The<unk>  is an influential model of responses of neurons in primary visual cortex. David Heeger developed the model in the early 1990s, and later refined it together with Matteo Carandini and J. Anthony Movshon. The model involves a divisive stage. In the numerator is the output of the classical receptive field. In the denominator, a constant plus a measure of local stimulus contrast. Although the<unk>  was initially developed to explain responses in the primary visual cortex,<unk>  is now thought to operate throughout the visual system, and in many other sensory modalities and brain regions, including the representation of odors in the olfactory bulb, the modulatory effects of visual attention, the encoding of value, and the integration of multisensory information. It has also been observed at subthreshold potentials in the hippocampus. Its presence in such a diversity of neural systems in multiple species, from invertebrates to mammals, suggests that<unk>  serves as a canonical neural computation.
Normalization model
Timing hypothesis 
Association splitting
Stratification 
Mutual standardisation
Kindling model
Adaptive design 
Recovery model