A forceful apex beat indicates left ventricular<unk> , while a right ventricular heave suggests right ventricular<unk> . Other signs provide evidence for specific causes of<unk> . Hypertension is diagnosed by sphygmomanometry. A narrow pulse<unk>  is a sign of aortic stenosis. The chest x-ray may show pulmonary hyperaemia in the case of pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary oligemia in pulmonary stenosis. Pulmonary hypertension is also associated with chronic lung disease. Coarctation of the aorta presents with a significant difference in blood<unk>  between the upper and lower limbs, a systolic murmur or radiofemoral delay.
Pressure overload
Tissue stress
Capsular contracture
Allostatic load
Stress shielding
Ligamentous laxity
Ischemic compression
Lattice degeneration