The most common victims are underwater divers because in deep dives pressures can increase by several atmospheres, and military pilots because of rapid changes. In pilots,<unk>  may be severe enough to cause premature cessation of flights. Most of the available data regarding<unk>  is derived from high-altitude chamber simulations rather than actual flights.<unk>  prevalence was between 0.7% and 2% in the 1940s, and 0.3% in the 1960s. Similarly, cases of<unk>  were reported in 0.3% of high altitude-chamber simulations in the Luftwaffe. The rate of<unk>  was about 1 case per 100 flight-years in the Israeli Air Force. During World War II, about one-tenth of American aircrews had one or more episodes of<unk> . In a recent study, 8.2% of 331 Israeli Air Force aircrews, reported at least one episode of<unk> . In addition, a large epidemiologic study suggested that changes in barometric pressure were the reason for the initiation and/or exacerbation of various oral pains observed in dental emergency departments.<unk>  is a symptom of dental disease, for example inflammatory cyst in the mandible. Indeed, most of the common oral pathologies have been reported as possible sources of<unk> : dental caries, defective tooth restoration, pulpitis, pulp necrosis, apical periodontitis, periodontal pockets, impacted teeth, and mucous retention cysts. One exception is<unk>  manifested as referred pain from barosinusitis or barotitis-media. The latter two conditions are generated from pressure changes rather than pressure-related flare-up of pre-existing conditions. A meta-analysis of studies conducted between 2001 and 2010 revealed a rate of 5 episodes/1,000 flight-years. Maxillary and mandibular dentitions were affected equally in flight, but in diving, maxillary dentition was affected more than the mandibular dentition, which can indicate a greater role for maxillary sinus pathology in diving<unk> . Surprisingly, despite cabin pressurization, the current in-flight<unk>  incidence is similar to the incidence in the first half of the 20th century. Also, despite the greater fluctuation in divers' pressures, the weighted incidence of<unk>  among aircrews is similar to the weighted incidence among divers. Furthermore, contrary to common belief, and in contrast to diving conditions, the role of facial barotrauma in the cause of in-flight<unk>  is only minor (about one-tenth of cases).
Barodontalgia
Cynophobia
Tokophobia
Phagophobia
Osmophobia
Phonophobia
Nosophobia
Hemifacial spasm