Cost of managing anemia in end-stage renal disease: the experience of five French dialysis centers.
The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the direct cost of anemia treatment in hemodialysis patients and to evidence factors predictive of 1-year cost. Retrospective study which included hemodialyzed patients during year 2009 in five centers. Patients were evaluable if they had at least one hemoglobin (Hb) assay per month and were monitored for at least 4 months. Patients were classified in different "annual Hb category" according to their monthly mean Hb [Hb categories: Ideal (10 ≤ Hb ≤ 12 g/dL); High (Hb > 12 g/dL) and Low (Hb < 10 g/dL) if >75% of time in respective category, otherwise classified in the Fluctuating category]. We analyzed 636 patients (male, 59.4%) with a mean age of 67 years who underwent 144 hemodialysis sessions (median number per patient) in 2009. The cost of anemia treatment was largely driven by erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) (68% of total cost for Low Hb category and approximately 90% for the other Hb categories). Adjusted predictive factors for 1-year direct cost of anemia treatment (p < 0.0001) were dialysis center (<euro>2,518-<euro>5,617), death (<euro>6,091 vs. <euro>4,911), age (<euro>4,911 for ≤55 years and <euro>5,378 for 65-75 years), female gender (<euro>4,911 vs. <euro>4,398 for male), Low Hb category (<euro>13,005 vs. <euro>5,034 for Ideal, <euro>4,911 for Fluctuating and <euro>2,418 for High), serum ferritin level (<euro>5,102 for 200-500 μg/mL and <euro>4,646 for ≥500 μg/mL) and duration of dialysis (<euro>4,911 if ≤2 years and <euro>2,952 if 4-6 years). Retrospective study, and low number of patients in the Low Hb category. The main factors that were predictive of 1-year cost of anemia treatment in hemodialysis patients were centers, patients in the Low Hb category, and dialysis duration of less than 2 years.