The initial management of<unk>  trauma generally follows the same procedures for all traumas with a focus on maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation. A physical examination is a corner stone of the assessment of which there are various non-invasive means of diagnostic tools that can be utilized. An invasive diagnostic peritoneal lavage can also be used to diagnose and classify the extent of the damage. A large majority of<unk> es are minor and require only observation. Generally if there is estimated to be less than 300mL of free floating fluid, no<unk>  to surrounding organs, and no need for blood transfusion, there is a low risk of complication from nonoperative management. In special cases where there is a higher risk with surgery, such as in the elderly, nonoperative management would include the infusion of packed red blood cells in an intensive care unit. Typically hepatic<unk> es resulting from stab wounds cause little damage unless a vital part of the<unk>  is<unk> d, such as the hepatic portal vein; with gunshot wounds, the damage is worse. Surgery In severe<unk> es (class ≥III), or those with hemodynamic instability, surgery is generally necessary. Surgical techniques such as perihepatic packing or the use of the Pringle manoeuvre can be used to control hemorrhage. Temporary control of the hemorrhage can be accomplished through direct manual pressure to the wound site. In these severe cases it is important to prevent the progression of the trauma triad of death, which often requires the utilization of damage control surgery. New devices are being developed in order to control the bleeding using negative pressure. The common cause of death while operating is exsanguination caused by profuse loss of blood volume. Rarely, surgery entails the use of<unk>  resection, which removes the source of the bleeding and necrotic tissue. The drastic nature of this procedure means it can only be used in hemodynamically stable patients. Another rare procedure would be<unk>  transplantation which is typically impractical due to the logistics of finding a proper organ donor in a timely fashion.
Liver injury
Hepatotoxicity
Neurotoxicity
Lipotoxicity
Pulmonary toxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Phototoxicity
Cardiotoxicity