Overall outcomes for<unk>  are generally poor, which is contributed to by<unk> 's various diagnostic and management challenges. In the long term,<unk>  is debilitating due to both the<unk>  attacks and permanent damage associated with<unk> . This damage can include cognitive impairment, behavioral and psychiatric disorders, and various motor impairments. There is, however, not yet any conclusive evidence that<unk>  is fatal or that it shortens life expectancy, but the relatively recent discovery of the disorder makes large data for this type of information unavailable. Treatment for<unk>  has not been extremely successful, and there is no cure. There are several drugs available for treatment, as well as management strategies for preventing and dealing with<unk>  attacks. Management strategies<unk>  attacks can be brought on by particular triggers, and management of<unk>  often centers around avoiding common or known triggers. While triggers vary greatly from person to person, there are also some common ones which are prevalent in many patients. Common triggers include temperature changes, water exposure, bright lights, certain foods, emotional stress, and physical activity. While avoiding triggers may help, it cannot prevent all<unk>  episodes because many occur without being triggered. Because attacks and other associated symptoms end with sleep, various sedatives can be used to help patients sleep. Flunarizine The most common drug used to treat<unk>  is flunarizine. Flunarizine functions by acting as a calcium channel blocker. Other drugs, in order of frequency of use are benzodiazepines, carbamazapine, barbiturates, and valproic acid. Flunarizine is prescribed for the purpose of reducing the severity of<unk>  attacks and the number of episodes, though it rarely stops attacks altogether. Minimizing the attacks may help reduce damage to the body from<unk>  attacks and improve long-term outcomes as far as mental and physical disabilities are concerned. Experts differ in their confidence in flunarizine's effectiveness. Some studies have found it to be very effective in reducing the duration, severity, and frequency of<unk>  attacks. It is generally considered the best treatment available, but this drug is thought by some to be of little benefit to<unk>  patients. Many patients suffer adverse effects without seeing any improvement. Flunarizine also causes problems because it is difficult for patients to obtain, as it is not readily available in the United States. Sodium oxybate In 2009 through 2011 clinical research at the University of Utah investigated whether sodium oxybate, also known as Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is an effective treatment for<unk> . Thus far, only a small number of patients have been sampled, and no conclusive results are yet available. While some success has been had thus far with the drug,<unk>  patients have been known to respond well initially to other drugs, but then the effectiveness will decline over time. Currently, sodium oxybate is used as a narcolepsy-cataplexy treatment, though in the past it has been used controversially in nutritional supplements. This drug was chosen to test because of a possible link between the causes of narcolepsy-cataplexy and<unk> .
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
Acute cerebellar ataxia of childhood
Ataxic cerebral palsy
Dyskinetic cerebral palsy
Babinski–Nageotte syndrome
Non-progressive congenital ataxia
Infantile progressive bulbar palsy