One of the major perceptual signs of<unk>  fold<unk> s is a change in the quality of the voice. The voice may be perceived as hoarse, due to aperiodic vibrations of the<unk>  folds, and may also be perceived as breathy, due to an incomplete closure of the<unk>  folds upon phonation. The degree of hoarseness and breathiness perceived may vary in severity. This variability may be due to the size and firmness of the<unk> s. Other common symptoms include difficulty producing<unk>  pitches in the higher range, increased phonatory effort, and<unk>  fatigue. There may be a sensation of soreness or pain in the neck, lateral to the larynx, which generally occurs because of the increased effort needed to produce the voice. Acoustic signs Major acoustic signs of<unk>  fold<unk> s involve changes in the frequency and the intensity of the voice. The fundamental frequency, an acoustic measure of voice pitch, may be normal. However, the range of pitches the individual is capable of producing may be reduced, and it may be especially difficult to produce pitches in the higher range. The intensity of the voice, an acoustic measure of amplitude or loudness, may also be normal. However, the individual's amplitude range may be reduced as well. Perturbations or variations in frequency, known as jitter, and in amplitude, known as shimmer, may be increased. Aerodynamic signs If the<unk> s affect the closure of the<unk>  folds, airflow levels during speech may be increased in comparison to the speaker's habitual levels. However, airflow levels may still fall within the upper limits of the normal range. The degree to which an individual's airflow levels increase seems to depend on the severity of the injury. Subglottal pressure, the air pressure that is available below the glottis and in the trachea to produce speech, may be increased as well.
Vocal cord nodule
Colloid nodule
Tracheobronchomegaly
Vocal cord cyst
Ground-glass opacity
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Cold nodule
Tracheal agenesis