304x304px<unk>  relates to the proper<unk>  and handling practices from their manufacture to the administration in people. The general standard is the 2–8 °C cold chain for<unk>  and transportation. This is used for all current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-licensed human vaccines and in low and middle-income countries. Exceptions include some vaccines for smallpox, chickenpox, shingles and one of the measles, mumps, and rubella II vaccines, which are transported between −25 °C and −15 °C. Some vaccines, such as the COVID-19 vaccine, require a cooler temperature between −80 °C and −60 °C for<unk> . In 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) decided to spread vaccines worldwide. This urges researchers to design<unk>  for vaccines without losing its potency. Since then, the production of vaccines has spiked, and various kinds of vaccines have their handling practices. WHO has set standards to ensure cold chain and has different types of<unk> , including refrigerators, freezers, cold boxes, and vaccine carriers. Different types of thermometers are also used because a slight temperature change could result in loss of potency. The<unk>  are necessary to improve vaccine shelf life and transport vaccine worldwide.
Vaccine storage
Animal vaccination
Vaccination policy
Vaccine bundling
Vaccine cooler
Vaccination schedule
HIV vaccine development
Personal protective equipment