Structure, function, and antigenicity of cholera toxin.
Chemical modification of intact cholera toxin or its B subunit by either partial nitration or reduction and alkylation did not result in significant loss of biological activity as determined by measurement of cyclic AMP in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Complete nitration or succinylation in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride resulted in complete loss of biological activity and significantly affected the immunoreactivity of the toxin and B subunit. Compositional analyses of both the isolated alpha and gamma chains of the toxin were typical of globular proteins and did not reveal significant hydrophobicity. Analysis of antigenic relationships by radioimmunoassay indicated a partial crossreactivity between the alpha chain and the B subunit of cholera toxin. Since previous structural studies of the beta chain of cholera toxin indicated chemical similarity with the glycoprotein hormones [Kurosky et al. Science 195:299 (1977)], radioimmunoassay procedures were employed to investigate for possible crossreactivity. No evidence of crossreactivity between cholera toxin subunits and subunits of ovine luteinizing hormone was found.