Ovulation induction<unk>  is one of several alternatives for ovulation induction in those who are infertile due to anovulation or oligoovulation. Evidence is lacking for the use of<unk>  in those who are infertile without a known reason. In such cases, studies have observed a clinical pregnancy rate 5.6% per cycle with<unk>  treatment vs. 1.3%–4.2% per cycle without treatment. Proper timing of the drug is important; it should be taken starting on about the fifth day of the cycle, and there should be frequent intercourse. The following procedures may be used to monitor induced cycles: * Follicular monitoring with vaginal ultrasound, starting 4–6 days after the last pill. Serial transvaginal ultrasound can reveal the size and number of developing follicles. It can also provide presumptive evidence of ovulation such as the sudden collapse of the preovulatory follicle, and an increase in fluid volume in the rectouterine pouch. After ovulation, it may reveal signs of luteinization such as loss of clearly defined follicular margins and appearance of internal echoes. * Serum estradiol levels, starting 4–6 days after the last pill * Post-coital test 1–3 days before ovulation to check whether there are at least 5 progressive sperm per HPF * Adequacy of LH surge by urine LH surge tests 3 to 4 days after last<unk>  pill * Mid-luteal progesterone, with at least 10 ng/ml 7–9 days after ovulation being regarded as adequate. Repeat dosing: This 5-day treatment course can be repeated every 30 days. The dosage may be increased by 50-mg increments in subsequent cycles until ovulation is achieved. It is not recommended by the manufacturer to use<unk>  for more than 6 cycles. It is no longer recommended to perform an ultrasound examination to exclude any significant residual ovarian enlargement before each new treatment cycle. Other uses<unk>  has also been used with other assisted reproductive technology to increase success rates of these other modalities.<unk>  is sometimes used in the treatment of male hypogonadism as an alternative to testosterone replacement therapy. The medication has been used at a dosage of 20 to 50 mg three times per week to once day for this indication. It has been found to increase testosterone levels by 2- to 2.5-times in hypogonadal men at such dosages. Despite the use of questionnaires in testosterone replacement comparator trials being called into question,<unk> 's lower cost, therapeutic benefits, and greater value towards hypogonadism improvement have been noted.<unk>  consists of two stereoisomers in equal proportion: enclomifene and zuclomifene. Zuclomifene has pro-estrogenic properties, whereas enclomiphene is pro-androgenic, i.e. it promotes testosterone production through stimulation of the HPG axis. For this reason, purified enclomiphene isomer has been found to be twice as effective in boosting testosterone compared to the standard mix of both isomers. Additionally, enclomifene has a halflife of just 10 hours, but zuclomifene has a halflife of 30 days—therefore if the goal is to boost testosterone, taking regular<unk>  may produce far longer-lasting pro-estrogenic effects than pro-androgenic effects.<unk>  has been used in the treatment of gynecomastia. It has been found to be useful in the treatment of some cases of gynecomastia but it is not as effective as tamoxifen or raloxifene for this indication. It has shown variable results for gynecomastia (probably because the zuclomifene isomer is estrogenic), and hence is not recommended for treatment of the condition. Pure enclomifene isomer is likely to be more effective than<unk>  at treating gynecomastia, because of the lack of the zuclomiphene isomer (as noted above). Due to its long halflife, zuclomifene can be detected in urine for at least 261 days after discontinuation (261 days after discontinuation with a halflife of 30 days, there is still 0.24% of the peak level of zuclomiphene being excreted, whereas with a halflife of 10 hours, enclomiphene reaches the same 0.24% level in less than 4 days). Because of its potential for boosting testosterone,<unk>  is listed as banned for use by competitive sportsmen, both in and out of competition, by the World Anti-Doping Agency, absent an organic etiology of primary hypogonadism.
Clomifene
Enclomifene
Esthiomene
Intonjane
Brodifacoum
Plerixafor
Lisocabtagene maraleucel
Toremifene