<unk>  is the<unk>  response to<unk>  following a racial encounter. Robert T. Carter's (2007) theory of<unk>  implies that there are individuals of color who experience racially charged discrimination as<unk> , and often generate responses similar to post-traumatic<unk> .<unk>  combines theories of<unk> , trauma and<unk><unk>  discrimination to describe a particular response to negative racial encounters. Despite the limited research that examines<unk>  specifically, trauma research suggests that an individual's response to a<unk> or is highly dependent on that person's perception of the<unk> or; what one person may experience as<unk> , another person may not experience as such. These differing responses have been found to be strongly associated with each individual's ability to cope with the said<unk> or. According to Carter, a professor at Columbia University,<unk>  is an individual's response to racial discrimination as<unk>  or outside of their ability to cope.<unk>  can be experienced both directly and indirectly and can occur on an interpersonal level, institutional level, or cultural level. As such, research indicates that<unk>  can be demonstrated as a number of negative outcomes, including psychopathological symptoms, social inequities, and internalized racial oppression. Research has indicated that children, as well as adults, can experience and be impacted by the reaches of<unk> . Through direct experience from peers and/or authority figures, as well as indirectly through media exposure and/or bearing witness to the racial discrimination of their parents, research suggests children of color are particularly vulnerable to<unk> .
Race-based traumatic stress
Transgenerational trauma
Psychological trauma
Social stress
Childhood trauma
Adverse childhood experiences
Outline of domestic violence
Incident stress