<!-- Thank you for your contribution! -->
<!-- Unless your change is trivial, please create an issue to discuss the change before creating a PR -->

## Change Summary

Adds these types:

```python
JsonValue: TypeAlias = int | float | str | bool | None | List['JsonValue'] | 'JsonDict'
JsonDict: TypeAlias = Dict[str, JsonValue]
```

and replaces `dict[str, object]` with `JsonDict` on annotations of `json_schema_extra`.

## Related issue number

Closes https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/6348

Replaces https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/7475 which seems to have died and implements the suggestions.

<!-- WARNING: please use "fix #123" style references so the issue is closed when this PR is merged. -->

## Checklist

* [x] The pull request title is a good summary of the changes - it will be used in the changelog
* [x] Unit tests for the changes exist
* [x] Tests pass on CI
* [x] Documentation reflects the changes where applicable
* [x] My PR is ready to review, **please add a comment including the phrase "please review" to assign reviewers**


Selected Reviewer: @lig
Add more specific type for non-callable `json_schema_extra`. <!-- Thank you for your contribution! -->
<!-- Unless your change is trivial, please create an issue to discuss the change before creating a PR -->

## Change Summary

Adds these types:

```python
JsonValue: TypeAlias = int | float | str | bool | None | List['JsonValue'] | 'JsonDict'
JsonDict: TypeAlias = Dict[str, JsonValue]
```

and replaces `dict[str, object]` with `JsonDict` on annotations of `json_schema_extra`.

## Related issue number

Closes https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/6348

Replaces https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/7475 which seems to have died and implements the suggestions.

<!-- WARNING: please use "fix #123" style references so the issue is closed when this PR is merged. -->

## Checklist

* [x] The pull request title is a good summary of the changes - it will be used in the changelog
* [x] Unit tests for the changes exist
* [x] Tests pass on CI
* [x] Documentation reflects the changes where applicable
* [x] My PR is ready to review, **please add a comment including the phrase "please review" to assign reviewers**


Selected Reviewer: @lig
from __future__ import annotations

import sys
import types
import typing
from collections import ChainMap
from contextlib import contextmanager
from contextvars import ContextVar
from types import prepare_class
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator, List, Mapping, MutableMapping, Tuple, TypeVar
from weakref import WeakValueDictionary

import typing_extensions

from ._core_utils import get_type_ref
from ._forward_ref import PydanticRecursiveRef
from ._typing_extra import TypeVarType, typing_base
from ._utils import all_identical, is_model_class

if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
    from typing import _UnionGenericAlias  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from ..main import BaseModel

GenericTypesCacheKey = Tuple[Any, Any, Tuple[Any, ...]]

# Note: We want to remove LimitedDict, but to do this, we'd need to improve the handling of generics caching.
#   Right now, to handle recursive generics, we some types must remain cached for brief periods without references.
#   By chaining the WeakValuesDict with a LimitedDict, we have a way to retain caching for all types with references,
#   while also retaining a limited number of types even without references. This is generally enough to build
#   specific recursive generic models without losing required items out of the cache.

KT = TypeVar('KT')
VT = TypeVar('VT')
_LIMITED_DICT_SIZE = 100
if TYPE_CHECKING:

    class LimitedDict(dict, MutableMapping[KT, VT]):
        def __init__(self, size_limit: int = _LIMITED_DICT_SIZE):
            ...

else:

    class LimitedDict(dict):
        """Limit the size/length of a dict used for caching to avoid unlimited increase in memory usage.

        Since the dict is ordered, and we always remove elements from the beginning, this is effectively a FIFO cache.
        """

        def __init__(self, size_limit: int = _LIMITED_DICT_SIZE):
            self.size_limit = size_limit
            super().__init__()

        def __setitem__(self, __key: Any, __value: Any) -> None:
            super().__setitem__(__key, __value)
            if len(self) > self.size_limit:
                excess = len(self) - self.size_limit + self.size_limit // 10
                to_remove = list(self.keys())[:excess]
                for key in to_remove:
                    del self[key]

        def __class_getitem__(cls, *args: Any) -> Any:
            # to avoid errors with 3.7
            return cls


# weak dictionaries allow the dynamically created parametrized versions of generic models to get collected
# once they are no longer referenced by the caller.
if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):  # Typing for weak dictionaries available at 3.9
    GenericTypesCache = WeakValueDictionary[GenericTypesCacheKey, 'type[BaseModel]']
else:
    GenericTypesCache = WeakValueDictionary

if TYPE_CHECKING:

    class DeepChainMap(ChainMap[KT, VT]):  # type: ignore
        ...

else:

    class DeepChainMap(ChainMap):
        """Variant of ChainMap that allows direct updates to inner scopes.

        Taken from https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.ChainMap,
        with some light modifications for this use case.
        """

        def clear(self) -> None:
            for mapping in self.maps:
                mapping.clear()

        def __setitem__(self, key: KT, value: VT) -> None:
            for mapping in self.maps:
                mapping[key] = value

        def __delitem__(self, key: KT) -> None:
            hit = False
            for mapping in self.maps:
                if key in mapping:
                    del mapping[key]
                    hit = True
            if not hit:
                raise KeyError(key)


# Despite the fact that LimitedDict _seems_ no longer necessary, I'm very nervous to actually remove it
# and discover later on that we need to re-add all this infrastructure...
# _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE = DeepChainMap(GenericTypesCache(), LimitedDict())

_GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE = GenericTypesCache()


class PydanticGenericMetadata(typing_extensions.TypedDict):
    origin: type[BaseModel] | None  # analogous to typing._GenericAlias.__origin__
    args: tuple[Any, ...]  # analogous to typing._GenericAlias.__args__
    parameters: tuple[type[Any], ...]  # analogous to typing.Generic.__parameters__


def create_generic_submodel(
    model_name: str, origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...], params: tuple[Any, ...]
) -> type[BaseModel]:
    """Dynamically create a submodel of a provided (generic) BaseModel.

    This is used when producing concrete parametrizations of generic models. This function
    only *creates* the new subclass; the schema/validators/serialization must be updated to
    reflect a concrete parametrization elsewhere.

    Args:
        model_name: The name of the newly created model.
        origin: The base class for the new model to inherit from.
        args: A tuple of generic metadata arguments.
        params: A tuple of generic metadata parameters.

    Returns:
        The created submodel.
    """
    namespace: dict[str, Any] = {'__module__': origin.__module__}
    bases = (origin,)
    meta, ns, kwds = prepare_class(model_name, bases)
    namespace.update(ns)
    created_model = meta(
        model_name,
        bases,
        namespace,
        __pydantic_generic_metadata__={
            'origin': origin,
            'args': args,
            'parameters': params,
        },
        __pydantic_reset_parent_namespace__=False,
        **kwds,
    )

    model_module, called_globally = _get_caller_frame_info(depth=3)
    if called_globally:  # create global reference and therefore allow pickling
        object_by_reference = None
        reference_name = model_name
        reference_module_globals = sys.modules[created_model.__module__].__dict__
        while object_by_reference is not created_model:
            object_by_reference = reference_module_globals.setdefault(reference_name, created_model)
            reference_name += '_'

    return created_model


def _get_caller_frame_info(depth: int = 2) -> tuple[str | None, bool]:
    """Used inside a function to check whether it was called globally.

    Args:
        depth: The depth to get the frame.

    Returns:
        A tuple contains `module_nam` and `called_globally`.

    Raises:
        RuntimeError: If the function is not called inside a function.
    """
    try:
        previous_caller_frame = sys._getframe(depth)
    except ValueError as e:
        raise RuntimeError('This function must be used inside another function') from e
    except AttributeError:  # sys module does not have _getframe function, so there's nothing we can do about it
        return None, False
    frame_globals = previous_caller_frame.f_globals
    return frame_globals.get('__name__'), previous_caller_frame.f_locals is frame_globals


DictValues: type[Any] = {}.values().__class__


def iter_contained_typevars(v: Any) -> Iterator[TypeVarType]:
    """Recursively iterate through all subtypes and type args of `v` and yield any typevars that are found.

    This is inspired as an alternative to directly accessing the `__parameters__` attribute of a GenericAlias,
    since __parameters__ of (nested) generic BaseModel subclasses won't show up in that list.
    """
    if isinstance(v, TypeVar):
        yield v
    elif is_model_class(v):
        yield from v.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters']
    elif isinstance(v, (DictValues, list)):
        for var in v:
            yield from iter_contained_typevars(var)
    else:
        args = get_args(v)
        for arg in args:
            yield from iter_contained_typevars(arg)


def get_args(v: Any) -> Any:
    pydantic_generic_metadata: PydanticGenericMetadata | None = getattr(v, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', None)
    if pydantic_generic_metadata:
        return pydantic_generic_metadata.get('args')
    return typing_extensions.get_args(v)


def get_origin(v: Any) -> Any:
    pydantic_generic_metadata: PydanticGenericMetadata | None = getattr(v, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', None)
    if pydantic_generic_metadata:
        return pydantic_generic_metadata.get('origin')
    return typing_extensions.get_origin(v)


def get_standard_typevars_map(cls: type[Any]) -> dict[TypeVarType, Any] | None:
    """Package a generic type's typevars and parametrization (if present) into a dictionary compatible with the
    `replace_types` function. Specifically, this works with standard typing generics and typing._GenericAlias.
    """
    origin = get_origin(cls)
    if origin is None:
        return None
    if not hasattr(origin, '__parameters__'):
        return None

    # In this case, we know that cls is a _GenericAlias, and origin is the generic type
    # So it is safe to access cls.__args__ and origin.__parameters__
    args: tuple[Any, ...] = cls.__args__  # type: ignore
    parameters: tuple[TypeVarType, ...] = origin.__parameters__
    return dict(zip(parameters, args))


def get_model_typevars_map(cls: type[BaseModel]) -> dict[TypeVarType, Any] | None:
    """Package a generic BaseModel's typevars and concrete parametrization (if present) into a dictionary compatible
    with the `replace_types` function.

    Since BaseModel.__class_getitem__ does not produce a typing._GenericAlias, and the BaseModel generic info is
    stored in the __pydantic_generic_metadata__ attribute, we need special handling here.
    """
    # TODO: This could be unified with `get_standard_typevars_map` if we stored the generic metadata
    #   in the __origin__, __args__, and __parameters__ attributes of the model.
    generic_metadata = cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__
    origin = generic_metadata['origin']
    args = generic_metadata['args']
    return dict(zip(iter_contained_typevars(origin), args))


def replace_types(type_: Any, type_map: Mapping[Any, Any] | None) -> Any:
    """Return type with all occurrences of `type_map` keys recursively replaced with their values.

    Args:
        type_: The class or generic alias.
        type_map: Mapping from `TypeVar` instance to concrete types.

    Returns:
        A new type representing the basic structure of `type_` with all
        `typevar_map` keys recursively replaced.

    Example:
        ```py
        from typing import List, Tuple, Union

        from pydantic._internal._generics import replace_types

        replace_types(Tuple[str, Union[List[str], float]], {str: int})
        #> Tuple[int, Union[List[int], float]]
        ```
    """
    if not type_map:
        return type_

    type_args = get_args(type_)
    origin_type = get_origin(type_)

    if origin_type is typing_extensions.Annotated:
        annotated_type, *annotations = type_args
        annotated = replace_types(annotated_type, type_map)
        for annotation in annotations:
            annotated = typing_extensions.Annotated[annotated, annotation]
        return annotated

    # Having type args is a good indicator that this is a typing module
    # class instantiation or a generic alias of some sort.
    if type_args:
        resolved_type_args = tuple(replace_types(arg, type_map) for arg in type_args)
        if all_identical(type_args, resolved_type_args):
            # If all arguments are the same, there is no need to modify the
            # type or create a new object at all
            return type_
        if (
            origin_type is not None
            and isinstance(type_, typing_base)
            and not isinstance(origin_type, typing_base)
            and getattr(type_, '_name', None) is not None
        ):
            # In python < 3.9 generic aliases don't exist so any of these like `list`,
            # `type` or `collections.abc.Callable` need to be translated.
            # See: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0585
            origin_type = getattr(typing, type_._name)
        assert origin_type is not None
        # PEP-604 syntax (Ex.: list | str) is represented with a types.UnionType object that does not have __getitem__.
        # We also cannot use isinstance() since we have to compare types.
        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) and origin_type is types.UnionType:
            return _UnionGenericAlias(origin_type, resolved_type_args)
        return origin_type[resolved_type_args]

    # We handle pydantic generic models separately as they don't have the same
    # semantics as "typing" classes or generic aliases

    if not origin_type and is_model_class(type_):
        parameters = type_.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters']
        if not parameters:
            return type_
        resolved_type_args = tuple(replace_types(t, type_map) for t in parameters)
        if all_identical(parameters, resolved_type_args):
            return type_
        return type_[resolved_type_args]

    # Handle special case for typehints that can have lists as arguments.
    # `typing.Callable[[int, str], int]` is an example for this.
    if isinstance(type_, (List, list)):
        resolved_list = list(replace_types(element, type_map) for element in type_)
        if all_identical(type_, resolved_list):
            return type_
        return resolved_list

    # If all else fails, we try to resolve the type directly and otherwise just
    # return the input with no modifications.
    return type_map.get(type_, type_)


def has_instance_in_type(type_: Any, isinstance_target: Any) -> bool:
    """Checks if the type, or any of its arbitrary nested args, satisfy
    `isinstance(<type>, isinstance_target)`.
    """
    if isinstance(type_, isinstance_target):
        return True

    type_args = get_args(type_)
    origin_type = get_origin(type_)

    if origin_type is typing_extensions.Annotated:
        annotated_type, *annotations = type_args
        return has_instance_in_type(annotated_type, isinstance_target)

    # Having type args is a good indicator that this is a typing module
    # class instantiation or a generic alias of some sort.
    if any(has_instance_in_type(a, isinstance_target) for a in type_args):
        return True

    # Handle special case for typehints that can have lists as arguments.
    # `typing.Callable[[int, str], int]` is an example for this.
    if isinstance(type_, (List, list)) and not isinstance(type_, typing_extensions.ParamSpec):
        if any(has_instance_in_type(element, isinstance_target) for element in type_):
            return True

    return False


def check_parameters_count(cls: type[BaseModel], parameters: tuple[Any, ...]) -> None:
    """Check the generic model parameters count is equal.

    Args:
        cls: The generic model.
        parameters: A tuple of passed parameters to the generic model.

    Raises:
        TypeError: If the passed parameters count is not equal to generic model parameters count.
    """
    actual = len(parameters)
    expected = len(cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters'])
    if actual != expected:
        description = 'many' if actual > expected else 'few'
        raise TypeError(f'Too {description} parameters for {cls}; actual {actual}, expected {expected}')


_generic_recursion_cache: ContextVar[set[str] | None] = ContextVar('_generic_recursion_cache', default=None)


@contextmanager
def generic_recursion_self_type(
    origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...]
) -> Iterator[PydanticRecursiveRef | None]:
    """This contextmanager should be placed around the recursive calls used to build a generic type,
    and accept as arguments the generic origin type and the type arguments being passed to it.

    If the same origin and arguments are observed twice, it implies that a self-reference placeholder
    can be used while building the core schema, and will produce a schema_ref that will be valid in the
    final parent schema.
    """
    previously_seen_type_refs = _generic_recursion_cache.get()
    if previously_seen_type_refs is None:
        previously_seen_type_refs = set()
        token = _generic_recursion_cache.set(previously_seen_type_refs)
    else:
        token = None

    try:
        type_ref = get_type_ref(origin, args_override=args)
        if type_ref in previously_seen_type_refs:
            self_type = PydanticRecursiveRef(type_ref=type_ref)
            yield self_type
        else:
            previously_seen_type_refs.add(type_ref)
            yield None
    finally:
        if token:
            _generic_recursion_cache.reset(token)


def recursively_defined_type_refs() -> set[str]:
    visited = _generic_recursion_cache.get()
    if not visited:
        return set()  # not in a generic recursion, so there are no types

    return visited.copy()  # don't allow modifications


def get_cached_generic_type_early(parent: type[BaseModel], typevar_values: Any) -> type[BaseModel] | None:
    """The use of a two-stage cache lookup approach was necessary to have the highest performance possible for
    repeated calls to `__class_getitem__` on generic types (which may happen in tighter loops during runtime),
    while still ensuring that certain alternative parametrizations ultimately resolve to the same type.

    As a concrete example, this approach was necessary to make Model[List[T]][int] equal to Model[List[int]].
    The approach could be modified to not use two different cache keys at different points, but the
    _early_cache_key is optimized to be as quick to compute as possible (for repeated-access speed), and the
    _late_cache_key is optimized to be as "correct" as possible, so that two types that will ultimately be the
    same after resolving the type arguments will always produce cache hits.

    If we wanted to move to only using a single cache key per type, we would either need to always use the
    slower/more computationally intensive logic associated with _late_cache_key, or would need to accept
    that Model[List[T]][int] is a different type than Model[List[T]][int]. Because we rely on subclass relationships
    during validation, I think it is worthwhile to ensure that types that are functionally equivalent are actually
    equal.
    """
    return _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.get(_early_cache_key(parent, typevar_values))


def get_cached_generic_type_late(
    parent: type[BaseModel], typevar_values: Any, origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...]
) -> type[BaseModel] | None:
    """See the docstring of `get_cached_generic_type_early` for more information about the two-stage cache lookup."""
    cached = _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.get(_late_cache_key(origin, args, typevar_values))
    if cached is not None:
        set_cached_generic_type(parent, typevar_values, cached, origin, args)
    return cached


def set_cached_generic_type(
    parent: type[BaseModel],
    typevar_values: tuple[Any, ...],
    type_: type[BaseModel],
    origin: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
    args: tuple[Any, ...] | None = None,
) -> None:
    """See the docstring of `get_cached_generic_type_early` for more information about why items are cached with
    two different keys.
    """
    _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE[_early_cache_key(parent, typevar_values)] = type_
    if len(typevar_values) == 1:
        _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE[_early_cache_key(parent, typevar_values[0])] = type_
    if origin and args:
        _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE[_late_cache_key(origin, args, typevar_values)] = type_


def _union_orderings_key(typevar_values: Any) -> Any:
    """This is intended to help differentiate between Union types with the same arguments in different order.

    Thanks to caching internal to the `typing` module, it is not possible to distinguish between
    List[Union[int, float]] and List[Union[float, int]] (and similarly for other "parent" origins besides List)
    because `typing` considers Union[int, float] to be equal to Union[float, int].

    However, you _can_ distinguish between (top-level) Union[int, float] vs. Union[float, int].
    Because we parse items as the first Union type that is successful, we get slightly more consistent behavior
    if we make an effort to distinguish the ordering of items in a union. It would be best if we could _always_
    get the exact-correct order of items in the union, but that would require a change to the `typing` module itself.
    (See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86483 for reference.)
    """
    if isinstance(typevar_values, tuple):
        args_data = []
        for value in typevar_values:
            args_data.append(_union_orderings_key(value))
        return tuple(args_data)
    elif typing_extensions.get_origin(typevar_values) is typing.Union:
        return get_args(typevar_values)
    else:
        return ()


def _early_cache_key(cls: type[BaseModel], typevar_values: Any) -> GenericTypesCacheKey:
    """This is intended for minimal computational overhead during lookups of cached types.

    Note that this is overly simplistic, and it's possible that two different cls/typevar_values
    inputs would ultimately result in the same type being created in BaseModel.__class_getitem__.
    To handle this, we have a fallback _late_cache_key that is checked later if the _early_cache_key
    lookup fails, and should result in a cache hit _precisely_ when the inputs to __class_getitem__
    would result in the same type.
    """
    return cls, typevar_values, _union_orderings_key(typevar_values)


def _late_cache_key(origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...], typevar_values: Any) -> GenericTypesCacheKey:
    """This is intended for use later in the process of creating a new type, when we have more information
    about the exact args that will be passed. If it turns out that a different set of inputs to
    __class_getitem__ resulted in the same inputs to the generic type creation process, we can still
    return the cached type, and update the cache with the _early_cache_key as well.
    """
    # The _union_orderings_key is placed at the start here to ensure there cannot be a collision with an
    # _early_cache_key, as that function will always produce a BaseModel subclass as the first item in the key,
    # whereas this function will always produce a tuple as the first item in the key.
    return _union_orderings_key(typevar_values), origin, args

from __future__ import annotations

import sys
import types
import typing
from collections import ChainMap
from contextlib import contextmanager
from contextvars import ContextVar
from types import prepare_class
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator, List, Mapping, MutableMapping, Tuple, TypeVar
from weakref import WeakValueDictionary

import typing_extensions

from ._core_utils import get_type_ref
from ._forward_ref import PydanticRecursiveRef
from ._typing_extra import TypeVarType, typing_base
from ._utils import all_identical, is_model_class

if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
    from typing import _UnionGenericAlias  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from ..main import BaseModel

GenericTypesCacheKey = Tuple[Any, Any, Tuple[Any, ...]]

# Note: We want to remove LimitedDict, but to do this, we'd need to improve the handling of generics caching.
#   Right now, to handle recursive generics, we some types must remain cached for brief periods without references.
#   By chaining the WeakValuesDict with a LimitedDict, we have a way to retain caching for all types with references,
#   while also retaining a limited number of types even without references. This is generally enough to build
#   specific recursive generic models without losing required items out of the cache.

KT = TypeVar('KT')
VT = TypeVar('VT')
_LIMITED_DICT_SIZE = 100
if TYPE_CHECKING:

    class LimitedDict(dict, MutableMapping[KT, VT]):
        def __init__(self, size_limit: int = _LIMITED_DICT_SIZE):
            ...

else:

    class LimitedDict(dict):
        """Limit the size/length of a dict used for caching to avoid unlimited increase in memory usage.

        Since the dict is ordered, and we always remove elements from the beginning, this is effectively a FIFO cache.
        """

        def __init__(self, size_limit: int = _LIMITED_DICT_SIZE):
            self.size_limit = size_limit
            super().__init__()

        def __setitem__(self, __key: Any, __value: Any) -> None:
            super().__setitem__(__key, __value)
            if len(self) > self.size_limit:
                excess = len(self) - self.size_limit + self.size_limit // 10
                to_remove = list(self.keys())[:excess]
                for key in to_remove:
                    del self[key]

        def __class_getitem__(cls, *args: Any) -> Any:
            # to avoid errors with 3.7
            return cls


# weak dictionaries allow the dynamically created parametrized versions of generic models to get collected
# once they are no longer referenced by the caller.
if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):  # Typing for weak dictionaries available at 3.9
    GenericTypesCache = WeakValueDictionary[GenericTypesCacheKey, 'type[BaseModel]']
else:
    GenericTypesCache = WeakValueDictionary

if TYPE_CHECKING:

    class DeepChainMap(ChainMap[KT, VT]):  # type: ignore
        ...

else:

    class DeepChainMap(ChainMap):
        """Variant of ChainMap that allows direct updates to inner scopes.

        Taken from https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.ChainMap,
        with some light modifications for this use case.
        """

        def clear(self) -> None:
            for mapping in self.maps:
                mapping.clear()

        def __setitem__(self, key: KT, value: VT) -> None:
            for mapping in self.maps:
                mapping[key] = value

        def __delitem__(self, key: KT) -> None:
            hit = False
            for mapping in self.maps:
                if key in mapping:
                    del mapping[key]
                    hit = True
            if not hit:
                raise KeyError(key)


# Despite the fact that LimitedDict _seems_ no longer necessary, I'm very nervous to actually remove it
# and discover later on that we need to re-add all this infrastructure...
# _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE = DeepChainMap(GenericTypesCache(), LimitedDict())

_GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE = GenericTypesCache()


class PydanticGenericMetadata(typing_extensions.TypedDict):
    origin: type[BaseModel] | None  # analogous to typing._GenericAlias.__origin__
    args: tuple[Any, ...]  # analogous to typing._GenericAlias.__args__
    parameters: tuple[type[Any], ...]  # analogous to typing.Generic.__parameters__


def create_generic_submodel(
    model_name: str, origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...], params: tuple[Any, ...]
) -> type[BaseModel]:
    """Dynamically create a submodel of a provided (generic) BaseModel.

    This is used when producing concrete parametrizations of generic models. This function
    only *creates* the new subclass; the schema/validators/serialization must be updated to
    reflect a concrete parametrization elsewhere.

    Args:
        model_name: The name of the newly created model.
        origin: The base class for the new model to inherit from.
        args: A tuple of generic metadata arguments.
        params: A tuple of generic metadata parameters.

    Returns:
        The created submodel.
    """
    namespace: dict[str, Any] = {'__module__': origin.__module__}
    bases = (origin,)
    meta, ns, kwds = prepare_class(model_name, bases)
    namespace.update(ns)
    created_model = meta(
        model_name,
        bases,
        namespace,
        __pydantic_generic_metadata__={
            'origin': origin,
            'args': args,
            'parameters': params,
        },
        __pydantic_reset_parent_namespace__=False,
        **kwds,
    )

    model_module, called_globally = _get_caller_frame_info(depth=3)
    if called_globally:  # create global reference and therefore allow pickling
        object_by_reference = None
        reference_name = model_name
        reference_module_globals = sys.modules[created_model.__module__].__dict__
        while object_by_reference is not created_model:
            object_by_reference = reference_module_globals.setdefault(reference_name, created_model)
            reference_name += '_'

    return created_model


def _get_caller_frame_info(depth: int = 2) -> tuple[str | None, bool]:
    """Used inside a function to check whether it was called globally.

    Args:
        depth: The depth to get the frame.

    Returns:
        A tuple contains `module_nam` and `called_globally`.

    Raises:
        RuntimeError: If the function is not called inside a function.
    """
    try:
        previous_caller_frame = sys._getframe(depth)
    except ValueError as e:
        raise RuntimeError('This function must be used inside another function') from e
    except AttributeError:  # sys module does not have _getframe function, so there's nothing we can do about it
        return None, False
    frame_globals = previous_caller_frame.f_globals
    return frame_globals.get('__name__'), previous_caller_frame.f_locals is frame_globals


DictValues: type[Any] = {}.values().__class__


def iter_contained_typevars(v: Any) -> Iterator[TypeVarType]:
    """Recursively iterate through all subtypes and type args of `v` and yield any typevars that are found.

    This is inspired as an alternative to directly accessing the `__parameters__` attribute of a GenericAlias,
    since __parameters__ of (nested) generic BaseModel subclasses won't show up in that list.
    """
    if isinstance(v, TypeVar):
        yield v
    elif is_model_class(v):
        yield from v.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters']
    elif isinstance(v, (DictValues, list)):
        for var in v:
            yield from iter_contained_typevars(var)
    else:
        args = get_args(v)
        for arg in args:
            yield from iter_contained_typevars(arg)


def get_args(v: Any) -> Any:
    pydantic_generic_metadata: PydanticGenericMetadata | None = getattr(v, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', None)
    if pydantic_generic_metadata:
        return pydantic_generic_metadata.get('args')
    return typing_extensions.get_args(v)


def get_origin(v: Any) -> Any:
    pydantic_generic_metadata: PydanticGenericMetadata | None = getattr(v, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', None)
    if pydantic_generic_metadata:
        return pydantic_generic_metadata.get('origin')
    return typing_extensions.get_origin(v)


def get_standard_typevars_map(cls: type[Any]) -> dict[TypeVarType, Any] | None:
    """Package a generic type's typevars and parametrization (if present) into a dictionary compatible with the
    `replace_types` function. Specifically, this works with standard typing generics and typing._GenericAlias.
    """
    origin = get_origin(cls)
    if origin is None:
        return None
    if not hasattr(origin, '__parameters__'):
        return None

    # In this case, we know that cls is a _GenericAlias, and origin is the generic type
    # So it is safe to access cls.__args__ and origin.__parameters__
    args: tuple[Any, ...] = cls.__args__  # type: ignore
    parameters: tuple[TypeVarType, ...] = origin.__parameters__
    return dict(zip(parameters, args))


def get_model_typevars_map(cls: type[BaseModel]) -> dict[TypeVarType, Any] | None:
    """Package a generic BaseModel's typevars and concrete parametrization (if present) into a dictionary compatible
    with the `replace_types` function.

    Since BaseModel.__class_getitem__ does not produce a typing._GenericAlias, and the BaseModel generic info is
    stored in the __pydantic_generic_metadata__ attribute, we need special handling here.
    """
    # TODO: This could be unified with `get_standard_typevars_map` if we stored the generic metadata
    #   in the __origin__, __args__, and __parameters__ attributes of the model.
    generic_metadata = cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__
    origin = generic_metadata['origin']
    args = generic_metadata['args']
    return dict(zip(iter_contained_typevars(origin), args))


def replace_types(type_: Any, type_map: Mapping[Any, Any] | None) -> Any:
    """Return type with all occurrences of `type_map` keys recursively replaced with their values.

    Args:
        type_: The class or generic alias.
        type_map: Mapping from `TypeVar` instance to concrete types.

    Returns:
        A new type representing the basic structure of `type_` with all
        `typevar_map` keys recursively replaced.

    Example:
        ```py
        from typing import List, Tuple, Union

        from pydantic._internal._generics import replace_types

        replace_types(Tuple[str, Union[List[str], float]], {str: int})
        #> Tuple[int, Union[List[int], float]]
        ```
    """
    if not type_map:
        return type_

    type_args = get_args(type_)
    origin_type = get_origin(type_)

    if origin_type is typing_extensions.Annotated:
        annotated_type, *annotations = type_args
        annotated = replace_types(annotated_type, type_map)
        for annotation in annotations:
            annotated = typing_extensions.Annotated[annotated, annotation]
        return annotated

    # Having type args is a good indicator that this is a typing module
    # class instantiation or a generic alias of some sort.
    if type_args:
        resolved_type_args = tuple(replace_types(arg, type_map) for arg in type_args)
        if all_identical(type_args, resolved_type_args):
            # If all arguments are the same, there is no need to modify the
            # type or create a new object at all
            return type_
        if (
            origin_type is not None
            and isinstance(type_, typing_base)
            and not isinstance(origin_type, typing_base)
            and getattr(type_, '_name', None) is not None
        ):
            # In python < 3.9 generic aliases don't exist so any of these like `list`,
            # `type` or `collections.abc.Callable` need to be translated.
            # See: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0585
            origin_type = getattr(typing, type_._name)
        assert origin_type is not None
        # PEP-604 syntax (Ex.: list | str) is represented with a types.UnionType object that does not have __getitem__.
        # We also cannot use isinstance() since we have to compare types.
        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) and origin_type is types.UnionType:
            return _UnionGenericAlias(origin_type, resolved_type_args)
        return origin_type[resolved_type_args]

    # We handle pydantic generic models separately as they don't have the same
    # semantics as "typing" classes or generic aliases

    if not origin_type and is_model_class(type_):
        parameters = type_.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters']
        if not parameters:
            return type_
        resolved_type_args = tuple(replace_types(t, type_map) for t in parameters)
        if all_identical(parameters, resolved_type_args):
            return type_
        return type_[resolved_type_args]

    # Handle special case for typehints that can have lists as arguments.
    # `typing.Callable[[int, str], int]` is an example for this.
    if isinstance(type_, (List, list)):
        resolved_list = list(replace_types(element, type_map) for element in type_)
        if all_identical(type_, resolved_list):
            return type_
        return resolved_list

    # If all else fails, we try to resolve the type directly and otherwise just
    # return the input with no modifications.
    return type_map.get(type_, type_)


def has_instance_in_type(type_: Any, isinstance_target: Any) -> bool:
    """Checks if the type, or any of its arbitrary nested args, satisfy
    `isinstance(<type>, isinstance_target)`.
    """
    if isinstance(type_, isinstance_target):
        return True

    type_args = get_args(type_)
    origin_type = get_origin(type_)

    if origin_type is typing_extensions.Annotated:
        annotated_type, *annotations = type_args
        return has_instance_in_type(annotated_type, isinstance_target)

    # Having type args is a good indicator that this is a typing module
    # class instantiation or a generic alias of some sort.
    if any(has_instance_in_type(a, isinstance_target) for a in type_args):
        return True

    # Handle special case for typehints that can have lists as arguments.
    # `typing.Callable[[int, str], int]` is an example for this.
    if isinstance(type_, (List, list)) and not isinstance(type_, typing_extensions.ParamSpec):
        if any(has_instance_in_type(element, isinstance_target) for element in type_):
            return True

    return False


def check_parameters_count(cls: type[BaseModel], parameters: tuple[Any, ...]) -> None:
    """Check the generic model parameters count is equal.

    Args:
        cls: The generic model.
        parameters: A tuple of passed parameters to the generic model.

    Raises:
        TypeError: If the passed parameters count is not equal to generic model parameters count.
    """
    actual = len(parameters)
    expected = len(cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters'])
    if actual != expected:
        description = 'many' if actual > expected else 'few'
        raise TypeError(f'Too {description} parameters for {cls}; actual {actual}, expected {expected}')


_generic_recursion_cache: ContextVar[set[str] | None] = ContextVar('_generic_recursion_cache', default=None)


@contextmanager
def generic_recursion_self_type(
    origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...]
) -> Iterator[PydanticRecursiveRef | None]:
    """This contextmanager should be placed around the recursive calls used to build a generic type,
    and accept as arguments the generic origin type and the type arguments being passed to it.

    If the same origin and arguments are observed twice, it implies that a self-reference placeholder
    can be used while building the core schema, and will produce a schema_ref that will be valid in the
    final parent schema.
    """
    previously_seen_type_refs = _generic_recursion_cache.get()
    if previously_seen_type_refs is None:
        previously_seen_type_refs = set()
        token = _generic_recursion_cache.set(previously_seen_type_refs)
    else:
        token = None

    try:
        type_ref = get_type_ref(origin, args_override=args)
        if type_ref in previously_seen_type_refs:
            self_type = PydanticRecursiveRef(type_ref=type_ref)
            yield self_type
        else:
            previously_seen_type_refs.add(type_ref)
            yield None
    finally:
        if token:
            _generic_recursion_cache.reset(token)


def recursively_defined_type_refs() -> set[str]:
    visited = _generic_recursion_cache.get()
    if not visited:
        return set()  # not in a generic recursion, so there are no types

    return visited.copy()  # don't allow modifications


def get_cached_generic_type_early(parent: type[BaseModel], typevar_values: Any) -> type[BaseModel] | None:
    """The use of a two-stage cache lookup approach was necessary to have the highest performance possible for
    repeated calls to `__class_getitem__` on generic types (which may happen in tighter loops during runtime),
    while still ensuring that certain alternative parametrizations ultimately resolve to the same type.

    As a concrete example, this approach was necessary to make Model[List[T]][int] equal to Model[List[int]].
    The approach could be modified to not use two different cache keys at different points, but the
    _early_cache_key is optimized to be as quick to compute as possible (for repeated-access speed), and the
    _late_cache_key is optimized to be as "correct" as possible, so that two types that will ultimately be the
    same after resolving the type arguments will always produce cache hits.

    If we wanted to move to only using a single cache key per type, we would either need to always use the
    slower/more computationally intensive logic associated with _late_cache_key, or would need to accept
    that Model[List[T]][int] is a different type than Model[List[T]][int]. Because we rely on subclass relationships
    during validation, I think it is worthwhile to ensure that types that are functionally equivalent are actually
    equal.
    """
    return _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.get(_early_cache_key(parent, typevar_values))


def get_cached_generic_type_late(
    parent: type[BaseModel], typevar_values: Any, origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...]
) -> type[BaseModel] | None:
    """See the docstring of `get_cached_generic_type_early` for more information about the two-stage cache lookup."""
    cached = _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.get(_late_cache_key(origin, args, typevar_values))
    if cached is not None:
        set_cached_generic_type(parent, typevar_values, cached, origin, args)
    return cached


def set_cached_generic_type(
    parent: type[BaseModel],
    typevar_values: tuple[Any, ...],
    type_: type[BaseModel],
    origin: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
    args: tuple[Any, ...] | None = None,
) -> None:
    """See the docstring of `get_cached_generic_type_early` for more information about why items are cached with
    two different keys.
    """
    _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE[_early_cache_key(parent, typevar_values)] = type_
    if len(typevar_values) == 1:
        _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE[_early_cache_key(parent, typevar_values[0])] = type_
    if origin and args:
        _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE[_late_cache_key(origin, args, typevar_values)] = type_


def _union_orderings_key(typevar_values: Any) -> Any:
    """This is intended to help differentiate between Union types with the same arguments in different order.

    Thanks to caching internal to the `typing` module, it is not possible to distinguish between
    List[Union[int, float]] and List[Union[float, int]] (and similarly for other "parent" origins besides List)
    because `typing` considers Union[int, float] to be equal to Union[float, int].

    However, you _can_ distinguish between (top-level) Union[int, float] vs. Union[float, int].
    Because we parse items as the first Union type that is successful, we get slightly more consistent behavior
    if we make an effort to distinguish the ordering of items in a union. It would be best if we could _always_
    get the exact-correct order of items in the union, but that would require a change to the `typing` module itself.
    (See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86483 for reference.)
    """
    if isinstance(typevar_values, tuple):
        args_data = []
        for value in typevar_values:
            args_data.append(_union_orderings_key(value))
        return tuple(args_data)
    elif typing_extensions.get_origin(typevar_values) is typing.Union:
        return get_args(typevar_values)
    else:
        return ()


def _early_cache_key(cls: type[BaseModel], typevar_values: Any) -> GenericTypesCacheKey:
    """This is intended for minimal computational overhead during lookups of cached types.

    Note that this is overly simplistic, and it's possible that two different cls/typevar_values
    inputs would ultimately result in the same type being created in BaseModel.__class_getitem__.
    To handle this, we have a fallback _late_cache_key that is checked later if the _early_cache_key
    lookup fails, and should result in a cache hit _precisely_ when the inputs to __class_getitem__
    would result in the same type.
    """
    return cls, typevar_values, _union_orderings_key(typevar_values)


def _late_cache_key(origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...], typevar_values: Any) -> GenericTypesCacheKey:
    """This is intended for use later in the process of creating a new type, when we have more information
    about the exact args that will be passed. If it turns out that a different set of inputs to
    __class_getitem__ resulted in the same inputs to the generic type creation process, we can still
    return the cached type, and update the cache with the _early_cache_key as well.
    """
    # The _union_orderings_key is placed at the start here to ensure there cannot be a collision with an
    # _early_cache_key, as that function will always produce a BaseModel subclass as the first item in the key,
    # whereas this function will always produce a tuple as the first item in the key.
    return _union_orderings_key(typevar_values), origin, args
