There are no absolute reasons that immediately disqualify a patient from receiving<unk> . However, patient’s age, medical comorbidities, or evidence of a difficult airway are important considerations. Age Although there is no age limit for<unk> , the elderly have a greater chance of complications such as: longer than intended<unk>  time, increased sensitivity to medications, adverse effects of medications, and higher than expected drug levels due to difficulty clearing the drugs. To help reduce risk of complications, consider a less aggressive approach to<unk> , including starting with a smaller dose than given for non-elderly patients, giving the medication slowly, giving repeat doses of the medications less often. Comorbidities Patients with serious medical conditions are at greater chance for negative side effects after receiving<unk> . Examples of comorbidities include heart failure, COPD, neuromuscular disease. Use the ASA Classification to predict a patient’s risk for serious complications from<unk> , such as hypotension or respiratory depression. Generally, patients with ASA Class III or greater are more likely to suffer such complications. Similar to previously described, consider starting with a smaller dose, giving the medication slowly, and giving repeat doses of the medications less often to decrease risk of complications associated with comorbidities. Difficult airway An airway is assessed by the patient’s ability or the physician’s ability to oxygenate (provide oxygen) or ventilate (exhale carbon dioxide). Examples of a difficult airway include a thick neck/obese patient, head and neck structural abnormalities, lung disease. The problem is not that the patient will not respond appropriately to medications, as is the case with older patients or those with medical comorbidities, but that if there is a complication, it will be more difficult for the physician to protect the patient’s airway and save them from complications. It is generally advised to consider alternatives to<unk>  if the patient is assessed to have a difficult airway. Measures such as reducing starting dose, giving drugs slowly, and redosing less frequently will not change risk of<unk>  complications in a patient with a difficult airway.
Procedural sedation and analgesia
Preemptive analgesia
Placebo analgesia
Intravenous regional anesthesia
Spinal mobilization
Spinal manipulation
Neurosurgical anesthesia
Electroanalgesia