CT scan of 11 cm Wilms' tumor of right kidney in 13-month-old. The majority of people with Wilms' tumor present with an asymptomatic abdominal mass which is noticed by a family member or healthcare professional. Renal tumors can also be found during routine screening in children who have known predisposing clinical syndromes. The diagnostic process includes taking a medical history, a physical exam, and a series of tests including blood, urine, and imaging tests. Once Wilms’ tumor is suspected, an ultrasound scan is usually done first to confirm the presence of an intrarenal mass. A computed tomography scan or MRI scan can also be used for more detailed imaging. Finally, the diagnosis of Wilms' tumor is confirmed by a tissue sample. In most cases, a biopsy is not done first because there is a risk of cancer cells spreading during the procedure. Treatment in North America is nephrectomy or in Europe chemotherapy followed by nephrectomy. A definitive diagnosis is obtained by pathological examination of the nephrectomy specimen. Staging Staging is a standard way to describe the extent of spread of Wilms' tumors and to determine prognosis and treatments. Staging is based on anatomical findings and tumor cells pathology. According to the extent of tumor tissue at the time of initial diagnosis, five stages are considered. In Stage I Wilms' tumor (43% of cases), all of the following criteria must be met: * Tumor is limited to the kidney and is completely excised. * The surface of the renal capsule is intact. * The tumor is not ruptured or biopsied (open or needle) prior to removal. * No involvement of extrarenal or renal sinus lymph-vascular spaces * No residual tumor apparent beyond the margins of excision. * Metastasis of tumor to lymph nodes not identified. In Stage II (23% of cases), 1 or more of the following criteria must be met: * Tumor extends beyond the kidney but is completely excised. * No residual tumor apparent at or beyond the margins of excision. * Any of the following conditions may also exist: * Tumor involvement of the blood vessels of the renal sinus and/or outside the renal parenchyma. * Extensive tumor involvement of renal sinus soft tissue. In Stage III (20% of cases), 1 or more of the following criteria must be met: * Inoperable primary tumor. * Lymph node metastasis. * Tumor is present at surgical margins. * Tumor spillage involving peritoneal surfaces either before or during surgery, or transected tumor thrombus. * The tumor has been biopsied prior to removal or there is local spillage of tumor during surgery, confined to the flank. Stage IV (10% of cases) Wilms' tumor is defined by the presence of hematogenous metastases (lung, liver, bone, or brain), or lymph node metastases outside the abdominopelvic region. Stage V (5% of cases) Wilms' tumor is defined by bilateral renal involvement at the time of initial diagnosis. For patients with bilateral involvement, an attempt should be made to stage each side according to the above criteria (stage I to III) on the basis of extent of disease prior to biopsy.
types of Mesoblastic nephroma
complications of Mesothelioma
Renal cell carcinoma with t
types of Kidney cancer
complications of Ewing's sarcoma
complications of Teratoma
medical cause of Wandering spleen
symptom of Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease