A stenosis (from Ancient Greek στενός, "narrow") is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture). Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis). The term coarctation is another synonym, but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation. Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.
causes of Heart murmur
causes of Mitral insufficiency
causes of Mitral valve stenosis
causes of Cardiomegaly
causes of Cardiac tamponade
risks of Atrial fibrillation
causes of Ventricular tachycardia
medical cause of Heart murmur