There is a lexical gap between<unk>  names and descriptions of<unk><unk>  and English pharmacological terminology for hallucinogens, which are commonly divided into psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. The English lexicon has a complex semantic field for psychoactive drugs, and most terms are neologisms. Hallucination (from Latin alucinor "to wander in mind") is defined as: "The apparent, often strong subjective perception of an external object or event when no such stimulus or situation is present; may be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile." Hallucinogen (coined in 1952 from Latin alucinor and -gen "producing"): "A mind-altering chemical, drug, or agent, specifically a chemical the most prominent pharmacologic action of which is on the central nervous system (mescaline); in normal people, it elicits optic or auditory hallucinations, depersonalization, perceptual disturbances, and disturbances of thought processes." Pharmacology divides hallucinogens into three classes. Psychedelic (first used in 1956 from Greek psyche- "mind; soul" and delein "to manifest"): "Pertaining to a rather imprecise category of drugs with mainly central nervous system action, and with effects said to be the expansion or heightening of consciousness, LSD, hashish, mescaline, psilocybin." Dissociative is a class of hallucinogen that produces feelings of dissociation (Latin dissocioatus "to disjoin, separate" from socius "partner, ally") meaning "(3) An unconscious separation of a group of mental processes from the rest, resulting in an independent functioning of these processes and a loss of the usual associations, a separation of affect from cognition." Dissociative disorders is defined as "a group of mental disorders characterized by disturbances in the functions of identity, memory, consciousness, or perception of the environment; this diagnostic group includes dissociative (older term, psychogenic) amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity (older term, multiple personality) disorder, and depersonalization disorder." Deliriant is a technical term introduced to distinguish hallucinogens that primarily cause delirium (1982, from Latin deliro "to be crazy" and delira "go out of the furrow"): "An altered state of consciousness, consisting of confusion, distractibility, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, defective perception (illusions and hallucinations), prominent hyperactivity, agitation, and autonomic nervous system overactivity; caused by illness, medication, or toxic, structural, and metabolic disorders." The equivalent semantic field in the<unk>  lexicon comprises contemporary loanwords. Huànjué ( "hallucination; delusion; illusion") compounds huàn ( "unreal; imaginary; illusory") and (jué "feeling; sensation; perception"). Zhìhuànjì ( "psychedelic; hallucinogen") compounds zhì ( "incur; cause"), huàn "unreal; imaginary; illusory", and jì ( "medicinal preparation; dose"). Zhìhuànyào (<unk>  drug") with yào ( "medicine; drug") is a less common synonym. Míhuànyàowù ( "psychedelic") combines míhuàn ( "phantasmagoric; surreal; mysterious; psychedelic") and yàowù ( "medicine; pharmaceutical; medicament"). The<unk>  technical names for the last two classes of hallucinogens are rare: Yóulíyàopǐn ( "dissociative") compounds yóulí ( "dissociated; drifting") and yàopǐn ( " medicine; chemical reagent; drug"); and Zhìzhānwàngyào ( "deliriant") combines zhì "incur; cause", zhānwàng ( "(medical) delirium"), and yào "medicine; drug".
Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals
Cold medicine
Byzantine medicine
Botanical drug
Hazardous drugs
Topological drugs
Animal products in pharmaceuticals
Synthetic cannabinoids