Titanium dental implants Titanium was first introduced into surgeries in the 1950s after having been used in dentistry for a decade prior. It is now the metal of choice for prosthetics, internal fixation, inner body devices, and instrumentation. Titanium is used from head to toe in biomedical implants. One can find titanium in neurosurgery, bone conduction hearing aids, false eye implants, spinal fusion cages, pacemakers, toe implants, and shoulder/elbow/hip/knee replacements along with many more. The main reason why titanium is often used in the body is due to titanium's<unk>  and, with surface modifications, bioactive surface. The surface characteristics that affect<unk>  are surface texture, steric hindrance, binding sites, and hydrophobicity (wetting). These characteristics are optimized to create an ideal cellular response. Some medical implants, as well as parts of surgical instruments are coated with titanium nitride (TiN).
Titanium biocompatibility
Nitinol biocompatibility
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances
Tissue selectivity
Microporous material
New chemical entity
Titanium metallic discoloration
Hazardous waste