A bottle of sifted<unk>  flakes from a local vendor in the United Arab Emirates<unk>  (, "dizziness" or "vertigo") is an Arabian tobacco product, consisting of dried and finely shredded tobacco flakes mixed with herbs and spices. It originated in Iran during the 15th century. Unlike hookah tobacco (also called "shisha" or "mu'assel"),<unk>  is not cured with molasses. Users smoke the tobacco blend in small quantities using a pipe called a midwakh. Because the midwakh pipe is used almost exclusively for smoking<unk> , the terms are often used interchangeably.<unk>  has a higher concentration of nicotine compared to other forms of tobacco, and can cause brief periods of euphoria, relaxation or lightheadedness in some users. As using the midwakh also reportedly leaves fewer lingering smells, and requires less tobacco to be used at a time, it can be used discreetly, which has made it popular among student populations and young adults. The product is popular in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Bahrain, Jordan, and other Middle Eastern countries. It has reportedly spread to Europe, Bhatkal in India and other regions via immigration, tourism and trade. Scientific research on the health effects of<unk>  use is lacking, but officials have concerns over the use of the product as a touted cigarette alternative, and preliminary studies have quantified<unk> 's high nicotine and tar concentration, as well as toxins present in its smoke. Notable concern in the UAE over the spreading popularity of<unk>  among teenagers and young adults has led to multiple tobacco control efforts to curb its use.
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