The operation has its cosmetic value as the normal shape of the cranium of patients is restored instead of the presence of a sunken skin flap, which may affect the confidence of patients. It also has its therapeutic value as the operation provides structure to the skull and protection to the brain from physical damage. The surgery restores regular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cerebral blood flow dynamics, along with normal intracranial pressure.<unk>  may improve neurological function in some individuals. Furthermore, it can reduce the occurrence of headaches caused by injury or previous surgery. The optimal timing of<unk>  is controversial among literature. Some literature stated that the time between a craniectomy and a<unk>  is usually between 6 months to a year, while others stated that the two operations should be more than a year apart. The timing of<unk>  is affected by multiple factors. Sufficient time is required for the recovery of the incision from the previous operation, as well as to clear any infections (both systemic and cranial). Some findings showed that a greater infection rate is associated with early<unk>  due to interruption of wound healing, as well as an increased incidence of hydrocephalus. Contrarily, there is evidence of early<unk>  limiting complications caused by "syndrome of the trephined", including changes in cerebral blood flow and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics. Other researchers reported no significant difference in infection rate with different operational timings. Contraindications are circumstances that indicate the treatment or operation should not be provided due to potential harm. Contraindications for<unk>  include the presence of bacterial infection, brain swelling, and hydrocephalus.<unk>  is withheld until all contraindications are cleared.
Cranioplasty
Astragalectomy
Craniotomy
Cerebrospinal fluid diversion
Decompressive craniectomy
Minimal-access cranial suspension
Head transplant
Lumbar–peritoneal shunt