<unk> s <unk> s) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank<unk>  during pregnancy. Symptoms can include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, behavioural problems, learning difficulties, and problems with hearing and sight. Those affected are more likely to have trouble with school, the legal system,<unk> , other drugs, and other areas of high risk. The several forms of the condition (in order of most severe to least severe) are:<unk><unk>  Syndrome (FAS), Partial<unk><unk>  Syndrome (pFAS),<unk> -Related Birth Defects (ARBD),Static Encephalopathy,<unk> -Related Neurodevelopmental<unk>  (ARND) and Neurobehavioral<unk>  associated with Prenatal<unk>  Exposure (ND-PAE). Some authorities accept only FAS as a diagnosis, seeing the evidence as inconclusive with respect to other types.<unk> s are caused by the mother's drinking<unk>  while pregnant with the affected person. Surveys from the United States found that about 10% of pregnant women drank<unk>  in the past month, and 20% to 30% drank at some point during the pregnancy. 3.6% of pregnant American women met criteria for an<unk>  use<unk>  in a 2001 epidemiological study. The risk of<unk>  depends on the amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and the points in pregnancy at which the<unk>  is consumed. Other risk factors include the mother's older age, smoking, and poor diet. There is no known safe amount or time to drink<unk>  during pregnancy. Although drinking small amounts does not cause facial abnormalities, it may cause behavioral problems.<unk>  crosses the blood–brain barrier and both directly and indirectly affects a developing fetus. Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms in the person.<unk> s are preventable by the mother's avoiding<unk>  during pregnancy. For this reason, medical authorities recommend that women completely avoid drinking<unk>  during pregnancy and while trying to conceive. Although the condition is permanent, treatment can improve outcomes. Interventions may include parent–child interaction therapy, efforts to modify child behavior, and drugs.<unk>  is estimated to affect between 1% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe. FAS is believed to occur in between 0.2 and 9 per 1,000 live births in the United States. In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%. The negative effects of<unk>  during pregnancy have been described since ancient times. The lifetime cost per child with FAS in the United States was $2 million in 2002; however in 2021, Canada revealed that the annual cost for<unk>  individuals was $9.7 billion (including the costs of the Criminal Justice System, healthcare, and education among others). The term<unk><unk>  syndrome was first used in 1973.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Williams syndrome
Congenital rubella syndrome
Neonatal encephalopathy
Fetal trimethadione syndrome
Fetal warfarin syndrome