Filed 11/7/13 P. v. Green CA5




                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                           F064805
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                              (Super. Ct. No. F11901431)
                   v.

WILLIAM RAY GREEN III,                                                                   OPINION
         Defendant and Appellant.



         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. James M.
Petrucelli, Judge.
         Susan D. Shors, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Kathleen A. McKenna and
Amanda D. Cary, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
       On March 21, 2012, a jury convicted defendant and appellant William Ray
Green III of six counts of committing a lewd act upon Desiree S.,1 a child under the age
of 14 years (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a); counts 1-6), and three counts of molesting
Ann A., a child under the age of 18 years (Pen. Code, § 647.6, subd. (a); counts 7-9). On
appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erroneously admitted extrajudicial statements
under the fresh complaint doctrine or, if properly admitted, failed to give adequate
limiting instructions. He also claims ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
                               STATEMENT OF FACTS
I.     Prosecution Evidence
       a. Desiree S.
       In January 2010, Desiree, then 13 years old, and her younger brother were placed
as foster children in defendant’s home. At that time, defendant also lived with his wife,
two biological children, and two other foster children. During Desiree’s stay, three more
foster children, including Ann, were placed under defendant’s care.
       In March 2010, defendant entered Desiree’s bedroom and offered to massage her
legs. After she accepted his offer, he initially massaged her feet, calves, and thighs and
then inserted his fingers into her vagina. When defendant asked Desiree if she felt
uncomfortable, she did not answer. A couple of days later, Desiree was walking toward
the stairs when defendant grabbed her and led her to the couch. He positioned himself
behind her body, removed their clothes, and inserted his penis into her anus. Defendant
told Desiree that she was no longer a virgin and ejaculated into a towel. Following this
incident, Desiree began to cut herself because she believed that she was at fault. She did




1      We refer to certain persons by their abbreviated names in accordance with our
Supreme Court’s policy regarding protective nondisclosure of identity. No disrespect is
intended.



                                             2.
not report what happened because “no one would believe [her]” and she feared that she
would be separated from her brother.
       Desiree specified four other incidents. First, Desiree was lying in her bed when
defendant entered her room, mounted her, removed their shorts, and rubbed his penis
against her vagina. He told her that he would not insert his penis “all the way in” and
then inserted his penis into her vagina.2 Second, Desiree and defendant were conversing
in Desiree’s bedroom when he kissed her, removed her shorts, positioned her on her
back, lifted her legs, and put his mouth on her vagina.3 Third, Desiree was cutting herself
in the bathroom when she heard someone ascending the stairs. After she quickly washed
off the blood, defendant entered the bathroom, kissed her, pulled down her shirt and bra,
and put his mouth on her breasts. Finally, in or around June 2010, defendant called
Desiree into his bedroom, kissed her, pulled down her shorts, positioned himself behind
her body, and inserted his penis into her anus.
       In July 2010, Desiree and the other children were removed from defendant’s home
after Ann reported a separate incident to a social worker. (At p. 5, post.) Starting in
September 2010, Desiree lived with her aunt, Nora S. One time, after Desiree started
living with Nora, defendant picked her up and took her to his father’s house. In one of
the rooms, he “tried to get on top of [her.]” When Desiree told defendant to stop, he
asked her if she had a boyfriend. She answered, “No.” Defendant then returned to
Nora’s house. He subsequently sent Desiree text messages containing Bible verses about
forgiveness.




2     Desiree testified that she and defendant engaged in vaginal intercourse
approximately 15 times.
3      Desiree testified that defendant put his mouth on her vagina on two or three
occasions.



                                             3.
       In March 2011, Emily I., Desiree’s best friend, observed cut marks on Desiree’s
left forearm and asked her about them. In a text message, Desiree revealed that she “had
been in foster care” and “was raped by [her] foster dad.” Emily urged her to notify the
police or an adult. On the same day, Desiree told Nora that defendant raped her. Nora
subsequently called the police.
       Under the direction of Detective Jose Jauregui, a member of the Fresno Police
Department’s Sexual Assault Unit, Desiree made a recorded pretext call to defendant. At
the beginning of the conversation, Desiree spoke to defendant about the “first time [he]
touched [her].” He commented that he “screwed up,” “it should have never went there,”
and he loved her. Defendant asked Desiree if he forced himself on her. She answered,
“Yes.” Next, Desiree asked defendant to explain why he inserted his fingers into her
vagina. He stated that “people find [her] very attractive.” Defendant then questioned
whether Nora was aware of what happened. Desiree replied that she “was thinking about
telling [Nora]” and pointed out that she “started cutting [her]self” because she did not
have anyone in whom to confide. Defendant implored her not to report him because he
would “lose everything.” Desiree accused him of “trying to satisfy [him]self” when he
“put[] it in [her] through the front and through [the] back ….” Defendant apologized,
pled for forgiveness, and acknowledged that he “hurt [her]” and “betrayed [her] trust.”
Lastly, Desiree told defendant that she thought he impregnated her “[t]he last time …
right before [she] left.” He remarked that he “prayed that God … would stop it.”
       b. Ann A.
       In June 2010, Ann, then 16 years old, and her two younger sisters were placed as
foster children in defendant’s home. At that time, defendant was no longer living with
his wife and his biological children. On one occasion, as Ann was leaving the house to
walk around the neighborhood, defendant stopped her by the front door, stood behind her,
put his arms around her waistline, and touched her buttocks. She felt his penis against
her body and “didn’t feel comfortable [with] the way he was holding [her].”

                                             4.
       In July 2010, Ann and Desiree were baking a cake for defendant’s birthday when
defendant put frosting on their and the other children’s faces. He then chased Ann into
the living room where he pinned her down on the couch, mounted her, and “rubbed the
icing he had on his face onto [hers].” Their lips touched in the process. Ann felt
uncomfortable, turned her head to avoid defendant’s face, and struggled to get up. A few
days later, defendant apologized to her for “making [her] feel uncomfortable.”
Thereafter, during defendant’s birthday dinner at a buffet restaurant, defendant tickled
Ann’s inner thigh while they were sitting next to each other at the table. She told him to
stop and pushed his hand away twice before he finally ceased.
       At some point, defendant temporarily confiscated Ann’s cell phone because she
“was on it too late at night.” She was upset that her phone was taken away, but denied
that she fabricated events as retribution. After Ann reported the frosting incident to her
social worker, she and the other children were removed from defendant’s home.
II.    Defense Evidence
       Paul Binion and Aaron Pharr, defendant’s pastor and best friend, respectively,
testified that defendant was an honest person. Neither witnessed him engaging in
inappropriate activity with another person. Romy Chachere and Miguel Nieves, both of
whom coached basketball alongside defendant, also testified that he was an honest
person.
       Veronica Green testified that she and defendant married in 2005 and became foster
parents in 2007. While Desiree was living with them, a baby monitor was placed in the
room where Desiree slept. Green did not hear any inappropriate sounds or conversations
between defendant and Desiree over the receiver. Green moved out of the house on
June 5, 2010, due to marital problems, but returned periodically and she did not observe
“anything unusual occurring between [defendant] and anyone in the house.” At no point
did she witness him engaging in improper behavior with another person. Green also said



                                             5.
that Desiree “preferred to be around [defendant]” and never complained about any sexual
misconduct.
                                      DISCUSSION
       Before trial, the prosecutor moved in limine to admit, under the fresh complaint
doctrine, (1) a text message from Desiree to Emily and (2) a statement made by Ann to
Desiree,4 both of which alleged sexual misconduct by defendant. The prosecutor
contended that these statements would be offered “not for the purpose of the truth of the
matter, but for the nonhearsay purpose[] of establishing the circumstances under which
they reported the abuse.” Over defense counsel’s objection, the trial court granted the
motion.
       At trial, Emily testified that Desiree sent her a text message stating “[Desiree] was
going from foster home to foster home, and [in one] of those [homes] her foster dad
raped her.” The prosecutor stated the text message was “not offered for the truth.” The
court admitted the statement over the objection of defense counsel, who did not request a
limiting instruction.
       Nora testified that, sometime in March 2011, she was asked by Desiree, via text
message, to come into her bedroom. Nora went to Desiree’s bedroom where Desiree
disclosed that she was raped by defendant several times. The prosecutor maintained that
Desiree’s statement was “not offered for the truth.” The court admitted the statement
over defense counsel’s objection and, upon request, gave the following limiting
instruction to the jury:

       “[L]adies and gentlemen, there are rules of evidence, as you know, and
       there are times when hearsay evidence can come in, as long as it’s not
       offered for the proof of the matter asserted. So this is a limited use of what
       she may say, you understand.”

4      Neither party provided citations to the record confirming that Desiree testified
about this statement.



                                             6.
         The issues before us are (1) whether Desiree’s extrajudicial statements were
properly admitted under the fresh complaint doctrine,5 (2) whether defendant forfeited his
argument on appeal that the trial court’s limiting instruction for Desiree’s statement to
Nora was erroneous and prejudicial, and (3) whether defense counsel rendered ineffective
assistance when he did not request an instruction for Desiree’s statement to Emily and did
not object to the instruction given for Desiree’s statement to Nora. We now address each
issue.
I.       Desiree’s extrajudicial statements were admissible under the fresh complaint
         doctrine because they were offered for a limited, nonhearsay purpose.
         Hearsay evidence is evidence of any statement made by a declarant, on an
occasion other than as a witness testifying at a hearing, that is offered to prove the truth
of the fact asserted and, except as provided by law, is inadmissible. (Evid. Code, § 1200,
subds. (a) & (b); see also Evid. Code, § 225 [a “‘[s]tatement’” includes an oral or written
verbal expression].) Conversely, a declarant’s extrajudicial statement that is offered for
some purpose other than to prove the truth of the fact asserted is not hearsay. (People v.
Jurado (2006) 38 Cal.4th 72, 117; People v. Bolden (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 707, 714.)
         The Supreme Court has held that “under principles generally applicable to the
determination of evidentiary relevance and admissibility, proof of an extrajudicial
complaint, made by the victim of a sexual offense, disclosing the alleged assault, may be
admissible for a limited, nonhearsay purpose—namely, to establish the fact of, and the
circumstances surrounding, the victim’s disclosure of the assault to others—whenever the

5      Although defendant also contends the trial court erroneously admitted an
extrajudicial statement made by Ann to Desiree, he did not cite evidence in the record
supporting this assertion. (Ante, fn. 4.) Appellate briefs must support any reference to a
matter in the record by a citation to the volume and page number of the record where the
matter appears. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(C); accord Sky River LLC v.
County of Kern (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 720, 741.) Because defendant failed to support
his argument with the necessary citations to the record, he forfeited the argument. (See
Sky River LLC v. County of Kern, supra, at pp. 740-741.)



                                              7.
fact that the disclosure was made and the circumstances under which it was made are
relevant to the trier of fact’s determination as to whether the offense occurred.” (People
v. Brown (1994) 8 Cal.4th 746, 749-750, italics omitted.) The court explained that
“evidence of a victim’s conduct following the alleged commission of a crime, including
the circumstances under which he or she did (or did not) promptly report the crime,
frequently will help place the incident in context, and may assist the jury in arriving at a
more reliable determination as to whether the offense occurred.” (Id. at p. 760.) Thus,
under the fresh complaint doctrine,6 the making of the complaint and the circumstances
surrounding its making are generally admissible while the details of the complaint, if
offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, are inadmissible. (Ibid.)
       We find that Desiree’s text message to Emily and spoken statement to Nora were
properly admitted under the fresh complaint doctrine. Desiree testified that defendant
sexually abused her on multiple occasions while she lived with him for nearly half a year.
During this period, she cut herself and did not report the incidents because she feared that
she would be doubted and separated from her younger brother, who was also living with
defendant at the time. In March 2011, approximately eight months after she and her
brother were removed from defendant’s care and six months after she moved into Nora’s
home, Desiree revealed to Emily and Nora, two individuals in whom she placed her trust,

6      Although the traditional doctrine required victims of sexual assault to “alert the
community immediately following the commission of the crime” on the premise that “it
is natural for the victim of a sexual assault to complain promptly following the assault,”
the Supreme Court abrogated this element in recognition of “[t]he overwhelming body of
current empirical studies, data, and other information establish[ing] that it is not
inherently ‘natural’ for the victim to confide in someone or to disclose, immediately
following commission of the offense, that he or she was sexually assaulted.” (People v.
Brown, supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 754, 758, 763, original italics.) Child victims, in
particular, may be reluctant to report because they are unaware of the wrongful and
abnormal nature of the conduct, are intimidated by the abuser, and/or experience
“feelings of confusion and guilt, the desire to forget the incident, and the fear of not being
believed ….” (Id. at p. 758.)



                                              8.
that she was raped by defendant. The circumstances under which Desiree made her
complaints were relevant to the jury’s determination as to whether the alleged abuse
occurred because they illuminated the reasons for the delayed disclosure and obviated the
risk that the jury, in the absence of such context, would make inferences based on an
incomplete or inaccurate understanding of her behavior.
       Defendant counters that Desiree’s statements were offered solely for the truth of
the matter asserted and cited People v. Loy (2011) 52 Cal.4th 46. In Loy, a prosecution
witness testified that the deceased victim mentioned in a telephone conversation that she
was afraid of the accused because he would “‘make weird looks at her and sneak up to
her room and touch her … chest and … grab her crotch.’” (Id. at p. 54.) Finding that this
statement could not be admitted under the fresh complaint doctrine, the Supreme Court
pointed out that the judge instructed the jury that the statement was introduced “‘for the
purpose of showing [a] lewd or lascivious act between the [accused] and the alleged
victim on another occasion other than that charged in the case.’” (Id. at p. 65, fn. 2,
original italics.) By contrast, Desiree’s statements were offered for a limited, nonhearsay
purpose: to provide context for her delayed disclosure, the absence of which may have
undermined her credibility in the eyes of the jury.
II.    Defendant failed to object to the trial court’s limiting instruction for Desiree’s
       statement to Nora and therefore forfeited the argument on appeal.
       Extrajudicial statements admitted under the fresh complaint doctrine “should assist
in enlightening the jury without improperly prejudicing the defendant” as long as they are
“carefully limited to the fact that a complaint was made, and to the circumstances
surrounding the making of the complaint, thereby eliminating or at least minimizing the
risk that the jury will rely upon the evidence for an impermissible hearsay purpose ….”
(People v. Brown, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 762.) Hence, the trial court, upon request, must
instruct the jury as to the limited scope for which the statements are admitted. (Id. at
p. 757; see also Evid. Code, § 355.) In the absence of a request, the court has no sua


                                              9.
sponte duty to give such an instruction. (People v. Manning (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 870,
880.)
        Defense counsel asked the trial court to provide a limiting instruction for Desiree’s
statement to Nora. In response, the court advised the jury that “there are times when
hearsay evidence can come in, as long as it’s not offered for the proof of the matter
asserted” and “this is a limited use of what she may say, you understand.” This
instruction did not clearly delineate the extent of the statement’s limitation in reference to
the fresh complaint doctrine. (See Adkins v. Brett (1920) 184 Cal. 252, 260.) Counsel,
however, did not object to the error. If the accused does not request an additional
instruction or clarification, he or she forfeits the right to complain of any such omission
for the first time on appeal. (See People v. Partin (1967) 254 Cal.App.2d 89, 98, citing
People v. Robinson (1960) 180 Cal.App.2d 745, 752.)
        Failure to object to instructional error does not result in forfeiture if the error
affected the defendant’s substantial rights. (Pen. Code, § 1259; People v. Lawrence
(2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 547, 553-554, fn. 11.) Substantial rights are affected if “it is
reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been
reached in the absence of the error.” (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836;
accord People v. Arredondo (1975) 52 Cal.App.3d 973, 978.) In this case, the likelihood
that defendant would have obtained a different verdict, but for the inadequate limiting
instruction, was not reasonably probable. Because Desiree herself testified at trial, the
jury was able to directly assess her credibility and did not exclusively rely on her
extrajudicial statement. (See People v. Manning, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at pp. 880-881.)
Moreover, defendant, in the course of the pretext call, admitted that he engaged in sexual
conduct with Desiree, expressed remorse for his actions, and tried to convince her not to
report him. Since the instructional error would have been harmless, defendant’s
substantial rights were not affected.



                                               10.
       Defendant contends the trial court’s insufficient limiting instruction deprived him
of due process and, under the reversible error test set forth in Chapman v. California
(1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24, could not be shown to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
We disagree. The Chapman test would apply if an “‘ailing instruction by itself so
infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.’” (Estelle v.
McGuire (1991) 502 U.S. 62, 72.) Here, while the court’s limiting instruction did not
adequately explain the limited, nonhearsay purpose of Desiree’s statement to Nora, it did
not constitute a violation of fundamental fairness. (Id. at p. 73; cf. People v. Johnson
(2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 976, 985-986 [instructional error compels reversal per se where
the trial court lowered the prosecution’s burden of proof below the due process
requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt].)
III.   Defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be rejected because
       the appellate record did not demonstrate that counsel acted unreasonably.
       To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show that (1)
counsel’s performance did not satisfy an objective standard of reasonableness under
prevailing professional norms, and (2) absent counsel’s deficient performance, it is
reasonably probable that the verdict would have been more favorable. (See People v.
Oden (1987) 193 Cal.App.3d 1675, 1681, citing Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466
U.S. 668, 687-688; People v. Fosselman (1983) 33 Cal.3d 572, 584.) If the appellate
record does not specify why counsel acted or failed to act in the challenged manner,
unless counsel was asked for and failed to provide a satisfactory explanation or “there
simply can be no satisfactory explanation,” we must reject the claim.7 (People v. Scott


7      For this reason, ineffective assistance of counsel claims are more appropriately
made in a habeas corpus proceeding in which the trial attorney is afforded the opportunity
to explain the reasons for his or her conduct and the court is in a better position to
evaluate whether the conduct was within the range of reasonable competence. (People v.
Silvey (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1320, 1329.)



                                              11.
(1997) 15 Cal.4th 1188, 1212; accord People v. Garvin (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 484, 489-
490.)
        Based on the record before us, we cannot find that defense counsel acted
unreasonably when he did not request a limiting instruction for Desiree’s text message to
Emily and did not object to the instruction given for Desiree’s statement to Nora. He was
not asked to explain these omissions and, in view of the presumption that counsel’s
conduct “‘“‘“falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance”’”’”
(People v. Garvin, supra, 110 Cal.App.4th at p. 489, citing People v. Jones (2003) 29
Cal.4th 1229, 1254), counsel may have plausibly concluded that the benefit afforded by a
particular instruction would not offset the detriment of requesting or clarifying it.8 (See
People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040, 1053; see also People v. Huggins (2006) 38
Cal.4th 175, 206 [failure to object rarely constitutes constitutionally ineffective legal
representation].)
                                      DISPOSITION
        The judgment is affirmed.

                                                                  _____________________
                                                                             DETJEN, J.
WE CONCUR:


    _____________________
    GOMES, Acting P.J.


    _____________________
    POOCHIGIAN, J.

8      Assuming arguendo that defendant established that counsel did not act reasonably
under prevailing professional norms, we would still reject the claim. In view of
defendant’s incriminating remarks during the pretext call, the likelihood that he would
have obtained a different verdict in the absence of counsel’s deficient performance was
not reasonably probable.



                                             12.
