Impaired kidney function reduces the clearance of GBCAs and is the major risk factor for the development of<unk> . The etiology or duration of renal failure seems not to be relevant, but<unk>  risk greatly depends on the residual kidney function. The majority of<unk>  cases have been identified in patients with stage 5 CKD, but<unk>  has also developed in patients with stage 4 and 3 CKD, and those with acute kidney injury, even if kidney function subsequently returned to normal following GBCA administration. Thus<unk>  should be considered as a differential diagnosis in any patient who has been exposed to a GBCA, regardless of the kidney function level. Three GBCAs have been principally implicated in<unk> : gadodiamide, gadopentetate dimeglumine, and gadoversetamide, though cases have been reported with majority of GBCAs on the market. High doses in individual GBCA administrations and high cumulative doses of GBCA over the lifetime of patients with renal dysfunction are associated with increased risk of<unk> .
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Goodpasture syndrome
HIV-associated nephropathy
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Thin basement membrane disease
Mixed connective tissue disease
IgA vasculitis