Alpha 1 blocker As alpha 1 blocker will dilate blood vessels, it lowers the blood pressure. Thus , it contraindicate to patients with a history of orthostatic hypotension and in current use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Moreover, alpha 1 blocker should not be given to patients with heart failure since it expands blood volume. Alpha 2 blocker There are limited information about the contraindication of alpha-2 blocker, since it has limited clinical uses. Beta 1 blocker Damaged alveoli of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient Traditionally, Beta-1 blocker has several contraindications, including, recent history of fluid retention without use of diuretics, and complete or second degree of heart block. Whilst some studies suggest that there are only minor differences in terms of adverse effect between asthma patients and non-asthma patients, beta-1 blockers are generally not prescribed to asthma patients or patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to its potential blockage of beta 2 receptors. Additionally, beta1 blocker should not be given to patients with peripheral vascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, since blockage of beta-2 receptors may lead to vasoconstriction and delayed response to hypoglycemia respectively. Beta 2 blocker Beta 2 blocker should be avoided for patients with asthma, COPD as it causes bronchoconstriction. It may also increase the chance of hypoglycemic comas in diabetic patients. Beta 3 blocker Due to the relatively limited study on beta-3 receptor, there is not much development of beta-3 blocker. Therefore, beta-3 blocker has no clinical use. The contraindications of beta-3 blocker can not be observed.
Adrenergic blocking agent
Adrenergic release inhibitor
Norepinephrine releasing agent
Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent
Chaotropic agent
Serotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent
Serotonin releasing agent
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent