Carcinogenesis is largely driven by changes in the DNA sequence of the genomes of cancer cells. This process leads to a unique repertoire of mutations (′the<unk> ′) in every patient's tumor. The<unk>  encodes peptides that can be targets for T cells, which play a central role in the immune response. A description of individual<unk> s of human tumors has been made feasible by the introduction of Next Generation Sequencing Technology (NGS). Cancer<unk> s can be defined by comparing exome sequencing data obtained by NGS of individual healthy tissue with sequences from tumor-derived nucleic acids. As the vast majority of cancer-associated mutations are patient specific, shared mutations are rare, even within the same type of cancer. Neoantigens and neoepitopes The<unk>  encodes a pattern of tumor-specific mutated peptides referred to as neoantigens or m-peptides. Neoantigens are products of mutations that first occur in the course of cancer development. Each and every tumor has its own unique neoantigenic pattern, and even within the same type of cancer, only a small percentage of neoantigens are shared. Neoantigens are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules of tumor cells. The antigenic determinants of neoantigens – neoepitopes – are recognized by the immune system as a target for T cells, thus triggering immune responses against cancer. A neoepitope is an epitope the immune system has not encountered before. Therefore, it is not subject to tolerance mechanisms of the immune system. Since the mutated gene product is only expressed in tumors, but not on healthy cells, neoepitopes may evoke vigorous T cell response.
Mutanome
Bioptome
Origin recognition complex
Genome 
Cis-regulatory element
Gene
Regulator gene
Cubosome