An<unk>  is a type of vascular<unk> , a medical device that is implanted by vascular surgeons or interventional radiologists into the<unk> <unk> <unk>  to prevent life-threatening pulmonary emboli (PEs). Their effectiveness and safety profile is well established. In cases where patients are at high risk of developing a clinically significant PE and cannot be sufficiently anticoagulated, placement of an<unk><unk>  may be recommended. To date, there has been only one randomized controlled trial completed on<unk><unk> s. This study found that<unk><unk> s reduced the incidence of PE but increased the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). All patients were on anticoagulation drugs during the study. Results from the PREPIC study and other studies which have shown many long-term complications of<unk><unk> s led to the introduction of retrievable<unk><unk> s. The first retrievable<unk><unk> s were approved by FDA in 2003 and 2004. In 2012, the American College of Chest Physicians recommended<unk><unk> s for those with contraindications to anticoagulation who either have acute PE or acute proximal (above the knee) deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Inferior vena cava filter
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy
Thrombectomy
Low-molecular-weight heparin
Pulmonary thrombectomy
Endarterectomy
Endovascular aneurysm repair
Carotid endarterectomy