<unk>  has proven effective in a variety of conditions associated with progesterone deficiency, Infertility due to luteal insufficiency including threatened miscarriage, habitual or recurrent miscarriage, Menstrual disorders premenstrual syndrome, and endometriosis.<unk>  has also been registered as a component of menopausal hormone therapy to counteract the effects of unopposed estrogen on the endometrium in women with an intact uterus. Gynecological disorders Primary or essential dysmenorrhea is a very common gynecological phenomenon experienced by women during their reproductive years. Clinical studies have shown symptom relief and a reduction in pain with<unk>  treatment for dysmenorrhea. Secondary amenorrhea is not a specific disease, but is instead a symptom.<unk>  has been found to adequately induce bleeding within a sufficiently estrogen-primed endometrium. When estradiol levels are found to be low,<unk>  treatment is more effective when supplemented with estrogens. Endometriosis is a chronic disease which can cause severe, progressive, and at times, incapacitating dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, dyspareunia and infertility.<unk>  relieves pain without inhibiting ovulation, so that patients are able to become pregnant during treatment.<unk>  is particularly suitable in cases where the woman desires to become pregnant and to prevent bleeding problems.<unk>  results in statistically significant reductions in the symptoms pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia after the first treatment cycle for the treatment of post-laparoscopic endometriosis. The amount and duration of menstrual bleeding is also significantly reduced, and from the end of the third month onwards, bleeding was considered normal in the majority of patients. Improvement of endometriosis was observed in 71% of patients.<unk>  has shown reasonable efficacy in relieving a number of premenstrual syndrome symptoms like mood swings and physical symptoms. Cyclic treatment with low-dose (10 mg/day)<unk>  has been found to be effective in the treatment of fibrocystic breast changes and associated breast pain. Infertility and miscarriage Oral<unk>  is an effective medication, well tolerated and accepted among patients, and can be considered for routine luteal support. Advantage of<unk>  is oral administration, easy to use and better patient compliance which results in high satisfaction score of oral<unk>  in luteal support of IVF/ICSI cycles. Oral administration of progestins<unk>  at least similar live birth rate than vaginal progesterone capsules when used for luteal support in embryo transfer, with no evidence of increased risk of miscarriage. Threatened miscarriage is defined as bleeding during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy while the cervix is closed. It is the most common complication in pregnancy, occurring in 20% of all pregnancies. Recurrent abortion is defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies.<unk>  is associated with approximately two-fold significant reduction in the miscarriage rate as compared to standard care in threatened and recurrent miscarriages with minimal side effects. Hormone therapy The objective behind menopausal hormone therapy is to actively increase the circulating levels of estrogen to control hot flashes and to prevent the long-term effects of the menopause, such as bone resorption and unfavourable changes in blood lipids. The administration of estradiol halts, or reverses atrophic changes that occur due to the loss of endogenous estradiol during the menopause. Estrogen promotes endometrial cell growth and in postmenopausal women with an intact uterus, estrogen monotherapy results in continued endometrial development without the physiological secretory changes normally brought on by progesterone. This action is associated with an increased incidence of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. Additional protection with progestogens is therefore important in patients with an intact uterus who receive estrogen therapy.<unk>  counters the proliferative effect of estrogens on the endometrium and ensures the transition to a secretory pattern and cyclical shedding of the endometrium in serial menopausal hormone therapy regimes.<unk>  effectively protects against the ontogenesis of endometrial hyperplasia. Unlike androgenic progestogens,<unk>  does not reverse the benefits brought on by estradiol on lipid profiles and carbohydrate metabolism. In a continuous, combined menopausal hormone therapy regimen,<unk>  retards the proliferation of the endometrium so that it remains atrophic or inactive. Available forms<unk>  is available in the form of 10 mg oral tablets both alone and in combination with estradiol.
Dydrogesterone
Haloprogesterone
Hydroxyprogesterone acetate
Gestodene
Vinyltestosterone
Retroprogesterone
Ethinylestradiol
Algestone