For some types of cancer,<unk><unk>  may have better outcomes if treated with pediatric, rather than<unk>  treatment regimens.<unk><unk>  who have a cancer that typically occurs in children and<unk> , such as brain tumors, leukemia, osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma, may fare better if treated by a pediatric oncologist. For example,<unk>  and<unk><unk>  with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may have better outcomes if they are treated with pediatric treatment protocols rather than<unk> treatment protocols. The 5-year survival rates for 15- to 19-year-olds with ALL has risen to 74% as of 2007-2013, from survival rates of around 50% in the early 1990s. This may be due to greater use of treatment protocols for children.<unk><unk>  who have cancers that are more common in<unk> , such as breast cancer and melanoma, may be better treated by a medical oncologist. Fertility Cancer treatments can affect a person's fertility, with these changes being temporary or permanent. Whether fertility is affected depends on factors such as a person's baseline fertility, age at the time of treatment, the type of cancer and treatment(s), the amount (dose) of treatment, the duration of treatment, the amount of time that has passed since cancer treatment, and other personal health factors. Cancer treatments may harm reproductive organs and glands that control fertility. Chemotherapy (especially alkylating agents) can affect a female's ovaries, causing them to stop releasing eggs and estrogen, and can damage sperm and sperm-forming cells (germ cells) in<unk>  men. Radiation therapy to or near the abdomen, pelvis, or spine can harm nearby reproductive organs. Radiation therapy to the brain can damage the pituitary gland, which controls the function of most other endocrine glands. Surgery for cancers of the reproductive system and for cancers in the pelvic region can harm nearby reproductive tissues and/or nerves or lymph nodes. Hormone therapy (also called endocrine therapy) used to treat cancer can disrupt the menstrual cycle, which may affect female fertility. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation involves receiving high doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation that may damage a female's ovaries and a male's sperm and sperm-forming cells. The American Society of Clinical Oncology encourages oncologists to discuss the possibility of treatment-related infertility, as well as options for preserving fertility, with all people of reproductive age and to provide them with referrals to reproductive specialists. Females Females with cancer have fertility preservation options such as oocyte cryopreservation (also called egg cryopreservation or egg freezing), embryo cryopreservation (also called embryo banking or embryo freezing), ovarian shielding (also called gonadal shielding), ovarian tissue cryopreservation (also called ovarian tissue freezing), ovarian transposition (also called oophoropexy), and radical trachelectomy (also called radical cervicectomy). Males Males with cancer have fertility preservation options such as semen cryopreservation (also called sperm banking); testicular shielding (also called gonadal shielding), a procedure in which a protective cover is placed on the outside of the body to shield the testicles from scatter radiation to the pelvis when other parts of the body are being treated with radiation; testicular sperm extraction (TESE), a procedure for males who are not able to produce a semen sample; and testicular tissue freezing (also called testicular tissue cryopreservation) which, for boys who have not gone through puberty and are at high risk of infertility, may be an option.
Cancer in adolescents and young adults
Cancer survivor
Orderly
Trauma in children
Adolescent health
Teenage pregnancy
Sudden cardiac death of athletes
Peat fire cancer