[Cite as Slane v. Hilliard, 2016-Ohio-306.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                    TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Crystal R. Slane,                                :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,            :
                                                                    No. 15AP-493
v.                                               :             (C.P.C. No. 10CV-18165)

City of Hilliard et al.,                         :           (REGULAR CALENDAR)

                 Defendants-Appellees.           :



                                          D E C I S I O N

                                     Rendered on January 28, 2016


                 Law Offices of James P. Connors, and James P. Connors, for
                 appellant.

                 Mazanec, Raskin & Ryder Co., L.P.A., Michael S. Loughry,
                 and Robert H. Stoffers, for appellee City of Hilliard.

                 The Law Offices of Raymond H. Decker, and Raymond H.
                 Decker, Jr., for appellee Hilliard City School District.

                   APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

SADLER, J.
        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Crystal R. Slane, appeals from a judgment of the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas granting motions for summary judgment filed
by defendants-appellees, City of Hilliard and Hilliard City School District. For the reasons
that follow, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
        {¶ 2} During the 2007-2008 academic year, appellant was a 16-year-old student
at Hilliard Darby High School, which is part of the Hilliard City School District
("district"), and within the city of Hilliard ("city"). On October 16, 2007, a vehicle struck
appellant after she entered the crosswalk at the intersection of Scioto Darby Road and
Leppert Road. Appellant described the incident in her affidavit as follows:
No. 15AP-493                                                                  2

           4. I parked in the development and would then walk a short
           distance to the intersection of Scioto Darby and Leppert
           Roads in order to cross the street. Traffic was heavy on
           Scioto Darby Road at that time of the morning. I attended
           what is known as the "zero" period which started at 6:50 a.m.
           The "normal" school start period was approximately an hour
           later. The school zone flashers were not activated or working
           for the zero period students. Normally the traffic is heavy
           and cars travel over the speed limit, and there were no lights
           at the intersection, so the lack of school zone flashers, street
           lights, and properly working traffic signals made me nervous
           and scared since the traffic would not slow down without the
           flashers working and it was hard to know when it was safe to
           cross the street to get to school.

           5. I would cross from the southeast corner of the intersection
           which faced the northeast corner where a signal box
           containing pedestrian signals with "WALK" and "DONT
           WALK" signals was on school property. This pedestrian
           traffic signal was supposed to light up with a WALK or
           DON'T WALK signal, sometimes on its own or sometimes in
           response to pressing a button at the corner. The signals,
           lights, pole, and box supporting them were located on the
           school property. From the start of the 2007-2008 school
           year until the day of my accident, when I was struck by a
           large SUV while trying to cross in the crosswalk, these
           pedestrian signals either never worked at all or never worked
           properly. On several occasions prior to my accident, I tried
           pressing the button to activate the signals so that I could
           safely cross the street, but the signals and button never
           worked so I stopped trying after awhile.

           ***

           7. Both the "WALK" and "DONT WALK" pedestrian traffic
           lights did not work and it was obvious to anyone who was or
           would be at the intersection. It had been this way for at least
           several weeks or months, if not longer, and since I drove to
           school.

           ***

           9. On October 16, 2007, I looked up to see the red lights for
           the traffic to stop in front of me, so I assumed it was safe to
           cross. I made it a few steps into the crosswalk when all the
           sudden without warning I was struck by a vehicle and
           severely injured. I broke my femur bone in my leg and the
No. 15AP-493                                                                                         3

                surgeon had to insert a rod and pins into my bone, which
                required surgery.

        {¶ 3} On June 4, 2008, appellant brought a negligence action against the city and
Jesse J. Alfaro, the driver of the vehicle that struck her. The trial court dismissed that
action without prejudice on June 8, 2010. When appellant refiled the action against the
city on December 13, 2010, she added the district as an additional defendant but she did
not refile her complaint against Alfaro.1
        {¶ 4} On June 29, 2011, the district filed a motion for summary judgment
claiming that it was immune from liability to appellant. On August 25, 2011, the city filed
a motion for summary judgment, also claiming immunity. The trial court initially granted
both motions. However, on June 23, 2014, the trial court vacated both its October 9, 2013
entry granting summary judgment in favor of the district and its October 24, 2013 entry
granting summary judgment in favor of the city. The parties subsequently conducted
additional discovery and submitted supplemental memoranda regarding the pending
motions for summary judgment.
        {¶ 5} Appellant presented testimony from other witnesses who claimed that, as
early as the beginning of the school year in August 2007, the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at
the intersection had either not worked properly or not worked at all. For example,
appellant submitted the affidavit of her classmate, Elizabeth Scotia Knight, who averred,
in relevant part:
                5. * * * From the start of [the 2007] school year, I noticed that
                the pedestrian light signals were not working. They were dim
                and hard to see. They did not work very well. Sometimes they
                worked, but most often they did not work properly or not
                work at all.

                6. * * * The lights did not "beep" or make any noise even when
                working properly, so pushing the button for a walk signal did
                not help.

        {¶ 6} Another Hilliard Darby High School student by the name of Erin M. Ranney
testified that the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at the intersection did not work when she
pressed the button on the light pole. She estimated that she observed this problem with
the signal around September 2007.

1 Appellant also named American Electric Power Co. as a defendant in the refiled case, but that claim was
later dismissed.
No. 15AP-493                                                                            4

       {¶ 7} Evidence was also produced that in the early 2000s, the city began
conducting periodic inspections of traffic and pedestrian signals throughout the city.
According to William Walton, Jr., a city maintenance technician, the city inspects the
signals at each intersection on a rotating basis at least once per year.
       {¶ 8} Concerning the flashing lights on the school zone signs, appellant deposed
Ellette Schamp, who has served as the city's traffic engineer since 1997. According to
Schamp, in 1998 the city installed signs in advance of the intersection of Leppert Road
and Scioto Darby Road alerting drivers of the reduced speed limit of 20 miles per hour in
a school zone. Schamp testified that the city activates flashing lights on the signs during
school hours. The posted speed limit on Leppert Road and Scioto Darby Road is 35 miles
per hour when school is not in session. According to Schamp, a timer activates the
flashing lights a pre-determined number of minutes before the first tardy bell and then
turns the lights off a pre-determined number of minutes after the earliest dismissal bell.
Schamp testified that she determines the time of the first tardy bell and earliest dismissal
bell by consulting the school district website at the beginning of each school year and
confirming that information with a telephone call to the district. Schamp testified that the
city does not adjust the timer to account for pre-school and after-school events.
       {¶ 9} The district's Director of Business, Jeffrey Franklin, was also deposed and
testified that the decision when to activate the flashing lights on "school zone" signs is
within the discretion of the city. According to Franklin, the unwritten policy adopted by
the city is to activate the flashing lights 20 minutes before the first tardy bell. Franklin
testified that the zero period is not part of the normal school day.
       {¶ 10} On April 13, 2015, the trial court ruled that the city and the district were
entitled to statutory immunity and granted the motions for summary judgment.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal to this court on May 13, 2015.
II. Assignments of Error
       {¶ 11} Appellant assigns the following assignments of error for our review:
              1. The trial court erred by granting defendant City of Hilliard's
              motion for summary judgment.

              2. The trial court erred by granting defendant Hilliard City
              School District's motion for summary judgment.
No. 15AP-493                                                                              5

III. Standard of Review
       {¶ 12} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment "shall be rendered forthwith if
the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits,
transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action,
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Accordingly, summary judgment is appropriate
only under the following circumstances: (1) no genuine issue of material fact remains to
be litigated, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and
(3) viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, reasonable minds
can come to but one conclusion, that conclusion being adverse to the nonmoving party.
Byrd v. Arbors East Subacute & Rehab. Ctr., 10th Dist. No. 14AP-232, 2014-Ohio-3935,
¶ 6, citing Harless v. Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 66 (1978).
       {¶ 13} " '[T]he moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the trial
court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the record before the
trial court which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element
of the nonmoving party's claim.' " Id. at ¶ 7, quoting Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,
292 (1996). Once the moving party meets its initial burden, the nonmovant must set forth
specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue for trial. Id., citing Dresher at 293. Because
summary judgment is a procedural device to terminate litigation, courts should award it
cautiously after resolving all doubts in favor of the nonmoving party. Id., citing Murphy
v. Reynoldsburg, 65 Ohio St.3d 356, 358-59 (1992).
       {¶ 14} Appellate review of summary judgment is de novo. Id. at ¶ 5. When an
appellate court reviews a trial court's disposition of a summary judgment motion, it
applies the same standard as the trial court and conducts an independent review, without
deference to the trial court's determination. Id., citing Maust v. Bank One Columbus,
N.A., 83 Ohio App.3d 103, 107 (10th Dist.1992); Brown v. Cty. Commrs., 87 Ohio App.3d
704, 711 (4th Dist.1993).
IV. Legal Analysis
       {¶ 15} The trial court ruled that the city and the district could not be held liable to
appellant because there was no dispute that the alleged negligence of the city and the
district arose out of the performance or nonperformance of a governmental function and
No. 15AP-493                                                                                6

because the exceptions to immunity set out in R.C. 2744.02(B)(1) through (5) did not
apply.
         A. First Assignment of Error
         {¶ 16} In her first assignment of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred
when it granted summary judgment in favor of the city. Appellant claims that the city was
negligent in failing to repair the malfunctioning "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at the
intersection of Scioto Darby Road and Leppert Road, and in failing to illuminate the
"school zone" sign for the zero period. Appellant further contends that the negligent acts
or omissions of the city were a legal cause of her injuries and that such negligence is
actionable under the exceptions to immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) and (5).
         {¶ 17} "R.C.   Chapter   2744    addresses    when    political   subdivisions,   their
departments and agencies, and their employees are immune from liability for their
actions." Gibbs v. Columbus Metro. Housing Auth., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-711, 2012-Ohio-
2271, ¶ 8, citing Lambert v. Clancy, 125 Ohio St.3d 231, 2010-Ohio-1483, ¶ 8. The
statutory framework requires courts to employ a three-tier analysis to determine whether
a political subdivision is entitled to immunity under R.C. 2744.02. Id., citing Smith v.
McBride, 130 Ohio St.3d 51, 2011-Ohio-4674, ¶ 13; Lambert at ¶ 8. "The analysis begins
with a general grant of immunity that affords the political subdivision protection from
liability 'in damages in a civil action for injury, death, or loss to person or property
allegedly caused by any act or omission of the political subdivision or an employee of the
political subdivision in connection with a governmental or proprietary function.' " Gibbs
at ¶ 8, quoting R.C. 2744.02(A)(1).           "However, the immunity provided by R.C.
2744.02(A)(1) is not absolute, but is subject to various exceptions set forth in R.C.
2744.02(B)." Smith v. Martin, 176 Ohio App.3d 567, 2008-Ohio-2978, ¶ 11 (10th Dist.).
Consequently, "[t]he second tier of the analysis focuses on the five exceptions to immunity
listed in R.C. 2744.02(B), which can expose a political subdivision to liability." Gibbs at
¶ 8, citing Smith, 2011-Ohio-4674, at ¶ 14; Lambert at ¶ 9. If any of the R.C. 2744.02(B)
exceptions apply, then the third tier of the analysis requires an assessment of whether any
defenses in R.C. 2744.03 apply to reinstate immunity. Gibbs at ¶ 8, citing Smith, 2011-
Ohio-4674, at ¶ 15; Lambert at ¶ 9.
         {¶ 18} It is within this statutory framework that we must review the trial court's
ruling on immunity.
No. 15AP-493                                                                              7

       1. City of Hilliard
       a. Flashing lights on "school zone" signs
       {¶ 19} R.C. 2744.01(C)(2) defines the term "governmental function" in relevant
part, as follows:
              (e) The regulation of the use of, and the maintenance and
              repair of, roads, highways, streets, avenues, alleys, sidewalks,
              * * * and public grounds[.]

       {¶ 20} R.C. 2744.02(B) sets forth the exceptions to the general rule of immunity in
relevant part, as follows:
              Subject to sections 2744.03 and 2744.05 of the Revised Code,
              a political subdivision is liable in damages in a civil action for
              injury, death, or loss to person or property allegedly caused by
              an act or omission of the political subdivision or of any of its
              employees in connection with a governmental or proprietary
              function, as follows:

              ***

              (3) Except as otherwise provided in section 3746.24 of the
              Revised Code, political subdivisions are liable for injury,
              death, or loss to person or property caused by their negligent
              failure to keep public roads in repair * * *.

              (4) Except as otherwise provided in section 3746.24 of the
              Revised Code, political subdivisions are liable for injury,
              death, or loss to person or property that is caused by the
              negligence of their employees and that occurs within or on the
              grounds of, and is due to physical defects within or on the
              grounds of, buildings that are used in connection with the
              performance of a governmental function * * *.

              (5) In addition to the circumstances described in divisions
              (B)(1) to (4) of this section, a political subdivision is liable for
              injury, death, or loss to person or property when civil liability
              is expressly imposed upon the political subdivision by a
              section of the Revised Code * * *.

       {¶ 21} Appellant first alleges that the city was negligent in the performance of a
governmental function by failing to illuminate "school zone" signs for the zero period.
The evidence, however, does not permit an inference that the city's negligence, if any, falls
within the exceptions set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3).
No. 15AP-493                                                                            8

       {¶ 22} Appellant's affidavit provides in relevant part: "I attended what is known as
the 'zero' period which started at 6:50 a.m.           The 'normal' school start period was
approximately an hour later. The school zone flashers were not activated or working for
the zero period students." (Slane Affidavit, ¶ 4.) Based on appellant's affidavit, appellant
sustained her injury at or before 6:50 a.m. Given the undisputed testimony of Schamp
and Franklin, appellant sustained her injury prior to the normal school day and prior to
the time of day when the city illuminates school zone signs. Appellant has not cited any
statute or administrative regulation that would require the city to activate the flashing
lights on school zone signs for pre-school activities.
       {¶ 23} Even if we were to accept appellant's argument that the city had a duty to
activate the flashing lights for the zero period, the city's failure to do so does not fall
within the exception to immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3). As noted above, R.C.
2744.02(B)(3) states that "political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to
person or property caused by their negligent failure to keep public roads in repair."
(Emphasis added.) Pursuant to R.C. 2744.01(H): " '[p]ublic roads' means public roads,
highways, streets, avenues, alleys, and bridges within a political subdivision. 'Public
roads' does not include berms, shoulders, rights-of-way, or traffic control devices unless
the traffic control devices are mandated by the Ohio manual of uniform traffic control
devices." (Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 24} R.C. 4511.21(B) pertaining to speed limits within school zones provides, in
relevant part:
                 It is prima-facie lawful * * * for the operator of a motor vehicle
                 * * * to operate the same at a speed not exceeding the
                 following:

                 (1)(a) Twenty miles per hour in school zones during school
                 recess and while children are going to or leaving school during
                 the opening or closing hours, and when twenty miles per hour
                 school speed limit signs are erected[. ] * * * Nothing in this
                 section or in the manual and specifications for a uniform
                 system of traffic control devices shall be construed to require
                 school zones to be indicated by signs equipped with flashing
                 or other lights, or giving other special notice of the hours in
                 which the school zone speed limit is in effect.

(Emphasis added.)
No. 15AP-493                                                                                9

       {¶ 25} Given the plain language of R.C. 4511.21(B) and 2744.02(H), flashing lights
on school zone signs are not considered "public roads." For this reason, the exception to
political subdivision immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) does not apply and the city
is immune from liability to appellant, as a matter of law, for any negligence with regard to
school zone signs.
       {¶ 26} Appellant has argued, in the alternative, that the exception to immunity set
forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(5) applies in this case. R.C. 2744.02(B)(5) provides that "[i]n
addition to the circumstances described in divisions (B)(1) to (4)[,] * * * a political
subdivision is liable for injury * * * when civil liability is expressly imposed upon the
political subdivision by a section of the Revised Code." In this regard, we note that R.C.
723.01 imposes a duty on all municipal corporations of "care, supervision, and control of
the public highways, streets, avenues, alleys, sidewalks [and] public grounds * * * within
the municipal corporation."      Appellant argues that this provision expressly imposes
liability upon the city for its failure to illuminate the school zone signs for the zero period,
and that the exception to immunity under R.C. 2744.02(B)(5) applies. We disagree.
       {¶ 27} In 2003, R.C. 723.01 was amended to add the following language: "[t]he
liability or immunity from liability of a municipal corporation for injury * * * allegedly
caused by a failure to perform the responsibilities imposed by this section shall be
determined pursuant to divisions (A) and (B)(3) of section 2744.02 of the Revised Code."
Given the language of the amendment, even if we were to find that R.C. 723.01 expressly
imposed liability on the city for failing to illuminate school zone signs for the zero period,
the city is immune from liability under R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) because the flashing lights on
school zone signs are not part of the "public roads."
       {¶ 28} Based on the foregoing, we hold that the trial court did not err when it
determined that the city was immune from liability to appellant, as a matter of law, from
any negligence of its employees with respect to the illumination of school zone signs.
       b. "Walk/Don't Walk" signal
       {¶ 29} The trial court concluded that appellant did not produce evidence that the
alleged negligence of the city in failing to maintain the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at the
intersection fell within the exception to immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3). The
trial court first determined that appellant failed to present evidence that the "Walk/Don't
Walk" signal in question was part of the "public roads." In the alternative, the trial court
No. 15AP-493                                                                         10

determined that appellant failed to present evidence that the city had either actual or
constructive notice that the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal had malfunctioned.
      {¶ 30} Under the Political Subdivision Tort Liability Act, immunity is an
affirmative defense. See, e.g., Jones v. Lucas Metro. Hous. Auth., 6th Dist. No. L-96-212
(Aug. 29, 1997); Haynes v. Franklin, 135 Ohio App.3d 82 (12th Dist.1999). Accordingly,
the burden of proof is on the political subdivision to establish general immunity. Id. See
also Browning v. Fostoria, 3d Dist. No. 13-09-28, 2010-Ohio-2163, ¶ 18; Horen v. Bd. of
Edn. of Toledo Pub. Schools, 6th Dist. No. L-09-1143, 2010-Ohio-3631, ¶ 33. The parties
agree that the city is entitled to general immunity under to R.C. 2744.02(A) inasmuch as
the maintenance and repair of public roads is a governmental function. R.C.
2744.01(C)(2)(e).
      {¶ 31} When a political subdivision establishes general immunity, the burden then
shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate that one of the exceptions to immunity applies. Id.
See also Maggio v. Warren, 11th Dist. No. 2006-T-0028, 2006-Ohio-6880, ¶ 38; Brady
v. Bucyrus Police Dept., 194 Ohio App.3d 574, 2011-Ohio-2460, ¶ 24 (3d Dist.). In this
instance, appellant has the burden to produce some evidence that the "Walk/Don't Walk"
signals in question are part of the "public roads" as that term is defined in R.C.
2744.01(H). Walters v. Columbus, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-917, 2008-Ohio-4258, ¶ 20. See
also Darby v. Cincinnati, 1st Dist. No. C-130430, 2014-Ohio-2426, ¶ 18-19. Under R.C.
2744.01(H), " '[p]ublic roads' does not include * * * traffic control devices unless the
traffic control devices are mandated by the Ohio manual of uniform traffic control
devices." (Emphasis added.)
      {¶ 32} R.C. 4511.09 mandated the adoption of a uniform manual by the state
department of transportation, and R.C. 4511.11 requires adherence thereto by local
authorities. Royce v. Smith, 68 Ohio St.2d 106, 109 (1981); Pierce v. Ohio Dept. of
Transp., 23 Ohio App.3d 124, 127 (10th Dist.1985). As such, the manual is an appropriate
aid to the factfinder in determining the local authority's negligence. Elabed v.
Lemanowicz, 8th Dist. No. 53128 (Dec. 10, 1987), citing Royce, Pierce, and Bartos v.
Diasio, 8th Dist. No. 49104 (May 16, 1985).
      {¶ 33} In Webb v. Edwards, 165 Ohio App.3d 158, 2005-Ohio-6379, ¶ 23 (4th
Dist.), the Fourth District issued the following commentary regarding the Ohio Manual of
Uniform Traffic Control Devices ("OMUTCD"):
No. 15AP-493                                                                            11

              The OMUTCD contains mandatory, advisory and permissive
              conditions, differentiated by the use of the terms "shall,"
              "should" and "may." Standards include the word "shall," and
              are considered mandatory. Advisory conditions include the
              word "should" and are considered to be advisable usage, but
              are not mandatory. Permissive conditions include the word
              "may" and carry no requirement or recommendation.

Accord Perkins v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 65 Ohio App.3d 487 (10th Dist.1989); Leskovac
v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 71 Ohio App.3d 22 (10th Dist.1990).
       {¶ 34} In ruling on the city's motion for summary judgment, the trial court adopted
the reasoning of the trial court in the 2008 case and held as follows:
              This Court previously held that "[t]his case does not involve a
              failure to keep a public road in repair or to remove
              obstructions from public roads. Therefore, even if Hilliard
              negligently maintained or repaired a 'walk/don't walk' signal
              at the intersection where Plaintiff was injured, that failure
              does not fall within the limited exception that R.C.
              2744.02(B)(3) provides to the general grant of immunity from
              tort liability that applies to political subdivisions." See
              March 15, 2010 Nunc Pro Tunc Decision and Entry Granting
              Motion of Defendant City of Hilliard Only for Summary
              Judgment Filed December 17, 2009. Based upon this
              persuasive authority, the Court determines that a failure to
              keep the walk/don't walk signal in repair does not fall within
              the R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) exception.

(Apr. 13, 2015 Decision and Entry, 5-6.)
       {¶ 35} The city contends that appellant "failed to introduce any evidence to the
contrary or otherwise present any argument as to why this holding should be reversed."
(Appellee City of Hilliard's Brief, 8.) We agree.
       {¶ 36} We note that the relevant provisions of the OMUTCD are not part of the
trial court record in this case. We further note that appellant has not argued that the
manual requires "Walk/Don't Walk" signals at the intersection in question.
Consequently, appellant has failed to produce evidence that the OMUTCD mandates
"Walk/Don't Walk" signals at the intersection of Scioto Darby Road and Leppert Road. In
the absence of such evidence, appellant has no evidentiary support for her claim that the
"Walk/Don't Walk" signal at the intersection is part of the "public roads" as that term is
defined in R.C. 2744.01(H). Walters at ¶ 20 ("By its clear language, it is evident that the
General Assembly did not intend all erected traffic control devices to be considered part of
No. 15AP-493                                                                          12

a public road."). Because there is no evidence that the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at Scioto
Darby Road and Leppert Road is part of the "public roads," the exception to immunity set
forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) is inapplicable.       Appellant simply assumes that the
"Walk/Don't Walk" signal is part of the "public roads," without providing any argument or
evidence to support that assumption.
       {¶ 37} Based on the foregoing, we hold that the trial court did not err when it
determined that the city was immune from liability to appellant, as a matter of law, from
any negligence of its employees with respect to the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal. In so
holding, we recognize that much of the argument in this case revolved around the issue of
constructive notice. However, in the absence of evidence to support a finding that the
"Walk/Don't Walk" signal is part of the "public roads," the city's notice of the alleged
defect in the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal is irrelevant to the issue of immunity under the
exception set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3). Accordingly, we shall not address the trial
court's alternative holding regarding notice.   Appellant's first assignment of error is
overruled.
       B. Second Assignment of Error
       1. Hilliard City School District
       {¶ 38} In appellant's second assignment of error, she argues that the trial court
erred when it granted summary judgment in favor of the district. We disagree.
       {¶ 39} R.C. 2744.01(C) defines a "governmental function" in relevant part, as
follows:
             (2) A "governmental function" includes, but is not limited to,
             the following:

             ***

             (c) The provision of a system of public education;

             ***

             (g) The construction, reconstruction, repair, renovation,
             maintenance, and operation of buildings that are used in
             connection with the performance of a governmental function
             * * *;

             ***
No. 15AP-493                                                                                             13

                (u) The design, construction, reconstruction, renovation,
                repair, maintenance, and operation of any school athletic
                facility, school auditorium, or gymnasium * * *.

       {¶ 40} R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) provides an exception to immunity as follows: "political
subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to person * * * caused by the negligence of
their employees and that occurs within or on the grounds of, and is due to physical
defects within or on the grounds of, buildings that are used in connection with the
performance of a governmental function." (Emphasis added.) Appellant argues that the
district was negligent in failing to illuminate school zone signs for the zero period and in
failing to maintain the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal.
       {¶ 41} As we have previously noted, R.C. 4511.21(B) specifically states that there is
no requirement that school zones be equipped with flashing lights. Appellant has pointed
to no provision in the Revised Code or the manual that would require illumination of
school zone signs for pre-school activities such as the zero period. Moreover, there is no
dispute in the testimony that the city assumed the responsibility for the timing of the
flashing lights on the school zone sign in question. Similarly, there is no dispute in the
testimony that the city assumed the responsibility for the maintenance and repair of the
"Walk/Don't Walk" signal pursuant to its statutory obligation of "care, supervision, and
control of the public highways, streets, avenues, alleys, sidewalks [and] public grounds
* * * within the municipal corporation."              R.C. 723.01 and 2744.02(B)(3). Ohio law
imposes no such duty on the district. See Mussivand v. David, 45 Ohio St.3d 314, 318
(1989) (The existence of a legal duty in a negligence action is generally a question of law.).
       {¶ 42} The trial court determined that, even if the district owed appellant a duty
with respect to the school zone sign and the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal, the exception to
immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) did not apply given the undisputed fact that the
injury occurred on a public roadway and not within the grounds of buildings the district
uses in connection with the performance of its governmental function. Appellant argues
that the portion of public roadway where appellant sustained her injury was located on
district grounds because it is located within a designated "school zone."2



2 R.C. 4511.21(B)(1)(c) pertaining to "speed limits" provides: "As used in this section, 'school zone' means
that portion of a street or highway passing a school fronting upon the street or highway that is encompassed
by projecting the school property lines to the fronting street or highway, and also includes that portion of a
state highway."
No. 15AP-493                                                                                           14

        {¶ 43} The undisputed evidence in this case establishes that the vehicle struck
appellant while she was walking on a public roadway. Appellant did not sustain her
injuries within or on the grounds of a school building, school athletic facility, school
auditorium, or gymnasium. Even accepting appellant's claim that both the school zone
sign and the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal are located on district property, there is no dispute
in the evidence that appellant sustained her injury on a public roadway and not within or
on the grounds of a school building, school athletic facility, school auditorium, or
gymnasium. Appellant has provided no legal support for her contention that the
territorial boundaries of the district include public roadways within the designated school
zone.3 Thus, the trial court did not err when it determined that the exception to immunity
set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) did not apply in this case, as a matter of law.
        {¶ 44} Moreover, with respect to the school zone sign, even if we were to conclude
that there is a factual issue whether appellant sustained her injury on grounds used by the
district in the performance of a governmental function, the physical defect exception to
immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) applies only "if the instrumentality that caused
[the] injury did not operate as intended due to a perceivable condition or if the
instrumentality contained a perceivable imperfection that impaired its worth or utility."
Jones v. Delaware City School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 5th Dist. No. 2013 CAE 01 0009, 2013-
Ohio-3907, ¶ 22, citing Leasure v. Adena Local School Dist., 4th Dist. No. 11CA3249,
2012-Ohio-3071. See also Yeater v. Bd. of Edn., LaBrae School Dist., 11th Dist. No. 2009-
T-0107, 2010-Ohio-3684. Appellant has presented no evidence that the flashing lights on
the school zone sign were either not operating as intended or that there was a perceivable
imperfection with the lights that impaired their utility. Rather, when construed in a light
most favorable to appellant, the evidence demonstrates only that the city elected not to
activate the lights for the zero period. Accordingly, there is no issue of fact regarding the
applicability of the physical defect exception to immunity under R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) as it
pertains to the flashing lights on the school zone sign.
        {¶ 45} For the foregoing reasons, appellant's second assignment of error is
overruled.



3 A "city school district" is defined in R.C. 3311.02 in relevant part as follows: "The territory within the
corporate limits of each city, excluding the territory detached therefrom for school purposes and including
the territory attached thereto for school purposes."
No. 15AP-493                                                                 15

V. Conclusion
      {¶ 46} Having overruled appellant's two assignments of error, we affirm the
judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas.
                                                              Judgment affirmed.


                         BROWN and HORTON, JJ., concur.
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