<unk>  virus liver injury MVD is clinically indistinguishable from Ebola virus<unk>  (EVD), and it can also easily be confused with many other<unk> s prevalent in Equatorial Africa, such as other viral hemorrhagic fevers, falciparum malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, rickettsial<unk> s such as typhus, cholera, gram-negative sepsis, borreliosis such as relapsing fever or EHEC enteritis. Other infectious<unk> s that ought to be included in the differential diagnosis include leptospirosis, scrub typhus, plague, Q fever, candidiasis, histoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, visceral leishmaniasis, hemorrhagic smallpox, measles, and fulminant viral hepatitis. Non-infectious<unk> s that can be confused with MVD are acute promyelocytic leukemia, hemolytic uremic syndrome, snake envenomation, clotting factor deficiencies/platelet disorders, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Kawasaki<unk> , and even warfarin intoxication. The most important indicator that may lead to the suspicion of MVD at clinical examination is the medical history of the patient, in particular the travel and occupational history (which countries and caves were visited?) and the patient's exposure to wildlife (exposure to bats or bat excrements?). MVD can be confirmed by isolation of<unk> viruses from or by detection of<unk> virus antigen or genomic or subgenomic RNAs in patient blood or serum samples during the acute phase of MVD.<unk> virus isolation is usually performed by inoculation of grivet kidney epithelial Vero E6 or MA-104 cell cultures or by inoculation of human adrenal carcinoma SW-13 cells, all of which react to infection with characteristic cytopathic effects. Filovirions can easily be visualized and identified in cell culture by electron microscopy due to their unique filamentous shapes, but electron microscopy cannot differentiate the various filoviruses alone despite some overall length differences. Immunofluorescence assays are used to confirm<unk> virus presence in cell cultures. During an outbreak, virus isolation and electron microscopy are most often not feasible options. The most common diagnostic methods are therefore RT-PCR in conjunction with antigen-capture ELISA, which can be performed in field or mobile hospitals and laboratories. Indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) are not used for diagnosis of MVD in the field anymore. Classification<unk>  (MVD) is the official name listed in the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of<unk> s and Related Health Problems 10 (ICD-10) for the human<unk>  caused by any of the two<unk> viruses<unk>  virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). In the scientific literature,<unk>  hemorrhagic fever (MHF) is often used as an unofficial alternative name for the same<unk> . Both<unk>  names are derived from the German city<unk> , where MARV was first discovered.
Marburg virus disease
Ebola
Pel–Ebstein fever
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
Barcoo fever
Mayaro virus disease
Typhoid fever
Dengue fever