It is often impossible to identify<unk>  based on the patient's physical or behavioral characteristics. The white matter in the<unk>  regions is involved heavily in motor control, and so individuals with<unk>  often exhibit motor problems. However, since healthy newborns (especially premature infants) can perform very few specific motor tasks, early deficits are very difficult to identify. As the individual develops, the areas and extent of problems caused by<unk>  can begin to be identified; however, these problems are usually found after an initial diagnosis has been made. The extent of signs is strongly dependent on the extent of white matter damage: minor damage leads to only minor deficits or delays, while significant white matter damage can cause severe problems with motor coordination or organ function. Some of the most frequent signs include delayed motor development, vision deficits, apneas, low heart rates, and seizures. Delayed motor development Delayed motor development of infants affected by<unk>  has been demonstrated in multiple studies. One of the earliest markers of developmental delays can be seen in the leg movements of affected infants, as early as one month of age. Those with white matter injury often exhibit "tight coupling" of leg joints (all extending or all flexing) much longer than other infants (premature and full-term). Additionally, infants with<unk>  may not be able to assume the same positions for sleeping, playing, and feeding as premature or full-term children of the same age. These developmental delays can continue throughout infancy, childhood, and adulthood. Vision deficits Premature infants often exhibit visual impairment and motor deficits in eye control immediately after birth. However, the correction of these deficits occurs "in a predictable pattern" in healthy premature infants, and infants have vision comparable to full-term infants by 36 to 40 weeks after conception. Infants with<unk>  often exhibit decreased abilities to maintain a steady gaze on a fixed object and create coordinated eye movements. Additionally, children with<unk>  often exhibit nystagmus, strabismus, and refractive error. Seizures Occurrence of seizures is often reported in children with<unk> . In an Israel-based study of infants born between 1995 and 2002, seizures occurred in 102 of 541, or 18.7%, of<unk>  patients. Seizures are typically seen in more severe cases of<unk> , affecting patients with greater amounts of lesions and those born at lower gestational ages and birth weights.
Periventricular leukomalacia
Hemicrania continua
Gray matter heterotopia
Schizencephaly
Dandy–Walker malformation
Intracranial dolichoectasias
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Neonatal encephalopathy