When<unk>  increases in a healthy but untrained individual, most of the increase can be attributed to an increase in heart rate (HR). Change of posture, increased sympathetic nervous system activity, and decreased parasympathetic nervous system activity can also increase<unk> . HR can vary by a factor of approximately 3—between 60 and 180 beats per minute—while stroke volume (SV) can vary between , a factor of only 1.7. Diseases of the cardiovascular system are often associated with changes in<unk> , particularly the pandemic diseases hypertension and heart failure. Increased<unk>  can be associated with cardiovascular disease that can occur during infection and sepsis. Decreased<unk>  can be associated with cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Sometimes, in the presence of ventricular disease associated with dilatation, EDV may vary. An increase in EDV<unk> uld<unk> unterbalance LV dilatation and impaired<unk> ntraction. From equation (), the resulting<unk> <unk>  may remain<unk> nstant. The ability to accurately measure<unk>  is important in clinical medicine because it provides for improved diagnosis of abnormalities and can be used to guide appropriate management.
Cardiac output
Coronary perfusion pressure
Vagal tone
Mean arterial pressure
Mean systemic pressure
Cerebral perfusion pressure
Cardiac reserve
Respiratory rate