Mutual support and<unk> -help Mutual support or peer support is a process by which people voluntarily come together to<unk>  each other address common problems. Mutual support is social, emotional or instrumental support that is mutually offered or provided by persons with similar<unk><unk>  conditions where there is some mutual agreement on what is<unk> ful. Mutual support may include many other<unk><unk>  consumer non-profits and social<unk> . Such<unk>  are further distinguished as either Individual Therapy (inner-focused) or Social Reform (outer-focused)<unk> . The former is where members seek to improve themselves, where as the latter set encompasses advocacy organizations such as the National Alliance on<unk>  Illness and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Association.<unk> -help<unk>  are subsets of mutual support and peer support<unk> , and have a specific purpose for mutual aid in satisfying a common need, overcoming a shared handicap or life-disrupting problem.<unk> -help<unk>  are less bureaucratic and work on a more grassroots level.<unk> -help Organizations are national affiliates of local<unk>  consumer<unk>  that finance research, maintain public relations or lobby for legislation in favor of those affected. Behavior Control or Stress Coping<unk>  Of individual therapy<unk> , researchers distinguish between Behavior Control<unk>  (such as Alcoholics Anonymous and TOPS) and Stress Coping<unk>  (such as<unk><unk>  support<unk> , cancer patient support<unk> , and<unk>  of single parents). German researchers refer to Stress Coping<unk>  as Conversation Circles. Significant differences exist between Behavioral Control<unk>  and Stress Coping<unk> . Meetings of Behavior Control<unk>  tend to be significantly larger than Stress Coping counterparts (by more than a factor of two). Behavior Control<unk> members have a longer average<unk> tenure than members of Stress Coping<unk>  (45 months compared to 11 months) and are less likely to consider their membership as temporary. While very few members of either set saw professionals concurrently while being active in their<unk>  Stress Coping members were more likely to have previously seen professionals than Behavior Control<unk> members. Similarly, Stress Coping<unk>  worked closer with<unk><unk>  professionals. Member vs professional leadership Member leadership. In Germany, a specific subset of Conversation Circles are categorized as Talking<unk>  (Gesprächsselbsthilfegruppen). In Talking<unk>  all members of the<unk> have the same rights, each member is responsible only for themselves <unk> members do not make decisions for other<unk> members), each<unk> is autonomous, everyone attends the<unk> on account of their own problems, whatever is discussed in the<unk> remains confidential, and participation is free of charge. Professionally led<unk> psychotherapy.<unk> -help<unk>  are not intended to provide "deep" psychotherapy. Nevertheless, their emphasis on psychosocial processes and the understanding shared by those with the same or similar<unk>  illnesses does achieve constructive treatment goals. Interpersonal learning, which is done through processes such as feedback and confrontation, is generally deemphasized in<unk> -help<unk> . This is largely because it can be threatening, and requires training and understanding of small<unk> processes. Similarly, reality testing is also deemphasized. Reality testing relies on consensual validation, offering feedback, seeking feedback and confrontation. These processes seldom occur in<unk> -help<unk> , though they frequently occur in professionally directed<unk> . Professional affiliation and<unk> lifespan If<unk> -help<unk>  are not affiliated with a national organization, professional involvement increases their life expectancy. Conversely, if particular<unk>  are affiliated with a national organization professional involvement decreases their life expectancy. Rules enforcing<unk> -regulation in Talking<unk>  are essential for the<unk> s effectiveness. Typology of<unk> -help<unk>  In 1991 researchers Marsha A. Schubert and Thomasina Borkman created five conceptual categorizations for<unk> -help<unk> . Unaffiliated<unk>  Unaffiliated<unk>  are defined as<unk> -help<unk>  that function independently from any control at state or national levels, and from any other<unk> or professionals. These<unk>  accept all potential members, and everyone has an equal opportunity to volunteer or be elected. Leaders serve to<unk>  the<unk>  function by collecting donations not through controlling the members. Experiential knowledge is mostly found, and there is a high emphasis on sharing. An example of an unaffiliated<unk> includes Wildflowers' Movement in Los Angeles. Federated<unk>  Federated<unk>  have superordinate levels of their own<unk> -help organization at state or national levels which makes publicity and literature available. The local unit of the federated<unk> -help<unk> retains full control of its decisions. These<unk>  tend to rely on experiential knowledge, and professionals rarely directly interact. The leaders of these<unk>  would be any members comfortable with the format and willing to accept responsibilities. Leaders do not need to have formal training to gain their title. Examples of a federated<unk> -help<unk> would be Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) and Recovery International. Affiliated<unk>  Affiliated<unk>  are subordinate to another<unk>  a regional or national level of their own organization. Local<unk>  conform to the guidelines of the regional/national<unk> . Leaders are<unk> -helpers not professional caregivers, and meetings included educational activities and sharing, supplemented by research and professionals. Examples of an affiliated<unk> -help<unk> would be the National Alliance on<unk>  Illness (NAMI). Managed<unk>  Managed<unk>  are based on a combination of<unk> -help and professional techniques. These<unk>  are populated generally through referrals and<unk> activities are led by<unk> members. Managed<unk>  do not meet all the criteria for<unk> -help<unk> , and so should be designated professionally controlled support<unk> . Examples of managed<unk>  are common with support<unk>  in hospitals, such as those with breast cancer survivors and patients that may be managed by a nurse or therapist in some professional fashion. Hybrid<unk>  The hybrid<unk> has characteristics of the affiliated and managed<unk> . Like affiliated<unk> , hybrid<unk>  are organized by another level of their own organization. To participate in specialized roles, training is developed by a higher level and enforced through trained leaders or facilitators. Like a managed<unk>  a hybrid<unk> cooperates and interacts with professionals, and that knowledge is highly valued alongside experiential knowledge.
Self-help groups for mental health
Managed alcohol program
Treatments for PTSD
Suicide intervention
Video game rehabilitation
Clubhouse model of psychosocial rehabilitation
Cancer support group
Low-threshold treatment programs