CVD is the leading cause of death in women worldwide. Studies have shown a recent successful decline in CVD mortality overall. However, there is a strong indication for male-specific reductions being implemented in practice, thus female mortality still remains high, despite the incidence of CVD being lower. The number of women surviving and dying from CVD far outweighs the number of men in comparison. Due to anatomical and biological differences, women with CVD have been shown to present with the expected symptoms, as well as unusual and not expected symptoms of CVD in comparison to men. The traditional, or common, symptoms seen in both men and women include: # Chest pain or feeling of crushing pain in the chest # Radiating pain in the arms or shoulder # Heartburn However, some studies have shown that chest pain is not as common a symptom in women. Thus, its absence cannot rule out the likeliness of CVD. For the atypical symptoms, there are numerous that are commonly vague and seem to be unattached to specific diagnoses. Women generally develop angina and are less likely to present with myocardial infarction at the onset of<unk>  diseases. The other symptoms to account for include: # Pain or discomfort in neck, jaw, upper back, or abdomen # Shortness of breath # Nausea/vomiting # Sudden and random sweating # Fatigue # Lightheadedness or dizziness Overall, these symptoms seem to be more present at rest than any other time of day for women, and at times of emotional distress. Women also tend to report milder symptoms, while also experiencing a combination of more symptoms than men. To ensure that practitioners are able to catch all cases and forms presented to them, it is crucial to ensure that women’s diagnostic tests are adjusted to include all of these symptoms appropriately.
Cardiovascular disease in women
Thyroid disease in women
Risk factors for breast cancer
Autoimmune disease in women
Male lactation
High-risk pregnancy
Sleep problems in women
Women and smoking