<unk>  training:<unk>  is being administered while a second rescuer prepares for defibrillation. In 2010, the American Heart Association and International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation updated their<unk>  guidelines. The importance of high quality<unk>  (sufficient rate and depth without excessively ventilating) was emphasized. The order of interventions was changed for all age groups except newborns from airway, breathing, chest compressions (ABC) to chest compressions, airway, breathing (CAB). An exception to this recommendation is for those believed to be in a respiratory arrest (airway obstruction, drug overdose, etc.). The most important aspect of<unk>  are: few interruptions of chest compressions, a sufficient speed and depth of compressions, completely relaxing pressure between compressions, and not ventilating too much. It is unclear if a few minutes of<unk>  before defibrillation results in different outcomes than immediate defibrillation. Compressions with rescue breaths Chest compressions performed at 100 per minute on a mannequin Mouth-to-220x220px A normal<unk>  procedure uses chest compressions and ventilations. The compressions push on the bone that is in the middle of the chest (sternum) and the ventilations are made pinching the victim's nose and blowing air mouth-to-mouth. If the victim is a baby, the rescuer would make the ventilations covering the baby's mouth and nose at the same time. It is recommended for all victims of any age a general compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2 (30 rhythmic compressions before each 2 ventilations). As an exception for the normal compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30:2, if at least two trained rescuers are present, and the victim is a child, a ratio of 15:2 is preferred. And, according to the AHA 2015 Guidelines, the ratio in newborns is 30:2 if one rescuer is present and 15:2 if two rescuers are present. In an advanced airway treatment, such as an endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway, the artificial ventilation should occur without pauses in compressions, at a rate of 1 breath every 6 to 8 seconds (8–10 ventilations per minute). In all the victims, the compression speed is of at least 100 compressions per minute. Recommended compression depth in adults and children is of 5 cm (2 inches), and in infants it is 4 cm (1.6 inches). In adults, rescuers should use two hands for the chest compressions (one on the top of the other), while in children one hand can be enough, and with babies the rescuer must use only two fingers. There exist some plastic shields and respirators that can be used in the rescue breaths between the mouths of the rescuer and the victim, with the purposes of sealing a better vacuum and avoiding infections. One of the many models of automatic defibrillators (AED). Its electrodes are already placed in the two correct areas of the body. In some cases, the victim has suffered one of the failures in the rhythm of the heart (ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia) that can be corrected with the electric shock of a defibrillator. It is important then that someone asks for the defibrillator and to use it, which would be easy, because the common models of defibrillator (the AEDs) are automatic portable machines that guide to the user with recorded voice instructions along the process, and analyze the victim, and apply the correct shocks if they are needed. Besides, there exist written instructions of defibrillators that explain how to use them step-by-step. The recommended order of normal<unk>  is the 'CAB': first 'Chest' (chest compressions), followed by 'Airway' (attempt to open the airway by performing a head tilt and a chin lift), and 'Breathing' (rescue breaths). Anyway, as of 2010, the Resuscitation Council (UK) was still recommending an 'ABC' order if the victim is a child. It can be difficult to determine the presence or absence of a pulse, so the pulse check has been removed for common providers and should not be performed for more than 10 seconds by healthcare providers. Compression only For adults with cardiac arrest, compression-only (hands-only or cardiocerebral resuscitation)<unk>  which involves chest compressions without artificial ventilation is recommended as the method of choice for the untrained rescuer or those who are not proficient as it is easier to perform and instructions are easier to give over a phone. In adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, compression-only<unk>  by the lay public has an equal or higher success rate than standard<unk> . It is hoped that the use of compression-only delivery will increase the chances of the lay public delivering<unk> .CPR technique as demonstrated on a dummyCompression-only<unk>  is not as good for children who are more likely to have cardiac arrest from respiratory causes. Two reviews have found that compression-only<unk>  had no more success than no<unk>  whatsoever. Rescue breaths for children and especially for babies should be relatively gentle. Either a ratio of compressions to breaths of 30:2 or 15:2 was found to have better results for children. Both children and adults should receive a hundred chest compressions per minute. Other exceptions besides children include cases of drownings and drug overdose. In both these cases, compressions and rescue breaths are recommended if the bystander is trained and is willing to do so. As per the American Heart Association, the beat of the Bee Gees song "Stayin' Alive" provides an ideal rhythm in terms of beats per minute to use for hands-only<unk> , which is 104 beats-per-minute. One can also hum Queen's "Another One Bites The Dust", which is 110 beats-per-minute and contains a memorable repeating drum pattern. For those in cardiac arrest due to non heart related causes and in people less than 20 years of age, standard<unk>  is superior to compression-only<unk> . Prone<unk>  Supine and prone positionsStandard<unk>  is performed with the victim in supine position. Prone<unk> , or reverse<unk> , is performed on a victim in prone position, lying on the chest. This is achieved by turning the head to the side and compressing the back. Due to the head being turned, the risk of vomiting and complications caused by aspiration pneumonia may be reduced. The American Heart Association's current guideline recommends performing<unk>  in the supine position, and limits prone<unk>  to situations where the patient cannot be turned. Pregnancy During pregnancy when a woman is lying on her back, the uterus may compress the inferior vena cava and thus decrease venous return. It is therefore recommended that the uterus be pushed to the woman's left. This can be done by placing a pillow or towel under her right hip so that she is on an angle of 15-30 degrees, and making sure their shoulders are flat to the ground. If this is not effective healthcare professionals should consider emergency resuscitative hysterotomy. Family presence Evidence generally supports family being present during<unk> . This includes in<unk>  for children. Other Interposed abdominal compressions may be beneficial in the hospital environment. There is no evidence of benefit pre-hospital or in children. Cooling during<unk>  is being studied as currently results are unclear whether or not it improves outcomes. Internal cardiac massage is manual squeezing of the exposed heart itself carried out through a surgical incision into the chest cavity, usually when the chest is already open for cardiac surgery. Active compression-decompression methods using mechanical decompression of the chest have not been shown to improve outcome in cardiac arrest.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Rapid sequence induction
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
Resuscitation
Resuscitative thoracotomy