text: Genes involved in the pathogenesis of<unk><unk>  include Mdm2, PTEN, IDH1, p53, EGFR, PDGFRA, and chromosomes 10p, 10q, 17p, and 19q. On gross pathology, the characteristic findings of<unk><unk>  include a poorly-marginated, diffusely infiltrating, firm or gelatinous mass with a central necrotic core. On microscopic histopathological analysis, the characteristic findings of<unk><unk>  include pleomorphic astrocytes with marked atypia, mitosis, necrosis, and microvascular proliferation. Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a suicide DNA repair enzyme. Methylation is described to impair DNA transcription and therefore, expression of the MGMT enzyme. MGMT methylation is associated with an improved response to treatment with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics, such as temozolomide.<unk><unk>  exhibits numerous alterations in genes that encode for ion channels, including upregulation of gBK potassium channels and ClC-3 chloride channels. Upregulating these ion channels, the tumor cells can facilitate increased ion movement over the cell membrane, thereby increasing H2O movement through osmosis, which aids the tumor cells in changing cellular volume very rapidly.
option_0: Glioblastoma multiforme pathophysiology
option_1: Glioma pathophysiology
option_2: Meningioma pathophysiology
option_3: Ameloblastoma pathophysiology
option_4: Astrocytoma pathophysiology
option_5: Medulloblastoma pathophysiology
option_6: Oligoastrocytoma pathophysiology
option_7: Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma diagnostic criteria