<unk>  infections in<unk>  and<unk>  are less understood than in adults. Worldwide, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in pregnant women and<unk>  has been estimated to 1-8% and 0.05-5% respectively. The vertical transmission rate has been estimated to be 3-5% and there is a high rate of spontaneous clearance (25-50%) in the<unk> . Higher rates have been reported for both vertical transmission (18%, 6-36% and 41%). and prevalence in<unk>  (15%). In developed countries, transmission around the time of birth is now the leading cause of<unk>  infection. In the absence of virus in the mother's blood, transmission seems to be rare. Factors associated with an increased rate of infection include membrane rupture of longer than 6 hours before delivery and procedures exposing the infant to maternal blood. Cesarean sections are not recommended. Breastfeeding is considered safe if the nipples are not damaged. Infection around the time of birth in one child does not increase the risk in a subsequent<unk> . All genotypes appear to have the same risk of transmission.<unk>  infection is frequently found in<unk>  who have previously been presumed to have non-A, non-B hepatitis and cryptogenic liver disease. The presentation in childhood may be asymptomatic or with elevated liver function tests. While infection is commonly asymptomatic both cirrhosis with liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma may occur in childhood.
HCV in children and pregnancy
FACE AIDS
HIV-tainted blood scandal 
Tuberculosis in relation to HIV
HIV/AIDS in Laos
field of Hepatitis D
HIV/AIDS in Vietnam
Breastfeeding and HIV