The incidence of adverse effects are reported as the following: less than 10% of users report having a headache, nausea, and decreased appetite. Between 5% to 10% of users may be affected with anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, diarrhea, and rhinitis.<unk> -associated psychiatric reactions have occurred in those with and without a pre-existing psychiatric history. No clinically significant changes in body weight have been observed with<unk>  in clinical trials, although decreased appetite and weight loss have been reported with<unk>  in children and adolescents probably due to the much higher<unk>  exposure in these individuals based on body weight (i.e., mg/kg doses). Rare occurrences have been reported of more serious adverse effects, including severe skin rashes and other symptoms that are probably allergy-related. From the date of initial marketing, December 1998, to January 30, 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration received six cases of severe cutaneous adverse reactions associated with<unk> , including erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and DRESS syndrome, involving adult and pediatric patients. The FDA issued a relevant alert. In the same alert, the FDA also noted that angioedema and multi-organ hypersensitivity reactions have also been reported in postmarketing experiences. In 2007, the FDA ordered Cephalon to modify the Provigil leaflet in bold-face print of several serious and potentially fatal conditions attributed to<unk>  use, including TEN, DRESS syndrome, and SJS. The long term safety and effectiveness of<unk>  have not been determined. However, a recent longitudinal study in pediatric patients for narcolepsy for up to 10 years demonstrated that<unk>  and armodafinil were safe and effective with the study concluding that use of<unk>  and armodafinil significantly improved patient's ability to stay awake and did not exacerbate preexisting psychiatric conditions. Addiction and dependence The addiction and dependence liabilities of<unk>  are very low. It shares biochemical mechanisms with addictive stimulant drugs, and some studies have reported it to have similar mood-elevating properties, although to a lesser degree. It is not clear whether these effects are any more different than the ones from caffeine.<unk>  does not appear to produce euphoric effects nor deviations (i.e. abuse) from assigned dosages to the patient.<unk>  is classified by the United States FDA as a schedule IV controlled substance, a category for drugs with valid medical uses and low addiction potential. The International Narcotics Control Board does not consider<unk>  a narcotic nor a psychotropic substance. In fact,<unk>  may increase abstinence rates in a subgroup of cocaine addicts while<unk> -related discontinuation adverse effects are no different from placebo.
Modafinil
Armodafinil
Methylphenidate
Adrafinil
Dexmethylphenidate
Ethylphenidate
Dimethazan
Fluparoxan