Excess<unk>  is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive<unk>  consumption is<unk> dermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the<unk> id in the outermost layer of the epidermis.<unk> sis<unk> derma, also referred to as<unk> mia, is a benign and reversible medical condition where an excess of dietary<unk> ids results in orange discoloration of the outermost skin layer. It is associated with a high blood<unk>  value. This can occur after a month or two of consumption of beta-carotene rich foods, such as carrots, carrot juice, tangerine juice, mangos, or in Africa, red palm oil.<unk>  dietary supplements can have the same effect. The discoloration extends to palms and soles of feet, but not to the white of the eye, which helps distinguish the condition from jaundice.<unk> dermia is reversible upon cessation of excessive intake. Consumption of greater than 30 mg/day for a prolonged period has been confirmed as leading to<unk> mia. No risk for hypervitaminosis A At the enterocyte cell wall,<unk>  is taken up by the membrane transporter protein scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SCARB1). Absorbed<unk>  is then either incorporated as such into chylomicrons or first converted to retinal and then retinol, bound to retinol binding protein 2, before being incorporated into chylomicrons. The conversion process consists of one molecule of<unk>  cleaved by the enzyme beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase, which is encoded by the BC01 gene, into two molecules of retinal. When plasma retinol is in the normal range the gene expression for SCARB1 and BC01 are suppressed, creating a feedback loop that suppresses absorption and conversion.Because of these two mechanisms, high intake will not lead to hypervitaminosis A. Drug interactions<unk>  can interact with medication used for lowering cholesterol. Taking them together can lower the effectiveness of these medications and is considered only a moderate interaction. Bile acid sequestrants and proton-pump inhibitors can decrease absorption of<unk> . Consuming alcohol with<unk>  can decrease its ability to convert to retinol and could possibly result in hepatotoxicity.<unk>  and lung cancer in smokers Chronic high doses of<unk>  supplementation increases the probability of lung cancer in smokers. The effect is specific to supplementation dose as no lung damage has been detected in those who are exposed to cigarette smoke and who ingest a physiologic dose of<unk>  (6 mg), in contrast to high pharmacologic dose (30 mg). Therefore, the oncology from<unk>  is based on both cigarette smoke and high daily doses of<unk> . Increases in lung cancer may be due to the tendency of<unk>  to oxidize, and may hasten oxidation more than other food colors such as annatto. A<unk>  breakdown product suspected of causing cancer at high dose is trans-β-apo-8'-carotenal (common apocarotenal), which has been found in one study to be mutagenic and genotoxic in cell cultures which do not respond to<unk>  itself. Additionally, supplemental, high-dose<unk>  may increase the risk of prostate cancer, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cardiovascular and total mortality in people who smoke cigarettes or have a history of high-level exposure to asbestos.
Β-Carotene
Epoetin beta
Retinol
Retinoid
SimThyr
Tocopherol
Phytosterol
Psymberin