<unk>  is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra. It is carried out with a<unk> . The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The<unk>  has lenses like a telescope or microscope. These lenses let the physician focus on the inner surfaces of the urinary tract. Some<unk> s use optical fibres (flexible glass fibres) that carry an image from the tip of the instrument to a viewing piece at the other end.<unk> s range from pediatric to adult and from the thickness of a pencil up to approximately 9 mm and have a light at the tip. Many<unk> s have extra tubes to guide other instruments for surgical procedures to treat urinary problems. There are two main types of<unk> —flexible and rigid—differing in the flexibility of the<unk> . Flexible<unk>  is carried out with local anaesthesia on both sexes. Typically, a topical anesthetic, most often xylocaine gel (common brand names are Anestacon and Instillagel) is employed. The medication is instilled into the urethra via the urinary meatus five to ten minutes prior to the beginning of the procedure. Rigid<unk>  can be performed under the same conditions, but is generally carried out under general anesthesia, particularly in male subjects, due to the pain caused by the probe. The sizes of the sheath of the rigid<unk>  are 17 French gauge (5.7 mm diameter), 19 Fr gauge (6.3 mm diameter), and 22 Fr gauge (7.3 mm diameter).
Cystoscopy
Cystography
Cystometry
Urinary tract ultrasound
Urinary cast
Ureteroscopy
Transurethral biopsy
Retrograde urethrogram