<unk>  is primarily produced as a 233-amino acid-long type II transmembrane protein arranged in stable homotrimers. From this membrane-integrated form the soluble homotrimeric cytokine (sTNF) is released via proteolytic cleavage by the metalloprotease<unk>  alpha converting enzyme (TACE, also called ADAM17). The soluble 51 kDa trimeric sTNF tends to dissociate at concentrations below the nanomolar range, thereby losing its bioactivity. The secreted form of human<unk>  takes on a triangular pyramid shape, and weighs around 17-kDa. Both the secreted and the membrane bound forms are biologically active, although the specific functions of each is controversial. But, both forms do have overlapping and distinct biological activities. The common house mouse<unk>  and human<unk>  are structurally different. The 17-kilodalton (kDa)<unk>  protomers (185-amino acid-long) are composed of two antiparallel β-pleated sheets with antiparallel β-strands, forming a 'jelly roll' β-structure, typical for the<unk>  family, but also found in viral capsid proteins.
Tumor necrosis factor
Interleukin
Major basic protein
Macrophage-activating factor
Defensin
Leukotriene
Lymphokine
Nitric oxide