The exact pathogenesis of<unk>  is still unknown though there are proposed theories, most of which view the neural tube malformation from the primary neural anomaly standpoint. Marin-Padilla and MarinPadilla have proposed that the cause for the abnormalities has to do with a deficiency in the primary mesoderm. P. Erdinçler, et al. suggests from their findings that the cause of the anomaly is actually a defect in the occipital bone and rachischisis of the posterior vertebral arches leading to herniation of neural tissue through the opening in the bone during gestation.
Iniencephaly
Klippel–Feil syndrome
Brachyphalangy
Microhydranencephaly
Oxycephaly
Hemihydranencephaly
Anencephaly
Hydranencephaly