As a first step,<unk> s with<unk>  should receive psychoeducation about<unk> , so they understand the diagnosis. This is vital to ensure that<unk> s with<unk>  can make informed decisions about their treatment, and has other benefits such as improved relationships with others. Treatment often begins with medication selected to address the symptoms of<unk> , along with any comorbid conditions that may be present. Medication alone, while sometimes effective in correcting the physiological symptoms of<unk> , will not address the paucity of skills which many<unk> s will have acquired because of their<unk>  (e.g., one might regain ability to focus with medication, but skills such as organizing, prioritizing and effectively communicating have taken others time to cultivate). Suggested treatment for<unk> <unk>  is to include a combined approach of psychosocial interventions (behavioural or cognitive), medication, vocational interventions, and regular follow-up support. Medications Medications to help treat<unk>  include psychostimulants and non-stimulants. Guidelines and availability of the different options available for medication may vary depending on what country the person lives in. Stimulants Stimulants have moderate-to-high effects, which have higher average effects than non-stimulant medications. For<unk> s, amphetamines in particular are the most efficacious medications and they (along with methylphenidate) have the least adverse effects. While there is some debate about whether to treat<unk><unk> s with substance use disorder (SUD) with stimulants, the 2019 Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of<unk> <unk>  notes that "in SUD patients, treatment of<unk>  with stimulants can be useful to reduce<unk>  symptoms without worsening the SUD, and should not be avoided". Amphetamine and its derivatives, prototype stimulants, are available in immediate and long-acting formulations. Amphetamines act by multiple mechanisms including reuptake inhibition, displacement of transmitters from vesicles, reversal of uptake transporters and reversible MAO inhibition. Thus amphetamines actively increases the release of these neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. In the short term, methylphenidate, a benzylpiperidine and phenethylamine derivative stimulant medication, is well tolerated. As of a 2008 review, long-term studies had not been conducted in<unk> s, although no serious side effects had been reported to regulatory authorities. In the UK, clinical guidelines recommend that psychostimulants are used as a first-line treatment. For people who cannot be treated with stimulants due to a substance use disorder or other contraindications, atomoxetine is the suggested first line treatment in the UK. In Canada, clinical guidelines suggest that first line treatment be methylphenidate or lisdexamfetamine. Non-stimulant medications are generally second-line treatments in Canada. Non-stimulant medications The non-stimulant atomoxetine (Strattera), may be an effective treatment for<unk> <unk> . Although atomoxetine has a half life similar to stimulants it exhibits delayed onset of therapeutic effects similar to antidepressants. Unlike the stimulants which are controlled substances, atomoxetine lacks addictive potential. It is particularly effective for those with the predominantly inattentive concentration type of<unk><unk>  due to being primarily a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is often prescribed in<unk> s who cannot tolerate the side effects of amphetamines or methylphenidate. It is also approved for<unk>  by the US Food and Drug Administration. A rare but potentially severe side effect includes liver damage and increased suicidal ideation. Bupropion and desipramine are two antidepressants that have demonstrated some evidence of effectiveness in the management of<unk>  particularly when there is comorbid major depression, although antidepressants have lower treatment effect sizes. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy, including behavioral therapy, can help an<unk>  with<unk>  monitor his or her own behavior and provide the skills for improving organization and efficiency in daily tasks. Research has shown that, alongside medication, psychological interventions in<unk> s can be effective in reducing symptomatic<unk> ncies. Cognitive behavioral therapy in particular can provide benefits, especially alongside medication, in the treatment of<unk> <unk> .
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Tourette syndrome
Motivational deficiency disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Conduct disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder
Frontal lobe disorder