In addition to appearing as an artifact of staining or drying,<unk> s are associated with: *Uremia and chronic kidney disease *pyruvate kinase deficiency *hypophosphatemia *hyperlipidemia *Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency *Disseminated malignancy *Myeloproliferative disorders *Vitamin E deficiency *Early posttransfusion of RBC<unk> s, like acanthocytes, may be found in hyperlipidemia caused by liver dysfunction, but the lipids themselves do not integrate into the membrane. Instead, it is speculated that cell surface receptors on the red blood cells bind with HDL cholesterol, which induces the shape change. These cells were also shown to develop in vivo during hemodialysis, and disappear at the end of the procedure. The level of<unk> sis appeared to be related to the increase in blood viscosity that occurs during hemodialysis. The formation of<unk> s can be determined by electric field pulses. Alternating electric current produces modifications in the membranes of red blood cells, attributed to a higher permeability to water and a decreased tonicity, leading to the transformation into<unk> s.
Echinocyte
Koilocyte
Nurse cell
Elliptocyte
Podocyte
Acanthocyte
Clue cell
Melanocyte