Prior to an official diagnosis of<unk> , other causes of hypercalcemia must be ruled out. Other causes of hypercalcemia can include elevated vitamin D levels, hyperthyroidism, and hyperparathyroidism. Physical Examination: Symptoms such as vertigo, confusion, apathy, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, tremors, psychosis, myalgia, polyuria, abnormal calcifications such as renal calcifications, and pruitus could be observed in people. Lab work: Lab work must be done to diagnose<unk> . Lab workup includes serum calcium levels, parathyroid hormone (PTH), phosphorus, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, and vitamin D levels. Primary hyperparathyroidism has to be excluded. Diagnosis is made by looking at past medical history and laboratory studies. # Serum calcium levels: high serum calcium levels. # PTH: low serum PTH levels are indicative of MAS. Low serum PTH levels also exclude primary hyperthyroidism. # Phosphorus: low serum phosphorus levels due to low PTH. # Creatinine and BUN: high levels can indicate severity of renal damage. # Magnesium: serum magnesium levels are low as hypercalcemia inhibits mg^2+ reabsorption in the renal tubules. # Vitamin D levels: low vitamin D levels are found. Normal vitamin D levels eliminate primary hypercalcemia. ECG intervals Electrocardiograms (ECG): An ECG can also be used to diagnose MAS. The following findings related to hypercalcemia could appear on an ECG: # Short QT interval: most commonly seen as short OoT or OaT changes. # Prolongation of PR and QRS intervals. # Increased Amplitude of QRS complex. # Osborn wave # Short ST segment. Radiology: Chest x-rays can help exclude any malignancy or sarcoidosis when evaluating for hypercalcemia.
Milk-alkali syndrome
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome
Sarcoidosis
Jones syndrome
Refeeding syndrome
Leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia of infancy
Johanson–Blizzard syndrome