<unk>  predominantly occurs after an injury where a<unk>  is fractured, however<unk>  can genetically occur during foetal development. It usually occurs during a surgery which involves intramedullary nailing, which is the insertion of metal rods and nails to stabilise<unk> s. Nailing is used as it requires minimal surgical dissection, less disruption of the fracture hematoma and allows faster functionality to a patient post-surgery. However, due to the semi-closed nature of IM, it is impossible to correct under direct vision, so there is less rotational control compared to traditional open methods such as plate fixation. As a result, in many cases of intramedullary nailing, the<unk>  is misaligned which causes malrotated regrowth. This torsional error is a major problem for femoral and tibial fractures, and occurs in 17 to 35% of patients who receive these surgeries, and up to 40% of femur fracture patients. An x-ray of intramedullary nailing in a tibial fracture Femoral<unk>  is the most significant<unk>  issue, and these errors cause cosmetic problems but can also cause drastic physical problems. Historically,<unk>  occurred due to a lack of adequate treatment measures, where fixation methods such as traction, casting and non-locked nails provided poor torsional stability. Currently, the utilisation of locked intramedullary nailing, has reduced the occurrence of rotational malalignment during fracture healing, yet femoral<unk>  continues to remain very prevalent due to surgeon's inability to reliably restore the pre-injury alignment during operation. A high attention to detail is necessary intra-operatively to avoid this complication when locking the intramedullary device. The utilisation of both radiological and clinical assessment techniques to compare with an injured limb would also help prevent<unk> , however these can be difficult and inexact methods of assessment, which is why complications are so common.
Bone malrotation
Binaural fusion
Abdominal wall defect
Intestinal atresia
Splenogonadal fusion
Vascular ring
Pancreaticobiliary maljunction
Congenital vertebral anomaly