<unk>  is a medical subspecialty that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, evaluation, treatment, and recovery of persons with<unk> , of those with substance-related and addictive disorders, and of people who show unhealthy use of substances including alcohol, nicotine, prescription<unk>  and other illicit and licit drugs. The medical subspecialty often crosses over into other areas, since various aspects of<unk>  fall within the fields of public health, psychology, social work, mental health counseling, psychiatry, and internal<unk> , among others. Incorporated within the specialty are the processes of detoxification, rehabilitation, harm reduction, abstinence-based treatment, individual and group therapies, oversight of halfway houses, treatment of withdrawal-related symptoms, acute intervention, and long term therapies designed to reduce likelihood of relapse. Some specialists, primarily those who also have expertise in family<unk>  or internal<unk> , also provide treatment for disease states commonly associated with substance use, such as hepatitis and HIV infection. Physicians specializing in the field are in general agreement concerning applicability of treatment to those with<unk>  to drugs, such as alcohol and heroin, and often also to gambling, which has similar characteristics and has been well-described in the scientific literature. There is less agreement concerning definition or treatment of other so-called addictive behavior such as sexual<unk>  and internet<unk> , such behaviors not being marked generally by physiologic tolerance or withdrawal. Doctors focusing on<unk>  are medical specialists who focus on addictive disease and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of such diseases. There are two routes to specialization in the<unk>  field: one via a psychiatric pathway and one via other fields of<unk> . The American Society of<unk>  notes that approximately 40% of its members are psychiatrists (MD/DO) while the remainder have received primary medical training in other fields.
Addiction medicine
Heroic medicine
Byzantine medicine
Sleep medicine
Anti-psychiatry
Topological drugs
Antimanic drugs
Kinaesthetics