Upper<unk><unk>  is<unk><unk>  in the upper<unk>  tract, commonly defined as<unk>  arising from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Blood may be observed in vomit or in altered form as black stool. Depending on the amount of the blood loss, symptoms may include shock. Upper<unk><unk>  can be caused by peptic ulcers, gastric erosions, esophageal varices, and rarer causes such as gastric cancer. The initial assessment includes measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate, as well as blood tests to determine the hemoglobin. Significant upper<unk><unk>  is considered a medical emergency. Fluid replacement, as well as blood transfusion, may be required. Endoscopy is recommended within 24 hours and<unk>  can be stopped by various techniques. Proton pump inhibitors are often used. Tranexamic acid may also be useful. Procedures (such as TIPS for variceal<unk>  may be used. Recurrent or refractory<unk>  may lead to need for surgery, although this has become uncommon as a result of improved endoscopic and medical treatment. Upper<unk><unk>  affects around 50 to 150 people per 100,000 a year. It represents over 50% of cases of<unk><unk> . Depending on its severity, it carries an estimated mortality risk of 11%.
types of Gastrointestinal bleeding
symptom of Abscess
symptom of Gastrointestinal bleeding
types of Head injury
symptom of Hemorrhoid
symptom of Pancreatitis
causes of Hematochezia
medical cause of Infection