<unk> , or intergenerational<unk> , is the psychological effects that the collective<unk>  experienced by a group of people has on subsequent generations in that group. Collective<unk>  is the effect of psychological<unk>  experienced by communities and identity groups and carried as part of the group's collective memory and shared sense of identity. For example, collective<unk>  was experienced by descendants of the Atlantic Slave Trade (Caribbean, US and South America especially), Segregation and Jim Crow Laws in the United States, Apartheid in South Africa, the Colonization of African countries, Jewish Holocaust survivors and other members of the Jewish community at the time, and by the First Peoples of Canada during the Canadian Indian residential school system, Colonization of India, Australia (Aboriginals and the segregation experienced there). When this collective<unk>  affects subsequent generations, it is called<unk> . For example, if Jewish people experience extreme stress or practice survivalism out of fear of another Holocaust, despite being born after the end of the Holocaust, then they may be feeling<unk> .<unk>  is a collective experience that affects groups of people because of their cultural identity (e.g., ethnicity, nationality, or religious identity). Because of its collective nature, the term is not usually applied to single families or individual parent–child dyads. However, like survivors of individual child abuse, individually, both direct survivors of the collective<unk>  and members of subsequent generations may develop complex post-traumatic stress disorder. This field of research is relatively young, but has expanded in recent years. The mechanism for transmission of<unk>  may be socially transmitted (e.g., through learned behaviors), through the effects of stress before birth, or perhaps through stress-induced epigenetic modifications.
Transgenerational trauma
Childhood trauma
Adverse childhood experiences
Domestic violence
Psychological trauma
Domestic violence against men
Sexual violence
Race-based traumatic stress