Primary<unk> 's disease, or primary<unk> 's, is diagnosed if the symptoms are idiopathic, that is, if they occur by themselves and not in association with other diseases. Some refer to primary<unk> 's disease as "being allergic to coldness". It often develops in young women in their teens and early adulthood. Primary<unk> 's is thought to be at least partly hereditary, although specific genes have not yet been identified. Smoking increases frequency and intensity of attacks, and a hormonal component exists. Caffeine, estrogen, and nonselective beta-blockers are often listed as aggravating factors, but evidence that they should be avoided is not solid. Secondary<unk> 's phenomenon, or secondary<unk> 's, occurs secondary to a wide variety of other conditions. Secondary<unk> 's has a number of associations: * Connective tissue disorders: * Scleroderma * Systemic lupus erythematosus * Rheumatoid arthritis * Sjögren's syndrome * Dermatomyositis * Polymyositis * Mixed connective tissue disease * Cold agglutinin disease * Ehlers-Danlos syndrome * Eating disorders: * Anorexia nervosa * Obstructive disorders: * Atherosclerosis * Buerger's disease * Takayasu's arteritis * Subclavian aneurysms * Thoracic outlet syndrome * Drugs: * Beta-blockers * Cytotoxic drugs – particularly chemotherapeutics and most especially bleomycin * Cyclosporin * Bromocriptine * Ergotamine * Sulfasalazine * Anthrax vaccines whose primary ingredient is the Anthrax Protective Antigen * Stimulant medications, such as those used to treat ADHD (amphetamine and methylphenidate) * OTC pseudoephedrine medications (Chlor-Trimeton, Sudafed, others) * Occupation: * Jobs involving vibration, particularly drilling and prolonged use of a string trimmer (weed whacker), suffer from vibration white finger * Exposure to vinyl chloride, mercury * Exposure to the cold (e.g., by working as a frozen food packer) * Others: * Physical trauma to the extremities * Lyme disease * Hypothyroidism * Cryoglobulinemia * Cancer * Chronic fatigue syndrome * Reflex sympathetic dystrophy * Carpal tunnel syndrome * Magnesium deficiency * Multiple sclerosis * Erythromelalgia (clinically presenting as the opposite of<unk> 's, with hot and warm extremities, often co-exists in patients with<unk> 's) * Chilblains (also clinically presenting as the opposite of<unk> 's, with hot and itchy extremities, however it affects smaller areas than erythromelalgia, for instance the tip of a toe rather than the whole foot)<unk> 's can precede these other diseases by many years, making it the first presenting symptom. This may be the case in the CREST syndrome, of which<unk> 's is a part. Patients with secondary<unk> 's can also have symptoms related to their underlying diseases.<unk> 's phenomenon is the initial symptom that presents for 70% of patients with scleroderma, a skin and joint disease. When<unk> 's phenomenon is limited to one hand or one foot, it is referred to as unilateral<unk> 's. This is an uncommon form, and it is always secondary to local or regional vascular disease. It commonly progresses within several years to affect other limbs as the vascular disease progresses.
Raynaud syndrome
Patterson syndrome
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
Fountain syndrome
Burning feet syndrome
Popliteal artery aneurysm
Neurogenic claudication
Diabetic foot