<unk>  refers to the mixture of medical<unk> es and volatile anaesthetic agents which is produced by an anaesthetic machine. The<unk>  rate and composition of the<unk>  is determined by the anaesthetist. Typically the<unk>  emerges from the common<unk>  outlet, a specific outlet on the anaesthetic machine to which the breathing attachment is then connected. Some older forms of breathing attachment, such as the Magill attachment, require high<unk> s (e.g. 7 litres/min) to prevent the patient from rebreathing their own expired carbon dioxide. More modern systems, e.g. the circle breathing attachment, use soda lime to absorb carbon dioxide, so that expired<unk>  becomes suitable to re-use. With a very efficient circle system, the<unk>  may be reduced to the patient's minimum oxygen requirements (e.g. 250ml/min), plus a little volatile.
Fresh gas flow
Gas exchange
Mechanical properties of biomaterials
Wound ballistics
Airway resistance
Breathing circuit
Biot's respiration
Wound healing