<unk>  is a surgical subspecialty of medicine dealing with the disorders of children's genitourinary systems.<unk> sts provide care for both boys and girls ranging from birth to early adult age. The most common problems are those involving disorders of urination and testes.
Some of the problems they deal with are:
Bladder control problems such as enuresis and daytime urinary incontinence
Undescended testes (cryptorchidism)
Hypospadias
Urolithiasis (bladder and kidney stones)
Chordee and other minor malformations of the penis
Phimosis
Urinary obstruction and ureteral reflux
Neurogenic bladder (e.g., associated with spina bifida)
Tumors and cancers of the kidneys
Repair of genitourinary trauma
Genitourinary malformations and birth defects
Prune belly syndrome
Cloacal exstrophy, bladder exstrophy, and epispadias
Ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions
Prune belly syndrome
Cloacal exstrophy, bladder exstrophy, and epispadias
Ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions
In North America, most<unk> sts are associated with children's hospitals. Training for board certification in<unk>  typically consists of a surgery internship as part of a urology residency followed by subspecialty training in<unk>  at a major children's hospital.
Pediatric urology
Urology
Obstetrics
Gynaecology
Oncology
Gynecologic oncology
Neuroendocrinology
Rheumatology