Seeding cells into scaffold ready for<unk><unk>  use and implantation Scaffolds Various biomaterials, whether they are biological, synthetic, or a combination of both, can be used to create scaffolds, which when implanted in a human body can promote host<unk>  regeneration. First, cells from the patient in which the scaffold will be implanted in are harvested. These cells are expanded and seeded into the created scaffold, which is then inserted inside the human body. The human body serves as a bioreactor, which allows the formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) along with fibrous proteins around the scaffold to provide the necessary environment for the heart and circulatory system. The initial implantation of the foreign scaffold triggers various signaling pathways guided by the foreign body response for cell recruitment from neighboring<unk> s. The new nanofiber network surrounding the scaffold mimics the native ECM of the host body. Once cells begin to populate the cell, the scaffold is designed to gradually degrade, leaving behind a constructed heart<unk> made of the host body's own cells that is fully capable of cell repopulation and withstanding environmental changes within the body. The scaffold designed for<unk><unk>  is one of the most crucial components because it guides<unk>  construction, viability, and functionality long after implantation and degradation. Biological Decellularized tricuspid biological heart<unk> Biological scaffolds can be created from human donor<unk>  or from animals; however, animal<unk>  is often more popular since it is more widely accessible and more plentiful. Xenograft, from a donor of a different species from the recipient, heart<unk>  can be from either pigs, cows, or sheep. If either human or animal<unk>  is used, the first step in creating useful scaffolds is decellularization, which means to remove the cellular contents all the while preserving the ECM matrix, which is advantageous compared to manufacturing synthetic scaffolds from scratch. Many decellularization methods have been used such as the use of nonionic and ionic detergents that disrupt cellular material interactions or the use of enzymes to cleave peptide bonds, RNA, and DNA. Fabricated There are also current approaches that are manufacturing scaffolds and coupling them with biological cues. Fabricated scaffolds can also be manufactured using either biological, synthetic, or a combination of both materials from scratch to mimic the native heart<unk> observed using imaging techniques. Since the scaffold is created from raw materials, there is much more flexibility in controlling the scaffold's properties and can be more tailored. Some types of fabricated scaffolds include solid 3-D porous scaffolds that have a large pore network that permits the flow through of cellular debris, allowing further<unk>  and vascular growth. 3-D porous scaffolds can be manufactured through 3-D printing or various polymers, ranging from polyglycolic acid (PGA) and polylactic acid (PLA) to more natural polymers such as collagen. Fibrous scaffolds have the potential to closely match the structure of ECM through its use of fibers, which have a high growth factor. Techniques to produce fibrous scaffolds include electrospinning, in which a liquid solution of polymers is stretched from an applied high electric voltage to produce thin fibers. Conversely to the 3-D porous scaffolds, fibrous scaffolds have a very small pore size that prevents the pervasion of cells within the scaffold. Hydrogel scaffolds are created by cross-linking hydrophilic polymers through various reaction such as free radical polymerization or conjugate addition reaction. Hydrogels are beneficial because they have a high water content, which allows the ease of nutrients and small materials to pass through. Biocompatibility The biocompatibility of surgically implanted foreign biomaterial refers to the interactions between the biomaterial and the host body<unk> . Cell line as well as cell type such as fibroblasts can largely impact<unk>  responses towards implanted foreign devices by changing cell morphology. Thus the cell source as well as protein adsorption, which is dependent on biomaterial surface property, play a crucial role in<unk>  response and cell infiltration at the scaffold site.
Tissue engineering of heart valves
Mitral valve repair
Heart valve repair
Aortic valve repair
Robot-assisted double heart valve replacement
Percutaneous aortic valve replacement
Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery