eye with diabetic retinopathy. Similar to hypertensive retinopathy, evidence of nerve fiber infarcts due to ischemia (cotton-wool spots) can be seen on physical exam. Symptoms may include headache, nausea, or vomiting. Chest pain may occur due to increased workload on the heart resulting in inadequate delivery of oxygen to meet the heart muscle's metabolic needs. The kidneys may be affected, resulting in blood or protein in the urine, and acute kidney failure. People can have decreased urine production, fluid retention, and confusion. Other signs and symptoms can include: * Chest pain * Abnormal heart rhythms * Headache * Nosebleeds that are difficult to stop * Dyspnea * Fainting or the sensation of the world spinning around them (vertigo) * Severe anxiety * Agitation * Altered mental status * Abnormal sensations The most common presentations of<unk> es are cerebral infarction (24.5%), pulmonary edema (22.5%), hypertensive encephalopathy (16.3%), and congestive heart failure (12%). Less common presentations include intracranial bleeding, aortic dissection, and pre-eclampsia or eclampsia. Massive, rapid elevations in blood pressure can trigger any of these symptoms, and warrant further work-up by physicians. Physical exam would include measurement of blood pressure in both arms. Laboratory tests to be conducted include urine toxicology, blood glucose, a basic metabolic panel evaluating kidney function, or a complete metabolic panel evaluating liver function, EKG, chest x-rays, and pregnancy screening. The eyes may show bleeding in the retina, an exudate, cotton-wool spots, scattered splinter hemorrhages, or swelling of the optic disc called papilledema.
Hypertensive emergency
Intracranial hypertension syndrome
Hypertensive crisis
Hypertensive urgency
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
ROSAH syndrome
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Labile hypertension