Although the cause of<unk>  is not well known, it was historically believed to be the result of excessive fine motor activity, possibly complicated by a tense or otherwise inappropriate writing technique. More recently, Karin Rosenkranz et al. have suggested that this is not necessarily the case. Recent studies point out that there appears to be a genetic component to focal hand dystonia (FHD). In fact, up to 20% of those with<unk>  have a family member with some form of dystonia. Musician's<unk>  (a similar focal dystonia which affects less than 1% of instrumentalists) has historically been grouped together with<unk>  because of this and their common task-specificity. Rosenkranz et al. have more recently identified significant differences between the two populations, however. No matter exactly how it arises, researchers generally agree that these types of focal dystonia are the result of a basal ganglia and/or sensorimotor cortex malfunction in the brain.
Writer's cramp
Digitalis
Sympathicolysis
Abdominal angina
Exercise-associated muscle cramps
Acathexis
Renal angina
Rectal pain