[转载]高考英语阅读解题技巧与方法
原文地址:高考英语阅读解题技巧与方法作者:梁冠华教师工作室高考英语阅读解题技巧与方法 概述 高考阅读理解题选材,一般遵循三个原则: 1. 文章一般为5篇(含信息匹配题),阅读量在2500单词左右； 2. 题材广泛,包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容； 3. 体裁多样,包括记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文、论述文等。因此,学会分析体裁的能力对我们做好阅读理解来说是非常重要的。由于不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次,所以我们可以根据这种特点来快速分析文章的体裁: 记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落,文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线,弄清who、what、where、why与how。 描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题,主题词往往出现在各个句子里,贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读,找到文章与之有关的信息,并确定信息与主题的关系。 说明文多见于科普文章,用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系,这类文体的文章,首句往往是主题句,开门见山,说明文章的关注对象:弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。 论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手。  文章的结构往往很容易把握,用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点,同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。 常见问题 1. 关于文章主旨和大意的问题 此类考题主要针对段落(或短文)的主题,主题思想,标题或目的,一般提问方式如下: 1) which is the best title of the passage？ 2) which of the following is this passage abo t？ 3) what is the main topic of the passage？ 4) the s bject disc ssed in this text is __ 5) which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 6) the passage tells s that. 7) the passage is meant to .... 8) this passage mainly talks abo t_. 9) the passage is mostly abo t _. 10) the passage is mainly concerned abo t _. 11) the generalmain idea of the passage is abo t _. 12) the p rpose of this article is to ... 13) in this passage the writer tries to tell s that. 14) in this passage the a thor disc sses primarily _. 15) the a thor s main p rpose in writing the passage is to ... 2. 关于文章事实和细节的问题 此类考题主要针对文章的细节,一般提问方式如下: which of the following is right？ which of the following is not tr e according to the information in the passage？ which of the following statements is correct according to the passage？ which of the following is not tr e in the passage？ which of the following is not mentioned？ which of the following is mentioned in the passage？ the a thor mentions all of the following except . . . the writer mentions all of the items listed below except . what is the example of . . . as described in the passage？ choose the right order of this passage. according to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... the reason for . . .is . . . from this passage we know that __. in the passage, the a thor states that . 3. 猜测词义的问题 此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下: 1) the word "abc" in the passage probably means __. 2) the nderlined word "abc" in the passage refers tomeans _. 3) which of the following is closest in meaning to the nderlined word in the second paragraph？ 4)the nderlined sentence in the last paragraph means _. 5) the word "it(them)"in the first paragraph refers to _. 4. 关于对全篇逻辑关系的理解、对文章各段、各句间逻辑关系的理解的问题 此类考题主要考查句语句之间,短语短之间的逻辑关系,一般提问方式如下: 1) many visitors come to the writer s city to __. 2) some shops can be b ilt dongfeng sq are so that they may __. 3) air poll tion is the most serio s kind of poll tion beca se __. 4) why did the writer get off the train two stops before vienna station？ 5. 关于推理和判断的问题 此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识,文章中虽然没有明确的答案,但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下: 1) we can g ess the writer of the letter may be a . 2) we can infer from the text that _. 3) it can be inferred from the text that . 4) from the letters we ve learned that it s very  to know something abo t american social c stoms. 5) from the story we can g ess . 6) from the text we know that . 7) what wo ld be happy if ...？ 8) the story implies that . 9) the paragraph following the passage will most probably be . 10) the writer s attit de toward...is . 11) the a thor implied(s ggested)that... 12) it may be concl ded from the passage that... 13) which of the following statements does the passage s pport？ 14) with which of the following does the a thor agree？ 6. 关于作者意图、观点或态度的问题 此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下: 1) how did the writer feel ...？ 2) the a thor seems to think that . 3) the writer writes this text to . 4) the writer believes that . 5) the writer s ggests that . 6) the a thor wants to appeal to _ . 7) the writer is trying to present a point of view in . 8) the a thor s style is  . 9) the a thor s tone wo ld be best described as _ . 10) what is the a thor s opinion of ？ 11) what is the a thor s main p rpose in the passage？ 12) in the a thor s opinion？ 题目类型 a类题:可以直接从原文中找到答案的题目 a类题为拿分题 丢分原因: 1)凭印象做题,准确率低。 2)时间把握最容易出问题:忘记内容的时候往往会回到文章中去找答案,一篇文章往往要读好几遍。 a类题解题技巧:看清题目所问的内容之后,要在原文中划出原句,并标上题号。 这样做的目的: 1)做到万无一失,保证把该拿到的分数拿到手。 2)减少阅读文章的次数,争取宝贵的时间。 b 类题:不能够从原文中直接找到答案的题 需要经过分析、判断、推理之后才能解答的题。该类题是失分题,往往是出题人用来拉开学生梯度和层次的题。 b类题包括:文章主题和中心大意等,一般都是主旨题。 b类题解题技巧: 1、以原文为依据,不参杂个人意见,要客观不要主观。 2、答案是比出来的。答案不选对的,只选最好的。 因为,有时候四个答案都是对的。所以,当看到第一答案是正确的时候,也要看后面的答案。遇到这种情况,往往有学生钻牛角尖。老师给学生解释的时候,也可以这样说:你的答案没错,但是另一个答案更好,更全面。答案不选对的,只选最好的。 比答案的原则是:好的不知道的；不知道的不对的。 3、注意绝对化的词。 如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词,比如:all,always,never,nothing,every 等等,除非文章当中使用了该类词汇,否则,一般都要排除。 比如,原文中出现了这样一个句子:almost everyone likes the m sic. 答题时,要你判断如下这个句子正误(tr e or false):everyone likes the m sic. -该句子应该是错误的。 4、答案要避免以点带面,以偏盖全。 尤其是多个选项都有道理,难以挑选正确答案的时候,要注意选择最符合题目要求的一个。 5、"傻瓜"原则。 文章中没有提到的就当时不知道,不要枉自猜测,自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。 阅读理解解题步骤 1、第一步:先读题 2、第二步:读文章 3、第三步:解题 实战阅读方法 1 巧用主题句并依据主题句确定短文的中心 最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章) 通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此,理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点:(1) 概括性强:表述的意思比较概括。(2) 结构简单:句子结构较简单,多数都不采用长、难句的形式。(3) 受它支撑:段落中其他的句子是用来解释、支撑或发展该句所表述的主题思想。在一篇短文或一个段落中,大部分主题句的位置情况有三种: 主题句在段首或篇首 主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍,其后的句子则是论证性细节。一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文、科技文献等大都采用这种格式,即先总述,后分述的叙事方法。 例文1: all living things on the earth need other living things to live. nothing lives alone. most animals m st live in a gro p, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链). some food chains become broken p if one of the links disappears. 例文2:people have different tastes in food. some feel that they haven t eaten a meal nless they have had steak or other red meat. some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. others prefer vegetables and fr its or grains and wo ld enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fr it. others co ld live on what were called fast--foods: a hamb rger or hot dog, french fries and a soft drink. 主题句在段末或篇末 主题句也会出现在段尾,即作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论 - 段落的主题。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的归纳总结或者所得出的结论。因此,在阅读这种文章时,要注意表述细节的句子通常在前,概述性的句子在后,并以此结尾。 例文1:if yo b y some well-made clothes, yo can save money beca se they can last longer. they look good even after they have been washed many times. sometimes some clothes cost more money, b t it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. in other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes. 例文2:some st dents prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. others prefer to be left to work on their own. still others like a democratic disc ssion type of class. no one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all st dents at the same time. 主题句在段落中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题, 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展. 例文:nothing is as sef l as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. few inventions are so helpf l to a child who is afraid of the dark. in fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark sit ations. finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been o t. 无主题句 有时,一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思,各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的,或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。 例文:killer bees started in brazil 1957. a scientist in sao pa lo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜). so he p t forty-six african bees with some brazilian bees. the bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. b t the new bees were a mistake. they didn t want to make more honey. they wanted to attack. then, by accident, twenty-six african bees escaped and bred with the brazilian bees o tside. scientists co ld not control(控制) the problem. the bees increased fast. they went from brazil to venez ela. then they went to central america. now they are in north america. they travel abo t 390 miles a year. each gro p of bees grows fo r times a year. this means one million new gro ps every five years. why are people afraid of killer bees？ people are afraid for two reasons. first, the bees sting(叮) many more times than s al bees. killer bees can sting sixty times a min te nonstop for two ho rs. second, killer bees attack in gro ps. fo r h ndred bee stings can kill a person. already several h ndred people are dead. now killer bees are in texas. in a few years they will reach all over the united states. people can do nothing b t wait. 找出主题句后,再依据主题句定短文的中心 任意一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开并且由段落组成的；段落之间有着内在的紧密联系,而表达段落主题的句子叫主题句,通常置于段落的开头,有时在段落末尾和中间；其它的句子是用来说明和阐述主题句的；若把一个个主题句加以整理,你能悟出其中心思想,同时还可以回避、排除个别生词、难句(等困难信号)所带来的干扰,但也有一些文章的中心思想常贯穿在全文中,因而要综观全文,对全文有一个透彻的理解才行。例如: 例题:my friend matt and i arrived at the activity centre on friday evening. the accommodation wasn t wonderf l, b t we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food), and we were pleased to be o t of the city and in the fresh air. on sat rday morning we met the other ten members of o r gro p. cameron had come along with two friends, kevin and simon, while sisters carole and lynn had come with amanda. there were some other members i didn t know. we had come from different places and none of s knew the area. we knew we were going to spend the weekend o tdoors, b t none of s was s re exactly how. half of s spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at l nchtime. matt and i went to the caves (岩洞) first. climbing o t was harder than going in, b t after a good deal of p shing, we were o t at last. tho gh we were covered with m d, we were pleased and excited by what we d done. this passage mainly talks abo t __. a. the writer s friends at the activity center b. the writer s experience at the activity center c. o tdoor sports at the activity center d. how to go rock-climbing and caving 在解主题大意时,以下方法可供参考。 认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。 文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。 例文:if yo are a recent social science grad ate who has had to listen to jokes abo t nemployment from yo r comp ter major classmates, yo may have had the last la gh. there are many advantages for the social science major beca se this high-tech "information age" demands people who are flexible (灵活的) and who have good comm nication skills. there are many social science majors in large companies who fill important positions. for example, a n mber of research st dies fo nd that social science majors had achieved greater managerial s ccess than those who had technical training or pre-professional co rses. st dies show that social science majors are most s ited for change, which is the leading feat re (特点) of the kind of high speed, high-press re, high-tech world we now live in. social science majors are not only experiencing s ccess in their long-term company jobs, b t they are also finding jobs more easily. a st dy showed that many companies had filled a large percentage of their entry-level positions with social science grad ates. the st dy also showed that the most so ght-after q ality in a person who was looking for a job was comm nication skills, noted as "very important" by 92 percent of the companies. social science majors have these skills, often witho t knowing how important they are. it is probably d e to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions. finally, altho gh some social science majors may still find it more diffic lt than their technically trained classmates to land the first job, recent grad ates report that they don t regret their choice of st dy. 3).文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。 例如:on the whole, in short, in a word, in brief, to s m p, to concl de therefore... i agree with the opinion that... given all these points above, i wo ld s pport the idea that... for all the reasons mentioned above, i wo ld prefer... 掌握了找主题句的方法后,就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误,需要同学们注意。 以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。 过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。 把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。 2 掌握具体事实和重要细节: 做细节事实题的方法 在阅读理解题目中,有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题,它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案,有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到,比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子,再对相关的部分进行细读,排除干扰项,找出正确答案。 2.1).是非题出题形式: a.三正一误: which of the following is tr e except...？ which of the following is mentioned except... b.三误一正: which of the following is tr e？ 这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系: which of the following is mentioned except... which of the following is not mentioned...？ 这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段,而且往往无列举标志词,如first,second,third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落,根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项,剩下一个原文中未提到的,为正确答案。 2.2) 例证题 对举例的考查为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一,这类题的基本结构为: the a thor provides in line...(或paragraph...)an example in order to... 意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。 文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置,但不管如何,这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话,这句话就是答案,即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关,则例证主题,答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关,就例证段落主题,则答案为段落主题句；此外,答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。 2.3)年代与数字:这个考点有几种出题方式,但不管以何种形式出现,只要题干问年代与数字,答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。 2.4)比较:比较考点的表现形式主要有: a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构； b.表示绝对意义的字眼:first(第一),least(最不),most(最)等； c.表示惟一性的词汇:only, niq e等； 阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇,便于做题时回原文定位。 2.5)原因: 这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示: res lt, reason； res lt in(结果),res lt from(由于, base...on...(以...为基础),be d e to (由于)； beca se, for, why； as a res lt, conseq ently等。 阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因,后说结果,而在题干中通常给出结果,就其原因提问。 invited by mr. ye h ixian, host of the well received tv programme "stars tonight",miss l o lin, miss asia of 1991,appeared as the g est hostess on the shanghai tv screen last s nday. born in shanghai and taken to hong kong when she was only six years old, l o lin has never dreamed of being miss asia. her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in cat hay airline for seven years. however,it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making- p and other proper manners, designed by the asia tv station. "it s really a hard job for me. i won t enter for s ch competition any more. anyhow, i am q ite l cky. i am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since i won the title. this time, in shanghai, i d love to make a deep impression on my tv a dience, " said l o lin with a sweet smile. which of the following is not tr e？ a. l o lin is a native of shanghai. b. l o lin moved to hong kong with her parents. c. l o lin won the title of miss asia in 1991. d. asia tv station helped l o lin to become miss asia. 解析: a、c 和d都可在原文找到答案,而b项原文列的是: taken to hong kong可判断不是moved to hong kong with her parents,因此选b。 3做推理判断题的方法 所谓推断,就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息,推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分,从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子,也可能是若干句子,甚至是全文。因此,解推断题时应注意: 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点,要严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理； 推理的根据来自于上下文； 如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复,那它就不是推论,也就不是正确答案； 如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合,文中却没有涉及,那它属于主观臆断的结论,也不是正确答案； 如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到,但很片面或很不完整,那也不是正确答案； 文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(sho ld, m st, may, etc.)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音,这有助于我们确定正确答案； 注意作者在文章中的措辞,比如作者在形容词前用了too,excessively, rather则常带有否定的口气； 某些过渡词(例如:however, b t, on the contrary, what s more)后面所表达的内容往往能反映作者的观点和态度。 当然,解推断题的方法有多种,但最主要的就是根据词义关系推断具体细节。 通常,高考英语试题中的推断题主要有以下几种: 1.事实推断 这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节,是比较简单的推断。例如: 例题:secondly, a news story has to be interesting and n s al. people don t want to read stories abo t everyday life. as a res lt, many stories are abo t some kind of danger and seem to be "bad" news. according to the passage, which of the following can yo most possibly watch on tv？ a. yo often play football with yo r friends after school. b. yo r teacher has got a cold. c. a tiger in the city zoo has r n o t and hasn t been ca ght. d. the bike in front of yo r ho se is lost. 2.指代推断 确定代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象,关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词,其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致,因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。 文章中的代词it,that,he,him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it, this 和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事。 例题:in 1901, h.g. wells, an english writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. when the explorers(探险者)landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was f ll of ndergro nd cities. they expressed their s rprise to the "moon people" they met. in t rn, the "moon people" expressed their s rprise. "why, "they asked, "are yo traveling to o ter space when yo don t even se yo r inner space？" h.g. wells co ld only imagine travel to the moon. in 1969, h man beings really did land on the moon. people today know that there are no ndergro nd cities on the moon. however, the q estion that the "moon people" asked is still an interesting one. a growing n mber of scientists are serio sly thinking abo t it. what does the nderlined word "it" refer to？ a.discovering the moon s inner space. b.using the earth s inner space. c.meeting the "moon people" again. d.traveling to o ter space. 由此可以看出it指上句中的the q estion,而the q estion又指第一段中"月球人"所提的问题。所以根据第一段中的问题"why are yo traveling to o ter space when yo don t even se yo r inner space？"就可以判断出答案为b。 3.逻辑推断 这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景,人物的表情,动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉,因此需根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论,而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时,应把握作者的写作思路,预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可按事件发展的经过描写,也可按因果关系, 对比关系来描写。 例题: we are in the comp ter age.we often see comp ters at work.they are especially sef l in a tomatic control,data processing(数据处理)and solving complicated problems.and they are finding their way into the home.the part played by comp ters is becoming even more important with each passing day. more and cleverer comp ters will contin e to appear.they will r n faster,have more f nctions and work m ch more skillf lly.they will take over more tasks from s,helping to change the face of o r world.some people even think that sooner or later comp ters will replace s. however... which of the following statements will best contin e the third paragraph？ a. comp ters will soon stop developing. b. many people like comp ters very m ch. c. comp ters are as clever as man. d. i do not think comp ters will replace s completely. 解析 本文采用了对比关系法来描写,前面描写了计算机的长处,但作者用however一词预示着将引出相反的观点,故答案为d。 4.对作者的意图和态度的推断 这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断,如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对,还是犹豫不定,对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠,还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来,而往往隐含在字里行间。因此,进行这种推断时,我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提,又要注意作者的措辞,尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。 确定作者态度,可以有两种思路: 1、问全文主体事物的(包括主题),可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度； 2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度,则可以定位到具体相关句,然后确定答案。 因此,在阅读文章时,应能够辨认和记忆具体事实、重要细节。具体事实、重要细节是主题句的扩展、补充、说明或例证,是用来支持和说明中心思想的,而且是阅读理解测试的重要组成部分。例如: 例题1:if someone asks me: "do yo like m sic？" i m s re i will answer him or her: "of co rse, i do." beca se i think m sic is an important part of o r lives. different people have different ideas abo t m sic. for me, i like rock m sic beca se it s so exciting. and my favorite rock band, the "foxy ladies" (酷妹) is one of the most famo s rock bands in the world. i also like pop m sic. my classmate lilan loves dance m sic, beca se she enjoys dancing. my best friend, jane, likes jazz m sic (爵士乐). she thinks jazz is really cool. "i like dance m sic and rock very m ch." says my brother, "beca se they are amazing." b t my mother thinks rock is boring. "i like some relaxing (轻松的) m sic," she says. that s why she likes co ntry m sic, i think. ①the writer likes m sic beca se he thinks . a. it s an exciting part of o r lives b. it s an amazing part of o r lives c. it s an important part of o r lives ②what kind of m sic does the writer like？ a rock and pop m sic. b rock and dance m sic. cjazz and co ntry m sic. ③who likes dancing？ a. the writer. b. li lan. c. jane. ④the writer s mother thinks that co ntry m sic is _. a. amazing b. boring c. relaxing ⑤ how many people s ideas abo t m sic are talked abo t in this passage？ a. 4. b. 5. c. 6. 例题2:one day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant,"i need two small mice and abo t five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders." "what do yo need these things for？" the shop assistant was very s rprised. "well,"replied the man,"i m moving o t of my apartment and the landlord insists that i sho ld leave the ho se in exactly the same condition as i fo nd it." the passage s ggests that when the writer moved into the ho se, it was . a. very clean b. j st cleaned by the landlord c. tidy and comfortable d. dirty and f ll of insects 解析:他要搬出所租的房子,而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原样,所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行"恢复",因此推出答案为d。 例题3:some people are never right. they never have good l ck. they s ally do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. and even if what they say or do is ok,they as a r le say it or do it at the wrong time. so these people always have problems. they often break dishes. they sometimes miss b ses and airplanes. mr. neff is different. he is always right. he is never wrong. he s ally has good l ck. he seldom has problems. he never breaks dishes. he never misses b ses or airplanes. even if he does miss them,it is always the fa lt of the b ses or air planes. mr. neff knows almost everything. he doesn t ask q estions；he answers q estions. he never says,"i don t know." which of the following best describes the writer s attit de to mr. neff？ a. he finds mr. neff hard to nderstand. b. he thinks mr. neff wonderf l. c. he feels pity for mr. neff. d. he does not like mr. neff. 解析:从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度,特别是even if he does miss them,it is always the fa lt of the b ses or the airplanes. 误了车或飞机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢？明显是讥讽,也是暗示他对mr. neff的讨厌之情。答案为d。 例题4: why isn t yo r newspaper reporting any good news？all i read abo t is m rder, bribery(行贿),and death.frankly,i m sick of all this bad news. this a thor s attit de towards the newspaper reporting is to  . a. complain b. apologize c. am se d. inform 解析:作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只登载坏新闻,如凶杀、行贿受贿和死亡等；二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪 (对坏新闻厌恶透了),故应选a。 4 运用构词法、语境线索等帮助来推测关键词义 在阅读中,我们或多或少会碰到一些生词和不熟悉的短语,这些生词和短语会妨碍我们对文章中心的理解,因此,如能理解文章,我们应掌握猜测词义的能力。一般来说,生词所在的句子、段落会提供很多的暗示和线索,依据这些暗示和线索(例如同义词反义词线索；解释性线索；例证性线索；标点符号线索)就可以理解生词的词义了。例如: this material is nreadable. the herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns abo t 650 y an a year. like her yo nger sister who is gregario s, alice also likes to make friends. 猜测词义的常用方法: 1)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化)进行判断 英语中,有很多词可以在前面加前缀,后面加后缀,从而构成一个词,乍看起来,这个词可能是生词,但掌握了一定的构词法知识,就不难猜出它的词义。如: 例文:market research shows that gold and others who b y organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences--b t their knowledge of organic food is far from complete. 2)根据定义或解释猜测词义 skimming means looking over a passage q ickly to get the main idea before yo begin to read it caref lly. the harbor is protected by a jetty-a wall b ilt o t into the water. 例题:a bag is sef l and the word "bag" is sef l. it gives s some interesting phrases(短语). one is " to let the cat o t of the bag". it is the same as "to tell a secret".... now when someone lets o t (泄漏) a secret, he "lets the cat o t of the bag." john "lets the cat o t of the bag" means he . a. makes everyone know a secret b. the woman bo t a cat c. b ys a cat in the bag d sells the cat in the bag 3)根据情景和逻辑进行判断 例题:as they go aro nd town, the police help people. sometimes they find lost children. they take the children home. if the police see a fight, they p t an end to it right away. sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. the police can always tell the people which way to go. they know all the streets and roads well. in the text, "p t an end to" means "". a. stop b. c t c. kill d. fly 4)根据并列或同位关系猜测词义 ...,and other germanic and nordic peoples,who spoke what we now call anglo-saxon(or old english),a germanic lang age. the "ch nnel",a t nnel(隧道)connecting england and france,is now complete. 例题:there is a place on o r earth where hot water and steam come p nder the gro nd. it is on a large island in the pacific ocean. the island is north island in new zealand. what does the word "steam" mean in chinese？ a. 自来水 b. 大气 c. 冰川 d. 蒸汽 5)根据背景和常识判断 the old man p t on his spectacles and began to read. the door was so low that i hit the head on the lintel. the doctor is st dying gla coma and other diseases of the eye. mr. smith always arrives home p nct ally,neither early nor late. 例题1:the following morning when i went to see how my captive (被捕获的, = caged) bird was doing, i discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. i was terribly s rprised！ what had happened！ i had taken extremely care of my little bird. arth r wayne, the famo s ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. "a mother mockingbird, finding her yo ng in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). she thinks it is better for her yo ng to die than to live in captivity." an ornithologist is probably a person who . a st dies birds b loves creat res c majors in habits d takes care of trees 例题2:water is all aro nd s. water is in the ocean. water is in the lakes and rivers. water is in the air. there is more water than land on the earth. all living things m st have it. we m st have it, too. we cannot live witho t drinking water. sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need. the land will dry p witho t water. sometimes, there can be too m ch water in the land. if it rains very, very hard, the rain water will r n down the hill. it takes some of the land with it when it r ns down the hills. it is called erosion when the water takes the land away. "erosion" in the passage means . a. 地震 b. 雪崩 c. 侵蚀 d. 霜冻 6)根据标点符号和提示词猜测词义 one of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizing-saying the words to themselves in a low voice. the early scientific st dy of chemistry,known as alchemy,grew p in egypt in the first few cent ries a.d. 7根据转折或对比关系进行判断 根据上下句的连接词,如:b t,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。分号(；)还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。 he has been getting better,b t d ring the night his condition deteriorated. 8根据因果关系进行判断 根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。 the biggest power fail re happened yesterday. all of o r ice-cream and frozen foods melted. 后一句承接前一句,前一句的原因导致后一句的结果。根据因果关系,停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化,所以melted的词义应为"溶化"。 猜答案能力 绝对词否决法；答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有: m st, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly等。 例题1:one of the great changes bro ght abo t by the knowledge society is that __ . a. the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificant. b. people s traditional concepts abo t work no longer hold tr e. c. most people have to take part-time jobs. d. people have to change their jobs from time to time. (分析:四个选项中,c、d两项中都含有"have to",语气太绝对化,一般被排除。考生在剩下两项中进行选择,就大大降低了难度。) 例题2:the main idea of this passage is that __ . a. better se of green space facilities sho ld be made so as to improve the q ality of o r life. b. attention m st be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities. c. the rban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago. d. priority m st be given to the development of obligatory activities. 怀疑词判断法: 选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can, co ld, may, sho ld, s ally, might, most(大多数), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。 例题1:it can be inferred from the passage that the a thor believes __ a. americans are more ambitio s than people in other co ntries b. in many co ntries s ccess often depends on one s social stat s c. american b sinesses are more democratic than those in other co ntries d. b sinesses in other co ntries are not as competitive as those in america (分析:选项b中often 一词,语气委婉,不十分肯定,故为答案。而其它三项中所表达出的语气都明显绝对化。) 例题2: according to the passage the problems of college ed cation partly arise from the fact that __ . a. society can t provide eno gh jobs for properly trained college grad ates b. high school grad ates do not fit the pattern of college ed cation？ c. too many st dents have to earn their own living d. college administrators enco rage st dents to drop o t 分析:答案项c中有have to, 语气太绝对化,故被排除。而a项中can t 的语气则不十分绝对化,故为答案。  此外,在作者态度题中,象中立态度(ne tral)一般不是选项。在四个选项中,忽然有一个选项特别长或特别短,则此选项往往是正确选项。在两个选项中,如果除个别字外,其他部分完全一样,其中往往有一个是正确选项。"none of the above"往往是用作干扰项。) 关键词对应法 (abc=abc法； abc=a b c 法； abc=cba法； abc≠abd法) 选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项,而同义替换的一般是选项。 锅盖法:较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的,选项一般是答案项。 a. to be more s ccessf l in his career b. to solve technical problems c. to be more specialized in his field d. to develop his professional skill b"解决技术问题"；c"深化专业"；d"发展职业技能"。这三项表达的意思都比较具体,而a项则概括地有深度,包括了b、c、d三项内容。选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的(字面意思)一般不是答案项,而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。 其他技巧: 1. 如果文长题少,则以略读的方式先读一遍,而后带着问题去查阅,求得要找的答案。 2. 如果文短题多,则应先仔细阅读该短文,再去做题。遇到某个题答不来时,可带着该问题去查阅某些细节。