<unk>  (also called<unk>  fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's<unk>  characteristics.<unk>  analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called<unk>  barcoding. Discovered by Sir Alec Jeffreys in 1984,<unk>  is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to<unk>  evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in paternity testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research.<unk>  has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture.
DNA profiling
Molecular pathology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics
Magnetogenetics
Tissue typing
Cytopathology
Tumor mutational burden