<unk>  involves the passage of a tube (such as an Ewald tube) via the mouth or nose down into the stomach followed by sequential administration and removal of small volumes of liquid. The placement of the tube in the stomach must be confirmed by pH testing a small amount of aspirated stomach contents, or x-ray. This is to ensure the tube is not in the lungs. In adults, small amounts of warm water or saline are administered and, via a siphoning action, removed again. In children, normal saline is used, as children are more at risk of developing hyponatremia if<unk> d with water. Because of the possibility of vomiting, a suction device is always on hand in case of pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents.<unk>  is repeated until the returning fluid shows no further<unk>  contents. If the patient is unconscious or cannot protect their airway then the patient should be intubated before performing<unk> . The person must be put to sleep for a period of time during the operation due to its high risk of shock and hyponatremia. Indications<unk>  is used infrequently in modern poisoning treatment. Some authorities have actually suggested that it not be used routinely, if ever, in poisoning situations.<unk>  should only be considered if the amount of poison ingested is potentially life-threatening and the procedure can be performed within 60 minutes of ingestion.<unk>  is also the initial treatment for duodenal atresia in newborns, a condition where the small intestine is closed distal to the stomach, causing food and fluid to accumulate in the stomach. When the body temperature rises above 40 °C,<unk>  with iced saline also can be an aggressive cooling measure in a medical emergency. Contraindications<unk>  is contraindicated when patients have a compromised, unprotected airway and in patients at risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage or perforation. Relative contraindications include when the poisoning is due to a corrosive substance (strong acids or strong bases) (), hydrocarbons (), or for poisons that have an effective antidote. It is also contraindicated in case of aluminum phosphide poisoning.
Gastric lavage
GI cocktail
Impedance–pH monitoring
Enteroscopy
Electrogastrogram
Upper gastrointestinal series
Oral food challenge
Esophageal pH monitoring