<unk>  use in<unk>  includes use of<unk>  at any time during gestation, including the time before a mother-to-be is aware that she is pregnant.<unk>  use at some point during<unk>  is common and appears to be rising in prevalence.<unk>  use during<unk>  has been associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, low birthweight, and prematurity, along with a variety of birth defects and developmental abnormalities with ranging severity. Defects caused by gestational exposure to<unk>  are collectively referred to as Fetal<unk>  spectrum disorders (FASDs), with the most severe form termed fetal<unk>  syndrome (FAS). However, not all<unk> es complicated by<unk>  use will result in spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, low birthweight, and prematurity, and not all infants exposed to<unk>  in utero will have FASDs or FAS. The variance seen in outcomes of<unk>  consumption during<unk>  is poorly understood, however genetic and social risk factors for more severe outcomes have both been suggested. The affect of quantity and gestational timing of<unk>  consumption is also poorly understood. However, there is no amount of<unk>  that is known to be safe to drink while pregnant, and there is no safe time point or trimester of<unk>  during which<unk>  consumption has been proven to be safe. Therefore, medical consensus is to recommend complete abstinence from<unk>  during<unk> . Some evidence suggests that the likelihood of FASD, FAS, miscarriage and stillbirth increases with higher quantity and longer duration of<unk>  consumption during<unk> . Therefore, it is never too late to reduce the likelihood of FASDs, FAS, and<unk>  related<unk>  complications by avoiding or limiting<unk>  use.
Alcohol and pregnancy
HIV and pregnancy
Diabetes and pregnancy
Smoking and pregnancy
Alcohol and cancer
Alcohol and cardiovascular disease
Circumcision and HIV
Domestic violence and pregnancy