text: The<unk>  is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as 1,000,000 g (9,800 km/s²). There are two kinds of<unk> s, the preparative and the analytical<unk> . Both classes of instruments find important uses in molecular biology, biochemistry and polymer science.  Theodor Svedberg invented the analytical<unk>  in 1923, and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1926 for his research on colloids and proteins using the<unk> .
  The vacuum<unk>  was invented by Edward Greydon Pickels.  It was his contribution of the vacuum which allowed a reduction in friction generated at high speeds.  Vacuum systems also enabled the maintenance of constant temperature.
  In 1946, Pickels cofounded Spinco (Specialized Instruments Corp.) and marketed an<unk>  based on his design. Pickels, however, considered his design to be complicated and developed a more “foolproof” version. But even with the enhanced design, sales of the technology remained low, and Spinco almost went bankrupt. The company survived and was the first to commercially manufacture<unk> s, in 1947. In 1949, Spinco introduced the Model L, the first preparative<unk>  to reach a maximum speed of 40,000 rpm. In 1954, Beckman Instruments (now Beckman Coulter) purchased the company, forming the basis of its Spinco centrifuge division.
option_0: Ultracentrifuge
option_1: Exudate
option_2: Cell culture
option_3: Electron
option_4: Speculum
option_5: Nucleosol
option_6: Microbiology
option_7: CURE