Diagnostic tests for<unk>  LID * complete blood count * hemoglobin * serum<unk>  * total<unk>  binding capacity * serum ferritin * bone marrow examination (rarely) Note:<unk>  therapy must be suspended 48 hours beforehand to ensure valid test results. The normal range for hemoglobin is 13.8 to 17.2 grams per deciliter (g/dL) for men and 12.1 to 15.1 g/dL for women. Low hemoglobin indicates anemia but will be normal for LID. Normal serum<unk>  is between 60 and 170 micrograms per deciliter (μg/dL). Normal total<unk> -binding capacity for both sexes is 240 to 450 μg/dL. Total<unk> -binding capacity increases when<unk><unk>  exists. Serum ferritin levels reflect the<unk>  stores available in the body. The normal range is 20 to 200 ng/mL for men and 15 to 150 ng/mL for women. Low levels (< 12 ng/mL) are specific for<unk><unk> . However, inflammatory and neoplastic disorders can cause ferritin levels to increase - this may be seen in cases of hepatitis, leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, and GI tract tumors. The most sensitive and specific criterion for<unk> -deficient erythropoiesis is depleted<unk>  stores in the bone marrow. However, in practice, a bone marrow examination is rarely needed. Interpretation of diagnostic test results in terms of stage of<unk><unk>  LID is present in stage 1 and 2, before anemia occurs in stage 3. These first two stages can be interpreted as depletion of<unk>  stores and reduction of effective<unk>  transport. Stage 1 is characterized by loss of bone marrow<unk>  stores while hemoglobin and serum<unk>  levels remain normal. Serum ferritin falls to less than 20 ng/mL. Increased<unk>  absorption, a compensatory change, results in an increased amount transferrin and consequent increased<unk> -binding capacity. Stage 2 - Erythropoiesis is impaired. In spite of an increased level of transferrin, serum<unk>  level is decreased along with transferrin saturation. Erythropoiesis impairment begins when the serum<unk>  level falls to less than 50 μg/dL and transferrin saturation is less than 16%. In stage 3, anemia (reduced hemoglobin levels) is present but red blood cell appearance remains normal. Changes in the appearance of red blood cells are the hallmark of stage 4; first microcytosis and then hypochromia develop.<unk><unk>  begins to affect tissues in stage 5, manifesting as symptoms and signs.
Latent iron deficiency
Immunization during pregnancy
Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection
Contaminated haemophilia blood products
Vaccine-induced seropositivity
Vaccine wastage
Clonally transmissible cancer
Criminal transmission of HIV