Stage IV decubitus<unk> s, also known as<unk>  sores or bed sores, are localised damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue that usually occur over a bony prominence as a result of usually long-term<unk> , or<unk>  in combination with shear or friction. The most common sites are the skin overlying the sacrum, coccyx, heels, and hips, though other sites can be affected, such as the elbows, knees, ankles, back of shoulders, or the back of the cranium.<unk> s occur due to<unk>  applied to soft tissue resulting in completely or partially obstructed blood flow to the soft tissue. Shear is also a cause, as it can<unk> ll on blood vessels that feed the skin.<unk> s most commonly develop in individuals who are not moving about, such as those who are on chronic bedrest or consistently use a wheelchair. It is widely believed that other factors can influence the tolerance of skin for<unk>  and shear, thereby increasing the risk of<unk>  development. These factors are protein-calorie malnutrition, microclimate (skin wetness caused by sweating or incontinence), diseases that reduce blood flow to the skin, such as arteriosclerosis, or diseases that reduce the sensation in the skin, such as paralysis or neuropathy. The healing of<unk> s may be slowed by the age of the person, medical conditions (such as arteriosclerosis, diabetes or infection), smoking or medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs. Although often prevented and treatable if detected early,<unk> s can be very difficult to prevent in critically ill people, frail elders and individuals with impaired mobility such as wheelchair users (especially where spinal injury is involved). Primary prevention is to redistribute<unk>  by regularly turning the person. The benefit of turning to avoid further sores is well documented since at least the 19th century. In addition to turning and re-positioning the person in the bed or wheelchair, eating a balanced diet with adequate protein and keeping the skin free from exposure to urine and stool is very important. The rate of<unk> s in hospital settings is high; the prevalence in European hospitals ranges from 8.3% to 23%, and the prevalence was 26% in Canadian healthcare settings from 1990 to 2003. In 2013, there were 29,000 documented deaths from<unk> s globally, up from 14,000 deaths in 1990.
Pressure ulcer
Venous ulcer
Arterial insufficiency ulcer
Hair loss
Linguatulosis
Gangrene
Diabetic foot ulcer
Veinoplus