Surgery The treatment of choice is complete surgical removal (i.e., complete resection).<unk> s are normally well-encapsulated and noninvasive of surrounding tissues, hence they are relatively easy to resect from surrounding tissues. Exceptions include<unk> s in the brain, and very large, complex<unk> s that have pushed into and become interlaced with adjacent muscles and other structures. Prevention of recurrence does not require en bloc resection of surrounding tissues. Chemotherapy For malignant<unk> s, usually, surgery is followed by chemotherapy.<unk> s that are in surgically inaccessible locations, or are very complex, or are likely to be malignant (due to late discovery and/or treatment) sometimes are treated first with chemotherapy. Follow-up Although often described as benign, a<unk>  does have malignant potential. In a UK study of 351 infants and children diagnosed with "benign"<unk>  reported 227 with MT, 124 with IT. Five years after surgery, event-free survival was 92.2% and 85.9%, respectively, and overall survival was 99% and 95.1%. A similar study in Italy reported on 183 infants and children diagnosed with<unk> . At 10 years after surgery, event-free and overall survival were 90.4% and 98%, respectively. Depending on which tissue(s) it contains, a<unk>  may secrete a variety of chemicals with systemic effects. Some<unk> s secrete the "pregnancy hormone" human chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG), which can be used in clinical practice to monitor the successful treatment or relapse in patients with a known HCG-secreting<unk> . This hormone is not recommended as a diagnostic marker, because most<unk> s do not secrete it. Some<unk> s secrete thyroxine, in some cases to such a degree that it can lead to clinical hyperthyroidism in the patient. Of special concern is the secretion of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); under some circumstances, AFP can be used as a diagnostic marker specific for the presence of yolk sac cells within the<unk> . These cells can develop into a frankly malignant tumor known as yolk sac tumor or endodermal sinus tumor. Adequate follow-up requires close observation, involving repeated physical examination, scanning (ultrasound, MRI, or CT), and measurement of AFP and/or βhCG.
Teratoma
Lipoma
Embryoma
Dermoid cyst
Gonadoblastoma
Spina bifida
Immature teratoma
Blastoma