The<unk>  between their natural hosts, humans, non-human primates, and birds, including intra-species host transmission and cross-species transmission, is a topic of study in virology.<unk>  are a family of viruses that can cause liver infections in humans and animals. They are Group VII viruses that possess double-stranded DNA genomes and replicate using reverse transcriptase. This unique replication strategy, combined with their extremely small genomes and a very narrow host and tissue tropism, has distinguished them enough to be classified in the family Hepadnaviridae. There are two recognized genera: *Orthohepadnavirus, type species: hepatitis B virus (HBV) *Avihepadnavirus, type species: duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV)
Transmission of hepadnaviruses
Waterborne diseases
Antibiotic use in livestock
Transmission of COVID-19
Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever
Pesticide toxicity to bees
Blood-borne disease
Intentional contagion of infection