<unk>  may be classified into three types, according to whether a person gives informed consent: voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary. There is a debate within the medical and bioethics literature about whether or not the non-voluntary (and by extension, involuntary) killing of patients can be regarded as<unk> , irrespective of intent or the patient's circumstances. In the definitions offered by Beauchamp and Davidson and, later, by Wreen, consent on the part of the patient was not considered one of their criteria, although it may have been required to justify<unk> . However, others see consent as essential. Voluntary<unk>  Voluntary<unk>  is conducted with the consent of the patient. Active voluntary<unk>  is legal in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Passive voluntary<unk>  is legal throughout the US per Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health. When the patient brings about their own death with the assistance of a physician, the term assisted suicide is often used instead. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and the U.S. states of California, Oregon, Washington, Montana and Vermont. Non-voluntary<unk>  Non-voluntary<unk>  is conducted when the consent of the patient is unavailable. Examples include child<unk> , which is illegal worldwide but decriminalised under certain specific circumstances in the Netherlands under the Groningen Protocol. Passive forms of non-voluntary<unk>  (i.e. withholding treatment) are legal in a number of countries under specified conditions. Involuntary<unk>  Involuntary<unk>  is conducted against the will of the patient. Passive and active<unk>  Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary types can be further divided into passive or active variants. Passive<unk>  entails the withholding treatment necessary for the continuance of life. Active<unk>  entails the use of lethal substances or forces (such as administering a lethal injection), and is more controversial. While some authors consider these terms to be misleading and unhelpful, they are nonetheless commonly used. In some cases, such as the administration of increasingly necessary, but toxic doses of painkillers, there is a debate whether or not to regard the practice as active or passive.
Euthanasia
Acatalasia
Otodental syndrome
Sudden wealth syndrome
Brain death
Brainstem death
Confusion
Pseudodementia