One liter of<unk>  contains: * 130–131 mEq of sodium ion = 130 mmol L−1 * 109–111 mEq of chloride ion = 109 mmol L−1 * 28–29 mEq of<unk>  ion = 28 mmol L−1 * 4–5 mEq of potassium ion = 4 mmol L−1 * 2–3 mEq of calcium ion = 1.5 mmol L−1<unk> 's<unk>  has an osmolarity of 273 mOsm L−1 and a pH of 6.5. The<unk>  is metabolized into bicarbonate by the liver, which can help correct metabolic acidosis.<unk>  alkalinizes via its consumption in the citric acid cycle, the generation of a molecule of carbon dioxide which is then excreted by the lungs. They increase the strong ion difference in solution, leading to proton consumption and an overall alkalinizing effect. The solution is formulated to have concentrations of potassium and calcium that are similar to the ionized concentrations found in normal blood plasma. To maintain electrical neutrality, the solution has a lower level of sodium than that found in blood plasma or normal saline. Generally, the source of the constituent ions is a mixture of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium<unk>  (CH3CH(OH)CO2Na), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and potassium chloride (KCl), dissolved into distilled water.<unk> 's solution has the same constituents without the sodium<unk> , though sometimes it may also include magnesium chloride (MgCl2). There are slight variations for the composition for<unk> 's as supplied by different manufacturers. As such, the term<unk> 's<unk>  should not be equated with one precise formulation.
Ringer's lactate solution
Krebs–Henseleit solution
Balanced salt solution
Tyrode's solution
Turk's solution
Pulsatile insulin
Regular insulin
Potassium citrate/potassium hydrogen carbonate