The cause of most cases of<unk>  is unknown. LES pressure and relaxation are regulated by excitatory (e.g., acetylcholine, substance P) and inhibitory (e.g., nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal peptide) neurotransmitters. People with<unk>  lack noradrenergic, noncholinergic, inhibitory ganglion cells, causing an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. The result is a hypertensive nonrelaxed<unk>  sphincter. Autopsy and myotomy specimens have, on histological examination, shown an inflammatory response consisting of CD3/CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes, variable numbers of eosinophils and mast cells, loss of ganglion cells, and neurofibrosis; these events appear to occur early in<unk> . Thus, it seems there is an autoimmune context to<unk> , most likely caused by viral triggers. Other studies suggest hereditary, neurodegenerative, genetic and infective contributions.
Esophageal achalasia
Esophageal spasm
Nutcracker esophagus
Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
Esophageal web
Megaesophagus
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Esophageal stricture