A<unk>  or marketing<unk>  is a form of marketing, conducted in the name of research, designed to target product sampling towards selected consumers. In the marketing research field,<unk>  is the process of allocating marketing to specific customers, or groups of customers, in order to stimulate the internal dynamics of the market, and enhance the diffusion process. In medicine,<unk> s are clinical<unk> s or research studies in which the primary objective is to introduce the concept of a particular medical intervention—such as a pharmaceutical drug or medical device—to physicians, rather than to test a scientific hypothesis. To create loyalty and advocacy towards a brand,<unk> s take advantage of opinion leadership to enhance sales, capitalizing on the Hawthorne Effect. In a<unk> , the brand provides potential opinion leaders with the product for free, aiming to gain valuable pre-market feedback and also to build support among the testers, creating influential word-of-mouth advocates for the product. By involving the opinion leaders as testers, effectively inviting them to be an extension of the marketing department, companies can create "a powerful sense of ownership among the clients, customers or consumers that count" by offering engaging the testers in a research dialogue.<unk> s in medicine are not illegal but are considered unethical because they "deceive investigators, clinicians, and patients, subverting the scientific process".
Seeding trial
Oral food challenge
Antral lavage
History and culture of breastfeeding
ABCD rating
Stool test
Carrier testing
Rectal examination