<unk>  is used to treat moderate to severe pain. In liquid formulations, it is used to treat cough. In one study comparing the potency of<unk>  to that of oxycodone, it was found that it took 50% more<unk>  to achieve the same degree of miosis (pupillary contraction). The investigators interpreted this to mean that oxycodone is about 50% more potent than<unk> . However, in a study of emergency department patients with fractures, it was found that an equal amount of either drug provided about the same degree of pain relief, indicating that there is little practical difference between them when used for that purpose. Some references state that the analgesic action of<unk>  begins in 20–30 minutes and lasts about 4–8 hours. The manufacturer's information says onset of action is about 10–30 minutes and duration is about 4–6 hours. Recommended dosing interval is 4–6 hours. Available forms<unk>  is available in a variety of formulations for oral administration: * The original oral form of<unk>  alone, Dicodid, as immediate-release 5- and 10-mg tablets is available for prescription in Continental Europe per national drug control and prescription laws and Title 76 of the Schengen Treaty, but dihydrocodeine has been more widely used for the same indications since the beginning in the early 1920s, with<unk>  being regulated the same way as morphine in the German Betäubungsmittelgesetz, the similarly named law in Switzerland and the Austrian Suchtmittelgesetz, whereas dihydrocodeine is regulated like codeine. For a number of decades, the liquid<unk>  products available have been cough medicines. *<unk>  plus homatropine (Hycodan) in the form of small tablets for coughing and especially neuropathic moderate pain (the homatropine, an anticholinergic, is useful in both of those cases and is a deterrent to intentional overdose) was more widely used than Dicodid and was labelled as a cough medicine in the United States whilst Vicodin and similar drugs were the choices for analgesia. * Extended-release<unk>  in a time-release syrup also containing chlorphenamine/chlorpheniramine is a cough medicine called Tussionex in North America. In Europe, similar time-release syrups containing codeine (numerous), dihydrocodeine (Paracodin Retard Hustensaft), nicocodeine (Tusscodin), thebacon, acetyldihydrocodeine, dionine, and nicodicodeine are used instead. * Immediate-release<unk>  with paracetamol (acetaminophen) (Vicodin, Lortab, Lorcet, Maxidone, Norco, Zydone) * Immediate-release<unk>  with ibuprofen (Vicoprofen, Ibudone, Reprexain) * Immediate-release<unk>  with aspirin (Alor 5/500, Azdone, Damason-P, Lortab ASA, Panasal 5/500) * Controlled-release<unk>  (Hysingla ER by Purdue Pharma, Zohydro ER)<unk>  is not available in parenteral or any other non-oral forms.
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Noroxycodone
Norhydrocodone
Tramadol
Nefazodone
Morphine
Tapentadol