<unk>  <unk>  is an abnormal narrowing of<unk> es other than those that supply the heart or brain. When narrowing occurs in the heart, it is called coronary<unk><unk> , and in the brain, it is called cerebrovascular<unk> .<unk>  most commonly affects the legs, but other<unk> es may also be involved – such as those of the arms, neck, or kidneys. The classic symptom is leg pain when walking which resolves with rest, known as intermittent claudication. Other symptoms include skin ulcers, bluish skin, cold skin, or abnormal nail and hair growth in the affected leg. Complications may include an infection or tissue death which may require amputation; coronary<unk><unk> , or stroke. Up to 50% of people with<unk>  do not have symptoms. The greatest risk factor for<unk>  is cigarette smoking. Other risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney problems, and high blood cholesterol. The most common underlying mechanism of<unk>  is atherosclerosis, especially in individuals over 40 years old. Other mechanisms include<unk>  spasm, blood clots, trauma, fibromuscular dysplasia, and vasculitis.<unk>  is typically diagnosed by finding an ankle-brachial index (ABI) less than 0.90, which is the systolic blood pressure at the ankle divided by the systolic blood pressure of the arm. Duplex ultrasonography and angiography may also be used. Angiography is more accurate and allows for treatment at the same time; however, it is associated with greater risks. It is unclear if screening for<unk>  in people without symptoms is useful as it has not been properly studied. In those with intermittent claudication from<unk> , stopping smoking and supervised exercise therapy improve outcomes. Medications, including statins, ACE inhibitors, and cilostazol may also help. Aspirin does not appear to help those with mild<unk>  but is usually recommended in those with more significant<unk>  due to the increased risk of heart attacks. Anticoagulants such as warfarin are not typically of benefit. Procedures used to treat the<unk>  include bypass grafting, angioplasty, and atherectomy. In 2015, about 155 million people had<unk>  worldwide. It becomes more common with age. In the developed world, it affects about 5.3% of 45- to 50-year-olds and 18.6% of 85- to 90-year-olds. In the developing world, it affects 4.6% of people between the ages of 45 and 50 and 15% of people between the ages of 85 and 90.<unk>  in the developed world is equally common among men and women, though in the developing world, women are more commonly affected. In 2015<unk>  resulted in about 52,500 deaths, which is an increase from the 16,000 deaths in 1990.
Peripheral artery disease
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Chronic venous insufficiency
Varicose veins
Diabetic foot
Spinal stenosis
Diabetic foot ulcer
Raynaud syndrome