The present invention relates to the uses of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. The substances are active as wound healing, anti-bacterial and/or anti-inflammatory agents.
Enamel matrix proteins such as those present in enamel matrix are most well-known as precursors to enamel. Enamel proteins and enamel matrix derivatives have previously been described in the patent literature to induce hard tissue formation (i.e. enamel formation, U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,032 (Slavkin)) or binding between hard tissues (EP-B-0 330 967 and EP-B-0 263 086). Thus, the prior art is solely centred on regeneration of hard tissues, while the present application deals with beneficial effects on soft tissue wound healing and anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects which are unexpected findings.
The present invention is based on the finding that enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins (the term xe2x80x9can active enamel substancexe2x80x9d is in the following also used for an enamel matrix, an enamel matrix derivative or an enamel matrix protein) are beneficial agents for the enhancement or improvement of the healing of wounds in soft tissues (i.e. non-mineralised tissues) such as collagen or epithelium containing tissues, including skin and mucosa, muscle, blood and lymph vessels, nerve tissues, glands, tendons, eyes and cartilage. As demonstrated in the experimental section herein, the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins exert especially useful effects in the healing or prophylaxis of soft tissue wounds.
Accordingly, the invention relates to the use of a preparation of an active enamel substance for the preparation of a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition i) for healing of a wound, ii) for improving healing of a wound, and/or iii) for soft tissue regeneration and/or repair.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of improving the healing of a wound or of promoting soft tissue regeneration and/or repair, the method comprising administering, to an individual in need thereof, a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an active enamel substance.
Furthermore, enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and enamel matrix proteins have been found to have anti-bacterial and/or anti-inflammatory properties that can be used for treatment of both soft and hard (i.e. mineralised) tissue conditions.
In other aspects the invention relate to the use of a preparation of an active enamel substance for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and/or treatment of an infection or an inflammatory condition.
Wound Healing
Wounds and/or ulcers are normally found protruding from the skin or on a mucosal surface or as a result of an infarction in an organ (xe2x80x9cstrokexe2x80x9d). A wound may be a result of a soft tissue defect or a lesion or of an underlying condition. Regeneration of experimentally provoked periodontal wounds has previously been described by the inventors and is not intended to be within the scope of the present invention. In the present context the term xe2x80x9cskinxe2x80x9d relates to the outermost surface of the body of an animal including a human and embraces intact or almost intact skin as well as an injured skin surface. The term xe2x80x9cmucosaxe2x80x9d relates to undamaged or damaged mucosa of an animal such as a human and may be the oral, buccal, aural, nasal, lung, eye, gastrointestinal, vaginal, or rectal mucosa.
In the present context the term xe2x80x9cwoundxe2x80x9d denotes a bodily injury with disruption of the normal integrity of tissue structures. The term is also intended to encompass the terms xe2x80x9csorexe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9clesionxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cnecrosisxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9culcerxe2x80x9d. Normally, the term xe2x80x9csorexe2x80x9d is a popular term for almost any lesion of the skin or mucous membranes and the term xe2x80x9culcerxe2x80x9d is a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue, which is produced by the sloughing of necrotic tissue. Lesion generally relates to any tissue defect. Necrosis is related to dead tissue resulting from infection, injury, inflammation or infarctions.
The term xe2x80x9cwoundxe2x80x9d used in the present context denotes any wound (see below for a classification of wounds) and at any particular stage in the healing process including the stage before any healing has initiated or even before a specific wound like a surgical incision is made (prophylactic treatment).
Examples of wounds which can be prevented and/or treated in accordance with the present invention are, e.g., aseptic wounds, contused wounds, incised wounds, lacerated wounds, non-penetrating wounds (i.e. wounds in which there is no disruption of the skin but there is injury to underlying structures), open wounds, penetrating wound, perforating wounds, puncture wounds, septic wounds, subcutaneous wounds, etc. Examples of sores are bed sores, canker sores, chrome sores, cold sores, pressure sores etc. Examples of ulcers are, e.g., peptic ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gouty ulcer, diabetic ulcer, hypertensive ischemic ulcer, stasis ulcer, ulcus cruris (venous ulcer), sublingual ulcer, submocous clear, symptomatic ulcer, trophic ulcer, tropical ulcer, veneral ulcer, e.g. caused by gonorrhoea (including urethritis, endocervicitis and proctitis). Conditions related to wounds or sores which may be successfully treated according to the invention are burns, anthrax, tetanus, gas gangrene, scalatina, erysipelas, sycosis barbae, folliculitis, impetigo contagiosa, or impetigo bullosa, etc. There is often a certain overlap between the use of the terms xe2x80x9cwoundxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9culcerxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cwoundxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9csorexe2x80x9d and, furthermore, the terms are often used at random. Therefore as mentioned above, in the present context the term xe2x80x9cwoundxe2x80x9d encompasses the term xe2x80x9culcerxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9clesionxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9csorexe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cinfarctionxe2x80x9d, and the terms are indiscriminately used unless otherwise indicated.
The kinds of wounds to be treated according to the invention include also i) general wounds such as, e.g., surgical, traumatic, infectious, ischemic, thermal, chemical and bullous wounds; ii) wounds specific for the oral cavity such as, e.g., post-extraction wounds, endodontic wounds especially in connection with treatment of cysts and abscesses, ulcers and lesions of bacterial, viral or autoimmunological origin, mechanical, chemical, thermal, infectious and lichenoid wounds; herpes ulcers, stomatitis aphthosa, acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis and burning mouth syndrome are specific examples; and iii) wounds on the skin such as, e.g., neoplasm, burns (e.g. chemical, thermal), lesions (bacterial, viral, autoimmunological), bites and surgical incisions. Another way of classifying wounds is as i) small tissue loss due to surgical incisions, minor abrasions and minor bites, or as ii) significant loss. The latter group includes ischemic ulcers, pressure sores, fistulae, lacerations, severe bites, thermal burns and donor site wounds (in soft and hard tissues) and infarctions.
The healing effect of an active enamel substance has been found to be of interest in connection with wounds which are present in the oral cavity. Such wounds may be bodily injuries or trauma associated with oral surgery including periodontal surgery, tooth extraction(s), endodontic treatment, insertion of tooth implants, application and use of tooth prothesis, and the like. In the experimental section herein the beneficial effect of an active enamel substance on such wounds has been demonstrated. Furthermore, a soft tissue effect has been observed.
In the oral cavity healing of wounds like aphthous wounds, traumatic wounds or herpes associated wounds is also improved after application of an active enamel substance. The traumatic wounds and the herpes associated wounds can of course also be situated on other parts of the body than in the oral cavity.
In other aspects of the invention, the wound to be prevented and/or treated is selected from the group consisting of aseptic wounds, infarctions, contused wounds, incised wounds, lacerated wounds, non-penetrating wounds, open wounds, penetrating wounds, perforating wounds, puncture wounds, septic wounds and subcutaneous wounds.
Other wounds which are of importance in connection with the present invention are wounds like ischemic ulcers, pressure sores, fistulae, severe bites, thermal burns and donor site wounds.
Ischemic ulcers and pressure sores are wounds which normally only heal very slowly and especially in such cases an improved and more rapid healing is of course of great importance for the patient. Furthermore, the costs involved in the treatment of patients suffering from such wounds are markedly reduced when the healing is improved and takes place more rapidly.
Donor site wounds are wounds which e.g. occur in combination with removal of hard tissue from one part of the body to another part of the body e.g. in connection with transplantation. The wounds resulting from such operations are very painful and an improved healing is therefore most valuable.
The term xe2x80x9cskinxe2x80x9d is used in a very broad sense embracing the epidermal layer of the skin andxe2x80x94in those cases where the skin surface is more or less injuredxe2x80x94also the dermal layer of the skin. Apart from the stratum corneum, the epidermal layer of the skin is the outer (epithelial) layer and the deeper connective tissue layer of the skin is called the dermis.
Since the skin is the most exposed part of the body, it is particularly susceptible to various kinds of injuries such as, e.g., ruptures, cuts, abrasions, burns and frostbites or injuries arising from the various diseases. Furthermore, much skin is often destroyed in accidents. However, due to the important barrier and physiologic function of the skin, the integrity of the skin is important to the well-being of the individual, and any breach or rupture represents a threat that must be met by the body in order to protect its continued existence.
Apart from injuries on the skin, injuries may also be present in all kinds of tissues (i.e. soft and hard tissues). Injuries on soft tissues including mucosal membranes and/or skin are especially relevant in connection with the present invention.
Healing of a wound on the skin or on a mucosal membrane undergoes a series of stages that results either in repair or regeneration of the skin or mucosal membrane. In recent years, regeneration and repair have been distinguised as the two types of healing that may occur. Regeneration may be defined as a biological process whereby the architecture and function of lost tissue are completely renewed. Repair, on the other hand, is a biological process whereby continuity of disrupted tissue is restored by new tissues which do not replicate the structure and function of the lost ones.
The majority of wounds heal through repair, meaning that the new tissue formed is structurally and chemically unlike the original tissue (scar tissue). In the early stage of the tissue repair, one process which is almost always involved is the formation of a transient connective tissue in the area of tissue injury. This process starts by formation of a new extracellular collagen matrix by fibroblasts. This new extracellular collagen matrix is then the support for a connective tissue during the final healing process. The final healing is, in most tissues, a scar formation containing connective tissue. In tissues which have regenerative properties, such as, e.g., skin and bone, the final healing includes regeneration of the original tissue. This regenerated tissue has frequently also some scar characteristics, e.g. a thickening of a healed bone fracture.
Under normally circumstances, the body provides mechanisms for healing injured skin or mucosa in order to restore the integrity of the skin barrier or the mucosa. The repair process for even minor ruptures or wounds may take a period of time extending from hours and days to weeks. However, in ulceration, the healing can be very slow and the wound may persist for an extended period of time, i.e. months or even years.
The stages of wound healing normally include inflammation (normally 1-3 days), migration (normally 1-6 days), proliferation (normally 3-24 days ) and maturation (normally 1-12 months). The healing process is a complex and well orchestrated physiological process that involves migration, proliferation and differentiation of a variety of cell types as well as synthesis of matrix components. The healing process may be separated into the following three phases:
i) Haemostasis and inflammation
When platelets are present outside the circulatory system and exposed to thrombin and collagen, they become activated and they aggregate. Thus, platelets initiate the repair process by aggregating and forming a temporary plug to ensure haemostasis and prevent invasion from bacteria. The activated platelets initiate the coagulation system and release growth factors like platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factors (EGFs) and transforming growth factors (TGFs).
The first cells to invade the wound area are neutrophils followed by monocytes which are activated by macrophages.
The major role of neutrophils appears to be clearing the wound of or defending the wound against contaminating bacteria and to improve the healing of the wound by removing dead cells and platelets. The infiltration of neutrophils ceases within about the first 48 hours provided that no bacterial contamination is present in the wound. Excess neutrophils are phagocytosed by tissue macrophages recruited from the circulating pool of blood-borne monocytes. Macrophages are believed to be essential for efficient wound healing in that they also are responsible for phagocytosis of pathogenic organisms and a clearing up of tissue debris. Furthermore, they release numerous factors involved in subsequent events of the healing process. The macrophages attract fibroblasts which start the production of collagen.
ii) Granulation Tissue Formation and Re-Epithelization
Within 48 hours after wounding, fibroblasts begin to proliferate and migrate into the wounds space from the connective tissue at the wound edge. The fibroblasts produce collagens and glycosaminoglycans and inter alia low oxygen tension at the wound stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells. The endothelial cells give rise to the formation of a new capillary network.
Collagenases and plasminogen activators are secreted from keratinocytes. If the wound is left undisturbed and well-nourished with oxygen and nutrients, keratinocytes will migrate over the wound. Keratinocytes are believed only to migrate over viable tissue and, accordingly, the keratinocytes migrate into the area below the dead tissue and the crust of the wound.
The wound area is further decreased by contraction.
iii) Dermal Remodelling
As soon as the re-epithelization is completed the remodelling of the tissue begins. This phase, which lasts for several years, restores the strength to the wounded tissue.
All of the above-mentioned healing processes take considerable time. The rate of healing is influenced by the wound""s freedom from infection, the general health of the individual, presence of foreign bodies, etc. Some pathologic conditions like infection, maceration, dehydration, generally poor health and malnutrition can lead to formation of a chronic ulcer such as, e.g., ischemic ulcers.
Until at least superficial healing has occurred, the wound remains at risk of continued or new infection. Therefore, the quicker the wound can heal, the sooner the risk is removed.
Thus, any procedure that can influence the rate of wound healing or favourably influence the healing of wounds is of great value.
Furthermore, as almost all tissue repair processes include the early connective tissue formation, a stimulation of this and the subsequent processes are contemplated to improve tissue healing.
In the present context the term xe2x80x9cclinical healingxe2x80x9d is used to denote a situation where not tissue interruption can be visually observed and only discrete signs of inflammation are present such as a light redness or a discretely swollen tissue. In addition, no complaints of pain are present when the organ is relaxed or untouched.
As mentioned above, the invention relates to the use of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins as a wound healing agent, i.e. an agent which accelerates, stimulates or promotes healing of dermal or mucosal wounds. Accordingly, an important use is also the use as tissue regeneration and/or repair agents. Furthermore, due to the wound healing effect, enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins have pain relief effect.
Traditionally, dry or wet-to-dry dressings have been most commonly used for wound care. These are gradually being replaced by moist environments using occlusive dressings. To successfully repair or replace a failed body part, the processes of wound healing, fibrosis and microbial invasion must be balanced against each other. Many tools available to ward off infection compromise wound healing. Delayed wound healing or inflammation can exacerbate fibrosis. Moreover, it has previously been suggested that growth factors like epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-xcex1 (TGF-xcex1), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) including acidic fibroblast growth factor (xcex1-FGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (xcex2-FGF), transforming growth factor-xcex2 (TGF-xcex2) and insulin like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2) are conductors of the wound healing process and they are frequently cited as promoters of wound healing; however, they can actually promote fibrosis which in turn may impair successful healing. Even though accelerated healing offers the most promise for reducing the risk of infection and the resulting inflammation that can lead to scar formation, therapeutic attempts to accelerate the normal wound healing process have met with relatively little success. This is likely because the repair process involves the concerted involvement of a number of factors, cf. above.
To this end, the present inventors have observed that in various cell cultures of fibroblasts (embryonal, dermal, derived from the periodontal ligament, fish or bird), twice as much TGFxcex21 is produced in the cell cultures stimulated with EMDOGAIN(copyright) compared to non-stimulated cultures when assayed by, e.g., ELISA in a sample from the culture medium (vide Example 1 below). The increase is present after 24 hours of culture, but more pronounced on the following days (days 2 and 3). After the second day, also the cell proliferation is increased in cell cultures stimulated with EMDOGAIN(copyright). A similar but less pronounced increase of TGFxcex21 production is observed in human epithelial cells. As TGFxcex21 seems to be of central importance in the epithelisation of surface wounds, these findings support the concept of the present invention.
In the oral cavity the use of dressings is common. Such dressings are of the traditional type, e.g. Surgipads to stop bleeding and Coe-Pack periodontal dressing (Coe Laboratories, the GC Group, Chicago, USA) on open wounds, Gaze drenched in antibiotic solution is inserted in tooth extraction alveoli and requires removal after a few days when the healing has started. Rinsing with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine is regularly used after oral surgery. Sometimes general or topical antibiotics are also prescribed.
In general specific precautions have to be taken into considerations in connection with treatment of wounds, such as, e.g., sterility considerations, contamination problems, correct application of bandages/dressings etc. which normally require that the treatment/application is performed by well-educated nurses or the like. Thus, wound treatment often becomes a very expensive operation when the wound healing agent is to be applied several times daily. A desired reduction in the costs involved in wound healing treatment is therefore obtainable when the application frequency can be reduced or if the healing processes are improved leading to a reduction in the time period required to heal the wound.
The present inventors have now found that enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins have wound healing properties. Furthermore, there are indications of that the application of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins lead to improved wound healing. Especially, the inventors have observed that after application of enamel matrix proteins and/or enamel matrix derivatives, the inflammation stage is shortened and the typical signs such as warmth, redness, oedema and pain are less noticeable, and new tissues are formed more rapidly. The observed time for wound healing (e.g. after surgery) is significantly shortened as compared to surgery without the use of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins.
The therapeutic and/or prophylactic activity of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins may of course be evidenced by in vivo tests using experimental animals or humans (cf. the experimental section herein). However, an indication of the efficacy and/or activity of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins can be obtained by performing relatively simple in vitro tests such as, e.g., tests involving cell cultures.
Furthermore, there are several parameters which may be employed in order to evaluate a wound healing effect. These include:
Computer aided planimetry (evaluation of rate of open wound healing)
Laser doppler imaging (evaluation of wound perfusion)
Tensiometry (evaluation of wound strength)
Histopathology/cytology (microscopic evaluation of wound tissues and fluids)
Biochemistry (HPLC/RIA) (evaluation of various drugs and biochemical components of tissue healing)
Electrodiagnostics (evaluation of relationship of wound healing and innervation)
Scintigraphy (radionuclide imaging of wound tissue)
In connection with treatment of wounds/ulcers, debridement and wound cleansing are of particular importance. It is believed that the cleaning and/or debridement of wounds/ulcers are a prerequisite for the healing process and, furthermore, when wound healing agents are applied such agents have to exert their effect on fresh and vital tissue and not on dead tissue or contaminated tissue. Debridement of necrotic tissue can be performed by at least four different methods: i) sharp debridement, ii) mechanical debridement, iii) enzymatic debridement, and iv) autolytic debridement.
Therefore, the present invention relates also to the use of a debridement method in combination with the use of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins for the healing or prevention of wounds. Such combination therapy involves the following two steps, namely i) a debridement method and ii) application of an enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins and the two steps may be carried out as many times as desired and in any suitable order.
When the wound has been subjected to debridement, the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins may be applied either directly on or into the wound or it can be applied in the form of any suitable pharmaceutical composition such as, e.g., a dry or moist, clean dressing into which the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins has been incorporated. The enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins may of course also be applied in connection with cleansing of the wound.
As will be discussed later, the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or the enamel matrix proteins may be used as such or they may be used in a suitable preparation or pharmaceutical composition.
Infection-Decreasing Effect
In a further aspect of the present invention, the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins are used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents having an anti-microbial effect. The enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins exhibit infection-decreasing properties.
In the present context the term infection-decreasing effect relates to a treating or preventive effect by the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins on an infection in a tissue of an individual when the tissue or the individual is treated with the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins.
The term infection relates to the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues or accumulation on the tissues, which may be clinically inapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, enzymes, toxins, intracellular replication or antigen-antibody response.
In accordance with the present invention, the infection to be prevented and/or treated may be caused by a microorganism. The microorganisms of interest according to the present invention include bacteria, viruses, yeast, molds, protozoa and rickettsiae.
In the present context the term xe2x80x9canti-bacterial effectxe2x80x9d means that the growth of bacteria is suppressed or the bacteria are destroyed. The term is not limited to certain bacteria but encompasses in general any bacteria. However, the invention is focused on i) pathogenic bacteria which cause diseases in mammals including humans and/or ii) bacteria which normally are present in a mammal body and which under certain conditions may cause unwanted conditions in the body.
Accordingly, the invention relates to the use of an active enamel substance for the prevention of or treatment of bacterial growth on a body surface such as the skin, a mucosal surface or a nail or a tooth surface.
General and specific description of the bacterial conditions to be counteracted
The enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins may be used for the treatment of an infection caused by bacteria together with or without the presence of an antimicrobial. Gram negative bacteria to be treated with the active enamel substance could be cocci, such as Neisseria (e.g. N. meningitis, N. gonorrhoeae), and Acinetobacter or rods, such as Bacteriodes (e.g. B. fragilis), Bordetella (e.g. B. pertussis, B. parapertussis), Brucella (e.g. B. melitentis, B. abortus Bang, B suis), Campylobacter (e.g. C jejuni, C. coli, C. fetus), Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia (e.g. E. coli), Haemophilus (e.g. H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae), Klebsiella (e.g. K. pneumoniae), Legionella (e.g. L. pneumophila), Pasteurella (e.g. P. yersinia, P. multocida), Proteus (e.g. P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris), Pseudomonas (e.g. P. aeruginosa, P. pseudomallei, P. mallei), Salmonella (e.g. S. enteritidis, S. infantitis S. Dublin S. typhi, S. paratyphi, S. schottmxc3xclleri, S. choleraesuis, S. typhimurium, or any of the 2,500 other serotypes), Serratia (e.g. S. marscences, S. liquifaciens), Shigella (e.g. S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii), Vibrio (e.g. V. cholerae, V. el tor), and Yersinia (e.g. Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. pestis). Gram positive bacteria to be treated with the active enamel substance could be cocci, such as Streptococcus (e.g. S. pneumoniae, S. viridans, S. faecalis, S. pyogenes), Staphylococcus (e.g. S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. albus), and rods, such as Actinomyces (e.g. A. israelli), Bacillus (e.g. B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. anthracis), Clostridium (e.g. C. botulinum, C. tetani, C. perfringens, C. difficile), Corynebacterium (e.g. C. diphtheriae), Listeria, and Providencia. Other bacteria causing infection include Propinobacterium acne and Pityosporon ovale. 
The enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins may also be used for the treatment of an infection caused by a spirochete such as, e.g., Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema or Pseudomonas.
An antimicrobial to be used in combination with the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins could be an antimicrobial that has an anti-microbial action through inhibition of cell wall synthesis, such as xcex2-lactams and vancomycin, preferably penicillins, such as amdinocillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, azlocillin, bacampicillin, benzathine pinicillin G, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, cyclacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, mezlocillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, piperacillin, and ticarcillin;
cephalosporins, such as the first generation drugs cefadroxil, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephalothin, cephapirin, and cephradine, the second generation drugs cefaclor, cefamandole, cefonicid, ceforanide, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime, or the third generation cephalosporins cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefotetan, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, and moxalactam; carbapenems such as imipenem; or monobactams such as aztreonam.
Other antimicrobial drugs with action through inhibition of protein synthesis, such as chloramphenicol; other tetracyclines preferably demeclocycline, doxycycline, methacycline, minocycline, and oxytetracycline; aminoglycosides such as amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, paromomycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, and tobramycin; polymyxins such as colistin, colistimathate, and polymyxin B, and erythromycins and lincomycins;
antimicrobials with action through inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in particular sulfonamides such as sulfacytine, sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethizole, and sulfapyridine; trimethoprim, quinolones, novobiocin, pyrimethanmine, and rifampin.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the infection is present in the oral cavity and the infection may be a bacterial condition.
Oral bacteria to be contact inhibited or otherwise combated. Examples (not conditions) include
bacteria causing caries, e.g. Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp.
bacteria causing periodontal disease e.g. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Campylobacter (Fusobacteria, Staphylococci), B. forsythus 
bacteria causing alveolitis etc., e.g. Staphylococcus, Actinomyces and Bacillus
bacteria causing periapical lesions, e.g. Spirochetes and all above
Anti-Inflammatory Effect
The present invention also relates to the uses of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins as therapeutic or porphylactive agents having an anti-inflammatory effect.
Several drugs are employed to suppress the manifestations of inflammation, including the ardrenocorticosteroids, the large group comprising the so called non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs, and drugs such as immunosuppressive agents. Adrenocorticosteroids, and especially glucocorticoids, have potent anti-inflammatory effects when used in pharmacological doses. They specifically inhibit the early vascular phase of the inflammatory process by decreasing the vascular permeability and thereby granulocyte migration. Glucocorticoids also interfere with late inflammatory and reparative processes, in that they inhibit the proliferation of mesenchymal cells and the production of extracellular macromolecules, including proteoglycanes and collagen. It has been shown experimentally that glucocorticoids inhibit, for example, macrophage function, production of humoral antibodies, cellular immunity, and possibly the release of lysosomal enzymes.
The severity of tissue damage may depend on the antigen/antibody reaction of the organism as well as the degree of retention of inflammatory products in the affected area. Accumulation of mediators of local inflammation accelerates the process. In most cases the process is slow, with immunoinfiltration of the tissue and formation of granulation tissue which contains inflammatory cells.
In the present context the term xe2x80x9canti-inflammatory effectxe2x80x9d denotes a counteracting or suppression of inflammation.
General and specific description of the kind of inflammatory conditions to be treated
The inflammatory condition to be treated in accordance with the present invention may of course be any inflammatory condition in/on any part of the body or any inflammatory condition present in soft or hard tissue. In one embodiment of the invention the inflammatory condition is present in the oral cavity. Examples of conditions in the oral cavity are alveolitis, cheilitis, bone necrosis (after trauma), fractures.
In another embodiment of the invention, the inflammatory condition is present in a bone donor site. In a third embodiment of the invention, the inflammatory condition is present in a joint cavity. Examples of such inflammatory conditions are rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions.
Anti-Bacterial Versus Anti-Inflammatory
In contrast to many currently used antibiotic agents, enamel matrix proteins will not compromise wound healing and the rapid wound healing in turn does not leave room for chronic or long lasting inflammation processes to develop. Also, the reorganisation of proper tissues, such as described after application of enamel matrix derivatives onto periodontal defects, is clearly favoured by a rapid wound healing without bacteria or inflammatory reactions.
The application of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins leads to rapid wound healing of surgical incisions, possibly by creating a surface which in contact with bacteria inhibit their growth but a the same time enhances fibroblast migration and collagen synthesis. If the inflammatory stage is shortened, the typical signs such as warmth, redness, oedema and pain are less noticeable.
Enamel Matrix, Enamel Matrix Derivatives and Enamel Matrix Proteins
Enamel matrix is a precursor to enamel and may be obtained from any relevant natural source, i.e. a mammal in which teeth are under development. A suitable source is developing teeth from slaughtered animals such as, e.g., calves, pigs or lambs. Another source is for example fish skin.
Enamel matrix can be prepared from developing teeth as described previously (EP-B-0 337 967 and EP-B-0 263 086). The enamel matrix is scraped off and enamel matrix derivatives are prepared, e.g. by extraction with aqueous solution such as a buffer, a dilute acid or base or a water/solvent mixture, followed by size exclusion, desalting or other purification steps, optionally followed by freeze-drying. Enzymes may be deactivated by treatment with heat or solvents, in which case the derivatives may be stored in liquid form without freeze-drying.
In the present context, enamel matrix derivatives are derivatives of enamel matrix which include one or several of enamel matrix proteins or parts of such proteins, produced naturally by alternate splicing or processing, or by either enzymatic or chemical cleavage of a natural length protein, or by synthesis of polypeptides in vitro or in vivo (recombinant DNA methods or cultivation of diploid cells). Enamel matrix protein derivatives also include enamel matrix related polypeptides or proteins. The polypeptides or proteins may be bound to a suitable biodegradable carrier molecule, such as polyamino acids or polysaccharides, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, the term enamel matrix derivatives also encompasses synthetic analogous substances.
Proteins are biological macromolecules constituted by amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins, as linear polymers of amino acids, are also called polypeptides. Typically, proteins have 50-800 amino acid residues and hence have molecular weights in the range of from about 6,000 to about several hundred thousand Daltons or more. Small proteins are called peptides or oligopeptides.
Enamel matrix proteins are proteins which normally are present in enamel matrix, i.e. the precursor for enamel (Ten Cate: Oral Histology, 1994; Robinson: Eur. J. Oral Science, January 1998, 106 Suppl. 1:282-91), or proteins which can be obtained by cleavage of such proteins. In general such proteins have a molecular weight below 120,000 daltons and include amelogenins, non-amelogenins, proline-rich non-amelogenins, amelins (ameloblastin, sheathlin) and tuftelins.
Examples of proteins for use according to the invention are amelogenins, proline-rich non-amelogenins, tuftelin, tuft proteins, serum proteins, salivary proteins, amelin, ameloblastin, sheathlin, and derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof. A preparation containing an active enamel substance for use according to the invention may also contain at least two of the aforementioned proteinaceous substances. A commercial product comprising amelogenins and possibly other enamel matrix proteins is marketed as EMDOGAIN(copyright) (Biora AB).
In general, the major proteins of an enamel matrix are known as amelogenins. They constitute about 90% w/w of the matrix proteins. The remaining 10% w/w includes proline-rich non-amelogenins, tuftelin, tuft proteins, serum proteins and at least one salivary protein; however, other proteins may also be present such as, e.g., amelin (ameloblastin, sheathlin) which have been identified in association with enamel matrix. Furthermore, the various proteins may be synthesized and/or processed in several different sizes (i.e. different molecular weights). Thus, the dominating proteins in enamel matrix, amelogenins, have been found to exist in several different sizes which together form supramolecular aggregates. They are markedly hydrophobic substances which under physiologically conditions form aggregates. They may carry or be carriers for other proteins or peptides.
Other protein substances are also contemplated to be suitable for use according to the present invention. Examples include proteins such as proline-rich proteins and polyproline. Other examples of substances which are contemplated to be suitable for use according to the present invention are aggregates of such proteins, of enamel matrix derivatives and/or of enamel matrix proteins as well as metabolites of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and enamel matrix proteins. The metabolites may be of any size ranging from the size of proteins to that of short peptides.
As mentioned above, the protein, polypeptides or peptides for use according to the invention typically have a molecular weight of at the most about 120 kDa such as, e.g., at the most 100 kDa, 90 kDa, 80 kDa, 70 kDa or 60 kDa as determined by SDS Page electrophoresis.
The proteins for use according to the invention are normally presented in the form of a preparation, wherein the protein content of the active enamel substance in the preparation is in a range of from about 0.05% w/w to 100% w/w such as, e.g., about 5-99% w/w, about 10-95% w/w, about 15-90% w/w, about 20-90% w/w, about 30-90% w/w, about 40-85% w/w, about 50-80% w/w, about 60-70% w/w, about 70-90% w/w, or about 80-90% w/w.
A preparation of an active enamel substance for use according to the invention may also contain a mixture of active enamel substances with different molecular weights.
The proteins of an enamel matrix can be divided into a high molecular weight part and a low molecular weight part, and it has been found that a well-defined fraction of enamel matrix proteins possesses valuable properties with respect to treatment of periodontal defects (i.e. periodontal wounds). This fraction contains acetic acid extractable proteins generally referred to as amelogenins and constitutes the low molecular weight part of an enamel matrix (cf. EP-B-0 337 967 and EP-B-0 263 086).
As discussed above the low molecular weight part of an enamel matrix has a suitable activity of inducing binding between hard tissues in periodontal defects. In the present context, however, the active proteins are not restricted to the low molecular weight part of an enamel matrix. At present, preferred proteins include enamel matrix proteins such as amelogenin, amelin, tuftelin, etc. with molecular weights (as measured in vitro with SDS-PAGE) below about 60,000 daltons but proteins having a molecular weight above 60,000 daltons have also promising properties as candidates for wound healing, anti-bacterial and/or anti-inflammatory agents.
Accordingly, it is contemplated that the active enamel substance for use according to the invention has a molecular weight of up to about 40,000 such as, e.g. a molecular weight of between about 5,000 and about 25,000.
Within the scope of the present invention are also peptides as described in WO 97/02730, i.e. peptides which comprise at least one sequence element selected from the group consisting of the tetrapeptides DGEA (Asp-Gly-Glu-Ala), VTKG (Val-Thr-Lys-Gly), EKGE (Glu-Lys-Gly-Glu) and DKGE (Asp-Lys-Gly-Glu) and which further comprise an amino acid sequence from which a consecutive string of 20 amino acids is identical to a degree of at least 80% with a string of amino acids having the same length selected from the group consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and a sequence consisting of amino acids 1 to 103 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and amino acids 6 to 324 of SEQ ID NO:2.
By the term xe2x80x9csequence identityxe2x80x9d is meant the identity in sequence of amino acids in the match with respect to identity and position of the amino acids of the peptides. A gap is counted as non-identity for one or more amino acids as appropriate.
Such peptides may comprise from 6 to 300 amino acids, e.g. at least 20 amino acids, at least 30 amino acids, such as at least 60 amino acids, at least 90 amino acids, at least 120 amino acids, at least 150 amino acids or at least 200 amino acids.
A method for the isolation of enamel matrix proteins involves extraction of the proteins and removal of calcium and phosphate ions from solubilized hydroxyapatite by a suitable method, e.g. gel filtration, dialysis of ultrafiltration (see e.g. Janson, J-C and Rydxc3xa9n, L. (Eds.), Protein purification, VCH Publishers 1989 and Harris, ELV and Angal, S., Protein purification methodsxe2x80x94A practical approach, IRL Press, Oxford 1990).
A typical lyophilized protein preparation may mainly or exclusively up to 70-90% contain amelogenins with a molecular weight (MW) between 40,000 and 5,000 daltons, the 10-30% being made up of smaller peptides, salts and residual water. The main protein bands are at 20 kDa and around 5 kDa.
By separating the proteins, e.g. by precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, preparative electrophoresis, gel permeation chromatography, reversed phase chromatography of affinity chromatography, the different molecular weight amelogenins can be purified.
The combination of molecular weight amelogenins may be varied, from a dominating 20 kDa compound to an aggregate of amelogenins with many different molecular weights between 40 and 5 kDa, and to a dominating 5 kDa compound. Other enamel matrix proteins such as amelin, tuftelin or proteolytic enzymes normally found in enamel matrix, can be added and carried by the amelogenin aggregate.
As an alternative source of the enamel matrix derivatives or protein one may also use generally applicable synthetic routes well-known for a person skilled in the art or use cultivated cells or bacteria modified by recombinant DNA-techniques (see, e.g., Sambrook, J. et al.: Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989).
Physico-chemical properties of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and enamel matrix proteins
In general the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and enamel matrix proteins are hydrophobic substances. i.e. less soluble in water especially at increased temperatures. In general, these proteins are soluble at non-physiological pH values and at a low temperature such as about 4-20xc2x0 C. while they will aggregate and precipitate at body temperature (35-37xc2x0 C.) and neutral pH.
The enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins for use according to the invention also include an active enamel substance, wherein at least a part of the active enamel substance is in the form of aggregates or after application in vivo is capable of forming aggregates. The particle size of the aggregates is in a range of from about 20 nm to about 1 xcexcm.
It is contemplated that the solubility properties of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins are of importance in connection with the prophylactive and therapeutic activity of the substances. When a composition containing the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins (in the following also denoted xe2x80x9cactive enamel substancexe2x80x9d as a common term) is administered to e.g. a human, the proteinaceous substances will precipitate due to the pH normally prevailing under physiological conditions. Thus, a layer of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel proteins is formed at the application site and this layer (which also may be a molecular layer in those cases where aggregates have been formed) is difficult to rinse off under physiological conditions. Furthermore, due to the substances bioadhesive properties (see below) the precipitated layer is firmly bound to the tissue also at the margin between the precipitated layer and the tissue. The proteinaceous laeyr thus covers the tissue onto which the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins or compositions thereof have been applied and the active enamel substances are maintained in situ for a prolonged period of time, i.e. it is not necessary to administer the active enamel substances(s) with short intervals. Furthermore, the layer formed in situ can almost be compared to an occlusive dressing, i.e., the layer formed protects the tissue onto which the layer is formed from the surroundings. In the case of a wound tissue, an infected tissue of an inflamed tissue such a layer protects the tissue from further contamination from microorganisms present in the surroundings. Furthermore, the proteinaceous layer may exert its effect by direct contact with the tissue or with microorganisms present in/on/at the tissue.
In order to enable a proteinaceous layer to be formed in situ after application it may be advantageous to incorporate a suitable buffer substance in a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition of the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins; the purpose of such a buffer substance could be to avoid the dissolution of the active enamel substance at the application site.
The enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and enamel matrix proteins have also been observed (by the present inventors) to posses bioadhesives properties, i.e. they have an ability to adhere to skin or mucosal surfaces. These properties are most valuable in connection with a therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment at least for the following reasons:
the prophylactically and/or therapeutically active substance(s) can be maintained at the application site for a prolonged period of time (i.e. i) the administration frequency can be reduced, ii) a controlled release effect of the active substance is obtainable and/or iii) a local treatment at the application site is improved)
the substances may in themselves be suitable as vehicles for other prophylactically or therapeutically active substances because a vehicle containing enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins can be formulated as a bioadhesive vehicle (i.e. a novel bioadhesive drug delivery system based on the bioadhesive properties of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins).
Theories with Respect to Mechanism of Action
Enamel matrix is an example of extracellular protein matrix which adheres to mineral surfaces as well as to proteinaceous surfaces. At physiological pH and temperature the proteins form an insoluble supra-molecular aggregate (Fincham et al. in J. Struct. Biol. 1994 March-April; 112(2):103-9 and in J. Struct. Biol. 1995 July-August; 115(1):50-9), which is gradually degraded by proteolytic enzymes (occurs both in vivo and in vitro provided that the proteases have not been subjected to inactivation).
The recent observation that enamel matrix is formed and temporarily present during root and root cementum formation can explain how application of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins promotes the regeneration of periodonetal tissue. However, the observation underlying the present invention that enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins also have a positive effect on healing of soft tissue defects like wound healing is very surprising. The same applies to the observations with respect to anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory effect.
In many species, remnants of enamel matrix are found in the newly mineralized crown when a tooth is erupting into the oral cavity. It might be argued that a new tooth would be very vulnerable to bacterial attack from common oral bacteria unless it had a natural protection during this initial phase.
Application of insolubilising enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins with suitable anti-bacterial and/or anti-inflammatory properties onto a wounded surface will enhance and improve healing.
As demonstrated in the experimental section herein the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins or protein aggregates hinder bacterial growth by contact inhibition, while exposed cells apparently react upon the enamel matrix as a normal environment which suppresses inflammatory responses.
In accordance with the present invention, an enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivative and/or enamel matrix protein may be used for curative purposes as well as for preventive purposes. Furthermore, an enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivative and/or enamel matrix protein may be used together with other active drug substances such as, e.g. anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal substances or in combination with growth factors such as, e.g., TGFxcex2, PDGF, IGF, FGF, keratinocyte growth factor or peptide analogues thereof (it is believed that EGF promotes healing by enhancing migration and cell division of epithelial cells; furthermore, EGF increases fibroblast numbers in wound resulting in a greater collagen production). Enzymesxe2x80x94either inherently present in the enamel matrix or preparation thereof or addedxe2x80x94may also be used in combination with an enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivative and/or enamel matrix protein, especially proteases.
A preparation of the active enamel substances is normally formulated as a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition. Such as composition may of course consist of the proteinaceous preparation or it may further comprise a pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable excipient. Especially suitable excipients for use in pharmaceutic or cosmetic compositions are propylene glycol alginate, or hyaluronic acid or salts or derivatives thereof.
Pharmaceutical and/or Cosmetic Compositions
In the following examples of suitable compositions containing the active enamel substance(s) are given. Depending on the use of the active enamel substance(s), a composition may be a pharmaceutical or a cosmetic composition. In the following the term xe2x80x9cpharmaceutical compositionxe2x80x9d is also intended to embrace cosmetic compositions as well as compositions belonging to the so-called grey area between pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, namely cosmeceuticals.
For the administration to an individual (an animal or a human) the enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and/or enamel matrix proteins (in the following also denoted xe2x80x9cactive enamel substancexe2x80x9d) and/or a preparation thereof are preferably formulated into a pharmaceutical composition containing the active enamel substance and, optionally, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
The compositions may be in form of, e.g., solid, semi-solid or fluid compositions such as, e.g.,
bioabsorbable patches, drenches, dressings, hydrogel dressings, hydrocolloid dressings, films, foams, sheets, bandages, plasters, delivery devices, implants,
powders, granules, granulates, capsules, agarose or chitosan beads, tablets, pills, pellets, microcapsules, microspheres, nanoparticles,
sprays, aerosols, inhalation devices,
gels, hydrogels, pastes, ointments, creams, soaps, suppositories, vagitories, tooth paste,
solutions, dispersions, suspensions, emulsions, mixtures, lotions, mouthwash, shampoos, enemas,
kits containing e.g. two separate containers, wherein the first one of the containers contains the active enamel substance optionally admixed with other active drug substance(s) and/or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and the second container containing a suitable medium intended to be added to the first container before use in order to obtain a ready-to-use composition;
and in other suitable forms such as, e.g., implants or coating of implants or in a form suitable for use in connection with implantation or transplantation.
Compositions for application to the skin or to the mucosa are considered most important in connection with the present invention. Thus, a composition comprising the active enamel substance to be administered may be adapted for administration by any suitable route, for example by topical (dermal), oral, buccal, nasal, aural, rectal or vaginal administration, or by administration to a body cavity such as, e.g., a tooth root or a tooth root canal. Furthermore, a composition may be adapted to administration in connection with surgery, e.g. in connection with incision within the body in order to promote healing of internal wounds and soft tissue damages.
As mentioned above, a composition of the active enamel substance(s) may be suitable for use during surgery, e.g. for local application (e.g. in the oral cavity) in the form of a gel, film or dry pellet, or as a rinsing solution or treatment with a paste or cream on tissue or surfaces to prevent bacterial attack. In connection with surgery or implantation in the area of the tooth root canal, a paste for cavity sealing can be employed.
The compositions may be formulated according to conventional pharmaceutical practice, see, e.g., xe2x80x9cRemington""s Pharmaceutical Sciencesxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cEncyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technologyxe2x80x9d, edited by Swarbrick, J. and J. C. Boylan, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1988.
As mentioned above, the application of a composition comprising an active enamel substance is intended for skin or mucosa. Other applications may of course also be relevant such as, e.g., application on dentures, protheses, implants, and application to body cavities such as the oral, nasal and vaginal cavity. The mucosa is preferably selected from oral, buccal, nasal, aural, rectal and vaginal mucosa. Furthermore, the application may be directly on or onto a wound or other soft tissue injuries.
Furthermore, application within the dental/odontologic area is also of great importance. Relevant examples are application to periodontal (dental) pockets, to gingiva or to gingival wounds or other wounds located in the oral cavity, or in connection with oral surgery.
It is further anticipated that, due to the antibacterial properties of the active enamel substance described herein, it may advantageously be applied to teeth or tooth roots for the prevention of caries and/or plaque. To support this use, it has been shown that teeth which are imperfectly developed (amelogenesis imperfecta) and consequently contain large amounts of amelogenins are remarkably caries resistant.
A pharmaceutical composition comprising an active enamel substance serves as a drug delivery system. In the present context the term xe2x80x9cdrug delivery systemxe2x80x9d denotes a pharmaceutical composition (a pharmaceutical formulation or a dosage form) which upon administration presents the active substance to the body of a human or an animal. Thus, the term xe2x80x9cdrug delivery systemxe2x80x9d embraces plain pharmaceutical compositions such as, e.g., creams, ointments, liquids, powders, tablets, etc. as well as more sophisticated formulations such as sprays, plasters, bandages, dressings, devices, etc.
Apart from the active enamel substance, a pharmaceutical composition for use according to the invention may comprise pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable excipients.
A pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable excipient is a substance which is substantially harmless to the individual to which the composition is to be administered. Such an excipient normally fulfills the requirements given by the national health authorities. Official pharmacopoeias such as e.g. the British Pharmacopoeia, the United States of America Pharmacopoeia and The European Pharmacopoeia set standards for pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
Whether a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is suitable for use in a pharmaceutical composition is generally dependent on which kind of dosage form is chosen for use for a particular kind of wound. In the following are given examples of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for use in different kinds of compositions for use according to the invention.
In the following is given a review on relevant pharmaceutical compositions for use according to the invention. The review is based on the particular route of administration. However, it is appreciated that in those cases where a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may be employed in different dosage forms or compositions, the application of a particular pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is not limited to a particular dosage form or of a particular function of the excipient.
The choice of pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s) in a composition for use according to the invention and the optimum concentration thereof cannot generally be predicted and must be determined on the basis of an experimental evaluation of the final composition. However, a person skilled in the art of pharmaceutical formulation can find guidance in e.g., xe2x80x9cRemington""s Pharmaceutical Sciencesxe2x80x9d, 18th Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, 1990.
Topical compositions
For application to the mucosa or the skin, the compositions for use according to the invention may contain conventionally non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients including microspheres and liposomes.
The compositions for use according to the invention include all kinds of solid, semi-solid and fluid compositions. Compositions of particular relevance are e.g. pastes, ointments, hydrophilic ointments, creams, gels, hydrogels, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, lotions, liniments, shampoos, jellies, soaps, sticks, sprays, powders, films, foams, pads, sponges (e.g. collagen sponges), pads, dressings (such as, e.g., absorbent wound dressings), drenches, bandages, plasters and transdermal delivery systems.
The pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may include solvents, buffering agents, preservatives, humectants, chelating agents, antioxidants, stabilizers, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, gel-forming agents, ointment bases, penetration enhancers, perfumes, and skin protective agents.
Examples of solvents are e.g. water, alcohols, vegetable or marine oils (e.g. edible oils like almond oil, castor oil, cacao butter, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, poppyseed oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, and teaseed oil), mineral oils, fatty oils, liquid paraffin, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycols, glycerol, liquid polyalkylsiloxanes, and mixtures thereof.
Examples of buffering agents are e.g. citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, hydrogenphosphoric acid, diethylamine etc.
Suitable examples of preservatives for use in compositions are parabens, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, isopropylparaben, potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, methyl benzoate, phenoxyethanol, bronopol, bronidox, MDM hydantoin, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, EDTA, benzalconium chloride, and benzylalcohol, or mixtures of preservatives.
Examples of humectants are glycerin, propylene glycol, sorbitol, lactic acid, urea, and mixtures thereof.
Examples of chelating agents are sodium EDTA and citric acid.
Examples of antioxidants are butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), ascorbic acid and derivatives thereof, tocopherol and derivatives thereof, cysteine, and mixtures thereof.
Examples of emulsifying agents are naturally occurring gums, e.g. gum acacia or gum tragacanth; naturally occurring phosphatides, e.g. soybean lecithin; sorbitan mono-oleate derivatives; wool fats; wool alcohols; sorbitan esters; monoglycerides; fatty alcohols;, fatty acid esters (e.g. triglycerides of fatty acids); and mixtures thereof.
Examples of suspending agents are e.g. celluloses and cellulose derivatives such as, e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, carraghenan, acacia gum, arabic gum, tragacenth, and mixtures thereof.
Examples of gel bases, viscosity-increasing agents or components which are able to take up exudate from a wound are: liquid paraffin, polyethylene, fatty oils, colloidal silica or aluminium, zinc soaps, glycerol, propylene glycol, tragacanth, carboxyvinyl polymers, magnesium-aluminium silicates, Carbopol(copyright), hydrophilic polymers such as, e.g. starch or cellulose derivatives such as, e.g., carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose and other cellulose derivatives, water-swellable hydrocolloids, carragenans, hyaluronates (e.g. hyaluronate gel optionally containing sodium chloride), and alginates including propylene glycol aginate.
Examples of ointment bases are e.g. beeswax, paraffin, cetanol, cetyl palmitate, vegetable oils, sorbitan esters of fatty acids (Span), polyethylene glycols, and condensation products between sorbitan esters of fatty acids and ethylene oxide, e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween).
Examples of hydrophobic or water-emulsifying ointment bases are paraffins, vegetable oils, animal fats, synthetic glycerides, waxes, lanolin, and liquid polyalkylsiloxanes.
Examples of hydrophilic ointment bases are solid macrogols (polyethylene glycols).
Other examples of ointment bases are triethanolamine soaps, sulphated fatty alcohol and polysorbates.
Examples of powder components are: alginate, collagen, lactose, powder which is able to form a gel when applied to a wound (absorbs liquid/wound exudate). Normally, powders intended for application on large open wounds must be sterile and the particles present must be micronized.
Examples of other excipients are polymers such as carmelose, sodium carmelose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, pectin, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, acacia gum, gelatin, carbomer, emulsifiers like vitamin E, glyceryl stearates, cetanyl glucoside, collagen, carrageenan, hyaluronates and alginates and kitosans.
Dressings and/or bandages are also important delivery systems for an active enamel substance. When dressings are used as dosage form, the active enamel substance may be admixed with the other material/ingredients before or during the manufacture of the dressing or, the active enamel substance may in some way be coated onto the dressing e.g. by dipping the dressing in a solution or dispersion of the active enamel substance or by spraying a solution or dispersion of the active enamel substance onto the dressing. Alternatively, the active enamel substance may be applied in the form of a powder to the dressing. Dressings may be in the form of absorbent wound dressings for application to exuding wounds. Dressings may also be in the form of hydrogel dressings (e.g. cross-linked polymers such as, e.g. Intrasite(copyright) which contains carboxymethylcellulose, propylene glycol or polysaccharide, disaccharide and proteins) or in the form of occlusive dressings such as, e.g., alginates, chitosan, hydrophilic polyurethane film, collagen sheets, plates, powders, foams, or sponges, foams (e.g. polyurethane or silicone), hydrocolloids (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose, CMC), collagen and hyaluronic acid-based dressings including combinations thereof.
Alginate, chitosan and hydrocolloid dressings take up wound exudate when placed on a wound. When doing so they produce an aqueous gel on the surface of the wound and this gel is believed to be beneficial for the healing of the wound due to the retaining of moisture in the wound.
It is also envisaged that the active enamel substance may be incorporated in a tissue adhesive also comprising, e.g. fibrinogen and thrombin and optionally Factor XIII or another plasma coagulation factor to provide hemostasis. The tissue adhesive may either be prepared as a premix of the active enamel substance, fibrinogen and optionally Factor XIII, thrombin being added to the premix immediately before the tissue adhesive is applied on the wound. Alternatively, the premix of fibrinogen and active enamel substance and optionally Factor XIII may be applied on the wound before application of thrombin. In situ, the thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin thereby reproducing the coagulation process occurring naturally in wound healing. The presence of the active enamel substance in the tissue adhesive may serve to accelerate the wound healing process as discussed above. A commercial product suitable for inclusion of the active enamel substance is Tisseel(copyright), a two-component fibrin sealant produced by immuno, AG, Vienna, Austria.
In a toothpaste or mouthwash formulation or other formulation for application to teeth or tooth roots, the active enamel substance may either be present in a dissolved state in a vehicle of slightly acid pH or as a dispersion in a vehicle of neutral pH. It is anticipated that in use the active enamel substance may form a protective layer on the surface of the teeth, thereby preventing the attachment of caries producing bacteria (cf. Example 4 below). In such dental care preparations, the active enamel substance may be formulated together with one or more other compounds which have a caries preventive effect, notably fluorine or another trace element such as vanadium or molybdenum. At neutral pH, the trace element is believed to be bound to (e.g. by ion bonds) or embedded in the active enamel substance from which it is released to exert its caries preventive effect when the active enamel substance is dissolved at a pH of about 5.5 or less, e.g. due to acid production by caries producing bacteria.
The compositions mentioned above for topical administration are most suitably for application directly to wounds or they may be suitable for application to or for introduction into relevant orifice(s) of the body, e.g. the rectal, urethral, vaginal, aural, nasal or oral orifices. The composition may simply be applied directly on the part to be treated such as, e.g., on the mucosa, or by any convenient route of administration.
Compositions which have proved to be of importance in connection with topical application are those which have thixotropic properties, i.e. the viscosity of the composition is affected e.g. by shaking or stirring so that the viscosity of the composition at the time of administration can be reduced and when the composition has been applied, the viscosity increases so that the composition remains at the application site.
Compositions for oral use or for application to mucosa or skin
Suitable compositions for use according to the invention may also be presented in the form of suspensions, emulsions or dispersions. Such compositions contains the active enamel substance in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent, and/or one or more preservatives and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Such compositions may also be suitable for use in the delivery of the active enamel substance to e.g. an intact or damaged mucosa such as the oral, buccal, nasal, rectal, or vaginal mucosa, or for administration to intact or damaged skin, or wounds.
Suitable dispersing or wetting agents are, for example, naturally occurring phosphatides, e.g., lecithin, or soybean lecithin; condensation products of ethylene oxide with e.g. a fatty acid, a long chain aliphatic alcohol, or a partial ester derived from fatty acids and a hexitol or a hexitol anhydride, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, etc.
Suitable suspending agents are, e.g., naturally occurring gums such as, e.g., gum acacia, xanthan gum, or gum tragacanth; celluloses such as, e.g., sodium carboxymethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose (e.g. Avicel(copyright) RC 591, methyl-cellulose); alginates and chitosans such as, e.g., sodium alginate, etc.
Suitable examples of preservatives for use in compositions according to the invention are the same as those mentioned above.
Compositions for use according to the invention may also be administered by the oral route. Suitable oral compositions may be in the form of a particulate formulation or in the form of a solid, semi-solid or fluid dosage form.
Compositions for oral use include solid dosage forms such as, e.g., powders, granules, granulates, sachets, tablets, capsules, effervescent tablets, chewable tablets, lozenges, immediate release tablets, and modified release tablets as well as fluid or liquid formulations such as, e.g. solutions, suspensions, emulsions, dispersions, and mixtures. Furthermore, composition may be in the form of powders, dispersible powders, or granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by addition of a liquid medium such as, e.g. an aqueous medium,
With respect to solid dosage forms for oral (or topical use) a composition for use according to the invention normally contains the active enamel substance and any further active substance optionally in admixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. These excipients may be, for example,
inert diluents or fillers, such as sucrose, sorbitol, sugar, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, starches including potato starch, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, lactose, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, or sodium phosphate;
granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, cellulose derivatives including microcrystalline cellulose, starches including potato starch, croscarmellose sodium, alginates, or alginic acid and chitosans;
binding agents, for example, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, acacia, alginic acid, sodium alginate, gelatin, starch, pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, or polyethylene glycol; and chitosans;
lubricating agents including glidants and antiadhesives, for example, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, silicas, hydrogenated vegetable oils, or talc.
Other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be colorants, flavouring agents, plasticizers, humectants, buffering agents, etc.
In those cases where the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a solid dosage form in unit dosage form (e.g. a tablet or a capsule), the unit dosage form may be provided with a coating like one or more of the coatings mentioned below.
In those cases where the composition is in the form of a tablet, capsule or a multiple unit composition, the composition or the individual units or a tablet or a capsule containing the individual units may be coated e.g. with a sugar coating, a film coating (e.g. based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, methyl hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, acrylate copolymers (Eudragit), polyethylene glycols and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone) or an enteric coating (e.g. based on methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit), cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, shellac and/or ethylcellulose). Furthermore, a time delay material such as, e.g., glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.
Rectal and/or vaginal compositions
For application to the rectal or vaginal mucosa, suitable compositions according to the invention include suppositories (emulsion or suspension type), enemas, and rectal gelatin capsules (solutions or suspensions). Appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable suppository bases include cocoa butter, esterified fatty acids, glycerinated gelatin, and various water-soluble or dispersible bases like polyethylene glycols and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters. Various additives like, e.g., enhancers or surfactants may be incorporated.
Nasal compositions
For application to the nasal mucosa (as well as to the oral mucosa), sprays and aerosols for inhalation are suitable compositions according to the invention. In a typical nasal composition, the active enamel substance is present in the form of a particulate formulation optionally dispersed in a suitable vehicle. The pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles and excipients and optionally other pharmaceutically acceptable materials present in the composition such as diluents, enhancers, flavouring agents, preservatives, etc. are all selected in accordance with conventional pharmaceutical practice in a manner understood by the persons skilled in the art of formulating pharmaceuticals.
Dosages of enamel matrix, enamel matrix derivatives and enamel matrix proteins
In a pharmaceutical composition for use according to the invention on skin or mucosa, an active enamel substance is generally present in a concentration ranging from about 0.01% to about 99.9% w/w. The amount of composition applied will normally result in an amount of total protein per cm2 wound/skin/tissue area corresponding to from about 0.01 mg/cm2 to about 20 mg/cm2 such as from about 0.1 mg/cm2 to about 15 mg/cm2.
The amount applied of the composition depends on the concentration of the active enamel substance in the composition and of the release rate of the active enamel substance from the composition, but is generally in a range corresponding to at the most about 15-20 mg/cm2.
In those cases where the active enamel substance is administered in the form of a fluid composition, the concentration of the active enamel substance in the composition is in a range corresponding to from about 0.1 to about 50 mg/ml. Higher concentrations are in some cases desirable and can also be obtained such as a concentration of at least about 100 mg/ml.
When the composition is applied to the oral cavity, the following doses are relevant:
Experimental defect areas (in monkeys) in the oral cavity typically have a size of about 4xc3x972xc3x975-6 mm corresponding to 50 xcexcl or from about 0.025 to about 0.15 mg total protein/mm2 or about 2.5-15 mg/cm2. Usually up to 0,5 such as, e.g., 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 or 0.1 ml of a composition having a concentration of about 1-40 mg/ml such as, e.g., 5-30 mg/ml is applied.
Defect areas in humans in the oral cavity and due to periodontal diseases typically have a size of about 5-10xc3x972-4xc3x975-10 mm corresponding to about 200 xcexcl and normally at the most about 0.5-1 ml such as about 0.2-0.3 ml per tooth is applied of a composition having a concentration of about 1-40 mg total protein/ml such as, e.g., 5-30 mg/ml is applied. 0.2-0.3 mg/ml corresponds to about 6 mg protein per 25-100 mm2 or about 0.1 mg/mm2 if calculated only on root surface. Normally an excessive volume is applied to allow coverage of all surfaces. Even a multilayer would only require a small fraction of the above-mentioned amounts.
Generally, about 0.1-0.5 ml such as, e.g., about 0.15-0.3 ml or about 0.25-0.35 ml of a composition comprising the active enamel substance is applied in defect volumes in extraction alveoli (holes after extraction of teeth). The concentration of the active enamel substance in the composition is normally about 1-40 mg total protein/ml such as, e.g., 5-30 mg/ml. When 0.3-0.4 ml is applied of such a composition for wisdom teeth, this volume corresponds to about 0.1 mg/cm2 (alveolus calculated as cylinder which radius 5 mm and height 20 mm).
The concentration of the active enamel substance in a pharmaceutical composition depends on the specific enamel substance, its potency, the severity of the disease to be prevented or treated, and the age and condition of the patient. Methods applicable to selecting relevant concentrations of the active enamel substance in the pharmaceutical composition are well known to a person skilled in the art and may be performed according to established guidelines for good clinical practice (GCP) or investigational New Drug Exemption (xe2x80x9cINDxe2x80x9d) regulations as described in e.g. International Standard ISO/DIS 14155 Clinical investigation of medical devices, 1994 and ICH (International Committee for Harmonisation): Harmonised tripartite guideline for good clinical practice, Brookwood Medical Publications, Ltd, Surrey, UK, 1996. A person skilled in the art would, by use of the methods described in standard textbooks, guidelines and regulations as described above as well as common general knowledge within the field, be able to select the exact dosage regimen to be implemented for any active enamel substance and/or selected other active substances and dosage form using merely routine experimentation procedures.
In other aspects the invention relates to methods for i) preventing and/or treating wounds, ii) decreasing infection and iii) preventing and/or treating inflammation, the methods comprising administration to a mammal in need of such a treatment an effective amount of an active enamel substance.
As will be understood, details and particulars concerning the use of an active enamel substance for the prevention and/or treatment of wound will be the same as or analogous to the details and particulars concerning the other use aspects (anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory aspects) and the method aspects discussed above, and this means that wherever appropriate, the statements above concerning an active enamel substance, a preparation containing an active enamel substance, a pharmaceutical composition containing an active enamel substance, preparation of i) an active enamel substance, ii) a preparation containing an active enamel substance, ii) a pharmaceutical composition containing an active enamel substance, as well as improved properties and uses apply mutatis mutandis to all aspects of the invention.