text: Secondary prevention strategies following cervical cancer are mainly include pap test, HPV DNA test and colposcopy.
  The widespread introduction of the Papanicolaou test, or pap smear for cervical cancer screening has been reduced the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in developed countries. 
  The major advantage of pap smear is its cost effectiveness, also it is easy to perform but the result relies on the quality of sample provided and that is a disadvantage for screening by pap smear.
  The pap smear suggests the presence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (premalignant changes in the cervix) before a cancer developes, allowing for further workup.
  New method has been developed to increase the sensitivity of Pap smear and it is called liquid based cytology(LBC), it is less time consuming and reduce the amount of unsatisfactory sample collection from cervix but it is mostly available in high income countries.
  HPV DNA test  can be used as an adjunct to cytology, it distinguishes high-risk HPV types from low-risk HPV types. 
  HPV DNA test is more sensitive in detecting high grade cervical lesion, CIN2 and higher. It is also useful for treatment follow up of women with high grade neoplasia and when the result of cytology is equivocal ( atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance). 
  Colposcopy is another method for screening of target poulation and it provides better view of cervix and vagina and helps in accurate grading. Its main disadvantage are need of experienced personnel and its high cost.
  see also cervical cancer screening
  see also pap smear
  see also  colposcopy
option_0: Cervical cancer secondary prevention
option_1: Cervical cancer primary prevention
option_2: Cervical polyp secondary prevention
option_3: Vaginal cancer primary prevention
option_4: Cervical cancer medical therapy
option_5: Endometrial cancer primary prevention
option_6: Cervical cancer risk factors
option_7: Endometrial cancer medical therapy