There are two main treatment methods; corrective surgery to fix the<unk> , or compensatory methods where patients learn to compensate for any<unk>  when walking. Compensatory methods Many people with<unk> , such as femoral<unk>  are able to functionally tolerate and learn compensatory methods, such as externally or internally adjusting their limb. Patients will compensate for even considerable rotational malalignment when they are active. However, femoral<unk>  is more difficult to compensate for and maintain with non-operative treatment methods. Patients with femoral<unk>  of less than 15 degrees give less complaints than those with higher amounts of malalignment, yet many patients are able to tolerate the deformity well. Osteotomy In extreme cases, the malalignment can be treated by means of a derotational osteotomy which is a major surgical procedure. It can be conducted around the existing intramedullary fixtures, but it usually requires a subtrochanteric osteotomy, which is an invasive surgical approach where<unk>  is cut and realigned. As this is a major procedure, it is beneficial if discovered early, before callus has set, and consequently, patients should be assessed for<unk>  in the early post-operative period and a CT scan should occur if abnormalities are found. Correct measurement of<unk>  malalignment with a CT scan is vital when considering an osteotomies in fixing rotational deformities, as torsional differences below 15 degrees are often easily compensated for with non surgical treatment. Revision surgery should be avoided, if not necessary, as implementing femoral nails for a second time leads to higher rates of problems such as infection, nonunion, or nail destabilisation due to overlapping holes for the interlocking screws.
Bone malrotation
Binaural fusion
Abdominal wall defect
Intestinal atresia
Splenogonadal fusion
Vascular ring
Pancreaticobiliary maljunction
Congenital vertebral anomaly