In<unk>  studies,<unk>  communication,<unk>  psychology, communication theory, and sociology,<unk> <unk>  and<unk>  effects are topics relating to<unk><unk>  and<unk>  culture's effects on individual or an audience's thoughts, attitudes, and behavior. Whether it is written, televised, or spoken,<unk><unk>  reaches a large audience.<unk><unk> 's role and effect in shaping modern culture are central issues for study of culture. The<unk>  has an effect on many aspects of human life, which can include voting a certain way, individual views and beliefs, or skewing a person's knowledge of a specific topic due to being provided false information. The overall<unk>  has increased drastically over the years, and will continue to do so as the<unk>  itself develops. The<unk>  of the<unk>  on the psychosocial development of children is profound. Thus, it is important for physicians to discuss with parents their child’s exposure to<unk>  and to provide guidance on age-appropriate use of any<unk> , including television, radio, music, video games and the Internet.As<unk><unk>  evolve,<unk>  criticism also often evolve – and grow in strength – during times of<unk>  change with new forms of journalism, new<unk>  formats, new<unk>  markets, new ways of addressing<unk>  markets and new<unk>  technologies.<unk> <unk>  is the actual force exerted by a<unk>  message, resulting in either a change or reinforcement in audience or individual beliefs.<unk>  effects are measurable effects that result from<unk> <unk>  or a<unk>  message. Whether a<unk>  message has an effect on any of its audience members is contingent on many factors, including audience demographics and psychological characteristics. These effects can be positive or negative, abrupt or gradual, short-term or long-lasting. Not all effects result in change; some<unk>  messages reinforce an existing belief. Researchers examine an audience after<unk>  exposure for changes in cognition, belief systems, and attitudes, as well as emotional, physiological and behavioral effects. There are several scholarly studies which addresses<unk>  and its effects. Bryant and Zillmann defined<unk>  effects as "the social, cultural, and psychological impact of communicating via the<unk><unk> ". Perse stated that<unk>  effects researchers study "how to control, enhance, or mitigate the impact of the<unk><unk>  on individuals and society". Lang stated<unk>  effects researchers study "what types of content, in what type of<unk> m, affect which people, in what situations". McLuhan points out in his the<unk>  ecology theory that "The<unk> m is the message."
Influence of mass media
Biological globalization
Biological determinism
Biosecurity
Predictive marker
Therapeutic relationship
Physiological effects in space
Genetic discrimination