<unk>  benefits patients who become excessively drowsy after use of benzodiazepines for either diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The drug has been used as an antidote in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdoses. It reverses the effects of benzodiazepines by competitive inhibition at the benzodiazepine (BZ) recognition site on the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex. There are many complications that must be taken into consideration when used in the acute care setting. These include lowered seizure threshold, agitation, and anxiousness.<unk> 's short half-life requires multiple doses. Because of the potential risks of withdrawal symptoms and the drug's short half-life, patients must be carefully monitorered to prevent recurrence of overdose symptoms or adverse side effects.<unk>  is also sometimes used after surgery to reverse the sedative effects of benzodiazepines. This is similar to naloxone's application to reverse the effect of opiates and opioids following surgery. Administration of the drug requires careful monitoring by an anesthesiologist due to potential side effects and serious risks associated with over-administeration. Likewise, post-surgical monitoring is also necessary because<unk>  can mask the apparent metabolization ("wearing off") of the drug after removal of patient life-support and monitoring equipment.<unk>  has been effectively used to treat overdoses of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, such as zolpidem, zaleplon and zopiclone (also known as "Z-drugs"). It may also be effective in reducing excessive daytime sleepiness while improving vigilance in primary hypersomnias, such as idiopathic hypersomnia. The drug has also been used in hepatic encephalopathy. It may have beneficial short‐term effects in people with cirrhosis, but there is no evidence for long-term benefits. The onset of action is rapid, and effects are usually seen within one to two minutes. The peak effect is seen at six to ten minutes. The recommended dose for adults is 200 μg every 1–2 minutes until the effect is seen, up to a maximum of 3 mg per hour. It is available as a clear, colourless solution for intravenous injection, containing 500 μg in 5 mL. Many benzodiazepines (including midazolam) have longer half-lives than<unk> . Therefore, in cases of overdose, repeat doses of<unk>  may be required to prevent recurrent symptoms once the initial dose of<unk>  wears off. It is hepatically metabolised to inactive compounds which are excreted in the urine. Individuals who are physically dependent on benzodiazepines may suffer benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms, including seizure, upon rapid administration of<unk> . It is not recommended for routine use in those with a decreased level of consciousness. In terms of drug enforcement initiatives, diversion control programs and required post-marketing surveillance of adverse events, orders for<unk>  may trigger a prescription audit to the search for benzodiazepine misuse and for clinically significant adverse reactions related to their use. PET radioligand Radiolabeled with the radioactive isotope carbon-11,<unk>  may be used as a radioligand in neuroimaging with positron emission tomography to visualize the distribution of GABAA receptors in the human brain.
Flumazenil
Bremazocine
Pentazocine
Dezocine
Ketazolam
Naloxone
Eptazocine
Trimetazidine