<unk>  cases reported in the United States before and after introduction of the vaccine.<unk>  cases reported in Canada before and after introduction of the vaccine. Between 1959 and 1968<unk>  was not nationally reportable, hence there are no data are this period.<unk>  cases reported in England and Wales. One dose is about 93% effective while two doses of the vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing<unk> . Before the widespread use of the vaccine,<unk>  was so common that infection was considered "as inevitable as death and taxes." In the United States, reported cases of<unk>  fell from 3 to 4 million with 400 to 500 deaths to tens of thousands per year following introduction of two<unk> s in 1963 (both an inactivated and a live attenuated vaccine (Edmonston B strain) were licensed for use, see chart at right). Increasing uptake of the vaccine following outbreaks in 1971 and 1977 brought this down to thousands of cases per year in the 1980s. An outbreak of almost 30,000 cases in 1990 led to a renewed push for vaccination and the addition of a second vaccine to the recommended schedule. No more than 220 cases were reported in any year from 1997 to 2013, and the disease was believed no longer endemic in the United States. In 2014, 667 cases were reported. The benefit of<unk> tion in preventing illness, disability, and death have been well documented. Within the first 20 years of being licensed in the U.S.,<unk> tion prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of intellectual disability, and 5,200 deaths. From 1999 to 2004 a strategy led by the WHO and UNICEF led to improvements in<unk> tion coverage that averted an estimated 1.4 million<unk>  deaths worldwide. The vaccine for<unk>  led to the near-complete elimination of the disease in the United States and other developed countries. While the vaccine is made with a live virus which can cause side effects, these are far fewer and less serious than the sickness and death caused by<unk>  itself; side effects ranging from rashes to, rarely, convulsions, occur in a small percentage of recipients.<unk>  is common worldwide. Although it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, high rates of vaccination and excellent communication with those who refuse vaccination are needed to prevent outbreaks and sustain the elimination of<unk> . Of the 66 cases of<unk>  reported in the U.S. in 2005, slightly over half were attributable to one unvaccinated teenager who became infected during a visit to Romania. This individual returned to a community with many unvaccinated children. The resulting outbreak infected 34 people, mostly children and virtually all unvaccinated; three of them were hospitalized. The public health response required making almost 5,000 phone calls as part of contact tracing, arranging and performing testing as needed, and arranging emergency vaccination for at-risk people who had had contact with this person. Taxpayers and local healthcare organizations likely paid more than US$167,000 in direct costs to contain this one outbreak. A major epidemic was averted due to high rates of vaccination in the surrounding communities. The vaccine has non specific effects such as preventing respiratory infections, that may be greater than those of<unk>  prevention alone. These benefits are greater when the vaccine is given before one year of age. A high-titre vaccine resulted in worse outcomes in girls, and consequently is not recommended by the World Health Organization. Schedule The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends two doses of vaccine for all children. In countries with high risk of disease the first dose should be given around nine months of age. Otherwise it can be given at twelve months of age. The second dose should be given at least one month after the first dose. This is often done at age 15 to 18 months. After one dose at the age of nine months 85% are immune, while a dose at twelve months results in 95% immunity. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that children aged six to eleven months traveling outside the United States receive their first dose of MMR vaccine before departure and then receive two more doses; one at 12–15 months (12 months for children in high-risk areas) and the second as early as four weeks later. Otherwise the first dose is typically given at 12–15 months and the second at 4–6 years. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) recommendation is for a first dose at around 13 months of age and the second at three years and four months old. In Canada, Health Canada recommends that children traveling outside North America should receive an MMR vaccine if they are aged six to 12 months. However, after the child is 12 months old they should receive two additional doses to ensure long-lasting protection.
Measles vaccine
Typhus vaccine
Polio vaccine
Rabies vaccine
Typhoid vaccine
Hantavirus vaccine
MMR vaccine
Mumps vaccine