The<unk>  is awarded yearly by the<unk>  Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in<unk>  or<unk> . The<unk><unk>  is not a single<unk> , but five separate<unk> s that, according to Alfred<unk> 's 1895 will, are awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind".<unk><unk> s are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry,<unk>  or<unk> , Literature, and Peace. The<unk><unk>  is presented annually on the anniversary of Alfred<unk> 's death, 10 December. As of 2021, 112<unk>  have been awarded to 224 laureates, 212 men and 12 women. The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German<unk> st Emil von Behring, for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria. The first woman to receive the<unk> , Gerty Cori, received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose, important in many aspects of<unk> , including treatment of diabetes. The most recent<unk><unk>  was announced by the Karolinska Institute on 4 October 2021, and has been awarded to American David Julius and Lebanese-American Ardem Patapoutian, for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch. The<unk>  consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred<unk>  depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; the reverse side is unique to this medal. Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award. The 1952<unk>  to Selman Waksman was litigated in court, and half the patent rights awarded to his co-discoverer Albert Schatz who was not recognized by the<unk> .<unk><unk> s cannot be awarded posthumously. Also, no more than three recipients can receive a<unk> , a limitation that is sometimes discussed as an increasing trend is for larger teams to conduct important scientific projects.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Wolf Prize in Medicine
Terminal illness
Designer drug
International nonproprietary name
New chemical entity
Proprietary drug
The Emperor's New Drugs