On chest radiography, a retrocardiac, gas-filled viscus may be seen in cases of intrathoracic stomach, which confirms the diagnosis. Plain abdominal radiography reveals a massively distended viscus in the upper abdomen. In organoaxial<unk> , plain films may show a horizontally oriented stomach with a single air-fluid level and a paucity of distal gas. In mesenteroaxial<unk> , plain abdominal radiographic findings include a spherical stomach on supine images and 2 air-fluid levels on erect images, with the antrum positioned superior to the fundus. Upper GI studies The diagnosis of<unk>  is usually based on barium studies; however, some authors recommend computed tomography (CT) scanning as the imaging modality of choice. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) contrast radiographic studies (using barium or Gastrografin) are sensitive and specific if performed with the stomach in the "twisted" state and may show an upside-down stomach. Contrast studies have been reported to have a diagnostic yield in 81–84% of patients. Often performed for an evaluation of acute abdominal pain, a computed tomography (CT) scan can offer immediate diagnosis by showing two bubbles with a transition line. Proponents of CT scanning in the diagnosis of<unk>  report several benefits, including: # the ability to rapidly diagnose the condition based on a few coronal reconstructed images, # the ability to detect the presence or absence of<unk>  pneumatosis and free air, # the detection of predisposing factors (i.e., diaphragmatic or hiatal hernias), and # the exclusion of other abdominal pathology. Endoscopy Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy may be helpful in the diagnosis of<unk> . When this procedure reveals distortion of the<unk>  anatomy with difficulty intubating the stomach or pylorus, it can be highly suggestive of<unk> . In the late stage of<unk> , strangulation of the blood supply can result in progressive ischemic ulceration or mucosal fissuring. The nonoperative mortality rate for<unk>  is reportedly as high as 80%. Historically, mortality rates of 30–50% have been reported for acute<unk> , with the major cause of death being strangulation, which can lead to necrosis and perforation. With advances in diagnosis and management, the mortality rate from acute<unk>  is 15–20% and that for chronic<unk>  is 0–13%.
Gastric volvulus
Retained antrum syndrome
Gastrojejunocolic fistula
Pyloric stenosis
Visceroptosis
Vesicointestinal fistula
Esophagogastric dissociation
Black stomach