Major risk factors Routine counseling of adults to advise them to improve their diet and increase their physical activity has not been found to significantly alter behavior and thus is not recommended. ; Conditions that exacerbate or provoke angina One study found that smokers with coronary artery disease had a significantly increased level of sympathetic nerve activity when compared to those without. This is in addition to increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral vascular resistance associated with nicotine, which may lead to recurrent angina attacks. In addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that the risk of CHD (Coronary heart disease), stroke, and PVD (Peripheral vascular disease) is reduced within 1–2 years of smoking cessation. In another study, it was found that, after one year, the prevalence of angina in smoking men under 60 after an initial attack was 40% less in those having quit smoking compared to those that continued. Studies have found that there are short-term and long-term benefits to smoking cessation. Other medical problems * Esophageal disorders * Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) * Hyperthyroidism * Hypoxemia * Profound anemia * Uncontrolled hypertension Other cardiac problems * Bradyarrhythmia * Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy * Tachyarrhythmia * Valvular heart disease Myocardial ischemia can result from: # a reduction of blood flow to the heart that can be caused by stenosis, spasm, or acute occlusion (by an embolus) of the heart's arteries. # resistance of the blood vessels. This can be caused by narrowing of the blood vessels; a decrease in radius. Blood flow is proportional to the radius of the artery to the fourth power. # reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, due to several factors such as a decrease in oxygen tension and hemoglobin concentration. This decreases the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to myocardial tissue. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessels) of the heart's arteries and, hence, angina pectoris. Some people with chest pain have normal or minimal narrowing of heart arteries; in these patients, vasospasm is a more likely cause for the pain, sometimes in the context of Prinzmetal's angina and syndrome X. Myocardial ischemia also can be the result of factors affecting blood composition, such as the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, as seen with severe anemia (low number of red blood cells), or long-term smoking.
symptom of Atrial fibrillation
symptom of Ventricular fibrillation
symptom of Ventricular tachycardia
symptom of Supraventricular tachycardia
symptom of Pericarditis
symptom of Myocardial infarction
symptom of Arrhythmia
symptom of Brugada syndrome