An<unk><unk><unk>  (E-AB)<unk> has the ability to generate an<unk>  signal in response to specific target binding in vivo The signal is measured by a change in Faradaic current passed through an electrode. E-AB sensors are advantageous over previously reported<unk><unk>  sensors, such as fluorescence generating<unk> s, due to their ability to detect target binding in vivo with real-time measurements. An E-AB sensor is composed of a three-electrode cell: an interrogating electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. A signal is generated within the<unk>  cell then measured and analyzed by a potentiostat. There are several biochemical and<unk>  parameters to optimize signal gain for E-AB<unk> . The density packing of DNA or RNA<unk> s, the ACV frequency administered by the potentiostat, and the chemistry of the SAM are all factors that determine signal gain as well as the signal to noise ratio of target binding. E-AB<unk>  provide a promising mechanism for in-situ sensing and feedback-controlled drug administration. Left: This image displays the electrode surface upon which the<unk>  is immobilized and the self assembling monolayer (SAM) passivates the surface where<unk> s are not bound. The redox reporter (blue) is far away from the gold electrode on the unfolded (or partially unfolded) DNA in the absence of target molecule (purple). Upon target binding, the DNA changes structure by folding, bringing the redox reporter closer to the electrode surface. Right: The change in current produces a signal relative to the<unk> ine. The<unk> ine signal is the signal generated without target. The<unk> ine represents the redox activity of the<unk>  vs. Ag/AgCl.
Electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors
Gel electrophoresis of proteins
Nano-tetherball sensor
Fluorescent glucose biosensor
Resonance frequency analysis
Alkali denaturation test
Welner table
Bolton analysis