Symptoms of<unk>  can be related to volume depletion, electrolyte imbalances, or acid–base disorders that accompany<unk> . Patients with volume depletion may complain of thirst, muscle cramps, and/or orthostatic hypotension. Severe<unk>  can result in mesenteric and coronary ischemia that can cause abdominal or chest pain. Agitation, lethargy, or confusion may characterize brain mal-perfusion. Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, low jugular venous distention, tachycardia, and hypotension can be seen along with decreased urinary output. Patients in shock can appear cold, clammy, and cyanotic. Early signs and symptoms include tachycardia given rise to by catecholamine release; skin pallor due to vasoconstriction triggered by catecholamine release; hypotension followed by hypovolaemia and perhaps arising after myocardial insufficiency; and confusion, aggression, drowsiness and coma caused by cerebral hypoxia or acidosis. Tachypnoea owing to hypoxia and acidosis, general weakness caused by hypoxia and acidosis, thirst induced by hypovolaemia, and oliguria caused by reduced perfusion may also arise. Abnormal growing central venous pressure indicates either hypotension or<unk> . Tachycardia accompanied by declined urine outflow implies either tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade or cardiac failure which is thought secondary to cardiac contusion or ischaemic heart disease. Echocardiography in such case may be helpful to distinguish cardiac failure from other diseases. Cardiac failure manifests a weak contractibility myocardium; treatment with an inotropic drug such as dobutamine may be appropriate.
Hypovolemic shock
Obstructive shock
Distributive shock
Neurogenic shock
Cryptic shock
Septic shock
Spinal shock
Vasodilatory shock