Poisoning Many<unk> s" are potent nerve agents, functioning by inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in nerve cells. They are one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide, and are frequently intentionally used in suicides in agricultural areas. Organophosphosphate pesticides can be absorbed by all routes, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Their inhibitory effects on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme lead to a pathological excess of acetylcholine in the body. Their toxicity is not limited to the acute phase, however, and chronic effects have long been noted. Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (which is affected by<unk>  pesticides) are profoundly important in the brain's development, and many<unk> s have neurotoxic effects on developing organisms, even from low levels of exposure. Other<unk> s are not toxic, yet their main metabolites, such as their oxons, are. Treatment includes both a pralidoxime binder and an anticholinergic such as atropine. Chronic toxicity Repeated or prolonged exposure to<unk> s may result in the same effects as acute exposure including the delayed symptoms. Other effects reported in workers repeatedly exposed include impaired memory and concentration, disorientation, severe depression, irritability, confusion, headache, speech difficulties, delayed reaction times, nightmares, sleepwalking, drowsiness, or insomnia. An influenza-like condition with headache, nausea, weakness, loss of appetite, and malaise has also been reported. A recent study done by Madurai Kamaraj University in India have shown a direct correlation between usage of<unk> s and diabetes among the Indian agricultural population. The physiological difference of<unk> Es in size and polarity greatly influences the physical and biochemical toxicity of the compound group. The chemical structures of<unk>  triesters used as flame retardants and plasticizers are essentially similar to those of<unk>  insecticides that target the nervous system of insects. Multiple toxicological studies have shown that<unk> Es such as TBOEP, TCIPP, TDCIPP, triethyl phosphate (TEP), and tris(methylphenyl)phosphate (TMPP) elicit effects on embryonic development, mRNA expression, thyroid hormones, circulating bile acid concentrations, and the neurological system in fish, birds, rodents, and/or humans. Low-level exposure Even at relatively low levels,<unk> s may be hazardous to human health. These pesticides act on acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme found in the brain. Thus, fetuses and young children, whose brain development depends on a strict sequence of biological events, may be most at risk. They can be absorbed through the lungs or skin or by eating them on food. According to a 2008 report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, ″detectable″ traces of<unk>  were found in a representative sample of produce tested by the agency, 28% of frozen blueberries, 20% of celery, 27% of green beans, 17% of peaches, 8% of broccoli, and 25% of strawberries. Cancer The United States Environmental Protection Agency lists parathion as a possible human carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), found that some<unk> s may increase cancer risk. Tetrachlorvinphos and parathion were classified as "possibly carcinogenic", whereas malathion and diazinon were classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. Health effects on children A 2013 review of 27 studies on prenatal and early childhood exposures to<unk>  pesticides found all but one showed negative neurodevelopmental outcomes. In the ten studies that assessed prenatal exposure, "cognitive deficits (related to working memory) were found in children at age 7 years, behavioral deficits (related to attention) seen mainly in toddlers, and motor deficits (abnormal reflexes), seen mainly in neonates." A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal<unk>  pesticide exposure was done in 2014. The review found that "Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school children." In the US the<unk>  phosmet was banned for use on household fruit trees, ornamentals, and domestic pets in 2001 as other pesticides became available for these uses. Many other uses of phosmet were still allowed, especially commercial ones.
Organophosphate
Loline alkaloid
Antacid
Querulant
Detergent
Polychlorinated naphthalene
Alcohol 
Alkylphenol