Two vials of<unk> . They have been given trade names, Actrapid (left) and NovoRapid (right) by the manufacturers. Biosynthetic human<unk> <unk>  human rDNA, INN) for clinical use is manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. Biosynthetic human<unk>  has increased purity when compared with extractive animal<unk> , enhanced purity reducing antibody formation. Researchers have succeeded in introducing the gene for human<unk>  into plants as another method of producing<unk>  ("biopharming") in safflower. This technique is anticipated to reduce production costs. Several analogs of human<unk>  are available. These<unk>  analogs are closely related to the human<unk>  structure, and were developed for specific aspects of glycemic control in terms of fast action (prandial<unk> s) and long action (basal<unk> s). The first biosynthetic<unk>  analog was developed for clinical use at mealtime (prandial<unk> , Humalog<unk>  lispro), it is more rapidly absorbed after subcutaneous injection than regular<unk> , with an effect 15 minutes after injection. Other rapid-acting analogues are NovoRapid and Apidra, with similar profiles. All are rapidly absorbed due to amino acid sequences that will reduce formation of dimers and hexamers (monomeric<unk> s are more rapidly absorbed). Fast acting<unk> s do not require the injection-to-meal interval previously recommended for human<unk>  and animal<unk> s. The other type is long acting<unk> ; the first of these was Lantus<unk>  glargine). These have a steady effect for an extended period from 18 to 24 hours. Likewise, another protracted<unk>  analogue (Levemir) is based on a fatty acid acylation approach. A myristic acid molecule is attached to this analogue, which associates the<unk>  molecule to the abundant serum albumin, which in turn extends the effect and reduces the risk of hypoglycemia. Both protracted analogues need to be taken only once daily, and are used for type 1 diabetics as the basal<unk> . A combination of a rapid acting and a protracted<unk>  is also available, making it more likely for patients to achieve an<unk>  profile that mimics that of the body's own<unk>  release.<unk>  is also used in many cell lines, such as CHO-s, HEK 293 or Sf9, for the manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies, virus vaccines, and gene therapy products.<unk>  is usually taken as subcutaneous injections by single-use syringes with needles, via an<unk>  pump, or by repeated-use<unk>  pens with disposable needles. Inhaled<unk>  is also available in the U.S. market. Unlike many medicines,<unk>  cannot be taken by mouth because, like nearly all other proteins introduced into the gastrointestinal tract, it is reduced to fragments, whereupon all activity is lost. There has been some research into ways to protect<unk>  from the digestive tract, so that it can be administered orally or sublingually. In 2021, the World Health Organization added<unk>  to its model list of essential medicines.
Insulin
Regular insulin
Pulsatile insulin
Lente insulin
Proglucagon
Ultralente insulin
Glucuronide
Glucagon 