Illustration comparing normal artery with diseased artery with a blood clot. Virchow's triad describes the pathogenesis of<unk>  formation: # Endothelial injury: Injury to the endothelium (interior surface of blood vessel), causing platelet activation and aggregation; #* Common causes include: trauma, smoking, hypertension, atheroma. # Hemodynamic changes (stasis, turbulence): Blood stasis promotes greater contact between platelets/coagulative factors with vascular endothelium. If rapid blood circulation (e.g., because of tachycardia) occurs within vessels that have endothelial injuries, that creates disordered flow (turbulence) that can lead to the formation of<unk> is; #* Common causes of stasis include anything that leads to prolonged immobility and reduced blood flow such as: trauma/broken bones and extended air travel. # Hypercoagulability (also called<unk> ophilia; any disorder of the blood that predisposes to<unk> is); #* Common causes include: cancer (leukaemia), factor V mutation (Leiden) - prevents Factor V inactivation leading to increased coagulability. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) involves widespread microthrombi formation throughout the majority of the blood vessels. This is due to excessive consumption of coagulation factors and subsequent activation of fibrinolysis using all of the body's available platelets and clotting factors. The end result is hemorrhaging and ischemic necrosis of tissue/organs. Causes are septicaemia, acute leukaemia, shock, snake bites, fat emboli from broken bones, or other severe traumas. DIC may also be seen in pregnant females. Treatment involves the use of fresh frozen plasma to restore the level of clotting factors in the blood, as well as platelets and heparin to prevent further<unk> i formation.
Thrombus
Thrombosis
Abscess
Enema
Thrombocythemia
Platelet plug
Embolus
Hernia