Signs and symptoms of<unk>  include irregular or no menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess body and facial hair, acne, pelvic pain, difficulty getting pregnant, and patches of thick, darker, velvety skin. This metabolic, endocrine and reproductive disorder is not universally defined, but the most common symptoms are irregular or irregular absent periods,<unk> an cysts, enlarged<unk> es, excess androgen, weight gain and hirsutism. Associated conditions include type 2 diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, heart disease, mood disorders, and endometrial cancer. This disease is related to the number of follicles per<unk>  each month growing from the average range of 6 to 8 to double, triple or more. it is important to distinguish between<unk>  (the syndrome) and a woman with<unk> <unk> <unk> es): to have<unk> , a woman must have at least two of these three symptoms <unk> , anovulation/oligoovulation and hyperandrogenism). This means that a woman can have<unk>  (displaying anovulation and hyperandrogenism) without having<unk> . At the same time, having<unk> <unk> es does not relate necessary with the presence of<unk> . Common signs and symptoms of<unk>  include the following: * Menstrual disorders:<unk>  mostly produces oligomenorrhea (fewer than nine menstrual periods in a year) or amenorrhea (no menstrual periods for three or more consecutive months), but other types of menstrual disorders may also occur. * Infertility: This generally results directly from chronic anovulation (lack of ovulation). * High levels of masculinizing hormones: Known as hyperandrogenism, the most common signs are acne and hirsutism (male pattern of hair growth, such as on the chin or chest), but it may produce hypermenorrhea (heavy and prolonged menstrual periods), androgenic alopecia (increased hair thinning or diffuse hair loss), or other symptoms. Approximately three-quarters of women with<unk>  (by the diagnostic criteria of NIH/NICHD 1990) have evidence of hyperandrogenemia. * Metabolic syndrome: This appears as a tendency towards central obesity and other symptoms associated with insulin resistance, including low energy levels and food cravings. Serum insulin, insulin resistance, and homocysteine levels are higher in women with<unk> . *<unk> <unk> es:<unk> es might get enlarged and comprise follicles surrounding the eggs. As result,<unk> es might fail to function regularly. Women with<unk>  tend to have central obesity, but studies are conflicting as to whether visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat is increased, unchanged, or decreased in women with<unk>  relative to reproductively normal women with the same body mass index. In any case, androgens, such as testosterone, androstanolone (dihydrotestosterone), and nandrolone decanoate have been found to increase visceral fat deposition in both female animals and women. Although 80% of<unk>  presents in women with obesity, 20% of women diagnosed with the disease are non-obese or "lean" women. However, obese women that suffer from<unk>  have a higher risk of adverse outcomes such as, hypertension, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and endometrial hyperplasia. Even though most women with<unk>  are overweight or obese, it is important to acknowledge that non-overweight women can also be diagnosed with<unk> . Up to 30% of women diagnosed with<unk>  maintain a normal weight before and after diagnosis. "Lean" women still face the various symptoms of<unk>  with the added challenges of getting their symptoms properly addressed and recognized. Lean women often go undiagnosed for years, and usually are diagnosed after struggles to conceive. Lean women are likely to have incidences of missed diagnosis of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These women also have an increased risk of developing insulin resistance despite not being overweight. Lean women are often taken less seriously with their diagnosis of<unk> , and also face challenges finding appropriate treatment options. This is because most treatment options are limited to approaches of losing weight and healthy dieting. Associated conditions Many individuals aren't under the impression that the first warning sign is usually a change in appearance. But there are also manifestations of mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. A diagnosis of<unk>  suggests an increased risk of the following: * Endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer (cancer of the uterine lining) are<unk> sible, due to overaccumulation of uterine lining, and also lack of progesterone resulting in prolonged stimulation of uterine cells by estrogen. It is not clear whether this risk is directly due to the syndrome or from the associated obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperandrogenism. * Insulin resistance/Type II diabetes. A review published in 2010 concluded that women with<unk>  have an elevated prevalence of insulin resistance and type II diabetes, even when controlling for body mass index (BMI).<unk>  also makes a woman at higher risk for diabetes. * High blood pressure, in particular if obese or during pregnancy * Depression and anxiety * Dyslipidemia – disorders of lipid metabolism — cholesterol and triglycerides. Women with<unk>  show a decreased removal of atherosclerosis-inducing remnants, seemingly independent of insulin resistance/Type II diabetes. * Cardiovascular disease, with a meta-analysis estimating a 2-fold risk of arterial disease for women with<unk>  relative to women without<unk> , independent of BMI. * Strokes * Weight gain * Miscarriage * Sleep apnea, particularly if obesity is present * Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, particularly if obesity is present * Acanthosis nigricans (patches of darkened skin under the arms, in the groin area, on the back of the neck) * Autoimmune thyroiditis * Some studies report a higher incidence of<unk>  among transgender men (prior to taking testosterone), though not all have not found the same association. People with<unk>  in general are also reportedly more likely to see themselves as "sexually undifferentiated" or "androgynous" and "less likely to identify with a female gender scheme." The risk of<unk> an cancer and breast cancer is not significantly increased overall.
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Hypothyroidism
Gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome
Hyperprolactinaemia
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Lactational amenorrhea
Metabolic syndrome