Certain women are more likely to be abused during pregnancy than others. Women who have been abused before getting pregnant are at higher risk of<unk>  during pregnancy. Abuse is not restricted to a specific socio-economic or demographic group of women or to a specific period in a woman's reproductive life. In general, the rate of physical<unk>  during pregnancy decreases as household income increases. Women whose total household income was less than $16,000 were much more likely to experience physical or sexual<unk>  during pregnancy than women with a total household income over $16,000. Partner<unk>  in a relationship increases the chances of unintended pregnancy. A Canadian study that outlined causes of physical abuse identified “social instability” (e.g. low age, unmarried, lower level of education, and unemployment) as a trigger for<unk>  and used unplanned pregnancies as an example. This suggests that partner<unk>  can lead to increased unintended pregnancies which, in turn, increases physical abuse. Younger women are statistically more susceptible to reproductive coercion and this may be due to less experience in relationships and, for minors, less access to doctor's appointments and emergency contraception. Adolescents are especially at risk and teenage pregnancy is correlated with increased rates of<unk><unk> . Young women with older boyfriends are more likely to experience<unk><unk> . Women who experience physical<unk>  from their husbands are less likely to use contraception and more likely to have an unwanted pregnancy.
Domestic violence and pregnancy
Miscarriage and mental illness
Smoking and pregnancy
Diabetes and pregnancy
Abortion in Europe
Alcohol and pregnancy
Obesity and the environment
Male lactation