Treatment for<unk> es depends on the diagnosis, level of pain, and whether there is loss of function or quality of life. Conservative * Cold therapy reduces inflammation, edema, pain, and muscle spasms associated with acute<unk> . * Heat therapy is used to reduce pain and alleviate sore and stiff muscles. Heat therapy is proposed to work by facilitating delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the site of<unk>  to accommodate healing. * Medication: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen can be taken to reduce mild to moderate pain associated with<unk> es. NSAIDs are suggested to be more effective for persistent pain than for acute pain. If pain remains intolerable while taking over the counter medications, a stronger pain medication such as a narcotic or a muscle relaxant can be prescribed at a physician's discretion. * Therapy and alternative medicine: an active approach to recovery is recommended over bed rest for most cases of<unk> . Activity promotes strength and functional rehabilitation and counters atrophy associated with disuse. Physical therapy can help reduce pain and regain strength and function. The gentle movement of yoga and tai chi are suggested to improve function and to counter the negative psychosocial effects that can be secondary to<unk> . Spinal manipulation, massage, and acupuncture have been used to treat the pain associated with various<unk> es, but there is little consensus on their degree of effectiveness. * Injections: Spinal nerve blocks and epidural injections are options available to alleviate pain and neurological symptoms. Injections of anesthetics alleviate pain while steroid injections can be used to reduce the inflammation and swelling surrounding spinal nerves. Non-Conservative Surgery is considered when symptoms persist after attempting conservative treatment. It is estimated 10-20 percent of individuals with low<unk>  pain fail to improve with conservative measures. * A discectomy is a common procedure used to alleviate the radiating pain and neurological symptoms associated with a herniated disc. There are multiple variations of a discectomy with differing approaches to access the herniated disc, but the goal of the procedure is to remove the portion of the intervertebral disc that is protruding into the vertebral foramen. * A total disc replacement can also be performed to address a herniated disc. Rather than removing only the portion of the disc that has prolapsed as in a discectomy, this procedure involves removing the entire vertebral disc and replacing it with an artificial one. * Surgical remedies for vertebral fractures are found to be more effective than conservative treatment. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are considered minimally invasive surgical procedures and are proposed to relieve pain and restore function of fractured vertebrae.
Back injury
Back strain
Sprain
Spinal fracture
Spinal disease
Spinal stenosis
Cervical spine disorder
Lumbar disc disease