An<unk>  overdose can lead to many different symptoms, but is rarely fatal with appropriate care. The severity of overdose symptoms increases with dosage and decreases with drug tolerance to<unk> . Tolerant individuals have been known to take as much as 5 grams of<unk>  in a day, which is roughly 100 times the maximum daily therapeutic dose. Symptoms of a moderate and extremely large overdose are listed below; fatal<unk>  poisoning usually also involves convulsions and coma. In 2013, overdose on<unk> , methamphetamine, and other compounds implicated in an<unk>  use disorder" resulted in an estimated 3,788 deaths worldwide ( deaths, 95% confidence). + Overdose symptoms by system System Minor or moderate overdose Severe overdose Cardiovascular * Abnormal heartbeat * High or low blood pressure * Cardiogenic shock (heart not pumping enough blood) * Cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain) * Circulatory collapse (partial or complete failure of the circulatory system) Central nervoussystem * Confusion * Abnormally fast reflexes * Severe agitation * Tremor (involuntary muscle twitching) * Acute<unk>  psychosis (e.g., delusions and paranoia) * Compulsive and repetitive movement * Serotonin syndrome (excessive serotonergic nerve activity) * Sympathomimetic toxidrome (excessive adrenergic nerve activity) Musculoskeletal * Muscle pain * Rhabdomyolysis (rapid muscle breakdown) Respiratory * Rapid breathing * Pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs) * Pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the arteries of the lung) * Respiratory alkalosis (reduced blood CO2) Urinary * Painful urination * Urinary retention (inability to urinate) * No urine production * Kidney failure Other * Elevated body temperature * Mydriasis (dilated pupils) * Elevated or low blood potassium * Hyperpyrexia (extremely elevated core body temperature) * Metabolic acidosis (excessively acidic bodily fluids) Toxicity In rodents and primates, sufficiently high doses of<unk>  cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity, or damage to dopamine neurons, which is characterized by dopamine terminal degeneration and reduced transporter and receptor function. There is no evidence that<unk>  is directly neurotoxic in humans. However, large doses of<unk>  may indirectly cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity as a result of hyperpyrexia, the excessive formation of reactive oxygen species, and increased autoxidation of dopamine. Animal models of neurotoxicity from high-dose<unk>  exposure indicate that the occurrence of hyperpyrexia (i.e., core body temperature ≥ 40 °C) is necessary for the development of<unk> -induced neurotoxicity. Prolonged elevations of brain temperature above 40 °C likely promote the development of<unk> -induced neurotoxicity in laboratory animals by facilitating the production of reactive oxygen species, disrupting cellular protein function, and transiently increasing blood–brain barrier permeability. Psychosis An<unk>  overdose can result in a stimulant psychosis that may involve a variety of symptoms, such as delusions and paranoia. A Cochrane review on treatment for<unk> , dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine psychosis states that about of users fail to recover completely. According to the same review, there is at least one trial that shows antipsychotic medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute<unk>  psychosis. Psychosis rarely arises from therapeutic use.
Amphetamine
Benzphetamine
Methamphetamine
Benzocaine
Nicotine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
Heroin
Cannabis 