<unk>  is defined as a ballooning or outpouching of the dura with a dural volume greater than two standard deviations above the mean value in controls. It is usually identified by MRI or CT Scan, which can be used to distinguish it from tumors. Radiographs may also be used to identify secondary bone changes. Associated signs include a lack of epidural fat at the posterior wall of the vertebral body, the presence of radicular cysts, anterior meningoceles, nerve root sleeve herniation and gradual erosion of the vertebral bodies (scalloping).
Dural ectasia
Arteriovenous fistula
Pseudoaneurysm
Dural arteriovenous fistula
Developmental venous anomaly
Jugular vein ectasia
Collapsed vein
Vascular ring