smoking. Smoking prevention and smoking cessation are effective ways of reducing the risk of lung cancer. Tobacco control While in most countries industrial and domestic carcinogens have been identified and banned, tobacco smoking is still widespread. Eliminating tobacco smoking is a primary goal in the prevention of lung cancer, and smoking cessation is an important preventive tool in this process. Policy interventions to decrease passive smoking in public areas such as restaurants and workplaces have become more common in many Western countries. Bhutan has had a complete smoking ban since 2005 while India introduced a ban on smoking in public in October 2008. The World Health Organization has called for governments to institute a total ban on tobacco advertising to prevent young people from taking up smoking. They assess that such bans have reduced tobacco consumption by 16% where instituted. Screening Cancer screening uses medical tests to detect disease in large groups of people who have no symptoms. For individuals with high risk of developing lung cancer, computed tomography (CT) screening can detect cancer and give a person options to respond to it in a way that prolongs life. This form of screening reduces the chance of death from lung cancer by an absolute amount of 0.3% (relative amount of 20%). High-risk people are those age 55–74 who have smoked equivalent amount of a pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years including time within the past 15 years. CT screening is associated with a high rate of falsely positive tests, which may result in unneeded treatment. For each accurate positive scan there are about 19 false positive scans. Other concerns include radiation exposure and the cost of testing along with follow up. Research has not found two other available testssputum cytology or chest radiograph (CXR) screening teststo have any benefit. The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends yearly screening using low-dose CT in those who have a total smoking history of 30 pack-years and are between 55 and 80 years old until a person has not been smoking for more than 15 years. Their recommendation excludes those with other health problems that would make treatment of lung cancer if found not an option. The English National Health Service was in 2014 re-examining the evidence for screening. Other prevention strategies The long-term use of supplemental vitamin A, B vitamins, vitamin D or vitamin E does not reduce the risk of lung cancer. Vitamin C supplementation might reduce the risk of lung cancer. Some studies have found vitamins A, B, and E may increase the risk of lung cancer in those who have a history of smoking. Some studies suggest that people who eat food with a higher proportion of vegetables and fruit tend to have a lower risk, but this may be due to confoundingwith the lower risk actually due to the association of a high fruit and vegetables diet with less smoking. Several rigorous studies have not demonstrated a clear association between diet and lung cancer risk, although meta-analysis that accounts for smoking status may show benefit from a healthy diet.
complications of Asbestosis
complications of Melioidosis
complications of Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
complications of Bronchiolitis
complications of Mesothelioma
complications of Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
medical cause of Bronchiolitis obliterans
symptom of Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis