The effects of<unk> vary greatly according to gender, age, location, and other factors. When discussing female<unk>  one of the most important factors to consider is the degree of power that women hold in the household and within society. Physical Understanding the physical effects of<unk> is important because it is a common method of contraception. Among women who had interval tubal<unk>  studies have shown a null or positive effect on female sexual interest and pleasure. Similar results were discovered for men who had vasectomies. Vasectomies did not negatively influence the satisfaction of men and there was no significant change in communication and marital satisfaction among couples as a result. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, tubal<unk>  result in serious problems in less than 1 out of 1000 women. Tubal<unk> is an effective procedure, but pregnancy can still occur in about 1 out of 200 women. Some potential risks of tubal<unk> include "bleeding from a skin incision or inside the abdomen, infection, damage to other organs inside the abdomen, side effects from anesthesia, ectopic pregnancy (an egg that becomes fertilized outside the uterus), and incomplete closing of a fallopian tube that results in pregnancy." Potential risks of vasectomies include "pain continuing long after surgery, bleeding and bruising, a (usually mild) inflammatory reaction to sperm that spill during surgery called sperm granuloma, and infection." Additionally, the vas deferens, the part of the male anatomy that transports sperm, may grow back together, which could result in unintended pregnancy. Psychological It can be difficult to measure the psychological effects of<unk>  as certain psychological phenomenon may be more prevalent in those who eventually decide to partake in<unk>  The relationships between psychological problems and<unk> may be due more to correlation rather than causation. That being said, there are several trends surrounding the psychological health of those who have received<unk> . A 1996 Chinese study found that "risk for depression was 2.34 times greater after tubal ligation, and 3.97 times greater after vasectomy." If an individual goes into the procedure after being coerced or with a lack of understanding of the procedure and its consequences, he or she is more likely to suffer negative psychological consequences afterwards. However, most people in the United States who are sterilized maintain the same level of psychological health as they did prior to the procedure. Because<unk> is a largely irreversible procedure, post-sterilization regret is a major psychological effect. The most common reason for post-sterilization regret is the desire to have more children. Familial Women in the household Some people believe that<unk> gives women, in particular, more control over their sexuality and their reproduction. This can lead to empowering women, to giving them more of a sense of ownership over their body, as well as to an improved relationship in the household. In the United States, where there are no governmental incentives for being sterilized (see below), the decision is often made for personal and familial reasons. A woman, sometimes along with her husband or partner, can decide that she does not want any more children or she does not want children at all. Many women report feeling more sexually liberated after being sterilized, as there is no concern of a pregnancy risk. By eliminating the risk of having more children, a woman can commit to a long-term job without a disruption of a maternity leave in the future. A woman will feel more empowered since she could make a decision about her body and her life.<unk> eliminates the need for potential abortions, which can be a very stressful decision overall. Relationship with spouse In countries that are more entrenched in the traditional patriarchal system, female<unk>  can inspire abusive behavior from husbands for various reasons.<unk> can lead to distrust in a marriage if the husband then suspects his wife of infidelity. Furthermore, the husband may become angry and aggressive if the decision to be sterilized was made by the wife without consulting him. If a woman marries again after<unk>  her new husband might be displeased with her inability to bear him children, causing tumult in the marriage. There are many negative consequences associated with women who hold very little personal power. However, in more progressive cultures and in stable relationships, there are few changes observed in spousal relationships after<unk>  In these cultures, women hold more agency and men are less likely to dictate women's personal choices. Sexual activity remains fairly constant and marital relationships do not suffer, as long as the<unk> decision was made collaboratively between the two partners. Children As the Chinese government tried to communicate to their people after the population boom between 1953 and 1971, having fewer children allows more of a family's total resources to be dedicated to each child. Especially in countries that give parents incentives for family planning and for having fewer children, it is advantageous to existing children to be in smaller families. In more rural areas where families depend on the labor of their children to survive,<unk> could have more of a negative effect. If a child dies, a family loses a worker. During China’s controversial one-child policy reign, policymakers allowed families to have another child if an existing child in the same family died or became disabled. However, if either parent is sterilized, this is impossible. The loss of a child could impact the survival of an entire family. Community and beyond In countries with high population rates, such as China and India, compulsory<unk> policies or incentivizes to<unk> may be implemented in order to lower birth rates. While both countries are experiencing a decline in birth rate, there is worry that the rate was lowered too much and that there will not be enough people to fill the labor force. There is also the problem of son-preference: with greater sex selection technology, parents can abort a pregnancy if they know it is a female child. This leads to an uneven sex ratio, which can have negative implications down the line. However, experiencing a lower population rate is often very beneficial to countries. It can lead to lower levels of poverty and unemployment.
Sterilization 
Saponification
Detoxification
Leukoreduction
Electrochlorination
Depurination
Deworming
Surgical lubricant