The use of<unk>  following cardiac<unk>  shows increased likelihood of survival. It is the re-warming period that, if not controlled properly, can have detrimental effects. Hyperthermia during the re-warming period shows unfavorable neurologic outcomes. For each degree the body is warmed above 37 °C, there is an increased association with severe disability, coma, or vegetative states. Excessive rewarming with temperatures above 37 °C can increase the risk of cerebral ischemia secondary to the increased oxygen demand that occurs with rapid rewarming. Several theories have been proposed, with one being during re-warming, the body releases increasing catecholamines which increase heat production leading to a loss of thermoregulation. Hyperthermia in the preperfusion period can also be caused by an increase in the production of oxygen radicals, which influences brain metabolism. These oxygen radicals attack cell membranes, leading to a disruption of intracellular organelles and subsequent cellular death. Virtually all patients who undergo<unk>  develop impaired glucose metabolism and require insulin to control blood sugars. Thrombocytopenia and clotting factor deficiencies prove to be a significant cause of early death after<unk> . Careful monitoring intra-procedure and post-procedure is needed. Although<unk>  is necessary for some procedures, the use of anesthesia can provide optimum operation time and organ protection but can also have serious impacts on cellular demand, brain cells, and serious systemic inflammatory results. Possible disadvantages of<unk>  includes alteration in organ functions of the liver, kidney, brain, pancreas, intestines and smooth muscles due to cellular damage. Permanent neurological injury has been seen in 3-12% of patients when using<unk> . Cases of partial or complete limb motor loss, impaired language, visual defects, and cognitive decline have all been reported as consequences of<unk> . Other neurological complications are increase risk for seizures postoperative due to delayed return of cellular blood flow to the brain. When compared to Moderate<unk>  (temperature dropped to 26-31 °C), there was less bleeding volume experienced during surgery thus leading to less use of packed red blood cells or plasma post surgery. Longer recovery time postoperatively have been noted with<unk>  as compared to Moderate<unk> , but the length of hospital stay and death has no correlated difference. Most patients can tolerate 30 minutes of<unk>  without significant neurological dysfunction or adverse effects, but after an extended period of 40 minutes or more, prevalence of increase brain injury have been noted.
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Cardioplegia
Rewarming shock
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Reperfusion therapy
Surgical shock
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation