Fluoroscopic image of two metal biliary stents in the common bile duct. The large black tube across the image is the duodenoscope. The complications of<unk>  are related to a number of factors. The first is that the endoscopic procedure used to insert a<unk>  involves the use of sedative medications, which may lead to oversedation, aspiration, or drug reaction.<unk>  also expand and can lead to perforation of the bowel or compression of structures adjacent to the bowel. Long-term complications of<unk>  may be related to the underlying tumour being treated: the tumour may grow into the stent wall (tumour ingrowth) or over the end of the stent (tumour overgrowth), leading to obstruction. These complications may be limited by the use of coated stents. Tumour ingrowth or overgrowth can be additionally palliated by the placement of a second stent through the lumen of the first, through electrocautery or argon plasma coagulation of the tumour tissue in the stent, or through the use of photodynamic therapy. Over time,<unk>  may also migrate to a different position that does not help with treatment of the obstructed area. This may be treated with placement of a second<unk> , or endoscopic attempts to reposition or remove the first. Rarely,<unk>  may fracture or intussescept after endoscopic intervention.
Self-expandable metallic stent
Endoscopic stenting
Bare-metal stent
Embolization
Endoscopic submucosal dissection
Bioresorbable stent
Jejunoileal bypass
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery