In cardiology,<unk>  (or cardiac<unk>  refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart. This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological<unk>  or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological<unk> . The injury is typically due to acute myocardial infarction (usually transmural or ST segment elevation infarction), but may be from a number of causes that result in increased pressure or volume, causing pressure overload or volume overload (forms of strain) on the heart. Chronic hypertension, congenital heart disease with intracardiac shunting, and valvular heart disease may also lead to<unk> . After the insult occurs, a series of histopathological and structural changes occur in the left<unk>  myocardium that lead to progressive decline in left<unk>  performance. Ultimately,<unk>  may result in diminished contractile (systolic) function and reduced stroke volume. Physiological<unk>  is reversible while pathological<unk>  is mostly irreversible.<unk>  of the ventricles under left/right pressure demand make mismatches inevitable. Pathologic pressure mismatches between the pulmonary and systemic circulation guide compensatory<unk>  of the left and right ventricles. The term "reverse<unk> " in cardiology implies an improvement in<unk>  mechanics and function following a remote injury or pathological process.<unk>  may include<unk>  hypertrophy,<unk>  dilation, cardiomegaly, and other changes. It is an aspect of cardiomyopathy, of which there are many types. Concentric hypertrophy is due to pressure overload, while eccentric hypertrophy is due to volume overload.
Ventricular remodeling
Myocardial scarring
Cardiac fibrosis
Pacemaker crosstalk
Myocardial stunning
Cardiomyocyte proliferation
Coronary vasospasm
Ventricular hypertrophy