The vast majority of the cases of<unk>  are caused by substitutions, at base 365 (c.365G>A) and base 86 of the cDNA (c.86A>T) on the PRSS1 gene. The nucleotide substitutions were discovered in the late 1990s by classical linkage analysis and are now known as p.R122H and p.N29I respectively, according to the amino acid substitution and position in the protein sequence. These mutations are rarely identified in general screens of patients with idiopathic disease and the phenotype of p.R122H and p.N29I is now well characterised with the p.A16V mutation recently characterised for the first time. There are many other rare mutations or polymorphisms of PRSS1 which remain less well understood and not all<unk>  families have had the responsible genetic mutation identified. The mechanism by which these genetic mutations cause pancreatitis is not yet known; but is likely to be the result of increased autoactivation or reduced deactivation of trypsinogen. However, a novel mechanism has recently been identified in a p.R116C kindred.
Hereditary pancreatitis
Autoimmune pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Whipple's disease
Primary biliary cholangitis
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis