<unk>  can be diagnosed through technologies such as, Prenatal ultrasound evaluation and invasive foetal testing. The size of the foetus is taken into account through ultrasonography in terms of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In conjunction with taking into account the maternal history. Suspicions may be confirmed by postpartum examination of the placenta.
Placental disease
Fetal-maternal haemorrhage
Birth trauma 
Birth trauma
Fetal distress
Birth injury
Placental insufficiency
Uterine malformation