<unk>  is concentrated in the urine, leading to higher and more effective levels in the urinary tract than in other tissues or compartments. With a 100 mg oral dose, plasma levels are typically less than 1 µg/ml while in the urine it reaches 200 µg/ml. The drug works by damaging bacterial DNA, since its reduced form is highly reactive. This is made possible by the rapid reduction of<unk>  inside the bacterial cell by flavoproteins (nitrofuran reductase) to multiple reactive intermediates that attack ribosomal proteins, DNA, respiration, pyruvate metabolism and other macromolecules within the cell.<unk>  exerts greater effects on bacterial cells than mammalian cells because bacterial cells activate the drug more rapidly. It is not known which of the actions of<unk>  is primarily responsible for its bactericidal activity. The broad mechanism of action for this drug likely is responsible for the low development of resistance to its effects, as the drug affects many different processes important to the bacterial cell.
Nitrofurantoin
Cethromycin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Tetracycline
Ciprofloxacin
Oxytetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Carbenicillin