The most common side effects associated with<unk> Es are vaginal yeast infections, vaginal spotting or bleeding, painful menses, and cramping of the legs. While there are some contradictory data, estrogen alone does not appear to increase the risk of coronary heart disease or breast cancer, unlike the case of estrogen in combination with<unk> rtain progestins such as levonorgestrel or medroxyprogesterone acetate. Only a few clinical studies have assessed differences between oral<unk> Es and oral estradiol in terms of health parameters. Oral<unk> Es have been found to possess a significantly greater risk of thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications than oral estradiol ( = 2.08) and oral esterified estrogens ( = 1.78). However, in another study, the increase in venous thromboembolism risk with oral<unk> Es plus medroxyprogesterone acetate and oral estradiol plus norethisterone acetate was found to be equivalent ( = 4.0 and 3.9, respectively). As of present, there are no randomized controlled trials that would allow for unambiguous conclusions.
Conjugated estrogens
Phytoestrogen
Xenoestrogen
Antiestrogen
Esterified estrogens
Phytoprogestogen
Tissue-selective estrogen complex
Antiprogestogen