With<unk> , the gallstones found within the biliary system are made of calcium bilirubinate or pigmented calcium. Calcium bilirubinate stones are prevalent in Asia and very rare in Europe and the United States. They tend to be friable concretions of various shapes and sizes within the biliary tree, and their associated bile is often muddy in consistency and contains numerous fine particles of calcium bilirubinate as well. This differs greatly from cholesterol stones, which are common in Europe and the United States. The formation of calcium bilirubinate stones in<unk>  has been attributed to a high incidence of infection with Escherichia coli in bile. In humans, the majority of bilirubin is excreted in the bile as bilirubin glucuronide. Hepatolithiasis is associated with Clonorchis sinensis and Ascaris lumbricoides infestation of the liver. This theory is based on high incidence of dead parasites or ova within stone in autopsy findings.
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Hepatolithiasis
Biliary pseudolithiasis
Cholesterolosis of gallbladder
Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy
Ascending cholangitis
Primary biliary cholangitis
Ischemic hepatitis