<unk>  is a glycoprotein procofactor. Although the primary site of release in humans is ambiguous, it is synthesized and released into the bloodstream by the vascular, glomerular, and tubular endothelium, and the sinusoidal cells of the liver. Hemophilia A has been corrected by liver transplantation. Transplanting hepatocytes was ineffective, but liver endothelial cells were effective. In the blood, it mainly circulates in a stable noncovalent complex with von Willebrand factor. Upon activation by thrombin (factor IIa), it dissociates from the complex to interact with factor IXa in the coagulation cascade. It is a cofactor to factor IXa in the activation of factor X, which, in turn, with its cofactor factor Va, activates more thrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin which polymerizes and crosslinks (using<unk>  into a blood clot. The<unk>  protein has a half-life of 12 hours in the blood stream when stabilized by the von Willebrand factor. No longer protected by vWF, activated<unk>  is proteolytically inactivated in the process (most prominently by activated protein C and factor IXa) and quickly cleared from the blood stream.<unk>  is not affected by liver disease. In fact, levels usually are elevated in such instances.
Factor VIII
Factor IX
Factor XI
Thrombin
Prothrombinase
Von Willebrand factor
Fibrinogen
Platelet-activating factor