<unk>  ( (male),<unk> <unk> e (female), abbreviated cand. med.) is an academic degree awarded in Denmark, Iceland, and Norway following a six-year medical school education. Medical students in Germany, Austria and Switzerland carry this title during their medical studies before being awarded the degree of Dr. med. (Germany) or Dr. med. univ. (Austria) after defending a doctoral or diploma thesis before a jury. Defence of a thesis is compulsory at some medical faculties in Germany and can be prepared during or after medical studies, while in Austria it is compulsory to defend a thesis before completion of the medical curriculum. The degree can also be written as<unk> s/candidata<unk>  (Æ instead of AE). In Danish and Norwegian, the degree is, similar to other Latin degrees, generally not capitalized (i.e. it is written as<unk> s/candidata<unk> e and abbreviated cand.med.). The abbreviation of the Latin term is almost exclusively used, i.e. they are not translated. The term<unk>  refers to those running for public office in Ancient Rome. Traditionally, many doctors (and lawyers) in Denmark and Norway would hold positions directly appointed by the King. In Denmark and Norway, a higher doctorate of<unk>  is known as dr.med. (doctor<unk> e, literally, Doctor of<unk> . This degree is obtained by those furthering their career in research and is not required or usually obtained by those only working in clinical<unk> . Formally it is not, however, required in Denmark to hold a cand.med. degree to acquire the doctorate. In practice most Doctors of<unk>  are also<unk> . In Denmark, there are currently two research degrees that can be obtained in the field of<unk> , the ph.d., which is not officially a doctorate (although being called the lesser doctorate informally) and the doctorate, dr.med. (informally the higher doctorate). Dr.med. was abolished in Norway in 2008 and replaced by the PhD.
Candidate of Medicine
Component causes
Good clinical practice
Biobank ethics
Variant of concern
Clinical research ethics
Drug policy
Good clinical laboratory practice