text: <unk>  produces direct costs due to lost productivity and associated medical treatment, as well as indirect costs of preventative measures. In the United States,<unk>  is responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion per year, while it has been estimated that a future pandemic could cause hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs. However, the economic impact of past pandemics have not been intensively studied, and some authors have suggested that the Spanish<unk>  actually had a positive long-term effect on per-capita income growth, despite a large reduction in the working population and severe short-term depressive effects. Other studies have attempted to predict the costs of a pandemic as serious as the 1918 Spanish flu on the U.S. economy, where 30% of all workers became ill, and 2.5% were killed. A 30% sickness rate and a three-week length of illness would decrease gross domestic product by 5%. Additional costs would come from medical treatment of 18 million to 45 million people, and total economic costs would be approximately $700 billion. Medications are available for prevaccination, chemoprophylaxis, and treatment.  Vaccines range in cost per quality adjusted life year, or QALY, depending on the age and risk factors of patient from -$10,000 per QALY (cost-saving) for high-risk children up to around $100,000 per QALY for older, healthy children.  Vaccination and prevention of<unk>  cases is generally considered to be the most cost-effective manner of combating<unk> .  Chemoprophylaxis costs around $10,000 per QALY, though this figure varies for adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors. Treatment using antiviral medications can cost anywhere from $1,000 per QALY for amantadine up to around $50,000 per QALY to administer zanamivir to healthy adults. Most treatment options are still considered cost-effective when compared to no treatment.
option_0: Influenza cost-effectiveness of therapy
option_1: Rubella cost-effectiveness of therapy
option_2: Tetanus cost-effectiveness of therapy
option_3: Pneumonia cost-effectiveness of therapy
option_4: Listeriosis cost-effectiveness of therapy
option_5: Tuberculosis cost-effectiveness of therapy
option_6: Hospital-acquired pneumonia cost-effectiveness of therapy
option_7: Malaria cost-effectiveness of therapy