<unk>  <unk> , also known as vesicoureteric<unk> , is a condition in which urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into one or both ureters and then to the renal calyx or kidneys. Urine normally travels in one direction (forward, or anterograde) from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters, with a 1-way valve at the<unk>  (ureteral-bladder) junction preventing backflow. The valve is formed by oblique tunneling of the distal ureter through the wall of the bladder, creating a short length of ureter (1–2 cm) that can be compressed as the bladder fills.<unk>  occurs if the ureter enters the bladder without sufficient tunneling, i.e., too "end-on".
Vesicoureteral reflux
Obstructive uropathy
Ureteric stricture
Glomerulonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
Urethral stricture
Pyelonephritis
Emphysematous cystitis