Treatment The retina (red) is detached at the top of the eye. The silicone band (scleral buckle, blue) is placed around the eye. This brings the wall of the eye into contact with the detached retina, allowing the retina to re-attach. * Peripheral retinal ablation is the mainstay of<unk>  treatment. The destruction of the avascular retina is performed with a solid state laser photocoagulation device, as these are easily portable to the operating room or neonatal ICU. Cryotherapy, an earlier technique in which regional retinal destruction was done using a probe to freeze the desired areas, has also been evaluated in multi-center clinical trials as an effective modality for prevention and treatment of<unk> . However, when laser treatment is available, cryotherapy is no longer preferred for routine avascular retinal ablation in premature babies, due to the side effects of inflammation and lid swelling. Furthermore, recent trials have shown that treatment at an earlier stage of the disease gives better results. * Scleral buckling and/or vitrectomy surgery may be considered for severe<unk>  (stages4 and5) for eyes that progress to retinal detachment. Few centers in the world specialize in this surgery, because of its attendant surgical risks and generally poor outcomes. * Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) has been reported as a supportive measure in aggressive posterior<unk> . In a 2011 clinical trial comparing bevacizumab with conventional laser therapy, intravitreal bevacizumab monotherapy showed a significant benefit for zoneI but not zoneII disease when used to treat infants with stage3+<unk> . Potential benefits of intravitreal Avastin injection over laser therapy include: reduction in level of anesthesia required, preservation of viable peripheral retina, and, possibly, reduced incidence of subsequent high refractive error. However, the safety of this new treatment has not yet been established in terms of ocular complications as well as systemic complications. The latter are theoretically possible, as the active ingredient of bevacizumab not only blocks the development of abnormal blood vessels in the eye but may also prevent the normal development ofother tissues such as the lung and kidney. A 2018 Cochrane review also examined the effectiveness of Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drugs and their use for<unk> . * Oral propranolol is being evaluated for counteracting the progression of<unk> , but safety is a concern. A prospective randomized trial in which pre-term newborns were randomized to receiving oral propranolol with standard treatment or standard treatment alone found that oral propranolol showed a 48% relative risk reduction for progression to stage3, 58% reduction for progression to stage3 plus, and 100% reduction for progression to stage4. Furthermore, there was a 52% relative risk reduction for the need for laser treatment or intravitreal bevacizumab. However 19% of the newborns experienced serious adverse effects including hypotension and bradycardia. A study in a mouse model of human<unk>  has shown that beta-blockade is protective against retinal angiogenesis and ameliorate blood-retinal barrier dysfunction. Follow up * Once diagnosed with<unk>  lifelong follow up (yearly) is performed in some centers. In others, only children treated for<unk>  are followed yearly. * Follow up after laser or anti-VEGF treatment is individualized. * Follow up of premature children (with or without<unk>  is varying among centers and countries, mirroring the diverse states of health care system in different countries.
Retinopathy of prematurity
Vitreoretinopathy
Meningism
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
Neonatal jaundice
Neonatal encephalopathy
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Congenital cataract