Relationship between cigarette consumption per person (blue) and male lung cancer rates (dark yellow) in the US over the century Risk of death from lung cancer is strongly correlated with smoking. Cancer develops after genetic damage to DNA and epigenetic changes. Those changes affect the cell's normal functions, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), and DNA repair. As more damage accumulates, the risk for cancer increases. Smoking Tobacco smoking is by far the main contributor to lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains at least 73 known carcinogens,benzoapyrene, NNK, 1,3-butadiene, and a radioactive isotope of polonium – polonium-210. Across the developed world, 90% of lung cancer deaths in men and 70% of those in women during 2000 were attributed to smoking. Smoking accounts for about 85% of lung cancer<unk> s. Vaping may be a risk factor for lung cancer, but less than that of cigarettes, and further research is necessary due to the length of time it can take for lung cancer to develop following an exposure to carcinogens. Passive smoking – the inhalation of smoke from another's smoking – is a<unk>  of lung cancer in nonsmokers. A passive smoker can be defined as someone either living or working with a smoker. Studies from the US, the UK and other European countries have consistently shown a significantly-increased risk among those exposed to passive smoking. The risk of developing lung cancer increases by 25–28%. Investigations of sidestream smoke (the main component of second-hand smoke; around 85%) suggest that it is more dangerous than direct mainstream smoke. Cannabis smoke contains many of the same carcinogens as those found in tobacco smoke, but the effect of smoking cannabis on lung cancer risk is not clear. A 2013 review did not find an increased risk from light to moderate use. A 2014 review found that smoking cannabis doubled the risk of lung cancer, though cannabis is in many countries commonly mixed with tobacco. Radon gas Radon is a colorless and odorless gas generated by the breakdown of radioactive radium, which in turn is the decay product of uranium, found in the Earth's crust. The radiation decay products ionize genetic material,<unk> ng mutations that sometimes become cancerous. Radon is the second-most common<unk>  of lung cancer in the US,<unk> ng about 21,000 deaths each year. The risk increases 8–16% for every 100 Bq/m³ increase in the radon concentration. Radon gas levels vary by locality and the composition of the underlying soil and rocks. About one in 15 homes in the US has radon levels above the recommended guideline of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/l) (148 Bq/m³). Asbestos Asbestos can<unk>  a variety of lung diseases such as lung cancer. Tobacco smoking and exposure to asbestos together have synergistic effects on the development of lung cancer. In smokers who work with asbestos, the risk of lung cancer is increased 45-fold compared to the general population. Asbestos can also<unk>  cancer of the pleura, called mesothelioma – which actually is different from lung cancer. Air pollution Outdoor air pollutants, especially chemicals released from the burning of fossil fuels, increase the risk of lung cancer. Fine particulates (PM2.5) and sulfate aerosols, which may be released in traffic exhaust fumes, are associated with a slightly increased risk. For nitrogen dioxide, an incremental increase of 10 parts per billion increases the risk of lung cancer by 14%. Outdoor air pollution is estimated to<unk>  1–2% of lung cancers. Tentative evidence supports an increased risk of lung cancer from indoor air pollution in relation to the burning of wood, charcoal, dung, or crop residue for cooking and heating. Women who are exposed to indoor coal smoke have roughly twice the risk, and many of the by-products of burning biomass are known or suspected carcinogens. This risk affects about 2.4 billion people worldwide, and it is believed to result in 1.5% of lung cancer deaths. Genetics About 8% of lung cancer<unk> s are<unk> d by inherited (genetic) factors. In relatives of people who are diagnosed with lung cancer, the risk is doubled, likely due to a combination of genes. Polymorphisms on chromosomes 5, 6, and 15 have been identified and are associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes encoding the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) – CHRNA5, CHRNA3, and CHRNB4 – are of those associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, as well as RGS17 – a gene regulating G-protein signaling. Newer genetic studies, have identified 18 susceptibility loci achieving genome-wide significance. These loci highlight a heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility across the histological subtypes of lung cancer, again identifying the cholinergic nicotinic receptors, e.g. CHRNA2. Other<unk> s Numerous other substances, occupations, and environmental exposures have been linked to lung cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer states that "sufficient evidence" exists to show that the following are carcinogenic in the lungs: * Some metals (aluminium production, cadmium and cadmium compounds, chromium(VI) compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, iron and steel founding, nickel compounds, arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, and underground hematite mining) * Some products of combustion (incomplete combustion, coal (indoor emissions from household coal burning), coal gasification, coal-tar pitch, coke production, soot, and diesel engine exhaust) * Ionizing radiation (X-ray and gamma) * Some toxic gases (methyl ether (technical grade), and bis-(chloromethyl) ether, sulfur mustard, MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine mixture) and fumes from painting) * Rubber production and crystalline silica dust * A small increase in the risk of lung cancer is seen in people affected by systemic sclerosis.
medical cause of Hemoptysis
symptom of Lung cancer
types of Lung cancer
medical cause of Hemothorax
medical cause of Bronchiectasis
medical cause of Chylothorax
medical cause of Bronchiolitis
symptom of Bronchiectasis