The principal method to diagnose<unk>  is echocardiography, with which the thickness of the muscle of the heart can be measured. The electrocardiogram (ECG) often shows signs of increased voltage from the heart in individuals with<unk> , so this is often used as a screening test to determine who should undergo further testing. Echocardiography +<unk>  grading by posterior wall thickness Mild 12 to 13 mm Moderate >13 to 17 mm Severe >17 mm Two dimensional echocardiography can produce images of the left ventricle. The thickness of the left ventricle as visualized on echocardiography correlates with its actual mass. Average thickness of the left ventricle, with numbers given as 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level are: * Women: 4 – 8 mm * Men: 5 – 9 mm ECG criteria<unk>  with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG Histopathology of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm. Gross pathology of<unk> . Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base. There are several sets of criteria used to diagnose<unk>  via electrocardiography. None of them are perfect, though by using multiple criteria sets, the sensitivity and specificity are increased. The Sokolow-Lyon index: * S in V1 + R in V5 or V6 (whichever is larger) ≥ 35 mm (≥ 7 large squares) * R in aVL ≥ 11 mm The Cornell voltage criteria for the ECG diagnosis of<unk>  involve measurement of the sum of the R wave in lead aVL and the S wave in lead V3. The Cornell criteria for<unk>  are: * S in V3 + R in aVL > 28 mm (men) * S in V3 + R in aVL > 20 mm (women) The Romhilt-Estes point score system ("diagnostic" >5 points; "probable" 4 points): ECG Criteria Points Voltage Criteria (any of): # R or S in limb leads ≥20 mm # S in V1 or V2 ≥30 mm # R in V5 or V6 ≥30 mm 3 ST-T Abnormalities: * ST-T vector opposite to QRS without digitalis * ST-T vector opposite to QRS with digitalis 3 1 Negative terminal P mode in V1 1 mm in depth and 0.04 sec in duration (indicates left atrial enlargement) 3 Left axis deviation (QRS of −30° or more) 2 QRS duration ≥0.09 sec 1 Delayed intrinsicoid deflection in V5 or V6 (>0.05 sec) 1 Other voltage-based criteria for<unk>  include: * Lead I: R wave > 14 mm * Lead aVR: S wave > 15 mm * Lead aVL: R wave > 12 mm * Lead aVF: R wave > 21 mm * Lead V5: R wave > 26 mm * Lead V6: R wave > 20 mm
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Athletic heart syndrome
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Aortic unfolding
Ventricular hypertrophy
Atrial enlargement
Left atrial enlargement
Right atrial enlargement