The standard treatment in cases of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and other<unk>  conditions was to lie to patients. This extract is from a book published in 1963. Estimates of the number of people who are<unk>  vary, depending on which conditions are counted as<unk> . The now-defunct<unk>  Society of North America stated that: Anne Fausto-Sterling and her co-authors broadly said in 2000 that ″adding the estimates of all known causes of nondimorphic sexual development suggests that approximately 1.7% of all live births do not conform to a Platonic ideal of absolute sex chromosome, gonadal, genital, and hormonal dimorphism″; these publications have been widely quoted by<unk>  activists. Of the 1.7 percent, 1.5 percentage points (88% of those considered ″nondimorphic sexual development″ in this figure) consist of individuals with late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia (LOCAH) which may be asymptomatic but can present after puberty and cause infertility. In response to Fausto-Sterling, Leonard Sax estimated that the prevalence of<unk>  was about 0.018% of the world's population, after discounting several conditions including LOCAH, Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), Turner syndrome (45,X), the chromosomal variants of 47,XYY and 47,XXX, and vaginal agenesis. Sax reasons that in these conditions chromosomal sex is consistent with phenotypic sex and phenotype is classifiable as either male or female. In a 2003 letter to the editor, political scientist Carrie Hull analyzed the data used by Fausto-Sterling and said the estimated<unk>  rate should instead have been 0.37%, due to many errors. In a response letter published simultaneously, Fausto-Sterling welcomed the additional analysis and said "I am not invested in a particular final estimate, only that there BE an estimate". A 2018 review reported that the number of births with ambiguous genitals is in the range of 0.02% to 0.05%. The figure of 1.7% is still maintained by<unk>  Human Rights Australia "despite its flaws", stating both that the estimate "encapsulates the entire population of people who are stigmatized – or risk stigmatization – due to innate sex characteristics," and that Sax's definitions exclude individuals who experience such stigma and who have helped to establish the<unk>  movement. The following summarizes prevalences of traits that have been called<unk> : +Prevalences of various conditions that have been called<unk> <unk>  condition Sex specificity Approximate prevalence Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia (nonclassical forms) Female (males are generally asymptomatic) One in 50–1000 births (0.1–0.2% up to 1–2% depending on population) Hypospadias Male One in 200–10,000 male births (0.01%–0.5%), prevalence estimates vary considerably Klinefelter syndrome Male One in 500–1,000 male births (0.1–0.2%) 47, XXX genotype Female One in 1,000 female births (0.10%) Turner syndrome Female One in 2,500 female births (0.04%) Müllerian agenesis (of vagina, i.e., MRKH Syndrome) Female One in 4,500 female births (0.022%) Vaginal atresia/agenesis Female One in 5,000 female births (0.02%) 45,X/46,XY chromosomal mosaicism Male One in 6666 births (0.015%) XYY genotype Male One in 7000 male births (0.0142%) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (classical forms) None (but virilization of female infants) One in 10,000–20,000 births (0.01–0.02%) XXYY genotype Male One in 18,000–40,000 male births (0.0025%–0.0055%) XX genotype (male) Male One in 20,000 male births (0.005%) Ovotesticular disorder of sex development None One in 20,000 births (0.005%) 46, XY Complete gonadal dysgenesis Phenotypic female One in 80,000 births (0.0013%) Androgen insensitivity syndrome (complete and partial phenotypes) Genetic male One in 99,000 births (0.001%) Idiopathic (no discernable medical cause) None One in 110,000 births (0.0009%) Iatrogenic (caused by medical treatment, e.g., progestin administered to pregnant mother) None No estimate 5-alpha-reductase deficiency Male No estimate Mixed gonadal dysgenesis None No estimate Aromatase excess syndrome None No estimate Anorchia Male No estimate Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome Male No estimate Prevalences of specific conditions can vary across regions. In the Dominican Republic, 5-alpha-reductase deficiency is not uncommon in the town of Las Salinas, resulting in social acceptance of the<unk>  trait. Men with the trait are called "güevedoces" (Spanish for "eggs at twelve"). 12 out of 13 families had one or more male family members that carried the gene. The overall incidence for the town was 1 in every 90 males were carriers, with other males either non-carriers or non-affected carriers.
Intersex
Pseudohermaphroditism
Male hysteria
Female hysteria
Transsexual
Cephalic disorder
Cryptorchidism
Androgen insensitivity syndrome