Management of<unk>  may take place through medical services, law enforcement, counseling, and other forms of prevention and intervention. Participants in<unk>  may require medical treatment, such as examination by a family physician, other primary care provider, or emergency room physicians. Counseling is another means of managing the effects of<unk> . For the victim of abuse, counseling may include an assessment of the presence, extent and types of abuse. A lethality assessment is a tool that can assist in determining the best course of treatment for a client, as well as helping the client to recognize dangerous behaviors and more subtle abuse in their relationship. In a study of victims of<unk> -related attempted homicide, only about one-half of the participants recognized that their perpetrator was capable of killing them, as many<unk>  victims minimize the true seriousness of their situation. Another important component is safety planning, which allows the victim to plan for dangerous situations they may encounter, and is effective regardless of their decision on whether they remain with their perpetrator. Counseling may be used by offenders to minimize the risk of future<unk> , or to stop the<unk>  and repair the harm it has caused. Most commonly, to date, convicted or self-referring offenders undertake programmes for perpetrators of intimate partner<unk> . These are delivered in a group format, one or two hours per week, over a set time period. Programme facilitators guide participants through a curriculum of adult education-style modules, which draw on a variety of therapeutic approaches, but predominantly cognitive behavioural therapy and psycho-education. A debate on the effectiveness of these programmes is ongoing. While some partners and ex-partners of offenders have experienced improvements in their situation, others have not, and there also appears to be a risk of doing harm. Along with using group work, there are other approaches that incorporate individual and conjoint conversations to help stop the<unk>  and restore the victims' safety and respect. Prevention and intervention includes ways to prevent<unk>  by offering safe shelter, crisis intervention, advocacy, and education and prevention programs. Community screening for<unk>  can be more systematic in cases of animal abuse, healthcare settings, emergency departments, behavioral health settings and court systems. Tools are being developed to facilitate<unk>  screening such as mobile apps. The Duluth Model or<unk>  Abuse Intervention Project is a program developed to reduce<unk>  against women, which is the first multi-disciplinary program designed to address the issue of<unk>  by coordinating the actions of a variety of agencies dealing with<unk>  conflict.<unk>  hotlines offer advice, support and referral services to those in abusive relationships.
Domestic violence
Sexual violence
Physical abuse
Psychological abuse
Childhood trauma
Child abuse
Intimate partner violence
Botanical sexism