The etymology of English<unk>  derives from Medieval Latin<unk> , from Arabic إكسير (al-ʾiksīr), probably from Ancient Greek ξήριον (xḗrion "a desiccative powder for wounds").<unk>  originated in medieval European alchemy meaning "A preparation by the use of which it was sought to change metals into gold"<unk>  stone or philosopher's stone) or "A supposed drug or essence with the property of indefinitely prolonging life"<unk>  of life). The word was figuratively extended to mean "A sovereign remedy for disease. Hence adopted as a name for quack medicines" (e.g., Daffy's<unk>  and "The quintessence or soul of a thing; its kernel or secret principle". In modern usage,<unk>  is a pharmaceutical term for "A sweetened aromatic solution of alcohol and water, serving as a vehicle for medicine". Outside of<unk>  cultural contexts, English<unk>  poisoning usually refers to accidental contamination, such as the 1937<unk>  sulfanilamide mass poisoning in the United States. Dān 丹 "cinnabar; vermillion;<unk> ; alchemy" is the keyword for<unk>  immortality<unk> s. The red mineral cinnabar (dānshā 丹砂 lit. "cinnabar sand") was anciently used to produce the pigment vermilion (zhūhóng 朱紅) and the element mercury (shuǐyín 水銀 "watery silver" or gǒng 汞). According to the ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old<unk> , the etymology of Modern Standard<unk>  dān from Old<unk>  *tān (< *tlan ?) 丹 "red; vermillion; cinnabar", gān 矸 in dāngān 丹矸 from *tân-kân (< *tlan-klan ?) "cinnabar; vermillion ore", and zhān from *tan 旃 "a red flag" derive from Proto-Kam-Sui *h-lan "red" or Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tja-n or *tya-n "red". The *t- initial and *t- or *k- doublets indicate that Old<unk>  borrowed this item. Oracle script for 丹 "cinnabar" Although the word dan 丹 "cinnabar; red" frequently occurs in oracle script from the late Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) and bronzeware script and seal script from the Zhou Dynasty (1045–256 BCE), paleographers disagree about the graphic origins of the logograph 丹 and its ancient variants 𠁿 and 𠕑. Early scripts combine a 丶 dot or ⼀ stroke (depicting a piece of cinnabar) in the middle of a surrounding frame, which is said to represent: *jǐng 井 "well" represents the mine from which the cinnabar is taken" (Shuowen Jiezi) *"the crucible of the Taoist alchemists" (Léon Wieger) *"the contents of a square receptacle" (Bernhard Karlgren) *"placed in a tray or palette to be used as red pigment" (Wang Hongyuan 王宏源) *"mineral powder on a stretched filter-cloth" (Needham and Lu). Many<unk><unk>  names are compounds of dan, such as jīndān 金丹 (with "gold") meaning "golden<unk> ;<unk>  of immortality; potable gold" and xiāndān 仙丹 (with "Daoist immortal")<unk>  of immortality; panacea", and shéndān 神丹 (with "spirit; god") "divine<unk> ". Bùsǐ zhī yào 不死之藥 "drug of deathlessness" was another early name for the<unk>  of immortality.<unk>  alchemists would liàndān 煉丹 (with "smelt; refine") "concoct pills of immortality" using a dāndǐng 丹鼎 (with "tripod cooking vessel; cauldron") "furnace for concocting pills of immortality". In addition, the ancient<unk>  believed that other substances provided longevity and immortality, notably the língzhī 靈芝 "Ganoderma mushroom". The transformation from chemistry-based waidan 外丹 "external<unk> /alchemy" to physiology-based neidan 內丹 "internal<unk> /alchemy" gave new analogous meanings to old terms. The human body metaphorically becomes a ding "cauldron" in which the adept forges the Three Treasures (essence, life-force, and spirit) within the jindan Golden<unk>  within the dāntián 丹田 (with "field") "lower part of the abdomen". In early China, alchemists and pharmacists were one and the same. Traditional<unk>  medicine also used less concentrated cinnabar and mercury preparations, and dan means "pill; medicine" in general, for example, dānfāng 丹方 semantically changed from "prescription for<unk>  of immortality" to "medical prescription". Dan was lexicalized into medical terms such as dānjì 丹劑 "pill preparation" and dānyào 丹藥 "pill medicine". The<unk>  names for immortality<unk> s have parallels in other cultures and languages, for example, Indo-Iranian soma or haoma, Sanskrit amrita, and Greek ambrosia.
Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning
Scombroid food poisoning
Tin poisoning
Loch Maree Hotel botulism poisoning
Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
Mushroom poisoning
Ciguatera fish poisoning
Chlorine gas poisoning