<unk>  may be treated with<unk>  exercises prescribed by an eyecare specialist trained in orthoptics or binocular vision anomalies (see: Vision Therapy). Some cases of<unk>  are successfully managed by prescription of eyeglasses, sometimes with therapeutic prisms. Pencil push-ups therapy is performed at home. Patient brings a pencil slowly to within 2–3 cm of the eye just above the nose about 15 minutes per day 5 times per week. Patients should record the closest distance that they could maintain fusion (keep the pencil from going double as long as possible) after each 5 minutes of therapy. Computer software may be used at home or in an orthoptists/vision therapists office to treat<unk> . A weekly 60-minute in-office therapy visit may be prescribed. This is generally accompanied with additional in home therapy. In 2005, the<unk>  Treatment Trial <unk> TT) published two randomized clinical studies. The first, published in Archives of Ophthalmology demonstrated that computer exercises when combined with office based vision therapy/orthoptics were more effective than "pencil pushups" or computer exercises alone for<unk>  in 9- to 18-year-old children. The second found similar results for adults 19 to 30 years of age. In a bibliographic review of 2010, the<unk> TT confirmed their view that office-based accommodative/vergence therapy is the most effective treatment of<unk> , and that substituting it in entirety or in part with other eye training approaches such as home-based therapy may offer advantages in cost but not in outcome. A later study of 2012 confirmed that orthoptic exercises led to longstanding improvements of the asthenopic symptoms of<unk>  sufficiency both in adults and in children. A 2020 Cochrane Review concludes that office-based vergence/accommodative therapy with home reinforcement is more effective than home-based pencil/target push-ups or home-based computer vergence/accommodative therapy for children. In adults, evidence of the effectiveness of various non-surgical interventions is less clear. Both positive fusional vergence (PFV) and negative fusional vergence (NFV) can be trained, and vergence training should normally include both. Surgical correction options are also available, but the decision to proceed with surgery should be made with caution as<unk>  generally does not improve with surgery. Bilateral medial rectus resection is the preferred type of surgery. However, the patient should be warned about the possibility of uncrossed diplopia at distance fixation after surgery. This typically resolves within 1–3 months postoperatively. The exophoria at near often recurs after several years, although most patients remain asymptomatic.
Convergence insufficiency
Strabismus
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
Papillary stenosis
Monotropism
Ecotropism
Vitreomacular adhesion
Solvent drag