndrome
Senior–Løken syndrome
Erdheim–Chester disease