It allows the examiner to evaluate the gross anatomy of the<unk>  networks as well as the blood flow direction, which is crucial in determining vein pathology. It has become the reference standard used in the assessment of the condition and hemodynamics of the veins of the lower limbs. The normal physiological blood flow is antegrade, flowing from the periphery towards the heart, so that the evidence of an opposite, retrograde flow might indicate a pathology. The presence of a reflux is likewise of note; a reflux when not isolated in a vein (as simply retrograde), means that the blood flow is bi-directional where once the flow had been only antegrade.
Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs
Ultrasonography of deep vein thrombosis
Peripheral vascular examination
Coronary CT calcium scan
Assessment of kidney function
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion
Intracoronary optical coherence tomography
Pressure–volume loop analysis in cardiology