1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to novel use of small molecules, particularly indolyl and indolinyl hydroxamates. The indolyl and indolinyl hydroxamates are useful as lead compounds for manufacturing a medicament or a pharmaceutical composition for treating a patient suffering from heart failure or neuronal injury.
2. Description of Related Art
Heart failure is a common cardiovascular condition where the heart fails to circulate enough blood and oxygen to meet the needs of other body organs. In developed countries, around 2% of the population suffers from heart failure, with its prevalence increases with age. Heat failure is now the leading cause of hospitalization for individuals older than 65 and is a major contributor to the escalation of heath care costs. Current treatments of heart failure are dedicated to restore the function of the heart by using pharmacological agents, such as the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, digitalis glycosides, and beta blockers to improve contractile performance. However, common adverse side effects, such as hypotension, renal dysfunction, and impaired physical activity, accompanied by the use of these drugs limit their applications. For terminal heart failure, heart transplantation is an alternative to drug. Yet, the number of available heart donors is limited.
Brain and spinal cord injury caused by stroke, trauma or hypoxia often result in lifelong disability and premature death; accordingly, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemic stroke are two serious public health issues in most countries. An estimated 1.7 million TBI-related deaths, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits occur in the U.S. each year; TBI is a contributing factor to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the U.S. or about 52,000 deaths annually. As to ischemic stroke, it is currently the No. 4 killer and a leading cause of long term disability in the U.S. Each year, about 795,000 people suffers a stroke and is the primary cause of about one in every 18 deaths in 2008. Deaths from ischemic stroke are predicted to double between 2000 to 2032. The number of people living with stroke is projected to increase by 25% by 2030, translating into an additional 4 million people with stroke in U.S. alone.
In view of the foregoing, there exist in the related art a need for an agent or a compound that may improve or restore the cardiac functions or reduce or prevent neuronal dysfunction and death after ischemic, hypoxia or traumatic brain injury.