Growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by four ionic liquids in Scenedesmus obliquus: Role of cations and anions.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used in various industrial applications. However, they are considered potential toxins in aquatic environments because of their physical stability and solubility. The growth inhibition and oxidative stress induced by four ionic liquids with different cations and anions on the green algae Scenedesmus obliquus was investigated in this study. The order of growth inhibition was 1‑hexyl‑3‑methylimidazolium nitrate ([HMIM]NO3) > 1‑hexyl‑3‑methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIM]Cl) > N‑hexyl‑3‑metylpyridinium bromide ([HMPy]Br) > N‑hexyl‑3‑metylpyridinium chloride ([HMPy]Cl). Imidazolium IL had a higher growth inhibition effect than pyridinium IL, nitrate IL and bromide IL had a higher effect than chloride IL. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in S. obliquus increased with increasing IL concentrations. Green fluorescence in [HMIM]Cl treated algae showed increased brightness compared to the [HMPy]Cl treatment, and [HMIM]NO3 treatment produced increased brightness compared to the [HMPy]Br treatment, suggesting that higher ROS levels were induced by [HMIM]Cl and [HMIM]NO3. Soluble protein, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were stimulated at lower concentrations but were inhibited at higher concentrations. Regression analysis suggested that ROS level is the main index responsible for oxidative stress induced by the four ILs. The ILs induced oxidative damage on S. obliquus, and ROS in high concentration treatments could not be effectively removed by the antioxidant system, leading to oxidative damage and ultimately resulting in growth inhibition and cell death.