<unk>  refers to the resistance offered by various musculoskeletal tissues that surround a skeletal<unk> . Several subsystems ensure the stability of a<unk> . These are the passive, active and neural subsystems. It is believed that one or more of the subsystems must have failed if<unk>  instability occurs, usually a torn or overstretched ligament. Instability of<unk> s can cause unhealthy ranges of movement in your<unk> s which can result in the<unk> s fracturing. The bony components that may relate to the potential for<unk>  instability can be measured by use of x-rays. Plain film lateral x-rays can be used to evaluate for translations anteriorly (anterolisthesis) or posteriorly (retrolisthesis). Where plain films indicate the likelihood of these translations being significant, flexion-extension views can be utilized to determine the dynamic range of movement of<unk> s. This allows for a more accurate view of any potential instability issues.
Joint stability
Bodily integrity
Bone conduction
Bone healing
Wound healing
Core stability
Pain tolerance
Mechanical properties of biomaterials