In most cases, cells infected with the HPV heal on their own. In some cases, however, the virus continues to spread and becomes an invasive cancer. Cervix in relation to upper part of vagina and posterior portion of uterus, showing difference in covering epithelium of inner structures. Infection with some types of HPV is the greatest risk factor for<unk> , followed by smoking. HIV infection is also a risk factor. Not all of the causes of<unk>  are known, however, and several other contributing factors have been implicated. Human papillomavirus HPV types 16 and 18 are the cause of 75% of<unk>  cases globally, while 31 and 45 are the causes of another 10%. Women who have sex with men who have many other sexual partners or women who have many sexual partners have a greater risk. Of the 150-200 types of HPV known, 15 are classified as high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82), three as probable high-risk (26, 53, and 66), and 12 as low-risk (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108). Genital warts, which are a form of benign tumor of epithelial cells, are also caused by various strains of HPV. However, these serotypes are usually not related to<unk> . Having multiple strains at the same time is common, including those that can cause<unk>  along with those that cause warts. Infection with HPV is generally believed to be required for<unk>  to occur. Smoking Cigarette smoking, both active and passive, increases the risk of<unk> . Among HPV-infected women, current and former smokers have roughly two to three times the incidence of invasive cancer. Passive smoking is also associated with increased risk, but to a lesser extent. Smoking has also been linked to the development of<unk> . Smoking can increase the risk in women a few different ways, which can be by direct and indirect methods of inducing<unk> . A direct way of contracting this cancer is a smoker has a higher chance of<unk>  intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN3) occurring, which has the potential of forming<unk> . When CIN3 lesions lead to cancer, most of them have the assistance of the HPV virus, but that is not always the case, which is why it can be considered a direct link to<unk> . Heavy smoking and long-term smoking seem to have more of a risk of getting the CIN3 lesions than lighter smoking or not smoking at all. Although smoking has been linked to<unk> , it aids in the development of HPV, which is the leading cause of this type of cancer. Also, not only does it aid in the development of HPV, but also if the woman is already HPV-positive, she is at an even greater likelihood of contracting<unk> . Oral contraceptives Long-term use of oral contraceptives is associated with increased risk of<unk>  in women who have had HPV. Women who have used oral contraceptives for 5 to 9 years have about three times the incidence of invasive cancer, and those who used them for 10 years or longer have about four times the risk. Multiple pregnancies Having many pregnancies is associated with an increased risk of<unk> . Among HPV-infected women, those who have had seven or more full-term pregnancies have around four times the risk of cancer compared with women with no pregnancies, and two to three times the risk of women who have had one or two full-term pregnancies.
Cervical cancer
Vaginal cancer
Endometrial cancer
Uterine cancer
Ovarian cancer
Breast cancer
Ovarian disease
Breast disease