Levetiracetam, an antiepileptic drug which has been demonstrated to reduce the severity of<unk> s, has been shown to dose-dependently decrease the induction of dorsal striatal ΔFosB expression in rats when co-administered with<unk> . Although the signal transduction mechanism involved in this effect is unknown. Nicotine (administered by dermal adhesive patches) has also been shown to improve<unk>  and other PD symptoms. Patients with prominent dyskinesia resulting from high doses of antiparkinsonian medications may benefit from deep brain stimulation (DBS), which may benefit the patient in two ways: 1) DBS theoretically allows a reduction in l-DOPA dosage of 50–60% (tackling the underlying cause); 2) DBS treatment itself (in the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus) has been shown to reduce dyskinesia. Mavoglurant is also currently studied by Novartis for the treatment of this disease. On August 24, 2017 the FDA approved a drug to treat<unk>  for Parkinson's patients. The drug, Gocovri, is amantadine manufactured by Adamas Pharmaceuticals. It is the first FDA approved treatment for this condition.
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia
Dopamine-responsive dystonia
Post-encephalitic parkinsonism
Paroxysmal exercise-induced dystonia
Parkinson-plus syndrome
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Tardive dyskinesia
Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome