Some studies indicate that<unk> s are caused by poor latch. Yet other causes could be poor positioning, use of a feeding bottle, breast engorgement, inexperience, semi-protruding nipples, use of breast pumps and light pigmentation of the nipples. Breast engorgement is also a main factor in altering the ability of the infant to latch-on. Engorgement changes the shape and curvature of the nipple region by making the breast inflexible, flat, hard, and swollen. The nipples on an engorged breast are flat. When the baby is latched on correctly, the nipple is located against the soft palate in the back of the baby's mouth. When the nipple is near the front of the mouth and being pinched against the hard palate, this will cause pain and development of<unk> s. One cause of painful,<unk> s is the incorrect positioning and incorrect latching on to the breast by the infant. The baby can create<unk> s due to the strong sucking pressure, stretching and pulling the nipple, the friction and rubbing of skin to skin. The cause of sore,<unk> s can also be from a yeast or Candida infection in the baby or the mother or both. Thrush can develop after the use of antibiotics. For first-time breastfeeding mothers, it normally takes a few tries before the latch is right, which can make the nipples tender and sore the first few days. If the nipples become<unk>  or bleed, the latch may need to be corrected. Women are advised to keep on breastfeeding, as it will actually help the nipples heal. A little breast milk or purified lanolin cream or ointment helps the healing process. If a feeding bottle is used in addition to breastfeeding,<unk> s may result because the different sucking techniques required for the bottle and the breast vary. Bottle-feeding babies uses his or her tongue to regulate the flow of milk. This same technique will cause friction on the nipple while breastfeeding. This, in turn, encourages the continued use of the bottle with less time breastfeeding. Pain caused by<unk> s can sometimes lead to the cessation of breast-feeding. In addition to cracks, or blisters or ulcers can form.
Cracked nipple
Inverted nipple
Supernumerary nipple
Accessory breast
Breast atrophy
Webbed penis
Owl's eye appearance
Shawl scrotum