There are two major categories of<unk> : pseudo<unk>  and true<unk>  With pseudo<unk> , the fetus has a birth weight below the tenth percentile for the corresponding gestational age but has a normal ponderal index, subcutaneous fat deposition, and body proportion. Pseudo<unk>  occurs due to uneventful<unk>  course and can be rectified by proper postnatal care and nutrition. Such babies are also called small for gestational age. True<unk>  occurs due to pathological conditions which may be either fetal or maternal in origin. In addition to low body weight they have abnormal ponderal index, body disproportion, and low subcutaneous fat deposition. There are two types-symmetrical and asymmetrical. Some conditions are associated with both symmetrical and asymmetrical<unk><unk> . Asymmetrical Asymmetrical<unk>  accounts for 70-80% of all<unk>  cases. In asymmetrical<unk> , there is decreased oxygen or nutrient supply to the fetus during the third trimester of pregnancy due to placental insufficiency. This type of<unk>  is sometimes called "head sparing" because brain<unk>  is typically less affected, resulting in a relatively normal head circumference in these children. Because of decreased oxygen supply to the fetus, blood is diverted to the vital organs, such as the brain and heart. As a result, blood flow to other organs - including liver, muscle, and fat - is decreased. This causes abdominal circumference in these children to be decreased. A lack of subcutaneous fat leads to a thin and small body out of proportion with the liver. Normally at birth the brain of the fetus is 3 times the weight of its liver. In<unk> , it becomes 5-6 times. In these cases, the embryo/fetus has grown normally for the first two trimesters but encounters difficulties in the third, sometimes secondary to complications such as pre-eclampsia. Other symptoms than the disproportion include dry, peeling skin and an overly-thin umbilical cord. The baby is at increased risk of hypoxia and hypoglycemia. This type of<unk>  is most commonly caused by extrinsic factors that affect the fetus at later gestational ages. Specific causes include: * Chronic high blood pressure * Severe malnutrition * Genetic mutations, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Symmetrical Symmetrical<unk>  is commonly known as global<unk><unk> , and indicates that the fetus has developed slowly throughout the duration of the pregnancy and was thus affected from a very early stage. The head circumference of such a newborn is in proportion to the rest of the body. Since most neurons are developed by the 18th week of gestation, the fetus with symmetrical<unk>  is more likely to have permanent neurological sequelae. Common causes include: * Early<unk>  infections, such as cytomegalovirus, rubella or toxoplasmosis * Chromosomal abnormalities * Anemia * Maternal substance use (prenatal alcohol use can result in Fetal alcohol syndrome)
Intrauterine growth restriction
Uremic fetor
Low Birth Weight
Neonatal hypocalcemia
Small for gestational age
Fetal distress
Large for gestational age
Fetal hydantoin syndrome