<unk>  (PT-DLBCL), also termed<unk><unk><unk> <unk> -cell<unk>  and<unk><unk> <unk> -cell<unk>  of the testes, is a variant of the<unk><unk> <unk> -cell<unk> s (DLBCL). DLBCL are a<unk>  and diverse group of<unk> -cell malignancies with the great majority (-85%)<unk> eing typed as<unk><unk> <unk> -cell<unk> , not otherwise specified (DLBCL, NOS). PT-DLBCL is a variant of DLBCL, NOS that involves one or, in uncommon cases,<unk> oth testicles. Other variants and subtypes of DLBCL may involve the testes<unk> y spreading to them from their<unk>  sites of origin in other tissues. PT-DLBCL differs from these other DLBCL in that it<unk> egins in the testes and then may spread to other sites. The<unk> -cells in PT-DLBCL are malignant lymphocytes that normally function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system<unk> y secreting antibodies that, for example,<unk> ind to and neutralize invasive pathogens. In ~75% of PT-DLBCL cases these malignant<unk> -cells are termed "activated<unk> -cells" to distinguish them from "germinal center<unk> -cells." While DLBCL may involve either type of<unk> -cell, the various forms and subtypes of the DLBCL that involve activated<unk> -cells are more aggressive and may require different therapies than those involving germinal center<unk> -cells.<unk> s that<unk> egin in the testes, i.e.<unk><unk><unk> s (PTL), are rare forms of<unk>  that represent 1-2% of all non-Hodgkins<unk> s and 5% of all<unk>  malignancies. PT-DLBCL is<unk> y far the most common form of PTL, accounting for >85% all PTL cases. Other forms of PTL include<unk>  mantle cell<unk> , extranodal marginal zone<unk>  cell<unk> , extranodal NK/T-cell<unk> , nasal type, peripheral T-cell<unk> , activin receptor-like kinase-1–negative anaplastic<unk>  cell<unk> , and pediatric-type follicular<unk> . Some European investigators have combined PT-DLBCL and most of the latter<unk> s into a<unk>  group termed "non-Hodgkin's primitive<unk>  of the testes". All forms of PTL except the pediatric-type follicular<unk>  are highly aggressive malignancies PT-DLBCL is no exception to this rule: it<unk> egins in a testis, often spreads to the contralateral (i.e. uninvolved) testis as well as to the central nervous system and other sites, and commonly recurs following its treatment. In consequence, the disease has had a 5-year cause-specific survival of only ~60%. Addition of the immunotherapeutic drug, rituximab, to standard chemotherapy protocols has somewhat improved the treatment of most cases of this disease. In addition, clinical trials are testing new drugs for preventing relapses in, as well as treating, PT-DLBCL.
Primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Testicular sarcoidosis
Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary
Renal medullary fibroma
Renal anaplastic sarcoma
Metanephric adenoma
Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma with t