Trabeculation of the ventricles is normal, as are prominent, discrete muscular bundles greater than 2mm. In<unk>  there are excessively prominent trabeculations. Echocardiography is the reference standard for diagnosing<unk> , although it can be well defined by computer tomography scan, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Chin, et al., described echocardiographic method to distinguish<unk>  from normal trabeculation. They described a ratio of the distance from the trough and peak, of the trabeculations, to the epicardial surface.<unk>  is diagnosed when the trabeculations are more than twice the thickness of the underlying ventricular wall. Image:Cardiovasc Ultrasound LVNC 1.Two-dimensional apical four chamber and parasternal short axis images at the level of the ventricles show dilatation of both ventricles, multiple trabeculae and intertrabecular recesses in inferior, lateral, anterior walls, middle and apical portions of the septum and apex of the left ventricle. Image:Cardiovasc Ultrasound LVNC 2.Transthoracic two-dimensional study with color and continuous wave Doppler shows left ventricular<unk>  associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Image:Cardiovasc Ultrasound LVNC 3.Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiogram in apical four chamber and parasternal short axis at the level of both ventricles demonstrate dilatation, deep trabeculae and intertrabecular recesses in the inferior, lateral, anterior walls, middle and apical portions of the septum and apex of the left ventricle. Image:Cardiovasc Ultrasound LVNC 4.Two-dimensional parasternal and color Doppler images at the level of both ventricles that show the noncompacted:compacted wall ratio and how the color enters the intertrabecular recesses Differential diagnosis Heart conditions that<unk>  needs to be distinguished from include other types of congenital heart disease (which may coexist); other causes of heart failure, like dilated cardiomyopathy; and alternative causes of increased myocardial thickness, like hypertrophic or hypertensive cardiomyopathy. The high number of misdiagnoses can be attributed to<unk>  being first reported in 1990; diagnosis is therefore often overlooked or delayed. Advances in medical imaging equipment have made it easier to diagnose the condition, particularly with the wider use of MRIs.
Noncompaction cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Amyloid cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy