Treatment is usually surgical, followed by radioiodine. Initial treatment *If<unk>  cells are found on cytological testing, it is common to carry out hemithyroidectomy to distinguish between<unk>  adenoma and<unk>  carcinoma on histopathological examination, proceeding to completion thyroidectomy and postoperative radioiodine ablation where carcinoma is confirmed. This way total thyroidectomy is not carried out unnecessarily. *Thyroidectomy is invariably followed by radioiodine treatment at levels from 50 to 200 millicuries following two weeks of a low iodine diet (LID). Occasionally treatment must be repeated if annual scans indicate remaining cancerous tissue. Some physicians favor administering the maximum safe dose (calculated based on a number of factors), while others favor administering smaller doses, which may still be effective in ablating all thyroid tissue. I-131 is used for ablation of the thyroid tissue. *Minimally invasive thyroidectomy has been used in recent years in cases where the nodules are small. Finding disease recurrence Some studies have shown that thyroglobulin (Tg) testing combined with neck ultrasound is more productive in finding disease recurrence than full- or whole-body scans (WBS) using radioactive iodine. However, current protocol (in the USA) suggests a small number of clean annual WBS are required before relying on Tg testing plus neck ultrasound. When needed, whole body scans consist of withdrawal from thyroxine medication and/or injection of recombinant human Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In both cases, a low iodine diet regimen must also be followed to optimize the takeup of the radioactive iodine dose. Low dose radioiodine of a few millicuries is administered. Full body nuclear medicine scan follows using a gamma camera. Scan doses of radioactive iodine may be I131 or I123. Recombinant human TSH, commercial name Thyrogen, is produced in cell culture from genetically engineered hamster cells.
Follicular thyroid cancer
Papillary thyroid cancer
Thyroid lymphoma
Medullary thyroid cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Thyroid adenoma
Radiation-induced thyroiditis
Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer