No specific set of criteria has been developed for diagnosis of<unk> . Most of the signs and symptoms of<unk>  are nonspecific, and many are prevalent in the elderly population at baseline. In the lab,<unk>  interrogation plays a crucial role in determining if the<unk>  mode had any contribution to symptoms. Symptoms commonly documented in patients history, classified according to cause: * Neurological - Dizziness, near syncope, and confusion. * Heart failure - Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and edema. * Hypotension - Seizure, mental status change, diaphoresis, and signs of orthostatic hypotension and shock. * Low cardiac output - Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea on exertion, lethargy, and lightheadedness. * Hemodynamic - Pulsation in the neck and abdomen, choking sensation, jaw pain, right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain, chest colds, and headache. * Heart rate related - Palpitations associated with arrhythmias In particular, the examiner should look for the following in the physical examination, as these are frequent findings at the time of admission: * Vital signs may reveal hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, or low oxygen saturation. * Pulse amplitude may vary, and blood pressure may fluctuate. * Look for neck vein distension and cannon waves in the neck veins. * Lungs may exhibit crackles. * Cardiac examination may reveal regurgitant murmurs and variability of heart sounds. * Liver may be pulsatile, and the RUQ may be tender to palpation. Ascites may be present in severe cases. * The lower extremities may be edematous. * Neurologic examination may reveal confusion, dizziness, or altered mental status. Complications Studies have shown that patients with<unk>  and/or with sick sinus syndrome are at higher risk of developing fatal complications that calls for the patients to be carefully monitored in the ICU. Complications include atrial fibrillation, thrombo-embolic events, and heart failure.
Pacemaker syndrome
Pre-excitation syndrome
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Torsades de pointes
Primary ventricular fibrillation
Aicardi syndrome
Unstable angina
Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome