gastric or duodenal ulcers, among other things. Diagnostic * Unexplained anemia (usually along with a colonoscopy) * Upper gastrointestinal bleeding as evidenced by hematemesis or melena * Persistent dyspepsia in patients over the age of 45 years * Heartburn and chronic acid reflux – this can lead to a precancerous lesion called Barrett's esophagus * Persistent emesis * Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing * Odynophagia – painful swallowing * Persistent nausea * IBD (inflammatory bowel diseases) Surveillance * Surveillance of Barrett's esophagus * Surveillance of gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer * Occasionally after gastric surgery Confirmation of diagnosis/biopsy * Abnormal barium swallow or barium meal * Confirmation of celiac disease (via biopsy) Therapeutic * Treatment (banding/sclerotherapy) of esophageal varices * Injection therapy (e.g., epinephrine in bleeding lesions) * Cutting off of larger pieces of tissue with a snare device (e.g., polyps, endoscopic mucosal resection) * Application of cautery to tissues * Removal of foreign bodies (e.g., food) that have been ingested * Tamponade of bleeding esophageal varices with a balloon * Application of photodynamic therapy for treatment of esophageal malignancies * Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst * Tightening the lower esophageal sphincter * Dilating or stenting of stenosis or achalasia * Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (feeding tube placement) * Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) combines<unk>  with fluoroscopy * Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) combines<unk>  with 5–12 MHz ultrasound imaging Newer interventions * Endoscopic trans-gastric laparoscopy * Placement of gastric balloons in bariatric surgery
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Nasoendoscopy
Magnetogastrography
Electrogastrogram
Endoscopic ultrasound
Chromoendoscopy
GI cocktail
Sialoendoscopy