Many<unk> s can be diagnosed prenatally by fetal echocardiography. This is a test which can be done during the second trimester of pregnancy, when the woman is about 18–24 weeks pregnant. It can be an abdominal ultrasound or transvaginal ultrasound. If a baby is born with cyanotic<unk>  disease, the diagnosis is usually made shortly after birth due to the blue colour of their skin (called cyanosis). If a baby is born with a septal<unk>  or an obstruction<unk> , often their symptoms are only noticeable after several months or sometimes even after many years. Classification A number of classification systems exist for<unk> s. In 2000 the International<unk><unk>  Surgery Nomenclature was developed to provide a generic classification system. Hypoplasia Hypoplasia can affect the<unk> , typically resulting in the underdevelopment of the right ventricle or the left ventricle. This causes only one side of the<unk>  to be capable of pumping blood to the body and lungs effectively. Hypoplasia of the<unk>  is rare but is the most serious form of<unk> . It is called hypoplastic left<unk>  syndrome when it affects the left side of the<unk>  and hypoplastic right<unk>  syndrome when it affects the right side of the<unk> . In both conditions, the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus (and, when hypoplasia affects the right side of the<unk> , a patent foramen ovale) is vital to the infant's ability to survive until emergency<unk>  surgery can be performed, since without these pathways blood cannot circulate to the body (or lungs, depending on which side of the<unk>  is<unk> ive). Hypoplasia of the<unk>  is generally a cyanotic<unk><unk> . Obstructive<unk> s Obstructive<unk> s occur when<unk>  valves, arteries, or veins are abnormally narrow or blocked. Common<unk> s include pulmonic stenosis, aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta, with other types such as bicuspid aortic valve stenosis and subaortic stenosis being comparatively rare. Any narrowing or blockage can cause<unk>  enlargement or hypertension. Septal<unk> s The septum is a wall of tissue which separates the left<unk>  from the right<unk> .<unk> s in the interatrial septum or the interventricular septum allow blood to flow from the left side of the<unk>  to the right, reducing the<unk> 's efficiency. Ventricular septal<unk> s are collectively the most common type of<unk> , although approximately 30% of adults have a type of atrial septal<unk>  called probe patent foramen ovale. Cyanotic<unk> s Cyanotic<unk><unk> s are called such because they result in cyanosis, a bluish-grey discoloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygen in the body. Such<unk> s include persistent truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, and tricuspid atresia.<unk> s * Aortic stenosis * Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy * Atrial septal<unk>  (ASD) * Atrioventricular septal<unk>  (AVSD) * Bicuspid aortic valve * Cardiomyopathy * Complete<unk>  block (CHB) * Dextrocardia * Double inlet left ventricle (DILV) * Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) * Ebstein's anomaly * Early Repolarization Syndrome * Hypoplastic left<unk>  syndrome (HLHS) * Hypoplastic right<unk>  syndrome (HRHS) * Mitral stenosis * Persistent truncus arteriosus * Pulmonary atresia * Pulmonary stenosis * Rhabdomyomas (Tumors of the<unk>  * Transposition of the great vessels * dextro-Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) * levo-Transposition of the great arteries (l-TGA) * Tricuspid atresia * Ventricular septal<unk>  (VSD) * Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) Some conditions affect the great vessels or other vessels in close proximity to the<unk> , but not the<unk>  itself, but are often classified as<unk> s. * Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) * Double aortic arch, aberrant subclavian artery, and other malformations of the great arteries * Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) * Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) * Scimitar syndrome (SS) * Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) * Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) Some constellations of multiple<unk> s are commonly found together. * Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) * Pentalogy of Cantrell * Shone's syndrome/ Shone's complex / Shone's anomaly
Congenital heart defect
Musculoskeletal abnormality
Neuromuscular disease
Vascular anomaly
Genetic disorder
Brain damage
Neuromuscular junction disease
Musculoskeletal injury