<unk><unk>  modules can be characterized by the information processing that they encode and the organization of their transcription factor binding sites. Additionally,<unk><unk>  modules are also characterized by the way they affect the probability, proportion, and rate of transcription. Highly cooperative and coordinated<unk><unk>  modules are classified as enhanceosomes. The architecture and the arrangement of the transcription factor binding sites are critical because disruption of the arrangement could cancel out the function. Functional flexible<unk><unk>  modules are called billboards. Their transcriptional output is the summation effect of the bound transcription factors. Enhancers affect the probability of a gene being activated, but have little or no effect on rate. The Binary response model acts like an on/off switch for transcription. This model will increase or decrease the amount of cells that transcribe a gene, but it does not affect the rate of transcription. Rheostatic response model describes<unk><unk>  modules as<unk>  of the initiation rate of transcription of its associated gene. Promoter Promoters are<unk> s consisting of relatively short sequences of DNA which include the site where transcription is initiated and the region approximately 35 bp upstream or downstream from the initiation site (bp). In eukaryotes, promoters usually have the following four components: the TATA box, a TFIIB recognition site, an initiator, and the downstream core promoter<unk> . It has been found that a single gene can contain multiple promoter sites. In order to initiate transcription of the downstream gene, a host of DNA-binding proteins called transcription factors (TFs) must bind sequentially to this region. Only once this region has been bound with the appropriate set of TFs, and in the proper order, can RNA polymerase bind and begin transcribing the gene. Enhancers Enhancers are<unk> s that influence (enhance) the transcription of genes on the same molecule of DNA and can be found upstream, downstream, within the introns, or even relatively far away from the gene they regulate. Multiple enhancers can act in a coordinated fashion to regulate transcription of one gene. A number of genome-wide sequencing projects have revealed that enhancers are often transcribed to long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) or enhancer RNA (eRNA), whose changes in levels frequently correlate with those of the target gene mRNA. Silencers Silencers are<unk> s that can bind transcription regulation factors (proteins) called repressors, thereby preventing transcription of a gene. The term "silencer" can also refer to a region in the 3' untranslated region of messenger RNA, that binds proteins which suppress translation of that mRNA molecule, but this usage is distinct from its use in describing a<unk> . Operators Operators are<unk> s in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes that exist within operons, where they can bind proteins called repressors to affect transcription.
Cis-regulatory element
Insertion sequence
Active chromatin sequence
Regulator gene
Replicon 
Mutanome
Pre-integration complex
Origin recognition complex