text: <unk>  is a surgical subspecialty of medicine dealing with the disorders of children's genitourinary systems.<unk> sts provide care for both boys and girls ranging from birth to early adult age. The most common problems are those involving disorders of urination and testes.
  Some of the problems they deal with are:
  Bladder control problems such as enuresis and daytime urinary incontinence
  Undescended testes (cryptorchidism)
  Hypospadias
  Urolithiasis (bladder and kidney stones)
  Chordee and other minor malformations of the penis
  Phimosis
  Urinary obstruction and ureteral reflux
  Neurogenic bladder (e.g., associated with spina bifida)
  Tumors and cancers of the kidneys
  Repair of genitourinary trauma
  Genitourinary malformations and birth defects
  Prune belly syndrome
  Cloacal exstrophy, bladder exstrophy, and epispadias
  Ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions
  Prune belly syndrome
  Cloacal exstrophy, bladder exstrophy, and epispadias
  Ambiguous genitalia and intersex conditions
  In North America, most<unk> sts are associated with children's hospitals. Training for board certification in<unk>  typically consists of a surgery internship as part of a urology residency followed by subspecialty training in<unk>  at a major children's hospital.
option_0: Pediatric urology
option_1: Urology
option_2: Obstetrics
option_3: Gynaecology
option_4: Oncology
option_5: Gynecologic oncology
option_6: Neuroendocrinology
option_7: Rheumatology