The effectiveness of performing routine<unk>  in men without symptoms in reducing morbidity and mortality from<unk>  cancer is not clear, and as such, not all organizations endorse the procedure as a screening test, arguing that it may lead to unnecessary treatments. Additionally, some signs and symptoms of<unk>  cancer found during<unk>  are common to other disorders of the male urinary tract and reproductive organs, including hydrocele testis, spermatocele, genitourinary system cancers, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, or<unk>  torsion, which may prompt medical attention to preserve reproductive and urinary function. These potential false positives may cause unnecessary concern or anxiety to patients.
Testicular self-examination
Male genital examination
Sex reassignment surgery
Sex reassignment surgery 
Genital reconstructive surgery
Estrogen receptor test
Orchidometer
Breast self-examination