<unk>  (INN: fonturacetam, brand names Phenotropil Фенотропил, Carphedon), is a phenylated analog of the drug piracetam. It was developed in 1983 as a medication for Soviet Cosmonauts to treat the prolonged stresses of working in space.<unk>  was created at the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems in an effort led by psychopharmacologist Valentina Ivanovna Akhapkina (Валентина Ивановна Ахапкина). In Russia it is now available as a prescription drug. Research on animals has indicated that<unk>  may have anti-amnesic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and memory enhancement effects.
Phenylpiracetam
Piracetam
Levetiracetam
Dimiracetam
Brivaracetam
Mesuximide
Galantamine
Ethosuximide