The risk factors for suicidal ideation can be divided into three categories: psychiatric disorders, life events, and family history. Psychiatric disorders Suicidal ideation is a symptom for many mental disorders and can occur in response to adverse life events without the presence of a mental disorder. There are several psychiatric disorders that appear to be comorbid with suicidal ideation or considerably increase the risk of suicidal ideation. For example, many individuals with borderline personality disorder exhibit recurrent suicidal behavior and suicidal thoughts. One study found that 73% of patients with borderline personality disorder have attempted suicide, with the average patient having 3.4 attempts. The following list includes the disorders that have been shown to be the strongest predictors of suicidal ideation. These are not the only disorders that can increase risk of suicidal ideation. The disorders in which risk is increased the greatest include: * Anxiety disorders * Autism spectrum disorder * Major depressive disorder * Dysthymia * Bipolar disorder * Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) * Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) * Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) * Personality disorders * Psychosis (detachment from reality) * Paranoia * Schizophrenia * Substance use disorders, inhalant use disorder * Body dysmorphic disorder * Nightmare disorder * Gender dysphoria * Conduct disorder * Specific learning disorder Medication side effects Antidepressant medications are commonly used to decrease the symptoms in patients with moderate to severe clinical depression, and some studies indicate a connection between suicidal thoughts and tendencies and taking antidepressants, increasing the risk of suicidal thoughts in some patients. Some medications, such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can have suicidal ideation as a side effect. Moreover, these<unk> s' intended effects, can themselves have unintended consequence of an increased individual risk and collective rate of suicidal behavior: Among the set of persons taking the medication, a subset feel bad enough to want to attempt suicide (or to desire the perceived results of suicide) but are inhibited by depression-induced symptoms, such as lack of energy and motivation, from following through with an attempt. Among this subset, a "sub-subset" may find that the medication alleviates their physiological symptoms (such as lack of energy) and secondary psychological symptoms (e.g., lack of motivation) before or at lower doses than it alleviates their primary psychological symptom of depressed mood. Among this group of persons, the desire for suicide or its effects persists even as major obstacles to suicidal action are removed, with the effect that the incidences of suicide and suicide attempts increase. In 2003, the U.S. Food and<unk>  Administration (FDA) issued the agency’s strictest warning for manufacturers of all antidepressants (including tricyclic antidepressants TCAs and monoamine oxidase inhibitors) due to their association with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Further studies disagree with the warning, especially when prescribed for adults, claiming more recent studies are inconclusive in the connection between the<unk> s and suicidal ideation. Individuals with anxiety disorders who self-medicate with<unk> s or alcohol may also have an increased likelihood of suicidal ideation. Life events Life events are strong predictors of increased risk for suicidal ideation. Furthermore, life events can also lead to or be comorbid with the previous listed psychiatric disorders and predict suicidal ideation through those means. Life events that adults and children face can be dissimilar and for this reason, the list of events that increase risk can vary in adults and children. The life events that have been shown to increase risk most significantly are * Alcohol use disorder * Studies have shown that individuals who binge drink, rather than drink socially, tend to have higher rates of suicidal ideation *Certain studies associate those who experience suicidal ideation with higher alcohol consumption *Not only do some studies show that solitary binge drinking can increase suicidal ideation, but there is a positive feedback relationship causing those who have more suicidal ideation to have more drinks per day in a solitary environment *Minoritized gender expression and/or sexuality * Unemployment * Chronic illness or pain * Death of family members or friends * End of a relationship or being rejected by a romantic interest *Major change in life standard (e.g. relocation abroad) * Other studies have found that tobacco use is correlated with depression and suicidal ideation * Unplanned pregnancy * Bullying, including cyberbullying and workplace bullying * Previous suicide attempts * Having previously attempted suicide is one of the strongest indicators of future suicidal ideation or suicide attempts * Military experience * Military personnel who show symptoms of PTSD, major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder show higher levels of suicidal ideation * Community violence * Undesired changes in body weight * Women: increased BMI increases chance of suicidal ideation * Men: severe decrease in BMI increases chance of suicidal ideation * In general, the obese population has increased odds of suicidal ideation in relation to individuals that are of average-weight * Exposure and attention to suicide related images or words Family history * Parents with a history of depression * Valenstein et al. studied 340 adult offspring whose parents had depression in the past. They found that 7% of the offspring had suicidal ideation in the previous month alone * Abuse * Childhood: physical, emotional and sexual abuse * Adolescence: physical, emotional and sexual abuse * Family violence * Childhood residential instability *Certain studies associate those who experience suicidal ideation with family disruption. Relationships with parents and friends According to a study conducted by Ruth X. Liu of San Diego State University, a significant connection was found between the parent–child relationships of adolescents in early, middle and late adolescence and their likelihood of suicidal ideation. The study consisted of measuring relationships between mothers and daughters, fathers and sons, mothers and sons, and fathers and daughters. The relationships between fathers and sons during early and middle adolescence show an inverse relationship to suicidal ideation. Closeness with the father in late adolescence is "significantly related to suicidal ideation". Liu goes on to explain the relationship found between closeness with the opposite sex parent and the child's risk of suicidal thoughts. It was found that boys are better protected from suicidal ideation if they are close to their mothers through early and late adolescence; whereas girls are better protected by having a close relationship with their father during middle adolescence. An article published in 2010 by Zappulla and Pace found that suicidal ideation in adolescent boys is exacerbated by detachment from the parents when depression is already present in the child. Lifetime prevalence estimates of suicidal ideation among nonclinical populations of adolescents generally range from 60% to 75% and in many<unk>  its severity increases the risk of suicide.
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