General pharmacological principles of<unk> : * beta-1 selective * moderately lipophilic * without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity * with weak membrane stabilizing activity * decreases heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, therefore decreasing blood pressure Mechanism of action<unk>  blocks β1 adrenergic receptors in heart muscle cells, thereby decreasing the slope of phase 4 in the nodal action potential (reducing Na+ uptake) and prolonging repolarization of phase 3 (slowing down K+ release). It also suppresses the norepinephrine-induced increase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak and the spontaneous SR Ca2+ release, which are the major triggers for atrial fibrillation. Pharmacokinetics It undergoes α-hydroxylation and O-demethylation as a substrate of the cytochrome liver enzymes CYP2D6.
Metoprolol
Bisoprolol
Digoxin
Digitoxin
Carvedilol
Diltiazem
Captopril
Sotalol