A minority of patients can be treated medically with sodium restriction, diuretics to control ascites, anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin, and general symptomatic management. However, the majority of patients require further intervention. Milder forms of<unk><unk><unk>  may be treated with surgical shunts to divert blood flow around the obstruction or the liver itself. Shunts must be placed early after diagnosis for best results. The TIPS is similar to a surgical shunt: it accomplishes the same goal but has a lower procedure-related mortality, a factor that has led to a growth in its popularity. If all the hepatic veins are blocked, the portal vein can be approached via the intrahepatic part of inferior vena cava, a procedure called DIPS (direct intrahepatic portocaval shunt). Patients with stenosis or vena caval obstruction may benefit from angioplasty. Limited studies on thrombolysis with direct infusion of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator into the obstructed vein have shown moderate success in treating<unk> ; however, it is not routinely attempted. Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for<unk><unk><unk> . It is generally reserved for patients with fulminant liver failure, failure of shunts, or progression of cirrhosis that reduces the life expectancy to one year. Long-term survival after a transplant ranges from 69–87%. The most common complications of transplants are rejection, arterial or venous thromboses, and bleeding due to the need for anticoagulants. Up to 10% of patients may have a recurrence of<unk>  after the transplant.
Budd–Chiari syndrome
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
Liver cancer
Nephrotic syndrome
Alcoholic liver disease
Fatty liver disease
Adams–Oliver syndrome
Hepatopulmonary syndrome