Bag and contents of a well-known early brand of<unk>  named Spice that contains herbs covered with<unk> , now illegal throughout much of the world<unk>  are a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which<unk>  (THC and CBD) in cannabis plants attach. These novel psychoactive substances should not be confused with<unk>  phytocannabinoids (THC or CBD obtained by chemical synthesis) or<unk>  endocannabinoids from which they are in many aspects distinct. Typically,<unk>  are sprayed onto plant matter and are usually smoked, although they have also been ingested as a concentrated liquid form in the US and UK since 2016. They have been marketed as herbal incense, or "herbal smoking blends", and sold under common names like K2, spice, and<unk>  marijuana. They are often labeled "not for human consumption" for liability defense. A large and complex variety of<unk>  are designed in an attempt to avoid legal restrictions on cannabis, making<unk>  designer drugs. Most<unk>  are agonists of the<unk> receptors. They have been designed to be similar to THC, the natural<unk> with the strongest binding affinity to the CB1 receptor, which is linked to the psychoactive effects or "high" of marijuana. These<unk>  analogs often have greater binding affinity and greater potency to the CB1 receptors. There are several<unk> families (e.g. AM-xxx, , HU-xx, JWH-xxx) which are classified by the creator of the substance (e.g. JWH stands for John W. Huffman), which can include several substances with different base structures such as classical<unk>  and unrelated Naphthoylindoles.<unk>  marijuana compounds began to be manufactured and sold in the early 2000s. From 2008 to 2014, 142<unk>  were reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Reported user negative effects include palpitations, paranoia, intense anxiety, nausea, vomiting, confusion, poor coordination, and seizures. There have also been reports of a strong compulsion to re-dose, withdrawal symptoms, and persistent cravings. There have been several deaths linked to<unk> . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that the number of deaths from<unk> use tripled between 2014 and 2015. In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration warned of significant health risks from<unk> products that contain the rat poison brodifacoum, which is added because it is thought to extend the duration of the drugs' effects. Severe illnesses and death have resulted from this contamination.
Synthetic cannabinoids
Substituted amphetamine
Psychedelic drug
Amphetamine type stimulant
Heroic medicine
Querulant
Byzantine medicine
Substituted tryptamine