<unk>  has been reported to be present in 3 out of every 100,000 births. Many instances of<unk>  also occur with microphthalmia. A recent study in the UK indicated that<unk>  and microphthalmia had a combined average of 1 in every 10,000 births. The annual rate of occurrence of<unk> /microphthalmia in the United States is about 780 children born/year. The most extensive epidemiological survey on this congenital malformation has been carried out by Dharmasena et al. and using English National Hospital Episode Statistics, they calculated the annual incidence of<unk> , microphthalmia and congenital malformations of orbit/lacrimal apparatus from 1999 to 2011. According to this study the incidence of congenital<unk>  ranged from 2.4 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.0) per 100 000 infants in 1999 to 0.4 (0 to 1.3) in 2011. Parents that already have a child who suffers from<unk>  has a 1 in 8 chance of having another child with<unk> . Approximately 2/3 of all cases of<unk>  are determined to be of genetic basis.<unk>  is one of the leading causes of congenital blindness and accounts for 3-11% of blindness in children.<unk>  and microphthalmia together make up 1.7-1.8% of reconstructive surgical cases in laboratory of plastic surgery and ocular prostheses.
Anophthalmia
Enophthalmia
Xerophthalmia
Exophthalmos
Enophthalmos
Photophthalmia
Periorbital hyperpigmentation
Hemifacial hypertrophy