Cardiac<unk>  Cardiac<unk>  is performed when the arteries that bring blood to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) become clogged by plaque. Such a condition may cause chest pain from angina pectoris or a heart attack. Leg (lower extremity)<unk>  In the legs,<unk>  grafting is used to treat peripheral<unk>  disease, acute limb ischemia, aneurysms and trauma. While there are many anatomical arrangements for<unk>  grafts in the lower extremities depending on the location of the disease, the principle is the same: to restore blood flow to an area without normal flow. For example, a femoral-popliteal<unk>  ("fem-pop") might be used if the femoral artery is occluded. A fem-pop<unk>  may refer to the above- or below-knee popliteal artery. Other anatomic descriptions of lower extremity<unk> es include: *"fem-fem" - femoral to femoral<unk> , e.g. from right to left. Used when there is no inflow to one femoral artery (i.e., the iliac artery on the receiving side is diseased) but there is aortic flow. *"aorto-bifem" - aortic to both femoral arteries. Used when there is disease at the aortic bifurcation, known as Leriche syndrome, or in both iliac arteries. *"ax-bifem" - axillary artery to both femoral artery<unk> . Either axillary artery can be used as the origin of the<unk> . Used when patient cannot tolerate a more invasive and higher risk aorto-bifem, or when removing an infected aortic graft such as an EVAR device. *"fem-tib" - femoral to one of the three tibial arteries (Anterior, Posterior or Peroneal). Used for disease of the femoral and tibial arteries, this procedure is used most frequently in people with diabetes, which tends to create disease in the tibial arteries rather than the more proximal arteries. *a "DP"<unk>  - any<unk>  where the target is the dorsalis pedis artery on the dorsum of the foot. It is used in similar situations to those described for the fem-tib<unk> . Hemodialysis access An arteriovenous graft serving as a fistula for hemodialysis access A<unk>  is often created to serve as an access point to the circulatory system for hemodialysis. Such a<unk>  is referred to as an arteriovenous fistula if it directly connects a vein to an artery without using synthetic material. Cerebral artery<unk>  In the skull, when blood flow is blocked or a damaged cerebral artery prevents adequate blood flow to the brain, a cerebral artery<unk>  may be performed to improve or restore flow to an oxygen-deprived (ischemic) area of the brain. When several arteries are blocked and several<unk> es are needed, the procedure is called multiple<unk> . The number of<unk> es needed does not always increase the risk of surgery, which depend more on the patient's overall health.
Vascular bypass
Femoropopliteal bypass
Vein stripping
Amputation
Angioplasty
Revascularization
Vascular closure device
Phemister graft