As in most types of calcific valve disease, echocardiography plays the major role in detecting<unk>  and grading its severity and complications, particularly mitral regurgitation and/or mitral stenosis as mentioned above. If mitral regurgitation is suspected clinically, transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) may be needed, as the shadowing of the left atrium seen in a transthoracic echocardiogram often impairs the assessment of the degree of<unk>  present. However, in both MS and MR, (preferably color) doppler flow gradients are used to estimate the degree of dysfunction caused by<unk> . Because<unk> s are highly radiopaque,<unk>  can also be well visualized on computed tomography. Typically, intravenous contrast is used to assist in the differentiation of valvular structures along with ECG-gating to correct for artifact from the heart’s constant motion. In contrast,<unk> s are relatively poorly visualized on MRI, so cardiac MRI is not typically used in the evaluation of<unk> .
Mitral annular calcification
Bicuspid aortic valve
Quadricuspid aortic valve
Supravalvular aortic stenosis
Flutter valve
Mitral annular disjunction
Accessory auricle
Overriding aorta