Behavioral modification Behavioral modifications include getting at least 7–8 hours of sleep and various lifestyle changes, such as positional therapy. Sleeping on one's side rather than in a supine position or using positional pillows can provide relief, but these modifications may not be sufficient to treat more severe cases. Avoiding sedatives including alcohol and narcotics can help prevent the relaxation of<unk>  muscles, and thereby reduce the chance of their collapse. Avoiding sedatives may also help to reduce snoring. Medications Nasal steroids may be prescribed in order to ease nasal allergies and other obstructive nasal conditions that could cause<unk> . Positive<unk>  pressure therapy If left untreated,<unk>  can develop into obstructive sleep apnea. Treatments for OSA such as positive<unk>  pressure therapy can be effective at stopping the progression of<unk> .Positive<unk>  pressure therapy is similar to that in obstructive sleep apnea and works by stenting the<unk>  open with pressure, thus reducing the<unk><unk> . Use of a CPAP can help ease the symptoms of<unk> . Therapeutic trials have shown that using a CPAP with pressure between four and eight centimeters of water can help to reduce the number of arousals and improve sleepiness. CPAPs are the most promising treatment for<unk> , but effectiveness is reduced by low patient compliance. Oral appliances Oral appliances to protrude the tongue and lower jaw forward have been used to reduce sleep apnea and snoring, and hold potential for treating<unk> , but this approach remains controversial. Oral appliances may be a suitable alternative for patients who cannot tolerate CPAP. Surgery For nasal obstruction, options can be septoplasty, turbinate reductions, or surgical palate expansion. Orthognathic surgeries that expands the<unk> , such as Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) or Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE) are the most effective surgeries for sleep disordered breathing. MMA is often completely curative. Though less common methods of treatment, various surgical options including uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), hyoid suspension, and linguloplasty exist. These procedures increase the dimensions of the<unk><unk>  and reduce the collapsibility of the<unk> . One should also be screened for the presence of a hiatal hernia, which may result in abnormal pressure differentials in the esophagus, and in turn, constricted<unk> s during sleep. Palatal tissue reduction via radiofrequency ablation has also been successful in treating<unk> . Maxillary Expansion Orthodontic treatment to expand the volume of the nasal<unk> , such as nonsurgical Rapid Palatal expansion is common in children. Due to the ossification of the median palatine suture, traditional tooth-born expanders cannot achieve maxillary expansion in adults as the mechanical forces instead tip the teeth and dental alveoli. Mini-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) has been recently developed as a minimally invasive option for the transverse expansion of the maxilla in adults. This method increases the volume of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, leading to increased airflow and reduced respiratory arousals during sleep.
Upper airway resistance syndrome
Central hypoventilation syndrome
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Hyperventilation syndrome
Reactive airway disease
Eustachian tube dysfunction
Cardiac asthma
Yokkaichi asthma