Illustration comparing<unk>  valve regurgitation to<unk>  valve stenosis. The<unk>  valve apparatus comprises two valve leaflets, the<unk>  annulus, which forms a ring around the valve leaflets, and the papillary muscles, which tether the valve leaflets to the left ventricle and prevent them from prolapsing into the left atrium. The chordae tendineae is also present and connects the valve leaflets to the papillary muscles. Dysfunction of any of these portions of the<unk>  valve apparatus can cause regurgitation. The most common cause of<unk>  in developing countries is<unk>  valve prolapse. It is the most common cause of primary<unk>  in the United States, causing about 50% of cases. Myxomatous degeneration of the<unk>  valve is more common in women as well as with advancing age, which causes a stretching of the leaflets of the valve and the chordae tendineae. Such elongation prevents the valve leaflets from fully coming together when the valve closes, causing the valve leaflets to prolapse into the left atrium, thereby causing<unk> . Ischemic heart disease causes<unk>  by the combination of ischemic dysfunction of the papillary muscles, and the dilatation of the left ventricle. This can lead to the subsequent displacement of the papillary muscles and the dilatation of the<unk>  valve annulus. Rheumatic fever (RF), Marfan's syndrome and the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes are other typical causes.<unk>  valve stenosis (MVS) can sometimes be a cause of<unk>  <unk>  in the sense that a stenotic valve (calcified and with restricted range of movement) allows backflow (regurgitation) if it is too stiff and misshapen to close completely. Most MVS is caused by RF, so one can say that MVS is sometimes the proximal cause of MI/MR (that is, stenotic MI/MR) and that RF is often the distal cause of MVS, MI/MR, or both.<unk>  and<unk>  valve prolapse are also common in Ehlers–Danlos syndromes. Secondary<unk>  is due to the dilatation of the left ventricle that causes stretching of the<unk>  valve annulus and displacement of the papillary muscles. This dilatation of the left ventricle can be due to any cause of dilated cardiomyopathy including aortic insufficiency, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, and noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Because the papillary muscles, chordae, and valve leaflets are usually normal in such conditions, it is also called functional<unk> . Acute<unk>  is most often caused by endocarditis, mainly S. aureus. Rupture or dysfunction of the papillary muscle are also common causes in acute cases, dysfunction, which can include<unk>  valve prolapse.
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic stenosis
Tricuspid valve stenosis
Systolic hypertension