Firm myocardium in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Firm myocardium in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a rarely described yet potentially important condition. To investigate the clinical nature and implications of firm myocardium in CPR, we retrospectively analyzed 59 adult patients with nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who underwent open-chest CPR in the emergency department and had heart consistency recorded. Consistency of the myocardium varied considerably between patients. Firm myocardium was noticed in 36 cases, mainly in the left ventricle (firm myocardium group). The remaining 23 hearts were not firm (soft myocardium group). Some hearts had an increase in their consistency during CPR. Patient characteristics were similar in the two groups. The firm myocardium group showed greater base deficit on arterial blood gas analysis, suggesting more severe ischemic injury. Very firm heart had a close association with an extremely low end-tidal CO2 tension. Histopathological examination revealed hypertrophy and fibrosis common to the two groups. Both groups received similar treatment except for a shorter duration of direct cardiac massage in the firm myocardium group, although a reasonably prolonged effort was made in most cases. The firm myocardium group responded poorly to treatment. Very firm myocardium never contracted, whereas less firm myocardium usually showed some, albeit insufficient, activity. Most cases in the soft myocardium group regained a pulse. Our results suggest that firm myocardium: (1) is common in patients who receive CPR in the emergency department, (2) indicates ischemic contracture, (3) is not uniform in firmness, reflecting the degree of ischemia and (4) is a grave prognostic factor in cardiac resuscitation.