Various imaging tests have a potential to identify<unk> es. Echocardiography (ultrasound scanning of the heart) is simple, non-invasive and economical. Its use for CAAs screening is limited because its diagnostic sensitivity is highly dependent on the operator's skills and is significantly lower in larger individuals (>40 kg). The diagnostic power of echocardiography is generally poor in most cases after infancy. Especially if clinical suspicion for CAAs is high (e.g. syncope following exertion and/or history of aborted sudden cardiac death). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is an excellent tool to identify<unk> es with a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy than standard echocardiography. Compared to CMR, coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) provides more precise assessment of coronary anatomy, course and degree of stenosis, but its clinical use for screening is strongly limited by its cost, the need for ionizing radiation, intravenous contrast and, in many cases, drugs administration. Assessment of severity of stenosis is best achieved by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging and it should be considered in known carriers of ACAOS-IM or that have symptoms or positive stress test results or are involved in competitive exercises. IVUS consists of cross-sectional imaging of coronary arteries in a catheterization laboratory by advancing a thin probe inside the vascular lumen, obtaining precise in-vivo information about degree of area stenosis in different arterial segments, providing a solid basis for treatment strategies. Classification CAAs include a wide spectrum of entities with different severity. We can schematically distinguish<unk> es at the ostium, such as congenital ostial atresia or stenosis or<unk> us origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus ACAOS (examples: right<unk> us origin from the opposite sinus R-ACAOS and left coronary artery origin from the opposite sinus L-ACAOS);<unk> es at the mid segments (such as myocardial bridge MB);<unk> es at the termination (such as coronary arteriovenous fistulas).
Coronary artery anomaly
Congenital heart defect
Congenital heart block
Coronary artery ectasia
Ventricular aneurysm
Heart valve dysplasia
Valvular heart disease
Coronary artery aneurysm