<unk>  is caused by a variety of factors; these can be fetal, maternal, placental or genetic factors. Maternal * Pre-pregnancy weight and nutritional status * Poor weight gain during pregnancy * Malnutrition * Anemia * Substance use: smoking, alcohol, drugs including marijuana or cocaine * Medication: warfarin, steroids, anticonvulsants * Inter-pregnancy interval of less than 6 months *Assisted reproductive technologies * Pre-gestational diabetes * Gestational diabetes * Pulmonary disease * Cardiovascular disease * Kidney disease * Hypertension * Celiac disease increases the risk of<unk>  by an odds ratio of approximately 2.48 *Subclinical hypothyroidism * Blood clotting disorder/disease (e.g., Factor V Leiden) Uteroplacental * Preeclampsia * Multiple gestation * Uterine malformations * Placental insufficiency Fetal * Chromosomal abnormalities * Vertically transmitted infections: TORCH, Malaria, congenital HIV infection, Syphilis * Erythroblastosis fetalis * Congenital abnormalities Genetic * Placental genes * Maternal genes: Endothelin-1 over-expression, Leptin under-expression * Fetal genes
Intrauterine growth restriction
Uremic fetor
Low Birth Weight
Neonatal hypocalcemia
Small for gestational age
Fetal distress
Large for gestational age
Fetal hydantoin syndrome