Side effects of drugs It has been shown that, due to the<unk>  effect, warning patients about side effects of drugs can contribute to the causation of such effects, whether the drug is real or not. This effect has been observed in clinical trials: according to a 2013 review, the dropout rate among placebo-treated patients in a meta-analysis of 41 clinical trials of Parkinson's disease treatments was 8.8%. A 2013 review found that nearly 1 out of 20 patients receiving a placebo in clinical trials for depression dropped out due to adverse events, which were believed to have been caused by the<unk>  effect. A 2018 review found that half of patients taking placebos in clinical trials report intervention-related adverse events. In January 2022, a systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that<unk>  responses accounted for 72% of adverse effects after the first COVID-19 vaccine dose and 52% after the second dose. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Evidence suggests that the symptoms of electromagnetic hypersensitivity are caused by the<unk>  effect. Pain Verbal suggestion can cause hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain) and allodynia (perception of a tactile stimulus as painful) as a result of the<unk>  effect.<unk>  hyperalgesia is believed to involve the activation of cholecystokinin receptors.
Nocebo
Sarin
QuantiFERON
Placebo
Crofelemer
Hirudin
Cephem
Heparin