The threat and enforcement of physical punishment has been a tried and tested method of preventing some<unk>  since civilisation began. It is used in various degrees in most countries. Public awareness campaigns Cities and counties throughout the United States organize<unk>  Prevention Months” where the mayor, by proclamation, or the county, by a resolution, encourage the private, community and public sectors to engage in activities that raise awareness that<unk>  is not acceptable through art, music, lectures and events. For example,<unk>  Prevention Month coordinator, Karen Earle Lile in Contra Costa County, California created a Wall of Life, where children drew pictures that were put up in the walls of banks and public spaces, displaying a child's view of<unk>  they had witnessed and how it affected them, in an effort to draw attention to how<unk>  affects the community, not just the people involved. Interpersonal<unk>  A review of scientific literature by the World Health Organization on the effectiveness of strategies to prevent interpersonal<unk>  identified the seven strategies below as being supported by either strong or emerging evidence for effectiveness. These strategies target risk factors at all four levels of the ecological model. Child–caregiver relationships Among the most effective such programmes to prevent child maltreatment and reduce childhood aggression are the Nurse Family Partnership home-visiting programme and the Triple P (Parenting Program). There is also emerging evidence that these programmes reduce convictions and violent acts in adolescence and early adulthood, and probably help decrease intimate partner<unk>  and self-directed<unk>  in later life. Life skills in youth Evidence shows that the life skills acquired in social development programmes can reduce involvement in<unk> , improve social skills, boost educational achievement and improve job prospects. Life skills refer to social, emotional, and behavioural competencies which help children and adolescents effectively deal with the challenges of everyday life. Gender equality Evaluation studies are beginning to support community interventions that aim to prevent<unk>  against women by promoting gender equality. For instance, evidence suggests that programmes that combine microfinance with gender equity training can reduce intimate partner<unk> . School-based programmes such as Safe Dates programme in the United States of America and the Youth Relationship Project in Canada have been found to be effective for reducing dating<unk> . Cultural norms Rules or expectations of behaviour – norms – within a cultural or social group can encourage<unk> . Interventions that challenge cultural and social norms supportive of<unk>  can prevent acts of<unk>  and have been widely used, but the evidence base for their effectiveness is currently weak. The effectiveness of interventions addressing dating<unk>  and sexual abuse among teenagers and young adults by challenging social and cultural norms related to gender is supported by some evidence. Support programmes Interventions to identify victims of interpersonal<unk>  and provide effective care and support are critical for protecting health and breaking cycles of<unk>  from one generation to the next. Examples for which evidence of effectiveness is emerging includes: screening tools to identify victims of intimate partner<unk>  and refer them to appropriate services; psychosocial interventions—such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy—to reduce mental health problems associated with<unk> , including post-traumatic stress disorder; and protection orders, which prohibit a perpetrator from contacting the victim, to reduce repeat victimization among victims of intimate partner<unk> . Collective<unk>  Not surprisingly, scientific evidence about the effectiveness of interventions to prevent collective<unk>  is lacking. However, policies that facilitate reductions in poverty, that make decision-making more accountable, that reduce inequalities between groups, as well as policies that reduce access to biological, chemical, nuclear and other weapons have been recommended. When planning responses to violent conflicts, recommended approaches include assessing at an early stage who is most vulnerable and what their needs are, co-ordination of activities between various players and working towards global, national and local capabilities so as to deliver effective health services during the various stages of an emergency. Criminal justice One of the main functions of law is to regulate<unk> . Sociologist Max Weber stated that the state claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of force practised within the confines of a specific territory. Law enforcement is the main means of regulating nonmilitary<unk>  in society. Governments regulate the use of<unk>  through legal systems governing individuals and political authorities, including the police and military. Civil societies authorize some amount of<unk> , exercised through the police power, to maintain the status quo and enforce laws. However, German political theorist Hannah Arendt noted:<unk>  can be justifiable, but it never will be legitimate ... Its justification loses in plausibility the farther its intended end recedes into the future. No one questions the use of<unk>  in self-defence, because the danger is not only clear but also present, and the end justifying the means is immediate". Arendt made a clear distinction between<unk>  and power. Most political theorists regarded<unk>  as an extreme manifestation of power whereas Arendt regarded the two concepts as opposites. In the 20th century in acts of democide governments may have killed more than 260 million of their own people through police brutality, execution, massacre, slave labour camps, and sometimes through intentional famine. Violent acts that are not carried out by the military or police and that are not in self-defense are usually classified as crimes, although not all crimes are violent crimes. Damage to property is classified as violent crime in some jurisdictions but not in all. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) classifies<unk>  resulting in homicide into criminal homicide and justifiable homicide (e.g. self-defense). The criminal justice approach sees its main task as enforcing laws that proscribe<unk>  and ensuring that "justice is done". The notions of individual blame, responsibility, guilt, and culpability are central to criminal justice's approach to<unk>  and one of the criminal justice system's main tasks is to "do justice", i.e. to ensure that offenders are properly identified, that the degree of their guilt is as accurately ascertained as possible, and that they are punished appropriately. To prevent and respond to<unk> , the criminal justice approach relies primarily on deterrence, incarceration and the punishment and rehabilitation of perpetrators. The criminal justice approach, beyond justice and punishment, has traditionally emphasized indicated interventions, aimed at those who have already been involved in<unk> , either as victims or as perpetrators. One of the main reasons offenders are arrested, prosecuted, and convicted is to prevent further crimes—through deterrence (threatening potential offenders with criminal sanctions if they commit crimes), incapacitation (physically preventing offenders from committing further crimes by locking them up) and through rehabilitation (using time spent under state supervision to develop skills or change one's psychological make-up to reduce the likelihood of future offences). In recent decades in many countries in the world, the criminal justice system has taken an increasing interest in preventing<unk>  before it occurs. For instance, much of community and problem-oriented policing aims to reduce crime and<unk>  by altering the conditions that foster it—and not to increase the number of arrests. Indeed, some police leaders have gone so far as to say the police should primarily be a crime prevention agency. Juvenile justice systems—an important component of criminal justice systems—are largely based on the belief in rehabilitation and prevention. In the US, the criminal justice system has, for instance, funded school- and community-based initiatives to reduce children's access to guns and teach conflict resolution. Despite this, force is used routinely against juveniles by police. In 1974, the US Department of Justice assumed primary responsibility for delinquency prevention programmes and created the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, which has supported the "Blueprints for<unk>  prevention" programme at the University of Colorado Boulder. Public health The public health approach is a science-driven, population-based, interdisciplinary, intersectoral approach based on the ecological model which emphasizes primary prevention. Rather than focusing on individuals, the public health approach aims to provide the maximum benefit for the largest number of people, and to extend better care and safety to entire populations. The public health approach is interdisciplinary, drawing upon knowledge from many disciplines including medicine, epidemiology, sociology, psychology, criminology, education and economics. Because all forms of<unk>  are multi-faceted problems, the public health approach emphasizes a multi-sectoral response. It has been proved time and again that cooperative efforts from such diverse sectors as health, education, social welfare, and criminal justice are often necessary to solve what are usually assumed to be purely "criminal" or "medical" problems. The public health approach considers that<unk> , rather than being the result of any single factor, is the outcome of multiple risk factors and causes, interacting at four levels of a nested hierarchy (individual, close relationship/family, community and wider society) of the Social ecological model. From a public health perspective, prevention strategies can be classified into three types: * Primary prevention – approaches that aim to prevent<unk>  before it occurs. * Secondary prevention – approaches that focus on the more immediate responses to<unk> , such as pre-hospital care, emergency services or treatment for sexually
Violence
Self-cannibalism
Insanity
Casualty 
Imbibition
Capital punishment
Self-disorder
Assisted suicide