Ophthalmology Ophthalmology is still part of the frontier for<unk> ic-assisted surgeries. However, there are a couple of<unk> ic systems that are capable of successfully performing surgeries. * PRECEYES Surgical System is being used for vitreoretinal surgeries. This is a single arm<unk> , that is tele manipulated by a surgeon. This system attaches to the head of the operating room table and provides surgeons with increased precision with the help of the intuitive motion controller. Preceyes is the only<unk> ic instrument to be CE certified. Some other companies like Foresight (Israel), Acusurgical that raised 5.75 M€ (France), and Horizon (US) are working in this field. * The da Vinci Surgical System, though not specifically designed for ophthalmic procedures, uses telemanipulation to perform pterygium repairs and ex-vivo corneal surgeries. Heart Some examples of heart surgery being assisted by<unk> ic surgery systems include: * Atrial septal defect repair – the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart, * Mitral valve repair – the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart, * Coronary artery bypass – rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries that provide blood to the heart. Thoracic<unk> ic surgery has become more widespread in thoracic surgery for mediastinal pathologies, pulmonary pathologies and more recently complex esophageal surgery. The da Vinci Xi system is used for lung and mediastinal mass resection. This minimally invasive approach as a comparable alternative to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and the standard open thoracic surgery. Although VATS is the less expensive option, the<unk> ic-assisted approach offers benefits such as 3D visualizations with seven degrees of freedom and improved dexterity while having equivalent perioperative outcomes. ENT The first successful<unk> -assisted cochlear implantation in a person took place in Bern, Switzerland in 2017. Surgical<unk> s have been developed for use at various stages of cochlear implantation, including drilling through the mastoid bone, accessing the inner ear and inserting the electrode into the cochlea. Advantages of<unk> -assisted cochlear implantation include improved accuracy, resulting in fewer mistakes during electrode insertion and better hearing outcomes for patients. The surgeon uses image-guided surgical planning to program the<unk>  based on the patient’s individual anatomy. This helps the implant team to predict where the contacts of the electrode array will be located within the cochlea, which can assist with audio processor fitting post-surgery. The surgical<unk> s also allow surgeons to reach the inner ear in a minimally invasive way. Challenges that still need to be addressed include safety, time, efficiency and cost. Surgical<unk> s have also been shown to be useful for electrode insertion with pediatric patients. Gastrointestinal Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the 'Zeus' or da Vinci<unk>  systems, including bariatric surgery and gastrectomy for cancer. Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the<unk> ic devices. Specific procedures have been more fully evaluated, specifically esophageal fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia.<unk> -assisted pancreatectomies have been found to be associated with "longer operating time, lower estimated blood loss, a higher spleen-preservation rate, and shorter hospital stays" than laparoscopic pancreatectomies; there was "no significant difference in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, overall complications, severe complications, pancreatic fistula, severe pancreatic fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30-day mortality between the two groups." Gynecology The first report of<unk> ic surgery in gynecology was published in 1999 from the Cleveland Clinic The adoption of<unk> ic surgery has contributed to the increase in minimally invasive surgery for gynecologic disease. Gynecologic procedures may take longer with<unk>  and the rate of complications may be higher, but there are not enough high-quality studies to know at the present time. In the United States,<unk> ic-assisted hysterectomy for benign conditions was shown to be more expensive than conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy in 2015, with no difference in overall rates of complications. This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign gynecology and gynecologic oncology.<unk> ic surgery can be used to treat fibroids, abnormal periods, endometriosis, ovarian tumors, uterine prolapse, and female cancers. Using the<unk> ic system, gynecologists can perform hysterectomies, myomectomies, and lymph node biopsies. The Hominis<unk> ic system developed by Memic Innovative Surgery is aimed to provide a<unk> ic platform for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) for myomectomy through the vagina. A 2017 review of surgical removal of the uterus and cervix for early cervical cancer<unk> ic and laparoscopic surgery resulted in similar outcomes with respect to the cancer. Bone<unk> s are used in orthopedic surgery.<unk> OC is the first active<unk> ic system that performs some of the surgical actions in a total hip arthroplasty (THA). It is programmed preoperatively using data from computer tomography (CT) scans. This allows for the surgeon to choose the optimal size and design for the replacement hip. Acrobot and Rio are semi-active<unk> ic systems that are used in THA. It consists of a drill bit that is controlled by the surgeon however the<unk> ic system does not allow any movement outside the predetermined boundaries. Mazor X is used in spinal surgeries to assist surgeons with placing pedicle screw instrumentation. Inaccuracy when placing a pedicle screw can result in neurovascular injury or construct failure. Mazor X functions by using templating imaging to locate itself to the target location of where the pedicle screw is needed. Spine<unk> ic devices started to be used in minimally invasive spine surgery starting in the mid-2000s. As of 2014, there were too few randomized clinical trials to judge whether<unk> ic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches. As of 2019, the application of<unk> ics in spine surgery has mainly been limited to pedicle screw insertion for spinal fixation. In addition, the majority of studies on<unk> -assisted spine surgery have investigated lumbar or lumbosacral vertebrae only. Studies on use of<unk> ics for placing screws in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae are limited. Transplant surgery The first fully<unk> ic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s. It may allow kidney transplantations in people who are obese who could not otherwise have the procedure. Weight loss however is the preferred initial effort. General surgery With regards to<unk> ic surgery, this type of procedure is currently best suited for single-quadrant procedures, in which the operations can be performed on any one of the four quadrants of the abdomen. Cost disadvantages are applied with procedures such as a cholecystectomy and fundoplication, but are suitable opportunities for surgeons to advance their<unk> ic surgery skills. Urology<unk> ic surgery in the field of urology has become common, especially in the United States. There is inconsistent evidence of benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs. Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and fewer side effects from surgery for prostatectomy. In 2000, the first<unk> -assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed.<unk> ic surgery has also been utilized in radical cystectomies. A 2013 review found less complications and better short term outcomes when compared to open technique. Pediatrics Pediatric procedures are also benefiting from<unk> ic surgical systems. The smaller abdominal size in pediatric patients limits the viewing field in most urology procedures. The<unk> ic surgical systems help surgeons overcome these limitations.<unk> ic technology provides assistance in performing * Pyeloplasty - alternative to the conventional open dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes). Pyeloplasty is the most common<unk> ic-assisted procedures in children. * Ureteral reimplantation - alternative to the open intravesical or extravesical surgery. * Ureteroureterostomy - alternative to the transperitoneal approach. * Nephrectomy and heminephrectomy - Traditionally done with laparoscopy, it is not likely that a<unk> ic procedure offers significant advantage due to its high cost.
Robot-assisted surgery
Computer-assisted surgery
Multifocal technique
Image-guided surgery
Robotic magnetic navigation
Surgical segment navigator
Fluorescence image-guided surgery
Sensei robotic catheter system