During rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, fluid from the vitreous humor enters a retinal hole. The mechanisms by which retinal holes or tears form are not fully understood yet. The accumulation of fluid in the subretinal space and the tractional force of the vitreous on the retina result in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. During this process the retinal cell layers come in contact with vitreous cytokines. These cytokines trigger the ability of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) to proliferate and migrate. The process involved resembles fibrotic wound healing by the RPE cells. The RPE cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and develop the ability to migrate out into the vitreous. During this process the RPE cell layer-neural retinal adhesion and RPE-ECM (extracellular matrix) adhesions are lost. The RPE cells lay down fibrotic membranes while they migrate and these membranes contract and pull at the retina. All these finally lead to secondary retinal detachment after primary retinal detachment surgery. A number of studies have also shown that arachidonic acid metabolic cascade (one of the major inflammatory cascades) is important in the development of<unk> . COX-2 expression was found in human idiopathic epiretinal membranes. Phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase blocking reduced structural abnormalities of the rat retina in concanavalin model of<unk>  and reduced the frequency of membrane formation by 43% in the dispase model of<unk>  and by 31% in the concanavalin one. Lornoxicam not only normalized the expression of cyclooxygenases in both models of<unk> , but also neutralized the changes of the retina and the choroid thickness caused by the injection of pro-inflammatory agents.<unk>  is graded as Grade A, B, or C by the Silicone Oil Study and as Grade A, B, C, or D by the Retina Society Terminology Committee. *Grade A is characterized by the appearance of vitreous haze and RPE cells in the vitreous. *Grade B is characterized by wrinkling of the edges of the retinal tear or the inner retinal surface. *Grade C is characterized by the presence of retinal membranes.
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy
Autoimmune optic neuropathy
Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy
Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis
Ischemic optic neuropathy
Vitreoretinopathy
Retinal vasculitis