The effects of<unk>  can be either focal or widespread. Although both can have physiological effects on the patient, it is hard to determine<unk>  as the direct cause because it can be associated with other brain malformations. Most commonly,<unk>  is associated with Aicardi and Warburg micro syndromes. These syndromes both have frontoparieto<unk>  as their anomalies. To ensure proper diagnosis, doctors thus can examine a patient through neuroimaging or neuropathological techniques. Neuroimaging techniques Pathologically,<unk>  is defined as “an abnormally thick cortex formed by the piling upon each other of many small gyri with a fused surface.” To view these microscopic characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used. First physicians must distinguish between<unk>  and pachygyria. Pachygria leads to the development of broad and flat regions in the cortical area, whereas the effect of<unk>  is the formation of multiple small gyri. Underneath a computerized tomography (CT scan) scan, these both appear similar in that the cerebral cortex appears thickened. However, MRI with a T1 weighted inversion recovery will illustrate the gray-white junction that is characterized by patients with<unk> . An MRI is also usually preferred over the CT scan because it has sub-millimeter resolution. The resolution displays the multiple folds within the cortical area, which is continuous with the neuropathology of an infected patient. Neuropathological techniques Gross examination exposes a pattern of many small gyri clumped together, which causes an irregularity in the brain surface. The cerebral cortex, which in normal patients is six cell layers thick, is also thinned. As mentioned prior, the MRI of an affected patient shows what appears to be a thickening of the cerebral cortex because of the tiny folds that aggregate causing a more dense appearance. However, gross analysis shows that an affected patient can have as few as one to all six of these layers missing.
Polymicrogyria
Geographic atrophy
Posterior cortical atrophy
Coprolalia
Neurofibrillary tangle
Argyria
Hypermastigia
Fibular hemimelia