                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                       MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD


     AARON DARNELL GRANT,                            DOCKET NUMBER
                 Appellant,                          DC-0752-14-0237-I-1

                  v.

     DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY,                     DATE: May 27, 2015
                 Agency.



             THIS FINAL ORDER IS NO NPRECEDENTIAL 1

           Aaron Darnell Grant, Washington, D.C., pro se.

           Byron D. Smalley, Esquire, and Robert M. Mirkov, Esquire, Washington,
             D.C., for the agency.


                                           BEFORE

                              Susan Tsui Grundmann, Chairman
                                 Mark A. Robbins, Member


                                       FINAL ORDER

¶1        The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
     sustained the appellant’s removal. Generally, we grant petitions such as this one
     only when: the initial decision contains erroneous findings of material fact; the
     initial decision is based on an erroneous interpretation of statute or regulation or


     1
        A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
     sign ificantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
     but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
     required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
     precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
     as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
                                                                                      2

     the erroneous application of the law to the facts of the case; the judge’s rulings
     during either the course of the appeal or the initial decision were not consistent
     with required procedures or involved an abuse of discretion, and the resulting
     error affected the outcome of the case; or new and material evidence or legal
     argument is available that, despite the petitioner’s due diligence, was not
     available when the record closed. See Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations,
     section 1201.115 (5 C.F.R. § 1201.115). After fully considering the filings in this
     appeal, and based on the following points and authorities, we conclude that the
     petitioner has not established any basis under section 1201.115 for granting the
     petition for review. We AFFIRM the initial decision, as MODIFIED by this Final
     Order.   We MODIFY the initial decision to clarify the administrative judge’s
     analysis that the appellant failed to prove his due process claims, including his
     argument that, in imposing the removal penalty, the deciding official considered
     an aggravating Douglas factor—that the appellant’s lack of candor was
     intentional—which was not specifically alleged in the proposal notice. The initial
     decision, as modified by the Final Order, is the Board’s final decision in this
     matter. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.113(b).

                                       BACKGROUND
¶2        The appellant was a Criminal Investigator with the Internal Revenue
     Service. By notice dated December 7, 2012, the agency proposed the appellant’s
     removal on three charges:    (1) being less than candid in a matter of official
     business (two specifications); (2) failing to follow established procedures (four
     specifications); and (3) failing to cooperate in an official investigation (one
     specification). Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 12 at 52-55. After conducting a
     hearing, the administrative judge found that the agency proved all of its charges
     and specifications by preponderant evidence. IAF, Tab 80, Initial Decision (ID)
     at 14-28. The administrative judge then considered the appellant’s affirmative
     defenses, finding that the appellant failed to establish harmful procedural error,
                                                                                             3

     denial of due process, retaliation for protected equal employment opportunity
     (EEO) and/or MSPB activity, or discrimination on the bases of race and/or
     gender. ID at 28-45. Finally, the administrative judge found nexus between the
     appellant’s misconduct and the efficiency of the service and that the removal
     penalty was within the bounds of reasonableness. ID at 45-51.
¶3         In a timely filed petition for review, the appellant contests virtually all of
     the administrative judge’s findings. Petition for Review (PFR) File, Tab 1. 2 The
     agency has filed a timely response, to which the appellant has replied. PFR File,
     Tabs 13, 19. 3

                                           ANALYSIS
¶4         The Board will grant a petition for review when it is shown that the initial
     decision contains erroneous findings of material fact. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.115(a). To
     be material, an alleged factual error must be of sufficient weight to warrant an
     outcome different from that of the initial decision, and the petitioner must explain
     why the challenged factual determination is incorrect and identify specific
     evidence in the record that demonstrates the error. Id. The Board will not disturb
     an administrative judge’s findings when he considered the evidence as a whole,
     drew appropriate inferences, and made reasoned conclusions of credibility. See
     Crosby v. U.S. Postal Service, 74 M.S.P.R. 98, 105-06 (1997); Broughton v.
     Department of Health & Human Services, 33 M.S.P.R. 357, 359 (1987).                  The
     Board must give deference to an administrative judge’s credibility determinations

     2
        Among other matters, the appellant challenges the administrative judge’s
     determinations as to retaliation for protected EEO activity and/or for filing an MSPB
     appeal, discrimination on the bases of race and/or gender, and the reasonableness of the
     penalty. PFR File, Tab 1 at 41-50. We affirm the findings on these issues in the initial
     decision for the reasons stated therein.
     3
       Following the close of the record, the appellant filed a number of motions for leave to
     file new evidence or to brief additional issues. See PFR File, Tabs 7, 14, 21, 25, 27, 29,
     34, and 36. Because the appellant has not established that any of this evidence or
     argument is new and material, or that good cause exists for any his motions, they are all
     denied.
                                                                                       4

     when they are based, explicitly or implicitly, on the observation of the demeanor
     of witnesses testifying at a hearing and can overturn such determinations only
     when it has “sufficiently sound” reasons for doing so. Haebe v. Department of
     Justice, 288 F.3d 1288, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2002).
¶5        As discussed below, our review shows that the administrative judge
     complied with the requirements of Crosby and Broughton in making detailed
     findings of fact and credibility determinations.    In addition, the administrative
     judge explicitly relied on the demeanor of witnesses in assessing credibility. See
     ID at 15, 18 & n.11.      We find no sound basis for overturning any of the
     administrative judge’s credibility determinations and findings of fact.

     The administrative judge correctly found that the agency proved all of its charges
     and specifications.
        The administrative judge correctly found that the agency proved both
        specifications of its charge that the appellant was less than candid in a matter
        of official business.
¶6        Lack of candor and falsification are different, although related, forms of
     misconduct, and the latter is not a necessary element of the former; thus, lack of
     candor is a more flexible charge that need not require proof of intent to deceive.
     Ludlum v. Department of Justice, 278 F.3d 1280, 1283-84 (Fed. Cir. 2002). But,
     intent aside, lack of candor still “necessarily involves a degree of deception.” Id.
     at 1284. It may involve lying under oath or failing to reply fully and truthfully,
     such as failing to disclose something that, in the circumstances, should have been
     disclosed in order to make the given statement accurate and complete. Id.
¶7        Both of the specifications under this charge relate to the appellant’s
     responses under oath during questioning by agency investigators on April 30,
     2010. The first specification related to the appellant’s negative response on that
     date to the question of whether he had been involved in a car accident in his
     government-owned vehicle (GOV). IAF, Tab 12 at 52, 218. The agency alleged
     that this response was less than candid in that, on May 3, 2010, he told
     investigators under oath that he had been involved in an accident in his GOV. Id.
                                                                                                5

     at 52, 223. The second specification related to the appellant’s denial while under
     oath on April 30 that he had lost his credentials in connection with the car
     accident involved in the first specification. The agency alleged that this response
     was less than candid because on May 3, he stated in his affidavit and under oath
     to agency investigators that he had briefly lost his credentials while addressing
     the car accident. IAF, Tab 12 at 52, 218, 223. After considering the evidence,
     the administrative judge concluded that the agency proved both specifications by
     preponderant evidence. ID at 14-20.
¶8           On review, the appellant asserts that the agency failed to prove either
     specification. Before addressing the specifics of his contentions in this regard,
     we note that the appellant effectively conceded on the face of his May 3 affidavit
     that he had been less than candid on April 30: “I would like to recant some of my
     answers that I provided to TIGTA 4 Special Agents . . . .” IAF, Tab 12 at 227.
     The appellant would have had no need on May 3 to “recant” answers provided on
     April 30 if he had been candid on April 30.
¶9           Regarding the first specification, the appellant alleges that the agency failed
     to establish that he was involved in a car accident in his GOV, repeatedly
     describing what happened as a “near miss” rather than an accident. PFR File, Tab
     1 at 23-28.      This contention contradicts the affidavit the appellant provided
     agency investigators on May 3: “I got into a fender-bender on the on-ramp from
     Branch Avenue to Suitland Parkway going towards DC . . . . I was texting on my
     phone and lost concentration on the road and rear-ended an individual.” IAF, Tab
     12 at 228. That statement is unambiguous; the appellant admitted that his vehicle
     “rear-ended” the vehicle in front of him, meaning that his vehicle made contact
     with the other vehicle. Regardless of whether there was observable damage to
     either vehicle in this collision, the appellant admitted that he was in an accident,



     4
         TIGTA is an abbreviation for the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Admin istration.
                                                                                          6

      and his later denial of being in an accident on April 30 lacked candor, as do his
      assertions about a “near miss” in his petition for review.
¶10         The appellant asserts on review that the agency failed to establish lack of
      candor when he denied on April 30 that he ever lost his credentials because the
      agency failed to establish that he ever lost his credentials. PFR File, Tab 1 at
      31-32. In his May 3 affidavit, the appellant admitted that he called a coworker
      from his cell phone and told her that he had lost his credentials. IAF, Tab 12 at
      228. The coworker corroborated that the appellant called her and asked her to
      look for his credentials.     Id. at 211.   A disinterested third party—a police
      officer—who was with the coworker at the time of the call overheard her tell the
      appellant that she was not going to help him look for his credentials and that he
      needed to report that he had been in an accident.            Id. at 221.   The agency
      established that the appellant was less than candid when he denied on April 30
      that he had lost his credentials.

          The administrative judge correctly found that the agency proved all of its
          specifications that the appellant failed to follow established procedures.
¶11         The agency charged that the appellant failed to follow established
      procedures when he: (1) failed to report that he was involved in a car accident
      while driving his GOV; (2) texted while driving a GOV; (3) drove his GOV and
      was wearing his Service-issued firearm while under the influence of alcohol on
      January 24, 2009; and (4) drove his GOV after consuming alcohol on March 31,
      2010. IAF, Tab 12 at 52-53. On review, the appellant admits that he was guilty
      of the third specification but contends that the administrative judge erred in
      finding that the agency proved the other three specifications. PFR File, Tab 1 at
      26-35.
¶12         The appellant claims he was not guilty of the first specification—that he
      failed to follow established procedures when he did not report his auto accident of
      January 24, 2009—based on his assertion that the agency failed to establish that
      he was involved in an automobile accident.       PFR File, Tab 1 at 32-37.       That
                                                                                           7

      contention is without merit for the reasons discussed above.             There was no
      dispute that agency policy required the prompt reporting of automobile accidents.
      See IAF, Tab 12 at 97. It was also undisputed that the appellant did not promptly
      report the automobile accident in which he was involved on January 24, 2009.
¶13        The    appellant   claims   that     he   is    not   guilty   of    the   second
      specification--violating agency policy when he texted while driving a GOV,
      resulting in an accident—because the agency did not have a specific agency
      policy prohibiting texting while driving at the time of the incident in January
      2009. PFR File, Tab 1 at 34-36. The agency did not, however, rely on a specific
      policy prohibiting texting while driving; it relied on a policy that provided:
      “Each employee to whom a vehicle is issued or assigned is responsible for
      accident prevention and safe driving of government-owned . . . vehicles.” IAF,
      Tab 12 at 53, 96. This provision cited inattentiveness and using a cell phone as
      examples of violating the policy.       Id. at 96.   In his affidavit of May 3, the
      appellant admitted that he had violated this policy:          “I got into a fender-
      bender . . . . I was texting on my phone and lost concentration on the road and
      rear-ended an individual.” Id. at 228.
¶14        The appellant contends that the agency failed to prove the fourth
      specification—that he violated agency policy when he drove his GOV after
      consuming alcohol on March 31, 2010—because the agency failed to introduce
      objective evidence to prove that he was intoxicated under some legal standard
      when he drove home that night. PFR File, Tab 1 at 37-38. The agency policy did
      not require such proof; it prohibited agents such as the appellant from consuming
      intoxicants at any time during the workday, including mealtimes, “when the agent
      intends to return to duty that day. This includes … any time while operating a
      GOV or carrying a firearm.” IAF, Tab 12 at 114. The appellant admitted that he
      drank three or four alcoholic drinks on the evening of March 31, 2010. See IAF,
      Tab 12 at 44, 229. At the hearing, the appellant initially denied that he was still
      under the influence of alcohol when he drove his GOV home later that night.
                                                                                              8

      Hearing Transcript (HT) (March 19, 2014) at 196-200. 5 He was impeached by
      evidence of his earlier deposition, wherein he stated that he was “drunk” in the
      workplace and continued to be “under the influence” when he drove his GOV
      home at midnight. Id.; ID at 25; IAF, Tab 31 at 444; HT (March 19, 2014) at
      200.

          The agency proved its charge of failing to cooperate in an official
          investigation.
¶15          The basis for this charge was the appellant’s failure to provide contact
      information for the individual whom he rear-ended on January 24, 2009.                On
      May 3, 2010, while under oath, the appellant told the TIGTA investigator that he
      no longer had the contact information. IAF, Tab 12 at 53. On May 14, 2010, the
      TIGTA agent telephoned the appellant to see if he had located the requested
      contact information.     The appellant informed the agent that he would allow
      TIGTA to see the information but would not allow TIGTA to keep it and then
      ended the telephone call. Id. On May 17, 2010, the appellant telephoned the
      TIGTA agent and asked how providing the requested contact information would
      help the appellant’s case, and the TIGTA agent advised him that the information
      was needed as part of the investigation. Id. The appellant never provided TIGTA
      with the requested contact information. Id. The appellant contends on review
      that he was not required to provide the other motorist’s contact information to the
      agency investigators because such a requirement would have violated his Fifth
      Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. PFR File, Tab 1 at 38-41.


      5
        Generally, the oral recording made by a court reporter is the official transcript of a
      hearing. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.53(a). A written transcript will be accepted as the official
      hearing record when prepared by the court reporter. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.53(b). Here, the
      agency obtained the oral recordin g of the hearing and retained a second company to
      prepare a written transcript. PFR File, Tab 24. Although the recording prepared by the
      court reporter retained by the Board remains the official hearing record, we cite the
      written transcript prepared by the second company for convenience. We have verified
      the accuracy of the portions of the written transcript cited by listen ing to the relevant
      portions of the oral recording.
                                                                                       9

¶16         We note that the appellant has not disputed the administrative judge’s
      findings that he possessed the requested information and failed to provide it to
      agency investigators. Accordingly, the administrative judge had a proper basis
      for finding that the agency proved the factual allegations supporting the charge.
      The only question is whether the appellant was obligated to comply with the
      agency’s request.
¶17         As the agency points out in its response to the appellant’s petition for
      review, PFR File, Tab 13 at 30, an employee has a Fifth Amendment privilege not
      to answer questions posed during an agency administrative investigation only if
      he reasonably believes that his statements may be used against him in a criminal
      trial. See Weston v. Department of Housing & Urban Development, 724 F.2d 943,
      947-48 (Fed. Cir. 1983); Ashford v. Department of Justice, 6 M.S.P.R. 458, 465
      (1981). According to his own account, the appellant did not invoke his privilege
      against self-incrimination until May 24, 2010, subsequent to the dates cited in the
      agency’s charge.    IAF, Tab 12 at 44.      In addition, the appellant has cited no
      reasons to support a conclusion that he reasonably believed that he might be
      subject to criminal prosecution if he had complied with the request for the other
      motorist’s contact information.       We therefore find that the appellant was
      obligated to comply with the investigators’ request for information and his failure
      to do so constituted failing to cooperate in an official investigation.

      The appellant has failed to establish that he was denied due process of law.
¶18         A tenured public employee has a constitutional right to minimum due
      process of law under the Fifth Amendment, i.e., prior notice and an opportunity to
      respond. Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 546 (1985).
      When an agency intends to rely on aggravating factors as the basis for the
      imposition of a penalty, such factors should be included in the advance notice of
      adverse action so that the employee will have a fair opportunity to respond to
      those factors before the agency’s deciding official. Lopes v. Department of the
      Navy, 116 M.S.P.R. 470, ¶ 5 (2011); see Ward v. U.S. Postal Service, 634 F.3d
                                                                                         10

      1274, 1280 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Not every failure to list an aggravating factor in the
      proposal notice rises to the level of a due process violation; a due process
      violation occurs only when “new and material information” is considered that is
      “so substantial and so likely to cause prejudice that no employee can fairly be
      required to be subjected to a deprivation of property under such circumstances.”
      Bennett v. Department of Justice, 119 M.S.P.R. 685, ¶ 7 (2013) (quoting Ward,
      634 F.3d at 1279).

          The agency did not violate the appellant’s due process rights by failing to
          advise him how each of the Douglas factors would be applied to the offenses.
¶19         On review, the appellant points out that the proposal notice did not describe
      how each of the Douglas factors 6 applied to the charged misconduct and contends
      that this failure denied him due process of law. PFR File, Tab 1 at 7-9. The
      appellant lays particular emphasis on the fact that the proposal notice did not
      specifically discuss the fourth or ninth Douglas factors, i.e., his work record and
      potential for rehabilitation. PFR File, Tab 1 at 5-7, 16. 7
¶20         The proposal notice did explicitly discuss the first and second Douglas
      factors, the nature and seriousness of the offense and its relation to the
      appellant’s duties, position, and responsibilities, and the appellant’s job level and
      type of employment. IAF, Tab 12 at 54. The Board often has stated that the first
      factor is the most important in assessing the reasonableness of the penalty. E.g.,
      Brough v. Department of Commerce, 119 M.S.P.R. 118, ¶ 11 (2013); Batts v.
      Department of the Interior, 102 M.S.P.R. 27, ¶ 11 (2006); Williams v.
      Government Printing Office, 7 M.S.P.R. 183, 185 (1981). In addition to the first
      two Douglas factors, the agency’s proposal and decision notices cited several


      6
         In Douglas v. Veterans Administration, 5 M.S.P.R. 280, 305-06 (1981), the Board
      listed 12 non-exclusive factors to be considered in assessing the reasonableness of an
      agency-imposed penalty.
      7
        The appellant’s contentions regarding the fourth Douglas factor are discussed below,
      ¶¶ 24-25.
                                                                                            11

      other Douglas factors as “aggravating” in nature:              (5) Effect on Future
      Performance; (6) Consistency with Other Penalties; (8) Clarity of Notice;
      (9) Potential for Rehabilitation; and (11) Adequacy of Alternative Sanctions.
      IAF, Tab 12 at 39, 5, 66-67; see Douglas, 5 M.S.P.R. at 305-06. 8
¶21         Although the proposal notice did not expressly discuss how each of the
      “aggravating” Douglas factors applied to the appellant’s situation, it did provide
      him a Guide to Penalty Determinations, which described in general terms how
      each of the Douglas factors is used in determining a reasonable penalty. See id.
      at 56, 65-68. The Guide states that factor 5—Effect on Future Performance—
      includes the effect of the offense upon the employer’s confidence in the
      employee’s ability to perform assigned duties and loss of trust in the employee’s
      ability to perform assigned duties in the future.          Id. at 66.     Such loss of
      confidence was specifically raised in the proposal notice (“Your failure to meet
      these standards seriously impairs the Service’s and public’s ability to rely on your
      veracity, ability to use sound judgment and follow established procedures and
      directives”).     Id. at 54.   For factor 9—Potential for Rehabilitation—the Guide
      states that an employee who admits misconduct and shows remorse displays
      potential for rehabilitation, while an employee who rationalizes his wrongdoing,
      fails to take responsibility, or does not show an understanding of why his
      behavior was wrong is not a good candidate for rehabilitation. Id. at 67. It also
      states that lying during an investigation may be viewed as a lack of potential for
      rehabilitation.     Id.   The application of this Douglas factor to the charged
      misconduct was self-evident. Although the proposal notice did not specifically
      discuss Douglas factor 8, Clarity of Notice, the appellant was notified that the
      agency considered this an aggravating factor, and he made no claim that he was

      8
        The agency’s listing of factors omits Douglas factor 7, which is the consistency of the
      penalty with any applicable agency table of penalties. See IAF, Tab 12 at 66; see also
      Douglas, 5 M.S.P.R. at 305. Accordingly, the factors numbered as 8-12 in Douglas are
      listed in the agency’s document as factors 7-11. IAF, Tab 12 at 66-67. We use the
      agency’s numbering of factors.
                                                                                               12

      unaware of the need to report auto accidents, to refrain from driving his GOV
      after consuming alcohol, or to respond fully and truthfully during an agency
      investigation.
¶22         In sum, although the agency’s proposing official could have discussed with
      more specificity why he considered Douglas factors 5, 6, 9 8, 9, and 11 to be
      factors aggravating the penalty to be imposed, and the deciding official could
      have explained with more specificity why he considered them to be aggravating
      factors, the appellant was on fair notice of those factors and had a reasonable
      opportunity to respond to them. That he chose to ignore them in his response to
      the proposed removal, see IAF, Tab 12 at 42-45, is his own responsibility. We
      conclude that the agency’s failure to discuss these aggravating factors with more
      specificity in its proposal notice was not “so substantial and so likely to cause
      prejudice that no employee can fairly be required to be subjected to a deprivation
      of property under such circumstances.” Ward, 634 F.3d at 1279.

          The agency did not violate the appellant’s due process rights by failing to
          give him notice of workplace performance as an aggravating factor.
¶23         The agency’s December 7, 2012 proposal notice did not state that the
      agency considered Douglas factor 4—Work Record—as an aggravating factor.
      See IAF, Tab 12 at 54. On December 21, the proposing official provided the
      appellant additional materials that the agency stated would be considered and
      relied on in connection with the proposed removal. Id. at 58. These additional
      materials concerned the appellant’s alleged failure to comply with his
      supervisor’s directives to input his time in the agency’s electronic system. Id. at

      9
       Although listed in both the proposal and decision notices as an aggravating factor, the
      consistency of the penalty with that imposed on other employees for similar offenses
      was not specifically discussed in either. See IAF, Tab 12 at 39, 54. The deciding
      official testified that he considered th is an aggravating factor in that no other employees
      had been disciplined for all of the misconduct as had the appellant. HT (March 18,
      2014) at 251-52. We see no basis for finding that the deciding official’s lim ited
      consideration of this factor invo lved “new and material information” that could
      constitute a due process violation.
                                                                                       13

      59-61. At the hearing, the deciding official testified that this evidence “could
      apply” under Douglas factor 4 in that it contained some information about the
      appellant’s ability to get along with coworkers and some unprofessional conduct
      with coworkers but “that didn’t really aggravate the penalty in my opinion.” HT
      (March 18, 2014) at 249-50. The administrative judge found that the deciding
      official properly considered this information under Douglas factor 4.         ID at
      50-51.   The appellant contends that he was denied due process because the
      deciding official considered a new aggravating factor not listed in the proposal
      notice. PFR File, Tab 1 at 5-7.
¶24        This situation presents the converse of the Douglas factors described above,
      in that the agency listed those factors in the proposal notice but did not describe
      how they applied with particularity.     By contrast, in this allegation of a due
      process violation, the agency supplied the appellant with the additional material it
      would be considering but did not identify the Douglas factor(s) to which the new
      material related.   This allegation is also unlike the due process allegations
      described above in that the appellant did address the reasons why he had not
      inputted his time into the agency’s electronic system. IAF, Tab 12 at 45. That
      the appellant was provided with the material in question, was advised that it
      would be considered in connection with the proposed removal, and not only had
      the opportunity to respond to it but in fact did so precludes a finding that he was
      denied due process of law in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The agency’s
      failure to describe with particularity how it was viewing the additional material
      was not “so substantial and so likely to cause prejudice that no employee can
      fairly be required to be subjected to a deprivation of property under such
      circumstances.” Ward, 634 F.3d at 1279.

         The agency did not deny the appellant due process of law by considering
         statements by coworkers.
¶25        The agency’s notice of proposed removal included a list of documents
      relied upon, including a Report of Investigation (ROI) issued by agency
                                                                                         14

      investigators.    IAF, Tab 12 at 57, 199-257.           This included memoranda
      documenting interviews with agency employees ND, MJ, and TR. Id. at 206-07,
      209-11, 221-22.     In his petition for review, the appellant observes that the
      deciding official testified that he considered statements by two of these
      coworkers, and argues that the deciding official’s consideration of this “ex parte”
      information denied him due process.           PFR File, Tab 1 at 12-15.           The
      administrative judge adequately addressed this allegation when he observed that
      the investigative memoranda in question were contained in the ROI “and the
      agency expressly notified the appellant that the ROI was part of the ‘Material
      Relied On’ for its proposal . . . . Thus, the appellant’s suggestion that he was
      unaware that the agency could be relying on these documents is contradicted by
      the plain language in the proposal notice.” ID at 37.

           The agency did not violate the appellant’s due process rights by failing to
           give him notice that he was being charged with intentional falsification.
¶26         The essence of the appellant’s complaint in this regard is that, by charging
      him with lack of candor, the agency did not put him on notice that he was being
      charged with intentional falsification, but both the deciding official and the
      administrative judge nevertheless determined that his lack of candor was
      intentional. PFR File, Tab 1 at 12. The proposal notice stated that a special
      agent who is deemed Giglio-impaired 10 impeaches that agent’s credibility as a
      witness, severely hampering the agency’s mission, and that his misconduct
      “seriously impairs the Service’s and public’s ability to rely on your veracity.”
      IAF, Tab 12 at 54.     This gave the appellant fair notice that all aspects of his


      10
         Under Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972), investigative agencies must, as
      early as possible in a case, turn over any potential impeachment evidence concerning
      the agents involved in the case to prosecutors, who then exercise their d iscretion
      regarding whether the impeachment evidence must be turned over to the defense. Solis
      v. Department of Justice, 117 M.S.P.R. 458, ¶ 4 n.1 (2012). A “Giglio-impaired” agent
      is one against whom there is potential impeachment evidence that would render the
      agent’s testimony of marginal value in a case. I d.
                                                                                              15

      veracity and credibility were at issue, including whether his lack of candor had
      been intentional.
¶27         As discussed above, a lack of candor charge “necessarily involves a degree
      of deception,” and may involve lying under oath as well as a failure to reply fully
      and truthfully.     Ludlum, 278 F.3d at 1284-85.        Although a charge of lack of
      candor does not necessarily require proof of the specific intent required for a
      falsification charge, it does necessarily entail an allegation that the misconduct at
      issue was deceptive, which by its very nature is intentional. 11 Thus, the agency
      was not required to notify the appellant that it intended to “aggravate” the penalty
      on the basis that his lack of candor was intentional.

           The deciding official did not deny the appellant due process of law by
           determining that he was Giglio-impaired.
¶28         The agency’s proposal notice specifically indicated that the proposing
      official believed the appellant’s misconduct would render him Giglio-impaired.
      IAF, Tab 12 at 54. The appellant did not address this issue in his response to the
      proposed removal. Id. at 42-45. In issuing his decision to remove the appellant
      from employment, the deciding official concluded that the appellant was
      Giglio-impaired. Id. at 38. On review, the appellant argues that it was improper
      for the deciding official to make this determination based on his own experience,
      instead of a determination being made by the United States Attorneys’ Office, and
      that this somehow denied him due process of law. PFR File, Tab 1 at 15-16.
¶29         A determination by a deciding official that an employee is Giglio-impaired,
      without notifying the employee in the proposal notice that this would be

      11
         In Payton v. Department of Veterans Affairs, MSPB Docket No. AT-0752-14-0055-I-
      1, Final Order (Jan. 29, 2015), the Board determined in a nonprecedential decision that
      because neither of the sustained charges—which included a charge of lack of candor—
      required proof of intent, the deciding official erred in considering the intentional nature
      of the appellant’s misconduct without advanced notice. We decline to follow Payton to
      the extent that it holds that a decidin g official vio lates due process by considering,
      without notice, the inherently deceptive nature of the conduct underlying any lack of
      candor charge.
                                                                                         16

      considered, would present significant due process problems.             See Bennett,
      119 M.S.P.R. 685, ¶¶ 9-11; Solis, 117 M.S.P.R. 458, ¶¶ 9-10. Here, the agency
      did give the appellant notice and an opportunity to respond to this issue; he
      simply failed to avail himself of that opportunity.

      The appellant has failed to establish harmful procedural error.
¶30            The Board may not sustain an agency decision if it results from harmful
      error in the application of the agency’s procedures. 5 U.S.C. § 7701(c)(2)(A).
      Harmful error cannot be presumed; an agency error is harmful only where the
      record shows that the procedural error was likely to have caused the agency to
      reach a conclusion different from the one it would have reached in the absence or
      cure of the error. Stephen v. Department of the Air Force, 47 M.S.P.R. 672, 681,
      685 (1991). The appellant makes two allegations of harmful procedural error.
¶31            The appellant asserts that agency procedures require that proposing officials
      consider employees’ written responses and that the proposing official committed
      harmful error by failing to consider his written response.        PFR File, Tab 1 at
      17-19. The rule he says was violated is IRM 6.752.2.23. PFR File, Tab 1 at 17.
      As the administrative judge properly observed, however, the rule in question
      relates to the duties of an oral reply officer. IAF, Tab 40 at 78; ID at 32. This
      rule has no application to this case because the appellant never requested an oral
      reply.
¶32            The appellant asserts that the agency violated agency rules by twice denying
      his request for the presence of counsel regarding his questioning on April 30,
      2010.      PFR File, Tab 1 at 19-22.       He cites section 210.6.2 of the TIGTA
      Operations Manual as being the source of his right to the presence of counsel.
      PFR File, Tab 1 at 21. The first sentence of the section 210.6.2 reads as follows:
      “The presence of counsel in non-criminal or non-prosecution type interviews is a
      privilege and not a right.” IAF, Tab 41 at 37. The administrative judge correctly
      observed that the appellant had not identified any authority to support a finding
                                                                                         17

      that he was entitled to have an attorney present at the interview. ID at 29. Here,
      the record reflects that the questioning was non-criminal and non-prosecutorial.

      The appellant has not established a basis for suppressing his statements to
      investigators on April 30, 2010.
¶33        The appellant argues that nothing he said during the April 30 interview
      could be used against him because it was a custodial interview conducted without
      protection of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. PFR File,
      Tab 1 at 23-25.
¶34        The Employee Interview form that the appellant signed on April 30
      informed him that, “[a]s an employee, you must answer the questions asked
      during this interview and under oath when required; failure to answer may subject
      you to dismissal from Federal employment or other disciplinary or adverse
      action.”   IAF, Tab 12 at 219.    It further advised him that “[f]urnishing false
      information may result in criminal prosecution.”     Id.   That the appellant was
      required to answer questions, however, does not, however, mean he was subject
      to a custodial interrogation. See Connett v. Department of the Navy, 31 M.S.P.R.
      322, 327 (1986) (although the possibility of criminal action existed when the
      agency required the appellant to complete a financial disclosure form, the agency
      was not required to give Miranda notice because the appellant was not in
      custodial interrogation), aff’d, 824 F.2d 978 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (Table).     If the
      appellant had refused to answer questions on the ground that his answers might
      incriminate him and the agency had disciplined him for that refusal, we would be
      addressing different legal issues. But since he chose to answer, he was obligated
      to answer truthfully and with candor.      As the administrative judge correctly
      observed, having decided to answer questions, the appellant did not have a right
      to lie. ID at 31 (citing Lachance v. Erickson, 522 U.S. 262, 268 (1998)).
                                                                               18

                 NOTICE TO THE APPELLANT REGARDING
                    YOUR FURTHER REVIEW RIGHTS
      The initial decision, as supplemented by this Final Order, constitutes the
Board's final decision in this matter. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.113. You have the right to
request further review of this final decision.

Discrimination Claims: Administrative Review
      You may request review of this final decision on your discrimination
claims by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). See Title 5
of the United States Code, section 7702(b)(1) (5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1)). If you
submit your request by regular U.S. mail, the address of the EEOC is:
                           Office of Federal Operations
                    Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                 P.O. Box 77960
                            Washington, D.C. 20013

      If you submit your request via commercial delivery or by a method
requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
                           Office of Federal Operations
                    Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
                                131 M Street, NE
                                  Suite 5SW12G
                            Washington, D.C. 20507

      You should send your request to EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after
your receipt of this order. If you have a representative in this case, and your
representative receives this order before you do, then you must file with EEOC no
later than 30 calendar days after receipt by your representative. If you choose to
file, be very careful to file on time.

Discrimination and Other Claims: Judicial Action
      If you do not request EEOC to review this final decision on your
discrimination claims, you may file a civil action against the agency on both your
discrimination claims and your other claims in an appropriate United States
district court. See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2). You must file your civil action with
                                                                                   19

the district court no later than 30 calendar days after your receipt of this order. If
you have a representative in this case, and your representative receives this order
before you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar
days after receipt by your representative. If you choose to file, be very careful to
file on time. If the action involves a claim of discrimination based on race, color,
religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling condition, you may be entitled to
representation by a court-appointed lawyer and to waiver of any requirement of
prepayment of fees, costs, or other security.      See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e5(f) and
29 U.S.C. § 794a.




FOR THE BOARD:                             ______________________________
                                           William D. Spencer
                                           Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.
