Genetic counseling in limb reduction defects.
During several years experience in a multidisciplinary out-patient clinic for children with congenital hand malformations a systematic approach was devised to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and recurrence risk in patients with congenital limb reduction defects. Classification and diagnostic work-up was done according to a protocol, derived from data in the literature and from our own experience. This protocol is described for the different types of congenital upper limb reduction defects.