In humans Before the formulated<unk> is administered to the patient, the patient receives an intradermal skin test to ensure the patient does not have any hypersensitivity reactions to the<unk>  Once the test is conducted and proven negative, treatment can begin. The<unk> is applied subcutaneously in intervals over weeks or months. The application process usually involves a gradual increase in doses and intervals. Another administration method is by oral therapy, especially in bronchial asthma. In light of possible adverse effects, the patient should be observed for an hour after the administration. In animals<unk>  are used to treat various animal infections, including but not limited to dermatitis, sinusitis, otitis externa, pharyngitis, laryngitis and mastitis that may be induced by Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, dermatophytes and yeasts. Generally, indications of<unk>  include resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotic treatment, ineffective therapy or immune response and lack of commercial<unk> .<unk>  can be made for single individuals (dogs, cats, rabbits or horses) when treatments fail to provide desired results or large groups (fish, cows, pigs, goats, horses or poultry) when spread of a disease needs to be controlled. For dogs,<unk>  are typically prepared for dogs with pyoderma and inflammation of the middle and outer ear, especially when previous treatment of antibiotics failed to show desirable results.<unk>  are also useful for rabbits suffering from subcutaneous abscesses, cats with purulent lesions and horses with inflammation of the noses and sinuses, which are all caused by staphylococci infections. For pigs,<unk>  can be used for skin infections; while for cows, they can be used for mastitis. Before the formulated<unk> is administered to the animal, an immunostimulant containing bacteria will be given once subcutaneously several days early. The immunostimulation will activate macrophages such that bacteria from the<unk> can be more effectively destroyed. The<unk> itself can be administered differently depending on the species. The route of administration for most animals is subcutaneous injection, while injections are administered intramuscularly to pigs and in the wing membrane to birds. The dose can also vary depending on the animal and disease. The usual method is either three doses of the same volume but increasing density, three doses of the same density with the last two as booster doses, or one dose only. Sometimes treatment is combined with antibiotics to generate a more effective result.
Autogenous vaccines
Synthetic vaccine
Therapeutic vaccines
Genetically modified vaccine
Conjugate vaccine
Cell-based vaccine
Animal vaccination
Vaccine