Cutaneous<unk> sis in North Africa;<unk>  infected areas are in blue The incidence rate of cutaneous<unk> sis is estimated to be between 1–1.5 million cases a year. However, transmission does not often occur in utero, during blood transfusions, or through interpersonal contact. Thus, the main form of transmission is through the sand fly vector. Sand flies do not fly long distances, and tend to complete their life cycles in areas with a diameter of less than 1 km. Furthermore, because of the propensity of sand flies to seek out shelter in the burrows of small rodents, where L.<unk>  is endemic, small mammals such as gerbils and birds serve as the main reservoirs. Dogs have also been documented as contracting cutaneous<unk> sis in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. This is rare however, and dogs are not important hosts for L.<unk> . L.<unk>  and its cousin, L. tropica, are recognized as causing the<unk> ity of cases of cutaneous<unk> sis across the Middle East, Northern Africa, and some areas of China and India (as mentioned above). Between 2002 and 2004, over 700 cases of the disease were reported among United States military personnel serving in Iraq.
Leishmania major
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania mexicana
Leishmania amazonensis
Aedes epactius
Schistosoma intercalatum
Leishmania infantum
Leishmania donovani