Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of certain pesticides used in Pakistan.
The mutagenicity of fifteen insecticides, five fungicides, four herbicides, and an acaricide commonly used in Pakistan was evaluated by employing thirteen short-term bioassays. The genetic endpoints used included point or gene mutation, primary DNA damage, and chromosomal effects. Initially, all pesticides were tested in a "core" battery of four in vitro bioassays. A carefully selected group among these chemicals was retested in higher level test systems to confirm the results obtained in the initial phase. Of the pesticides tested, only a small portion consistently displayed mutagenicity across test systems. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae bioassays detected mutagenicity for the largest number of pesticides. The Salmonellaces typhimurium strain, TA100, was able to detect genetic activity in all of the pesticides that produced positive results in this bioassay. The cytogenetic effects observed from the Vicia faba root assay were consistent with those obtained in mammalian cells in culture. All pesticides which displayed mutagenicity were not carcinogenic in animal bioassays but, in general, mutagenicity in a battery of short-term bioassays was a reliable indicator of the carcinogenic potential in animals. A simple test battery is proposed for evaluating the genetic potential of agricultural pesticides.