Physical examination Displaced<unk> s of the trochanter or femoral neck will classically cause external rotation and shortening of the leg when the patient is laying supine. Imaging Typically, radiographs are taken of the<unk>  from the front (AP view), and side (lateral view). Frog leg views are to be avoided, as they may cause severe pain and further displace the<unk> . In situations where a<unk>  is suspected but not obvious on x-ray, an MRI is the next test of choice. If an MRI is not available or the patient can not be placed into the scanner a CT may be used as a substitute. MRI sensitivity for radiographically occult<unk>  is greater than CT. Bone scan is another useful alternative however substantial drawbacks include decreased sensitivity, early false negative results and decreased conspicuity of findings due to age-related metabolic changes in the elderly. A case demonstrating a possible order of imaging in initially subtle findings: File:X-ray of subtle compressive<unk> , labeled.X-ray showing a suspected compressive subcapital<unk>  as a radiodense line File:CT of subtle compressive<unk> .CT scan shows the same, atypical for a<unk>  since the cortex is coherent File:T1 TSE MRI of<unk> .T1-weighted, turbo spin echo, MRI confirms a<unk> , as the surrounding bone marrow has low signal from edema. As the patients most often require an operation, full pre-operative general investigation is required. This would normally include blood tests, ECG and chest x-ray. Types<unk>  classification. Subcapital<unk>  in a 92-year-old woman<unk>  (black arrow, pertrochanteric) versus a skin fold (white arrow). X-rays of the affected<unk>  usually make the diagnosis obvious; AP (anteroposterior) and lateral views should be obtained. Capsule Area Classification Intracapsular femoral head AO 31-C1 – 31-C3 Pipkin classification femoral neck Subcapital AO 31-B1 – 31-B3 Garden classification, Pauwel's classification Transcervical Basicervical Extracapsular Trochanteric Intertrochanteric (between the greater and lesser trochanter) AO 31-A1 – 31-A2 Evans' classification (1949), Ramadier's classification (1956), Boyd and Griffin's classification (1949), Decoulx & Lavarde's classification (1969), Ender's classification (1970), Tronzo's classification (1973), Evans-Jensen classification (1975), Deburge's classification (1976), Briot's classification (1980) Pertrochanteric (through the trochanters) AO 31-A3 Subtrochanteric AO 32 Seinsheimer classification Trochanteric<unk> s are subdivided into either intertrochanteric (between the greater and lesser trochanter) or pertrochanteric (through the trochanters) by the Müller AO Classification of<unk> s. Practically, the difference between these types is minor. The terms are often used synonymously. An isolated trochanteric<unk>  involves one of the trochanters without going through the anatomical axis of the femur, and may occur in young individuals due to forceful muscle contraction. Yet, an isolated trochanteric<unk>  may not be regarded as a true<unk>  because it is not cross-sectional.
Hip fracture
Osteoarthritis
Bosworth fracture
Greater trochanteric pain syndrome
Hume fracture
Hernia
Holdsworth fracture
Avascular necrosis