<unk>  <unk> , also known as<unk>  oviduct syndrome, is a congenital disorder related to male sexual development.<unk>  usually affects phenotypically normal male individuals with the karyotype (46, XY) and is a form of pseudohermaphroditism. The condition occurs in males and consists of normal-functioning reproductive organs and gonads, but also female reproductive organs such as the uterus and the fallopian tubes. The fetus has two sets of tubes which give rise to accessory reproductive organs - the (Wolffian) mesonephric<unk> s and the<unk>  paramesonephric<unk> s. Usually, the Wolffian<unk>  gives rise to male reproductive organs (specifically the testicle, epididymis and vas deferens) while the<unk>  to female (the fallopian tubes, the uterus and the vagina), while the other<unk>  regresses. In<unk> , an abnormality in the anti-Müllerian hormone signalling pathway causes the in-males-redundant<unk> <unk>  to persist and give rise to variously developed female reproductive organs.<unk>  has various causes related to AMH or receptor abnormalities. For example, AMH has failed to synthesize, failed to release or was secreted at the wrong time. Normally, both the<unk>  and Wolffian<unk> s are present during the 7th week of gestation. At approximately the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 8th week of gestation, the Sertoli cell's secretion of AMH occurs, causing male sex differentiation during fetal development. The AMH molecules bind to AMHRII (anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type II) regressing the<unk> <unk> . The Leydig cells secrete testosterone to aid the male differentiation process by inducing structures such as the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. However, with<unk>  individuals, the<unk> <unk>  persists instead of regressing, either due to AMH secretion <unk>  Type I) or AMH receptors <unk>  Type II).<unk>  is usually coincidentally found during surgery for inguinal hernia, or when searching for adult male infertility causes. Other diagnostic tests Genetic Another method for the confirmation of<unk>  is genetic testing. It is not usually preferred because of its processing period and cost. With image screenings such as ultrasound and MRI, the condition can be efficiently confirmed. Genetic tests can identify those who hold the mutated gene, identify the family member's chances and risks, and advise those who are trying to get pregnant. Genetic counseling and further genetic testing is offered to confirm the chances and risks of an individual's offspring obtaining the pair of mutated genes. Further research into the family tree and inheritance is possible as well. ELISA An ELISA test is a form of immunoassay, a technique which uses an antibody or antigen to identify the presence of particular substances. For<unk> , ELISA tests can be used to determine the levels of AMH within the male individual's serum, but this is only effective before the individual reaches puberty as it normally increases during this period.<unk>  patients display low levels of AMH within the serum, and low levels of testosterone.
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
Mixed Müllerian tumor
Müllerian agenesis
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome
Persistent adrenarche syndrome
Cryptorchidism
Ovarian remnant syndrome
Caudal regression syndrome