A Coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object, and a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit. Brain injuries can result from a number of conditions, including: * trauma; multiple traumatic injuries can lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy. A coup-contrecoup injury occurs when the force impacting the head is not only strong enough to cause a contusion at the site of impact, but also able to move the brain and cause it to displace rapidly into the opposite side of the skull, causing an additional contusion. * open head injury * closed head injury * penetrating: when a sharp object enters the brain, causing a large<unk>  area. Penetrating injuries caused by bullets have a 91 percent mortality rate. * deceleration injuries * poisoning; for example, from heavy metals including mercury and compounds of lead *Genetic disorder * hypoxia, including birth hypoxia * tumors * infections * stroke leading to infarct, which may follow thrombosis, embolisms, angiomas, aneurysms, and cerebral arteriosclerosis. * neurological illness or disorders such as cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, etc * surgery * Substance use disorder * neurotoxins- pollution exposure or biological exposure (Annonaceae, rotenone, Aspergillus spores, West Nile fever, Viral meningitis) * failed suicide attempt such as hanging, falling off from height, and even on rare occasion getting shot by a firearm, etc. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy can cause<unk>  to the neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte cells that produce myelin. Radiation and chemotherapy can lead to brain tissue<unk>  by disrupting or stopping blood flow to the affected areas of the brain. This<unk>  can cause long term effects such as but not limited to; memory loss, confusion, and loss of cognitive function. The<unk>  caused by radiation depends on where the brain tumor is located, the amount of radiation used, and the duration of the treatment. Radiosurgery can also lead to tissue<unk>  that results in about 1 in 20 patients requiring a second operation to remove the<unk> d tissue. Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome can cause<unk>  and results from a Vitamin B deficiency. This syndrome presents with two conditions, Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis. Typically Wernicke’s encephalopathy precedes symptoms of Korsakoff psychosis. Wernicke’s encephalopathy causes bleeding in the thalamus or hypothalamus, which controls the nervous and endocrine system. Due to the bleeding,<unk>  occurs causing problems with vision, coordination, and balance. Korsakoff psychosis typically follows after the symptoms of Wernicke’s decrease and result from chronic<unk> . Korsakoff psychosis affect memory. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is typically caused by chronic heavy alcohol use or by conditions that affect nutritional absorption, including colon cancer, eating disorders and gastric bypass. Iatrogenic Brain lesions are sometimes intentionally inflicted during neurosurgery, such as the carefully placed brain lesion used to treat epilepsy and other brain disorders. These lesions are induced by excision or by electric shocks (electrolytic lesions) to the exposed brain or commonly by infusion of excitotoxins to specific areas. Diffuse axonal Diffuse axonal injury is caused by shearing forces on the brain leading to lesions in the white matter tracts of the brain. These shearing forces are seen in cases where the brain had a sharp rotational acceleration, and is caused by the difference in density between white matter and grey matter.
Brain damage
Nerve injury
Head injury
Central nervous system disease
Stroke recovery
Acquired brain injury
Trauma
Soft tissue injury