<unk>  (from Greek οὖρον ouron "urine" and -logia "study of"), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female<unk> inary-tract system and the male reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of<unk>  include the kidneys, adrenal glands,<unk> eters,<unk> inary bladder,<unk> ethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis). The<unk> inary and reproductive tracts are closely linked, and disorders of one often affect the other. Thus a major spectrum of the conditions managed in<unk>  exists under the domain of genitourinary disorders.<unk>  combines the management of medical (i.e., non-surgical) conditions, such as<unk> inary-tract infections and benign prostatic hyperplasia, with the management of surgical conditions such as bladder or prostate cancer, kidney stones, congenital abnormalities, traumatic injury, and stress incontinence.<unk> cal techniques include minimally invasive robotic and laparoscopic surgery, laser-assisted surgeries, and other scope-guided procedures.<unk> sts receive training in open and minimally invasive surgical techniques, employing real-time ultrasound guidance, fiber-optic endoscopic equipment, and various lasers in the treatment of multiple benign and malignant conditions.<unk>  is closely related to (and<unk> sts often collaborate with the practitioners of) oncology, nephrology, gynaecology, andrology, pediatric surgery, colorectal surgery, gastroenterology, and endocrinology.<unk>  is one of the most competitive and highly sought surgical specialties for physicians, with new<unk> sts comprising less than 1.5% of United States medical-school graduates each year.<unk> sts are physicians which have specialized in the field after completing their general degree in medicine. Upon successful completion of a residency program, many<unk> sts choose to undergo further advanced training in a subspecialty area of expertise through a fellowship lasting an additional 12 to 36 months. Subspecialties may include:<unk> c surgery,<unk> c oncology and<unk> c oncological surgery, endourology and endourologic surgery,<unk> ogynecology and<unk> ogynecologic surgery, reconstructive<unk> c surgery (a form of reconstructive surgery), minimally-invasive<unk> c surgery, pediatric<unk>  and pediatric<unk> c surgery (including adolescent<unk> , the treatment of premature or delayed puberty, and the treatment of congenital<unk> cal syndromes, malformations, and deformations), transplant<unk>  (the field of transplant medicine and surgery concerned with transplantation of organs such as the kidneys, bladder tissue,<unk> eters, and, recently, penises), voiding dysfunction, paruresis, neurourology, and androurology and sexual medicine. Additionally, some<unk> sts supplement their fellowships with a master's degree (2–3 years) or with a Ph.D. (4–6 years) in related topics to prepare them for academic as well as focused clinical employment.
Urology
Andrology
Nephrology
Neurology
Sophrology
Rheum
Urogynecology
Hematology