Absorption After oral administration, it reaches peak plasma concentrations within one and a half hours. Patients taking enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants have lower plasma concentrations, while patients taking sodium valproate were markedly higher. Metabolism<unk>  is metabolized in the first pass metabolism. The dihydropyridine ring of the<unk>  is dehydrogenated in the hepatic cells of the liver, a process governed by cytochrome P450 isoform 3A (CYP3A). This can be completely inhibited however, by troleandomycin (an antibiotic) or ketoconazole (an antifungal drug). Excretion Studies in non-human mammals using radioactive labeling have found that 40–50% of the dose is excreted via urine. The residue level in the body was never more than 1.5% in monkeys.
Nimodipine
Lacidipine
Lercanidipine
Clevidipine
Sodium nitroprusside
Balsalazide
Amrinone
Labetalol