CT scan of 11 cm<unk>  of right kidney in 13-month-old. The majority of people with<unk>  present with an asymptomatic abdominal mass which is noticed by a family member or healthcare professional. Renal<unk> s can also be found during routine screening in children who have known predisposing clinical syndromes. The diagnostic process includes taking a medical history, a physical exam, and a series of tests including blood, urine, and imaging tests. Once<unk>  is suspected, an ultrasound scan is usually done first to confirm the presence of an intrarenal mass. A computed tomography scan or MRI scan can also be used for more detailed imaging. Finally, the diagnosis of<unk>  is confirmed by a tissue sample. In most cases, a biopsy is not done first because there is a risk of cancer cells spreading during the procedure. Treatment in North America is nephrectomy or in Europe chemotherapy followed by nephrectomy. A definitive diagnosis is obtained by pathological examination of the nephrectomy specimen. Staging Staging is a standard way to describe the extent of spread of<unk> s and to determine prognosis and treatments. Staging is based on anatomical findings and<unk>  cells pathology. According to the extent of<unk>  tissue at the time of initial diagnosis, five stages are considered. In Stage I<unk>  (43% of cases), all of the following criteria must be met: *<unk>  is limited to the kidney and is completely excised. * The surface of the renal capsule is intact. * The<unk>  is not ruptured or biopsied (open or needle) prior to removal. * No involvement of extrarenal or renal sinus lymph-vascular spaces * No residual<unk>  apparent beyond the margins of excision. * Metastasis of<unk>  to lymph nodes not identified. In Stage II (23% of cases), 1 or more of the following criteria must be met: *<unk>  extends beyond the kidney but is completely excised. * No residual<unk>  apparent at or beyond the margins of excision. * Any of the following conditions may also exist: *<unk>  involvement of the blood vessels of the renal sinus and/or outside the renal parenchyma. * Extensive<unk>  involvement of renal sinus soft tissue. In Stage III (20% of cases), 1 or more of the following criteria must be met: * Inoperable primary<unk> . * Lymph node metastasis. *<unk>  is present at surgical margins. *<unk>  spillage involving peritoneal surfaces either before or during surgery, or transected<unk>  thrombus. * The<unk>  has been biopsied prior to removal or there is local spillage of<unk>  during surgery, confined to the flank. Stage IV (10% of cases)<unk>  is defined by the presence of hematogenous metastases (lung, liver, bone, or brain), or lymph node metastases outside the abdominopelvic region. Stage V (5% of cases)<unk>  is defined by bilateral renal involvement at the time of initial diagnosis. For patients with bilateral involvement, an attempt should be made to stage each side according to the above criteria (stage I to III) on the basis of extent of disease prior to biopsy.
Wilms' tumor
Central neurocytoma
Glial tumor
Ameloblastoma
Neuroblastoma
Brown tumor
Pediatric ependymoma
Medulloblastoma