Surgery usually relieves the<unk>  disease symptoms that led the patient to the operating room. The survival curve of patients that undergo<unk> s is slightly inferior to the curve of their corresponding healthy same-aged same sex population. (Pre-operative) severe left ventricular hypertrophy is a contributing factor to morbidity. The risk of dying as a result of<unk>  is estimated at 1–3%. Combining<unk>  with coronary artery bypass grafting increases the risk of mortality. Older patients, as well as those who are frail and/or have other health problems (comorbidities), have a higher risk of experiencing complications. Possible problems include cardiac infarction/failure, arrhythmia or heart block (typically requires the permanent insertion of a cardiac pacemaker), mediastinal bleeding, stroke and infection. Late complications include endocarditis, thromboembolic events (blood clots), prosthetic<unk>  dysfunction and paravalvular leak (blood flowing between the edge of the prosthetic<unk>  and the cardiac tissue). Patient–prosthesis mismatch When dealing with a small<unk>  annulus, the surgeon might be forced to insert a small prosthetic<unk><unk> , with an orifice that is too small in relation to the size of the patient. This is known as patient–prosthesis mismatch. It increases the pressure of the blood flowing through the<unk>  and can negatively affect outcomes. Various techniques and stentless<unk> s have been utilized to avoid this phenomenon.
Aortic valve replacement
Aortic valve repair
Mitral valve replacement
Mitral valve repair
Heart valve repair
Valve replacement
Percutaneous aortic valve replacement
Mitral valve annuloplasty