Metabolic disorders<unk> s are primarily metabolized in the liver, before being excreted through urine.<unk> s are metabolized by phase 1 and/or phase 2 metabolism, which can lead to the activation or inhibition of these drugs. Phase 1 metabolism is the CYP pathway which consists of different cytochrome P450s – a set of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation reactions – to create an active metabolite. In contrast, Phase 2 metabolism causes the<unk> s to undergo conjugation, with little to no interaction with the CYP pathway. The<unk> s undergo phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism until they are hydrophilic enough to be renally excreted. There are various factors that play a role in how an<unk>  is metabolized. In phase 1 metabolism, the CYP family has several polymorphisms, which can account for the difference in therapeutic responses within each individual. This diversification leads to<unk> s being modified at varying rates, which can cause the drug to remain in the bloodstream for either a longer or shorter period of time. Therefore these polymorphisms control<unk>  tolerance and facilitate overdose. Mental health Evidence suggests that mental health can be a significant facilitator for<unk>  abuse. Given that<unk> s are prescribed for pain management, mental health disorders, such as depression, have been shown to increase use of<unk> s when treating conditions associated with chronic pain. Evidence has shown that individuals with mood and anxiety disorders have an increased likelihood of being prescribed<unk> s and continuing usage for lengthy periods of time, consequently increasing likelihood for dependence. As such, affected individuals have almost double the risk of using<unk> s for pain relief in the long-term. Additionally, mental health challenges associated with trauma, economic depression, social environments conducive to substance abuse and risk-taking behaviours have been shown to increase<unk>  misuse. Furthermore, mental health challenges associated with cardiovascular disease, sleep disorders, and HIV can cause<unk>  dependence and subsequent overdose. Notably, cyclic behaviours can be observed between mental illness and<unk>  abuse where individuals with mental health diagnoses engage in<unk>  use which further perpetuates mental health challenges and increased drug usage.
Opioid overdose
Stroke
Nicotine withdrawal
Alcohol intoxication
Benzodiazepine overdose
Hypoglycemia
Carbamate poisoning
Head injury