The two relevant major systems of classification are * the International Classification of Diseases (11th revision, ICD-11) published by the World Health Organization * the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition, DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association. The ICD is a collection of alpha-numerical codes which have been assigned to all known clinical states, and provides uniform terminology for medical records, billing, statistics and research. The DSM defines psychiatric diagnoses based on research and expert consensus. Both have deliberately aligned their diagnoses to some extent, but some differences remain. For example, ICD-10 includes narcissistic<unk>  in the group of other specific<unk> s, while DSM-5 does not include enduring personality change after catastrophic experience. The ICD-10 classifies the DSM-5 schizotypal<unk>  as a form of schizophrenia rather than as a<unk> . There are accepted diagnostic issues and controversies with regard to distinguishing particular<unk>  categories from each other. Dissociative identity disorder, previously known as multiple personality as well as multiple<unk> , has always been classified as a dissociative disorder and never was regarded as a<unk> . General criteria Both diagnostic systems provide a definition and six criteria for a general<unk> . These criteria should be met by all<unk>  cases before a more specific diagnosis can be made. The ICD-10 lists these general guideline criteria: * Markedly disharmonious attitudes and behavior, generally involving several areas of functioning, e.g. affectivity, arousal, impulse control, ways of perceiving and thinking, and style of relating to others; * The abnormal behavior pattern is enduring, of long standing, and not limited to episodes of mental illness; * The abnormal behavior pattern is pervasive and clearly maladaptive to a broad range of personal and social situations; * The above manifestations always appear during childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood; * The disorder leads to considerable personal distress but this may only become apparent late in its course; * The disorder is usually, but not invariably, associated with significant problems in occupational and social performance. The ICD adds: "For different cultures it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regard to social norms, rules and obligations." In DSM-5, any<unk>  diagnosis must meet the following criteria: * An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: * Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events). * Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response). * Interpersonal functioning. * Impulse control. * The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations. * The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. * The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood. * The enduring pattern is not better explained as a manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder. * The enduring pattern is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g., head trauma). In ICD-10 Chapter V in the ICD-10 contains the mental and behavioral disorders and includes categories of<unk>  and enduring personality changes. They are defined as ingrained patterns indicated by inflexible and disabling responses that significantly differ from how the average person in the culture perceives, thinks, and feels, particularly in relating to others. The specific<unk> s are: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, dissocial, emotionally unstable (borderline type and impulsive type), histrionic, narcissistic, anankastic, anxious (avoidant) and dependent. Besides the ten specific<unk> , there are the following categories: * Other specific<unk> s (involves<unk>  characterized as eccentric, haltlose, immature, narcissistic, passive–aggressive, or psychoneurotic.) *<unk> , unspecified (includes "character neurosis" and "pathological personality"). * Mixed and other<unk> s (defined as conditions that are often troublesome but do not demonstrate the specific pattern of symptoms in the named disorders). * Enduring personality changes, not attributable to brain damage and disease (this is for conditions that seem to arise in adults without a diagnosis of<unk> , following catastrophic or prolonged stress or other psychiatric illness). In ICD-11 The ICD-11 completely revamped the<unk>  <unk>  section. All distinct<unk> s have been merged into one:<unk>  (), which can be coded as Mild (), Moderate (), Severe (), or severity unspecified (). There is also an additional category called Personality difficulty (), which can be used to describe personality traits that are problematic, but do not rise to the level of a<unk> . A<unk>  or difficulty can be specified by one or more Prominent personality traits or patterns (). The ICD-11 uses five trait domains: (1) Negative affectivity (); (2) Detachment (), (3) Dissociality (), (4) Disinhibition (), and (5) Anankastia (). Listed directly underneath is Borderline pattern (), a category similar to Borderline<unk> . This is not a trait in itself, but a combination of the five traits in certain severity. In DSM-5 The most recent fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders stresses that a<unk>  is an enduring and inflexible pattern of long duration leading to significant distress or impairment and is not due to use of substances or another medical condition. The DSM-5 lists<unk> s in the same way as other mental disorders, rather than on a separate 'axis', as previously. DSM-5 lists ten specific<unk> s: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent and obsessive–compulsive<unk> . The DSM-5 also contains three diagnoses for personality patterns not matching these ten disorders, but nevertheless exhibit characteristics of a<unk> : * Personality change due to another medical condition – personality disturbance due to the direct effects of a medical condition. * Other specified<unk>  – general criteria for a<unk>  are met but fails to meet the criteria for a specific disorder, with the reason given. * Unspecified<unk>  – general criteria for a<unk>  are met but the<unk>  is not included in the DSM-5 classification. Personality clusters The specific<unk> s are grouped into the following three clusters based on descriptive similarities: Cluster A (odd or eccentric disorders) Cluster A<unk> s are often associated with schizophrenia: in particular, schizotypal<unk>  shares some of its hallmark symptoms with schizophrenia, e.g., acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior. However, people diagnosed with odd-eccentric<unk> s tend to have a greater grasp on reality than those with schizophrenia. Patients suffering from these disorders can be paranoid and have difficulty being understood by others, as they often have odd or eccentric modes of speaking and an unwillingness and inability to form and maintain close relationships. Though their perceptions may be unusual, these anomalies are distinguished from delusions or hallucinations as people suffering from these would be diagnosed with other conditions. Significant evidence suggests a small proportion of people with Cluster A<unk> s, especially schizotypal<unk> , have the potential to develop schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. These disorders also have a higher probability of occurring among individuals whose first-degree relatives have either schizophrenia or a Cluster A<unk> . * Paranoid<unk> : characterized by a pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of others, interpreting motivations as malevolent. * Schizoid<unk> : lack of interest and detachment from social relationships, apathy, and restricted emotional expression. * Schizotypal<unk> : pattern of extreme discomfort interacting socially, and distorted cognition and perceptions. Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders) * Antisocial<unk> : pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of empathy, bloated self-image, manipulative and impulsive behavior. * Borderline<unk> : pervasive pattern of abrupt emotional outbursts, altered empathy, instability in relationships, self-image, identity, behavior and affect, often leading to self-harm and impulsivity. * Histrionic<unk> : pervasive pattern of attention-seeking behavior, excessive emotions, and egocentrism. * Narcissistic<unk> : pervasive pattern of superior grandiosity, need for admiration, and a perceived or real lack of empathy. In a more severe expression, narcissistic<unk>  may show evidence of paranoia, aggression, psychopathy, and sadistic<unk> , which is known as malignant narcissism. Cluster C (anxious or fearful disorders) * Avoidant<unk> : pervasive feelings of social inhibition and inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation. * Dependent<unk> : pervasive psychological need to be cared for by other people. * Obsessive–compulsive<unk> : characterized by rigid conformity to rules, perfectionism, and control to the point of satisfaction and exclusion of leisurely activities and friendships (distinct from obsessive–compulsive disorder). Other personality types Some types of<unk>  were in previous versions of the diagnostic manuals but have been deleted. Examples include sadistic<unk>  (pervasive pattern of cruel, demeaning, and aggressive behavior) and self-defeating<unk>  or masochistic
Personality disorder
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
Tic disorder
Bipolar disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Psychopathy
Schizotypal personality disorder  Schizotypal disorder  1