Expected survival upon diagnosis of<unk>  in the United States Chromosomal translocation (9;11), associated with<unk>  Multiple factors influence prognosis in<unk> , including the presence of specific mutations, and a person with<unk> 's age. In the United States between 2011 and 2016, the median survival of a person with<unk>  was 8.5 months, with the 5 year survival being 24%. This declines with age, with the poorer prognosis being associated with an age greater than 65 years, and the poorest prognosis seen in those aged 75–84. As of 2001, cure rates in clinical trials have ranged from 20 to 45%; although clinical trials often include only younger people and those able to tolerate aggressive therapies. The overall cure rate for all people with<unk>  (including the elderly and those unable to tolerate aggressive therapy) is likely lower. Cure rates for APL can be as high as 98%. Subtypes Secondary<unk>  has a worse prognosis, as does treatment-related<unk>  arising after chemotherapy for another previous malignancy. Both of these entities are associated with a high rate of unfavorable genetic mutations. Cytogenetics Different genetic mutations are associated with a difference in outcomes. Certain cytogenetic abnormalities are associated with very good outcomes (for example, the (15;17) translocation in APL). About half of people with<unk>  have "normal" cytogenetics; they fall into an intermediate risk group. A number of other cytogenetic abnormalities are known to associate with a poor prognosis and a high risk of relapse after treatment. A large number of molecular alterations are under study for their prognostic impact in<unk> . However, only FLT3-ITD, NPM1, CEBPA and c-KIT are currently included in validated international risk stratification schema. These are expected to increase rapidly in the near future. FLT3 internal tandem duplications (ITDs) have been shown to confer a poorer prognosis in<unk>  with normal cytogenetics. Several FLT3 inhibitors have undergone clinical trials, with mixed results. Two other mutations – NPM1 and biallelic CEBPA are associated with improved outcomes, especially in people with normal cytogenetics and are used in current risk stratification algorithms. Researchers are investigating the clinical significance of c-KIT mutations in<unk> . These are prevalent, and potentially clinically relevant because of the availability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib and sunitinib that can block the activity of c-KIT pharmacologically. It is expected that additional markers (e.g., RUNX1, ASXL1, and TP53) that have consistently been associated with an inferior outcome will soon be included in these recommendations. The prognostic importance of other mutated genes (e.g., DNMT3A, IDH1, IDH2) is less clear. Other prognostic factors Elevated lactate dehydrogenase level were also associated with poorer outcomes. Use of tobacco is associated with a person having a poorer prognosis, and people who are married and live together have a better prognosis. People who are treated at place with a higher volume of<unk>  have a better prognosis than those who are treated at those in the lowest quartile. As with most forms of cancer, performance status (i.e. the general physical condition and activity level of the person) plays a major role in prognosis as well.
Acute myeloid leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Myeloid leukemia
Lymphoid leukemia
Prolymphocytic leukemia
Acute monocytic leukemia
Leukemoid reaction
T-cell leukemia