<unk> s <unk> ,<unk>  channel antagonists or<unk>  antagonists are a group of medications that disrupt the movement of<unk>  () through<unk>  channels.<unk> s are used as antihypertensive drugs, i.e., as medications to decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension.<unk> s are particularly effective against large vessel stiffness, one of the common causes of elevated systolic blood pressure in elderly patients.<unk> s are also frequently used to alter heart rate (especially from atrial fibrillation), to prevent peripheral and cerebral vasospasm, and to reduce chest pain caused by angina pectoris. N-type, L-type, and T-type voltage-dependent<unk>  channels are present in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal gland, and<unk> s can directly influence the biosynthesis of aldosterone in adrenocortical cells, with consequent impact on the clinical treatment of hypertension with these agents.<unk> s have been shown to be slightly more effective than beta blockers at lowering cardiovascular mortality, but they are associated with more side effects. Potential major risks however were mainly found to be associated with short-acting<unk> s.
Calcium channel blocker
Beta blocker
Channel blocker
ACE inhibitor
Channel opener
Angiotensin II receptor blocker
Beta-adrenergic agonist
Mercurial diuretic