Human and animal<unk>  occurs worldwide. While animal<unk>  is distributed in countries with high cattle and sheep production, human<unk>  occurs, excepting Western Europe, in developing countries.<unk>  occurs only in areas where suitable conditions for intermediate hosts exist. Studies carried out in recent years have shown human<unk>  to be an important public health problem. Human<unk>  has been reported from countries in Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. The incidence of human cases has been increasing in 51 countries of the five continents. A global analysis shows that the expected correlation between animal and human<unk>  only appears at a basic level. High prevalences in humans are not necessarily found in areas where<unk>  is a great veterinary problem. For instance, in South America, hyperendemics and mesoendemics are found in Bolivia and Peru where the veterinary problem is less important, while in countries such as Uruguay, Argentina and Chile, human<unk>  is only sporadic or hypoendemic. Europe In Europe, human<unk>  occur mainly in France, Spain, Portugal, and the former USSR. France is considered an important human endemic area. A total of 5863 cases of human<unk>  were recorded from nine French hospitals from 1970 to 1982. Concerning the former Soviet Union, almost all reported cases were from the Tajik Republic. Several papers referred to human<unk>  in Turkey. Recently, serological survey of human<unk>  was performed in some parts of Turkey. The prevalence of the disease was serologically found to be 3.01% in Antalya Province, and between 0.9 and 6.1% in Isparta Province, Mediterranean region of Turkey. In other European countries,<unk>  is sporadic and the occurrence of the disease is usually combined with travelling to endemic areas. Americas In North America, the disease is very sporadic. In Mexico, 53 cases have been reported. In Central America,<unk>  is a human health problem in the Caribbean islands, especially in zones of Puerto Rico and Cuba. Pinar del Río Province and Villa Clara Province are Cuban regions where<unk>  was hyperendemic. In South America, human<unk>  is a serious problem in Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. These Andean countries are considered to be the area with the highest prevalence of human<unk>  in the world. Well-known human hyperendemic areas are localized predominately in the high plain called altiplano. In the Northern Bolivian Altiplano, prevalences detected in some communities were up to 72% and 100% in coprological and serological surveys, respectively. In Peru, F. hepatica in humans occurs throughout the country. The highest prevalences were reported in Arequipa, Mantaro Valley, Cajamarca Valley, and Puno Region. In other South American countries like Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia, human<unk>  appear to be sporadic, despite the high prevalences of<unk>  in cattle. Africa In Africa, human cases of<unk> , except in northern parts, have not been frequently reported. The highest prevalence was recorded in Egypt where the disease is distributed in communities living in the Nile Delta. Asia In Asia, the most human cases were reported in Iran, especially in Gīlān Province, on the Caspian Sea. It was mentioned that more than 10,000 human cases were detected in Iran. In eastern Asia, human<unk>  appears to be sporadic. Few cases were documented in Japan, Koreas, Vietnam, and Thailand. Australia and the Oceania In Australia, human<unk>  is very rare (only 12 cases documented). In New Zealand, F. hepatica has never been detected in humans.
Fasciolosis
Leukoaraiosis
Fasciolopsiasis
Toxic vacuolation
Lipohyalinosis
Camel spongiform encephalopathy
Berylliosis
Postencephalitic trophic ulcer