<unk>  <unk>  is the increase in ventilation induced by<unk>  that allows the body to intake and process oxygen at higher rates. It is initially elevated in lowlanders who travel to high altitude, but reduces significantly over time as people acclimatize. In biological anthropology,<unk>  also refers to human adaptation to environmental stresses resulting from high altitude. In mammals,<unk>  invokes several physiological mechanisms. It is a direct result of the decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, and leads to increased ventilation. The body has different ways of coping with acute<unk> . Mammals that rely on pulmonary ventilation will increase their ventilation to account for the lack of oxygen reaching the tissues. Mammals will also experience decreases in aerobic metabolism and oxygen demand, along with increases in ATP production. The physiological mechanisms differ in effect and in course of time.<unk>  is time dependent and can be divided into two phases: the first (0–5 minutes) of ventilation increase, and the second (5–20 minutes) of slow decline. The initial increase in ventilation from<unk>  is initiated by the carotid bodies, which are bilaterally located at the port of brain circulation. Carotid bodies contain oxygen-sensitive cells that become more active in<unk>  to<unk> . They send input to the brainstem which is then processed by respiratory centers. Other mechanisms include<unk> -inducible factors, particularly HIF1. Hormonal changes have also been associated with<unk> , particularly those that affect the functioning of the carotid bodies. As<unk>  is a<unk>  to decreased oxygen availability, it shares the same environmental triggers as<unk> . Such precursors include travelling to high altitude locations and living in an environment with high levels of carbon monoxide. Combined with climate,<unk>  can affect fitness and hydration. Especially for lowlanders who traverse past 6000 meters in altitude, the limit of prolonged human exposure to<unk> ,<unk>  may result in hyperventilation and ultimately the deterioration of the body. Oxygen consumption is reduced to a maximum of 1 liter per minute. Travelers acclimatized to high altitudes exhibit high levels of<unk> , as it provides advantages such as increased oxygen intake, enhanced physical and mental performance, and lower susceptibility to illnesses associated with high altitude. Adaptations in populations living at high altitudes range from cultural to genetic, and vary among populations. For example, Tibetans living at high altitudes have a more sensitive<unk>  than do Andean peoples living at similar altitudes, even though both populations exhibit greater aerobic capacity compared to lowlanders. The cause of this difference is most likely genetic, although developmental factors may also contribute.
Hypoxic ventilatory response
Expiratory apnea
Positional asphyxia
Central neurogenic hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Permissive hypercapnia
Permissive hypotension
Parasympathetic rebound