<unk>  can be managed with a number of different treatments with the goal of restoring a person's normal functional status and quality of life. When the cause of<unk>  is lumbar disc herniation (90% of cases), most cases resolve spontaneously over weeks to months. Initially treatment in the first 6–8 weeks should be conservative. More than 75% of<unk>  cases are managed without surgery. In persons that smoke who also have<unk> , smoking cessation should be strongly considered. Treatment of the underlying cause of nerve compression is needed in cases of epidural abscess, epidural tumors, and cauda equina syndrome. Physical activity Physical activity is often recommended for the conservative management of<unk>  for persons that are physically able. However, the difference in outcomes between physical activity compared to bed rest have not been fully elucidated. The evidence for physical therapy in<unk>  is unclear though such programs appear safe. Physical therapy is commonly used. Nerve mobilization techniques for<unk> nerve is supported by tentative evidence. Medication There is no one medication regimen used to treat<unk> . Evidence supporting the use of opioids and muscle relaxants is poor. Low-quality evidence indicates that NSAIDs do not appear to improve immediate pain and all NSAIDs appear about equivalent in their ability to relieve<unk> . Nevertheless, NSAIDs are commonly recommended as a first-line treatment for<unk> . In those with<unk>  due to piriformis syndrome, botulinum toxin injections may improve pain and function. While there is little evidence supporting the use of epidural or systemic steroids, systemic steroids may be offered to individuals with confirmed disc herniation if there is a contraindication to NSAID use. Low-quality evidence supports the use of gabapentin for acute pain relief in those with chronic<unk> . Anticonvulsants and biologics have not been shown to improve acute or chronic<unk> . Antidepressants have demonstrated some efficacy in treating chronic<unk>  and may be offered to individuals who are not amenable to NSAIDs or who have failed NSAID therapy. Surgery If<unk>  is caused by a herniated disc, the disc's partial or complete removal, known as a discectomy, has tentative evidence of benefit in the short term. If the cause is spondylolisthesis or spinal stenosis, surgery appears to provide pain relief for up to two years. Alternative medicine Low to moderate-quality evidence suggests that spinal manipulation is an effective treatment for acute<unk> . For chronic<unk> , the evidence supporting spinal manipulation as treatment is poor. Spinal manipulation has been found generally safe for the treatment of disc-related pain; however, case reports have found an association with cauda equina syndrome, and it is contraindicated when there are progressive neurological deficits.
Sciatica
Shingles
Calpainopathy
Epicondylitis
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Balanitis
Distal myopathy
Heel pad syndrome