Although<unk>  is not curable, there are treatments. The aim of IP treatment is to appreciate the pain caused by the root condition in order to minimize or reverse the neurological, endocrine, and cardiac changes. The specific treatments depend on the cause of the pain, the physician's preference, and the patient's health and preferences. These treatments can be used on their own, but are commonly combined with one another. Not every patient will respond to every treatment, but some more common treatments include: * Surgical repair, such as spinal fusion for scoliosis * Opioid medications * Medical cannabis and/or cannabinoid therapy * TENS unit * Spinal cord stimulator (SCS) – utilizes the gate control theory to block painful signals by sending benign electrical signals along the nerve roots. * Intrathecal pain pump – delivers a very small amount of the chosen medication directly to the thecal space (next to the spinal cord, even closer than an epidural) * Epidural, nerve root, and/or trigger point corticosteroid injections * mu-Opioids – depending on the specific drug, opioids can be oral, transdermal, IV, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transmucosal, sublingual, intranasal, epidural, or intrathecal. Examples include morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, codeine, and buprenorphine. * methadone – methadone is a mu-opioid, kappa-opioid, and NMDA receptor antagonist. It is used for neuropathic pain, however it is also useful for other types of pain, such as bone pain, and musculoskeletal pain. Some medications can be used to potentiate the primary treatment, this is most commonly done to boost the efficacy of opioids and minimize the dose of the opioid needed to alleviate the pain. Some of these treatments are also used on their own, examples include: * Muscle relaxants * Stimulants * Mood stabilizers (anti-epileptics and antipsychotics), such as gabapentin (Neurontin/Gralise/Horizant), pregabalin (Lyrica), topiramate (Topamax), quetiapine (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal), aripiprazole (Abilify), paliperidone (Invega), iloperidone (Fanapt), ziprasidone (Geodon), lamotrigine (Lamictal), or valproic acid (Depakote). * SSRI antidepressants, such as fluoxetine (Prozac/Sarafem), fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), or escitalopram (Lexapro) * SNRI antidepressants, such as duloxetine (Cymbalta), venlafaxine (Effexor), desvenlafaxine (Pristiq, or milnacipran (Savella)) * NSAIDs – Ibuprofen (Advil/Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn/Aleve), celecoxib (Celebrex), diclofenac (Voltaren/Flector), or ketorolac (Toradol) * Physical therapy
Intractable pain
Chronic pain
Delayed onset muscle soreness
Rectal pain
Functional symptom
Amplified musculoskeletal pain syndromes
Abdominal pain
Asymptomatic