Causes of<unk>  include: * Chronic venous insufficiency. * Congestive heart failure. * Long periods of immobility that can be encountered from driving, flying, bed rest/hospitalization, or having an orthopedic cast. Recommendations by clinicians to reduce<unk>  and DVT/PE often encourage increasing walking, calf exercises, and intermittent pneumatic compression when possible.
Venous stasis
Venous cutdown
Neovascularization
Arterial stiffness
Angiopathy
Venous leak
Ischemia
Ischemic compression