<unk> -related illnesses have various causes: * Genetic<unk><unk>  start at conception depending on whether an ovum fuses with a sperm cell carrying an X or a Y chromosome. This leads to<unk> -based<unk>  at the molecular level for all male and female cells. * In males, the X chromosome carries only maternal imprints, while in females X chromosomes are present with both maternal and paternal imprints. In female cells, random processes of X-inactivation "turn off" the extra X chromosome. As a result, females, but not males, are mosaics. Female cells may express higher levels of some genes. *<unk><unk>  at the chromosome and molecular level exist in all human cells, and persist life-long, independent of<unk>  hormones in the body. *<unk> -linked genetic conditions that differ in males and females may reflect the effects of genetic damage on an X chromosome. In some cases, the presence of an "extra" X chromosome in female cells may lessen the impact of such damage. In severe cases, males may die during development and females may survive but display a<unk> -linked illness. * The reproductive system develops differently for each<unk> .<unk> -specific parts of the male and female reproductive systems affect the rest of the body and also can be affected differently by diseases. * Socially constructed norms relate to gender roles, relationships, positional power, and a wide variety of behaviours. Norms affect people differentially depending on their<unk>  and gender. * Different levels of prevention, reporting, diagnosis, and treatment have been observed based on<unk>  and gender.
Sex differences in medicine
Rare disease assumption
Men's health
Women's health
Causes of mental disorders
Sex differences in psychology
Drug therapy problems
Component causes