Historically, the treatment of arterial<unk> s has been limited to either surgical intervention or watchful waiting in combination with control of blood pressure. At least, in the case of abdominal aortic<unk>  (AAA), the decision does not come without significant risk and cost, hence, there is a great interest in identifying more advanced decision-making approaches that are not solely based on the AAA diameter, but involve other geometrical and mechanical nuances such as local thickness and wall stress. In recent years, endovascular or minimally invasive techniques have been developed for many types of<unk> s.<unk>  clips are used for surgical procedure i.e. clipping of<unk> s. Intracranial There are currently two treatment options for brain<unk> s: surgical clipping or endovascular coiling. There is currently debate in the medical literature about which treatment is most appropriate given particular situations. Surgical clipping was introduced by Walter Dandy of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1937. It consists of a craniotomy to expose the<unk>  and closing the base or neck of the<unk>  with a clip. The surgical technique has been modified and improved over the years. Endovascular coiling was introduced by Italian neurosurgeon Guido Guglielmi at UCLA in 1989. It consists of passing a catheter into the femoral artery in the groin, through the aorta, into the brain arteries, and finally into the<unk>  itself. Platinum coils initiate a clotting reaction within the<unk>  that, if successful, fills the<unk>  dome and prevents its rupture. A flow diverter can be used, but risks complications. Aortic and peripheral Endovascular stent and endovascular coil For<unk> s in the aorta, arms, legs, or head, the weakened section of the vessel may be replaced by a bypass graft that is sutured at the vascular stumps. Instead of sewing, the graft tube ends, made rigid and expandable by nitinol wireframe, can be easily inserted in its reduced diameter into the vascular stumps and then expanded up to the most appropriate diameter and permanently fixed there by external ligature. New devices were recently developed to substitute the external ligature by expandable ring allowing use in acute ascending aorta dissection, providing airtight (i.e. not dependent on the coagulation integrity), easy and quick anastomosis extended to the arch concavity Less invasive endovascular techniques allow covered metallic stent grafts to be inserted through the arteries of the leg and deployed across the<unk> . Renal Renal<unk> s are very rare consisting of only 0.1–0.09% while rupture is even more rare. Conservative treatment with control of concomitant hypertension being the primary option with<unk> s smaller than 3 cm. If symptoms occur, or enlargement of the<unk> , then endovascular or open repair should be considered. Pregnant women (due to high rupture risk of up to 80%) should be treated surgically.
Aneurysm
Baker's cyst
Coma
Angioma
Hematoma
Vascular tumor
Gliosis
Pseudoaneurysm