Many different types of stimuli can induce<unk> , including psychoactive drugs, natural rewards, and social activities. Affective disorders such as unipolar mania or bipolar disorder can involve<unk>  as a symptom. Exercise-induced Music-induced<unk>  can occur as a result of dancing to music, music-making, and listening to emotionally arousing music. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the reward system plays a central role in mediating music-induced pleasure. Pleasurable emotionally arousing music strongly increases dopamine neurotransmission in the dopaminergic pathways that project to the striatum (i.e., the mesolimbic pathway and nigrostriatal pathway). Approximately 5% of the population experiences a phenomenon termed "musical anhedonia", in which individuals do not experience pleasure from listening to emotionally arousing music despite having the ability to perceive the intended emotion that is conveyed in passages of music. A clinical study from January 2019 that assessed the effect of a dopamine precursor (levodopa), dopamine antagonist (risperidone), and a placebo on reward responses to music – including the degree of pleasure experienced during musical chills, as measured by changes in electrodermal activity as well as subjective ratings – found that the manipulation of dopamine neurotransmission bidirectionally regulates pleasure cognition (specifically, the hedonic impact of music) in human subjects. This research suggests that increased dopamine neurotransmission acts as a sine qua non condition for pleasurable hedonic reactions to music in humans. Sex-induced The various stages of copulation may also be described as inducing<unk>  in some people. Various analysts have described either the entire sexual act, the moments leading to orgasm, or the orgasm itself as the pinnacle of human pleasure or<unk> . Drug-induced A large dose of methamphetamine causes a drug-induced<unk> . A<unk> nt is a type of psychoactive drug which tends to induce<unk> . Most<unk> nts are addictive drugs due to their reinforcing properties and ability to activate the brain's reward system. Psychedelics Traditional psychedelic drugs, such as LSD and psilocybin are capable of inducing<unk>  despite lacking addictive qualities. The Global Drug Survey has revealed that out of 22,000 participants MDMA, LSD, and (psilocybin) mushrooms were ranked most positive on the Net Pleasure Index than all other recreational drugs included in the study. Stimulants Dopaminergic stimulants like amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA, and methylphenidate are<unk> nts. Nicotine is a parasympathetic stimulant that acts as a mild<unk> nt in some people. Xanthines such as caffeine and theobromine may also be considered mild<unk> nts by some. Chewing areca nut (seeds from the Areca catechu palm) with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) – a common practice in South- and Southeast Asia – produces stimulant effects and<unk> . The major psychoactive ingredients – arecoline (a muscarinic receptor partial agonist) and arecaidine (a GABA reuptake inhibitor) – are responsible for the<unk>  effect. Depressants Certain depressants can produce<unk> ; some of the<unk> nt drugs in this class include alcohol in moderate doses, , and ketamine. Some barbiturates and benzodiazepines may cause<unk> .<unk> nt effects are determined by the drug's speed of onset, increasing dose, and with intravenous administration. Barbiturates more likely to cause<unk>  include amobarbital, secobarbital and pentobarbital. Benzodiazepines more likely to cause<unk>  are flunitrazepam, alprazolam and clonazepam. Benzodiazepines also tend to enhance opioid-induced<unk> . Pregabalin induces dose-dependent<unk> . Occurring in a small percentage of individuals at recommended doses,<unk>  is increasingly frequent at supratherapeutic doses (or with intravenous- or nasal administration). At doses five times the maximum recommended, intense<unk>  is reported. Another GABA analogue, gabapentin, may induce<unk> . Characterized as opioid-like but less intense, it may occur at supratherapeutic doses, or in combination with other drugs, such as opioids or alcohol. Ethosuximide and perampanel can also produce<unk>  at therapeutic doses. Opioids µ-Opioid receptor agonists are a set of<unk> nts that include drugs such as heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and fentanyl. By contrast, κ-opioid receptor agonists, like the endogenous neuropeptide dynorphin, are known to cause dysphoria, a mood state opposite to<unk>  that involves feelings of profound discontent. Cannabinoidergics Cannabinoid receptor 1 agonists are a group of<unk> nts that includes certain plant-based cannabinoids (e.g., THC from the cannabis plant), endogenous cannabinoids (e.g., anandamide), and synthetic cannabinoids. Inhalants Certain gases, like nitrous oxide (N2O, aka "laughing gas"), can induce<unk>  when inhaled. Glucocorticoids Acute exogenous glucocorticoid administration is known to produce<unk> , but this effect is not observed with long-term exposure. Fasting–induced Fasting has been associated with improved mood, well-being, and sometimes<unk> . Various mechanisms have been proposed and possible applications in treating depression considered. Neuropsychiatric Mania<unk>  is also strongly associated with both hypomania and mania, mental states characterized by a pathological heightening of mood, which may be either<unk>  or irritable, in addition to other symptoms, such as pressured speech, flight of ideas, and grandiosity. Although hypomania and mania are syndromes with multiple etiologies (that is, ones that may arise from any number of conditions), they are most commonly seen in bipolar disorder, a psychiatric illness characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression. Epilepsy<unk>  may occur during auras of seizures typically originating in the temporal lobe, but affecting the anterior insular cortex. This<unk>  is symptomatic of a rare syndrome called ecstatic seizures, often also involving mystical experiences.<unk>  (or more commonly dysphoria) may also occur in periods between epileptic seizures. This condition, interictal dysphoric disorder, is considered an atypical affective disorder. Persons who experience feelings of depression or anxiety between or before seizures occasionally experience<unk>  afterwards. Migraine Some persons experience<unk>  in the prodrome – hours to days before the onset – of a migraine headache. Similarly, a<unk>  state occurs in some persons following the migraine episode. Multiple sclerosis<unk>  sometimes occurs in persons with multiple sclerosis as the illness progresses. This<unk>  is part of a syndrome originally called<unk>  sclerotica, which typically includes disinhibition and other symptoms of cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Gender<unk>  Gender<unk>  is satisfaction or enjoyment felt by a person due to consistency between their gender identity and gendered features associated with a gender different to the sex they were assigned at birth. It is considered to be the positive counterpart of gender dysphoria.
Euphoria
Mindfulness
Distress 
Automatism 
Self-hatred
Bullying
Stranger anxiety
Hallucination