1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the use of improved flow modification devices for use with Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emission control equipment.
Flow distribution devices can be the key to the efficient operation of chemical processing equipment such as contactors and reactors, mixers, burners, heat exchangers, extrusion dies, and even textile-spinning chimneys. To obtain optimum distribution, proper consideration must be given to flow behavior in the distributor, flow conditions upstream of the distributor, and flow conditions downstream of the distributor. Guidelines for the design-of various types of fluid distributors are provided in the literature, e.g., see Chemical Engineers Handbook, R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, eds., Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill, pages 5-47 to 5-49.
Flow distributors are employed in thermal VOC incineration systems both for thermal energy management and for controlling emissions. Several different types of flow distributors may be used. Examples of possible locations for installation of distribution devices, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, include:
(i) The Flame Tube (Location 1): More efficient combustion of VOCs is typically obtained by increasing temperature, turbulence, and the residence time of the VOCs within the reaction chamber. Unfortunately, increased temperature also accelerates the thermal oxidation reaction between nitrogen and oxygen, thereby forming undesirable nitrogen oxides that contribute to environmental problems such as ozone formation and acid rain. Static mixers, usually characterized by a high void fraction, may be used to improve mixing within the flame tube. Improved mixing will typically enhance the destruction of VOCs and decrease NOx and CO emissions. Mixers are commercially available from several manufacturers including the Static Mixing Group of Koch Engineering Company, Wichita, Kan., and Kenics Static Mixers, Chemineer, Inc., North Andover, Mass. PA1 (ii) Turning Vanes (Location 2 and 3): Vanes may be used to improve velocity distribution and to reduce friction loss in bends. For a miter bend with low velocity flows, simple circular arcs can be used. Vanes of special airfoil shapes may be required for high-velocity flows. For a sweep bend, splitter vanes are used. These vanes are curved vanes extending from end to end of the bend and dividing the bend into several parallel channels. PA1 (iii) Perforated Plates and Flow Straighteners (Location 4): These are used for achieving flow uniformity by adding sufficient uniform resistance. Flow straighteners can include monolithic structures or a bed of solids. The degree of flow uniformity achieved via flow straighteners is related to pressure drop by relationships discussed in the literature (e.g., see Perry). Flow straighteners can be optimally located in the heat exchanger section of the thermal oxidation system to maximize heat recovery.
The object of the present invention is to incorporate catalytically-active flow modification devices into thermal oxidation systems so as to achieve both flow modification and VOC and CO emission reductions. An additional benefit may be operation of the combustor at a lower temperature. This could potentially reduce NOx emissions and permit the use of lower grade X alloy steels.
The maximum catalytic oxidation conversion is determined by the mass transfer-limited performance of the catalyzed flow modification device according to the relationship ##EQU1## where X is the fractional conversion, k.sub.m is the external mass transfer coefficient, S is the total geometric surface area and Q is the volumetric flow rate of exhaust gas. Correlations for k.sub.m as a function of the Reynolds and Schmidt numbers are available in the literature (e.g., Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, 1976, page 589).
Equation 1 suggests that the catalytic conversion of the oxidation system can be increased by increasing the catalytically-active surface area of the flow modification device (S), the external mass transfer coefficient (k.sub.m), or by decreasing the flow rate of the exhaust (Q).
S may be increased by either increasing the geometric surface per unit volume of the device and/or by increasing the volume of the device. Increasing geometric surface area per unit volume typically results in increased pressure drop. Such an option can be implemented in the case of a flow straightener. Increasing the volume of the device is an option in the case of flow distribution devices, e.g., mixers or turning vanes. The coefficient k.sub.m primarily depends on the local velocity and the hydraulic radius of flow. As discussed above, k.sub.m is obtained from literature correlations.
The performance of the device can only approach the conversion predicted by equation (1) if the catalytic layer is highly active under conditions of operation. High activity may be obtained by the use of noble or base metal catalysts as practiced in the art. Another option is to fabricate the device using a metal having catalytic activity. Examples of such metals are Cr and Ni-containing stainless steels. Such steels could also be aluminized to form a surface alloy layer which is later activated by chemicals and treated to form a catalytically active surface.
Catalytic activity can also be increased by placing the device at a temperature that is high enough to increase the catalytic reaction rate but not high enough to irreversibly deactivate the catalyst or structurally damage the flow device. The catalyst could be placed in the flame tube to light off the oxidation reactions. Complete oxidation of VOCs can be accomplished either across the catalyst or by a combination of catalyst and subsequent homogeneous gas phase reactions. The latter concept is referred to by those in the art as catalytic combustion.
2. Description of the Previously Published Art
Air flow management is a key to the efficient operation of thermal oxidizers for controlling Volatile Organic Compound (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NO.sub.x) emissions. Flow modification devices (e.g., mixers, flow straighteners, flow diverters, etc.) are being used in the art to maximize both conversion of VOCs in the combustion chamber and heat recovery in the recuperative or regenerative heat exchanger. Two possible types of recuperative thermal oxidation systems conventionally used for VOC destruction are shown in FIG. 1 and 2.
A conventional thermal oxidizer operates at temperatures in excess of 1,400.degree. F. and converts over 99% of the VOCs; however, the exhaust can contain NO.sub.x (formed in the burner) and CO (a product of incomplete combustion). Environmental regulations are requiring increasingly stringent controls on VOC, CO and NO.sub.x emissions. For example, European regulations are requiring the control of VOC levels below 20 mg/Nm.sup.3, and control of CO and NO.sub.x levels below 50 mg/Nm.sup.3.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,917,811 teaches fluid management by static mixers which may be formed of catalyst coated materials (col. 2, line 3). The process is broadly directed to producing a "physiochemical change of (the) state of interaction between a fluid and a material which is physiochemically interactive with such fluid". The mixing device described comprises a conduit which contains a plurality of curved sheet-like elements extending longitudinally through the conduit and in which consecutive elements are curved in opposite directions. An example given for the use of the device is the removal of SO.sub.2 from air using water. It is claimed that the patented structure provides improved gas-liquid contacting compared with other conventional materials (such as ceramic Raschig rings) used in packed bed columns. The patent does not discuss the application of catalyst-coated flow modifiers for the gas phase oxidation of VOCs from industrial plant exhausts, the apparatus does not utilize a thermal oxidizer, nor does the patent specify the parameters required for efficient mixing and destruction of the VOCs.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,894 is directed at catalytic purification of exhaust gases and which teaches the concept of coating a flow modifying component of a catalytic purifier with a catalytic mass (see col 2, line 27 and claim 9,). This patent describes an apparatus for the catalytic purification of exhaust gases from combustion engines of motor vehicles comprising a customary metal automobile exhaust pipe the dimensions of which do not vary along the length and which does not contain any special housings or canisters for catalysts. Further, the exhaust pipe contains flow interrupting baffle surfaces which are secured to metal ribbons mounted at one or several points inside the pipe. The exhaust pipe is mounted between the exhaust outlet of the engine and the muffler and is the sole means for control of pollutants from automobile exhausts. This patent does not address the special needs of processes for destruction of VOCs emitted from industrial plants, nor does the apparatus have a thermal burner.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,150,573 relates to a catalyst arrangement, particularly for internal combustion engines, having a diffusor widening in the flow direction preceding a honeycomb-like catalyst body and a converger, narrowing in the flow direction, following the catalyst body. A flow guide is placed in between the diffusor and the converger and the surfaces of the flow guide are coated with catalytic active material (col. 4, line 25). The device of the present invention does not include converger or diffusor components and is, as will be discussed later, particularly suited for VOC control.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,209,062, is directed to a diesel engine having in its exhaust manifold, a static mixer coated with catalytic material (col. 3, line 17). In addition, nozzles are provided in an annular chamber between the static mixer and the exhaust manifold in order to introduce a reducing agent into the flow of exhaust gas prior to entry into the static mixer. This apparatus is particularly suited for diesel engine applications and, due to the compositional requirements of the exhausts, is not suitable for VOC destruction.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,411 discusses a fluid treating device for carrying out chemical and/or physical reactions in a flowing stream in contact with a stationary corrugated thin metal member. The converter comprises a housing and a fluid inlet and outlet, indicating that the device is a stand-alone system for conducting physical and/or chemical reactions. The converter contains a metallic foil having zig-zag corrugations which is folded back and forth on itself into the converter as an accordion. Fluid flows through the spaces between alternate layers of foil. Catalytic washcoats may also be coated on the metallic foil and the device is useful as a catalytic converter. The device is also proposed for use as a particulate trap, especially for diesel engine applications. The above device is not proposed for use as an integral part of thermal VOC oxidizer system nor is its proposed use for fluid flow modification.
3. Objects of the Invention
It is an object of this invention to improve the performance of an emission control device such as a thermal oxidizer by using modification devices for reducing temperature and flow maldistribution within the device.
It is a further object of this invention to use flow modification devices that reduce emissions of pollutants such as VOCs, CO and NO.sub.x from thermal oxidizer exhausts. The materials of construction for these devices will withstand the local operating conditions and reduce CO and VOC emissions.
It is a further object of this invention to use flow modification devices that are coated with a catalytically active layer. Catalytic ingredients can include noble metal or base metal oxides dispersed on a high surface area mixed oxide support.
It is a further object of this invention to properly select and position these flow modification devices within the thermal oxidizer to reduce stack emissions of VOCs and CO.
These and further objects will become apparent as the description of the invention proceeds.