An alternative name of the condition, LEOPARD syndrome, is a mnemonic, originally coined in 1969, as the condition is characterized by some of the following seven conditions, the first letters of which spell LEOPARD, along with the characteristic "freckling" of the skin, caused by the<unk>  that is reminiscent of the large cat. *<unk>  — Reddish-brown to dark brown macules (surface skin lesion) generally occurring in a high number (10,000+) over a large portion of the skin, at times higher than 80% coverage. These can even appear inside the mouth (buccal), or on the surface of the eye (scleral). These have irregular borders and range in size from 1 mm in diameter to café-au-lait spots, several centimeters in diameter. Also, some areas of vitiligo-like hypopigmentation may be observed. * Electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities: Generally observed on an electrocardiograph as a bundle branch block. * Ocular hypertelorism: Wideset eyes, which lead to a similar facial resemblance between patients. Facial abnormalities are the second highest occurring symptom after the<unk> . Abnormalities also include: broad nasal root, prognathism (protruding lower jaw), or low-set, possibly rotated, ears. * Pulmonary stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary artery as it exits the heart. Other cardiac abnormalities may be present, including aortic stenosis, or mitral valve prolapse. * Abnormal genitalia: usually cryptorchidism (retention of testicles in body) or monorchism (single testicle). In female patients, this presents as missing or single ovaries, much harder by nature to detect. Ultrasound imaging is performed at regular intervals, from the age of 1 year, to determine if ovaries are present. * Retarded growth: Slow, or stunted growth. Most newborns with this syndrome are of normal birth weight and length, but will often slow within the first year. * Deafness: Sensorineural (nerve deafness). The presence of all of these hallmarks is not needed for a diagnosis. A clinical diagnosis is considered made when, with<unk>  present there are 2 other symptoms observed, such as ECG abnormalities and ocular hypertelorism, or without<unk> , 3 of the above conditions are present, with a first-degree relative (i.e. parent, child, sibling) with a clinical diagnosis. *Additional dermatologic abnormalities (axillary freckling, localized hypopigmentation, interdigital webbing, hyperelastic skin) *Mild mental retardation is observed in about 30% of those affected with the syndrome *Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), seizures, or hyposmia (reduced ability to smell) has been documented in a few patients *In 2004, a patient was reported with recurrent upper extremity aneurysms that required surgical repairs. *In 2006, a NSML patient was reported with acute myelogenous leukemia. Due to the rarity of the syndrome itself, it is hard to determine whether certain additional diseases are actually part of the syndrome. With a base population of possibly less than one thousand individuals, one or two outlying cases can skew the statistical population very quickly. image:Leopardsyn2e.Hand of 37-year-old patient showing interdigital webbing Image:Leopardsyn2.37-year-old patient (second generation), exhibiting hypertelorism, broad nasal root, slight ptosis Image:Leopardsyn2f.Thirty-seven-year-old patient demonstrating hyperelasticity Image:Leopardsyn3.21-month-old, third generation patient, confirmed by genetic tests as Y279C, exhibiting ocular hyperteliorism, cephalofacial similarity. Image:Leopardsyn2b.Torso of thirty-seven-year-old, second-generation patient, exhibiting<unk> is.
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