Diagnosis of<unk>  is challenging because this<unk>  is caused by multiple diseases. Therefore, other than diagnosing<unk> s that require transfusion, diagnosis for the two main causes (beta-thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndromes) of<unk>  is also important.<unk>  Diagnosis of<unk>  is similar to the diagnosis of all other kinds of<unk> , which primarily depends on one’s complete blood count. Units of red blood cells required is examined to diagnose<unk> . Patients that need more than 2 units of red blood cells every 28 days are considered transfusion<unk> . Diagnosed patients require frequent and regular transfusion for survival. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) As 70% of myelodysplastic syndrome patients exhibit<unk> , diagnosis of MDS can also help indicate transfusion<unk> y. Diagnosis of it is complexed with great diversity of symptoms, and therefore most patients are only diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndromes when seeking clinical advice after experiencing symptoms of<unk> . Beta-thalassemia Beta-thalassemia is a genetic disease mostly caused by beta-globin gene mutations. Clinical diagnosis is based on interpretation of the peripheral blood smear, which examines red blood cell morphology, followed by hemoglobin analysis and confirmed by DNA sequencing. DNA analysis is performed by either mutation-specific detection or genome scanning. Different mutation patterns observed from DNA analysis divide thalassemia patients into three classes: thalassemia major (TM), thalassemia intermedia (TI) and thalassemia minor (TI). Another classification was established in 2012 for easier referral of patients that require frequent transfusion for survival, dividing patients into non–transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT) and transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) by their baseline hemoglobin levels. Thalassemia major is usually manifested in fetus and early life (birth to 5 cm) and height in the first 10th percentile.
Transfusion-dependent anemia
Post-transfusion purpura
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
Acquired hemolytic anemia
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
Acute posthemorrhagic anemia
Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Mechanical hemolytic anemia