Video of a<unk>  of the right bronchial treeBronchoscopy can be performed in a special room designated for such procedures, operating room, intensive care unit, or other location with resources for the management of airway emergencies. The patient will often be given antianxiety and antisecretory medications (to prevent oral secretions from obstructing the view), generally atropine, and sometimes an analgesic such as morphine. During the procedure, sedatives such as midazolam or propofol may be used. A local anesthetic is often given to anesthetize the mucous membranes of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea. The patient is monitored during the procedure with periodic blood pressure checks, continuous ECG monitoring of the heart, and pulse oximetry. A flexible<unk>  is inserted with the patient in a sitting or supine position. Once the<unk>  is inserted into the upper airway, the vocal cords are inspected. The instrument is advanced to the trachea and further down into the bronchial system and each area is inspected as the<unk>  passes. If an abnormality is discovered, it may be sampled using a brush, a needle, or forceps. Specimen of lung tissue (transbronchial biopsy) may be sampled using a real-time X-ray (fluoroscopy) or an electromagnetic tracking system. Flexible<unk>  can also be performed on intubated patients, such as patients in intensive care. In this case, the instrument is inserted through an adapter connected to the tracheal tube. Rigid<unk>  is performed under general anesthesia. Rigid<unk> s are too large to allow parallel placement of other devices in the trachea; therefore the anesthesia apparatus is connected to the<unk>  and the patient is ventilated through the<unk> .
Bronchoscopy
Bronchography
Lung biopsy
Thoracoscopy
Bronchial brushing
Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy
Bronchial challenge test
Bronchoalveolar lavage