Slouching Proper posture is often referred to as a "neutral spine"; slouching is an improper posture or a "nonneutral spine" Slouching is often described as improper posture, movement or rigidity of the spine, especially the cervical and thoracic regions, in relation to other parts of the body. Varicose veins Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and twisted, especially within the legs, ankles and feet of an affected individual. When<unk> , gravity pulls the blood downwards to the lower part of the body. Body mechanisms, such as vasoconstriction and valves of the veins, assist in pumping blood upwards. As blood is pumped through the body, the valves within the veins prevent the blood from flowing backwards. After extensive,<unk><unk> , these valves can become weak and eventually fail. When this happens, blood is no longer being prevented from flowing backward. Gravity will pull the blood back into an individuals legs, ankles and feet. This forces the veins to expand or "balloon" to accommodate this extra blood. The valves of the veins work best in concert with accompanying muscle contractions that force the blood to continue moving up the leg.<unk>  with some muscles constantly strained weakens these muscles and therefore the strength of the contractions. Varicose veins have also been associated with chronic heart and circulatory disorders and hypertension as well as<unk>  related to pregnancy.<unk><unk>  increases the risk for hospitalization from varicose veins. Among the working age population one out of five hospitalizations from varicose veins are as a result of<unk><unk> .<unk><unk>  leads to impeded blood flow and stasis in the veins in the lower limbs, which can cause varicose veins. Cardiovascular disorders<unk>  for<unk>  periods can lead to certain cardiovascular disorders. In a study by Krause et al. (2000) the authors examined the relationship between<unk>  at work and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in men.<unk>  for long periods can change the distribution of blood in the extremities. This in turn causes the blood to pool and reduces the circulating blood plasma volume leading to hemodynamic changes that impact the body. The authors reported that long periods of<unk>  at work were significantly associated with atherosclerotic progression. This study provides evidence that hemodynamic changes from<unk>  can influence the progressions of carotid atherosclerosis. The authors also found that men with carotid stenosis or ischemic heart disease were at greater risk for the progression of atherosclerosis . Atherosclerosis can lead to coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and aneurysms. Joint compression<unk>  places significant pressure on the joint of the hips, knees, ankle and feet but without any significant movement of it. This reduces the normal lubrication and cushioning of synovial joints, causing them to tear. The combined effect of pressure and tearing can cause extensive amounts of pain and make it difficult to move or walk. Muscle fatigue Muscles kept in a constant stress position quickly become exhausted and can result in pain and swelling in the lower back, legs, ankles and feet. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has stated that muscle fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders account for "33% of all worker injury and illness". Considerable research has been conducted as to the extent of muscle injuries and all have concluded that these are expected but can be reduced with breaks and the availability of chairs. Research has shown that the body experiences muscle fatigue after<unk>  for five hours; this fatigue persists for more than 30 minutes after the end of the work day according to electronic measurements of fatigue. The perception of fatigue is subjective and does not necessarily correlate with the experimental indicators of fatigue.
Complications of prolonged standing
Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the appendicular musculoskeletal system
Congenital vertebral anomaly
Ligamentous laxity
Intermittent hydrarthrosis
Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
Anterior vertebral body tethering
Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids