### Change Summary

Ruff is now the sole linter 👍 
Files Altered: ['Makefile', 'docs/contributing.md', 'pyproject.toml', 'pdm.lock' ]

Notes: 

For pyproject.toml file,  I removed the last element('E501') of line 180 given black's removal but I'm not totally sure what this line is for. 

### Related Issue Number

Fix #7914

## Checklist

* [x] The pull request title is a good summary of the changes - it will be used in the changelog
* [ ] Unit tests for the changes exist
* [ ] Tests pass on CI
* [x] Documentation reflects the changes where applicable
* [x] My PR is ready to review, **please add a comment including the phrase "please review" to assign reviewers**

Adopting `ruff` formatter. ### Change Summary

Ruff is now the sole linter 👍 
Files Altered: ['Makefile', 'docs/contributing.md', 'pyproject.toml', 'pdm.lock' ]

Notes: 

For pyproject.toml file,  I removed the last element('E501') of line 180 given black's removal but I'm not totally sure what this line is for. 

### Related Issue Number

Fix #7914

## Checklist

* [x] The pull request title is a good summary of the changes - it will be used in the changelog
* [ ] Unit tests for the changes exist
* [ ] Tests pass on CI
* [x] Documentation reflects the changes where applicable
* [x] My PR is ready to review, **please add a comment including the phrase "please review" to assign reviewers**

"""This module contains related classes and functions for validation."""

from __future__ import annotations as _annotations

import dataclasses
import sys
from functools import partialmethod
from types import FunctionType
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, TypeVar, Union, cast, overload

from pydantic_core import core_schema
from pydantic_core import core_schema as _core_schema
from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal, TypeAlias

from . import GetCoreSchemaHandler as _GetCoreSchemaHandler
from ._internal import _core_metadata, _decorators, _generics, _internal_dataclass
from .annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler
from .errors import PydanticUserError

if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
    from typing_extensions import Protocol
else:
    from typing import Protocol

_inspect_validator = _decorators.inspect_validator


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
class AfterValidator:
    '''Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.2/concepts/validators/#annotated-validators

    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **after** the inner validation logic.

    Attributes:
        func: The validator function.

    Example:
        ```py
        from typing import Annotated

        from pydantic import BaseModel, AfterValidator, ValidationError


        MyInt = Annotated[int, AfterValidator(lambda v: v + 1)]

        class Model(BaseModel):
            a: MyInt

        print(Model(a=1).a)
        # > 2

        try:
            Model(a='a')
        except ValidationError as e:
            print(e.json(indent=2))
        """
        [
            {
                "type": "int_parsing",
                "loc": [
                    "a"
                ],
                "msg": "Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer",
                "input": "a",
                "url": "https://errors.pydantic.dev/0.38.0/v/int_parsing"
            }
        ]
        """
        ```
    '''

    func: core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction

    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: _GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
        schema = handler(source_type)
        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'after')
        if info_arg:
            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(func, schema=schema, field_name=handler.field_name)
        else:
            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(func, schema=schema)


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
class BeforeValidator:
    """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/validators/#annotated-validators

    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **before** the inner validation logic.

    Attributes:
        func: The validator function.

    Example:
        ```py
        from typing_extensions import Annotated

        from pydantic import BaseModel, BeforeValidator

        MyInt = Annotated[int, BeforeValidator(lambda v: v + 1)]

        class Model(BaseModel):
            a: MyInt

        print(Model(a=1).a)
        #> 2

        try:
            Model(a='a')
        except TypeError as e:
            print(e)
            #> can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
        ```
    """

    func: core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction

    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: _GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
        schema = handler(source_type)
        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'before')
        if info_arg:
            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.with_info_before_validator_function(func, schema=schema, field_name=handler.field_name)
        else:
            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.no_info_before_validator_function(func, schema=schema)


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
class PlainValidator:
    """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/validators/#annotated-validators

    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **instead** of the inner validation logic.

    Attributes:
        func: The validator function.

    Example:
        ```py
        from typing_extensions import Annotated

        from pydantic import BaseModel, PlainValidator

        MyInt = Annotated[int, PlainValidator(lambda v: int(v) + 1)]

        class Model(BaseModel):
            a: MyInt

        print(Model(a='1').a)
        #> 2
        ```
    """

    func: core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction

    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: _GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'plain')
        if info_arg:
            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(func, field_name=handler.field_name)
        else:
            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(func)


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
class WrapValidator:
    """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/validators/#annotated-validators

    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **around** the inner validation logic.

    Attributes:
        func: The validator function.

    ```py
    from datetime import datetime

    from typing_extensions import Annotated

    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, WrapValidator

    def validate_timestamp(v, handler):
        if v == 'now':
            # we don't want to bother with further validation, just return the new value
            return datetime.now()
        try:
            return handler(v)
        except ValidationError:
            # validation failed, in this case we want to return a default value
            return datetime(2000, 1, 1)

    MyTimestamp = Annotated[datetime, WrapValidator(validate_timestamp)]

    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: MyTimestamp

    print(Model(a='now').a)
    #> 2032-01-02 03:04:05.000006
    print(Model(a='invalid').a)
    #> 2000-01-01 00:00:00
    ```
    """

    func: core_schema.NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction

    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: _GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
        schema = handler(source_type)
        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'wrap')
        if info_arg:
            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.with_info_wrap_validator_function(func, schema=schema, field_name=handler.field_name)
        else:
            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(func, schema=schema)


if TYPE_CHECKING:

    class _OnlyValueValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
        def __call__(self, __cls: Any, __value: Any) -> Any:
            ...

    class _V2ValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
        def __call__(self, __cls: Any, __input_value: Any, __info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> Any:
            ...

    class _V2WrapValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
        def __call__(
            self,
            __cls: Any,
            __input_value: Any,
            __validator: _core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler,
            __info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
        ) -> Any:
            ...

    _V2Validator = Union[
        _V2ValidatorClsMethod,
        _core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction,
        _OnlyValueValidatorClsMethod,
        _core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction,
    ]

    _V2WrapValidator = Union[
        _V2WrapValidatorClsMethod,
        _core_schema.WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction,
    ]

    _PartialClsOrStaticMethod: TypeAlias = Union[classmethod[Any, Any, Any], staticmethod[Any, Any], partialmethod[Any]]

    _V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType = TypeVar(
        '_V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType',
        _V2Validator,
        _PartialClsOrStaticMethod,
    )
    _V2WrapValidatorType = TypeVar('_V2WrapValidatorType', _V2WrapValidator, _PartialClsOrStaticMethod)


@overload
def field_validator(
    __field: str,
    *fields: str,
    mode: Literal['before', 'after', 'plain'] = ...,
    check_fields: bool | None = ...,
) -> Callable[[_V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType], _V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType]:
    ...


@overload
def field_validator(
    __field: str,
    *fields: str,
    mode: Literal['wrap'],
    check_fields: bool | None = ...,
) -> Callable[[_V2WrapValidatorType], _V2WrapValidatorType]:
    ...


FieldValidatorModes: TypeAlias = Literal['before', 'after', 'wrap', 'plain']


def field_validator(
    __field: str,
    *fields: str,
    mode: FieldValidatorModes = 'after',
    check_fields: bool | None = None,
) -> Callable[[Any], Any]:
    """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/validators/#field-validators

    Decorate methods on the class indicating that they should be used to validate fields.

    Args:
        __field: The first field the `field_validator` should be called on; this is separate
            from `fields` to ensure an error is raised if you don't pass at least one.
        *fields: Additional field(s) the `field_validator` should be called on.
        mode: Specifies whether to validate the fields before or after validation.
        check_fields: Whether to check that the fields actually exist on the model.

    Returns:
        A decorator that can be used to decorate a function to be used as a field_validator.

    Raises:
        PydanticUserError:
            - If `@field_validator` is used bare (with no fields).
            - If the args passed to `@field_validator` as fields are not strings.
            - If `@field_validator` applied to instance methods.
    """
    if isinstance(__field, FunctionType):
        raise PydanticUserError(
            '`@field_validator` should be used with fields and keyword arguments, not bare. '
            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name>', ...)`",
            code='validator-no-fields',
        )
    fields = __field, *fields
    if not all(isinstance(field, str) for field in fields):
        raise PydanticUserError(
            '`@field_validator` fields should be passed as separate string args. '
            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name_1>', '<field_name_2>', ...)`",
            code='validator-invalid-fields',
        )

    def dec(
        f: Callable[..., Any] | staticmethod[Any, Any] | classmethod[Any, Any, Any]
    ) -> _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[Any]:
        if _decorators.is_instance_method_from_sig(f):
            raise PydanticUserError(
                '`@field_validator` cannot be applied to instance methods', code='validator-instance-method'
            )

        # auto apply the @classmethod decorator
        f = _decorators.ensure_classmethod_based_on_signature(f)

        dec_info = _decorators.FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo(fields=fields, mode=mode, check_fields=check_fields)
        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, dec_info)

    return dec


_ModelType = TypeVar('_ModelType')
_ModelTypeCo = TypeVar('_ModelTypeCo', covariant=True)


class ModelWrapValidatorHandler(_core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler, Protocol[_ModelTypeCo]):
    """@model_validator decorated function handler argument type. This is used when `mode='wrap'`."""

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self, input_value: Any, outer_location: str | int | None = None
    ) -> _ModelTypeCo:  # pragma: no cover
        ...


class ModelWrapValidatorWithoutInfo(Protocol[_ModelType]):
    """A @model_validator decorated function signature.
    This is used when `mode='wrap'` and the function does not have info argument.
    """

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self,
        cls: type[_ModelType],
        # this can be a dict, a model instance
        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
        __value: Any,
        __handler: ModelWrapValidatorHandler[_ModelType],
    ) -> _ModelType:
        ...


class ModelWrapValidator(Protocol[_ModelType]):
    """A @model_validator decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='wrap'`."""

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self,
        cls: type[_ModelType],
        # this can be a dict, a model instance
        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
        __value: Any,
        __handler: ModelWrapValidatorHandler[_ModelType],
        __info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
    ) -> _ModelType:
        ...


class ModelBeforeValidatorWithoutInfo(Protocol):
    """A @model_validator decorated function signature.
    This is used when `mode='before'` and the function does not have info argument.
    """

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self,
        cls: Any,
        # this can be a dict, a model instance
        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
        __value: Any,
    ) -> Any:
        ...


class ModelBeforeValidator(Protocol):
    """A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='before'`."""

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self,
        cls: Any,
        # this can be a dict, a model instance
        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
        __value: Any,
        __info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
    ) -> Any:
        ...


ModelAfterValidatorWithoutInfo = Callable[[_ModelType], _ModelType]
"""A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='after'` and the function does not
have info argument.
"""

ModelAfterValidator = Callable[[_ModelType, _core_schema.ValidationInfo], _ModelType]
"""A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='after'`."""

_AnyModelWrapValidator = Union[ModelWrapValidator[_ModelType], ModelWrapValidatorWithoutInfo[_ModelType]]
_AnyModeBeforeValidator = Union[ModelBeforeValidator, ModelBeforeValidatorWithoutInfo]
_AnyModelAfterValidator = Union[ModelAfterValidator[_ModelType], ModelAfterValidatorWithoutInfo[_ModelType]]


@overload
def model_validator(
    *,
    mode: Literal['wrap'],
) -> Callable[
    [_AnyModelWrapValidator[_ModelType]], _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[_decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]
]:
    ...


@overload
def model_validator(
    *,
    mode: Literal['before'],
) -> Callable[[_AnyModeBeforeValidator], _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[_decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]]:
    ...


@overload
def model_validator(
    *,
    mode: Literal['after'],
) -> Callable[
    [_AnyModelAfterValidator[_ModelType]], _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[_decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]
]:
    ...


def model_validator(
    *,
    mode: Literal['wrap', 'before', 'after'],
) -> Any:
    """Decorate model methods for validation purposes.

    Args:
        mode: A required string literal that specifies the validation mode.
            It can be one of the following: 'wrap', 'before', or 'after'.

    Returns:
        A decorator that can be used to decorate a function to be used as a model validator.
    """

    def dec(f: Any) -> _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[Any]:
        # auto apply the @classmethod decorator
        f = _decorators.ensure_classmethod_based_on_signature(f)
        dec_info = _decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo(mode=mode)
        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, dec_info)

    return dec


AnyType = TypeVar('AnyType')


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    # If we add configurable attributes to IsInstance, we'd probably need to stop hiding it from type checkers like this
    InstanceOf = Annotated[AnyType, ...]  # `IsInstance[Sequence]` will be recognized by type checkers as `Sequence`

else:

    @dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
    class InstanceOf:
        '''Generic type for annotating a type that is an instance of a given class.

        Example:
            ```py
            from pydantic import BaseModel, InstanceOf

            class Foo:
                ...

            class Bar(BaseModel):
                foo: InstanceOf[Foo]

            Bar(foo=Foo())
            try:
                Bar(foo=42)
            except ValidationError as e:
                print(e)
                """
                [
                │   {
                │   │   'type': 'is_instance_of',
                │   │   'loc': ('foo',),
                │   │   'msg': 'Input should be an instance of Foo',
                │   │   'input': 42,
                │   │   'ctx': {'class': 'Foo'},
                │   │   'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/0.38.0/v/is_instance_of'
                │   }
                ]
                """
            ```
        '''

        @classmethod
        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: AnyType) -> AnyType:
            return Annotated[item, cls()]

        @classmethod
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
            from pydantic import PydanticSchemaGenerationError

            # use the generic _origin_ as the second argument to isinstance when appropriate
            instance_of_schema = core_schema.is_instance_schema(_generics.get_origin(source) or source)

            try:
                # Try to generate the "standard" schema, which will be used when loading from JSON
                original_schema = handler(source)
            except PydanticSchemaGenerationError:
                # If that fails, just produce a schema that can validate from python
                return instance_of_schema
            else:
                # Use the "original" approach to serialization
                instance_of_schema['serialization'] = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
                    function=lambda v, h: h(v), schema=original_schema
                )
                return core_schema.json_or_python_schema(python_schema=instance_of_schema, json_schema=original_schema)

        __hash__ = object.__hash__


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    SkipValidation = Annotated[AnyType, ...]  # SkipValidation[list[str]] will be treated by type checkers as list[str]
else:

    @dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
    class SkipValidation:
        """If this is applied as an annotation (e.g., via `x: Annotated[int, SkipValidation]`), validation will be
            skipped. You can also use `SkipValidation[int]` as a shorthand for `Annotated[int, SkipValidation]`.

        This can be useful if you want to use a type annotation for documentation/IDE/type-checking purposes,
        and know that it is safe to skip validation for one or more of the fields.

        Because this converts the validation schema to `any_schema`, subsequent annotation-applied transformations
        may not have the expected effects. Therefore, when used, this annotation should generally be the final
        annotation applied to a type.
        """

        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any) -> Any:
            return Annotated[item, SkipValidation()]

        @classmethod
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
            original_schema = handler(source)
            metadata = _core_metadata.build_metadata_dict(js_annotation_functions=[lambda _c, h: h(original_schema)])
            return core_schema.any_schema(
                metadata=metadata,
                serialization=core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
                    function=lambda v, h: h(v), schema=original_schema
                ),
            )

        __hash__ = object.__hash__

"""This module contains related classes and functions for validation."""

from __future__ import annotations as _annotations

import dataclasses
import sys
from functools import partialmethod
from types import FunctionType
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, TypeVar, Union, cast, overload

from pydantic_core import core_schema
from pydantic_core import core_schema as _core_schema
from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal, TypeAlias

from . import GetCoreSchemaHandler as _GetCoreSchemaHandler
from ._internal import _core_metadata, _decorators, _generics, _internal_dataclass
from .annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler
from .errors import PydanticUserError

if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
    from typing_extensions import Protocol
else:
    from typing import Protocol

_inspect_validator = _decorators.inspect_validator


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
class AfterValidator:
    '''Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.2/concepts/validators/#annotated-validators

    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **after** the inner validation logic.

    Attributes:
        func: The validator function.

    Example:
        ```py
        from typing import Annotated

        from pydantic import BaseModel, AfterValidator, ValidationError


        MyInt = Annotated[int, AfterValidator(lambda v: v + 1)]

        class Model(BaseModel):
            a: MyInt

        print(Model(a=1).a)
        # > 2

        try:
            Model(a='a')
        except ValidationError as e:
            print(e.json(indent=2))
        """
        [
            {
                "type": "int_parsing",
                "loc": [
                    "a"
                ],
                "msg": "Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer",
                "input": "a",
                "url": "https://errors.pydantic.dev/0.38.0/v/int_parsing"
            }
        ]
        """
        ```
    '''

    func: core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction

    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: _GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
        schema = handler(source_type)
        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'after')
        if info_arg:
            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(func, schema=schema, field_name=handler.field_name)
        else:
            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(func, schema=schema)


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
class BeforeValidator:
    """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/validators/#annotated-validators

    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **before** the inner validation logic.

    Attributes:
        func: The validator function.

    Example:
        ```py
        from typing_extensions import Annotated

        from pydantic import BaseModel, BeforeValidator

        MyInt = Annotated[int, BeforeValidator(lambda v: v + 1)]

        class Model(BaseModel):
            a: MyInt

        print(Model(a=1).a)
        #> 2

        try:
            Model(a='a')
        except TypeError as e:
            print(e)
            #> can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
        ```
    """

    func: core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction

    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: _GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
        schema = handler(source_type)
        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'before')
        if info_arg:
            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.with_info_before_validator_function(func, schema=schema, field_name=handler.field_name)
        else:
            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.no_info_before_validator_function(func, schema=schema)


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
class PlainValidator:
    """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/validators/#annotated-validators

    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **instead** of the inner validation logic.

    Attributes:
        func: The validator function.

    Example:
        ```py
        from typing_extensions import Annotated

        from pydantic import BaseModel, PlainValidator

        MyInt = Annotated[int, PlainValidator(lambda v: int(v) + 1)]

        class Model(BaseModel):
            a: MyInt

        print(Model(a='1').a)
        #> 2
        ```
    """

    func: core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction

    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: _GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'plain')
        if info_arg:
            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(func, field_name=handler.field_name)
        else:
            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(func)


@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
class WrapValidator:
    """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/validators/#annotated-validators

    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **around** the inner validation logic.

    Attributes:
        func: The validator function.

    ```py
    from datetime import datetime

    from typing_extensions import Annotated

    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, WrapValidator

    def validate_timestamp(v, handler):
        if v == 'now':
            # we don't want to bother with further validation, just return the new value
            return datetime.now()
        try:
            return handler(v)
        except ValidationError:
            # validation failed, in this case we want to return a default value
            return datetime(2000, 1, 1)

    MyTimestamp = Annotated[datetime, WrapValidator(validate_timestamp)]

    class Model(BaseModel):
        a: MyTimestamp

    print(Model(a='now').a)
    #> 2032-01-02 03:04:05.000006
    print(Model(a='invalid').a)
    #> 2000-01-01 00:00:00
    ```
    """

    func: core_schema.NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction

    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: _GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
        schema = handler(source_type)
        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'wrap')
        if info_arg:
            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.with_info_wrap_validator_function(func, schema=schema, field_name=handler.field_name)
        else:
            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction, self.func)
            return core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(func, schema=schema)


if TYPE_CHECKING:

    class _OnlyValueValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
        def __call__(self, __cls: Any, __value: Any) -> Any:
            ...

    class _V2ValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
        def __call__(self, __cls: Any, __input_value: Any, __info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> Any:
            ...

    class _V2WrapValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
        def __call__(
            self,
            __cls: Any,
            __input_value: Any,
            __validator: _core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler,
            __info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
        ) -> Any:
            ...

    _V2Validator = Union[
        _V2ValidatorClsMethod,
        _core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction,
        _OnlyValueValidatorClsMethod,
        _core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction,
    ]

    _V2WrapValidator = Union[
        _V2WrapValidatorClsMethod,
        _core_schema.WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction,
    ]

    _PartialClsOrStaticMethod: TypeAlias = Union[classmethod[Any, Any, Any], staticmethod[Any, Any], partialmethod[Any]]

    _V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType = TypeVar(
        '_V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType',
        _V2Validator,
        _PartialClsOrStaticMethod,
    )
    _V2WrapValidatorType = TypeVar('_V2WrapValidatorType', _V2WrapValidator, _PartialClsOrStaticMethod)


@overload
def field_validator(
    __field: str,
    *fields: str,
    mode: Literal['before', 'after', 'plain'] = ...,
    check_fields: bool | None = ...,
) -> Callable[[_V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType], _V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType]:
    ...


@overload
def field_validator(
    __field: str,
    *fields: str,
    mode: Literal['wrap'],
    check_fields: bool | None = ...,
) -> Callable[[_V2WrapValidatorType], _V2WrapValidatorType]:
    ...


FieldValidatorModes: TypeAlias = Literal['before', 'after', 'wrap', 'plain']


def field_validator(
    __field: str,
    *fields: str,
    mode: FieldValidatorModes = 'after',
    check_fields: bool | None = None,
) -> Callable[[Any], Any]:
    """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/validators/#field-validators

    Decorate methods on the class indicating that they should be used to validate fields.

    Args:
        __field: The first field the `field_validator` should be called on; this is separate
            from `fields` to ensure an error is raised if you don't pass at least one.
        *fields: Additional field(s) the `field_validator` should be called on.
        mode: Specifies whether to validate the fields before or after validation.
        check_fields: Whether to check that the fields actually exist on the model.

    Returns:
        A decorator that can be used to decorate a function to be used as a field_validator.

    Raises:
        PydanticUserError:
            - If `@field_validator` is used bare (with no fields).
            - If the args passed to `@field_validator` as fields are not strings.
            - If `@field_validator` applied to instance methods.
    """
    if isinstance(__field, FunctionType):
        raise PydanticUserError(
            '`@field_validator` should be used with fields and keyword arguments, not bare. '
            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name>', ...)`",
            code='validator-no-fields',
        )
    fields = __field, *fields
    if not all(isinstance(field, str) for field in fields):
        raise PydanticUserError(
            '`@field_validator` fields should be passed as separate string args. '
            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name_1>', '<field_name_2>', ...)`",
            code='validator-invalid-fields',
        )

    def dec(
        f: Callable[..., Any] | staticmethod[Any, Any] | classmethod[Any, Any, Any]
    ) -> _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[Any]:
        if _decorators.is_instance_method_from_sig(f):
            raise PydanticUserError(
                '`@field_validator` cannot be applied to instance methods', code='validator-instance-method'
            )

        # auto apply the @classmethod decorator
        f = _decorators.ensure_classmethod_based_on_signature(f)

        dec_info = _decorators.FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo(fields=fields, mode=mode, check_fields=check_fields)
        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, dec_info)

    return dec


_ModelType = TypeVar('_ModelType')
_ModelTypeCo = TypeVar('_ModelTypeCo', covariant=True)


class ModelWrapValidatorHandler(_core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler, Protocol[_ModelTypeCo]):
    """@model_validator decorated function handler argument type. This is used when `mode='wrap'`."""

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self, input_value: Any, outer_location: str | int | None = None
    ) -> _ModelTypeCo:  # pragma: no cover
        ...


class ModelWrapValidatorWithoutInfo(Protocol[_ModelType]):
    """A @model_validator decorated function signature.
    This is used when `mode='wrap'` and the function does not have info argument.
    """

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self,
        cls: type[_ModelType],
        # this can be a dict, a model instance
        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
        __value: Any,
        __handler: ModelWrapValidatorHandler[_ModelType],
    ) -> _ModelType:
        ...


class ModelWrapValidator(Protocol[_ModelType]):
    """A @model_validator decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='wrap'`."""

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self,
        cls: type[_ModelType],
        # this can be a dict, a model instance
        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
        __value: Any,
        __handler: ModelWrapValidatorHandler[_ModelType],
        __info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
    ) -> _ModelType:
        ...


class ModelBeforeValidatorWithoutInfo(Protocol):
    """A @model_validator decorated function signature.
    This is used when `mode='before'` and the function does not have info argument.
    """

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self,
        cls: Any,
        # this can be a dict, a model instance
        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
        __value: Any,
    ) -> Any:
        ...


class ModelBeforeValidator(Protocol):
    """A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='before'`."""

    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
        self,
        cls: Any,
        # this can be a dict, a model instance
        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
        __value: Any,
        __info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
    ) -> Any:
        ...


ModelAfterValidatorWithoutInfo = Callable[[_ModelType], _ModelType]
"""A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='after'` and the function does not
have info argument.
"""

ModelAfterValidator = Callable[[_ModelType, _core_schema.ValidationInfo], _ModelType]
"""A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='after'`."""

_AnyModelWrapValidator = Union[ModelWrapValidator[_ModelType], ModelWrapValidatorWithoutInfo[_ModelType]]
_AnyModeBeforeValidator = Union[ModelBeforeValidator, ModelBeforeValidatorWithoutInfo]
_AnyModelAfterValidator = Union[ModelAfterValidator[_ModelType], ModelAfterValidatorWithoutInfo[_ModelType]]


@overload
def model_validator(
    *,
    mode: Literal['wrap'],
) -> Callable[
    [_AnyModelWrapValidator[_ModelType]], _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[_decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]
]:
    ...


@overload
def model_validator(
    *,
    mode: Literal['before'],
) -> Callable[[_AnyModeBeforeValidator], _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[_decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]]:
    ...


@overload
def model_validator(
    *,
    mode: Literal['after'],
) -> Callable[
    [_AnyModelAfterValidator[_ModelType]], _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[_decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]
]:
    ...


def model_validator(
    *,
    mode: Literal['wrap', 'before', 'after'],
) -> Any:
    """Decorate model methods for validation purposes.

    Args:
        mode: A required string literal that specifies the validation mode.
            It can be one of the following: 'wrap', 'before', or 'after'.

    Returns:
        A decorator that can be used to decorate a function to be used as a model validator.
    """

    def dec(f: Any) -> _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[Any]:
        # auto apply the @classmethod decorator
        f = _decorators.ensure_classmethod_based_on_signature(f)
        dec_info = _decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo(mode=mode)
        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, dec_info)

    return dec


AnyType = TypeVar('AnyType')


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    # If we add configurable attributes to IsInstance, we'd probably need to stop hiding it from type checkers like this
    InstanceOf = Annotated[AnyType, ...]  # `IsInstance[Sequence]` will be recognized by type checkers as `Sequence`

else:

    @dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
    class InstanceOf:
        '''Generic type for annotating a type that is an instance of a given class.

        Example:
            ```py
            from pydantic import BaseModel, InstanceOf

            class Foo:
                ...

            class Bar(BaseModel):
                foo: InstanceOf[Foo]

            Bar(foo=Foo())
            try:
                Bar(foo=42)
            except ValidationError as e:
                print(e)
                """
                [
                │   {
                │   │   'type': 'is_instance_of',
                │   │   'loc': ('foo',),
                │   │   'msg': 'Input should be an instance of Foo',
                │   │   'input': 42,
                │   │   'ctx': {'class': 'Foo'},
                │   │   'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/0.38.0/v/is_instance_of'
                │   }
                ]
                """
            ```
        '''

        @classmethod
        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: AnyType) -> AnyType:
            return Annotated[item, cls()]

        @classmethod
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
            from pydantic import PydanticSchemaGenerationError

            # use the generic _origin_ as the second argument to isinstance when appropriate
            instance_of_schema = core_schema.is_instance_schema(_generics.get_origin(source) or source)

            try:
                # Try to generate the "standard" schema, which will be used when loading from JSON
                original_schema = handler(source)
            except PydanticSchemaGenerationError:
                # If that fails, just produce a schema that can validate from python
                return instance_of_schema
            else:
                # Use the "original" approach to serialization
                instance_of_schema['serialization'] = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
                    function=lambda v, h: h(v), schema=original_schema
                )
                return core_schema.json_or_python_schema(python_schema=instance_of_schema, json_schema=original_schema)

        __hash__ = object.__hash__


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    SkipValidation = Annotated[AnyType, ...]  # SkipValidation[list[str]] will be treated by type checkers as list[str]
else:

    @dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
    class SkipValidation:
        """If this is applied as an annotation (e.g., via `x: Annotated[int, SkipValidation]`), validation will be
            skipped. You can also use `SkipValidation[int]` as a shorthand for `Annotated[int, SkipValidation]`.

        This can be useful if you want to use a type annotation for documentation/IDE/type-checking purposes,
        and know that it is safe to skip validation for one or more of the fields.

        Because this converts the validation schema to `any_schema`, subsequent annotation-applied transformations
        may not have the expected effects. Therefore, when used, this annotation should generally be the final
        annotation applied to a type.
        """

        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any) -> Any:
            return Annotated[item, SkipValidation()]

        @classmethod
        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
            original_schema = handler(source)
            metadata = _core_metadata.build_metadata_dict(js_annotation_functions=[lambda _c, h: h(original_schema)])
            return core_schema.any_schema(
                metadata=metadata,
                serialization=core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
                    function=lambda v, h: h(v), schema=original_schema
                ),
            )

        __hash__ = object.__hash__
