Intratesticular masses that appear suspicious on an ultrasound should be treated with an inguinal orchiectomy. The pathology of the removed testicle and spermatic cord indicate the presence of the<unk>  and assist in the staging. Tumors with both<unk>  and nonseminoma elements or that occur with the presence of AFP should be treated as nonseminomas. Abdominal CT or MRI scans as well as chest imaging are done to detect for metastasis. The analysis of tumor markers also helps in staging. The preferred treatment for most forms of stage 1<unk>  is active surveillance. Stage 1<unk>  is characterized by the absence of clinical evidence of metastasis. Active surveillance consists of periodic history and physical examinations, tumor marker analysis, and radiographic imaging. Around 85-95% of these cases will require no further treatment. Modern radiotherapy techniques as well as one or two cycles of single-agent carboplatin have been shown to reduce the risk of relapse, but carry the potential of causing delayed side effects. Regardless of treatment strategy, stage 1<unk>  has nearly a 100% cure rate. Stage 2<unk>  is indicated by the presence of retroperitoneal metastasis. Cases require radiotherapy or, in advanced cases, combination chemotherapy. Large residual masses found after chemotherapy may require surgical resection.<unk> cond-line treatment is the same as for nonseminomas. Stage 3<unk>  is characterized by the presence of metastasis outside the retroperitoneum—the lungs in "good risk" cases or elsewhere in "intermediate risk" cases. This is treated with combination chemotherapy.<unk> cond-line treatment follows nonseminoma protocols.
Seminoma
Ovarian fibroma
Corpus luteum cyst
Theca lutein cyst
Endometrioid tumor
Ovarian serous cystadenoma
Leydig cell tumour
Paraovarian cyst