<unk>  (also called pes planus or fallen arches) is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. There is a functional relationship between the structure of the arch of the foot and the biomechanics of the lower leg. The arch provides an elastic, springy connection between the forefoot and the hind foot so that a majority of the forces incurred during weight bearing on the foot can be dissipated before the force reaches the long bones of the leg and thigh. In pes planus, the head of the talus bone is displaced medially and distal from the navicular bone. As a result, the Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament) and the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle are stretched to the extent that the individual with pes planus loses the function of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). If the MLA is absent or nonfunctional in both the seated and standing positions, the individual has “rigid”<unk> foot. If the MLA is present and functional while the individual is sitting or standing up on their toes, but this arch disappears when assuming a foot-flat stance, the individual has “supple”<unk> foot. This latter condition is often treated with arch supports. However, a recent randomized controlled trial found no evidence for the efficacy of treatment of<unk>  in children either from expensive prescribed orthotics (i.e., shoe inserts) or less expensive over-the-counter orthotics. Three studies (see citations below in Military performance section) of military recruits have shown no evidence of increased injury, or foot problems, due to<unk> , in a population of people who reach military service age without prior foot problems. However, these studies cannot be used to judge possible future damage from this condition when diagnosed at younger ages. They also cannot be applied to persons whose<unk>  are associated with foot symptoms, or certain symptoms in other parts of the body (such as the leg or back) possibly referable to the foot.
Flat feet
Tripe palms
Webbed toes
Brachydactyly
Jammed finger
Shawl scrotum
Polydactyly
Syndactyly