While a full testing of tubal functions in patients with infertility is not possible, testing of tubal patency is feasible. A hysterosalpingogram will demonstrate that<unk> s are open when the radioopaque dye spills into the abdominal cavity. Sonography can demonstrate tubal abnormalities such as a hydrosalpinx indicative of tubal occlusion. During surgery, typically laparoscopy, the status of the<unk> s can be inspected and a dye such as methylene blue can be injected in a process termed chromotubation into the uterus and shown to pass through the<unk> s when the cervix is occluded. Laparoscopic chromotubation has been described as the gold standard of tubal evaluation. As tubal disease is often related to Chlamydia infection, testing for Chlamydia antibodies has become a cost-effective screening device for tubal pathology. Tubal insufflation is only of historical interest as an older office method to indicate patency; it was used prior to laparoscopic evaluation of pelvic organs.
Fallopian tube obstruction
Primary ovarian insufficiency
Mullerian anomalies
Blighted ovum
Gonadal tissue neoplasm
Anovulation
Male accessory gland infection
Ovarian remnant syndrome