Diagram showing<unk>  being drained<unk>  is generally treated while an underlying cause is sought, in order to prevent complications, relieve symptoms, and prevent further progression. In people with mild<unk> , therapy is usually as an outpatient. The goal is weight loss of no more than 1.0 kg/day for people with both<unk>  and peripheral edema and no more than 0.5 kg/day for people with<unk>  alone. In those with severe<unk>  causing a tense abdomen, hospitalization is generally necessary for paracentesis. High serum-ascites albumin gradient (transudative)<unk>  Diet Salt restriction is the initial treatment, which allows diuresis (production of urine) since the person now has more fluid than salt concentration. Salt restriction is effective in about 15% of these people. Water restriction is needed if serum sodium levels drop below 130 mmol L−1. Diuretics Since salt restriction is the basic concept in treatment, and aldosterone is one of the hormones that acts to increase salt retention, a medication that counteracts aldosterone should be sought. Spironolactone (or other distal-tubule diuretics such as triamterene or amiloride) is the drug of choice since they block the aldosterone receptor in the collecting tubule. This choice has been confirmed in a randomized controlled trial. Diuretics for<unk>  should be dosed once per day. Generally, the starting dose is oral spironolactone 100 mg/day (max 400 mg/day). 40% of people will respond to spironolactone. For nonresponders, a loop diuretic may also be added and generally, furosemide is added at a dose of 40 mg/day (max 160 mg/day), or alternatively (bumetanide or torasemide). The ratio of 100:40 reduces risks of potassium imbalance. Serum potassium level and renal function should be monitored closely while on these medications. Monitoring diuresis: Diuresis can be monitored by weighing the person daily. The goal is weight loss of no more than 1.0 kg/day for people with both<unk>  and peripheral edema and no more than 0.5 kg/day for people with<unk>  alone. If daily weights cannot be obtained, diuretics can also be guided by the urinary sodium concentration. Dosage is increased until a negative sodium balance occurs. A random urine sodium-to-potassium ratio of > 1 is 90% sensitivity in predicting negative balance (> 78-mmol/day sodium excretion). Diuretic resistance: Diuretic resistance can be predicted by giving 80 mg intravenous furosemide after 3 days without diuretics and on an 80 mEq sodium/day diet. The urinary sodium excretion over 8 hours < 50 mEq/8 hours predicts resistance. If the person exhibits a resistance or poor response to diuretic therapy, ultrafiltration or aquapheresis may be needed to achieve adequate control of fluid retention and congestion. The use of such mechanical methods of fluid removal can produce meaningful clinical benefits in people with diuretic resistance and may restore responsiveness to conventional doses of diuretics. Paracentesis In those with severe (tense)<unk> , therapeutic paracentesis may be needed in addition to medical treatments listed above. As this may deplete serum albumin levels in the blood, albumin is generally administered intravenously in proportion to the amount of<unk>  removed. Surgery<unk>  that is refractory to medical therapy is considered an indication for liver transplantation. In the United States, the MELD score ( online calculator) is used to prioritize people for transplantation. In a minority of people with advanced cirrhosis that have recurrent<unk> , shunts may be used. Typical shunts used are portacaval shunt, peritoneovenous shunt, and the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). However, none of these shunts has been shown to extend life expectancy, and are considered to be bridged to liver transplantation. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the international Cochrane Collaboration concluded that "TIPS was more effective at removing<unk>  as compared with paracentesis...however, people with TIPS develop hepatic encephalopathy significantly more often". Another potential treatment option for patients suffering from refractory/malignant<unk>  is the alfapump, (automated low flow<unk>  pump) which is an implantable device that removes<unk>  out of the peritoneal cavity and transports it via the pump into the bladder, where it passed naturally from the body through urination. Low SAAG ("exudative")<unk>  Exudative<unk>  generally does not respond to manipulation of the salt balance or diuretic therapy. Repeated paracentesis and treatment of the underlying cause is the mainstay of treatment.
Ascites
Biliary sludge
Hepatolithiasis
Gallstone
Liver abscess
Biliary colic
Perihepatitis
Hepatic hydrothorax