Detection in body fluids Hypericin, pseudohypericin, and hyperforin may be quantitated in plasma as confirmation of usage and to estimate the dosage. These three active substituents have plasma elimination half-lives within a range of 15–60 hours in humans. None of the three has been detected in urine specimens. Chemical constituents Chemical structure of hypericin The plant contains the following: * Flavonoids (e.g. epigallocatechin, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetin, quercitrin, quercetin, amentoflavone, biapigenin, astilbin, myricetin, miquelianin, kaempferol, luteolin) * Phenolic acids (e.g. chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid) * Naphthodianthrones (e.g. hypericin, pseudohypericin, protohypericin, protopseudohypericin) * Phloroglucinols (e.g. hyperforin, adhyperforin) * Tannins (unspecified, proanthocyanidins reported) * Volatile oils (e.g. 2-methyloctane, nonane, 2-methyldecane, undecane, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpineol, geraniol, myrcene, limonene, caryophyllene, humulene) * Saturated fatty acids (e.g. isovaleric acid (3-methylbutanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid) * Alkanols (e.g. 1-tetracosanol, 1-hexacosanol) * Vitamins & their analogues (e.g. carotenoids, choline, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid) * Miscellaneous others (e.g. pectin, β-sitosterol, hexadecane, triacontane, kielcorin, norathyriol) The naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin along with the phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin are thought to be among the numerous active constituents. It also contains essential oils composed mainly of sesquiterpenes. File:Hypericin2DACS.Hypericin File:Pseudohypericin2DACS2.Pseudohypericin File:Adhyperforin2DACS.Adhyperforin File:Hyperforin2DACS.Hyperforin File:Amentoflavone2DACS.Amentoflavone File:Hyperoside2DACS.Hyperoside File:Rutin2DACS.Rutin File:Kaempferol2DACS.Kaempferol File:Myricetin2DACS.Myricetin File:Quercetin2DACS.Quercetin File:Quercetrin2DACS.Quercitrin File:Isoquercitrin2DACS.Isoquercitrin File:Luteolin2DACS.Luteolin File:Catechin2DACS.Catechin File:Epicatechin2DACS.Epicatechin File:Epigallocatechin2DACS.Epigallocatechin File:Chlorogenic acid2DACS.Chlorogenic acid File:Caffeic acid2DACS.Caffeic acid File:Kielcorin2DACS.Kielcorin File:Norathyriol2DACS.Norathyriol
Hypericum perforatum
Amnion nodosum
Corpora arenacea
Stratum granulosum
Malum perforans
Stratum lucidum
Livedo racemosa
Ora serrata