Reversing the underlying causes of<unk> , stabilizing hemodynamic, preventing renal, myocardial, and other organs from injuries due to hypoperfusion and hypoxia, and taking necessary measures to safeguard against complications including venous thromboembolism are served as the top priorities during the treatment. The initial treatment aiming at restoring effective blood pressure in patients suffering refractory shock typically starts with introducing norepinephrine and dopamine. Vasopressin comes as the second-line agent. However, high-dose therapy is linked to excessive coronary, splanchnic vasoconstriction, and hypercoagulation. Excessive vasoconstriction can cause cardiac output reduction or even fatal heart complication particularly in those with weak myocardial function. In those whose<unk>  is caused by hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy in the context of dilated cardiomyopathy with documented both reduced heart ejection fraction and contractile performance, the uses of calcium and active vitamin D or recombinant human parathyroid hormone treatment are viable since there were many successful cases reported while given the physiological role of calcium on muscle contraction. A successful treatment requires leveraging the respective unique contributions of a multi-disciplinary team not only critical care doctors and often, infectious disease specialists but also respiratory therapy, nursing, pharmacy and others in collaboration.
Vasodilatory shock
Obstructive shock
Distributive shock
Hypovolemic shock
Cryptic shock
Neurogenic shock
Spinal shock
Septic shock