text: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be diagnostically evaluated by physical examination through auscultation. Physical examination are quite specific and sensitive for severe disease. The signs are usually difficult to detect in cases of mild to moderate diseases. Findings on general physical examination can be cyanosis, tachypnea, use of accessory respiratory muscles, paradoxical indrawing of lower intercostal spaces is evident (known as the Hoover sign), elevated jugular venous pulse and peripheral edema. Pulmonary examination in can be barrel chest<unk> , wheezing, hyperresonance, crackles and rhonchi. A physical examination may reveal signs of "pink puffers". Patients may lean forward with arms extended and/or resting on something to help them breathe ("orthopenic breathing"). When lung auscultation and chest percussion is performed a hyperresonant sound is heard. In later stages the patient may also exhibit symptoms of hypoxia-induced cyanosis, or the appearance of a blue-to-purplish discoloration of the skin, due to increased levels of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood.
option_0: Emphysema physical examination
option_1: Hemoptysis physical examination
option_2: Bronchitis physical examination
option_3: Pleural effusion physical examination
option_4: Lung mass physical examination
option_5: Bronchiolitis physical examination
option_6: Farmer's lung physical examination
option_7: Chronic bronchitis physical examination