Standard<unk>  is appropriate for<unk> s that begin below the renal arteries, where there exists an adequate length of normal aorta (the "proximal aortic neck") for reliable attachment of the endograft without leakage of blood around the device ("endoleak"). Patients with<unk> s require elective<unk>  of their<unk>  when it reaches a diameter large enough (typically greater than 5.5 cm) such that the risk of rupture is greater than the risk of surgery.<unk>  is also warranted for<unk> s that rapidly enlarge or those that have been the source of emboli (debris from the<unk>  that dislodges and travel into other arteries). Lastly, the<unk>  is also indicated for<unk> s that are the source of pain and tenderness, which may indicate impending rupture. The options for<unk>  include traditional open aortic surgery or<unk><unk> .<unk>  procedures aim to reduce the morbidity and mortality of treating arterial disease in a patient population that is increasingly older and less fit than when major open<unk> s were developed and popularized. Even in the early days, significant risks were accepted in the understanding that the large open operation was the only option. That is not the case in most patients today. Studies that assign<unk>  patients to treatment with<unk>  or traditional open surgery have demonstrated fewer early complications with the minimally invasive approach. Some studies have also observed a lower mortality rate with<unk> . The reduction in death, however, does not persist long-term. After a few years, the survival after<unk>  is similar to<unk>  or open surgery. This observation may be the result of durability problems with early endograft, with a corresponding need for additional procedures to<unk>  endoleaks and other device-related issues. Newer, improved technology may reduce the need for such secondary procedures. If so, the results of<unk>  may improve to the point where long-term survival benefit becomes evident.<unk>  is also used for rupture of the abdominal and descending thoracic aorta, and in rare cases used to treat pathology of the ascending aorta. Aortic dissection Endografts have been used in patients with aortic dissection, noting the extremely complex nature of open surgical<unk>  in these patients. In uncomplicated aortic dissections, no benefit has been demonstrated over medical management alone. In uncomplicated type B aortic dissection, TEVAR does not seem either to improve or compromise 2-year survival and adverse event rates. Its use in complicated aortic dissection is under investigation. In the Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery, it is recommended that in patients with complicated acute type B aortic dissection,<unk><unk>  with thoracic endografting should be the first line intervention. Before people are deemed to be suitable candidates for this treatment, they have to go through a rigorous set of tests. These include a CT scan of the complete thorax/abdomen/pelvis and blood tests. The CT scan gives precise measurements of the<unk>  and the surrounding anatomy. In particular, the calibre/tortuosity of the iliac arteries and the relationship of the neck of the<unk>  to the renal arteries are important determinants of whether the<unk>  is amenable to endoluminal<unk> . In certain occasions where the renal arteries are too close to the<unk> , the custom-made fenestrated graft stent is now an accepted alternative to doing open surgery.
Endovascular aneurysm repair
Endovascular coiling
Endoscopic vessel harvesting
Hemipelvectomy
Electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing
Thrombectomy
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy
Segmental arterial mediolysis