Short-term possible complications include infection, bruising and bleeding into the scrotum resulting in a collection of blood known as a hematoma. A study in 2012 demonstrated an infection rate of 2.5% postvasectomy. The stitches on the small incisions required are prone to irritation, though this can be minimized by covering them with gauze or small adhesive bandages. The primary long-term complications are chronic pain conditions or syndromes that can affect any of the scrotal, pelvic or lower-abdominal regions, collectively known as post-vasectomy pain syndrome. Though<unk>  results in increases in circulating immune complexes, these increases are transient. Data based on animal and human studies indicate these changes do not result in increased incidence of atherosclerosis. The risk of testicular cancer is not affected by<unk> . In 2014 the AUA reaffirmed that<unk>  is not a risk factor for prostate cancer and that it is not necessary for physicians to routinely discuss prostate cancer in their preoperative counseling of<unk>  patients. There remains ongoing debate regarding whether<unk>  is associated with prostate cancer. A 2017 meta-analysis found no statistically significant increase in risk. A 2019 study of 2.1 million Danish men found that<unk>  increased their incidence of prostate cancer by 15%. A 2020 meta-analysis found that<unk>  increased the incidence by 9%. Other recent studies agree on the 15% increase in risk of developing prostate cancer, but found that men who get a<unk>  are not more likely to die from prostate cancer than men without a<unk> . Postvasectomy pain Post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS) is a chronic and sometimes debilitating condition that may develop immediately or several years after<unk> . The most robust study of post-vasectomy pain, according to the American Urology Association's<unk>  Guidelines 2012 (amended 2015) found a rate of 1-2% reported new-onset scrotal pain at 7 months after<unk>  with 0.9% describing the pain as "quite severe and noticeably affecting their quality of life". The pain can be constant orchialgia or epididymal pain (epididymitis), or it can be pain that occurs only at particular times such as with sexual intercourse, ejaculation, or physical exertion. Psychological effects Approximately 90% are generally reported in reviews as being satisfied with having had a<unk> , while 7–10% of men regret their decision. For men in relationships, regret was less common when both people in the relationship agreed on the procedure. Men who are of a younger age at the time of having a<unk>  are significantly more likely to regret and seek a reversal of their<unk> , with one study showing men for example in their twenties being 12.5 times more likely to undergo a<unk>  reversal later in life (and including some who chose sterilization at a young age). Pre-vasectomy counseling is therefore of particular importance in younger patients. Dementia An association between<unk>  and primary progressive aphasia, a rare variety of frontotemporal dementia, was reported. However, it is doubtful that there is a causal relationship. The putative mechanism is a cross-reactivity between brain and sperm, including the shared presence of neural surface antigens. In addition, the cytoskeletal tau protein has been found only to exist outside of the CNS in the manchette of sperm.
Vasectomy
Hymenotomy
Chemical castration
Vaginectomy
Sacrohysteropexy
Menstrual extraction
Prolotherapy
Vasoepididymostomy