<unk>  can arise whenever sperm encounter the immune system.<unk>  occur in women and men, including women or men who receive anal sex from men or who perform oral sex on men.<unk>  have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples, and in males, about 12–13% (20,4% in meta-analysis) of all diagnosed infertility is related to an immunological reason. The incidence can well be higher as the contribution to idiopathic infertility (31% of all cases) still remains elusive. However, these antibodies are also present in approximately 1–2.5 % of fertile men and in 4% of fertile women; the presence of<unk>  in the fertile population suggests that not all<unk>  cause infertility. Only those antibodies directed against antigens involved in the fertilization process impair fertility. While around 75% of vasectomized men who have the process reversed by vasovasostomy have high levels of<unk>  in their blood, these circulating antibodies do not affect fertility in men; only<unk>  in the male reproductive tract appears to do so. About 40-45% of sex workers test positive for<unk> , compared to just 5% in the control group. Research has shown that these numbers increase for those who do not use contraceptive methods.
Antisperm antibodies
Anti–Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody
Anti-nuclear antibody
Rheumatoid factor
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Anti–citrullinated protein antibody
Antiganglioside antibodies
Heterophile antibody