Factors that contribute to the development of<unk>  include: * Smoking * Chewing tobacco * Heavy alcohol use * Poor diet * Bile reflux Smoking, like lung<unk> , can cause<unk>  because it contains carcinogens that alter the DNA or RNA in a dividing cell. These alterations may change a normal DNA sequence to an oncogene, a gene that causes<unk>  after exposure to a carcinogen. Squamous cells, a type of cell that lines hollow organs like the throat, mouth, lungs, and outer layer of skin, are particularly vulnerable when exposed to cigarette smoke. Chewing tobacco can have the same effects as smoking and is also linked to<unk> . The chewing tobacco is placed into the mouth, leaving it exposed to enzymes, like amylase, which partly digests the carcinogenic material. Saliva is swallowed, along with the<unk> -promoting material, which passes through the hypopharynx on its way to the esophagus. Heavy alcohol use is linked to<unk>  as well. Alcohol damages the lining of the hypopharynx, increasing the amount of chemicals that are allowed to seep into the underlying membranes. Heavy alcohol use is also associated with nutritional deficiencies. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is considered to be a risk factor for development of<unk> . Such reflux frequently contains bile acids, and bile acid presence in the upper aerodigestive tract is associated with inflammation, DNA damage and neoplastic changes. A disease called Plummer–Vinson syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes a long-term iron deficiency, may also lead to<unk> . Other factors like a deficiency in certain vitamins also appear to contribute to this type of<unk> .
Hypopharyngeal cancer
Laryngeal cancer
Oropharyngeal cancer
Adenoiditis
Epiglottitis
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Laryngeal cyst
Nasopharyngeal cyst