The cell cycle. Many<unk><unk> s work to regulate the cycle at specific checkpoints in order to prevent damaged cells from replicating. A<unk>  <unk> , or anti-oncogene, is a<unk>  that regulates a cell during cell division and replication. If the cell grows uncontrollably, it will result in cancer. When a<unk>  is mutated, it results in a loss or reduction in its function. In combination with other<unk> tic mutations, this could allow the cell to grow abnormally. The loss of function for these<unk> s may be even more significant in the development of human cancers, compared to the activation of oncogenes.<unk> s can be grouped into the following categories: caretaker<unk> s, gatekeeper<unk> s, and more recently landscaper<unk> s. Caretaker<unk> s ensure stability of the genome via DNA repair and subsequently when mutated allow mutations to accumulate. Meanwhile, gatekeeper<unk> s directly regulate cell growth by either inhibiting cell cycle progression or inducing apoptosis. Lastly landscaper<unk> s regulate growth by contributing to the surrounding environment, when mutated can cause an environment that promotes unregulated proliferation. The classification schemes are evolving as medical advances are being made from fields including molecular biology,<unk> tics, and epigenetics.
Tumor suppressor gene
Anticancer gene
Human disease modifier gene
Oncogenic retroviridae protein
Oncogene
Fusion gene
Chromosomal fragile site
Regulator gene