Poisonous<unk> s contain a variety of different toxins that can differ markedly in toxicity. Symptoms of<unk>  may vary from gastric upset to organ failure resulting in death. Serious symptoms do not always occur immediately after eating, often not until the toxin attacks the kidney or liver, sometimes days or weeks later. The most common consequence of<unk>  is simply gastrointestinal upset. Most "poisonous"<unk> s contain gastrointestinal irritants that cause vomiting and diarrhea (sometimes requiring hospitalization), but usually no long-term damage. However, there are a number of recognized<unk>  toxins with specific, and sometimes deadly, effects: Toxin Toxicity Effects Alpha-amanitin Deadly Causes often fatal liver damage 1–3 days after ingestion. The principal toxin in the death cap. Phallotoxin Non-lethal Causes extreme gastrointestinal upset. Found in various<unk> s. Orellanine Deadly Redox cycler similar to paraquat. Causes kidney failure within three weeks after ingestion. Principal toxin in genus Cortinarius. Muscarine Potentially deadly Causes SLUDGE syndrome. Found in various<unk> s. Antidote is atropine Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) Deadly Causes brain damage, seizures, gastrointestinal upset, and hemolysis. Metabolic poison. Principal toxin in genus Gyromitra. Antidote is large doses of intravenous pyridoxine hydrochloride Coprine Non-lethal Causes illness when consumed with alcohol. Principal toxin in genus Coprinus. Ibotenic acid Potentially deadly Excitotoxin. Principal toxin in Amanita muscaria, A. pantherina, and A. gemmata. Muscimol Potentially deadly Causes CNS depression and hallucinations. Principal toxin in Amanita muscaria, A. pantherina, and A. gemmata. Arabitol Non-lethal Causes diarrhea in some people. Bolesatine Non-lethal Causes gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, nausea. Ergotamine Deadly Affects the vascular system and can lead to loss of limbs and/or cardiac arrest. Found in genus Claviceps. The period between ingestion and the onset of symptoms varies dramatically between toxins, some taking days to show symptoms identifiable as<unk> . * Alpha-amanitin: For 6–12 hours, there are no symptoms. This is followed by a period of gastrointestinal upset (vomiting and profuse, watery diarrhea). This stage is caused primarily by the phallotoxins and typically lasts 24 hours. At the end of this second stage is when severe liver damage begins. The damage may continue for another 2–3 days. Kidney damage can also occur. Some patients will require a liver transplant. Amatoxins are found in some<unk> s in the genus Amanita, but are also found in some species of Galerina and Lepiota. Overall, mortality is between 10 and 15 percent. Recently, Silybum marianum or blessed milk thistle has been shown to protect the liver from amanita toxins and promote regrowth of damaged cells. * Orellanine: This toxin causes no symptoms for 3–20 days after ingestion. Typically around day 11, the process of kidney failure begins, and is usually symptomatic by day 20. These symptoms can include pain in the area of the kidneys, thirst, vomiting, headache, and fatigue. A few species in the very large genus Cortinarius contain this toxin. People having eaten<unk> s containing orellanine may experience early symptoms as well, because the<unk> s often contain other toxins in addition to orellanine. A related toxin that causes similar symptoms but within 3–6 days has been isolated from Amanita smithiana and some other related toxic Amanitas. * Muscarine: Muscarine stimulates the muscarinic receptors of the nerves and muscles. Symptoms include sweating, salivation, tears, blurred vision, palpitations, and, in high doses, respiratory failure. Muscarine is found in<unk> s of the genus Omphalotus, notably the jack o' Lantern<unk> s. It is also found in A. muscaria, although it is now known that the main effect of this<unk>  is caused by ibotenic acid. Muscarine can also be found in some Inocybe species and Clitocybe species, in particular Clitocybe dealbata, and some red-pored Boletes. * Gyromitrin: Stomach acids convert gyromitrin to monomethylhydrazine (MMH), a compound employed in rocket fuel. It affects multiple body systems. It blocks the important neurotransmitter GABA, leading to stupor, delirium, muscle cramps, loss of coordination, tremors, and/or seizures. It causes severe gastrointestinal irritation, leading to vomiting and diarrhea. In some cases, liver failure has been reported. It can also cause red blood cells to break down, leading to jaundice, kidney failure, and signs of anemia. It is found in<unk> s of the genus Gyromitra. A gyromitrin-like compound has also been identified in<unk> s of the genus Verpa. * Coprine: Coprine is metabolized to a chemical that resembles disulfiram. It inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which, in general, causes no harm, unless the person has alcohol in their bloodstream while ALDH is inhibited. This can happen if alcohol is ingested shortly before or up to a few days after eating the<unk> s. In that case, the alcohol cannot be completely metabolized, and the person will experience flushed skin, vomiting, headache, dizziness, weakness, apprehension, confusion, palpitations, and sometimes trouble to breathe. Coprine is found mainly in<unk> s of the genus Coprinus, although similar effects have been noted after ingestion of Clitocybe clavipes. * Ibotenic acid: Decarboxylates into muscimol upon ingestion. The effects of muscimol vary, but nausea and vomiting are common. Confusion, euphoria, or sleepiness are possible. Loss of muscular coordination, sweating, and chills are likely. Some people experience visual distortions, a feeling of strength, or delusions. Symptoms normally appear after 30 minutes to 2 hours and last for several hours. A. muscaria, the "Alice in Wonderland"<unk> , is known for the hallucinatory experiences caused by muscimol, but A. pantherina and A. gemmata also contain the same compound. While normally self-limiting, fatalities have been associated with A. pantherina, and consumption of a large number of any of these<unk> s is likely to be dangerous. * Arabitol: A sugar alcohol, similar to mannitol, which causes no harm in most people but causes gastrointestinal irritation in some. It is found in small amounts in oyster<unk> s, and considerable amounts in Suillus species and Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (the "false chanterelle").
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