<unk><unk><unk>  marked a period of transition within the<unk>  world. Universities for doctors were becoming more common and standardized training was becoming a requirement. During this time, a few universities were beginning to train<unk>  as midwives, but rhetoric against<unk>  healers was increasing. The literature against<unk>  in medicine started in the 13th century, and the<unk><unk>  period gave way to a widespread call for licensing and proper training for midwives, which was largely unavailable. Within family households, however,<unk>  continued heal, as seen in the recipe books many<unk>  kept and passed down from generation to generation.<unk>  "were brought up to know how to make medicines and how to use them." The roots of medicine within<unk>  largely originated from<unk>  and their knowledge.<unk><unk><unk>  were both paid and unpaid.<unk>  were healers whether compensated or not, but harder to separate into specialties as with male healers, because<unk>  had no formal guilds. This has resulted in some confusion about what<unk> 's roles actually were when it came to medicine.
Women medical practitioners in Early Modern Europe
Women in medicine
Women in pharmacy
African Americans and birth control
Women and HIV/AIDS
Intimate partner violence and U.S. military populations
Out-of-hours service
Volunteers in Medicine