Simple subjective Peripheral Nerve stimulator Quantitative electromyographic recording at adductor pollicis muscle and stimulation of the ulnar nerveIn anesthesia,<unk>  blocking agents may be required to facilitate endotracheal intubation and provide optimal surgical conditions. When<unk>  blocking agents are administered,<unk>  function of the patient must be monitored.<unk>  function monitoring is a technique that involves the electrical stimulation of a motor nerve and monitoring the response of the muscle supplied by that nerve. It may be used from the induction of to recovery from<unk>  blockade. Importantly, it is used to confirm adequacy of recovery after the administration of<unk>  blocking agents. The response of the muscles to electrical stimulation of the nerves can be recorded subjectively (qualitative) or objectively (quantitatively). Quantitative techniques include electromyography, acceleromyography, kinemyography, phonomygraphy and mechanomyography.<unk>  is recommended when<unk> -blocking drugs have been part of the general anesthesia and the doctor wishes to avoid postoperative residual curarization (PORC) in the patient, that is, the residual paralysis of muscles stemming from these drugs. When train of four monitoring is "used continuously, each set (train) of stimuli normally is repeated every 10th to 12th second. Each stimulus in the train causes the muscle to contract, and 'fade' in the response provides the basis for evaluation." These sets are called trains because their shape bears the resemblance of a train. In train of four monitoring, "peripheral nerve stimulation can ensure proper medication dosing and thus decrease the incidence of side effects" by "assessing the depth of<unk>  blockade". Before the patient is fully awake, voluntary muscle testing is not possible and indirect clinical tests, such as apparent muscle tone and pulmonary compliance, can be affected by factors other than PORC. Direct<unk>  avoids these problems and allows the doctor to remedy PORC before it becomes a source of patient distress.
Neuromuscular monitoring
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
Electrophysiology
Cardiac monitoring
Intracranial pressure monitoring
Transcranial pulsed ultrasound
Clinical neurophysiology
Electroneuronography