This invention relates to sensing of cardiac activity via electrocardiographic (ECG) data. In particular, this invention relates to a new and improved method of gathering ECG data and to the transmission of the collected data to a remote location for analysis. Alternatively, such ECG data may also be transmitted to a co-implanted device to provide data for the delivery of various therapies including pacing, cardioversion and defibrillation therapies, drug delivery, to effect capture detection and automatic stimulation threshold adaptation, to record PMT (pacemaker mediated tachycardia) episodes, to measure refractory periods, to set timing windows for anti-tachycardia pacing therapies, and to adjust the pacing rate to physiologic demand.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is commonly used in medicine to determine the status of the electrical conduction system of the human heart. As currently practiced, the ECG recording device is commonly attached to the patient via ECG leads connected to pads arrayed on the patient""s body so as to achieve a recording that displays the cardiac waveforms in any one of 12 possible vectors.
The detection and discrimination between various arrhythmic episodes in order to trigger the delivery of an appropriate therapy is of considerable interest. Prescription for implantation and programming of the implanted device are based on the analysis of the PQRST electrocardiogram (ECG) that currently requires externally attached electrodes and the electrogram (EGM) that requires implanted pacing leads. The EGM waveforms are usually separated for such analysis into the P-wave and R-wave in systems that are designed to detect the depolarization of the atrium and ventricle respectively. Such systems employ detection of the occurrence of the P-wave and R-wave, analysis of the rate, regularity, and onset of variations in the rate of recurrence of the P-wave and R-wave, the morphology of the P-wave and R-wave and the direction of propagation of the depolarization represented by the P-wave and R-wave in the heart. The detection, analysis and storage of such EGM data within implanted medical devices are well known in the art. Acquisition and use of ECG tracing(s), on the other hand, has generally been limited to the use of an external ECG recording machine attached to the patient via surface electrodes of one sort or another.
Recently, however, an alternative method of collecting ECG tracings from a set of subcutaneous electrodes, or a subcutaneous electrode array (SEA), has been described in the following patents or patent applications. U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,966 to Bennett, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a method and apparatus for providing an enhanced capability of detecting and gathering electrical cardiac signals via an array of relatively closely spaced subcutaneous electrodes (located on the body of an implanted device).
More recently, a patent application entitled xe2x80x9cSurround Shroud Connector and Electrode Housings for a Subcutaneous Electrode Array and Leadless ECGsxe2x80x9d, by Ceballos, et al., filed on Oct. 26, 2000, Ser. No. 09/697,438, incorporated herein by reference in its totality, discloses an alternate method and apparatus for detecting electrical cardiac signals via an array of subcutaneous electrodes located on a shroud circumferentially placed on the perimeter of an implanted pacemaker. Similarly, a patent application entitled xe2x80x9cSubcutaneous Electrode for Sensing Electrical Signals of the Heartxe2x80x9d, by Brabec et al, filed Oct. 31, 2000, Ser. No. 09/703,152, incorporated herein by reference in its totality, discloses the use of a spiral electrode using in conjunction with the shroud described in the Ceballos et al disclosure. In addition, two applications, entitled xe2x80x9cMultilayer Ceramic Electrodes for Sensing Cardiac Depolarization Signalsxe2x80x9d, by Guck et al, filed Oct. 25, 2000, Ser. No. 09/696,365 and P-8787 xe2x80x9cThin Film electrodes for Sensing Cardiac Depolarization Signalsxe2x80x9d by Guck and Donders, filed Dec. 13, 2000, Ser. No. as yet unknown, both incorporated herein by reference in their totality, disclosed the use of sensing electrodes placed into recesses incorporated along and into the peripheral edge of the implantable pacemaker. Finally, the submission entitled, xe2x80x9cSubcutaneous Electrode Array Virtual ECG Leadxe2x80x9d by Panken and Reinke, filed Nov. 22, 2000, Ser. No. 09/721,275, also incorporated by reference to its entirety, describes the algorithm used by the implanted device that compiles the ECG from any two subcutaneous electrodes found in the SEA.
As the functional sophistication and complexity of implantable medical device systems increased over the years, it became increasingly more important for such systems to include a system for facilitating communication between one implanted device and another implanted device and/or an external device, for example, a programming console, monitoring system, or the like. For diagnostic purposes, it is desirable that the implanted device be able to communicate information regarding the device""s operational status and the patient""s condition to the physician or clinician. State of the art implantable devices are available which can even transmit a digitized electrical signal to display electrical cardiac activity (e.g., an ECG, EGM, or the like), programmed pacing parameters, therapy status, etc. for storage and/or analysis by an external device.
To diagnose and measure cardiac events, the cardiologist has several tools from which to choose. Such tools include twelve-lead electrocardiograms, exercise stress electrocardiograms, Holter monitoring, radioisotope imaging, coronary angiography, myocardial biopsy, and blood serum enzyme tests. In addition, a record of the programmed parameters, the status of atrial and ventricular auto-capture, the atrial and ventricular sensing threshold, and other such pacing system parameters are required for an adequate diagnosis. Such ECG tracings and printed reports are placed into the patient""s records and used for comparison to more recent tracings and reports. It must be noted, however, that whenever an ECG recording is required (whether through a direct connection to an ECG recording device or to a pacemaker programmer), external electrodes and leads must be used. Moreover, the acquisition of programmed data and pacing therapy status requires the use of a programming system that is in immediate proximity to the patient.
Unfortunately, surface ECG electrodes have some serious drawbacks. For example, electrocardiogram analysis performed using existing external or body surface ECG systems is likely to be limited by mechanical problems and poor signal quality. Electrodes attached externally to the body are a major source of signal quality problems and analysis errors because of susceptibility to interference such as muscle noise, power line interference, high frequency communication equipment interference, and baseline shift from respiration or motion. Signal degradation also occurs due to contact problems, ECG waveform artifacts, and patient discomfort. Externally attached electrodes are subject to motion artifacts from positional changes and the relative displacement between the skin and the electrodes. Furthermore, external electrodes require special skin preparation to ensure adequate electrical contact. Such preparation, along with positioning the electrode and attachment of the ECG lead to the electrode needlessly prolongs the pacemaker follow-up session. One possible approach is to equip the implanted pacemaker with the ability to detect cardiac signals, transform them into a tracing, and transmit them to a remote receiving device such as a programmer, transtelephonic pacemaker monitoring system, or a central database system. Once captured, these ECG tracing could be available for use by medical personnel for analysis and diagnosis.
Similarly, it is often difficult if not impossible to have a programming unit nearby to gain a visual or printed report or all the various programmed parameters and the status of the associated pacing therapies. For example, when a physician visits a hospitalized patient, it is now mandatory that he or she carry a programmer to the patient""s bedside to acquire a full status of the pacemaker""s operation. If, for one reason or another, the physician has no programmer immediately available, he or she must take the time to retrace steps and find one to bring back to the patient""s bedside. It would certainly be advantageous if that patient""s ECG and pacemaker status could be acquired remotely prior to the physician""s approach to the bedside. In addition, when a pacemaker patient visits his or her physician, there is often a period of time that the patient sits in the waiting room. This time could be advantageously to capture the patient""s ECG data as well as the pacemaker""s programmed status via a transmission to a programmer located in the pacemaker technician""s office. Then, these reports could be printed and made available to the physician for study prior to bringing the patient into the pacemaker clinic. The patient, especially the female patient, would feel more comfortable, not having to disrobe to complete the pacemaker follow-up session.
As pacing and other medical technology have advanced, it is often necessary to co-implant other implantable devices such as a cardioverter-defibrillator, drug delivery system, a pressure sensor, and so on. Each of these devices may require ECG data upon which to make therapy and diagnostic decisions. Thus the ECG data already available in the implanted pacemaker may be transmitted intracorporeally to provide control signals for the delivery of various therapies including pacing, cardioversion and defibrillation therapies as well as the delivery of antiarrhythmic drugs, and, in the pacing context, to effect capture detection and automatic stimulation threshold adaptation, recording of PMT episodes, measurement of refractory periods in order to set timing windows for antitachycardia pacing therapies, and as a control signal for use in adjusting pacing rate to physiologic demand. All these devices would benefit from enhanced capabilities of discriminating cardiac arrhythmias and storing the associated data.
As used herein, Capture is defined as an evoked cardiac response to a pacemaker output or stimulation pulse. In a dual chamber pacemaker, for example, a stimulation pulse can be applied to either the atrium or the ventricle during the appropriate portion of a cardiac cycle. The minimum output pulse energy required to capture and thus evoke a cardiac depolarization is referred to as the stimulation threshold. This threshold generally varies in accordance with the well known strength-duration curves, wherein the amplitude of a stimulation threshold current pulse and its duration are inversely proportional.
A number of factors can influence changes in the stimulation threshold following implantation of the pacemaker and pacing lead. These include: (1) changes in position of the pacing electrode relative to the cardiac tissue; (2) long-term biologic changes in cardiac tissue closely adjacent the electrode, such as fibrotic tissue growth; (3) changes in the patient""s sensitivity to stimulation as a function of periodically fluctuating conditions, even on a daily basis, due to various causes such as diet, exercise, administered drugs, electrolyte changes, etc.; and (4) gradual changes in pacemaker/lead performance due to various causes such as battery depletion, component aging, etc.
Capture Threshold Detection and Adjustable Output Pulse Energy require that battery power be conserved to extend the pacemaker""s useful life. It is therefore desirable to achieve capture at the lowest possible settings (amplitude and pulse width) for the output pulse. With the advancement of programmable pacemakers, it became common to initially program an output pulse energy setting which includes a safety margin somewhat above that required to produce capture. These programmable pacemakers include programmable options that permit the physician to select output pulse settings known to be sufficient to capture the heart but which are below the maximum obtainable output voltage of the pacemaker. The attending physician usually determines such output pulse adjustments during an office visit with the use of an external programmer and an electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor. At this time, the physician assesses capture by means of an ECG, while at the same time the pacemaker is providing a sequence of temporarily programmed-in stimulation pulses with decreasing pulse voltages in a system of the type described in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,884 to Hartlaub, et al. For example, capture detection of the ventricle is confirmed by the presence of the evoked QRS complex or R-wave, and capture detection of the atrium is confirmed by the presence of the evoked P-wave. Loss of capture can be directly observed and correlated to the pulse energy at which capture is lost.
Since the late 1960""s, self-adaptive pacemakers have been developed that have the capability of automatically adjusting the voltage of the pacing pulse as appropriate to accommodate changes in stimulation threshold.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,757,792 to Mulier et al, for example, relates to an early pacemaker that provides for a decreased battery drain by sensing each driven heart beat (i.e., R-wave) and providing for a decrease in energy for each succeeding output pulse until such time as loss of capture is detected. Following a detected loss of capture, the next succeeding output pulse is increased in voltage by an amount to be safely over the threshold hysteresis level. U.S. Pat. No. 3,949,758 to Jirak (incorporated herein by reference) relates to a similar threshold-seeking pacemaker with automatically adjusted voltage levels for output pulses in response to detected loss of capture (i.e., absence of R-wave), and describes separate sensing and pacing electrodes, which are each utilized in unipolar fashion with a third common electrode having a comparatively larger dimension, to reduce residual polarization problems.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,977,411 to Hughes, Jr. et al shows a pacemaker having separate sensing and pacing electrodes that are each utilized in unipolar fashion. The sensing electrode comprises a ring electrode having a relatively large surface area (i.e., between 75 to 200 mm.sup.2) for improved sensing of cardiac activity (R-waves), and is spaced along the pacing lead approximately 5 to 50 mm from the distally-located tip electrode used for pacing.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,024 to Bowers shows a pacemaker with a threshold tracking capability that dynamically measures the stimulation threshold by monitoring the presence or absence of an evoked response (R-wave). If no R-wave is sensed within a post-stimulus interval (e.g., 20 to 30 ms post-stimulus), the pacemaker delivers a closely spaced backup pulse (e.g., 40 to 50 ms post-stimulus) at increased amplitude and pulse width to ensure an evoked response.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,759,366 and 4,858,610 to Callaghan, et al, incorporated herein by reference, relate to evoked response detector circuits which also employ fast recharge in at least one separate sensing electrode in either unipolar or bipolar electrode configurations in either or both the atrium and ventricle. The cardiac pacing systems function as unipolar and bipolar systems at different steps in the operating cycle. In the ""610 patent, a separate electrode on the connector block of the pacemaker can is suggested for use as the reference electrode anode rather than the metal case itself if the case is employed as the reference electrode for the delivery of the stimulation pulse. In the ""366 patent, the detected evoked response is used in an algorithm for adjusting the pacing rate.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,000 to Lindemans and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,729,376 and 4,674,508 to DeCote, incorporated herein by reference, also disclose the use of a separate passive sensing reference electrode mounted on the pacemaker connector block or otherwise insulated from the pacemaker case in order to provide a sensing reference electrode which is not part of the stimulation reference electrode and thus does not have residual after-potentials at its surface following delivery of a stimulation pulse. The DeCote ""376 and ""508 patents also set forth stimulation threshold testing algorithms for adjusting the pacing pulse energy.
Thus, considerable effort has been expended in providing electrode systems, fast recharge circuitry and separate sense amplifier systems for avoiding after-potentials and providing capture detection and stimulation threshold tracking.
Distinguishing malignant tachyarrhythmias from sinus tachycardias and detecting pacemaker mediated tachycardias is similarly limited by the available electrode configurations employed in single and dual chamber pacing systems, implantable drug dispensers and pacemaker-cardioverter-defibrillator systems as described above. In the context of discriminating spontaneously occurring tachyarrhythmias from sinus tachycardia, attempts have been made to employ both atrial and ventricular electrode systems in order to determine whether the tachycardia is sinus in origin or reflects a retrogradely conducted abnormal ventricular rhythm. For example, previous art has placed multiple electrodes on atrial and ventricular leads and to sense the direction of travel of a depolarization wave front as shown for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,554 to Garson, Jr.
In addition, other art has shown that pacemakers that operated in the DDD or related modes can, under certain circumstances, sustain a dangerous tachycardia with ventricular pacing at the upper rate limit, a pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT). A PMT may be initiated when AV synchrony is lost, leaving the AV node conductive tissue able to conduct retrograde electrical signals from the ventricle to the atrium which in turn cause an atrial depolarization. The sensing of the resulting atrial depolarization by the atrial sense amplifier in turn causes the ventricular pulse generator to emit a ventricular pacing pulse after the AV time period times out. The cycle may repeat itself if the ventricular pace event is conducted to the atrium where it again causes an atrial depolarization which is picked up by the atrial sense amplifier. This repetitive high rate stimulation may be sustained indefinitely by the pacemaker causing discomfort to the patient or possibly inducing more threatening arrhythmias.
Various techniques have been implemented to minimize the impact of PMTs, but these techniques usually sacrifice flexibility of the DDD system. U.S. Pat. No. 4,967,746 to Vandegriff sets forth a number of techniques which have been employed to alleviate PMTs.
ECG/EGM Vector Analysisxe2x80x94xe2x80x94U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,000 issued to Lindemans suggests various modifications to the passive sensing reference electrode depicted in its drawings, including the incorporation of more than one passive sensing reference electrode provided on or adjacent to the metallic can, positioned as deemed necessary for best sensing, and connected to one or more sense amplifiers. No specific use of the additional passive sensing reference electrodes is suggested, although the single passive sensing reference electrode is suggested for use with a sense amplifier to detect both capture and spontaneous atrial or ventricular electrical events in a dual chamber pacing system.
It is known in the art to monitor electrical activity of the human heart for diagnostic and related medical purposes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,023,565 issued to Ohlsson describes circuitry for recording EKG signals from multiple lead inputs. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,263,919 issued to Levin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,227 issued to Feldman, et al, and
U.S. Pat. No. 4,593,702 issued to Kepski, et al, describe multiple electrode systems which combine surface EKG signals for artifact rejection.
The primary use for multiple electrode systems in the prior art appears to be vector cardiography from EKG signals taken from multiple chest and limb electrodes. This is a technique whereby the direction of depolarization of the heart is monitored, as well as the amplitude. U.S. Pat. No. 4,121,576 issued to Greensite discusses such a system.
In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,690 issued to Anderson, et al, shows a vector cardiographic system used for arrhythmia analysis. Similar techniques are described in xe2x80x9cRhythm Analysis Using Vector Cardiograms,xe2x80x9d Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. BME-32, No. 2, February 1985, by Reddy, et al, European Pat. No. 0 086 429 issued to Sanz and U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,780 issued to Rubel, et al.
Various systems have additionally been proposed for measuring the orthogonal ventricular or atrial electrogram from multi-electrode lead systems placed endocardially within the patient""s atrium and/or ventricle. Such orthogonal endocardial EGM systems are depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 4,365,639, issued to Goldreyer, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,630,611 and 4,754,753 issued to King. In addition, orthogonal ventricular electrogram sensing employing endocardial, multi-electrode lead systems and associated circuitry are disclosed in two articles by Goldreyer, et al, entitled xe2x80x9cOrthogonal Electrogram Sensing,xe2x80x9d PACE, Vol. 6, pp. 464-469, March-April 1983, Part II, and xe2x80x9cOrthogonal Ventricular Electrogram Sensing,xe2x80x9d PACE, Vol. 6, pp. 761-768, July-August 1983. In the Goldreyer patent and in these papers, it is suggested that the orthogonal electrodes be employed to detect paced events and provide capture verification as well as to facilitate the discrimination of P-waves from QRS complexes. Other articles by Goldreyer, et al., appear in the literature, including those listed in the bibliographies to these two papers.
The aforementioned King U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,630,611 and 4,754,753 describe X, Y and Z orthogonally displaced electrodes on the body of the endocardial pacing lead and circuitry for developing a composite EGM vector signal in order to detect changes in the vector over time and discriminate normal sinus rhythm from tachyarrhythmias.
Finally, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 611,901 entitled xe2x80x9cMulti-Vector Pacing Artifact Detector,xe2x80x9d filed Nov. 9, 1990, and assigned to the assignee of the present application, sets forth a system for detecting the artificial pacing artifact in patients having artificially paced myocardial contractions in an external monitor employing three standard EKG leads with chest or limb electrodes.
There are a number of tasks that are normally performed either prior to or during a pacemaker follow-up session. For example, the patient""s chart must be pulled and made available for reference by the clinician or physician prior to seeing the patient. Then the patient must be prepped for collecting ECG tracings. Generally, such preparation requires disrobing from the waist up and attaching ECG electrodes at the required point on the chest and other points on the body. This is followed by placing the programming head over the site of the implanted pacemaker, collecting the ECG tracings, interrogating the pacemaker, printing the report, examining all the printouts, and then determining if the pacemaker""s operation is optimal. If not, then programming change(s) are usually required. Another interrogation will be made and a final printed report (which may include new ECG tracings) is captured for inclusion in the patient""s records. Other tasks may also be required and performed depending on the protocol to be followed by the institution or clinic to which the patient is assigned.
One might question why all these tasks must be performed. An examination of why ECG tracings are demanded will prove instructive. Magnet and non-magnet ECG tracings are normally required for clinic use and absolutely required for remote pacemaker follow-up. In fact, an institution may not be reimbursed for follow-up services unless such ECG tracings are obtained, as occurs in the U.S. The matter of reimbursement varies from country to country; but most institutions and clinics require such tracings for their records as a matter of medical completeness, if for no other reason. Thus, such ECG tracings have become a critical component of the pacemaker followup.
As mentioned, the collection of ECG tracings require the attachment of electrodes, such as chest electrodes for in-clinic follow-ups and wrist or fingertip electrodes for a remote, transtelephonic followup. The elderly patient at home often has difficulty attaching his or her wrist or fingertip electrode so that a suitable ECG tracing is recorded and transmitted. If the difficulty persists, the patient may then be asked to come into the clinic for his/her pacer check, a far more costly visit. The in-clinic collection of ECG tracings, while it does involve a trained technician, still requires a good deal of time for attaching the ECG electrodes, ensuring they are connected appropriately to the programmer, recording the ECG tracings, removal of the ECG electrodes and, finally, storing them and/or getting them out of the way so the remainder of the follow-up session may proceed.
Unfortunately, the methods just described for collecting such ECG tracings within a clinic setting or during a remote followup have several issues. First, clinics are very sensitive to the duration of an in-clinic or remote follow-up session. The most time-consuming parts to the in-clinic procedure just described are the attachments and placement of the ECG electrodes and verification that the positioning of the electrodes results in satisfactory ECG tracings. By far, the most common issue with a remote follow-up session is the acquisition of a quality ECG tracing. It often requires several attempts by the patient to correctly position the ECG electrodes.
Secondly, the quality of the ECG is highly dependent on a number of factors independent of electrode placement such as patient movement. While the potential for patient movement is greater during and remote follow-up session than during the in-clinic session, it does occur there as well.
Thirdly, it is often difficult to determine atrial activity on ECG tracings. This is particularly true of a remote follow-up. During an in-clinic session, however, if a digital ECG recorder is being used rather than the programmer""s ECG capability, the clinician may be unable to determine whether the atria are being paced due to the pacing pulse being lost between digital processing times.
Fourthly, a trained technician, clinician, or physician must validate the quality of the ECG tracings during an in-clinic or remote follow-up session. Thus, medical personnel who are untrained in ECG interpretation cannot currently be involved in either an in-clinic or remote pacemaker follow-up session.
Finally, current technology requires the use of a programmer to download all other data stored in the pacemaker""s memory. It is currently impossible to download important and critical pacing data during a remote follow-up session. Similarly, an in-clinic follow-up session is needlessly prolonged by the current inability of implanted devices to telemeter data to a programmer or other devices that can receive transmitted pacemaker data and print it for study by the technician, clinician, or physician prior to actually seeing the patient.
These issues may be resolved by the use of telemetry of data to and from the implanted device. The FCC has adopted the following definition for describing wireless medical telemetry: xe2x80x9cthe measurement and recording of physiological parameters and other patient-related information via radiated bi- or unidirectional electromagnetic signals.xe2x80x9d Thus, in its broadest sense, telemetry can be defined as the art and science of conveying information from one location to another. With radio telemetry, radio signals are utilized to convey that information.
Two terms have been used to describe the type of data transmission envisaged by the current invention, Telehome and Telemedicine. Telehome care can be defined as providing monitoring (telemetry) and home health care services at a distance, using advanced telecommunications and information technology. Telemedicine is the use of telecommunications and information technology to provide clinical care at a distance. The definition of xe2x80x9cdistancexe2x80x9d may range from several yards, such as might occur within a clinic environment or hundreds of miles as occurs in rural areas. The availability of telemedicine services in far-flung rural areas can sometimes mean the difference between life and death for patients who must travel hundreds of miles to see a nurse or doctor. Wireless technologies can be particularly beneficial in these areas because developing wireless networks may be faster and cheaper than building a wire line infrastructure.
Some emergency medical transport companies have already begun to outfit their ambulances with wireless telemedicine equipment. This equipment enables a paramedic to communicate with the emergency physician for an early assessment, well before the patient""s arrival at the hospital. The telemedicine equipment can be as simple as a laptop computer with desktop videoconferencing capabilities that provide simultaneous two-way video, two-way voice, vital signs, cardiac and other data to a trauma center. This latter type of equipment is envisaged as a first step toward implementing the current invention, since wireless products such as handheld computers with Internet capabilities are becoming commonplace.
Further, medical telemetry equipment is used in hospitals and health care facilities to transmit patient measurement data to a nearby receiver, permitting greater patient mobility and increased comfort. Examples of medical telemetry equipment include heart, blood pressure and respiration monitors. The use of these devices allows patients to move around early in their recovery while still being monitored for adverse symptoms. With such devices, one health care worker can monitor several patients remotely, thus decreasing health care costs. In a similar manner, ECG and other data from an implanted device may be telemetered both intra- and extra-corporeally.
Medical telemetry equipment is increasingly relied upon in hospitals to improve health care and reduce costs. Pacing patients who formerly required the monitoring and treatment capabilities that are available only in pacemaker clinics can be monitored and treated remotely in their homes. The number of pacemaker patients with chronic medical conditions is rising due to the growth in the elderly population. For these reasons, the need for monitoring these patients outside of the clinic setting is rapidly increasing, and this need can be fulfilled with medical telemetry equipment.
The Leadless Fully Automatic Pacemaker Followup (LFAPF) system of the present invention addresses all the issues described above and makes use of the type of telemetry described above. Briefly, this novel process involves the transmission of a signal to the pacemaker that may trigger one or any number of transmissions. ECG tracings can be transmitted for processing and printing, as well as the contents of the pacemaker""s memory including pacemaker diagnostics such as the number and duration of mode switches. Such triggering would also include activation of a number of diagnostic operations, such as the measurement of the stimulation threshold and/or Capture Management.