Any approach to<unk>  risks causing a pneumothorax. Careful technique can limit this risk, which ranges from less than 1% to about 10%. The precise risk of pneumothorax depends on technique and on underlying<unk>  disease, as certain<unk>  diseases such as COPD can increase the risk of pneumothorax. Pneumothorax sometimes requires treatment with a chest tube. Bleeding can be life-threatening and can occur in 1 to 4%. Rarely, intercostal artery can be injured when<unk>  needle is punctured through the back, due to variations in the course of the artery during its first 6 cm from the spine when emerged from the midline vessels such as costocervical trunk of subclavian artery and descending thoracic aorta. There is a higher chance of the artery deviated from its usual course of groove below the ribs (subcostal groove), for the ribs that are nearer to the head. Therefore, target lesions near the back of the<unk> s are usually avoided if possible, and the puncture should be as near to the superior margin of the ribs as possible during<unk> .
Lung biopsy
Bronchial brushing
Bronchoscopy
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Bronchography
Bronchial challenge test
Thoracoscopy
Mediastinoscopy