Pre-procedural assessment Several tests are performed before the procedure to assess whether the procedure is suitable for the individual and to record their anatomy in preparation for the procedure. Ventricular function and size are assessed with an echocardiogram. The right ventricle and the anatomy of the outflow tract, including any anatomical variations, are also assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The severity of the outflow tract defect or<unk>  regurgitation is assessed with Doppler ultrasonography. Operation<unk>  is a percutaneous procedure, meaning the device is brought into the body through the skin and into a vein. Patients are put under general anesthesia. The heart is typically reached by passing through the femoral vein, jugular vein, or subclavian vein. A balloon dilation test is performed first, to confirm that coronary compression will not occur and the procedure can continue. Stent fractures can be prevented by using pre-stenting, using a bare metal stent before<unk> . After the<unk>  is implanted, balloon dilation is used to create the diameter of the<unk> . At the end of the procedure, pressure is applied to the area to encourage hemostasis (stop bleeding). Recovery Patients undergoing<unk>  are typically ambulatory within 6 hours of finishing the procedure and can be discharged home within 24 hours. As cardiopulmonary bypass is not required, a stay in the intensive care unit and an extended hospital stay are generally not needed.
Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation
Aortic valvuloplasty
Mitral valve repair
Percutaneous aortic valve replacement
Aortic valve repair
Robot-assisted double heart valve replacement
Cardiac resynchronization therapy
Mitral valve annuloplasty