In healthy individuals the ureters enter the urinary bladder obliquely and run submucosally for some distance. This, in addition to the ureter's muscular attachments, helps secure and support them posteriorly. Together these features produce a valvelike effect that occludes the ureteric opening during storage and voiding of urine. In people with<unk> , failure of this mechanism occurs, with resultant backward (retrograde) flow of urine. Primary<unk>  Insufficient submucosal length of the ureter relative to its diameter causes inadequacy of the valvular mechanism. This is precipitated by a congenital defect or lack of longitudinal muscle of the portion of the ureter within the bladder resulting in an ureterovesicular junction (UVJ) abnormality. Secondary<unk>  In this category the ureters' valvular mechanism is initially intact and healthy but becomes overwhelmed by increased bladder pressures associated with obstruction, which distorts the ureterovesicular junction. The obstructions may be anatomical or functional. Secondary<unk>  can be further divided into anatomical and functional groups. Anatomical Posterior urethral valves; urethral or meatal stenosis. These causes are treated surgically when possible. Functional Bladder instability, neurogenic bladder and non-neurogenic bladder. Bladder infections may cause<unk>  due to the elevated pressures associated with inflammation. Resolution of functional<unk>  will usually occur if the precipitating cause is treated and resolved. Medical and/or surgical treatment may be indicated.
Vesicoureteral reflux
Obstructive uropathy
Ureteric stricture
Glomerulonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
Urethral stricture
Pyelonephritis
Emphysematous cystitis