The exact cause is unclear. Several risk factors have been implicated: Maternal factors *Acid-suppressing medications *Chorioamnionitis *Cocaine abuse *In utero growth restriction *Increased body mass index *Intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy *Lack of prenatal steroids *Mode of delivery *Placental abruption *Pre-eclampsia *Smoking Main risk factors *Low birth weight *Prematurity *Formula feeding *Intestinal dysbiosis Other risk factors *Acute hypoxia *Antibiotic exposure *Blood transfusions *Cardiac anomalies *Neonatal anemia *Poor intestinal perfusion *Prolonged use of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Sepsis
Neutropenic enterocolitis
Anal fissure
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome
Hirschsprung's disease
Intestinal malrotation
Enterocolitis