When a blood vessel, usually the renal artery, crosses over the superior infundibulum of the kidney (one or both), fluid begins to build up, causing the calyx to become distended. This stretching allows the backed up fluid to be more evenly distributed, which can slow the amount of damage done on the kidney. Within this area, the ability to remove waste and maintain mineral and fluid balance become impaired. This leads to an increased risk of infection and stone formation, often causing flank pain. Furthermore, infections can cause further inflammation of the lining of the urinary tract; enough to cause blood to appear in the urine. Thickening of the walls of the calyces can interrupt blood flow, and eventually lead to tissue damage if untreated. This damaged tissue may be replaced by fibrous scar tissue. Kidney scarring can lead to high blood pressure.
Fraley syndrome
Shapiro syndrome
Benedikt syndrome
Catel–Manzke syndrome
Mauriac syndrome
Benjamin syndrome
Schimke syndrome
Dravet syndrome