The antiphospholipid syndrome and heart valve surgery.
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) is a complex autoimmune disease often connected to systemic lupus erythematodes. Main features are thromboses, fetal loss and specific antibodies. The involved autoantibodies are directed against plasma proteins such as beta2glycoprotein1 (beta2GPI) or prothrombin which depend on negatively charged phospholipids. Direct antibodies against phospholipids are of no importance for APLS. Clotting tests such as activated partial thromboplastin time or diluted Russell's viper venom test (dRVVT) can show a prolonged time for coagulation despite a prothrombotic state in vivo but the investigator needs awareness about disturbing phospholipid sources and other influential factors. Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay tests for antibodies against cardiolipin, beta2GPI and prothrombin are valuable solid phase tests with different specificity. Antiphospholipid, anticardiolipin or lupus anticoagulant are misnomers in connection with APLS. They are preserved as a reminiscence of the pioneering work on the way to the still not exactly revealed basics of APLS. Valve operations in APLS patients seem to be rare; a meta-analysis of 57 cases proves that the perioperative management is, at the moment, an empirical approach with high morbidity and mortality in these young patients.