Anxiety and arousal: tests of a new six-system model.
The present experiment was a test of a new six-system model of anxiety, which includes physiological, behavioral, cognitive, affective, trait, and state components of anxiety and also differentiates between direct and mediated responses. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to screen 795 undergraduates at the University of Maryland. Of the 52 subjects chosen, half were high trait anxious and half low. The two groups were further divided into high and low situational stress conditions. Subjects in the high-stress condition were exposed to two types of stressful cognitive and two types of stressful affective tasks. Subjects in the low-stress condition were exposed to the same four tasks with the stressful aspect removed. Prior state anxiety and cognitive or affective sensitivity were also considered. It was found that the most influential factor in resultant arousal was situational stress. Trait anxiety, state anxiety, and cognitive vs. affective sensitivity also significantly influenced both direct and mediated physiological and subjective anxiety responses. In addition, rather than leading to increased arousal, as hypothesized, the presence of trait and state anxiety reduced arousal under certain conditions.