Structural defects In cases where<unk>  affects one eye resulting in differences in the way the two eyes perceive the size or shape of images, the condition is known as aniseikonia. Aniseikonia is known to be associated with certain retinal conditions. Epiretinal membrane has been found to cause metamorphopsia and aniseikonia. Vitreomacular traction caused by the excessive adhesion of vitreous fluid to the retina is related to aniseikonia due to the separation and compression of photoreceptor cells. Macular edema and surgical re-attachment for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment can also cause an increased separation of macular photoreceptor cells resulting in dysmetropsia. Retinoschisis is another eye disease that has been shown to cause aniseikonia. There is evidence that a lesion appearing in the posterior area of the ventral occippitotemporal visual pathway can cause<unk> . This lesion can be due to an ischemic cell death after an acute posterior cerebral infarction. Medications The most prevalent research on prescription drugs with side effects of<unk>  deals with zolpidem and citalopram. Zolpidem is a drug prescribed for insomnia, and although it has proven beneficial effects, there have been numerous reported cases of adverse perceptual reactions. One of these cases discusses an anorexic woman's episode of<unk> , which occurred twenty minutes after taking 10 mg zolpidem. The same woman later had two more episodes of zolpidem-induced<unk> , after taking 5 mg and 2.5 mg zolpidem, respective to each episode. The intensity of the<unk>  episodes decreased with the decreasing amount of zolpidem administered; it is implied in the article that the level of intensity was based on the patients accounts of her<unk>  episodes, and that no external diagnosis was used. Hoyler points out notable similarities among the different reported cases of zolpidem-induced disorganization. The similarities were that all the cases were reported by women, the disorganization and agitation followed the first administration of zolpidem, and once zolpidem was discontinued, there were no lasting residual effects. It is believed that zolpidem-related<unk>  is more prevalent in women because plasma zolpidem concentration is 40% higher in women, a concentration that further increases in anorexic women. Citalopram-induced<unk>  is similar to zolpidem-induced<unk>  since both types have been observed in relatively few cases, and neither of the drugs’ side effects can be supported by experimental evidence. Citalopram is an antidepressant that inhibits serotonin reuptake. The first case of<unk>  thought to be induced by citalopram involves a woman who experienced<unk>  after her first administration of 10 mg citalopram. Just as with zolpidem, after the immediate discontinuation of citalopram, there were no further episodes of<unk> . Illicit drugs There are suggestions that visual distortions, such as<unk> , can be associated with cocaine use. Episodes of temporary drug-induced<unk>  subside as the chemicals leave the body. Migraine Past research has linked<unk>  to migraine. One of these studies was conducted on Japanese adolescents who reported visual episodic illusions with<unk>  and showed that illusions are three times more likely to occur in association with migraine. The illusions were most prevalent among girls between the ages of 16 and 18. It is unlikely that<unk>  in Japanese adolescents could be due to epileptic seizure since only 0.3% of Japanese adolescents have epilepsy. No evidence of drugs was found, which eliminates the possibility of the<unk>  in the adolescents being drug-induced. It is also unlikely for<unk>  in adolescent children to be associated with a serious disease. It is usually the<unk>  or other visual disturbance which precedes the painful migrainous headaches. The episodes of<unk>  can occur as part of the aura in a migraine. These episodes are often brief, lasting only a few minutes. Adolescents who are deemed to have multiple distortions per episode, such as slow motion vision and<unk> , are even more likely to be sufferers of migraine. The<unk>  episodes associated with migraine are typically equivalent to the duration of the aura, which can range from moments to 15 minutes. Non-migrainous headaches are not known to be associated with episodic illusions. Even in the absence of a migraine, a fever or a hypnogogic state can provoke visual illusions, which one might claim to be<unk> . A person with<unk>  may fail to see the connection between the migraine and the<unk> , since the conditions may not elicit symptoms at the same time. The pathophysiology of the condition is not fully understood, but the timing of some episodic occurrences with the headaches suggests that there is a connection between<unk>  and the vasoconstrictive phase of a migraine. The differences in visual phenomena, such as<unk>  with slow motion versus<unk>  without slow motion, may result from different areas of the brain being affected by migraine. Epilepsy<unk>  may present itself as a symptom of both frontal lobe epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy, which may actually help in the diagnosis of those diseases. Children who experience nocturnal hallucinations accompanied by<unk>  may seek medical care for panic attack disorders and instead are diagnosed with forms of epilepsy. Epilepsy patients may have no memory of the seizure, but can remember the hallucinations and aura which proceed the attack. Electroencephalography, or EEG imaging, can then be utilized while the patient experiences the episode. It may be subsequently concluded that the EEG is congruent with temporal or frontal lobe seizure. Anxiety and headaches accompany the episodes of visual distortion associated with epilepsy. While Valproic acid has been used to treat this type of seizure, anti-seizure medications appropriate for focal-onset seizures, like oxcarbazapine, have also been used successfully in the treatment of epilepsy-related<unk> . Hypoglycaemia Endogenous hypoglycaemia can result in number of visual disturbances and sometimes<unk> . This kind of hypoglycaemia is defined as having an abnormally low blood-sugar level due to anything other than the exogenous administration of insulin.<unk>  has been observed in experimental hypoglycaemia and in patients receiving insulin therapy. Viruses Patients with both Epstein-Barr virus and infectious mononucleosis have cited an increase in the sizes of perceived objects, coinciding with other symptoms of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome. Additionally, it has been observed that Epstein-Barr patients who cite hallucinations display abnormal MRI scans. The MRI may show swelling of the cerebral cortex, transient T2 prolongation, and transient lesions. Unlike in MRI's, no abnormalities have been reported in CT scans. It is thus recommended that an Epstein-Barr patient who cites visual hallucinations have an MRI scan.<unk>  may appear either before the onset, or after the resolution, of all clinical symptoms associated with the illness. The duration of the disturbances have been shown to range between two weeks and seven months. Almost all patients with<unk>  due to infectious mononucleosis make full recoveries. Patients with Coxsackievirus B1 have reported numerous symptoms of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, the most common of which being<unk>  and<unk> .
Macropsia
Cerebral polyopia
Ocular dysmetria
Tunnel vision
Cyanopsia
Quadrantanopia
Photopsia
Optic disc pallor