The primary risk factors are obesity, age, and family history. Obese men have been found to have a 34% greater death rate from<unk>  than those with normal weight.<unk>  is uncommon in men younger than 45, but becomes more common with advancing age. The average age at the time of diagnosis is 70. Autopsy studies of Chinese, German, Israeli, Jamaican, Swedish, and Ugandan men who died of other causes found<unk>  in 30% of men in their 50s, and in 80% of men in their 70s. Men with high blood pressure are more likely to develop<unk> . A small increase in risk is associated with lack of exercise. Elevated blood testosterone levels may increase risk. Genetics Genetics may affect risk, as suggested by associations with race, family, and specific gene variants. Men who have a first-degree relative (father or brother) with<unk>  have twice the risk of developing<unk> , and those with two first-degree relatives affected have a five-fold greater risk compared with men with no family history. This risk appears to be greater for men with an affected brother than for those with an affected father. In the United States,<unk>  more commonly affects black men than white or Hispanic men, and is also more deadly in black men. In contrast, the incidence and mortality rates for Hispanic men are one-third lower than for non-Hispanic whites. Twin studies in Scandinavia suggest that 58% of<unk>  risk can be explained by inherited factors. Many genes are involved in inherited risk for<unk> . The first gene linked to inherited<unk>  in families was hereditary<unk>  gene 1 (HPC1). Mutations within the HOXB13 gene can also carry strong risk for<unk> . Inherited genetic variation of the chromosome 8q24 locus, one that is prominently observed through genome-wide association study (GWAS) of both familial and sporadic<unk> , can carry near-Mendelian (up to 20-fold) risk for<unk> . This region encompasses regulatory elements, non-coding genes, and the stem cell related POU5F1B gene. Roughly 4% of families in which multiple men are affected by<unk>  carry mutations in HOXB13, and another 4% carry mutations at 8q24. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (important risk factors for ovarian cancer and breast cancer in women) have also been implicated. Two large GWAS discovered common low-risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with<unk>  in 2008. These studies identified several relevant SNPs. For example, individuals with TT allele pair at SNP rs10993994 were reported to be at 1.6 times higher risk than those with the CC allele pair. This SNP explains part of the increased risk faced by African-Americans. The C allele is much more prevalent in the latter; this SNP is located in the promoter region of the MSMB gene, thus affects the amount of MSMB protein synthesized and secreted by epithelial cells of the<unk> . While fewer studies have been conducted assessing the risk of being diagnosed with aggressive<unk> , a GWAS of 12,518<unk>  cases identified two loci associated with high Gleason sum score, SNP rs78943174 nearest to the gene NAALADL2 and SNP rs35148638 nearest to RASA1. A number of somatic mutations (acquired rather than inherited) have also been defined in<unk>  tumors that drive their growth. TMPRSS2-ETS gene family fusion, specifically TMPRSS2-ERG or TMPRSS2-ETV1/4 promotes cancer cell growth. These fusions can arise via complex rearrangement chains called chromoplexy. Dietary Consuming fruits and vegetables has been found to be of little preventive benefit. Some studies report that higher meat consumption was associated with higher risk. The consumption of milk may be related to<unk> . A 2020 systematic review found the results on milk consumption and<unk>  inconclusive but stated that individuals with higher risk may reduce or eliminate milk. A 2019 overview stated that the evidence that linked milk to higher rates of<unk>  was inconsistent and inconclusive. A 2021 study from Japan looking at 26,464 men found that milk consumption increased the risk of<unk>  by 37%. Lower blood levels of vitamin D may increase risks. One study found no effect of folic acid supplements on risk. Medication exposure Some links have been established between<unk>  and medications, medical procedures, and medical conditions. Statins may also decrease risk. Infection<unk> tis (infection or inflammation) may increase risk. In particular, infection with the sexually transmitted infections Chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis seems to increase risk. Papilloma virus has been proposed to have a potential role, but as of 2015, the evidence was inconclusive; as of 2018, the increased risk was debated. Environment US war veterans who had been exposed to Agent Orange had a 48% increased risk of<unk>  recurrence following surgery. Sex Although some evidence from prospective cohort studies indicates that frequent ejaculation may reduce<unk>  risk, no randomized controlled trials reported this benefit. An association between vasectomy and<unk>  was found, but causality has not been established.
Prostate cancer
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Bladder cancer
Penile cancer
Testicular cancer
Urethral cancer
Breast cancer
Kidney cancer