The various pharmaceutical factories in the current world are doing a lot of efforts to induce stem cells to convert into the tissues or cells as desires, and it thus leads this as one of the most attracting major subject for all institutes in stem cell research Area in the world. The United Stated has conducted many researches that combines food which has stimulating single stem cell. The resveratrol attracts more attention especially after Dr. SeLuzi Nujo of France in 1991 found that there are resveratrol in the red wine, and then Dr. Pezzuto, University of Illinois, declared resveratrol is effective of inhibiting the three main stages of initiation, promotion and progression of the tumor. In the following study, people found that resveratrol have some inhibitory effects on 29 kinds of cancer/tumor. They also found if resveratrol is used along with the chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the curative effect is double than any single use. In past two years, people's newest study has found that resveratrol surprisingly could uniquely inhibit the cancer stem cells. From 2000, people found that resveratrol used in the animal experiment could prolong the 30-75% of life of nematodes, drosophila, African Carp (a most short-lived fish) and mouse by starting the animal longevity gene called Sirtuin. The resveratrol also is amazing to make the aging skin younger. Over 3000 research literatures in the world declares the resveratrol could improve people in functions of antioxidation, antibiosis, anti-virus, eliminating toxin, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, adjusting the immune function, prevention of cardiovascular disease, protecting the central nervous system, improving the eye sight, reducing the high blood pressure, high cholesterol and high blood sugar. It also could activate the estrogenic hormone, has bipartite regulatory effects to delay and relieve the female climacteric syndrome, and prevents/treats the osteoporosis and arthritis. The study found that the resveratrol could process a lot of chemical binding reactions and impact a lot of specifically major gene, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.
There exists a problem, called molecular dissolution after taken, for an application of resveratrol. The resveratrol, with a molecular formula C14H12O3, a molecular weight 228.25, a melting point 256-257° C. and a sublimation point 261° C., is a colorless needle-shaped crystal which is hardly soluble (slightly soluble) in water, but soluble in ethyl ether, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic ether and other organic solvents with strong nonpolarity. The resveratrol is hardly absorbed if being swallowed with water, but is well absorbed with red wine, because of alcohol content in red wine, and it thus solves the mystery of French Paradox.
There are called cis & trans structures and its transformation. The resveratrol is with its extraordinary effect only if it is in a trans-resveratrol structure but is with not any effect in the cis-resveratrol structure. Natural resveratrol mainly exists in trans-resveratrol structure, and it turns into the cis-resveratrol structure under UV irradiation. Resveratrol exists in 72 plants and can be synthesized chemically. Resveratrol extracted from natural plant is generally the mixture of cis & trans structures, whose proportion varies by different plants. However, cis-resveratrol as the parent compound of 1,2-viniferins has never been examined in grape extracts.
The so-called problem of high absorption rate and low bioavailability is explained as follows. If the resveratol is taken orally, it generates a very special phenomenon different from general compounds, which brings a great challenge for its application as a drug. According to the results obtained from pharmacokinetics studies, whether to be taken orally or injected, the resveratrol will be absorbed by human body rapidly (within 10 min) and enter the circulation (blood) system. After that, the concentration of resveratrol in blood rises greatly to reach its peak in about 1 to 2 hours and declines greatly after that. In about 4 hours, resveratrol can't be detected in the blood, and after 4 hours, about 77% resveratrol is detected in the urine. This regrettable phenomenon is called as “high absorption rate and low bioavailability”
Another problem called problem of storage and processing is that during processed or after made into food, resveratrol shall be provented from exposure to the air to against oxidization. Trans-resveratrol will degrade seriously after preserved under a low temperature of 4° C. over 1 year, so it can't be preserved in ice overstepping the time limit.
The so-called absorption route of resveratol is that there are two functional routes after resveratrol being taken orally and entering human body. The functional routes includes: a sirt1-dependent route, taking effect through activating sirt1 gene and whose effect is closely linked with sirt1 gene; and a sirt1-independent route, taking effect without stimulating sirt1 gene.
As discovered in the latest studies, if low-dose resveratrol is taken orally, it will take the sirt1-dependent route, which will activate sirt1 gene and then release sirt1 protein to change, including enhance or weaken, the functions of P53, FOXO, NFκB and other genes. On the other hand, if high-dose resveratrol is taken orally, it will take the sirt1-independent route, the functions of which are not concerned with sirt1. It is a wrong cognition of general people that a higher dose generates better effect.
Thus, it is an issue regarding how to appropriately use dose of resveratrol.