the affected extremity is often shortened and unnaturally, externally rotated compared to the unaffected leg The classic clinical presentation of a<unk>  is an elderly patient who sustained a low-energy fall and now has groin pain and is unable to bear weight. Pain may be referred to the supracondylar knee. On examination, the affected extremity is often shortened and externally rotated compared to the unaffected leg. Complications Nonunion, failure of the<unk>  to heal, is common in<unk> s of the neck of the femur, but much more rare with other types of<unk> . Avascular necrosis of the femoral head occurs frequently (20%) in intracapsular<unk> s, because the blood supply is interrupted. Malunion, healing of the<unk>  in a distorted position, is very common. The thigh muscles tend to pull on the bone fragments, causing them to overlap and reunite incorrectly. Shortening, varus deformity, valgus deformity, and rotational malunion all occur often because the<unk>  may be unstable and collapse before it heals. This may not be as much of a concern in patients with limited independence and mobility.<unk> s rarely result in neurological or vascular injury. Medical Many people are unwell before breaking a<unk> ; it is common for the break to have been caused by a fall due to some illness, especially in the elderly. Nevertheless, the stress of the injury, and a likely surgery, increases the risk of medical illness including heart attack, stroke, and chest infection.<unk>  patients are at considerable risk for thromboemoblism, blood clots that dislodge and travel in the bloodstream. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is when the blood in the leg veins clots and causes pain and swelling. This is very common after<unk>  as the circulation is stagnant and the blood is hypercoagulable as a response to injury. DVT can occur without causing symptoms. A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when clotted blood from a DVT comes loose from the leg veins and passes up to the lungs. Circulation to parts of the lungs is cut off which can be very dangerous. Fatal PE may have an incidence of 2% after<unk>  and may contribute to illness and mortality in other cases. Mental confusion is extremely common following a<unk> . It usually clears completely, but the disorienting experience of pain, immobility, loss of independence, moving to a strange place, surgery, and drugs combine to cause delirium or accentuate pre-existing dementia. Urinary tract infection (UTI) can occur. Patients are immobilized and in bed for many days; they are frequently catheterised, commonly causing infection. Prolonged immobilization and difficulty moving make it hard to avoid pressure sores on the sacrum and heels of patients with<unk> s. Whenever possible, early mobilization is advocated; otherwise, alternating pressure mattresses should be used.
Hip fracture
Osteoarthritis
Bosworth fracture
Greater trochanteric pain syndrome
Hume fracture
Hernia
Holdsworth fracture
Avascular necrosis