In biotechnology,<unk> s are a class of artificial vesicles, tiny hollow spheres that enclose a solution.<unk> s are made using amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers to form the vesicle membrane, and have radii ranging from 50 nm to 5 µm or more. Most reported<unk> s contain an aqueous solution in their core and are useful for encapsulating and protecting sensitive molecules, such as drugs, enzymes, other proteins and peptides, and DNA and RNA fragments. The<unk>  membrane provides a physical barrier that isolates the encapsulated material from external materials, such as those found in biological systems. Synthosomes are<unk> s engineered to contain channels (transmembrane proteins) that allow certain chemicals to pass through the membrane, into or out of the vesicle. This allows for the collection or enzymatic modification of these substances. The term<unk> " for vesicles made from block copolymers was coined in 1999.<unk> s are similar to liposomes, which are vesicles formed from naturally occurring lipids. While having many of the properties of natural liposomes,<unk> s exhibit increased stability and reduced permeability. Furthermore, the use of synthetic polymers enables designers to manipulate the characteristics of the membrane and thus control permeability, release rates, stability and other properties of the<unk> .
Polymersome
Bioptome
Polysome
Trabectome
Cubosome
Microkeratome
Melanosome
Nuclear bag fiber