<unk>  is estimated to affect 51.1 million people globally as of 2013. The percentage of children affected by<unk>  is estimated to range from 1-10%. However, among incarcerated youth or youth in juvenile detention facilities, rates of<unk>  are between 23% and 87%. Sex differences The majority of research on<unk>  suggests that there are a significantly greater number of males than females with the diagnosis, with some reports demonstrating a threefold to fourfold difference in prevalence. However, this difference may be somewhat biased by the diagnostic criteria which focus on more overt behaviors, such as aggression and fighting, which are more often exhibited by males. Females are more likely to be characterized by covert behaviors, such as stealing or running away. Moreover,<unk>  in females is linked to several negative outcomes, such as antisocial personality disorder and early pregnancy, suggesting that sex differences in disruptive behaviors need to be more fully understood. Females are more responsive to peer pressure including feelings of guilt than males. Racial differences Research on racial or cultural differences on the prevalence or presentation of<unk>  is limited. However, according to studies on American youth, it appears that African-American youth are more often diagnosed with<unk> , while Asian-American youth are about one-third as likely to develop<unk>  when compared to White American youth. It has been widely theorized for decades that this disparity is due to unconscious bias in those who give the diagnosis.
Conduct disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Tourette syndrome
Antisocial personality disorder  Antisocial personality disorder  1
Oppositional defiant disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
High-functioning autism
Klismaphilia