<unk>  <unk>  or<unk> -P) is the insertion of electrodes in the left and right ventricles of the heart, as well as on occasion the right atrium, to treat heart failure by coordinating the function of the left and right ventricles via a pacemaker, a small device inserted into the interior chest wall.<unk>  is indicated in patients suffering from a low ejection fraction (typically 120 ms. The insertion of electrodes into the ventricles is done under local anesthetic, with access to the ventricles most commonly via the subclavian vein, although access may be conferred from the axillary or cephalic veins. Right ventricular access is direct, while left ventricular access is conferred via the coronary sinus (CS).<unk>  defibrillators <unk> -D) also incorporate the additional function of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), to quickly terminate an abnormally fast, life-threatening heart rhythm.<unk>  and<unk> -D have become increasingly important<unk> utic options for patients with moderate and severe heart failure.<unk>  with pacemaker only is often termed "CRT-P" to help distinguish it from<unk>  with defibrillator <unk> -D).
Cardiac resynchronization therapy
Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation
Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery
Mitral valve repair
Cellular cardiomyoplasty
Cardiomyoplasty
Tissue engineering of heart valves
Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery