<unk>  is a surgical procedure that replaces missing<unk>  in order to repair<unk>  fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly. Some small or acute fractures can be cured without<unk> , but the risk is greater for large fractures like compound fractures.<unk>  generally has the ability to regenerate completely but requires a very small fracture space or some sort of scaffold to do so.<unk>  grafts may be autologous <unk>  harvested from the patient’s own body, often from the iliac crest), allograft (cadaveric<unk>  usually obtained from a<unk>  bank), or synthetic (often made of hydroxyapatite or other naturally occurring and biocompatible substances) with similar mechanical properties to<unk> . Most<unk>  grafts are expected to be reabsorbed and replaced as the natural<unk>  heals over a few months’ time. The principles involved in successful<unk>  grafts include osteoconduction (guiding the reparative growth of the natural<unk> , osteoinduction (encouraging undifferentiated cells to become active osteoblasts), and osteogenesis (living<unk>  cells in the graft material contribute to<unk>  remodeling). Osteogenesis only occurs with autograft tissue and allograft cellular<unk>  matrices.
Bone grafting
Osteoplasty
Distraction osteogenesis
Autologous chondrocyte implantation
Arthrodesis
Joint replacement
Osteotomy
Metroplasty