每日1练 | 8月17日阅读题
8月17日 阅读题 a recent st dy has provided cl es to predator-prey dynamics in the late pleistocene era. researchers compared the n mber of tooth fract res in present-day carnivores with tooth fract res in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the rancho la brea tar pits in los angeles. the breakage freq encies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species. in considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias beca se older individ als were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. they rejected preservational bias beca se a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fract res were not the res lt of abrasion within the pits ,they r led o t local bias beca se breakage data obtained from other pleistocene sites were similar to the la brea data. the explanation they consider most pla sible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores--in partic lar, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey d e to more thoro gh cons mption of carcasses by the extinct species.s ch thoro gh carcass cons mption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft d e to relatively high predator densities. 1. the primary p rpose of the passage is to (a) present several explanations for a well-known fact (b) s ggest alternative methods for resolving a debate (c) arg e in favor of a controversial theory (d) q estion the methodology sed in a st dy (e) disc ss the implications of a research finding 2. the passage s ggests that, compared with pleistocene carnivores in other areas, pleistocene carnivores in the la brea area (a) incl ded the same species, in approximately the same proportions (b) had a similar freq ency of tooth fract res (c) pop lated the la brea area more densely (d) cons med their prey more thoro ghly (e) fo nd it harder to obtain s fficient prey 3. the passage s ggests that tooth fract res in pleistocene carnivores probably tended to occ r less freq ently (a) d ring periods in which more prey were available (b) at sites distant from the la brea area (c) in older individ al carnivores (d) in species that were not preserved as fossils (e) in species that reg larly stole carcasses from other species 原文解析 : a recent st dy has provided cl es to predator-prey dynamics in the late pleistocene era. (一个最近的研究给更新世末的捕食-被捕食者动态提供了线索)  researchers compared the n mber of tooth fract res in present-day carnivores with tooth fract res in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the rancho la brea tar pits in los angeles. (研究者怎么研究:对比36,000-10,000年前的已经灭绝的物种,展览在rlb的焦油坑内的 肉食者的 牙齿破损数量和现在的肉食者的牙齿破损数量。  the breakage freq encies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.(研究发现:已经灭绝的物种的牙齿破损比现在的物种破损更多。) in considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias beca se older individ als were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. (考虑这个发现的原因,研究者排除了对象年龄的问题,因为在样本中,年纪很大的样本并不是很多)  they rejected preservational bias beca se a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that the fract res were not the res lt of abrasion within the pits. (他们也排除了保存造成破损的可能)  they r led o t local bias beca se breakage data obtained from other pleistocene sites were similar to the la brea data.(他们也排除了地点区别的可能:因为在其他地方的破损情况和lb差不多)  the explanation they consider most pla sible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores--in partic lar, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey d e to more thoro gh cons mption of carcasses by the extinct species.(他们觉得可能的原因是:灭绝品种和现在的食肉者的行为区别；尤其是灭绝品种 肉食者的牙齿和被捕食者的骨头的接触更加多,因为尸体残骸消耗得更加彻底)  s ch thoro gh carcass cons mption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft d e to relatively high predator densities.(尸体残骸消耗得这么彻底的原因的暗示:要么那个时候的捕食者非常少,至少是季节性的；或者是捕食者的竞争很大) 文章逻辑: 一、一个研究带来了线索。  研究者怎么研究:对比牙齿破损  研究发现:以前的肉食者比现在的 牙齿破损更多。 二、(开始解释现象原因)研究者排除了对象年龄因素  排除了保存造成破损可能  排除地点区别的可能  可能的原因是:行为区别  行为区别的implication 1. the primary p rpose of the passage is to (a) present several explanations for a well-known fact (展现对于一个广泛所知的事实的几种解释,well-known fact错误) (b) s ggest alternative methods for resolving a debate (解决一个争论的代替性方法,没有争论,也没有method) (c) arg e in favor of a controversial theory (支持一个受争议的理论,排除) (d) q estion the methodology sed in a st dy(质疑一个研究中的方法论,没有质疑研究方法) (e) disc ss the implications of a research finding (讨论一个发现的暗示,正确) 2.the passage s ggests that, compared with pleistocene carnivores in other areas, pleistocene carnivores in the la brea area (定位在第二结构,第2层次they r led o t local bias beca se breakage data obtained from other pleistocene sites were similar to the la brea data.(他们也排除了地点区别的可能:因为在其他地方的破损情况和lb差不多) (a) incl ded the same species , in approximately the same proportions(包含相同物种,未提及) (b) had a similar freq ency of tooth fract res(正确) (c) pop lated the la brea area more densely (lb地区更加密集,未提及) (d) cons med their prey more thoro ghly (不在定位层次,且在第3层次中,cons me more thoro ghly也是以前品种和现在品种的对比,不是地区区别) (e) fo nd it harder to obtain s fficient prey (食物更少,定位层次未提及) 3.the passage s ggests that tooth fract res in pleistocene carnivores probably tended to occ r less freq ently (定位在第二结构第4层次； s ch thoro gh carcass cons mption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft d e to relatively high predator densities.(尸体残骸消耗得这么彻底的原因的暗示:要么那个时候的捕食者非常少,至少是季节性的；或者是捕食者的竞争很大) 破损没那么多,就是食物比较多；