Medical ultrasonography of a typical normal lymph node: smooth, gently lobulated oval with a hypoechoic cortex measuring less than 3 mm in thickness with a central echogenic hilum. Ultrasonography of a suspected malignant lymph node:- Absence of the fatty hilum- Increased focal cortical thickness greater than 3 cm- Doppler ultrasonography that shows hyperaemic blood flow in the hilum and central cortex and/or abnormal (non-hilar cortical) blood flow. In cervical lymphadenopathy (of the neck), it is routine to perform a throat examination including the use of a mirror and an endoscope. On ultrasound, B-mode imaging depicts lymph node morphology, whilst power Doppler can assess the vascular pattern. B-mode imaging features that can distinguish metastasis and lymphoma include size, shape, calcification, loss of hilar architecture, as well as intranodal necrosis. Soft tissue edema and nodal matting on B-mode imaging suggests tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis or previous radiation therapy. Serial monitoring of nodal size and vascularity are useful in assessing treatment response. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has sensitivity and specificity percentages of 81% and 100%, respectively, in the histopathology of malignant cervical lymphadenopathy. PET-CT has proven to be helpful in identifying occult primary carcinomas of the head and neck, especially when applied as a guiding tool prior to panendoscopy, and may induce treatment related clinical decisions in up to 60% of cases. Classification Lymphadenopathy may be classified by: * Size, where lymphadenopathy in adults is often defined as a short axis of one or more lymph nodes is greater than 10mm. * By extent: * Localized lymphadenopathy: due to localized spot of infection e.g., an infected spot on the scalp will cause lymph nodes in the neck on that same side to swell up * Generalized lymphadenopathy: due to a systemic infection of the body e.g., influenza or secondary syphilis * Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL): persisting for a long time, possibly without an apparent cause * By localization: * Hilar lymphadenopathy. * Mediastinal lymphadenopathy * Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy * Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy: lymphadenopathy associated with skin disease. * By malignancy: Benign lymphadenopathy is distinguished from malignant types which mainly refer to lymphomas or lymph node metastasis. Size right Micrograph of dermatopathic lymphadenopathy, a type of lymphadenopathy. H&E stain. * By size, where lymphadenopathy in adults is often defined as a short axis of one or more lymph nodes is greater than 10mm. However, there is regional variation as detailed in this table: +Upper limit of lymph node sizes in adults Generally 10 mm Inguinal 10 – 20 mm Pelvis 10 mm for ovoid lymph nodes, 8 mm for rounded Neck Generally (non-retropharyngeal) 10 mm Jugulodigastric lymph nodes 11mm or 15 mm Retropharyngeal 8 mm * Lateral retropharyngeal: 5 mm Mediastinum Mediastinum, generally 10 mm Superior mediastinum and high paratracheal 7mm Low paratracheal and subcarinal 11 mm Upper abdominal Retrocrural space 6 mm Paracardiac 8 mm Gastrohepatic ligament 8 mm Upper paraaortic region 9 mm Portacaval space 10 mm Porta hepatis 7 mm Lower paraaortic region 11 mm Lymphadenopathy of the axillary lymph nodes can be defined as solid nodes measuring more than 15 mm without fatty hilum. Axillary lymph nodes may be normal up to 30 mm if consisting largely of fat. In children, a short axis of 8 mm can be used. However, inguinal lymph nodes of up to 15 mm and cervical lymph nodes of up to 20 mm are generally normal in children up to age 8–12. Lymphadenopathy of more than 1.5–2 cm increases the risk of<unk>  or granulomatous disease as the cause rather than only inflammation or infection. Still, an increasing size and persistence over time are more indicative of<unk> .
symptom of Esophageal cancer
symptom of Stomach cancer
symptom of Gastroesophageal reflux disease
medical cause of Dysphagia
symptoms of Helicobacter pylori
symptom of Helicobacter pylori
symptom of Gastric antral vascular ectasia
symptom of Peritonsillar abscess