Intensive care unit sedation<unk>  is most often used in the intensive care setting for light to moderate sedation. It is not recommended for long-term deep sedation. A feature of<unk>  is that it has analgesic properties in addition to its role as a hypnotic, but is opioid sparing and it is not associated with significant respiratory depression (unlike propofol). Many studies suggest<unk>  for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults may reduce time to extubation and ICU stay. People on<unk>  can be rousable and cooperative, a benefit in some procedures. Compared with other sedatives, some studies suggest<unk>  may be associated with less delirium. However, this finding is not consistent across multiple studies. At the very least, when aggregating many study results together, use of<unk>  appears to be associated with less neurocognitive dysfunction compared to other sedatives. Whether this observation has a beneficial psychological impact is unclear. From an economic perspective,<unk>  is associated with lower ICU costs, largely due to a shorter time to extubation. Procedural sedation<unk>  can also be used for procedural sedation such as during colonoscopy. It can be used as an adjunct with other sedatives like benzodiazepines, opioids, and propofol to enhance sedation and help maintain hemodynamic stability by decreasing the requirement of other sedatives.<unk>  is also used for procedural sedation in children. It can be used for sedation required for awake fibreoptic nasal intubation in patients with a difficult airway. Other<unk>  may be useful for the treatment of the negative cardiovascular effects of acute amphetamines and cocaine intoxication and overdose.<unk>  has also been used as an adjunct to neuroaxial anesthesia for lower limb procedures. In 2022 it was approved by the FDA for the treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Dexmedetomidine
Dezocine
Naloxone
Eptazocine
Clopenthixol
Bremazocine
Nalorphine
Ephedrine