<unk>  is typically diagnosed following surgical removal of the worms, although the infection may also be diagnosed by identification of eosinophilia or identification of the parasite in a tissue specimen. If such biopsy and excision procedures are not feasible, the antisparganum ELISA test may be used. In theory, a pre-operative diagnosis could be made by identification of exposure history and a painful, migratory, subcutaneous nodule.<unk>  usually presents as a single nodule, while other cestode infections such as cysticercosis typically present as multiple nodules. Preoperative diagnosis, however, is rare. CT and MRI scans are especially useful for diagnosis of cerebral<unk> , as they reveal lesions in the brain. Through a retrospective analysis of 25 cases of cerebral<unk>  from 2000 to 2006, Song et al. found a number of characteristic signs that could be used in the future to diagnose cerebral<unk>  without performing an excision or tissue biopsy. The most characteristic finding was the "tunnel sign" on MRI images, showing the migrating track of the worm, while the most common finding was multiple conglomerated ring-shaped enhancements, seen as bead-shaped, usually with 3 to 6 rings. These findings led Song et al. to suggest that clinical history, ELISA, and either MRI or CT scans could be sufficient to make a<unk>  diagnosis. These lesions, however, are sometimes mistaken for tuberculosis lesions. In one case cerebral<unk>  was not diagnosed for four years, during which scans showed a cluster of rings moving from the right to the left side of the brain; ultimately the worm was found on biopsy.
Sparganosis
Onychophosis
Onychogryphosis
Xanthelasma
Hypodermyasis
Fundic gland polyposis
Amastia
Halo nevus