<unk>  (1995) is a book by psychiatrist George E. Vaillant that describes two multi-decade studies of the lives of 600 American males, non-alcoholics at the outset, focusing on their lifelong drinking behaviours. By following the men from youth to old age it was possible to chart their drinking patterns and what factors may have contributed to<unk> . Another study followed 100 severe alcoholics from a clinic eight years after their detoxification. The National Review hailed the first edition (1983) as "a genuine revolution in the field of<unk>  research" and said that "Vaillant has combined clinical experience with an unprecedented amount of empirical data to produce what may ultimately come to be viewed as the single most important contribution to the literature of<unk>  since the first edition of AA's Big Book." Some of the main conclusions of Vaillant's book are: * That<unk>  is as much a social as a medical condition.<unk>  can simultaneously reflect both a conditioned habit and a disease." * Factors predicting<unk>  were related to ethnic culture,<unk>  in relatives, and a personality that is antisocial and extroverted. An unhappy childhood predicted mental illness but not<unk> —unless the family problems were due to<unk> . * That<unk>  was generally the cause of co-occurring depression, anxiety, and sociopathic (delinquent) behaviour, not the result. * That even though<unk>  is not solely a medical condition, it is therapeutically effective to explain it as a disease to patients. The disease concept encourages patients to take responsibility for their drinking, without debilitating guilt. * That for most alcoholics, attempts at controlled drinking in the long term end in either abstinence or a return to<unk> . * That there is as yet no cure for<unk> , and that medical treatment can only provide short-term crisis intervention. * Achieving long-term sobriety usually involves (1) a less harmful, substitute dependency; (2) new relationships; (3) sources of inspiration and hope; and (4) experiencing negative consequences of drinking.
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