<unk>  is commonly used for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or a burn injury (i.e. in hemorrhagic shock).<unk>  is used because the byproducts of<unk>  metabolism in the liver counteract acidosis, which is a chemical imbalance that occurs with acute fluid loss or kidney failure. The IV dose of<unk>  is usually calculated by estimated fluid loss and presumed fluid deficit. For fluid resuscitation the usual rate of administration is 20 to 30 mL/kg body weight/hour.<unk>  is not suitable for maintenance therapy (i.e., maintenance fluids) because the sodium content (130 mEq/L) is considered too low, particularly for children, and the potassium content (4 mEq/L) is too low, in view of electrolyte daily requirement. Moreover, since the<unk>  is converted into bicarbonate, long-term use will cause patients to become alkalotic.<unk> 's<unk>  and other crystalloids are also used as vehicles for the IV delivery of medications. In a large-volume resuscitation over several hours, LRS maintains a more stable blood pH than normal saline.
Ringer's lactate solution
Krebs–Henseleit solution
Balanced salt solution
Tyrode's solution
Turk's solution
Pulsatile insulin
Regular insulin
Potassium citrate/potassium hydrogen carbonate