Through various case observations,<unk>  was noted in many different races and geographical areas. However, most cases have been found in southern Europe including Turkey, Greece, Italy, and Spain. A wide age range is observed from pediatric patients to the elderly including the ages from 2 to 90. Commonly seen comorbidities include hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and prior allergic reactions to a precipitating factor. The exact prevalence is difficult to determine given that this diagnosis is missed or under-diagnosed. There is a possibility for gene-environment interactions as a study reported all patients admitted following emergency department evaluation had a heterozygous E148Q mutation.
Kounis syndrome
Kufor–Rakeb syndrome
Zunich–Kaye syndrome
STAR syndrome
Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
RAPADILINO syndrome
Qazi–Markouizos syndrome
Malouf syndrome