<unk> s can be classified by the intended function. Most<unk>  drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled. A small number of recreational<unk>  drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly. Product category Another way to categorize<unk> s is by their product category. There are three main product categories: solvents; gases; and medical drugs which are used illicitly. Permanent markers, as well as dry erase markers have the potential to be<unk> s Solvents A range of petroleum-based products that can be used as<unk> s. A wide range of volatile solvents intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs. This includes petroleum products (gasoline and kerosene), toluene (used in paint thinner, permanent markers, contact cement and model glue), and acetone (used in nail polish remover). These solvents vaporize at room temperature. Ethanol (the alcohol which is normally drunk) is sometimes inhaled, but this cannot be done at room temperature. The ethanol must be converted from liquid into gaseous state (vapor) or aerosol (mist), in some cases using a nebulizer, a machine that agitates the liquid into an aerosol. The sale of nebulizers for inhaling ethanol was banned in some US states due to safety concerns. Gases Computer-cleaning dusters are dangerous to inhale because the gases expand and cool rapidly upon being sprayed. A number of gases intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs. This includes chlorofluorocarbons used in aerosols and propellants (e.g., aerosol hair spray, aerosol deodorant). A gas used as a propellant in whipped cream aerosol containers, nitrous oxide, is used as a recreational drug. Pressurized canisters of propane and butane gas, both of which are intended for use as fuels, are used as<unk> s. Medical anesthetics Several medical anesthetics are used as recreational drugs, including diethyl ether (a drug that is no longer used medically, due to its high flammability and the development of safer alternatives) and nitrous oxide, which is widely used in the 2010s by dentists as an anti-anxiety drug during dental procedures. Diethyl ether has a long history of use as a recreational drug. The effects of ether intoxication are similar to those of alcohol intoxication, but more potent. Also, due to NMDA antagonism, the user may experience all the psychedelic effects present in classical dissociatives such as ketamine in forms of thought loops and the feeling of the mind being disconnected from one's body. Nitrous oxide is a dental anesthetic that is used as a recreational drug, either by users who have access to medical-grade gas canisters (e.g., dental hygienists or dentists) or by using the gas contained in whipped cream aerosol containers. Nitrous oxide<unk> ion can cause pain relief, depersonalisation, derealisation, dizziness, euphoria, and some sound distortion. Classification by effect Common household products such as nail polish contain solvents that can be concentrated and inhaled, in a manner not intended by the manufacturer, to produce intoxication. Misuse of products in this fashion can be harmful or fatal. It is also possible to classify<unk> s by the effect they have on the body. Some solvents act as depressants, causing users to feel relaxed or drowsy while others act as stimulants. Many<unk> s act primarily as asphyxiant gases, with their primary effect due to oxygen deprivation. Nitrous oxide can be categorized as a dissociative drug, as it can cause visual and auditory hallucinations. Other agents may have more direct effects at receptors, as<unk> s exhibit a variety of mechanisms of action. The mechanisms of action of many non-medical<unk> s have not been well elucidated. Anesthetic gases used for surgery, such as nitrous oxide or enflurane, are believed to induce anesthesia primarily by acting as NMDA receptor antagonists, open-channel blockers that bind to the inside of the calcium channels on the outer surface of the neuron, and provide high levels of NMDA receptor blockade for a short period of time. This makes inhaled anesthetic gases different from other NMDA antagonists, such as ketamine, which bind to a regulatory site on the NMDA-sensitive calcium transporter complex and provide slightly lower levels of NMDA blockade, but for a longer and much more predictable duration. This makes a deeper level of anesthesia achievable more easily using anesthetic gases but can also make them more dangerous than other drugs used for this purpose. Chemical structure Tanks of medical-grade nitrous oxide.<unk> s can also be classified by chemical structure. Classes include: Category ICD-10 Examples Example image aliphatic hydrocarbons petroleum products (gasoline and kerosene), propane, butane 90x60px aromatic hydrocarbons toluene (used in paint thinner and model glue), xylene 60x50px ketones acetone (used in nail polish remover) 60x50px haloalkanes hydrofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons (including many aerosols and propellants), 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, chloroform (the latter two being antiquated<unk> ional anaesthetics) 60x50px nitrites alkyl nitrites (poppers such as amyl nitrite) 90x50px nitrous oxide nitrous oxide (found in whipped cream canisters) 150x50px
Inhalant
Cathartic
Toxicant
Cold
Cold medicine
Narcotic
Wonder Drug
Querulant