Throughout its history,<unk>  has been the subject of internal and external<unk>  and<unk> . According to magnetic healer Daniel D. Palmer, the founder of<unk> , "vertebral subluxation" was the sole cause of all diseases and manipulation was the cure for all disease. A 2003 profession-wide survey found "most chiropractors (whether 'straights' or 'mixers') still hold views of Innate Intelligence and of the cause and cure of disease (not just back pain) consistent with those of the Palmers". A critical evaluation stated<unk>  is rooted in mystical concepts. This led to an internal conflict within the<unk>  profession, which continues today." Chiropractors, including D.D. Palmer, were jailed for practicing medicine without a license. D.D. Palmer considered establishing<unk>  as a religion to resolve this problem. For most of its existence,<unk>  has battled with mainstream medicine, sustained by antiscientific and pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation.<unk>  researchers have documented that fraud, abuse and quackery are more prevalent in<unk>  than in other health care professions. Unsubstantiated claims about the efficacy of<unk>  have continued to be made by individual chiropractors and<unk>  associations. The core concept of traditional<unk> , vertebral subluxation, is not based on sound science. Collectively, systematic reviews have not demonstrated that spinal manipulation, the main treatment method employed by chiropractors, was effective for any medical condition, with the possible exception of treatment for back pain. Spinal manipulation, particularly of the upper spine, can, rarely, cause complications in adults and children that can cause permanent disability or death. In 2008, Simon Singh was sued for libel by the British<unk>  Association (BCA) for criticizing their activities in a column in The Guardian. A preliminary hearing took place at the Royal Courts of Justice in front of judge David Eady. The judge held that merely using the phrase "happily promotes bogus treatments" meant that he was stating, as a matter of fact, that the British<unk>  Association was being consciously dishonest in promoting<unk>  for treating the children's ailments in question. An editorial in Nature has suggested that the BCA may be trying to suppress debate and that this use of British libel law is a burden on the right to freedom of expression, which is protected by the European Convention on Human Rights. The libel case ended with the BCA withdrawing its suit in 2010. Chiropractors historically were strongly opposed to vaccination based on their belief that all diseases were traceable to causes in the spine, and therefore could not be affected by vaccines. Some chiropractors continue to be opposed to vaccination. Early opposition to water fluoridation included chiropractors in the U.S. Some chiropractors opposed water fluoridation as being incompatible with<unk>  philosophy and an infringement of personal freedom. More recently, other chiropractors have actively promoted fluoridation, and several<unk>  organizations have endorsed scientific principles of public health.
Chiropractic controversy and criticism
Prescription drug addiction
Biopsychiatry controversy
Addiction vulnerability
Lists of medical eponyms
Surrogacy laws by country
Tolerated illness
Virtual reality sickness