<unk>  is an academically-oriented subspecialty that merges the fields of neurology and<unk> , often dealing with complex systemic diseases that have manifestations in the visual system.<unk> sts initially complete a residency in either neurology or<unk> , then do a fellowship in the complementary field. Since diagnostic studies can be normal in patients with significant neuro-ophthalmic disease, a detailed medical history and physical exam is essential, and<unk> sts often spend a significant amount of time with their patients. Common pathology referred to a<unk> st includes afferent visual system disorders (e.g. optic neuritis, optic neuropathy, papilledema, brain tumors or strokes) and efferent visual system disorders (e.g. anisocoria, diplopia, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, nystagmus, blepharospasm, seizures of the eye or eye muscles, and hemifacial spasm). The largest international society of<unk> sts is the North American<unk> cal Society (NANOS), which organizes an annual meeting and publishes the Journal of<unk> .<unk> sts are often faculty at large university-based medical centers. Patients often have co-existing diseases in other fields (rheumatology, endocrinology, oncology, cardiology, etc.), thus the<unk> st is often a liaison between the<unk>  department and other departments in the medical center.
Neuro-ophthalmology
NeuroQuantology
Ophthalmology
Neuroendocrinology
Sophrology
Audiology
Otology
Phthisiology