<unk>  is a route of administration of<unk> s via the skin to provide topical therapeutic effects. As skin is one of the largest and most superficial organs in the human body, pharmacists utilise it to<unk> various<unk> s. This<unk>  usually provides a local effect on certain positions of the body. In ancient times, people used herbs to put on wounds for relieving the inflammatory effect or as pain relievers. The use of<unk>  is much broader now, from smoking cessation to beauty purposes. Nowadays, there are numerous dosage forms that can be used topically, including cream, ointment, lotion, patches, dusting powder and much more. There are many advantages for this<unk><unk><unk>  - avoiding first pass metabolism which can increase its bioavailability, being convenient and easy to apply to a large area, being easy to terminate the medication and avoiding gastro-intestinal irritations. All these can increase the patient compliance. However, there are several disadvantages for this<unk>  - causing skin irritations and symptoms like rashes and itchiness may occur. Also, only small particles can pass through the skin, which limits the choice of<unk> s. Since skin is the main medium of<unk> , its conditions determine the rate of skin penetration leading to affecting the pharmacokinetics of the<unk> . The temperature, pH value and dryness of the skin need to be considered. There are some novel topical<unk> s in the market which can utilise the<unk>  as much as possible. A medical professional applies nose drops.
Topical drug delivery system
Topical medication
Topical anesthetic
Topical cream formulation
Surgical lubricant
Topical steroid
Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces
Laser medicine