An<unk>  is an undesired harmful<unk>  resulting from a medication or other intervention, such as surgery. An<unk>  may be termed a "side<unk> ", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic<unk> . If it results from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure, this is called a medical error and not a complication.<unk> s are sometimes referred to as "iatrogenic" because they are generated by a physician/treatment. Some<unk> s occur only when starting, increasing or discontinuing a treatment.<unk> s can also be caused by placebo treatments (in which case the<unk> s are referred to as nocebo<unk> s). Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of<unk> s.<unk> s may cause complications of a disease or procedure and negatively<unk>  its prognosis. They may also lead to non-compliance with a treatment regimen.<unk> s of medical treatment resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013 up from 94,000 deaths in 1990 globally. The harmful outcome is usually indicated by some result such as morbidity, mortality, alteration in body weight, levels of enzymes, loss of function, or as a pathological change detected at the microscopic, macroscopic or physiological level. It may also be indicated by symptoms reported by a patient.<unk> s may cause a reversible or irreversible change, including an increase or decrease in the susceptibility of the individual to other chemicals, foods, or procedures, such as drug interactions.
Adverse effect
Side effect
Idiosyncrasy
Side Effect
Therapeutic inertia
Toxicity
Incident stress
Acute toxicity