<unk>  is rare, with an annual rate of 1-2 cases per million. The prognosis without disease-modifying treatment is 10–20 years. Many cases develop in people who have previously been diagnosed with aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. The fact that<unk>  develops in MDS also explains why there appears to be a higher rate of leukemia in<unk> , as MDS can sometimes transform into leukemia. 25% of female cases of<unk>  are discovered during pregnancy. This group has a high rate of thrombosis, and the risk of death of both mother and child are significantly increased (20% and 8% respectively).
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Hereditary spherocytosis
Beta thalassemia
Congenital hemolytic anemia
Hemoglobinemia
Alpha-thalassemia
Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II