<unk>  is considered to be a personality trait that places affected individuals at risk for other medical and psychiatric disorders while reducing the likelihood that these individuals will respond to conventional treatments for the other conditions.<unk>  is not classified as a mental disorder in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It is a dimensional personality trait that varies in intensity from person to person. A person's<unk>  score can be measured with questionnaires such as the Toronto<unk>  Scale (TAS-20), the Perth<unk>  Questionnaire (PAQ), the Bermond-Vorst<unk>  Questionnaire (BVAQ), the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS), the Online<unk>  Questionnaire (OAQ-G2), the Toronto Structured Interview for<unk>  (TSIA), or the Observer<unk>  Scale (OAS). It is distinct from the psychiatric personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder. Traditionally,<unk>  has been conceptually defined by four components: # difficulty identifying feelings (DIF) # difficulty describing feelings to other people (DDF) # a stimulus-bound, externally oriented thinking style (EOT) # constricted imaginal processes (IMP) However, there is some ongoing disagreement in the field about the definition of<unk> . When measured in empirical studies, constricted imaginal processes are often found not to statistically cohere with the other components of<unk> . Such findings have led to debate in the field about whether IMP is indeed a component of<unk> . For example, in 2017, Preece and colleagues introduced the attention-appraisal model of<unk> , where they suggested that IMP be removed from the definition and that<unk>  be conceptually composed only of DIF, DDF, and EOT, as each of these three are specific to deficits in emotion processing. In practice, since the constricted imaginal processes items were removed from earlier versions of the TAS-20 in the 1990s, the most used<unk>  assessment tools (and consequently most<unk>  research studies) have only assessed the construct in terms of DIF, DDF, and EOT. Studies (using measures of<unk>  assessing DIF, DDF, and EOT) have reported that the prevalence rate of high<unk>  is less than 10% of the population. A less common finding suggests that there may be a higher prevalence of<unk>  amongst males than females, which may be accounted for by difficulties some males have with "describing feelings", but not by difficulties in "identifying feelings" in which males and females show similar abilities. Psychologist R. Michael Bagby and psychiatrist Graeme J. Taylor have argued that the<unk>  construct is inversely related to the concepts of psychological mindedness and emotional intelligence and there is "strong empirical support for<unk>  being a stable personality trait rather than just a consequence of psychological distress".
Alexithymia
Automatism 
Phobia
Body integrity dysphoria
Automatic behavior
Morbid love
Hyperreligiosity
Musical anhedonia