Overview There are pharmacological and non-pharmacological considerations in improving the symptoms of<unk> . Currently, no pharmacological agents are indicated to treat<unk> , but research remains ongoing. Non-pharmacological strategies to manage<unk>  symptoms are utilized, with focus on diet and exercise. Pharmacological Hormone Therapy Hormone therapy, also known as estrogen therapy, was previously a common treatment for<unk> . However, more recent research indicates that hormone therapy is not an effective treatment for<unk>  cognitive symptoms. A 2008 Cochrane review of 16 trials concluded that there is a body of evidence that suggests that hormone replacement therapy is unable to prevent cognitive decline or maintain cognitive function in healthy<unk>  women when given over a short or long period of time. Conversely, studies have also suggested that the use of hormone replacement therapy are unlikely to have negative cognitive effects when used for their approved indications. Previous research suggested that increases in blood flow to the hippocampus and temporal lobe occurred from hormone therapy, improving<unk>  symptoms. More recent research no longer supports this, and is inconclusive as to the true effects of estrogen on hippocampal volume as studies show results differing from improved cognition and maintained hippocampal volume when hormone therapy is administered during menopause to results showing no obvious beneficial results. Research focusing on adiponectin (ADPN) has yielded positive results in the development of possible treatments for<unk> . A study has shown an association between higher levels of ADPN and increased cognitive performance in<unk>  women. However, an ADPN receptor agonist has yet to be discovered. Psychostimulant Therapy There is ongoing research regarding the efficacy of psychostimulant drugs such as lisdexamphetamine (Vyvanse) and atomoxetine (Strattera) in treating<unk>  and menopausal<unk> . Non-Pharmacological Diet Western diet and a Mediterranean diet. Individuals play an important role in maintaining their cognitive health. One way to achieve this is by the promotion of healthy nutrition. In particular, the Mediterranean diet, defined as being low in saturated fat and high in vegetable oils, showed improvement in aspects of cognitive function. This diet consists of low intake of sweets and eggs, moderate intakes of meat and fish, dairy products and red wine, and high intake of leafy green vegetables, pulses/legumes and nuts, fruits, cereal, and cold pressed extra virgin olive oil. Further analysis concluded that the Mediterranean diet supplemented by olive oil resulted in better cognition and memory as compared to the Mediterranean diet plus mixed nuts combination. Supplementation Soy isoflavones (SIF), a type of phytoestrogen which can be found in soybeans, fruits and nuts, has been shown to improve cognitive outcomes in recent<unk>  women of less than 10 years. This suggests that the initiation of SIF may have a critical margin of opportunity when used at a younger age in<unk>  women. In addition to improved cognitive functions and visual memory, no evidence of harm from SIF supplementation was revealed with the dose ranges tested in multiple trials. Analysis of multiple randomized controlled trials have brought attention to black cohosh and red clover (which contain phytoestrogen) and its potential as an efficacious treatment of menopausal symptoms. Black cohosh did not reveal any evidence of risk of harm, but lack of good evidence cannot firmly conclude its safety. Overall, the results suggested that neither botanical treatments provided any cognitive benefits. Resveratrol, another bioactive compound derived from plants, has also shown to improve cognitive performance in<unk>  women. There are ongoing trials studying the cognitive benefits of resveratrol in early versus late<unk>  women. Chronic Gingko biloba supplementation has been shown to improve "mental flexibility" in "older and more cognitively impaired"<unk>  women. However, a combined Gingko biloba and ginger supplementation had no effect on memory or cognitive performance in<unk>  women. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation may improve cognition in women with<unk>  but does not benefit those without cognitive impairment. More long-term studies are required to study the efficacy of DHEA and its role in cognition and<unk>  women. Exercise Regular physical exercise may prevent symptoms of<unk> . Studies have shown an association between exercise and "lower rates of cognitive decline" in<unk>  women. On the other hand, an inactive lifestyle has been strongly associated with "higher rates of cognitive decline" in<unk>  women. Mind-Body Therapy Studies have shown benefits of mind-body therapies in women with<unk>  symptoms including cognitive impairment. Mindfulness, hypnosis, and yoga may help decrease symptoms of insomnia, depression, or hot flashes in<unk>  women which leads to better cognitive performance.
Postmenopausal confusion
Hyperprolactinemic SAHA syndrome
Late-onset hypogonadism
Premenstrual syndrome
Syndrome of subjective doubles
Amenomania
Menstrual disorder
Postorgasmic illness syndrome