J-S28001-20


NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN THE INTEREST OF: J.V., A MINOR          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: A.D., NATURAL MOTHER            :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 309 MDA 2020

         Appeal from the Dispositional Order Entered January 15, 2020
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County Juvenile Division at
                       No(s): CP-41-DP-0000001-2020


BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                               FILED AUGUST 14, 2020

       A.D. (“Mother”) appeals the order of adjudication and disposition

entered on January 15, 2020, which finds, inter alia, that she perpetrated child

abuse against her infant son, J.V.1 We affirm.

       J.V. was born in October 2019.          The juvenile court summarized the

procedural and factual history that began approximately two months later:

              On the morning of December 4, 2019, at approximately
       7:52 a.m., Mother contacted 911 and reported that [J.V.] was
       unresponsive. [J.V.] was first rushed to Jersey Shore Hospital,
       and then taken to Geisinger Medical Center by life flight and there
       admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (“PICU”). [J.V.]’s
       treating physician made initial findings of retinal hemorrhage and
       brain swelling [rib fractures] and expressed concern that the
       injuries appeared to result from non-accidental trauma. Mother
       and [Father] were subject to questioning by both police and a
       Lycoming County Child and Youth Services (“CYS”) caseworker on
       the evening of December 4. Thereafter, on January 2, 2020, [J.V.]
____________________________________________


1The juvenile court also found that T.V., the father of J.V., perpetrated child
abuse. N.T., 1/15/20, at 47-48. Father did not appeal.
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      was transferred from the PICU to the children’s unit, where his
      supervision by medical staff decreased, allowing his parents to
      regain direct care and access.

              On January 3, 2020, . . . CYS commenced the instant action
      by filing . . . a petition seeking that [J.V.] be placed in protective
      custody at Geisinger Medical Center, as the parents were subject
      to ongoing criminal and Child Protective Services (“CPS”)
      investigations. On the same date, the court granted an order for
      emergency protective custody, pending a full hearing. Following
      an evidentiary hearing held January 6, 2020, the court issued a
      recommendation for shelter care, finding it in the interest of the
      welfare of the child. The court granted CYS legal and physical
      custody of [J.V.], with contact by the parents limited to supervised
      visits.

             A dependency hearing was thereafter held on January 15,
      2020, at which the court considered CYS’s dependency petition
      alleging that [J.V.] was a victim of child abuse as defined at 23
      Pa.C.S. § 6303, and CYS’s motion for finding of aggravated
      circumstances. Following the dependency hearing, at which both
      parents were present and represented by counsel, the court
      issued an order of adjudication and disposition entering a finding
      of abuse and holding that [J.V.] was a dependent child. The court
      additionally made an aggravated circumstances finding under 42
      Pa.C.S. § 6302, determining that [J.V.] had been a victim of
      physical abuse resulting in serious bodily injury, sexual violence,
      and/or aggravated neglect perpetrated by both parents.

Juvenile Court Opinion, 3/10/20, at 2-3 (footnotes and unnecessary

capitalization omitted).

      On February 14, 2020, Mother filed a timely notice of appeal from the

adjudication and disposition and a concise statement of errors complained of




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on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). 2 She presents three

issues for our review:

       1. Whether the [juvenile] court erred in making a finding of abuse
       as defined at 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303 against [Mother] as there is no
       evidence Mother harmed the child[?]

       2. Whether the [juvenile] court erred in making a finding of abuse
       as defined at 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303 against [Mother] as there was no
       evidence [Mother] observed or was aware of any harm being done
       to the child[?]

       3. Whether the [juvenile] court erred in granting the Agency’s
       motion for a finding of aggravated circumstances as it pertains to
       [Mother] as there is no evidence [Mother] abused the child[?]

____________________________________________


2 Although Mother conflates the two orders in the argument section of her
brief, Mother did not appeal the finding of aggravated circumstances, which is
a collateral order appealable as of right. See In re R.C., 945 A.2d 182, 184
(Pa.Super. 2008). Thus, that order is not before us. See e.g., Interest of
M.H., 1286 EDA 2019, 2019 WL 6716291, at *2 (Pa.Super. 2019) (observing,
“Mother did not appeal the aggravated circumstances order, but timely filed
the instant appeal regarding the adjudication and dispositional
order.”); Pa.R.A.P. 126(b)(2) (“Non-precedential decisions [filed after May 1,
2019] may be cited for their persuasive value”).

     To the extent that we would confront the merits of the order finding
aggravated circumstances against Mother, we would affirm it for the reasons
cogently explained by the juvenile court,

       The [c]ourt may find aggravated circumstances when “the child or
       another child of the parent has been the victim of physical abuse
       resulting in serious bodily injury, sexual violence or aggravated
       physical neglect by the parent.” The severity of [J.V.]’s injury and
       the likelihood that those injuries will be permanent justified a
       finding of physical abuse resulting in serious bodily injury and the
       entry of the Aggravated Circumstances Order.

Juvenile Court Opinion, 3/10/20, at 7 (footnotes omitted).



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Mother’s brief at 7.3

       We review the juvenile court’s determination of abuse for an abuse of

discretion. In the Interest of J.M., 166 A.3d 408 (Pa.Super. 2017). As the

alleged abuse occurred in December 2019, the current version of the Child

Protective Service Law (“CPSL”), which became effective on June 12, 2018,

controls our review.       The statute defines child abuse, in relevant part, as

follows:

       (b.1) Child abuse.--The term “child abuse” shall mean
       intentionally, knowingly or recklessly[4] doing any of the following:

____________________________________________


3J.V.’s guardian ad litem, Angela Lovecchio, Esquire, mailed a letter to this
Court stating that she did not intend to file a brief.

4 The CPSL refers to 18 Pa.C.S. § 302 with respect to the definitions of
intentionally, knowingly, and recklessly. 18 Pa.C.S. § 302(b) provides as
follows:

       (1) A person acts intentionally with respect to a material element
       of an offense when:

              (i) if the element involves the nature of his conduct or
              a result thereof, it is his conscious object to engage in
              conduct of that nature or to cause such a result; and

              (ii) if the element involves the attendant
              circumstances, he is aware of the existence of such
              circumstances or he believes or hopes that they exist.

       (2) A person acts knowingly with respect to a material element
       of an offense when:

              (i) if the element involves the nature of his conduct or
              the attendant circumstances, he is aware that his
              conduct is of that nature or that such circumstances
              exist; and



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              (1) Causing bodily injury to a child through any recent
              act or failure to act.

                     ....

              (8) Engaging in any of the following recent acts:

                   ....

                   (iii) Forcefully shaking a child under one year of age.

                   ....


23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1) (footnote omitted).          Bodily injury is defined as

“[i]mpairment of physical condition or substantial pain.”                23 Pa.C.S.

§ 6303(a).

       In In the Interest of J.R.W., 631 A.2d 1019, 1024 (Pa.Super. 1993),

we explained that, pursuant to the doctrine of incorporation, the Juvenile Act’s

definition of dependent child subsumed the definition of child abuse outlined




____________________________________________


              (ii) if the element involves a result of his conduct, he
              is aware that it is practically certain that his conduct
              will cause such a result.

       (3) A person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of
       an offense when he consciously disregards a substantial and
       unjustifiable risk that the material element exists or will result
       from his conduct. The risk must be of such a nature and degree
       that, considering the nature and intent of the actor’s conduct and
       the circumstances known to him, its disregard involves a gross
       deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person
       would observe in the actor’s situation.

18 Pa.C.S. § 302(b).

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in the CPSL. Thus, we stated the two laws “must be applied together in the

resolution of child abuse complaints.” Id. at 1023. We reasoned,

      The Legislature intended a detailed and specific definition of abuse
      to leave no doubt as to the capacity of the trial court, which in this
      case can only be the Juvenile Court, to make a finding and
      determination that a child has been abused. In its capacity as a
      trial judge, the Juvenile Court judge will look and must look to the
      above definition of child abuse in a case referred by the child
      protective service agency to the Court under petition for review of
      dependency when child abuse has been alleged.

Id.

      In addition to establishing the pertinent definition of child abuse, the

court in J.R.W. also stressed that the juvenile court’s determination of

whether child abuse occurred must be supported by clear and convincing

evidence. Id.

      [T]he clear and convincing evidence necessary to find
      dependency, [sic] has been imposed by the Legislature as the
      standard which the Juvenile Court must apply in deciding abuse
      cases. . . . There is no conflict, constitutional or otherwise, with
      the clear and convincing evidence standard imposed by the Act to
      establish child abuse.

Id.; see also In re L.Z., supra at 1174.

      Moreover, 23 Pa.C.S. § 6381 provides, in part:

      (d) Prima facie evidence of abuse.--Evidence that a child has
      suffered child abuse of such a nature as would ordinarily not be
      sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions of the
      parent or other person responsible for the welfare of the child shall
      be prima facie evidence of child abuse by the parent or other
      person responsible for the welfare of the child.

23 Pa.C.S. § 6381.




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         Mother argues that the juvenile court erred finding Mother a perpetrator

of abuse because CYS did not present evidence that she abused J.V., or that

she observed or was aware of any abuse of J.V.            Mother’s brief at 16-18.

Mother asserts that the juvenile court’s determinations as to abuse were

incorrectly based on both Mother and Father caring for J.V. at the relevant

time, neither admitting responsibility for J.V.’s injuries, the extremely small

nature of Mother’s and Father’s residence, and Father yelling to rouse J.V. Id.

at 16. Mother instead maintains that she stated that she was sleeping and

that Father stated that he was caring for J.V. at the relevant time. Id. at 16.

Mother continues with her argument suggesting that Father further stated that

he shook J.V. in an effort to wake him and that there is no evidence that she

was aware of these actions. Id. at 16-17. Distinguishing the instant matter

from In re L.V., 209 A.3d 399 (Pa.Super. 2019), where the mother noticed

physical injury to the child and awaited an upcoming medical appointment,

Mother states, “The testimony appears to point to someone else having caused

the injuries other than [Mother] and there is no testimony which shows she

caused or knew of the injuries and then failed to provide medical care.” Id.

at 17.

         In finding J.V. was the victim of child abuse, the juvenile court reasoned:

                The [CPSL] defines “child abuse,” in relevant part, as
         follows: “Causing bodily injury to a child through any recent act
         or failure to act. . . . Forcefully shaking a child under one year of
         age.” While the existence of child abuse must be proven by clear
         and convincing evidence, in certain circumstances the identity of
         the abuser may be established by prima facie evidence:


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           [E]vidence that a child suffered injury that would not
           ordinarily be sustained but for the acts or omissions
           of the parent or responsible person is sufficient to
           establish that the parent or responsible person
           perpetrated that abuse unless the parent or
           responsible person rebuts the presumption.           The
           parent or responsible person may present evidence
           demonstrating that they did not inflict the abuse,
           potentially by testifying that they gave responsibility
           for the child to another person about whom they had
           no reason to fear or perhaps that the injuries were
           accidental rather than abusive. The evaluation of the
           validity of the presumption would then rest with the
           trial court evaluating the credibility of the prima facie
           evidence presented by the CYS agency and the
           rebuttal of the parent or responsible person.

     [In re L.V., 127 A.3d 831, 837-38 (Pa.Super. 2015)]

           This presumption is specifically applicable when multiple
     potentially responsible caregivers are involved, as those
     caregivers will often “circle the wagons” or alternatively point
     fingers at each other. Due to the pendency of criminal charges,
     both parents declined to testify at the Dependency Hearing, and
     consequently offered no evidence rebutting this presumption.

            Therefore, the [c]ourt found that [J.V.] had suffered abuse
     at the hands of Mother, because [J.V.] suffered injuries while in
     the care of Mother and Father, and because [J.V.]’s injuries would
     not have occurred except for the acts or omissions of Mother and
     Father. Dr. Bruno’s testimony regarding the likely cause of [J.V.]’s
     constellation of injuries established by clear and convincing
     evidence that [J.V.]’s injuries were not accidental, but instead the
     result of abuse. These injuries include rib fractures, retinal
     bleeding, bleeding and swelling in the subdural and subarachnoid
     hemispheres of the brain, ventricle bleeding, and a loss of
     differentiation between white and gray matter cells within the
     brain, resulting in potentially irreversible brain damage.
     Additionally, it is undisputed that Mother and Father were the sole
     caregivers during the period when the abuse occurred. Ms.
     Spagnuolo’s summation of Mother and Father’s separate reports
     regarding the night of December 4 indicates that either parent
     would have had opportunity to commit the abuse. As neither
     parent offered rebuttal testimony, the [c]ourt finds that CYS


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      established a prima facie case that Mother and Father were the
      perpetrators of abuse.

Juvenile Court Opinion, 3/10/20, at 6-7 (footnotes omitted).

      The certified record supports the juvenile court’s finding of abuse as

perpetrated by Mother. See 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1); 23 Pa.C.S. § 6381. The

record reveals that J.V. suffered significant physical injury while in the

exclusive care of Mother and Father. Critically, Pat Bruno, M.D., a member of

the pediatric child abuse team at Geisinger Medical Center, testified that J.V.

presented subsequent to cardiac arrest and suffered bilateral retinal and

subjunctival bleeding and bruising, swelling, bleeding, pressure on the brain,

as well as swelling to the neck, and fractures to the first rib. N.T., 1/15/20,

at 8-10, 14; Exhibit 1. Specifically, J.V. experienced bleeding between the

layer of tissue surrounding the brain and the inner layer of the brain, as well

as intraventricular bleeding in the brain. Id. at 9. Additionally, the swelling

was so extensive that the back portion of J.V.’s brain was herniating through

an opening in the back of the skull, the foramen magnum, and there was also

a loss of differentiation of the white and grey matter in the brain. Id. at 9-

10.

      Moreover, Dr. Pat Bruno, opined that the foregoing injuries were not-

accidental in nature. Id. at 13-14, 19; see also N.T., 1/15/20, Exhibit 1.

The following exchange occurred at the dependency hearing,

      Q. Okay. Now, Doctor, I’m gonna ask you if you have an opinion
      whether or not the injuries you just testified to regarding [J.V.],
      whether they were accidental or non-accidental in nature?

      A. They were non-accidental in nature.

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      Q. And can you tell us why you have that opinion, what your basis
      is?

      A. My basis is the constellation of findings with this child, the
      fracture of the ribs, the access of – multiple areas of bleeding in
      the brain, the subarachnoid, the subdural, the swelling of the
      brain, the bleed into his ventricles, the damage to his brain, the
      gray matter/white matter issue that I discussed with you.

             The constellation of injuries in a child that was, otherwise,
      relatively healthy, did have some feeding issues but otherwise
      relatively healthy prior to this, this constellation of injuries can be
      explained by non-accidental trauma.

Id. at 13-14. Dr. Bruno noted that the injuries were acute and would have

caused immediate signs and symptoms.             Id. at 10-11, 17.     He further

explained, “Those injuries would have occurred . . . immediately prior to one

or both of the parents noting th[e] change in the child’s behavior.” Id. at 18-

19.   In turn, Dr. Bruno further opined that the injuries suffered by J.V.

constituted physical abuse. Id. at 14.

      Further, as to the extent of the injury to J.V., the records from Geisinger

Medical Center note a “severe, un-survivable injury” without indication for

neurosurgical intervention. N.T., 1/15/20, Exhibit 1. Dr. Bruno testified that

J.V. was no longer exhibiting higher cerebral functioning, and that such

cerebral injury was likely irreversible.       On direct examination, Dr. Bruno

stated:

            There’s very little motion. [J.V.] does have some movement
      of his arms and legs; but they said that the reflexes he has are
      very primitive, brain-stem-type of reflexes. . . .

            And so the indication was that they were concerned that
      there weren’t any areas of higher functioning, cerebral-type
      functioning going on. They indicated that what they saw with him


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      as far as activity, he’s got . . . a gag reflex; and he has
      spontaneous respirations. But they indicated that these were
      probably brainstem functions that we were seeing.

             He did have an EEG. He has had quite a few EEG’s, and at
      least one of them has indicated that here was very little electrical
      activity as far as the cerebrum was concerned. So, you know he
      suffered, you know, a devastating anoxic injury and probably most
      of these injuries, at least in the cerebral area, are not gonna be
      reversible. It’s hard to say, you know, for sure. But that’s what
      the neurologists are saying, that some of this change is gonna be
      irreversible.

Id. at 13.

      Elizabeth Spagnuolo, a caseworker in the CYS Assessment Unit, testified

that both Mother and Father were the sole caregivers of J.V. during the

relevant period of time and neither offered any real explanation as to how J.V.

became injured. Id. at 24-26, 29. Instead, they proffered that J.V.’s primary

pediatric physician, who had been seeing J.V. approximately every three days

due to a failure to gain weight, perhaps missed something. Id. at 26, 31-32.

Moreover, their inconsistent accounts of the morning led Ms. Spagnuolo to

believe that they were not being entirely honest. Id. at 29. She observed

that, while Father reported shouting in an attempt to wake his nonresponsive

son, Mother indicated that she did not hear anything unusual prior to finding

the child at 7:45 a.m. Id. Ms. Spagnuolo further observed that, based upon

the fact that the family’s apartment is “quite small,” both Mother and Father

would have been aware of what was going on . . . or at least been able to give

more information of what occurred that evening then – or that morning than

what they had.” Id. at 29-30.


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      As confirmed by the forgoing evidence, the certified record supports the

juvenile court’s finding of abuse pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1), as

perpetrated by both Mother and Father. Accordingly, we do not disturb it.

Given the clear and convincing evidence adduced during the hearing, Mother’s

claim that she did not abuse J.V., and was not aware of any abuse, strains

credulity. That medical assistance was sought quickly after the physical abuse

was inflicted does not detract from the court’s finding. Accordingly, we affirm

the juvenile court’s order of adjudication and disposition finding child abuse.

      Order affirmed.



Judgment Entered.




Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary



Date: 08/14/2020




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