Illustration of<unk> , with close-up on<unk>  valve Signs and symptoms of<unk>  include the following: * Heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) * Palpitations * Chest pain * Hemoptysis * Thromboembolism in later stages when the left atrial volume is increased (i.e., dilation). The latter leads to increase risk of atrial fibrillation, which increases the risk of blood stasis (motionless). This increases the risk of coagulation. * Ascites and edema and hepatomegaly (if right-side heart failure develops) Fatigue and weakness increase with exercise and pregnancy. Natural history The natural history of<unk>  secondary to rheumatic fever (the most common cause) is an asymptomatic latent phase following the initial episode of rheumatic fever. This latent period lasts an average of 16.3 ± 5.2 years. Once symptoms of<unk>  begin to develop, progression to severe disability takes 9.2 ± 4.3 years. In individuals having been offered<unk>  valve surgery but refused, survival with medical therapy alone was 44 ± 6% at 5 years, and 32 ± 8% at 10 years after they were offered correction.
Mitral stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation
Tricuspid regurgitation
Aortic stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Tricuspid valve stenosis
Systolic hypertension