Typical<unk> s are easily induced by hyperventilation (over-breathing) in more than 90% of people with typical<unk> s. This is a reliable test for the diagnosis of<unk> s: a patient suspected of typical<unk> s should be asked to hyperventilate for three minutes, counting breaths. During hyperventilation, the oxygen and carbon dioxide level will become abnormal. This results in weakening of electrical signal which leads to a reduction in the seizure threshold. Intermittent photic stimulation may precipitate or facilitate<unk> s; eyelid myoclonia is a common clinical feature. A specific mechanism difference exists in<unk> s in that T-type Ca++ channels are believed to be involved. Ethosuximide is specific for these channels and thus it is not effective for treating other types of seizures. Valproate and gabapentin (among others) have multiple mechanisms of action including blockade of T-type Ca++ channels, and are useful in treating multiple seizure types. Gabapentin can aggravate<unk> s.
Absence seizure
Focal seizure
Intercalated seizure
Reflex seizure
Atonic seizure
Musicogenic seizure
Status epilepticus
Gelastic seizure