Frontal lobe (in blue)/Lobes of the brain<unk>  is the inability to relax muscles during muscle tone assessment. There are two types of<unk> : oppositional and facilitatory. Oppositional<unk>  ("gegenhalten") occurs when subjects involuntarily resist to passive movements, while facilitatory<unk>  ("mitgehen") occurs when subjects involuntary assist passive movements. Both types of<unk>  have been associated with cognitive impairment or mental disorders, particularly in relation to frontal lobe dysfunction.<unk>  is frequently encountered in clinical practice.<unk>  can be assessed with rating scales during clinical examination.<unk>  scale is a semi-quantitative score to rate the amount of oppositional and facilitatory<unk>  separately. Kral modified procedure is a more objective semi-quantitative rating of upper limb facilitatory<unk>  easily applicable while patients are seated. The<unk>  Assessment Instrument (PAI) was also used in a physiotherapic setting for the assessment of oppositional<unk> . In 2017 facilitatory and oppositional<unk>  have been assessed with surface electromyography, allowing a quantitative measure and better characterization of<unk> . Recording<unk>  with electromyography on elbow flexor and extensors during repetitive continuous or discontinuous elbow movements may help distinguish<unk>  from other forms of altered muscle tone. Both facilitatory and oppositional<unk>  increase during continuous flexion and extension movements, moreover, oppositional<unk>  increases with movement velocity. Spasticity also is velocity-dependent, but, differently from oppositional<unk> , if repeatedly elicited decreases instead of increasing. Conversely, parkinsonian rigidity is independent from movement velocity and probably also from movement repetition.
Paratonia
Dystonia
Hypotonia
Hypophonia
Opsoclonus
Clonus
Myoclonus
Misophonia