Anal gland secretion of European mole: Volatile constituents and significance in territorial maintenance.
The chemical composition of the volatile components of the anal gland secretion of mature and immature moles of both sexes was examined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The compounds in the secretion of adult males appear to vary little throughout the year and are similar to those from the adult female outside the breeding season. The secretions are dominated by C5-C10 carboxylic acids. Female glands regress as they enter proestrus, accompanied by profound changes in the chemical composition of the secretion with early disappearance of the carboxylic acids. In juvenile moles, the composition of the secretion changes as the animal matures, with carboxylic acids becoming dominant only as the animal reaches maturity. Anal gland secretion probably plays an important role in territorial maintenance.