They are more common in males than females, occurring in a ratio of about 5:1. They are strongly associated with the presence of torus mandibularis and torus palatinus.
Buccal exostosis
Subungual exostosis
Hyperostosis frontalis interna
Melorheostosis
Achondroplasia
Osteoma cutis
Thanatophoric dysplasia
Omphalolith