A 50-year follow-up study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (2003) asserted the lifelong physical health, including cardiopulmonary and neurological functions, and mental health of people with idiopathic<unk>  are comparable to those of the general population.<unk>  that interferes with normal systemic functions is "exceptional" and "rare", and "untreated<unk>  people had similar death rates and were just as functional and likely to lead productive lives 50 years after diagnosis as people with normal spines." In an earlier University of Iowa follow-up study, 91% of people with idiopathic<unk>  displayed normal pulmonary function, and their life expectancy was 2% less than that of the general population. Later (2006-) studies corroborate these findings, adding that they are "reassuring for the adult patient who has adolescent onset idiopathic<unk>  in approximately the 50–70° range." These modern landmark studies supersede earlier studies (e.g. Mankin-Graham-Schauk 1964) that did implicate moderate idiopathic<unk>  in impaired pulmonary function. Generally, the prognosis of<unk>  depends on the likelihood of progression. The general rules of progression are larger curves carry a higher risk of progression than smaller curves, and thoracic and double primary curves carry a higher risk of progression than single lumbar or thoracolumbar curves. In addition, people not having yet reached skeletal maturity have a higher likelihood of progression (i.e., if the person has not yet completed the adolescent growth spurt).
Scoliosis
Poliosis
Kyphoscoliosis
Hip dysplasia
Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
Tooth ankylosis
Back strain
Metaphyseal dysplasia