The<unk> , used since 1945, is a<unk>  of horizontal and vertical lines used to monitor a person's central visual field. The<unk>  was developed by Marc<unk> , a Swiss ophthalmologist. It is a diagnostic tool that aids in the detection of visual disturbances caused by changes in the retina, particularly the macula (e.g. macular degeneration, Epiretinal membrane), as well as the optic nerve and the visual pathway to the brain.<unk>  usually help detecting defects in central 20 degrees of the visual field. In the test, the person looks with each eye separately at the small dot in the center of the<unk> . Patients with macular disease may see wavy lines or some lines may be missing.<unk> s are supplied by ophthalmologists, optometrists or from web sites, and may be used to test one's vision at home. The original<unk>  was black and white. A color version with a blue and yellow<unk>  is more sensitive and can be used to test for a wide variety of visual pathway abnormalities, including those associated with the retina, the optic nerve, and the pituitary gland.
Amsler grid
Haller index
Jaeger chart
Challacombe scale
Mentzer index
Monoyer chart
Lund and Browder chart
Barber–Johnson diagram