X-ray of a hand, with automatic calculation of<unk>  by a computer software. The most commonly used method is<unk> sed on a single x-ray of the left hand, fingers, and wrist. A hand is easily x-rayed with minimal radiation and shows many<unk> s in a single view. The<unk> s in the x-ray are compared to the<unk> s of a standard atlas, usually "Greulich and Pyle". A more complex method also<unk> sed on hand x-rays is the "TW2" or the "TW3" method (TW = Tanner Whitehouse) method. An atlas<unk> sed on knee maturation has also been compiled. The hands of infants do not change much in the first year of life and if precise<unk>  assessment is desired, an x-ray of approximately half of the skeleton (a "hemiskeleton" view) may be obtained to assess some of the areas such as shoulders and pelvis which change more in infancy. Lamparski (1972) utilized the cervical vertebrae and found them to be as reliable and valid as the hand-wrist area for assessing skeletal age. He developed a series of standards for assessment of skeletal age for both males and females. This method has the advantage of eliminating the need for an additional radiographic exposure since the vertebrae are already recorded on the lateral cephalometric radiographic. Hassel & Farman (1995) developed an index<unk> sed on the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebrae (C2, C3, C4) and proved that atlas maturation was highly correlated with skeletal maturation of the hand-wrist. Several smartphone applications have been developed to facilitate the use of vertebral methods such as Easy Age.
Bone age
Metabolic age
Bone density
Sex after pregnancy
Human height
Menstrual cycle
Body composition
Body fat percentage