Typology of<unk>  The World Health Organization divides<unk>  into three broad categories: * self-directed<unk>  * interpersonal<unk>  * collective<unk>  This initial categorization differentiates between<unk>  that a person inflicts upon themself,<unk>  inflicted by another individual or by a small group of individuals, and<unk>  inflicted by larger groups such as states, organized political groups, militia groups and terrorist organizations. Alternatively,<unk>  can primarily be classified as either instrumental or reactive / hostile. Self-directed Self-directed<unk>  is subdivided into suicidal behaviour and self-abuse. The former includes suicidal thoughts, attempted suicides—also called para suicide or deliberate self-injury in some countries—and suicide itself. Self-abuse, in contrast, includes acts such as self-mutilation. Collective Massacre of Polish civilians during Nazi Germany's occupation of Poland, December 1939 Unlike the other two broad categories, the subcategories of collective<unk>  suggest possible motives for<unk>  committed by larger groups of individuals or by states. Collective<unk>  that is committed to advance a particular social agenda includes, for example, crimes of hate committed by organized groups, terrorist acts and mob<unk> . Political<unk>  includes war and related violent conflicts, state<unk>  and similar acts carried out by armed groups. There may be multiple determinants of<unk>  against civilians in such situations. Economic<unk>  includes attacks motivated by economic gain—such as attacks carried out with the purpose of disrupting economic activity, denying access to essential services, or creating economic division and fragmentation. Clearly, acts committed by domestic and subnational groups can have multiple motives. Warfare A United States M8 Greyhound armoured car in Paris during World War II War is a state of prolonged violent large-scale conflict involving two or more groups of people, usually under the auspices of government. It is the most extreme form of collective<unk> . War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it. There are also ideological, religious and revolutionary wars. Since the Industrial Revolution the lethality of modern warfare has grown. World War I casualties were over 40 million and World War II casualties were over 70 million. Interpersonal Cain killing Abel Deaths due to interpersonal<unk>  per million persons in 2012 Saul attacks David (who had been playing music to help Saul feel better), 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld Interpersonal<unk>  is divided into two subcategories: Family and intimate partner<unk> —that is,<unk>  largely between family members and intimate partners, usually, though not exclusively, taking place in the home. Community<unk><unk>  between individuals who are unrelated, and who may or may not know each other, generally taking place outside the home. The former group includes forms of<unk>  such as child abuse, intimate partner<unk>  and abuse of the elderly. The latter includes youth<unk> , random acts of<unk> , rape or sexual assault by strangers, and<unk>  in institutional settings such as schools, workplaces, prisons and nursing homes. When interpersonal<unk>  occurs in families, its psychological consequences can affect parents, children, and their relationship in the short- and long-terms. Child maltreatment Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence and commercial or other child exploitation, which results in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust, or power. Exposure to intimate partner<unk>  is also sometimes included as a form of child maltreatment. Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious lifelong consequences, which is, however, complex and difficult to study. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused. Consequences of child maltreatment include impaired lifelong physical and mental health, and social and occupational functioning (e.g. school, job, and relationship difficulties). These can ultimately slow a country's economic and social development. Preventing child maltreatment before it starts is possible and requires a multisectoral approach. Effective prevention programmes support parents and teach positive parenting skills. Ongoing care of children and families can reduce the risk of maltreatment reoccurring and can minimize its consequences. Youth The Kids off the Block memorial featuring hundreds of simple stone blocks, one for each child killed by<unk>  in Roseland, Chicago Following the World Health Organization, youth are defined as people between the ages of 10 and 29 years. Youth<unk>  refers to<unk>  occurring between youths, and includes acts that range from bullying and physical fighting, through more severe sexual and physical assault to homicide. Worldwide some 250,000 homicides occur among youth 10–29 years of age each year, which is 41% of the total number of homicides globally each year ("Global Burden of Disease", World Health Organization, 2008). For each young person killed, 20–40 more sustain injuries requiring hospital treatment. Youth<unk>  has a serious, often lifelong, impact on a person's psychological and social functioning. Youth<unk>  greatly increases the costs of health, welfare and criminal justice services; reduces productivity; decreases the value of property; and generally undermines the fabric of society. Prevention programmes shown to be effective or to have promise in reducing youth<unk>  include life skills and social development programmes designed to help children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflict, and develop the necessary social skills to solve problems; schools-based anti-bullying prevention programmes; and programmes to reduce access to alcohol, illegal drugs and guns. Also, given significant neighbourhood effects on youth<unk> , interventions involving relocating families to less poor environments have shown promising results. Similarly, urban renewal projects such as business improvement districts have shown a reduction in youth<unk> . Different types of youth on youth<unk>  include witnessing or being involved in physical, emotional and sexual abuse (e.g. physical attacks, bullying, rape), and violent acts like gang shootings and robberies. According to researchers in 2018, "More than half of children and adolescents living in cities have experienced some form of community<unk> ." The<unk>  "can also all take place under one roof, or in a given community or neighborhood and can happen at the same time or at different stages of life." Youth<unk>  has immediate and long term adverse impact whether the individual was the recipient of the<unk>  or a witness to it. Youth<unk>  impacts individuals, their families, and society. Victims can have lifelong injuries which means ongoing doctor and hospital visits, the cost of which quickly add up. Since the victims of youth-on-youth<unk>  may not be able to attend school or work because of their physical and/or mental injuries, it is often up to their family members to take care of them, including paying their daily living expenses and medical bills. Their caretakers may have to give up their jobs or work reduced hours to provide help to the victim of<unk> . This causes a further burden on society because the victim and maybe even their caretakers have to obtain government assistance to help pay their bills. Recent research has found that psychological trauma during childhood can change a child's brain. "Trauma is known to physically affect the brain and the body which causes anxiety, rage, and the ability to concentrate. They can also have problems remembering, trusting, and forming relationships." Since the brain becomes used to<unk>  it may stay continually in an alert state (similar to being stuck in the fight or flight mode). "Researchers claim that the youth who are exposed to<unk>  may have emotional, social, and cognitive problems. They may have trouble controlling emotions, paying attention in school, withdraw from friends, or show signs of post-traumatic stress disorder". It is important for youth exposed to<unk>  to understand how their bodies may react so they can take positive steps to counteract any possible short- and long-term negative effects (e.g., poor concentration, feelings of depression, heightened levels of anxiety). By taking immediate steps to mitigate the effects of the trauma they've experienced, negative repercussions can be reduced or eliminated. As an initial step, the youths need to understand why they may be feeling a certain way and to understand how the<unk>  they have experienced may be causing negative feelings and making them behave differently. Pursuing a greater awareness of their feelings, perceptions, and negative emotions is the first step that should be taken as part of recovering from the trauma they have experienced. “Neuroscience research shows that the only way we can change the way we feel is by becoming aware of our inner experience and learning to befriend what is going on inside ourselves”. Some of the ways to combat the adverse effects of exposure to youth<unk>  would be
Violence
Self-cannibalism
Insanity
Casualty 
Imbibition
Capital punishment
Self-disorder
Assisted suicide