A notice board by a lakeside in Sarawak, Malaysia that warns against swimming in the lake as it has tested positive for pathogenic Leptospira. Blood samples being taken from a group of residents in Boyolali Regency, Indonesia for<unk>  screening tests. Rates of<unk>  can be reduced by improving housing, infrastructure, and sanitation standards. Rodent abatement efforts and flood mitigation projects can also help to prevent it. Proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by people who have a high risk of occupational exposure can prevent<unk>  infections in most cases. There is no human vaccine suitable for worldwide use. Only Cuba, Japan, France, and China have approved the use of<unk>  vaccines, and they are administered only to those in high-risk occupations and in response to floods and epidemics. The vaccines are composed of killed Leptospira, and they confer immunity only to the serovar contained in the vaccine. Side effects such as nausea, injection site redness and swelling have been reported after the vaccine was injected. Since the immunity induced by one Leptospira serovar is only protective against that specific one, trivalent vaccines have been developed. Immunity following vaccination lasts for about a year. Doxycycline is given once a week as a prophylaxis and is effective in reducing the rate of<unk>  infections amongst high-risk individuals in flood-prone areas. In one study, it reduced the number of<unk>  cases in military personnel undergoing exercises in the jungles. In another study, it reduced the number of symptomatic cases after exposure to<unk>  under heavy rainfall in endemic areas.
Leptospirosis
Rickettsiosis
Bartonellosis
Dengue fever
Typhoid fever
Malaria
Blackwater fever
Murine typhus