[转载]避开基础,高考英语选择题答题技巧(1)
原文地址:避开基础,高考英语选择题答题技巧(1)作者:唐皓卿 、冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 i. 不定冠词的用法 1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind of a plane is a mae that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 a boy is waiting for yo .有个男孩在等你。 3 表示"每一"相当于every,one we st dy eight ho rs a day. 4 表示"相同"相当于the same we are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 - hello, co ld i speak to mr. smith？ -sorry, wrong n mber. there isn t mr. smith here. a. 不填 b. a c. the d. one that boy is rather a lei feng.(活雷锋) 6 用于固定词组中 a co ple of, a bit, once pon a time, in a h rry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于q ite, rather, many, half, what, s ch之后 this room is rather a big one. 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 she is as clever a girl as yo can wish to meet. 9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 s ccess(抽象名词)→a s ccess(具体化) 成功的人或事 a fail re 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a m st 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 ii. 定冠词的用法 1 表示某一类人或物 in many places in a,  bicycle is still  pop lar means of transportation. a. a； the b. ； a c. the； a d. the； the 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the niverse, the moon, the pacific ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 wo ld yo mind opening the door？ 4 用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the g itar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wo nded 6 表示"一家人"或"夫妇"(对比上文的不定冠词用法5) -co ld yo tell me the way to _ johnsons, please？-sorry, we don t have _ johnson here in the village. a. the； the b. the； a c. ； the d. the；  7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 he is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 the united states, the comm nist party of a, the french 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 the compass was invente a. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990 s(二十世纪九十年代) 11 用于表示度量单位的名词前 i hired the car by the ho r. 12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词 he patted me on the sho lder. iii. 不用冠词(又名零冠词)的用法 1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 beijing university, jack, a, love, air 2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 i want this book, not that one.  whose p rse is this？ 3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 march, s nday, national day, spring 4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 lincoln was made president of america. 5 表示球类,棋类等运动的名词前 he likes plg footballchess. 6 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前 we went right ro nd to the west coast by  sestead of driving across  continent. a. the； the b.不填；the c. the； 不填 d. 不填；不填 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 h sband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 horses are sef l animals. 二、名词和主谓一致 特别注意名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ①she helme flowers in her hand. ②the trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词 开花 抽象名词 ①yo th is bea tif l. ②he is a yo th of twenty 青春 抽象名词 年轻人 个体名词 ①they have achieved remarkable s ccess in their work. ②-how abo t the christmas evening party？ -i sho ld say it was a s ccess. 成功 抽象名词 成功的事 个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ①iron is a kind of metal. ②please lend me yo r iron. 铁 物质名词 熨斗 个体名词 ①he broke a piece of glass. ②he broke a glass. 玻璃 物质名词 玻璃杯 个体名词 ①i bo ght a chicken this morning ②please help yo rself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词 鸡肉 物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词(如:have等)连 用,表示某一次短暂的动作 ①-i d likeinformation abo t the management of yo r hotel,please. -well, yo co ld have_word with the manager. he might be helpf l me,a b.an,some c.some,some d.an,a ②they sent s word of the latest happenings. 消息 (抽象名词) a.a b.an c. d.the ③co ld we have word before yo go to the meeting？ 话(个体名词) a.a b.an c. d.the 类例:have a dreama resta smokea swima tripa washa disc ssiona look take a walka bath make an advance(进步)make an early start(早点出发) make a decisionmake a changegive a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) give a try 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ①many people agree thatknowledge of english is a m st in_international trade today. a.a,  b.the, an c.the, the d. , the a knowledge of tr th(知道实际情况) give a f ller knowledge of a(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ②if there were no exation, we sho ld haveat school. a.the happiest time b.a more happier time c.m ch happiest time d.a m ch happier time ③ is money. a.the time b.a time c.time d.times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示"一次、一阵、一种"具体的行为、事件、现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ①oh, john. __yo gave me！  a pleasant s rprise  pleasant s rprise c.what a pleasant s rprise d. what pleasant s rprise ②she looked p when i sho ted.  a s rprise  the s rprise  s rprise  some s rprise 其它例子:the gift came as a complete s rprise to me. we have hame npleasant s rprise ③it is__work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.  n s al b. s ch n s al c.s ch an n s al  an n s al iii. 主谓一致 规则 情 况 举 例 语 法 一 致 原 则 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语,动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时,谓语动词 用复数形式。 his father is working on the farm. to st dy english well is not easy. reg in the s n is bad for yo r eyes. what he said is very important for s all. 由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what i bo ght were three english books. what i say and do is (are) helpf l for yo . 由连接词and或both...and连接起来的主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时,它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)one,many a (an) 修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。. l cy and lily are twins the writer and artist has come. every st dent and every teach is in the classroom. many a boy and many a girl likes it. no boy and no girl likes it. each of s has a new book. is everyone here today？ somebody is speg in class. everything aro nd s is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 none of the s gar was left. none of s has (have) been to america. 在定语从句里,关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. he is one of my friends who are working hard. he is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 it is i who am going to the cinema tonight. it is we who are going to the cinema tonight. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员,其谓语动词用复数形式 the police are looking for the lost child. the cattle are eg grass in the field. his family has moved to the so th .(他的一家) his family are watg tv.(他的家人) class fo r is on the third floor.(四班) class fo r are nable to agree pon a monitor.(四班的学生) 由a lot of lots of plenty of a heap of heaps of the rest ofthe majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 there are a lot of people in the classroom. three-fo rths of the s rface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the st dents in o r class are girls. 此外,还有a n mber of +复数名词有类似的用法(用复数),但the n mber of +复数名词的数就得依n mber 而定(用单数)。 a n mber of st dents have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. the n mber of pages in this book is three h ndred. 在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 there comes the b s. on the wall are many pict res. s ch is the res lt. s ch are the facts. between the two hills stands a mon ment. 逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 则 what, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数,也可是复数, 主要靠意思来决定。 which is yo r bag？ which are yo r bags？ are any of yo good at english？ has any of yo got a pen？ all can be done has been done. all is going well. all have been taken o t. all have gone to beijing. 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。 thirty min tes is eno gh for the work.. twenty po nds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数形式 forty kilos of water are sed every day. 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 the united states is smaller than a. "the arabian nights" is an interesting story-book. 表数量的短语"one and a half"后面接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。 one and a half apples is left on the table. 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词, 实际意义为单数名词, 它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。 the paper works was b ilt in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。 i don t think physics is easy to st dy. tro sers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时(clothes被a s it of 修饰)谓语动词用单数。 my glasses are broken. the pair of shoes nder the bed is his. "定冠词the+形容词或分词",表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时,动词用单数。 the old are taken good care of there. the bea tif l gives pleas re to all. 就 近 远 一 致 原 则 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only b t  ,whether or 连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。 either the teacher or the st dents are o r friends. neither he nor they are wholly right. neither they nor he is wholly right. is neither he nor they wholly right？ there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致,即就近一致。 there are two chairs and a desk in the room. there is a desk and two chairs in the room. 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, b t, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, incl ding, in addition to 等引起的短语, 谓语动词要跟主语一致,即就远一致。 mr. green, together with his wife and children, has come to a. a woman with a baby was on the b s. nobody b t jim and mike was on the playgro nd. she, like yo and tom, is very tall. the girls as well as the boy have learned to speak japanese. no one except my teachers knows anything abo t it.