There is a re-emergence of<unk>  vectored viruses (arthropod-borne viruses) called arboviruses carried by the Aedes aegypti<unk> . Examples are the Zika virus, chikungunya virus, yellow fever and dengue fever. The re-emergence of the viruses has been at a faster rate, and over a wider geographic area, than in the past. The rapid re-emergence is due to expanding global transportation networks, the<unk> 's increasing ability to adapt to urban settings, the disruption of traditional land use and the inability to control expanding<unk>  populations. Like malaria, arboviruses do not have a vaccine. (The only exception is yellow fever.) Prevention is focused on reducing the adult<unk>  populations, controlling<unk>  larvae and protecting individuals from<unk>  bites. Depending on the<unk>  vector, and the affected community, a variety of prevention methods may be deployed at one time. Insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying The use of insecticide treated<unk>  nets (ITNs) are at the forefront of preventing<unk>  bites that cause malaria. The prevalence of ITNs in sub-Saharan Africa has grown from 3% of households to 50% of households from 2000 to 2010 with over 254 million insecticide treated nets distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa for use against the<unk>  vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus which carry malaria. Because the Anopheles gambiae feeds indoors (endophagic) and rests indoors after feeding (endophilic), insecticide treated nets (ITNs) interrupt the<unk> 's feeding pattern. The ITNs continue to offer protection, even after there are holes in the nets, because of their excito-repellency properties which reduce the number of<unk> es that enter the home. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating ITNs with the pyrethroid class of insecticides. There is an emerging concern of<unk>  resistance to insecticides used in ITNs. Twenty-seven (27) sub-Saharan African countries have reported Anopheles vector resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Indoor spraying of insecticides is another prevention method widely used to control<unk>  vectors. To help control the Aedes aegypti<unk> , homes are sprayed indoors with residual insecticide applications. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) reduces the female<unk>  population and mitigates the risk of dengue virus transmission. Indoor residual spraying is completed usually once or twice a year.<unk> es rest on walls and ceilings after feeding and are killed by the insecticide. Indoor spraying can be combined with spraying the exterior of the building to help reduce the number of<unk>  larvae and subsequently, the number of adult<unk> es. Personal protection methods There are other methods that an individual can use to protect themselves from<unk>  bites. Limiting exposure to<unk> es from dusk to dawn when the majority of<unk> es are active and wearing long sleeves and long pants during the period<unk> es are most active. Placing screens on windows and doors is a simple and effective means of reducing the number of<unk> es indoors. Anticipating<unk>  contact and using a topical<unk>  repellant with DEET or icaridin is also recommended. Draining or covering water receptacles, both indoor and outdoors, is also a simple but effective prevention method. Removing debris and tires, cleaning drains, and cleaning gutters help larval control and reduce the number of adult<unk> es. Vaccines There is a vaccine for yellow fever which was developed in the 1930s, the yellow 17D vaccine, and it is still in use today. The initial yellow fever vaccination provides lifelong protection for most people and provides immunity within 30 days of the vaccine. Reactions to the yellow fever vaccine have included mild headache and fever, and muscle aches. There are rare cases of individuals presenting with symptoms that mirror the disease itself. The risk of complications from the vaccine are greater for individuals over 60 years of age. In addition, the vaccine is not usually administered to babies under nine months of age, pregnant women, people with allergies to egg protein, and individuals living with AIDS/HIV. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 105 million people have been vaccinated for yellow fever in West Africa from 2000 to 2015. To date, there are relatively few vaccines against<unk> s, this is due to the fact that most viruses and bacteria caused by<unk> s are highly mutatable. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) began Phase 1 clinical trials of a new vaccine that would be nearly universal in protecting against the majority of<unk> s. Education and community involvement The arboviruses have expanded their geographic range and infected populations that had no recent community knowledge of the diseases carried by the Aedes aegypti<unk> . Education and community awareness campaigns are necessary for prevention to be effective. Communities are educated on how the disease is spread, how they can protect themselves from infection and the symptoms of infection. Community health education programs can identify and address the social/economic and cultural issues that can hinder preventative measures. Community outreach and education programs can identify which preventative measures a community is most likely to employ. Leading to a targeted prevention method that has a higher chance of success in that particular community. Community outreach and education includes engaging community health workers and local healthcare providers, local schools and community organizations to educate the public on<unk>  vector control and disease prevention.
Mosquito-borne disease
Blood-borne disease
Feline zoonosis
Canine vector-borne disease
Tropical disease
Virgin soil epidemic
Reverse zoonosis
Behavior-altering parasite