Causes of<unk>  include chemotherapy (e.g. cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide), radiation, or infection. Ifosfamide is the most common cause of<unk> . Radiation-induced<unk>  develops in similar or smaller patient numbers when compared to cyclophosphamide-induced cases. Adenovirus (particularly serotypes 11 and 21 of subgroup B) is the most common cause of acute viral<unk>  in children, though it can result from BK virus as well. A chemical<unk>  can develop when vaginal products are inadvertently placed in the urethra. Gentian violet douching to treat candidiasis has resulted in<unk>  when the drug was misplaced in the urethra, but this<unk>  resolved spontaneously with cessation of treatment. Accidental urethral placement of contraceptive suppositories has also caused<unk>  in several patients. The bladder irritation was thought to be caused by the spermicidal detergent nonoxynol-9. In the acute setting, the bladder can be copiously irrigated with alkalinized normal saline to minimize bladder irritation. Although<unk>  post-transplantation/bone marrow transplantation is not technically infectious, a short discussion is in order for completeness. Patients undergoing therapy to suppress the immune system are at risk for<unk>  due to either the direct effects of chemotherapy or activation of dormant viruses in the kidney, ureter, or bladder.
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Interstitial cystitis
Eosinophilic cystitis
Emphysematous cystitis
Pyonephrosis
Pyelonephritis
Obstructive uropathy
Acute prostatitis