While the exact cause is unknown, the genetic predisposition to<unk> S involves the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, specifically HLA-DR15. In addition to genetic susceptibility, an initial environmental insult to the pulmonary vasculature is needed to allow the anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies to reach the alveolar capillaries. Examples of such an insult include: exposure to organic solvents (e.g. chloroform) or hydrocarbons, exposure to tobacco smoke, infection (such as influenza A), cocaine inhalation, metal dust inhalation, bacteremia, sepsis, high-oxygen environments, and antilymphocyte therapies (especially with monoclonal antibodies). Exposure to dry cleaning chemicals and Paraquat brand weed killer have also been implicated as potential insults. In<unk> S, anti-GBM antibodies are produced and circulated throughout the bloodstream, damaging the membranes lining the lungs and kidneys as well as targeting their capillaries.
Goodpasture syndrome
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
CHILD syndrome
Hopkins syndrome
CREST syndrome
MOMO syndrome
OSLAM syndrome
Pitt–Hopkins syndrome