Red blood cell production<unk>  is an essential hormone for red blood cell production. Without it, definitive erythropoiesis does not take place. Under hypoxic conditions, the kidney will produce and secrete<unk>  to increase the production of red blood cells by targeting CFU-E, proerythroblast and basophilic erythroblast subsets in the differentiation.<unk>  has its primary effect on red blood cell progenitors and precursors (which are found in the bone marrow in humans) by promoting their survival through protecting these cells from apoptosis, or cell death.<unk>  is the primary<unk>  factor that cooperates with various other growth factors (e.g., IL-3, IL-6, glucocorticoids, and SCF) involved in the development of erythroid lineage from multipotent progenitors. The burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) cells start<unk>  receptor expression and are sensitive to<unk> . Subsequent stage, the colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E), expresses maximal<unk>  receptor density and is completely dependent on<unk>  for further differentiation. Precursors of red cells, the proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts also express<unk>  receptor and are therefore affected by it. Nonhematopoietic roles<unk>  was reported to have a range of actions beyond stimulation of erythropoiesis including vasoconstriction-dependent hypertension, stimulating angiogenesis, and promoting cell survival via activation of<unk> O receptors resulting in anti-apoptotic effects on ischemic tissues. However this proposal is controversial with numerous studies showing no effect. It is also inconsistent with the low levels of<unk> O receptors on those cells. Clinical trials in humans with ischemic heart, neural and renal tissues have not demonstrated the same benefits seen in animals. In addition some research studies have shown its neuroprotective effect on diabetic neuropathy, however these data were not confirmed in clinical trials that have been conducted on the deep peroneal, superficial peroneal, tibial and sural nerves.
Erythropoietin
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Thyroglobulin
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Hemopoietic growth factor
Growth hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Colony-stimulating factor