text: <unk>  was first described by Thomas<unk> , a British physician, in 1832. Since then, the tremendous efforts of many researchers have continued to provide more precise and comprehensive information regarding the pathology, staging, and treatment of<unk> .<unk>  is a potentially curable tumor, in which malignancy originates from lymphocytes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),<unk>  <unk>  can be classified into two major subgroups: nodular lymphocyte predominant and classic<unk> . Classic<unk>  is further divided into four subtypes: nodular sclerosis classic<unk>  (NSHL), mixed cellularity classic<unk>  (MCHL), lymphocyte rich classic<unk>  (LRHL), and lymphocyte depleted classic<unk>  (LDHL). According to the Lugano classification and Cotswolds modifications of the original Ann Arbor staging system, there are 4 stages of<unk>  based on clinical features gathered from history and physical examination and findings on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Each stage is assigned one letter and one number that designate the number of  lymph node regions involved and the presence/absence of systematic symptoms or of bulky or extended disease. On gross pathology, white-grey, uniform, and enlarged lymph nodes are characteristic findings of<unk> . On microscopic histopathological analysis, Reed-Sternberg cells, reactive cell infiltrate, and complete or partial effacement of the lymph node architecture are characteristic findings of<unk> .<unk>  must be differentiated from sarcoidosis, lymphocytic<unk> , miliary tuberculosis, infectious mononucleosis, thoracic aortic aneurysm, substernal goiter, thymoma, actinomycosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, superior vena cava syndrome, unicentric castleman disease, adult still disease, small cell lung carcinoma, and malignant histiocytosis.<unk>  has a bi-modal age distribution that differs geographically and ethnically in industrialized countries with the first peak occurring in the middle-to-late 20's and the second peak occurring after age 50. In developing countries, the early peak instead occurs before adolescence. In 2015, the incidence of<unk>  was estimated to be 3 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States with a higher incidence among patients with HIV/AIDS. However, in contrast to many other<unk> s associated with HIV infection,<unk>  occurs most commonly in patients who do not have severe immunosupression. The most common risk factors in the development of<unk>  are the Epstein-Barr virus, family history, and HIV infection. Other possible risk factors include genetics, infectious mononucleosis, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, tobacco usage, and socio-economic status. The 5-year survival rate of patients with<unk>  varies with the stage of the disease, however the early stage is associated with the most favorable prognosis. The most common symptoms of classic<unk>  include painless localized peripheral lymphadenopathy, B symptoms (fever, night sweats, and weight loss), and pruritus. Less common symptoms of<unk>  include cough, chest pain, breathing problems, pain or feeling of fullness below the ribs, pain in lymph nodes after drinking alcohol, skin blushing or flushing, bone pain, and leg swelling. Common physical examination findings of<unk>  include fever, lymphadenopathy, petechiae, jaundice, chest tenderness, wheezing, superior vena cava syndrome, abdominal tenderness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, fracture, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and central lymphadenopathy. The diagnostic study of choice for<unk>  is lymph node biopsy. The presence of Reed-Sternberg cell is diagnostic for classic<unk> . In addition to light microscopy evaluation of the biopsy samples, the immunophenotypic analysis with immunohistochemistry helps to determine<unk>  subtypes and distinguish<unk>  from T cell rich large B cell<unk>  and anaplastic large cell<unk> .  Laboratory tests for<unk>  include complete blood count (CBC), blood chemistry studies, HIV blood test, immuno histochemistry, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and immunophenotyping. On ultrasound,<unk>  is characterized by hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. The optimal therapy for<unk>  depends on the stage at diagnosis, age, type, and size of tumor but the predominant therapy for<unk>  is chemotherapy. Adjunctive radiation therapy and stem cell transplant may also be required.
option_0: Hodgkin's lymphoma
option_1: Burkitt's lymphoma
option_2: AIDS-related lymphoma
option_3: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
option_4: Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
option_5: B-cell lymphoma
option_6: Primary effusion lymphoma
option_7: Thymic carcinoma