The activity and applications of<unk>  are diverse. Some have strong oxidizing character.<unk>  readily inserts itself into double bonds, including those of aromatic rings, creating<unk> ted organic<unk> . This accounts for its bleaching action, since many colored organic substances owe their color to<unk>  with such bonds. The extensive reactivity of<unk>  is also responsible for its broad antimicrobial effect, since it can destroy or denature many proteins and other chemicals that are essential for microbes' metabolism. Free<unk>  The strength of<unk> -releasing solutions, as well as their dosage in uses like water<unk> tion and pool sanitization, is usually expressed as mass concentration of "free<unk> " or "available<unk> ". It is the mass of<unk>  gas (Cl2) that would yield the same oxidizing power as the product contained in (or applied to) a specific mass or volume of the liquid in question. The concentration can be expressed, for example, as grams per liter (g/L), milligrams per liter (mg/L), or parts per million (ppm). Thus, for example, "15 mg/L of available<unk> " means that the amount of product contained in one liter of the liquid has the same oxidizing power as 15 mg of<unk> . The strength of commercial<unk> -releasing products may be instead specified as the concentration of the active ingredient, as mass or weight percent or grams per liter. In order to determine the free<unk>  content of the product, one must take into account the oxidizing reactions that the ingredient may undergo in the application. For example, the label of a household bleach product may specify "5% sodium hypochlorite by weight." That would mean that 1 kilogram of the product contains 0.05 × 1000 g = 50 g of . A typical oxidation reaction is the conversion of iodide to elemental iodine . The relevant reactions are : + 2 + 2 → + + : + 2 + 2 → 2 + + That is, one "molecule" of has the same oxidizing power as one molecule of . Their molar masses are 74.44 g and 70.90 g, respectively. Therefore, 1 kilogram of the solution has 1000 × 0.05 × 70.90/74.44 = 47.62 g of "free<unk> ". In order to convert between mass ratios and mass per volume, one must take into account the density of the liquid in question. For<unk> ted water, one can assume the density is the same as of pure water, about 1000 g/L (more precisely, about 997 g/L at 25 °C). For more concentrated solutions like liquid bleach, the density depends on the ingredients and their concentrations, and is usually obtained from tables. When diluting a product, one must be aware that the volume of the diluted solution may not be the sum of the volumes of product and water. For example, one ml of 5.25 wt% NaClO bleach added to ten liters of water, will yield a NaClO concentration of about 5.76 mg/L, and 5.48 mg/L of free<unk> .
Chlorine-releasing compounds
Monoamine releasing agent
Glucose-elevating agent
Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent
Mucoactive agent
Chaotropic agent
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent
Cholinergic blocking drugs