<unk><unk>  can be diagnosed by history and physical exam. It is often a diagnosis of exclusion, as other causes of<unk>  pain and stiffness must first be ruled out. On physical exam,<unk><unk>  can be diagnosed if limits of the active range of motion are the same or similar to the limits to the passive range of motion. The movement that is most severely inhibited is external rotation of the<unk> . Imaging studies are not required for diagnosis, but may be used to rule out other causes of pain. Radiographs will often be normal, but imaging features of<unk><unk>  can be seen on ultrasound or non-contrast MRI. Ultrasound and MRI can help in diagnosis by assessing the coracohumeral ligament, with a width of greater than 3 mm being 60% sensitive and 95% specific for the diagnosis.<unk> s with<unk><unk>  also characteristically fibrose and thicken at the axillary pouch and "rotator interval", best seen as a dark signal on T1 sequences with edema and inflammation on T2 sequences. A finding on ultrasound associated with<unk><unk>  is hypoechoic material surrounding the long head of the biceps tendon at the rotator interval, reflecting fibrosis. In the painful stage, such hypoechoic material may demonstrate increased vascularity with Doppler ultrasound. Grey-scale ultrasound can play a key role in timely diagnosis of<unk><unk>  due to its high sensitivity and specificity. It is also widely available, convenient, and cost efficient. Thickening in the coracohumeral ligament, inferior capsule/ axillary recess capsule, and rotator interval abnormality, as well as restriction in range of motion in the<unk>  can be detected using ultrasound. The range of motion is prohibited due to scapulohumeral rhythm changes occurring in the<unk>  joint. The altered scapular kinematics can restrict anterior and posterior tilting, downward rotation and depression as well as external rotation. All of these restrictions lead the scapula to be excessively upwardly rotated. The restriction of the scapular posterior tilt is due to tightness in the lower serratus anterior, anterior capsule and the pectoralis minor. Downward rotation and depression are restricted due to the tightness of the rhomboids, upper trapezius and the superior capsule. Respective sensitivity values were 64.4, 82.1, 82.6, and 94.3, and respective specificity levels were 88.9, 95.7, 93.9, and 90.9.
Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
Biceps
Retrocalcaneal bursitis
Osteoarthritis
Shoulder impingement syndrome
Autoimmune disease
Milwaukee shoulder syndrome
Rotator cuff tear