<unk>  tends to grow slowly. As a result, patients may not need to start treatment immediately upon diagnosis. Instead, they may be closely monitored—an approach known as watchful waiting—and start treatment when the disease progresses and causes symptoms, or when they reach a certain number of cancer cells in their body even if there are no symptoms. Treatment is highly individualized and depends on a range of factors, including the subtype of the disease, its stage, the patient's age, and other medical conditions. Patients with early-stage<unk>  may be cured with radiation therapy, but most patients have widespread disease at the time of diagnosis. There are many effective treatments to control later stages, but they are not reliably curative. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation can be curative because of the potential for immunologic graft-versus-lymphoma effect, but there are significant concerns regarding non-relapse mortality. Treatment by stage Stage I and contiguous Stage II External radiation therapy (or external beam radiation therapy) may be given to affected lymph nodes and nearby lymph nodes. Other treatments include chemotherapy and monoclonal antibody therapy with rituximab. Noncontiguous Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV Treatments include rituximab, either alone or combined with chemotherapy; obinutuzumab; combination immunotherapy with lenalidomide and rituximab; and radiolabeled monoclonal antibody therapy. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors such as copanlisib, idelalisib, or duvelisib may be used to treat relapsed<unk> . Clinical trials are also an option. Treatment by subtype Follicular lymphoma Some patients do not need treatment for several years, while others whose cancer has spread widely need it immediately. In some cases, the disease can transform into an aggressive type of lymphoma such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Patients who have Stage I or II follicular lymphoma may be treated with radiation therapy alone or with chemotherapy. For patients who are in Stage II but have bulky disease, are in Stage III or IV, or have relapsed or refractory disease, treatment depends on the patient's age, overall health, disease progression, symptoms, and personal preferences. Treatment options include watchful waiting, radiation aimed directly at the affected lymph nodes, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. For patients whose disease becomes more aggressive, autologous stem cell transplantation may be used. There is no consensus on the optimal first-line treatment for follicular lymphoma. Some studies have found no difference in life expectancy or quality of life between asymptomatic patients who receive treatment and those who are closely monitored without treatment. Other doctors believe that potentially curative radiation therapy is underused, and that this may lead to excessive treatments and costs in the long term. Marginal zone lymphoma Gastric MZL is often related to Helicobacter pylori infection. Many patients can be cured with antibiotics alone. If remission is not achieved, radiation therapy may be used. For nodal MZL that involves the spleen and blood, treatment is similar to that of follicular lymphoma.
Indolent lymphoma
Aggressive lymphoma
Gray zone lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
AIDS-related lymphoma
Mixed-cell lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma