Kleihauer test, showing foetal red blood cells in rose-pink color, while adult red blood cells are only seen as "ghosts". The Kleihauer–Betke test is a blood test used to measure the amount of foetal hemoglobin transferred from a foetus to its mother's bloodstream. It takes advantage of the differential resistance of foetal hemoglobin to acid. A standard blood smear is prepared from the mother's blood, and exposed to an acid bath. This removes adult hemoglobin, but not foetal hemoglobin, from the red blood cells. Subsequent staining, using Shepard's method, makes fetal cells (containing foetal hemoglobin) appear rose-pink in color, while adult red blood cells are only seen as "ghosts". 2000 cells are counted under the microscope and a percentage of foetal to<unk>  cells is calculated.<unk>  can also be diagnosed by flow cytometry, using anti-foetal hemoglobin antibodies (anti-HbF).
Fetal-maternal haemorrhage
Placental disease
Fetal distress
Neonatal sepsis
Maternal death
Artificial rupture of membranes
Prelabor rupture of membranes
Fetal warfarin syndrome