Kanner<unk> , or classic<unk> , is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges with social communication, and by restricted and repetitive behaviors. It is now considered part of the wider<unk>  spectrum. The term<unk> ' was historically used to refer specifically to Kanner<unk> , which is the convention used in this entry, but it is now more commonly used for the spectrum at large. Parents often notice signs of<unk>  during the first three years of their child's life. These signs often develop gradually, though some<unk> ic children experience regression in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.<unk>  has been hypothesized to be associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases. Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which although disproven, continues to hold sway in certain communities.<unk>  affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) combines forms of the condition, including high functioning<unk>  (HFA), which was formerly known as Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of<unk>  spectrum disorder (ASD). Several interventions have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve the ability of<unk> ic people to function and participate independently in the community. Behavioral, psychological, education, and/or skill-building interventions may be used to assist<unk> ic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently, as well as other social, communication, and language skills. Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths. Some<unk> ic adults are unable to live independently. An<unk> ic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing<unk>  should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured. Globally,<unk>  is estimated to affect 24.8 million people . In the 2000s, the number of<unk> ic people worldwide was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people. In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD , up from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States. It is diagnosed four to five times more often in males than females. The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition.
Autism
Schizophrenia
Tourettism
Reactive attachment disorder
Puberphonia
Intellectual disability
Selective mutism
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome