text: <unk>  is a disorder characterized by hypocalcemia due to insufficient secretion of parathyroid hormone.<unk>  may be classified according to etiology into following groups including post-surgical<unk> , autoimmune<unk> ,<unk>  associated with genetic defects, and functional<unk> . Normally, parathyroid hormone increases serum calcium and magnesium concentration, and decreases serum phosphate concentration. Secretion of parathyroid hormone from parathyroid gland is stimulated by low serum calcium. Most common cause for<unk>  is post-surgical including thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, and radical neck dissection.<unk>  should be differentiated from other causes of hypocalcemia. Causes of hypocalcemia other than<unk>  include pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, hypovitaminosis D, chronic kidney disease, and relative hypocalcemia due to hypoalbuminemia. The symptoms and complications of<unk>  usually develop due to hypocalcemia. There is an increased risk of renal complications due to hypercalciuria in patients treated with calcium and vitamin D analogs. Majority of post-surgical patients have transient<unk> . The prognosis of post-surgical<unk>  is usually good as it is transient and serum calcium levels becomes normal within 6 months of surgery. The diagnosis of<unk>  is made when the following diagnostic criteria are met: Hypocalcemia (albumin-adjusted) confirmed on at least two occasions separated by at least 2 weeks, parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration, by second- or third-generation immunoassay, that is undetectable or inappropriately low (ie, <20 pg/mL) in the presence of hypocalcemia on at least two occasions, phosphate levels in the upper normal or frankly elevated range (helpful but not mandatory), and chronic<unk>  is established only after 6 months after neck surgery. The hallmark of acute hypocalcemia due to<unk>  is tetany. The presence of Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign on physical examination is highly suggestive of hypocalcemia which is commonly caused by<unk> . Diagnosis of<unk>  is made by measurement of serum calcium (total and ionized), serum albumin (for correction), phosphate, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels. Normal or inappropriately low serum intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration in patients with subnormal serum albumin corrected total or ionized calcium concentration diagnostic of<unk> . Pharmacologic medical therapies for<unk>  include calcium and Vitamin D3 supplementation. Severe hypocalcemia, a potentially life-threatening condition,  is treated as soon as possible with intravenous calcium (e.g. as calcium gluconate). Generally, a central venous catheter is recommended, as the calcium can irritate peripheral veins and cause phlebitis. Natpara (rhPTH) is a synthetic recombinant human parathyroid hormone approved by U.S. FDA in 2015 for treatment of<unk> .
option_0: Hypoparathyroidism
option_1: Pseudohypoparathyroidism
option_2: Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
option_3: Pseudohyperparathyroidism
option_4: Secondary hyperparathyroidism
option_5: Parathyroid adenoma
option_6: Primary parathyroid hyperplasia
option_7: Albright like syndrome