Septic<unk>  most commonly results from contiguous spread of infection from a nasal furuncle (50%), sphenoidal or ethmoidal<unk> es (30%) and dental infections (10%). Less common primary sites of infection include tonsils, soft palate, middle ear, or orbit (orbital cellulitis). The highly anastomotic venous system of the paranasal<unk> es allows retrograde spread of infection to the<unk><unk>  via the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins. It was previously thought that veins in the area were valveless and that this was the major cause of the retrograde spread, but Studies have since shown that the ophthalmic and facial veins are not valveless. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common infectious microbe, found in 70% of the cases. Streptococcus is the second leading cause. Gram-negative rods and anaerobes may also lead to<unk> . Rarely, Aspergillus fumigatus and mucormycosis cause<unk> . Aseptic<unk>  is much less common and is usually associated with other disorders including trauma, circulatory problems, nasopharynx cancers and other tumours of the skull base, dehydration, and anemia.
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Mucormycosis
Labyrinthine fistula
Labyrinthitis
Vitreous hemorrhage
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital apex syndrome
Retinal migraine