While many causes of myocarditis are known, there are many cases in which a causative agent cannot be identified. In Europe and North America, viruses are common culprits. Worldwide, however, the most common cause is Chagas disease, an illness endemic to Central and South America that results from infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Overall, myocarditis can be caused by infections, immune conditions, toxins, drug reactions, and physical injuries to the heart. These different etiologies are detailed below. Infections The most common causes of myocarditis are infectious organisms. Viral infections are the most common cause in developed countries, with a majority of cases being caused by those with single-stranded RNA genetic information such as Coxsackie viruses (especially Coxsackie B3 and B5). Globally, Chagas disease is the leading cause of myocarditis, which results from infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Bacteria can also result in myocarditis, although it is rare in patients with normal heart function and without a preexisting immunodeficiency. A list of the most relevant infectious organisms is below. *Viral: adenovirus, parvovirus B19, coxsackie virus, rubella virus, polio virus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2, causing COVID-19) * Protozoan: Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii (causing Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis, respectively) * Bacterial: Brucella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, Actinomyces, Tropheryma whipplei, Vibrio cholerae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Leptospira, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae * Fungal: Aspergillus * Parasitic: Ascaris, Echinococcus granulosus, Paragonimus westermani, Schistosoma, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, visceral larva migrans, Wuchereria bancrofti Immune conditions * Allergic reaction (e.g., to acetazolamide or amitriptyline) *Kawasaki disease * Autoimmunity (scleroderma, lupus, sarcoidosis, and systemic vasculitides) * Toxic shock syndrome Drug reactions and toxins *Anthracyclines and other forms of chemotherapy *Antipsychotics including clozapine *Alcohol *Stimulants such as mephedrone and cocaine *Arsenic *Carbon monoxide *Snake venom *Heavy metals (copper or iron) Vaccination * Myocarditis and pericarditis can be a rare side effect of some vaccines like the smallpox vaccine. * Some COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines (esp. elasomeran) can cause myocarditis and pericarditis, especially in young men at repeated administration. In adolescent males aged 16 to 17 years the crude reporting rate of myocarditis was 105.9 per million doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. According to a study with mice a possible cause for this rare side effect may be accidental intravenous injection and the authors recommend to use (initial) aspiration in intramuscular injection to minimize this risk. Physical injuries * Electric shock *Hyperpyrexia, and radiation
complications of Trichinosis
complications of Gonorrhea
medical cause of Taeniasis
complications of Chlamydia
complications of Campylobacteriosis
symptom of Taeniasis
symptom of Trichinosis
medical diagnosis of Trichomoniasis