Physiological data such as blood pressure and subjective<unk>  data are collected by sensors on peripheral devices. Examples of peripheral devices are: blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, and glucometer. The data are transmitted to healthcare providers or third parties via wireless telecommunication devices. The data are evaluated for potential problems by a healthcare professional or via a clinical decision support algorithm, and<unk> , caregivers, and health providers are immediately alerted if a problem is detected. As a result, timely intervention ensures positive<unk>  outcomes. The newer applications also provide education, test and medication reminder alerts, and a means of communication between the<unk>  and the provider. The following section illustrates examples of<unk>  applications, but<unk>  is not limited to those disease states. Cancer Use of<unk>  among<unk> s with cancer has been proven to improve outcomes overall, with studies showing improvements in rehospitalization rates and decreased healthcare resource usage. These<unk>  monitoring technologies help to lower severity of pain as well as improving depression. COVID-19 Use of<unk>  reduces face-to-face interactions between physician and<unk> <unk>  can provide continuity of care for symptomatic COVID-19<unk> s post-discharge from hospital and those with mild to moderate oxygen desaturation levels that do not require hospitalization, and<unk> s with long-COVID symptoms. Due to the nature of the pandemic,<unk>  is a necessary means of providing care to at-risk<unk> s such as elderly or immunocompromised people. Studies show that the use of<unk>  during the pandemic has helped to reduce hospitalizations and decrease the use of acute care resources. The FDA has given emergency authorized use of<unk>  technologies for the purpose of decreasing the spread of COVID-19 and to prevent overload for healthcare resources and personnel. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) For<unk> s with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,<unk>  may contribute to increased<unk>  knowledge, earlier interventions, and shared decision making. However the evidence is varying and issues of cost, and the shift of responsibilities to<unk> s have also been raised. Dementia and falls Telehealth Response Watch For<unk> s with dementia that are at risk for falls,<unk>  technology promotes safety and prevents harm through continuous surveillance.<unk>  sensors can be affixed to the individual or their assistive mobility devices such as canes and walkers. The sensors monitor an individual’s location, gait, linear acceleration and angular velocity, and utilize a mathematical algorithm to predict the likelihood for falls, detect movement changes, and alert caregivers if the individual has fallen. Furthermore, tracking capabilities via Wi-Fi, global positioning system (GPS) or radio frequency enables caregivers to locate wandering elders. Diabetes Diabetes management requires control of multiple parameters: blood pressure, weight, and blood glucose. The real-time delivery of blood glucose and blood pressure readings enables immediate alerts for<unk>  and healthcare providers to intervene when needed. There is evidence to show that daily diabetes management involving<unk>  is just as effective as usual clinic visit every 3 months. Congestive heart failure A systematic review of the literature on home monitoring for heart failure<unk> s indicates that<unk>  improves quality of life, improves<unk> -provider relationships, shortens duration of stay in hospitals, decreases mortality rate, and reduces costs to the healthcare system. Infertility A recent study of a<unk>  solution for infertility demonstrated that for appropriately screened<unk> s who had been seeking In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) treatment, a six-month<unk>  monitoring program had the same pregnancy rate as a cycle of IVF. The<unk>  product and service used had a cost-per-patient of $800, compared to the average cost of a cycle of IVF of $15,000, suggesting a 95% reduction in the cost of care for the same outcome. Telemedicine in prison systems A forerunner to<unk> , Florida first experimented with "primitive" telemedicine use in its prisons during the latter 1980s. Working with Doctors Oscar W. Boultinghouse and Michael J. Davis, from the early 1990s to 2007, Glenn G. Hammack led the University of Texas Medical Branch's development of a pioneering telehealth program in Texas state prisons. Veterans Health Administration The Veterans Health Administration (VHA), United States’ largest integrated healthcare system, is an early adopter which became highly involved in the implementation and evaluation of<unk>  technologies. It has expanded use of<unk>  beyond common chronic disease applications, to post-traumatic stress disorder, cancer and palliative care. VHA’s findings indicate improvements in a wide range of metrics, including decrease in emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and nursing home admissions. Findings from the VHA Care Coordination/Home Telehealth program show that<unk>  deployment resulted in significant savings to the organization. Whole System Demonstrator Trial in UK The UK’s Department of Health’s Whole System Demonstrator (WSD) launched in May 2008. It is the largest randomised control trial of telehealth and telecare in the world, involving 6191<unk> s and 238 GP practices across three sites, Newham, Kent and Cornwall. The trials were evaluated by: City University London, University of Oxford, University of Manchester, Nuffield Trust, Imperial College London and London School of Economics. * 45% reduction in mortality rates * 20% reduction in emergency admissions * 15% reduction in A&E visits * 14% reduction in elective admissions * 14% reduction in bed days * 8% reduction in tariff costs In the UK, the Government's Care Services minister, Paul Burstow, has stated that telehealth and telecare would be extended over the next five years (2012-2017) to reach three million people.
Remote patient monitoring
Cardiac monitoring
Neuromuscular monitoring
Transcutaneous pacing
Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
Holter monitor
Cardiac catheterization
Heart rate monitor