The nerve roots extending from the lumbar spine are susceptible to compression, leading to<unk> . Intervertebral discs can be dislocated to different degrees, contributing to such compression. Various etiologies of<unk>  include fractures, abscesses, hematomas, and any compression of the relevant nerve roots. Injuries to the thoracolumbar spine will not necessarily result in a clinical diagnosis of<unk> , but in all such cases it is necessary to consider. Few epidemiological studies of<unk>  have been done in the United States, owing to difficulties such as amassing sufficient cases as well as defining the affected population, therefore this is an area deserving of additional scrutiny. Traumatic spinal cord injuries occur in approximately 40 people per million annually in the United States, resulting from traumas due to motor vehicle accidents, sporting injuries, falls, and other factors. An estimated 10 to 25% of vertebral fractures will result in injury to the spinal cord. Thorough physical examinations are required, as 5 to 15% of trauma patients have fractures that initially go undiagnosed. The most frequent injuries of the thoracolumbar region are to the conus medullaris and the<unk><unk> , particularly between T12 and L2. Of these two syndromes,<unk>  is the more common.<unk>  mainly affects middle-aged individuals, particularly those in their forties and fifties, and presents more often in men. It is not a typical diagnosis, developing in only 4 to 7 out of every 10,000 to 100,000 patients, and is more likely to occur proximally. Disc herniation is reportedly the most common cause of<unk> , and it is thought that 1 to 2% of all surgical disc herniation cases result in<unk> .CES affects mainly middle-aged individuals. There is a significant cost associated with hospital admissions, as<unk>  is considered an emergent condition.<unk>  is often concurrent with congenital or degenerative diseases and represents a high cost of care to those admitted to the hospital for surgery. Hospital stays generally last 4 to 5 days, and cost an average of $100,000 to $150,000. Delays in care for<unk><unk>  results in the English NHS paying about £23 million a year in compensation.
Cauda equina syndrome
Spinal stenosis
Central cord syndrome
Occipital horn syndrome
Posterior cord syndrome
Diastematomyelia
Anterior spinal artery syndrome
Lateral medullary syndrome