Man<unk>  through headphones<unk>  is a framework for health promotion actions to ensure that sound-related recreational activities (such as concerts, nightclubs, and<unk>  to music, broadcasts, or podcasts) do not pose a risk to hearing. While research shows that repeated exposures to any loud sounds can cause hearing disorders and other health effects,<unk>  applies specifically to voluntary<unk>  through personal<unk>  systems, personal sound amplification products (PSAPs), or at entertainment venues and events.<unk>  promotes strategies to prevent negative effects, including hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. While<unk>  does not address exposure to unwanted sounds (which are termed noise) – for example, at work or from other noisy hobbies – it is an essential part of a comprehensive approach to total hearing health. The risk of negative health effects from sound exposures (be it noise or music) is primarily determined by the intensity of the sound (loudness), duration of the event, and frequency of that exposure. These three factors characterize the overall sound energy level that reaches a person's ears and can be used to calculate a noise dose. They have been used to determine the limits of noise exposure in the workplace. Both regulatory and recommended limits for noise exposure were developed from hearing and noise data obtained in occupational settings, where exposure to loud sounds is frequent and can last for decades. Although specific regulations vary across the world, most workplace best practices consider 85 decibels (dB A-weighted) averaged over eight hours per day as the highest<unk>  exposure level. Using an exchange rate, typically 3 dB, allowable<unk>  time is halved as the sound level increases by the selected rate. For example, a sound level as high as 100 dBA can be<unk> ly listened to for only 15 minutes each day. Because of their availability, occupational data have been adapted to determine damage-risk criteria for sound exposures outside of work. In 1974, the US Environmental Protection Agency recommended a 24-hour exposure limit of 70 dBA, taking into account the lack of a "rest period" for the ears when exposures are averaged over 24 hours and can occur every day of the year (workplace exposure limits assume 16 hours of quiet between shifts and two days a week off). In 1995, the World Health Organization (WHO) similarly concluded that 24-hour average exposures at or below 70 dBA pose a negligible risk for hearing loss over a lifetime. Following reports on hearing disorders from<unk>  to music, additional recommendations and interventions to prevent adverse effects from sound-related recreational activities appear necessary.
Safe listening
Sports hypnosis
Barrier nursing
Accessible image
Adaptive equipment
Visiting the sick
Clean living movement
Independent medical examination