A low osmolar contrast agent with concentration of 200 to 300 mg per ml with volume of 20 ml can be used in this study. Warming the contrast medium before infusion into the urethrea can help to reduce the chance of getting spasm of external urethral sphincter. The subject lie down on supine position. An 8 Fr Foley catheter is connected to a 50 ml syringe. The syringe is flushed to remove any air bubbles within the Foley catheter and the syringe. The tip of the catheter is then inserted into the urethra using aseptic technique until it park inside the navicular fossa. Fossa navicularis is located just a short distance proximal to urethral meatus within the glans penis. The balloon of the Foley catheter is then inflated with 2 to 3 ml of water to anchor the catheter and occlude the meatus, thus prevent contrast from leaking our from the penis. Contrast is then injected from the syringe with fluoroscopy to visualise the flow of contrast within the penis. The catheter is gentlely pulled to straighten the penis over the leg of the same side to prevent the overlapping of any pathology in the posterior urethrae. Spot images are taken at 30 to 45 degrees to visualise the entire spongy urethra (penile urethra). If there is no contraindication to full urinary catheterisation such as false passage or stricture, the urinary catheter should be inserted until urinary bladder to perform voiding cystourethrography to visualise the prostatic urethra and membranous urethra. Filling up the bladder with contrast without full catheterisation (the end of catheter inside the urethra) is also possible if the subject is able to relax the bladder neck to allow contrast to follow into the bladder. If a urethral injury is suspected, a<unk> hy should be performed before attempting to place a Foley catheter into the bladder. If there is a urethral disruption, a suprapubic catheter should be placed.
Retrograde urethrogram
Cystography
Voiding cystourethrography
Cystometry
Computed tomography urography
Cystoscopy
Suprapubic aspiration
Urinary cast