It is particularly important as a solvent in the production of cellulose plastics such as cellulose acetate. Fuel<unk>  has a high cetane number of 85–96 and is used as a starting fluid, in combination with petroleum distillates for gasoline and Diesel engines because of its high volatility and low flash point.<unk>  starting fluid is sold and used in countries with cold climates, as it can help with cold starting an engine at sub-zero temperatures. For the same reason it is also used as a component of the fuel mixture for carbureted compression ignition model engines. In this way<unk>  is very similar to one of its precursors, ethanol. Chemistry<unk>  is a hard Lewis base that reacts with a variety of Lewis acids such as iodine, phenol, and trimethylaluminium, and its base parameters in the ECW model are EB = 1.80 and CB = 1.63.<unk>  is a common laboratory aprotic solvent. It has limited solubility in water (6.05 g/100 ml at 25 °C) and dissolves 1.5 g/100 g (1.0 g/100 ml) water at 25 °C. This, coupled with its high volatility, makes it ideal for use as the non-polar solvent in liquid-liquid extraction. When used with an aqueous solution, the<unk>  layer is on top as it has a lower density than the water. It is also a common solvent for the Grignard reaction in addition to<unk>  reactions involving organometallic reagents. Due to its application in the manufacturing of illicit substances, it is listed in the Table II precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances as well as substances such as acetone, toluene and sulfuric acid. Anesthesia Panel from monument in Boston commemorating Morton's demonstration of<unk> 's anesthetic use. William T. G. Morton participated in a public demonstration of<unk>  anesthesia on October 16, 1846 at the<unk>  Dome in Boston, Massachusetts. However, Crawford Williamson Long is now known to have demonstrated its use privately as a general anesthetic in surgery to officials in Georgia, as early as March 30, 1842, and Long publicly demonstrated<unk> 's use as a surgical anesthetic on six occasions before the Boston demonstration. British doctors were aware of the anesthetic properties of<unk>  as early as 1840 where it was widely prescribed in conjunction with opium.<unk>  largely supplanted the use of chloroform as a general anesthetic due to<unk> 's more favorable<unk> apeutic index, that is, a greater difference between an effective dose and a potentially toxic dose.<unk>  does not depress the myocardium but rather it stimulates the sympathetic nervous system leading to hypertension and tachycardia. It is safely used in patients with shock as it preserves the baroreceptor reflex. Its minimal effect on myocardial depression and respiratory drive, as well as its low cost and high<unk> apeutic index allows it to see continued use in developing countries.<unk>  could also be mixed with<unk>  anesthetic agents such as chloroform to make C.E. mixture, or chloroform and alcohol to make A.C.E. mixture. In the 21st century,<unk>  is rarely used. The use of flammable<unk>  was displaced by nonflammable fluorinated hydrocarbon anesthetics. Halothane was the first such anesthetic developed and<unk>  currently used inhaled anesthetics, such as isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane, are halogenated<unk> s.<unk>  was found to have undesirable side effects, such as post-anesthetic nausea and vomiting. Modern anesthetic agents reduce these side effects. Prior to 2005 it was on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines for use as an anesthetic. Medicine<unk>  was once used in pharmaceutical formulations. A mixture of alcohol and<unk> , one part of<unk>  and three parts of ethanol, was known as "Spirit of<unk> ", Hoffman's Anodyne or Hoffman's Drops. In the United States this concoction was removed from the Pharmacopeia at some point prior to June 1917, as a study published by William Procter, Jr. in the American Journal of Pharmacy as early as 1852 showed that<unk> e were differences in formulation to be found between commercial manufacturers, between international pharmacopoeia, and from Hoffman's original recipe. It is also used to treat hiccups through instillation into nasal cavity. Recreation The anesthetic and intoxicating effects of<unk>  have made it a recreational drug.<unk>  in anesthetic dosage is an inhalant which has a long history of recreational use. One disadvantage is the high flammability, especially in conjunction with oxygen. One advantage is a well-defined margin between<unk> apeutic and toxic doses, which means one would lose consciousness before dangerous levels of dissolved<unk>  in blood would be reached. With a strong, dense smell,<unk>  causes irritation to respiratory mucosa and is uncomfortable to breathe, and in overdose triggering salivation, vomiting, coughing or spasms. In concentrations of 3–5% in air, an anesthetic effect can slowly be achieved in 15–20 minutes of breathing approximately 15–20 ml of<unk> , depending on body weight and physical condition.<unk>  causes a very long excitation stage prior to blacking out. The recreational use of<unk>  also took place at organised parties in the 19th century called<unk>  frolics, where guests were encouraged to inhale<unk> apeutic amounts of<unk>  or nitrous oxide, producing a state of excitation. Long, as well as fellow dentists Horace Wells, William Edward Clarke and William T. G. Morton observed that during these gatherings, people would often experience minor injuries but appear to show no reaction to the injury, nor memory that it had happened, demonstrating<unk> 's anaesthetic effects. In the 19th century and early 20th century<unk>  drinking was popular among Polish peasants. It is a traditional and still relatively popular recreational drug among Lemkos. It is usually consumed in a small quantity (kropka, or "dot") poured over milk, sugar water, or orange juice in a shot glass. As a drug, it has been known to cause psychological dependence, sometimes referred to as<unk> omania.
Diethyl ether
Triphenylbromoethylene
Phenylsilatrane
Triphenylchloroethylene
Chloroform
Desmethylchlorotrianisene
Triphenylethylene
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane