<unk>  is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CASP9 gene. It is an initiator<unk> , critical to the apoptotic pathway found in many tissues.<unk>  homologs have been identified in all mammals for which they are known to exist, such as Mus musculus and Pan troglodytes.<unk>  belongs to a family of<unk> s, cysteine-aspartic proteases involved in apoptosis and cytokine signalling. Apoptotic signals cause the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of apaf-1 (apoptosome), which then cleaves the pro-enzyme of<unk>  into the active dimer form. Regulation of this enzyme occurs through phosphorylation by an allosteric inhibitor, inhibiting dimerization and inducing a conformational change. Correct<unk>  function is required for apoptosis, leading to the normal development of the central nervous system.<unk>  has multiple additional cellular functions that are independent of its role in apoptosis. Nonapoptotic roles of<unk>  include regulation of necroptosis, cellular differentiation, innate immune response, sensory neuron maturation, mitochondrial homeostasis, corticospinal circuit organization, and ischemic vascular injury. Without correct function, abnormal tissue development can occur leading to abnormal function, diseases and premature death.<unk>  loss-of-function mutations have been associated with immunodeficiency/lymphoproliferation, neural tube defects, and Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome. Increased<unk>  activity is implicated in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinal detachment, and slow-channel syndrome, as well as various other neurological, autoimmune, and cardiovascular disorders. Different protein isoforms of<unk>  are produced due to alternative splicing.
Caspase-9
STAT protein
NLRP3
Bcl-xL
Zinc transporter 8
Fc receptor
IKK2
Thromboxane receptor