The infection usually has its origin in the vagina and ascends to the Fallopian tube from there. Because the infection can spread via the lymph vessels, infection in one Fallopian tube usually leads to infection of the other. Risk factors It's been theorized that retrograde menstrual flow and the cervix opening during menstruation allows the infection to reach the Fallopian tubes. Other risk factors include surgical procedures that break the cervical barrier, such as: *endometrial biopsy *curettage *hysteroscopy Another risk is factors that alter the microenvironment in the vagina and cervix, allowing infecting organisms to proliferate and eventually ascend to the Fallopian tube: *antibiotic treatment *ovulation *menstruation *sexually transmitted disease (STD) Finally, sexual intercourse may facilitate the spread of disease from the vagina to the Fallopian tube. Coital risk factors are: *Uterine contractions *Sperm, carrying organisms upward Bacterial species The bacteria most associated with<unk>  are: *N. gonorrhoeae *Chlamydia trachomatis *Mycoplasma *Staphylococcus *Streptococcus However,<unk>  is usually polymicrobial, involving many kinds of organisms. Other examples of organisms involved are: *Ureaplasma urealyticum *Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria
Salpingitis
Oophoritis
Epididymitis
Testicular pain
Pyonephrosis
Hydronephrosis
Vaginitis
Urethritis