The diagnosis of the disease is dependent on observable signs and symptoms and on the stage of gestation. There are two ways to diagnose<unk> : early in utero, or later at birth. Recognisable clinical patterns are associated with<unk> . Most commonly, the in-utero diagnosis of the disease requires using radiography and ultrasound scans. At birth, the diagnosis is suspected clinically through the observations of characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease.<unk>  should be suspected when<unk>  intubation is impossible. The confirmation of the diagnosis relies on results of endoscopic laryngoscopies and oesophagoscopies at birth. X-ray studies are necessary to determine the class and the severity of the disease. CT scans remain an option to provide more information if required. Classification<unk>  is classified according to anatomical subtypes. Different classifications exist but the universally accepted one, by Floyd and colleagues in 1962, distinguishes three anatomical subtypes: type I, II and III. Type I Type I is described as<unk>  atresia, rather than<unk> . The<unk> is absent proximally but there remains a short normal segment of the distal<unk>  A tracheoesophageal fistula links the distal segment of the proto<unk> to the oesophagus. It is estimated that 13% of cases of the disease are of type I. Type II Type II<unk>  is the most common form of the disease, estimated to appear in 60% of cases. Type II is characterised by a complete absence of the<unk>  The bronchi are normal and fuse at the carina. In most cases, the oesophagus and the carina are joined by a fistula. Type III In type III<unk> , the<unk> is completely absent and the bronchi develop individually, originating from the oesophagus directly and without joining at the carina. No tracheoesophageal fistula is present in this case as the<unk> is completely absent. It is estimated that 27% of all cases are type III. Other classifications In 1979, Faro described seven types of<unk>  (A-G). This classification system differs from Floyd’s early propositions as it encompasses a more detailed description of the disease, including the surrounding organs such as the larynx and the lungs. The importance of this more detailed classification system is that the presence of surrounding organs, such as the larynx, might alter the observed symptoms of the traditionally defined<unk> . For example, neonates with a larynx might emit a faint cry at birth, while those with complete agenesis of the<unk> and of the larynx will not. Acknowledging these different anatomical subtypes allows for a more comprehensive diagnosis and better management of the disease. Faro type A describes a total pulmonary agenesis, in which none of the respiratory organs are present. Type B is comparable to Floyd’s type III and describes complete agenesis of the<unk>  with no joining of the bronchi. Faro type C describes total agenesis of the<unk> with normal bronchi fusing at the carina. A tracheoesophageal fistula is present and links the carina to the oesophagus. In Faro type D, the larynx is joined to the distal<unk> and a tracheoesophageal fistula links the carina to the oesophagus. Faro type E is comparable to Floyd’s type I, as the distal<unk> is present and joined to the oesophagus via a fistula. Faro type F describes the proximal absence of the<unk> but the normal presence of the distal<unk>  In this case, the<unk> is not attached to the oesophagus. In Faro type G, a segment of the<unk> is absent, defining it as partial<unk> .
Tracheal agenesis
Persistent thyroglossal duct
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Pulmonary agenesis
Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia
Laryngotracheal stenosis
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Pulmonary atresia