<unk> s usually occur after physical trauma, falls, excess physical stress, or pathological conditions. Falls that produce<unk> s among the elderly are usually accompanied by a preexisting risk factor for bone fracture, such as osteoporosis, a low bone density, or vitamin B deficiency. Proximal Proximal<unk> s most often occur among elderly people with osteoporosis who fall on an outstretched arm. Less frequently, proximal fractures occur from motor vehicle accidents, gunshots, and violent muscle contractions from an electric shock or seizure. Other risk factors for proximal fractures include having a low bone mineral density, having impaired vision and balance, and tobacco smoking. A stress fracture of the proximal and shaft regions can occur after an excessive amount of throwing, such as pitching in baseball. Middle Middle fractures are usually caused by either physical trauma or falls. Physical trauma to the<unk>  shaft tends to produce transverse fractures whereas falls tend to produce spiral fractures. Metastatic breast cancer may also cause fractures in the<unk>  shaft. Long spiral fractures of the shaft that are present in children may indicate physical abuse. Distal Distal<unk> s usually occur as a result of physical trauma to the elbow region. If the elbow is bent during the trauma, then the olecranon is driven upward, producing a T- or Y-shaped fracture or displacing one of the condyles.
Humerus fracture
Elbow fracture
Ulna fracture
Sacral fracture
Ankle fracture
Hume fracture
Jefferson fracture
Calcaneal fracture