A child receives oral<unk>  vaccine during a 2002 campaign to immunize children in India.<unk> virus<unk> , the permanent global cessation of circulation by the<unk> virus and hence elimination of the<unk> myelitis<unk>  it causes, is the aim of a multinational public health effort begun in 1988, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the Rotary Foundation. These organizations, along with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and The Gates Foundation, have spearheaded the campaign through the Global<unk>  Initiative (GPEI). Successful<unk>  of infectious diseases has been achieved twice before, with smallpox and bovine rinderpest. Prevention of disease spread is accomplished by vaccination. There are two kinds of<unk>  vaccine—oral<unk>  vaccine (OPV), which uses weakened<unk> virus, and inactivated<unk>  vaccine (IPV), which is injected. The OPV is less expensive and easier to administer, and can spread immunity beyond the person vaccinated, creating contact immunity. It has been the predominant vaccine used. However, under conditions of long-term vaccine virus circulation in under-vaccinated populations, mutations can reactivate the virus to produce a<unk> -inducing strain, while the OPV can also, in rare circumstances, induce<unk>  or persistent asymptomatic infection in vaccinated individuals, particularly those who are immunodeficient. Being inactivated, the IPV is free of these risks but does not induce contact immunity. IPV is more costly and the logistics of delivery are more challenging. Nigeria is the latest country to have officially stopped endemic transmission of wild<unk> virus, with its last reported case in 2016. Wild<unk> virus has been eradicated in all continents except Asia, and , Afghanistan and Pakistan are the only two countries where the disease is still classified as endemic. Recent<unk>  cases arise from two sources, the original 'wild'<unk> virus (WPV), and mutated oral vaccine strains, so-called circulating vaccine-derived<unk> virus (cVDPV). There were 140 diagnosed WPV cases worldwide in 2020, a decrease from 2019's 5-year high, an reduction from the 719 diagnosed cases in 2000 and a reduction from the estimated 350,000 cases when the<unk>  effort began in 1988. Of the three strains of WPV, the last recorded wild case caused by type2 (WPV2) was in 1999, and WPV2 was declared eradicated in 2015. Type3 (WPV3) is last known to have caused<unk>  in 2012, and was declared eradicated in 2019. All wild-virus cases since that date have been due to type1 (WPV1). Vaccines against each of the three types have given rise to emergent strains of cVDPV, with cVDPV2 being most prominent, and such strains caused over 1,000<unk>  cases in 2020.
Polio eradication
Preventive nutrition
Ultraviolet light therapy
Breastfeeding promotion
Career counseling
Feminine hygiene
Plaque radiotherapy
Electron therapy