Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of<unk>  such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, the striatum, or the mammillary bodies are thought to be involved in specific types of<unk> . For example, the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning, while the amygdala is thought to be involved in emotional<unk> . Damage to certain areas in patients and animal models and subsequent<unk>  deficits is a primary source of information. However, rather than implicating a specific area, it could be that damage to adjacent areas, or to a pathway traveling through the area is actually responsible for the observed deficit. Further, it is not sufficient to describe<unk> , and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions. Learning and<unk>  are usually attributed to changes in neuronal synapses, thought to be mediated by long-term potentiation and long-term depression. In general, the more emotionally charged an event or experience is, the better it is remembered; this phenomenon is known as the<unk>  enhancement effect. Patients with amygdala damage, however, do not show a<unk>  enhancement effect. Hebb distinguished between short-term and long-term<unk> . He postulated that any<unk>  that stayed in short-term storage for a long enough time would be consolidated into a long-term<unk> . Later research showed this to be false. Research has shown that direct injections of cortisol or epinephrine help the storage of recent experiences. This is also true for stimulation of the amygdala. This proves that excitement enhances<unk>  by the stimulation of hormones that affect the amygdala. Excessive or prolonged stress (with prolonged cortisol) may hurt<unk>  storage. Patients with amygdalar damage are no more likely to remember emotionally charged words than nonemotionally charged ones. The hippocampus is important for explicit<unk> . The hippocampus is also important for<unk>  consolidation. The hippocampus receives input from different parts of the cortex and sends its output out to different parts of the brain also. The input comes from secondary and tertiary sensory areas that have processed the information a lot already. Hippocampal damage may also cause<unk>  loss and problems with<unk>  storage. This<unk>  loss includes retrograde amnesia which is the loss of<unk>  for events that occurred shortly before the time of brain damage.
Memory
Working memory
Episodic memory
Gross processing
Associative memory 
Motor planning
Serial memory processing
Visuospatial function