When a proximal impulse stimulates the stretch and heat receptors on one branch of a bifurcated<unk> , the produced signal moves backwards towards the point of<unk>  bifurcation. The impulse then<unk> ts down the other branch of the<unk>  to the effector organ causing<unk> .<unk> es stimulate numerous effector organs including the endocrine, vascular and circulatory systems depending on the location of the stimulation. One example is itching, a type of nociception, where the<unk>  often evokes a scratching desire. The compound capsaicin can be used to deplete the chemicals in the<unk>  nerve endings and reduce the symptoms of itching and pain. Physiologically, the<unk>  helps to maintain homeostasis, or regulation of the body's internal environment in response to the changing external environment, ensuring the internal environment is stable and relatively constant. The<unk>  responds to external changes in temperature, chemical concentration, and air composition. Examples of<unk>  mediated mechanisms include itching, inflammation, pain, asthma, and dermal circulation. Vasodilation The body responds to multiple types of trauma including infection, physical injury, or toxic tissue damage through inflammation. When pain sensation increases, the<unk>  stimulates (and is responsible for) to release of many necessary chemicals that promote local tissue inflammation of the traumatized region.<unk>  regulates vasodilation, or the extra blood flow to target tissues.<unk>  allows muscles to contract in the shortest amount of time possible by regulating the signal conduction in the neuromuscular junction. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation, an effect that can be caused from<unk>  stimulation in certain tissues, demonstrated compared to the normal blood vessel. In dermal circulation, the<unk>  controls the temperature and circulation in the tissues through vasodilation. Small nerve fibers called thermoreceptors are sensitive to temperature and can act as sensors that initiate<unk>  mediated vasodilation. Neuromuscular diseases can be predicted early by the presence of abnormal muscle fiber<unk> es and corresponding twitches. This arises because<unk> s can generate their own action potentials when hyperexcited from the original stimulus; this is known as a fasciculation potential in the muscle fiber. Fasciculations are prominent features in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and could be evidence of abnormal<unk>  with further research. Asthma In asthma, the<unk>  induces the release of various neuropeptides, including substance P, neurokinin A, and calcitonin. All three of these neuropeptides cause contraction of the smooth muscle in the airway, which also happens through a similar mechanism in allergies. This same reaction mechanism is also responsible for the loss of body heat in the extremities, demonstrated via the Hunter's Test. One clinical test for the patient that can be performed is the QSART, or the Quantitative Sudomotor<unk>  Testing, which stimulates the autonomic nervous system of an individual by stimulating sweat glands through the promotion of<unk> es. The skin is stimulated with electricity, causing said<unk> es, which allows for the assessment of the type and severity of autonomic nervous disorders and peripheral neuropathies like asthma or multiple sclerosis. Sweat response Humans and primates use the sudomotor response to cause thermoregulation, or control of their body temperature, mainly via the sympathetic nervous system with negligible influences from the parasympathetic nervous system. Heat sensitive receptors are present in the skin, viscera, and spinal cord where they receive information from the outside environment, and send it to the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus. A sweat response stimulates M3 muscarinic receptors on sweat glands and a sudomotor<unk> . In the sudomotor<unk> , cholinergic agents bind to the nicotinic receptors on the sudomotor nerve terminals, evoking an impulse that travels towards the soma, or opposite of the normal impulse. At the soma of the postganglionic sympathetic sudomotor neuron, the impulse branches and travels orthodromically, or away from the soma. Finally, as this impulse reaches other sweat glands, it causes an indirect<unk>  sweat response. Sudomotor<unk> es can be peripherally amplified in the transmission of the action potential magnitude by acetylcholine. Acetylcholine also activates sudomotor fibers and primary afferent nociceptors, triggering<unk> es in both. However, with nerve damage (neuropathy) there is still some increase in<unk>  mediated sweating.
Axon reflex
Baroreflex
H-reflex
Tendon reflex
Moro reflex
Landau reflex
Bekhterev–Mendel reflex
Scratch reflex