Note that, in neonates,<unk>  is difficult to diagnose clinically. They may be relatively asymptomatic until hemodynamic and respiratory collapse is imminent, so, if there is even a remote suspicion of<unk> , they are frequently treated with antibiotics empirically until cultures are sufficiently proven to be negative. In addition to fluid resuscitation and supportive care, a common antibiotic regimen in infants with suspected<unk>  is a beta-lactam antibiotic (usually ampicillin) in combination with an aminoglycoside (usually gentamicin) or a third-generation cephalosporin (usually cefotaxime—ceftriaxone is generally avoided in neonates due to the theoretical risk of kernicterus.) The organisms which are targeted are species that predominate in the female genitourinary tract and to which neonates are especially vulnerable to, specifically Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes (This is the main rationale for using ampicillin versus other beta-lactams.) Of course, neonates are also vulnerable to other common pathogens that can cause meningitis and bacteremia such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Although uncommon, if anaerobic species are suspected (such as in cases where necrotizing enterocolitis or intestinal perforation is a concern, clindamycin is often added. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is sometimes used in<unk> . However, a 2009 study found that GM-CSF corrects neutropenia if present but it has no effect on reducing<unk>  or improving surviva. Antibiotic Overtreatment In cases of suspected Early Onset<unk>  (EOS) one of the treatments is empirical antibiotics. The strategy of clinicians utilizing antibiotics as a course of treatment for EOS has resulted in the overtreatment of antibiotics to infants suspected of having signs of EOS. There are several consequences to the overtreatment of antibiotics in newborns including "microbiome alterations, which are linked to the development of asthma, food allergies, and childhood obesity". Another risk in the early introduction of antibiotics in infants is the increase in the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of infectious disease. Current methods of treatment for EOS are often implemented before a positive<unk>  blood culture is found. In the last two decades (2000-2020), the use of intrapartum antibiotics has reduced the incidence of EOS. The current challenge faced by clinicians is mainly weighing the risk and benefits of the possibility of antibiotic overtreatment vs. the effects of<unk> .
Neonatal sepsis
Neonatal meningitis
Shaken baby syndrome
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Omphalitis of newborn
Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease
Neonatal stroke
Neonatal infection