<unk> 's chemical structure contains a tertiary amine. At a neutral pH, this tertiary amine will often bond to a hydrogen, and appear mostly as an ammonium ion.<unk>  is a potent allosteric potentiating ligand of human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) α4β2, α3β4, and α6β4, and chicken/mouse nAChRs α7/5-HT3 in certain areas of the brain. By binding to the allosteric site of the nAChRs, a conformational change occurs which increases the receptors response to acetylcholine. This modulation of the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on cholinergic neurons in turn causes an increase in the amount of acetylcholine released. However, recent studies suggest that<unk>  does not functionally act at human nAChRs α4β2 or α7 as a positive allosteric modulator.<unk>  also works as a weak competitive and reversible cholinesterase inhibitor in all areas of the body. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, it increases the concentration and thereby action of acetylcholine in certain parts of the brain.<unk> 's effects on nAChRs and complementary acetylcholinesterase inhibition make up a dual mechanism of action. It is hypothesized that this action might relieve some of the symptoms of Alzheimer's.<unk> 's dual mechanism of action<unk>  in its pure form is a white powder. The atomic resolution 3D structure of the complex of<unk>  and its target, acetylcholinesterase, was determined by X-ray crystallography in 1999 (PDB code: 1DX6; see complex). There is no evidence that<unk>  alters the course of the underlying dementing process.
Galantamine
Zonisamide
Tianeptine
Glysobuzole
Phenylpiracetam
Lacosamide
Glybuzole
Heptobarbital