Researchers distinguish between recognition and recall<unk> . Recognition<unk>  tasks require individuals to indicate whether they have encountered a stimulus (such as a picture or a word) before. Recall<unk>  tasks require participants to retrieve previously learned information. For example, individuals might be asked to produce a series of actions they have seen before or to say a list of words they have heard before. By information type Topographical<unk>  involves the ability to orient oneself in space, to recognize and follow an itinerary, or to recognize familiar places. Getting lost when traveling alone is an example of the failure of topographic<unk> . Flashbulb<unk> es are clear episodic<unk> es of unique and highly emotional events. People remembering where they were or what they were doing when they first heard the news of President Kennedy's assassination, the Sydney Siege or of 9/11 are examples of flashbulb<unk> es. Anderson (1976) divides long-term<unk>  into declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit)<unk> es. Declarative Declarative<unk>  requires conscious recall, in that some conscious process must call back the information. It is sometimes called explicit<unk> , since it consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrieved. Declarative<unk>  can be further sub-divided into semantic<unk> , concerning principles and facts taken independent of context; and episodic<unk> , concerning information specific to a particular context, such as a time and place. Semantic<unk>  allows the encoding of abstract knowledge about the world, such as "Paris is the capital of France". Episodic<unk> , on the other hand, is used for more personal<unk> es, such as the sensations, emotions, and personal associations of a particular place or time. Episodic<unk> es often reflect the "firsts" in life such as a first kiss, first day of school or first time winning a championship. These are key events in one's life that can be remembered clearly. Research suggests that declarative<unk>  is supported by several functions of the medial temporal lobe system which includes the hippocampus. Autobiographical<unk>  –<unk>  for particular events within one's own life – is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic<unk> . Visual<unk>  is part of<unk>  preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. One is able to place in<unk>  information that resembles objects, places, animals or people in sort of a mental image. Visual<unk>  can result in priming and it is assumed some kind of perceptual representational system underlies this phenomenon. Procedural In contrast, procedural<unk>  (or implicit<unk>  is not based on the conscious recall of information, but on implicit learning. It can best be summarized as remembering how to do something. Procedural<unk>  is primarily used in learning motor skills and can be considered a subset of implicit<unk> . It is revealed when one does better in a given task due only to repetition – no new explicit<unk> es have been formed, but one is unconsciously accessing aspects of those previous experiences. Procedural<unk>  involved in motor learning depends on the cerebellum and basal ganglia. A characteristic of procedural<unk>  is that the things remembered are automatically translated into actions, and thus sometimes difficult to describe. Some examples of procedural<unk>  include the ability to ride a bike or tie shoelaces. By temporal direction Another major way to distinguish different<unk>  functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective<unk> , or in the future, prospective<unk> . John Meacham introduced this distinction in a paper presented at the 1975 American Psychological Association annual meeting and subsequently included by Ulric Neisser in his 1982 edited volume,<unk>  Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts. Thus, retrospective<unk>  as a category includes semantic, episodic and autobiographical<unk> . In contrast, prospective<unk>  is<unk>  for future intentions, or remembering to remember (Winograd, 1988). Prospective<unk>  can be further broken down into event- and time-based prospective remembering. Time-based prospective<unk> es are triggered by a time-cue, such as going to the doctor (action) at 4pm (cue). Event-based prospective<unk> es are intentions triggered by cues, such as remembering to post a letter (action) after seeing a mailbox (cue). Cues do not need to be related to the action (as the mailbox/letter example), and lists, sticky-notes, knotted handkerchiefs, or string around the finger all exemplify cues that people use as strategies to enhance prospective<unk> .
Memory
Working memory
Episodic memory
Gross processing
Associative memory 
Motor planning
Serial memory processing
Visuospatial function