Ultrasonic echoscopy provides information about an examined object which may be displayed in the form of an ultrasonic echogram. Such an echogram consists of a display of acoustic impedance discontinuities or reflecting surfaces in the object. It is obtained by directing a short pulse of ultrasonic energy, typically in the 1-30 MHz frequency range, along a line called the beam axis into the examined object where any acoustic impedance discontinuities in the object reflect and return some of the energy along the same beam axis in the form of an echo. This echo is received, converted into an electric signal and displayed as an echogram on a cathode ray oscilloscope, a film, a chart or the like.
The echogram may constitute either a one dimensional or a two dimensional representation and in both cases the information is contained in the position and magnitude of the echo displayed. In a one dimensional display, the position along a base line is used to indicate the distance to the reflecting surface whilst the magnitude of the echo is displayed, for example, as a deflection of the base line or as an intensity change. In a two dimensional display, the position along a base line is used to indicate the distance to the reflecting surface as in a one dimensional display, and the direction of the base line is used to represent the direction of propagation of the acoustic energy which is the beam axis. The two dimensional display is obtained by changing this direction of propagation of the acoustic energy and by instituting a similar but not necessarily identical movement of the base line of the display. The magnitude of the echo is displayed as for a one dimensional display; for example, as a deflection of the base line or as an intensity change.
The technique of ultrasonic echoscopy is used in medical diagnosis to obtain information about the anatomy of patients. The application of this technique is now widely investigated and is described, for example, by D. E. Robinson in "Proceedings of the Institution of Radio and Electronics Engineers Australia," Vol. 31, No. 11, pages 385-392, November, 1970, in his paper entitled: "The Application of Ultrasound in Medical Diagnosis". As pointed out in this article, ultrasonic echoscopy may be used to produce displays resembling anatomical cross-sections which have proved clinically useful when the desired information concerns physical dimensions, shapes of organs or structures or the like. Ultrasonic echography has proved of particular value as a diagnostic aid in the abdomen and pregnant uterus, eye, breast, brain, lung, kidney, liver and heart, these being areas of soft tissue with little bone and air. In general, the technique is considered to complement other techniques to provide a more complete picture of the patients condition, however particularly in pregnancies, ultrasonic echoscopy may be useful in place of X-rays where the latter may not give sufficient information or may be dangerous. In medical use, a pulse of ultrasonic energy is transmitted into a patient in a known direction and echoes are received from reflecting surfaces within the body. The time delay between a transmitted pulse and the received echo depends on the distance from the transmitter to the reflecting surface and the distance information so obtained may be displayed in a suitable way for interpretation and clinical use as a one dimensional range reading or as a two dimensional cross section as previously described.
This known system has sufferred from a disadvantage due to the time required to obtain a cross-sectional picture. The cross-sectional picture is made up of a multiplicity of lines of information corresponding to each beam axis position at which a pulse was transmitted and echoes received. The time required to obtain each line of information is fixed by the depth of the tissues of interest and the velocity of propagation of sound in the tissues to be examined. For a particular area of interest neither of these parameters is under the control of the operator and they form a basic limitation on the time required to obtain an echogram.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,789,833 to Bom, there is disclosed the formation of an array of transducer elements arranged in a line, each providing a separate ultrasonic line of sight. Each array element is pulsed in turn, returned echoes are received and displayed on a screen and then another array element is pulsed. One primed limitation of the system disclosed by Bom is that the line spacing fixes the size of the transducer elements and the resulting ultrasonic resolution. U.S. Pat. No. 3,881,466 to Wilcox discloses the use of a plurality of transducer elements to form each ultrasonic beam, thus breaking the link between line spacing and resolution. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 3,166,731 to Joy and 3,086,195 to Halliday disclose the application of time delays to signals associated with the various elements of a transducer element array in forming the ultrasonic beam, to cause an electronic steering and focusing action within the plane of scan.
It will thus be apparent that ultrasonic transducers consisting of an array of elements are being used to provide rapid cross sectional imaging, particularly in medical diagnosis. These transducers are usually rectangular piezo-electric ceramic elements sandwiched between two electrodes. The thickness of the element is selected so that the element resonates at the required megahertz ultrasonic frequency (that is, the frequency of the ultrasonic energy to be propagated into the object or medium to be examined). At megahertz frequencies, this means that the thickness of the element is approximately equal to half the wavelength. Imaging is obtained by energising either one or a group of elements to provide a single line of sight of ultrasonic information and a cross sectional image may be built up by sequentially energising the elements as described above. Because of considerations imposed by the number of lines used to form the image and lateral resolution requirements, the width of the elements forming the array typically ranges from the wavelength to two wavelengths, whilst the length dimension of the rectangular elements is usually greater than ten wavelengths.
A common method of constructing such transducer arrays is to use a relatively large rectangular ceramic transducer, corresponding in size to the transducer array, and to divide this transducer to form the individual transducer elements of the array.
One method of construction includes the scribing of fine lines on one or both of the surfaces of the relatively large transducer, to cut through one or both of the electrodes to provide electric insulation between individual elements of the array. This method of array construction results in an array with high sensitivity, for the unenergised transducer material lying alongside an activated array element damps and restrains the transfer of energy from the thickness mode (in which the element is energised) into other modes which could be forced into resonance due to the mechanical coupling that exists within the massive piezo-electric ceramic forming the elements of the array. Unfortunately, the presence of this material allows a small transfer of energy between adjacent elements, which results in a significant cross talk between elements.
In an alternative construction, the relatively massive piezo-electric ceramic transducer is cut through completely to forming form a series of rectangular elements. This method of construction reduces the degree of cross talk between elements since, due to the complete cut, there is no direct mechanical coupling between the adjacent transducer elements. However, as the thickness and the width of the transducer elements are now comparable, there is significant transfer or coupling of energy between adjacent elements due to resonance effects. Consequently, the sensitivity of the element, and thus of the array, is reduced.