<unk>  <unk>  encoded by the gene<unk>  is an enzyme of the ligase class that catalyzes (depending on the species) the physiologically irreversible carboxylation of<unk>  to form oxaloacetate (OAA). Image:Pyruvic-acid-2D-skeletal.Pyruvic acid Image:Oxaloacetic acid.Oxaloacetic acid The reaction it catalyzes is:<unk>  + + ATP → oxaloacetate + ADP + P It is an important anaplerotic reaction that creates oxaloacetate from<unk> . The enzyme is a mitochondrial protein containing a biotin prosthetic group, requiring magnesium or manganese and acetyl-CoA.<unk>  was first discovered in 1959 at Case Western Reserve University by M. F. Utter and D. B. Keech. Since then it has been found in a wide variety of prokaryotes and eukaryotes including fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals. In mammals,<unk>  plays a crucial role in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, and in glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. Oxaloacetate produced by<unk>  is an important intermediate, which is used in these biosynthetic pathways. In mammals,<unk>  is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with its activity found to be highest in the liver and kidney (gluconeogenic tissues), in adipose tissue and lactating mammary gland (lipogenic tissues), and in pancreatic islets. Activity is moderate in brain, heart and adrenal gland, and least in white blood cells and skin fibroblasts.
Pyruvate carboxylase
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
Aldehyde oxidase
Xanthine oxidase