Example of<unk>  document from the PARAMOUNT trial<unk>  is a principle in medical ethics and medical law that a patient should have sufficient information before making their own free decisions about their medical care. A healthcare provider is often held to have a responsibility to ensure that the<unk>  that a patient gives is informed, and<unk>  can apply to a health care intervention on a person, conducting some form of research on a person, or for disclosing a person's information.<unk>  is, in fact, a fundamental principle in the field of health protection, obviously wanting to mark the very close and unavoidable connection between the need for<unk>  and the inviolability of the right to health. A health care provider may ask a patient to<unk>  to receive therapy before providing it, a clinical researcher may ask a research participant before enrolling that person into a clinical trial, and a researcher may ask a research participant before starting some form of controlled experiment.<unk>  is collected according to guidelines from the fields of medical ethics and research ethics. Free<unk>  is a cognate term enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The covenant was adopted in 1966 by the United Nations, and intended to be in force by 23 March 1976. Article seven prohibits experiments conducted without the "free<unk>  to medical or scientific experimentation" of the subject. , the covenant has 173 parties and six more signatories without ratification.<unk>  can be said to have been given based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications, and consequences of an action. To give<unk> , the individual concerned must have adequate reasoning faculties and be in possession of all relevant facts. Impairments to reasoning and judgment that may prevent<unk>  include basic intellectual or emotional immaturity, high levels of stress such as post-traumatic stress disorder or a severe intellectual disability, severe mental disorder, intoxication, severe sleep deprivation, Alzheimer's disease, or coma. Obtaining<unk>  is not always required. If an individual is considered unable to give<unk> , another person is generally authorized to give<unk>  on his behalf, e.g., parents or legal guardians of a child (though in this circumstance the child may be required to provide informed assent) and conservators for the mentally disordered, or<unk>  can be assumed through the doctrine of implied<unk> , e.g., when an unconscious person will die without immediate medical treatment. In cases where an individual is provided insufficient information to form a reasoned decision, serious ethical issues arise. Such cases in a clinical trial in medical research are anticipated and prevented by an ethics committee or institutional review board.<unk>  form templates can be found on the website of the World Health Organization.
Informed consent
Informed refusal
Dynamic consent
Casualty 
Informed assent
Voluntary commitment
Involuntary commitment
Conflict procedure