<unk>  powder Mycobacteria<unk>  is used for the treatment of tuberculosis in combination with other antibiotics, such as pyrazinamide, isoniazid, and ethambutol. For the treatment of tuberculosis, it is administered daily for at least six months. Combination therapy is used to prevent the development of<unk> esistance and to shorten the length of treatment.<unk> esistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to<unk>  develops quickly when it is used without another antibiotic, with laboratory estimates of<unk> esistance<unk> ates from 10−7 to 10−10 per tuberculosis bacterium per generation.<unk>  can be used alone in patients with latent tuberculosis infections to prevent or prolong the development of active disease because only small numbers of bacteria are present. A Cochrane<unk> eview found no difference in efficacy between a 3- to 4-month<unk> egimen of<unk>  and a 6-month<unk> egimen of isoniazid for preventing active tuberculosis in patients not infected with HIV, and patients who<unk> eceived<unk>  had a lower<unk> ate of hepatotoxicity. However, the quality of the evidence was judged to be low. A shorter 2-month course of<unk>  and pyrazinamide had previously been<unk> ecommended but is no longer<unk> ecommended due to high<unk> ates of hepatotoxicity.<unk>  should be taken on an empty stomach with a glass of water. It is generally taken either at least one hour before meals or two hours after meals.<unk>  is also used to treat nontuberculous mycobacterial infections including leprosy (Hansen's disease) and Mycobacterium kansasii. With multidrug therapy used as the standard treatment of Hansen's disease,<unk>  is always used in combination with dapsone and clofazimine to avoid causing drug<unk> esistance. It is also used in the treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections as associated with Buruli ulcer, usually in combination with clarithromycin or other antibiotics. Other bacteria and protozoans In 2008, tentative evidence showed<unk>  may be useful in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in combination with other antibiotics, including in difficult-to-treat infections such as osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infections. As of 2012, if<unk>  combination therapy was useful for pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis was unclear. A meta-analysis concluded that adding adjunctive<unk>  to a β-lactam or vancomycin may improve outcomes in staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. However, a more<unk> ecent trial found no benefit from adjunctive<unk> . It is also used as preventive treatment against Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal) infections.<unk>  is also<unk> ecommended as an alternative treatment for infections by the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum when treatment with doxycycline is contraindicated, such as in pregnant women or in patients with a history of allergy to tetracycline antibiotics. It is also sometimes used to treat infections by Listeria species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Legionella pneumophila. For these nonstandard indications, antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be done (if possible) before starting<unk>  therapy. The Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter species, and Pseudomonas species are intrinsically<unk> esistant to<unk> . It has been used with amphotericin B in largely unsuccessful attempts to treat primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri.<unk>  can be used as monotherapy for a few days as prophylaxis against meningitis, but<unk> esistance develops quickly during long-term treatment of active infections, so the drug is always used against active infections in combination with other antibiotics.<unk>  is<unk> elatively ineffective against spirochetes, which has led to its use as a selective agent capable of isolating them in materials being cultured in laboratories. Viruses<unk>  has some effectiveness against vaccinia virus. Pathogen susceptibility The minimum inhibitory concentrations of<unk>  for several medically significant pathogens are: * Mycobacterium tuberculosis — 0.002 – 64 µg/ml * Mycobacterium bovis — 0.125 µg/ml * Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin<unk> esistant) — ≤ 0.006–256 µg/ml * Chlamydia pneumoniae — 0.005 µg/ml Primary biliary cholangitis<unk>  is used to treat itchiness caused by primary biliary cholangitis. The treatment-related adverse effects include hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hemolysis, and interactions with other drugs. For those<unk> easons as well as some ethical concerns<unk> egarding off-label use of antibiotics,<unk> ifampin as a very effective preventive antibiotic for meningitis, is not considered appropriate for itchiness. Hidradenitis suppurativa<unk>  with clindamycin has been used to treat the skin disease hidradenitis suppurativa.
Rifampicin
Secnidazole
Safinamide
Pyrazinamide
Amifampridine
Amikacin
Fexinidazole
Tinidazole