Sparkling<unk>  showing its carbonation, which may be either natural or artificially introduced<unk>  (also known as soda<unk> , sparkling<unk> , fizzy<unk> , club soda,<unk>  with gas, in many places as mineral<unk>  or (especially in the U.S.) as seltzer or seltzer<unk>  is<unk>  containing dissolved carbon dioxide gas, either artificially injected under pressure or occurring due to natural geological processes. Carbonation causes small bubbles to form, giving the<unk>  an effervescent quality. Common forms include sparkling natural mineral<unk> , club soda, and commercially-produced sparkling<unk> . Club soda and sparkling mineral<unk>  and some other sparkling<unk> s contain added or dissolved minerals such as potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, or potassium sulfate. These occur naturally in some mineral<unk> s but are also commonly added artificially to manufactured<unk> s to mimic a natural flavor profile and offset the acidity of introducing carbon dioxide gas. Various<unk> s are sold in bottles and cans, with some also produced on demand by commercial carbonation systems in bars and restaurants, or made at home using a carbon dioxide cartridge. It is thought that the first person to aerate<unk>  with carbon dioxide was William Brownrigg in 1740. Joseph Priestley invented<unk> , independently and by accident, in 1767 when he discovered a method of infusing<unk>  with carbon dioxide after having suspended a bowl of<unk>  above a beer vat at a brewery in Leeds, England. He wrote of the "peculiar satisfaction" he found in drinking it, and in 1772 he published a paper entitled Impregnating<unk>  with Fixed Air. Priestley's apparatus, almost identical to that used by Henry Cavendish five years earlier, which featured a bladder between the generator and the absorption tank to regulate the flow of carbon dioxide, was soon joined by a wide range of others. However, it was not until 1781 that<unk>  began being produced on a large scale with the establishment of companies specialized in producing artificial mineral<unk> . The first factory was built by Thomas Henry of Manchester, England. Henry replaced the bladder in Priestley's system with large bellows. While Priestley's discovery ultimately led to the creation of the soft drink industry—which began in 1783 when Johann Jacob Schweppe founded Schweppes to sell bottled soda<unk> , he did not benefit financially from his invention. Priestley did however receive scientific recognition when the Council of the Royal Society "were moved to reward its discoverer with the Copley Medal" in 1772.
Carbonated water
Hydrogen fluoride
Bromide
Saline 
Hydrogen water
Haloalkane
Isothiocyanate
Trihalomethane