text: <unk>  <unk> , also known as electroshock, is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which seizures are induced with electricity for therapeutic effect. Today,<unk>  is most often used as a treatment for severe major depression which has not responded to other treatment, and is also used in the treatment of mania, catatonia, schizophrenia and other disorders. It first gained widespread use as a form of treatment in the 1940s and 50s; today, an estimated 1 million people worldwide receive<unk>  every year, usually in a course of 6-12 treatments administered 2 or 3 times a week.<unk>  can differ in its application in three ways; electrode placement, length of time that the stimulus is given, and the property of the stimulus. The variance of these three forms of application have significant differences in both adverse side effects and positive outcomes.<unk>  has been shown clinically to be the most effective treatment for severe depression, and to result in improved quality of life in both short- and long-term. For at least half of the patients, the benefits of the initial treatment are short-lived[citation needed]. After treatment, drug therapy can be continued, and some patients receive continuation/maintenance<unk> . Side-effects include confusion and memory loss for events around the time period of treatment. It is widely accepted that<unk>  does not cause brain damage. Certain types of<unk>  have been shown to cause persistent memory loss,  whereas confusion usually clears within hours of treatment. Informed consent is a standard of modern<unk> . Involuntary treatment is uncommon in countries that follow contemporary standards and is typically only used when the use of<unk>  is considered potentially life saving.
option_0: Electroconvulsive therapy
option_1: Suicide psychotherapy
option_2: Psychodynamic psychotherapy
option_3: Acute stress disorder psychotherapy
option_4: Psychotherapy
option_5: Grief therapy
option_6: Major depressive disorder psychotherapy
option_7: Suicide Pharmacotherapy