Measurement of<unk>  is generally used in two clinical contexts. First, it is measured in pregnant women through the analysis of maternal blood or amniotic fluid as a screening test for certain developmental abnormalities, such as aneuploidy. Second, serum<unk>  level is elevated in people with certain tumors, and so it is used as a biomarker to follow these diseases. Some of these diseases are listed below: * Developmental birth defects associated with elevated<unk>  *Omphalocele *Gastroschisis * Neural tube defects: ↑ α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and maternal serum * Tumors associated with elevated<unk>  * Hepatocellular carcinoma * Metastatic disease affecting the liver * Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors * Yolk sac tumor * Other conditions associated with elevated<unk>  * Ataxia telangiectasia: elevated<unk>  is used as one factor in diagnosis A peptide derived from<unk>  that is referred to as<unk> ep is claimed to possess anti-cancer properties. In the treatment of testicular cancer it is paramount to differentiate seminomatous and nonseminomatous tumors. This is typically done pathologically after removal of the testicle and confirmed by tumor markers. However if the pathology is pure seminoma, if the<unk>  is elevated, the tumor is treated as a nonseminomatous tumor because it contains yolk sac (nonseminomatous) components.
Alpha-fetoprotein
Mammaglobin
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1
AFP-L3
Prostate-specific antigen
CA19-9
CA 15-3