     Case: 17-50149      Document: 00514501516         Page: 1    Date Filed: 06/05/2018




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                      No. 17-50149                       June 5, 2018
                                                                       Lyle W. Cayce
TAMMY R. FABIAN,                                                            Clerk


              Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

NANCY A. BERRYHILL, ACTING COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL
SECURITY,

              Defendant - Appellee




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas
                              USDC No. 5:15-01139


Before SMITH, WIENER, and WILLETT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Plaintiff–Appellant Tammy Fabian brought this action under § 205(g) of
the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (“the Act”), to obtain judicial review
of the Commissioner of Social Security’s administrative decision that Fabian
was not entitled to disabled adult child (DAC) insurance benefits under Title
II of the Act. The district court affirmed the Commissioner’s decision. On
appeal, Fabian contends that (1) the Commissioner’s decision is not supported

       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
     Case: 17-50149          Document: 00514501516     Page: 2    Date Filed: 06/05/2018



                                        No. 17-50149
by substantial evidence, and (2) the Commissioner violated her Due Process
rights by applying the incorrect federal regulation to her case. We conclude
that the Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, so we
affirm.
   I.         Background
        Before considering the merits of Fabian’s claims, we review the factual
and procedural history of this case. Fabian is a fifty-three year old woman who
suffers from panic attacks, PTSD, depression, and agoraphobia. She claims
that these issues stem from an accident when she was two years old which
caused a “severe, disfiguring, painful and disabling injury” to her left arm.
Fabian filed an application for disability benefits based on her mental health
issues when she was twenty-eight years old and has received disability benefits
since that date. 1
        In March 2006, Fabian applied for DAC benefits under Title II of the
Social Security Act, seeking disability benefits for the time between when she
was two until she was twenty-two years old. 2 To qualify for DAC benefits,
Fabian must demonstrate that she was disabled before 1986, viz., that prior to
1986, she was unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason
of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be
expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a
continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 3
        Fabian asserted that her disabilities began when she was injured at age
two and were exacerbated by a childhood of emotional abuse and neglect.


        Her current application, however, seeks retroactive DAC benefits for 1966–1986,
        1

from the alleged onset of her disability until she turned twenty-two.
        An adult disabled before age 22 may be eligible for disabled adult child benefits if
        2

her parent is deceased or receives retirement or disability benefits. Such benefits are paid
based on the parent’s Social Security earnings record. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.350(a).
        3   42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A).
                                             2
    Case: 17-50149      Document: 00514501516     Page: 3   Date Filed: 06/05/2018



                                   No. 17-50149
Fabian explained that immediately after her childhood injury she began
showing symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety, and was “messed up for
the rest of her life.” Fabian stated that she was “barely” able to attend school
as a child and teenager and that she was unable to maintain employment, all
as the result of her “severe chronic PTSD.” Fabian admitted that “there are no
medical records prior to age 22,” but explained that she “may have been/was
most probably told by a doctor of the diagnosis.”
         Despite the absence of medical records during the relevant time period,
Fabian claimed that supplemental evidence, such as her testimony and that of
her aunt, school records, and medical records after the relevant time period,
lead to the “logical conclusion[]” that she was disabled before she reached
twenty-two years of age. Fabian submitted medical records that demonstrate
she underwent cosmetic reconstructive surgery to her arm at age twenty-eight
and has undergone psychological treatment since that time.
         In 2008, the Commissioner denied Fabian’s application, noting there was
no evidence that she was disabled before the age of twenty-two. The SSA
reopened the case in 2009 and then again denied Fabian’s application that
same year. Fabian appealed to the SSA Appeals Council and eventually filed
three separate suits against the SSA Commissioner. In January 2015, ALJ
Gazda held an administrative hearing and affirmed the Commissioner’s
decision. The ALJ determined that substantial evidence supported the
Commissioner’s finding that Fabian was not disabled before the age of twenty-
two. Fabian appealed that decision in district court. After the parties consented
to proceed before a magistrate judge, that judge affirmed the Commissioner’s
decision. Fabian now appeals.
   II.     Standard of Review
         We review the district court’s decision de novo, but our review of the
Commissioner’s decision is limited to “(1) whether the decision is supported by
                                        3
     Case: 17-50149         Document: 00514501516          Page: 4     Date Filed: 06/05/2018



                                         No. 17-50149
substantial evidence on the record as a whole, and (2) whether the
Commissioner applied the proper legal standard.” 4 Substantial evidence is
“more than a mere scintilla and less than a preponderance,” 5 and “such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” 6 In applying this standard, we may not “re-weigh the evidence,
try the questions de novo, or substitute our judgment for the Commissioner’s,
even if we believe the evidence weighs against the Commissioner’s decision.” 7
   III.     Analysis
      A claimant may be eligible for DAC benefits if she is 18 years old or older
and has “a disability that began before [she] became 22 years old.” 8 The
claimant has the burden of proving that she suffered from a disability during
the relevant time period. 9 A claimant is “disabled” under the Social Security
Act if she is unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of
any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be
expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a
continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 10 The Commissioner uses a five-
step process to determine if a claimant was disabled during the relevant time
period: (1) whether the claimant performed substantial gainful activity; (2)
whether the claimant had a severe impairment; (3) whether the impairment
meets or equals an impairment listed in the relevant regulations; (4) whether
the impairment prevented the claimant from doing past relevant work; and (5)

      4   Perez v. Barnhart, 415 F.3d 457, 461 (5th Cir. 2005).
      5   Id. (quoting Masterson v. Barnhart, 309 F.3d 267, 272 (5th Cir. 2002)).
      6Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (quoting Consolidated Edison Co. v.
NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)).
      7   Masterson, 309 F.3d at 272.
      8   20 C.F.R. § 404.350(a)(5); Stringer v. Astrue, 465 F. App’x 361, 362–63 (5th Cir. 2012).
      9   Perez, 415 F.3d at 461.
      10   42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A).
                                                4
     Case: 17-50149          Document: 00514501516        Page: 5    Date Filed: 06/05/2018



                                         No. 17-50149
whether the impairment prevented the claimant from performing any other
substantial gainful activity. 11 If at any step the Commissioner determines that
the claimant was not disabled, the inquiry ends. 12
       At step one of the disability inquiry, the Commissioner determined that
Fabian did not engage in any substantial gainful activity during the relevant
time period. At step two, he determined that there were no medical signs or
laboratory findings to substantiate a disability during the relevant time period.
Because he determined at that step that Fabian was not disabled, the inquiry
ended and her application for DAC benefits was denied. 13
       Fabian asserts that the Commissioner’s finding that she was not
disabled before age twenty-two is not supported by the substantial evidence.
In particular, Fabian contends that the Commissioner erred in disregarding
lay testimony from Fabian and her aunt regarding her childhood disabilities,
failing to consider her school attendance record, and failing to adequately
consider the testimony of her treating physician.
       At the time of the administrative hearing, the relevant federal regulation
provided that a disability “must result from anatomical, physiological, or
psychological abnormalities which can be shown by medically acceptable
clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques. A physical or mental impairment
must be established by medical evidence consisting of signs, symptoms, and
laboratory findings, not only by [a claimant’s] statement of symptoms.” 14 This
court has recognized, however, that when medical records for the relevant time



       11   20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4).
       12   Morgan v. Colvin, 803 F.3d 773, 776 (5th Cir. 2015).
       13   See id.
       14 20 C.F.R. § 404.1508 (2015). This regulation was revised effective March 27, 2017.
In this case, however, we apply the 2015 regulation as it was in effect at the time of the ALJ’s
determination. See, e.g., Young v. Berryhill, 689 F. App’x 819, 821 n.3 (5th Cir. 2017).
                                                 5
    Case: 17-50149         Document: 00514501516         Page: 6   Date Filed: 06/05/2018



                                        No. 17-50149
period are not available, “properly corroborated retrospective medical
diagnoses can be used to establish disability onset dates.” 15 Such opinions,
however, “must refer clearly to the relevant period of disability and not simply
express an opinion to the claimant’s current status. Records describing a
claimant’s current condition cannot be used to support a retrospective
diagnosis of disability absent evidence of an actual disability during the time
of insured status.” 16
      Here, the Commissioner evaluated the reports from each of Fabian’s
treating physicians. None of those physicians, however, had treated or
evaluated Fabian during the relevant time period. The Commissioner
specifically noted that those doctors only opined about Fabian’s current
condition and were not willing to speculate regarding her condition before the
age of twenty-two. The treating physicians’ testimony regarding Fabian’s
current condition does not establish a retrospective diagnosis. 17 The
Commissioner also noted that those physicians who did have an opportunity
to review “the entire longitudinal history” of Fabian’s medical file did not
conclude that she was disabled during the relevant time period. Based on this
evidence, and contrary to Fabian’s assertion, the Commissioner did not fail to
consider the opinions of her treating physicians. Instead, he reviewed that
evidence in light of the record as a whole and concluded that the treating
physicians’ testimony failed to establish that Fabian was disabled before age
twenty-two.
      Next, Fabian insists that the Commissioner failed to consider
nonmedical evidence, including school records and lay testimony from herself



      15   Likes v. Callahan, 112 F.3d 189, 191 (5th Cir. 1997).
      16   McLendon v. Barnhart, 184 F. App’x 430, 432 (5th Cir. 2006) (per curiam).
      17   See id.
                                               6
     Case: 17-50149         Document: 00514501516         Page: 7    Date Filed: 06/05/2018



                                         No. 17-50149
and her aunt, when determining if she was disabled. First, the regulation in
place at the time of Fabian’s claim states that when determining whether a
claimant has a severe impairment—step two in the disability determination—
the Commissioner “will not consider your age, education, and work
experience.” 18 Thus, evidence of Fabian’s school attendance, or lack thereof,
cannot establish that she was severely impaired. Second, Fabian is correct that
“information may be obtained from family members, friends, and former
employers regarding the course of the claimant’s condition” 19; however, such
testimony is not necessarily sufficient to establish a medically determinable
impairment. 20 Here, the Commissioner evaluated Fabian’s and her aunt’s
testimony, yet ultimately determined that the evidence as a whole failed to
establish Fabian’s pre-age twenty-two disability. As the Commissioner noted,
Fabian testified that she did not receive any mental health treatment as a
child. She admitted that her arm injury healed and that she attended school
until she got married. She did not seek medical treatment for her arm until


       18 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c). Fabian also argues that the Commissioner erroneously
applied the incorrect federal regulation, because 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(c)—preventing
consideration of education and work experience at step two of the disability analysis—was
not effective until March 2017. She contends that these regulations are not retroactive, so
the Commissioner’s decision violated her constitutional right to Due Process. But this
regulation became effective August 24, 2012; so Fabian’s argument is unavailing. See 20
C.F.R. § 404.1520(c).
       19   Ivy v. Sullivan, 898 F.2d 1045, 1049 (5th Cir. 1990) (emphasis added).
       20 See, e.g., Vella v. Astrue, 634 F. Supp. 2d 410, 418 (S.D.N.Y. 2009), aff’d sub nom.
Vella v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 394 F. App’x 755 (2d Cir. 2010) (holding that substantial
evidence supported Commissioner’s finding that claimant was not disabled before age 22
when claimant failed to provide “objective medical evidence” of a disability in the relevant
time period, and instead “relied entirely on his own testimony and his friend’s and family’s
statements in proving his disability.”); Turner v. Apfel, 11 F. App’x 439, 440–41 (6th Cir.
2001) (holding that evidence such as school records, mental health evaluations, arrest
records, and records of hospitalizations after the relevant time period were insufficient to
establish a childhood disability); Duraku v. Barnhart, No. 01 CV 310 (JG), 2002 WL
31956008, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 10, 2002) (explaining that a claimant’s own testimony that
she was disabled before age 22, without “objective support” was insufficient to establish her
claim for DAC benefits).
                                                7
     Case: 17-50149        Document: 00514501516         Page: 8    Date Filed: 06/05/2018



                                        No. 17-50149
age twenty-eight, and even then underwent surgery only for cosmetic purposes.
Based on this evidence, the Commissioner determined that Fabian failed to
establish she was severely impaired before age twenty-two. Because the
Commissioner’s decision was based on “such relevant evidence as a reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion,” his decision was
supported by substantial evidence. 21
      Fabian is essentially asking us to re-evaluate all of the evidence in her
case and to reach a result different from the conclusion that the Commissioner
reached when evaluating her claim. Our review, however, is limited. We may
not “re-weigh the evidence, try the questions de novo, or substitute our
judgment for the Commissioner’s, even if we believe the evidence weighs
against      the   Commissioner’s       decision.” 22    Because    the    Commissioner’s
conclusions are based on credible evidence, we must affirm his decision. 23
   IV.      Conclusion
      The Commissioner applied the correct legal standard in evaluating
Fabian’s claim for DAC benefits, and his decision that she failed to establish a
disability during the relevant time is supported by substantial evidence. We
therefore AFFIRM.




      21   See Richardson, 402 U.S. at 401 (quoting Consolidated Edison Co., 305 U.S. at 229).
      22   Masterson, 309 F.3d at 272 (5th Cir. 2002).
      23 See id. (“We affirm the Commissioner’s findings whenever supported by substantial
evidence.”).
                                               8
