Risk factors for<unk>  adenocarcinoma include: * Age, sex, and ethnicity – the risk of developing<unk>  increases with age. Most cases occur after age 65, while cases before age 40 are uncommon. The disease is slightly more common in men than in women. In the United States, it is over 1.5 times more common in African Americans, though incidence in Africa is low. * Cigarette smoking is the best-established avoidable risk factor for<unk> , approximately doubling risk among long-term smokers, the risk increasing with the number of cigarettes smoked and the years of smoking. The risk declines slowly after smoking cessation, taking some 20 years to return to almost that of nonsmokers. * Obesity – a body mass index greater than 35 increases relative risk by about half. * Family history – 5–10% of<unk>  cases have an inherited component, where people have a family history of<unk> . The risk escalates greatly if more than one first-degree relative had the disease, and more modestly if they developed it before the age of 50. Most of the genes involved have not been identified. Hereditary<unk> is gives a greatly increased lifetime risk of<unk>  of 30–40% to the age of 70. Screening for early<unk>  may be offered to individuals with hereditary<unk> is on a research basis. Some people may choose to have their pancreas surgically removed to prevent cancer from developing in the future.<unk>  has been associated with these other rare hereditary syndromes: Peutz–Jeghers syndrome due to mutations in the STK11 tumor suppressor gene (very rare, but a very strong risk factor); dysplastic nevus syndrome (or familial atypical multiple mole and melanoma syndrome, FAMMM-PC) due to mutations in the CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene; autosomal recessive ataxia-telangiectasia and autosomal dominantly inherited mutations in the BRCA2 and PALB2 genes; hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome); and familial adenomatous polyposis. PanNETs have been associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and von Hippel Lindau syndromes. * Chronic<unk> is appears to almost triple risk, and as with diabetes, new-onset<unk> is may be a symptom of a tumor. The risk of<unk>  in individuals with familial<unk> is is particularly high. * Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for<unk>  and (as noted in the Signs and symptoms section) new-onset diabetes may also be an early sign of the disease. People who have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for longer than 10 years may have a 50% increased risk, as compared with individuals without diabetes. In 2021, Venturi reported that pancreas is able to absorb in great quantity radioactive cesium (Cs-134 and Cs-137) causing chronic<unk> is and probably<unk>  with damage of<unk>  islands, causing Type 3c (pancreatogenic) diabetes . Chronic<unk> is,<unk>  and diabetes mellitus increased in contaminated population, particularly children and adolescents, after Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear incidents. At the same time, worldwide<unk>  diseases, diabetes and environmental radiocesium are increasing. * Specific types of food (as distinct from obesity) have not been clearly shown to increase the risk of<unk> . Dietary factors for which some evidence shows slightly increased risk include processed meat, red meat, and meat cooked at very high temperatures (e.g. by frying, broiling, or grilling). Alcohol Drinking alcohol excessively is a major cause of chronic<unk> is, which in turn predisposes to<unk> , but considerable research has failed to firmly establish alcohol consumption as a direct risk factor for<unk> . Overall, the association is consistently weak and the majority of studies have found no association, with smoking a strong confounding factor. The evidence is stronger for a link with heavy drinking, of at least six drinks per day.
Pancreatic cancer
Autoimmune pancreatitis
Liver cancer
Duodenal cancer
Gallbladder cancer
Periampullary cancer
Kang cancer
Small intestine cancer