ENH Support SDL-based packages and add pyxel. ### Description

This adds SDL-based package support to Pyodide and adds pyxel as a PoC. Most of the troubleshooting is done by @kitao and pyxel devs, a big thanks to them.

This is on top of #3505

1) I linked only js part of SDL libraries to the main module and linked the native parts to the side module. So the size increase of the main module is small enough (~0.1MB increase to the pyodide.asm.js).

Before (in #3505):

```
5145705 pyodide.asm.data
1204075 pyodide.asm.js
8862216 pyodide.asm.wasm
```

After:

```
5145705 pyodide.asm.data
1346524 pyodide.asm.js
8905514 pyodide.asm.wasm
```

2) Emscripten draws everything into `Module.canvas`, but the canvas attribute is not set automatically (which makes sense as we don't output any HTML), so it is the user's job to set it manually.

For now, I am thinking of just mentioning it in the FAQ entry, "you need to set pyodide._module.canvas = ...". But it would be probably nice to have an API to set canvas, as pyodide._module is a private attribute.

### Checklists

- [x] Add a [CHANGELOG](https://github.com/pyodide/pyodide/blob/main/docs/project/changelog.md) entry
- [x] Add / update tests
- [x] Add new / update outdated documentation

### Demo

https://ryanking13.github.io/pyodide-pyxel-test

(mostly borrowed from the pyxel repository: https://github.com/kitao/pyxel/tree/main/wasm)

declare var Module: any;
declare var Hiwire: any;
declare var API: any;
import "./module";
import { ffi } from "./ffi";

import { loadPackage, loadedPackages } from "./load-package";
import { PyBufferView, PyBuffer, TypedArray, PyProxy } from "./pyproxy.gen";
import { PythonError } from "./error_handling.gen";
import { loadBinaryFile } from "./compat";
import { version } from "./version";
import "./error_handling.gen.js";
import { setStdin, setStdout, setStderr } from "./streams";
import { makeWarnOnce } from "./util";

API.loadBinaryFile = loadBinaryFile;

/**
 * Runs code after python vm has been initialized but prior to any bootstrapping.
 */
API.rawRun = function rawRun(code: string): [number, string] {
  const code_ptr = Module.stringToNewUTF8(code);
  Module.API.capture_stderr();
  let errcode = Module._PyRun_SimpleString(code_ptr);
  Module._free(code_ptr);
  const captured_stderr = Module.API.restore_stderr().trim();
  return [errcode, captured_stderr];
};

/**
 * Just like `runPython` except uses a different globals dict and gets
 * `eval_code` from `_pyodide` so that it can work before `pyodide` is imported.
 * @private
 */
API.runPythonInternal = function (code: string): any {
  // API.runPythonInternal_dict is initialized in finalizeBootstrap
  return API._pyodide._base.eval_code(code, API.runPythonInternal_dict);
};

const positionalCallbackWarnOnce = makeWarnOnce(
  "Passing a messageCallback (resp. errorCallback) as the second (resp. third) argument to loadPackageFromImports " +
    "is deprecated and will be removed in v0.24. Instead use:\n" +
    "   { messageCallback : callbackFunc }",
);

/** @private */
export type NativeFS = {
  syncfs: () => Promise<void>;
};

/** @private */
API.saveState = () => API.pyodide_py._state.save_state();

/** @private */
API.restoreState = (state: any) => API.pyodide_py._state.restore_state(state);

/**
 * Why is this a class rather than an object?
 * 1. It causes documentation items to be created for the entries so we can copy
 *    the definitions here rather than having to export things just so that they
 *    appear in the docs.
 * 2. We can use @warnOnce decorators (currently can only decorate class
 *    methods)
 * 3. It allows us to rebind names `PyBuffer` etc without causing
 *    `dts-bundle-generator` to generate broken type declarations.
 *
 * Between typescript, typedoc, dts-bundle-generator, rollup, and Emscripten,
 * there are a lot of constraints so we have to do some slightly weird things.
 * We convert it back into an object in makePublicAPI.
 *
 * TODO: move the definitions of public things defined in this file into the
 * class body.
 * @private
 */
export class PyodideAPI {
  /** @hidden */
  static version = version;
  /** @hidden */
  static loadPackage = loadPackage;
  /** @hidden */
  static loadedPackages = loadedPackages;
  /** @hidden */
  static ffi = ffi;
  /** @hidden */
  static setStdin = setStdin;
  /** @hidden */
  static setStdout = setStdout;
  /** @hidden */
  static setStderr = setStderr;

  /**
   *
   * An alias to the global Python namespace.
   *
   * For example, to access a variable called ``foo`` in the Python global
   * scope, use ``pyodide.globals.get("foo")``
   */
  static globals = {} as PyProxy; // actually defined in loadPyodide (see pyodide.js)
  /**
   * An alias to the `Emscripten File System API
   * <https://emscripten.org/docs/api_reference/Filesystem-API.html>`_.
   *
   * This provides a wide range of POSIX-`like` file/device operations, including
   * `mount
   * <https://emscripten.org/docs/api_reference/Filesystem-API.html#FS.mount>`_
   * which can be used to extend the in-memory filesystem with features like `persistence
   * <https://emscripten.org/docs/api_reference/Filesystem-API.html#persistent-data>`_.
   *
   * While all the file systems implementations are enabled, only the default
   * ``MEMFS`` is guaranteed to work in all runtime settings. The implementations
   * are available as members of ``FS.filesystems``:
   * ``IDBFS``, ``NODEFS``, ``PROXYFS``, ``WORKERFS``.
   */
  static FS = {} as any;
  /**
   * An alias to the `Emscripten Path API
   * <https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/blob/main/src/library_path.js>`_.
   *
   * This provides a variety of operations for working with file system paths, such as
   * ``dirname``, ``normalize``, and ``splitPath``.
   */
  static PATH = {} as any;

  /**
   * A map from posix error names to error codes.
   */
  static ERRNO_CODES = {} as { [code: string]: number };
  /**
   * An alias to the Python :ref:`pyodide <python-api>` package.
   *
   * You can use this to call functions defined in the Pyodide Python package
   * from JavaScript.
   */
  static pyodide_py = {} as PyProxy; // actually defined in loadPyodide (see pyodide.js)

  /**
   * Inspect a Python code chunk and use :js:func:`pyodide.loadPackage` to install
   * any known packages that the code chunk imports. Uses the Python API
   * :func:`pyodide.code.find\_imports` to inspect the code.
   *
   * For example, given the following code as input
   *
   * .. code-block:: python
   *
   *    import numpy as np
   *    x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
   *
   * :js:func:`loadPackagesFromImports` will call
   * ``pyodide.loadPackage(['numpy'])``.
   *
   * @param code The code to inspect.
   * @param options Options passed to :js:func:`pyodide.loadPackage`.
   * @param options.messageCallback A callback, called with progress messages
   *    (optional)
   * @param options.errorCallback A callback, called with error/warning messages
   *    (optional)
   * @param options.checkIntegrity If true, check the integrity of the downloaded
   *    packages (default: true)
   * @param errorCallbackDeprecated @ignore
   * @async
   */
  static async loadPackagesFromImports(
    code: string,
    options: {
      messageCallback?: (message: string) => void;
      errorCallback?: (message: string) => void;
      checkIntegrity?: boolean;
    } = {
      checkIntegrity: true,
    },
    errorCallbackDeprecated?: (message: string) => void,
  ) {
    if (typeof options === "function") {
      positionalCallbackWarnOnce();
      options = {
        messageCallback: options,
        errorCallback: errorCallbackDeprecated,
      };
    }

    let pyimports = API.pyodide_code.find_imports(code);
    let imports;
    try {
      imports = pyimports.toJs();
    } finally {
      pyimports.destroy();
    }
    if (imports.length === 0) {
      return;
    }

    let packageNames = API._import_name_to_package_name;
    let packages: Set<string> = new Set();
    for (let name of imports) {
      if (packageNames.has(name)) {
        packages.add(packageNames.get(name));
      }
    }
    if (packages.size) {
      await loadPackage(Array.from(packages), options);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Runs a string of Python code from JavaScript, using :py:func:`~pyodide.code.eval_code`
   * to evaluate the code. If the last statement in the Python code is an
   * expression (and the code doesn't end with a semicolon), the value of the
   * expression is returned.
   *
   * @param code Python code to evaluate
   * @param options
   * @param options.globals An optional Python dictionary to use as the globals.
   *        Defaults to :js:attr:`pyodide.globals`.
   * @param options.locals An optional Python dictionary to use as the locals.
   *        Defaults to the same as ``globals``.
   * @returns The result of the Python code translated to JavaScript. See the
   *          documentation for :py:func:`~pyodide.code.eval_code` for more info.
   */
  static runPython(
    code: string,
    options: { globals?: PyProxy; locals?: PyProxy } = {},
  ): any {
    if (!options.globals) {
      options.globals = API.globals;
    }
    return API.pyodide_code.eval_code(code, options.globals, options.locals);
  }

  /**
   * Run a Python code string with top level await using
   * :py:func:`~pyodide.code.eval_code_async` to evaluate the code. Returns a promise which
   * resolves when execution completes. If the last statement in the Python code
   * is an expression (and the code doesn't end with a semicolon), the returned
   * promise will resolve to the value of this expression.
   *
   * For example:
   *
   * .. code-block:: pyodide
   *
   *    let result = await pyodide.runPythonAsync(`
   *        from js import fetch
   *        response = await fetch("./repodata.json")
   *        packages = await response.json()
   *        # If final statement is an expression, its value is returned to JavaScript
   *        len(packages.packages.object_keys())
   *    `);
   *    console.log(result); // 79
   *
   * .. admonition:: Python imports
   *    :class: warning
   *
   *    Since pyodide 0.18.0, you must call :js:func:`loadPackagesFromImports` to
   *    import any python packages referenced via ``import`` statements in your
   *    code. This function will no longer do it for you.
   *
   * @param code Python code to evaluate
   * @param options
   * @param options.globals An optional Python dictionary to use as the globals.
   * Defaults to :js:attr:`pyodide.globals`.
   * @param options.locals An optional Python dictionary to use as the locals.
   *        Defaults to the same as ``globals``.
   * @returns The result of the Python code translated to JavaScript.
   * @async
   */
  static async runPythonAsync(
    code: string,
    options: { globals?: PyProxy; locals?: PyProxy } = {},
  ): Promise<any> {
    if (!options.globals) {
      options.globals = API.globals;
    }
    return await API.pyodide_code.eval_code_async(
      code,
      options.globals,
      options.locals,
    );
  }

  /**
   * Registers the JavaScript object ``module`` as a JavaScript module named
   * ``name``. This module can then be imported from Python using the standard
   * Python import system. If another module by the same name has already been
   * imported, this won't have much effect unless you also delete the imported
   * module from :py:data:`sys.modules`. This calls
   * :func:`~pyodide.ffi.register_js_module`.
   *
   * @param name Name of the JavaScript module to add
   * @param module JavaScript object backing the module
   */
  static registerJsModule(name: string, module: object) {
    API.pyodide_ffi.register_js_module(name, module);
  }
  /**
   * Unregisters a JavaScript module with given name that has been previously
   * registered with :js:func:`pyodide.registerJsModule` or
   * :func:`~pyodide.ffi.register_js_module`. If a JavaScript module with that
   * name does not already exist, will throw an error. Note that if the module has
   * already been imported, this won't have much effect unless you also delete the
   * imported module from :py:data:`sys.modules`. This calls
   * :func:`~pyodide.ffi.unregister_js_module`.
   *
   * @param name Name of the JavaScript module to remove
   */
  static unregisterJsModule(name: string) {
    API.pyodide_ffi.unregister_js_module(name);
  }

  /**
   * Convert a JavaScript object to a Python object as best as possible.
   *
   * This is similar to :py:meth:`~pyodide.ffi.JsProxy.to_py` but for use from
   * JavaScript. If the object is immutable or a :js:class:`~pyodide.ffi.PyProxy`,
   * it will be returned unchanged. If the object cannot be converted into Python,
   * it will be returned unchanged.
   *
   * See :ref:`type-translations-jsproxy-to-py` for more information.
   *
   * @param obj The object to convert.
   * @param options
   * @returns The object converted to Python.
   */
  static toPy(
    obj: any,
    {
      depth,
      defaultConverter,
    }: {
      /**
       *  Optional argument to limit the depth of the conversion.
       */
      depth: number;
      /**
       * Optional argument to convert objects with no default conversion. See the
       * documentation of :py:meth:`~pyodide.ffi.JsProxy.to_py`.
       */
      defaultConverter?: (
        value: any,
        converter: (value: any) => any,
        cacheConversion: (input: any, output: any) => void,
      ) => any;
    } = { depth: -1 },
  ): any {
    // No point in converting these, it'd be dumb to proxy them so they'd just
    // get converted back by `js2python` at the end
    switch (typeof obj) {
      case "string":
      case "number":
      case "boolean":
      case "bigint":
      case "undefined":
        return obj;
    }
    if (!obj || API.isPyProxy(obj)) {
      return obj;
    }
    let obj_id = 0;
    let py_result = 0;
    let result = 0;
    try {
      obj_id = Hiwire.new_value(obj);
      try {
        py_result = Module.js2python_convert(obj_id, {
          depth,
          defaultConverter,
        });
      } catch (e) {
        if (e instanceof Module._PropagatePythonError) {
          Module._pythonexc2js();
        }
        throw e;
      }
      if (Module._JsProxy_Check(py_result)) {
        // Oops, just created a JsProxy. Return the original object.
        return obj;
        // return Module.pyproxy_new(py_result);
      }
      result = Module._python2js(py_result);
      if (result === 0) {
        Module._pythonexc2js();
      }
    } finally {
      Hiwire.decref(obj_id);
      Module._Py_DecRef(py_result);
    }
    return Hiwire.pop_value(result);
  }

  /**
   * Imports a module and returns it.
   *
   * .. admonition:: Warning
   *    :class: warning
   *
   *    This function has a completely different behavior than the old removed pyimport function!
   *
   *    ``pyimport`` is roughly equivalent to:
   *
   *    .. code-block:: js
   *
   *      pyodide.runPython(`import ${pkgname}; ${pkgname}`);
   *
   *    except that the global namespace will not change.
   *
   *    Example:
   *
   *    .. code-block:: js
   *
   *      let sysmodule = pyodide.pyimport("sys");
   *      let recursionLimit = sysmodule.getrecursionlimit();
   *
   * @param mod_name The name of the module to import
   * @returns A PyProxy for the imported module
   */
  static pyimport(mod_name: string): PyProxy {
    return API.importlib.import_module(mod_name);
  }

  /**
   * Unpack an archive into a target directory.
   *
   * @param buffer The archive as an :js:class:`ArrayBuffer` or :js:class:`TypedArray`.
   * @param format The format of the archive. Should be one of the formats
   * recognized by :py:func:`shutil.unpack_archive`. By default the options are
   * ``'bztar'``, ``'gztar'``, ``'tar'``, ``'zip'``, and ``'wheel'``. Several
   * synonyms are accepted for each format, e.g., for ``'gztar'`` any of
   * ``'.gztar'``, ``'.tar.gz'``, ``'.tgz'``, ``'tar.gz'`` or ``'tgz'`` are
   * considered to be
   * synonyms.
   *
   * @param options
   * @param options.extractDir The directory to unpack the archive into. Defaults
   * to the working directory.
   */
  static unpackArchive(
    buffer: TypedArray | ArrayBuffer,
    format: string,
    options: {
      extractDir?: string;
    } = {},
  ) {
    if (
      !ArrayBuffer.isView(buffer) &&
      API.getTypeTag(buffer) !== "[object ArrayBuffer]"
    ) {
      throw new TypeError(
        `Expected argument 'buffer' to be an ArrayBuffer or an ArrayBuffer view`,
      );
    }
    API.typedArrayAsUint8Array(buffer);

    let extract_dir = options.extractDir;
    API.package_loader.unpack_buffer.callKwargs({
      buffer,
      format,
      extract_dir,
      installer: "pyodide.unpackArchive",
    });
  }

  /**
   * Mounts a :js:class:`FileSystemDirectoryHandle` into the target directory.
   *
   * @param path The absolute path in the Emscripten file system to mount the
   * native directory. If the directory does not exist, it will be created. If it
   * does exist, it must be empty.
   * @param fileSystemHandle A handle returned by ``navigator.storage.getDirectory()``
   * or ``window.showDirectoryPicker()``.
   */
  static async mountNativeFS(
    path: string,
    fileSystemHandle: FileSystemDirectoryHandle,
    // TODO: support sync file system
    // sync: boolean = false
  ): Promise<NativeFS> {
    if (fileSystemHandle.constructor.name !== "FileSystemDirectoryHandle") {
      throw new TypeError(
        `Expected argument 'fileSystemHandle' to be a FileSystemDirectoryHandle`,
      );
    }

    if (Module.FS.findObject(path) == null) {
      Module.FS.mkdirTree(path);
    }

    Module.FS.mount(
      Module.FS.filesystems.NATIVEFS_ASYNC,
      { fileSystemHandle: fileSystemHandle },
      path,
    );

    // sync native ==> browser
    await new Promise((resolve, _) => Module.FS.syncfs(true, resolve));

    return {
      // sync browser ==> native
      syncfs: async () =>
        new Promise((resolve, _) => Module.FS.syncfs(false, resolve)),
    };
  }

  /**
   * Tell Pyodide about Comlink.
   * Necessary to enable importing Comlink proxies into Python.
   */
  static registerComlink(Comlink: any) {
    API._Comlink = Comlink;
  }

  /**
   * Sets the interrupt buffer to be ``interrupt_buffer``. This is only useful
   * when Pyodide is used in a webworker. The buffer should be a
   * :js:class:`SharedArrayBuffer` shared with the main browser thread (or another
   * worker). In that case, signal ``signum`` may be sent by writing ``signum``
   * into the interrupt buffer. If ``signum`` does not satisfy 0 < ``signum`` < 65
   * it will be silently ignored.
   *
   * You can disable interrupts by calling ``setInterruptBuffer(undefined)``.
   *
   * If you wish to trigger a :py:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt`, write ``SIGINT`` (a 2)
   * into the interrupt buffer.
   *
   * By default ``SIGINT`` raises a :py:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` and all other signals
   * are ignored. You can install custom signal handlers with the signal module.
   * Even signals that normally have special meaning and can't be overridden like
   * ``SIGKILL`` and ``SIGSEGV`` are ignored by default and can be used for any
   * purpose you like.
   */
  static setInterruptBuffer(interrupt_buffer: TypedArray) {
    Module.HEAP8[Module._Py_EMSCRIPTEN_SIGNAL_HANDLING] = !!interrupt_buffer;
    Module.Py_EmscriptenSignalBuffer = interrupt_buffer;
  }

  /**
   * Throws a :py:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` error if a :py:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` has
   * been requested via the interrupt buffer.
   *
   * This can be used to enable keyboard interrupts during execution of JavaScript
   * code, just as :c:func:`PyErr_CheckSignals` is used to enable keyboard interrupts
   * during execution of C code.
   */
  static checkInterrupt() {
    if (Module.__PyErr_CheckSignals()) {
      Module._pythonexc2js();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Is ``jsobj`` a :js:class:`~pyodide.ffi.PyProxy`?
   * @deprecated Use :js:class:`obj instanceof pyodide.ffi.PyProxy <pyodide.ffi.PyProxy>` instead.
   * @param jsobj Object to test.
   */
  static isPyProxy(jsobj: any): jsobj is PyProxy {
    console.warn(
      "pyodide.isPyProxy() is deprecated. Use `instanceof pyodide.ffi.PyProxy` instead.",
    );
    this.isPyProxy = API.isPyProxy;
    return API.isPyProxy(jsobj);
  }

  /**
   * An alias for :js:class:`pyodide.ffi.PyBufferView`.
   *
   * @hidetype
   * @alias
   * @doc_kind class
   * @deprecated
   */
  static get PyBuffer() {
    console.warn(
      "pyodide.PyBuffer is deprecated. Use `pyodide.ffi.PyBufferView` instead.",
    );
    Object.defineProperty(this, "PyBuffer", { value: PyBufferView });
    return PyBufferView;
  }

  /**
   * An alias for :js:class:`pyodide.ffi.PyBuffer`.
   *
   * @hidetype
   * @alias
   * @doc_kind class
   * @deprecated
   */

  static get PyProxyBuffer() {
    console.warn(
      "pyodide.PyProxyBuffer is deprecated. Use `pyodide.ffi.PyBuffer` instead.",
    );
    Object.defineProperty(this, "PyProxyBuffer", { value: PyBuffer });
    return PyBuffer;
  }

  /**
   * An alias for :js:class:`pyodide.ffi.PyBuffer`.
   *
   * @hidetype
   * @alias
   * @doc_kind class
   * @deprecated
   */
  static get PythonError() {
    console.warn(
      "pyodide.PythonError is deprecated. Use `pyodide.ffi.PythonError` instead.",
    );
    Object.defineProperty(this, "PythonError", { value: PythonError });
    return PythonError;
  }
}

/** @hidetype */
export type PyodideInterface = typeof PyodideAPI;

/** @private */
API.makePublicAPI = function () {
  // Create a copy of PyodideAPI that is an object instead of a class. This
  // displays a bit better in debuggers / consoles.
  let d = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(PyodideAPI);
  // @ts-ignore
  delete d["prototype"];
  const pyodideAPI = Object.create({}, d);
  API.public_api = pyodideAPI;
  pyodideAPI.FS = Module.FS;
  pyodideAPI.PATH = Module.PATH;
  pyodideAPI.ERRNO_CODES = Module.ERRNO_CODES;
  pyodideAPI._module = Module;
  pyodideAPI._api = API;
  return pyodideAPI;
};

declare var Module: any;
declare var Hiwire: any;
declare var API: any;
import "./module";
import { ffi } from "./ffi";
import { CanvasInterface, canvas } from "./canvas";

import { loadPackage, loadedPackages } from "./load-package";
import { PyBufferView, PyBuffer, TypedArray, PyProxy } from "./pyproxy.gen";
import { PythonError } from "./error_handling.gen";
import { loadBinaryFile } from "./compat";
import { version } from "./version";
import "./error_handling.gen.js";
import { setStdin, setStdout, setStderr } from "./streams";
import { makeWarnOnce } from "./util";

API.loadBinaryFile = loadBinaryFile;

/**
 * Runs code after python vm has been initialized but prior to any bootstrapping.
 */
API.rawRun = function rawRun(code: string): [number, string] {
  const code_ptr = Module.stringToNewUTF8(code);
  Module.API.capture_stderr();
  let errcode = Module._PyRun_SimpleString(code_ptr);
  Module._free(code_ptr);
  const captured_stderr = Module.API.restore_stderr().trim();
  return [errcode, captured_stderr];
};

/**
 * Just like `runPython` except uses a different globals dict and gets
 * `eval_code` from `_pyodide` so that it can work before `pyodide` is imported.
 * @private
 */
API.runPythonInternal = function (code: string): any {
  // API.runPythonInternal_dict is initialized in finalizeBootstrap
  return API._pyodide._base.eval_code(code, API.runPythonInternal_dict);
};

const positionalCallbackWarnOnce = makeWarnOnce(
  "Passing a messageCallback (resp. errorCallback) as the second (resp. third) argument to loadPackageFromImports " +
    "is deprecated and will be removed in v0.24. Instead use:\n" +
    "   { messageCallback : callbackFunc }",
);

/** @private */
export type NativeFS = {
  syncfs: () => Promise<void>;
};

/** @private */
API.saveState = () => API.pyodide_py._state.save_state();

/** @private */
API.restoreState = (state: any) => API.pyodide_py._state.restore_state(state);

/**
 * Why is this a class rather than an object?
 * 1. It causes documentation items to be created for the entries so we can copy
 *    the definitions here rather than having to export things just so that they
 *    appear in the docs.
 * 2. We can use @warnOnce decorators (currently can only decorate class
 *    methods)
 * 3. It allows us to rebind names `PyBuffer` etc without causing
 *    `dts-bundle-generator` to generate broken type declarations.
 *
 * Between typescript, typedoc, dts-bundle-generator, rollup, and Emscripten,
 * there are a lot of constraints so we have to do some slightly weird things.
 * We convert it back into an object in makePublicAPI.
 *
 * TODO: move the definitions of public things defined in this file into the
 * class body.
 * @private
 */
export class PyodideAPI {
  /** @hidden */
  static version = version;
  /** @hidden */
  static loadPackage = loadPackage;
  /** @hidden */
  static loadedPackages = loadedPackages;
  /** @hidden */
  static ffi = ffi;
  /** @hidden */
  static setStdin = setStdin;
  /** @hidden */
  static setStdout = setStdout;
  /** @hidden */
  static setStderr = setStderr;

  /**
   *
   * An alias to the global Python namespace.
   *
   * For example, to access a variable called ``foo`` in the Python global
   * scope, use ``pyodide.globals.get("foo")``
   */
  static globals = {} as PyProxy; // actually defined in loadPyodide (see pyodide.js)
  /**
   * An alias to the `Emscripten File System API
   * <https://emscripten.org/docs/api_reference/Filesystem-API.html>`_.
   *
   * This provides a wide range of POSIX-`like` file/device operations, including
   * `mount
   * <https://emscripten.org/docs/api_reference/Filesystem-API.html#FS.mount>`_
   * which can be used to extend the in-memory filesystem with features like `persistence
   * <https://emscripten.org/docs/api_reference/Filesystem-API.html#persistent-data>`_.
   *
   * While all the file systems implementations are enabled, only the default
   * ``MEMFS`` is guaranteed to work in all runtime settings. The implementations
   * are available as members of ``FS.filesystems``:
   * ``IDBFS``, ``NODEFS``, ``PROXYFS``, ``WORKERFS``.
   */
  static FS = {} as any;
  /**
   * An alias to the `Emscripten Path API
   * <https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/blob/main/src/library_path.js>`_.
   *
   * This provides a variety of operations for working with file system paths, such as
   * ``dirname``, ``normalize``, and ``splitPath``.
   */
  static PATH = {} as any;

  /**
   * This provides APIs to set a canvas for rendering graphics.
   *
   * For example, you need to set a canvas if you want to use the
   * SDL library. See :ref:`using-sdl` for more information.
   */
  static canvas: CanvasInterface = canvas;

  /**
   * A map from posix error names to error codes.
   */
  static ERRNO_CODES = {} as { [code: string]: number };
  /**
   * An alias to the Python :ref:`pyodide <python-api>` package.
   *
   * You can use this to call functions defined in the Pyodide Python package
   * from JavaScript.
   */
  static pyodide_py = {} as PyProxy; // actually defined in loadPyodide (see pyodide.js)

  /**
   * Inspect a Python code chunk and use :js:func:`pyodide.loadPackage` to install
   * any known packages that the code chunk imports. Uses the Python API
   * :func:`pyodide.code.find\_imports` to inspect the code.
   *
   * For example, given the following code as input
   *
   * .. code-block:: python
   *
   *    import numpy as np
   *    x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
   *
   * :js:func:`loadPackagesFromImports` will call
   * ``pyodide.loadPackage(['numpy'])``.
   *
   * @param code The code to inspect.
   * @param options Options passed to :js:func:`pyodide.loadPackage`.
   * @param options.messageCallback A callback, called with progress messages
   *    (optional)
   * @param options.errorCallback A callback, called with error/warning messages
   *    (optional)
   * @param options.checkIntegrity If true, check the integrity of the downloaded
   *    packages (default: true)
   * @param errorCallbackDeprecated @ignore
   * @async
   */
  static async loadPackagesFromImports(
    code: string,
    options: {
      messageCallback?: (message: string) => void;
      errorCallback?: (message: string) => void;
      checkIntegrity?: boolean;
    } = {
      checkIntegrity: true,
    },
    errorCallbackDeprecated?: (message: string) => void,
  ) {
    if (typeof options === "function") {
      positionalCallbackWarnOnce();
      options = {
        messageCallback: options,
        errorCallback: errorCallbackDeprecated,
      };
    }

    let pyimports = API.pyodide_code.find_imports(code);
    let imports;
    try {
      imports = pyimports.toJs();
    } finally {
      pyimports.destroy();
    }
    if (imports.length === 0) {
      return;
    }

    let packageNames = API._import_name_to_package_name;
    let packages: Set<string> = new Set();
    for (let name of imports) {
      if (packageNames.has(name)) {
        packages.add(packageNames.get(name));
      }
    }
    if (packages.size) {
      await loadPackage(Array.from(packages), options);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Runs a string of Python code from JavaScript, using :py:func:`~pyodide.code.eval_code`
   * to evaluate the code. If the last statement in the Python code is an
   * expression (and the code doesn't end with a semicolon), the value of the
   * expression is returned.
   *
   * @param code Python code to evaluate
   * @param options
   * @param options.globals An optional Python dictionary to use as the globals.
   *        Defaults to :js:attr:`pyodide.globals`.
   * @param options.locals An optional Python dictionary to use as the locals.
   *        Defaults to the same as ``globals``.
   * @returns The result of the Python code translated to JavaScript. See the
   *          documentation for :py:func:`~pyodide.code.eval_code` for more info.
   */
  static runPython(
    code: string,
    options: { globals?: PyProxy; locals?: PyProxy } = {},
  ): any {
    if (!options.globals) {
      options.globals = API.globals;
    }
    return API.pyodide_code.eval_code(code, options.globals, options.locals);
  }

  /**
   * Run a Python code string with top level await using
   * :py:func:`~pyodide.code.eval_code_async` to evaluate the code. Returns a promise which
   * resolves when execution completes. If the last statement in the Python code
   * is an expression (and the code doesn't end with a semicolon), the returned
   * promise will resolve to the value of this expression.
   *
   * For example:
   *
   * .. code-block:: pyodide
   *
   *    let result = await pyodide.runPythonAsync(`
   *        from js import fetch
   *        response = await fetch("./repodata.json")
   *        packages = await response.json()
   *        # If final statement is an expression, its value is returned to JavaScript
   *        len(packages.packages.object_keys())
   *    `);
   *    console.log(result); // 79
   *
   * .. admonition:: Python imports
   *    :class: warning
   *
   *    Since pyodide 0.18.0, you must call :js:func:`loadPackagesFromImports` to
   *    import any python packages referenced via ``import`` statements in your
   *    code. This function will no longer do it for you.
   *
   * @param code Python code to evaluate
   * @param options
   * @param options.globals An optional Python dictionary to use as the globals.
   * Defaults to :js:attr:`pyodide.globals`.
   * @param options.locals An optional Python dictionary to use as the locals.
   *        Defaults to the same as ``globals``.
   * @returns The result of the Python code translated to JavaScript.
   * @async
   */
  static async runPythonAsync(
    code: string,
    options: { globals?: PyProxy; locals?: PyProxy } = {},
  ): Promise<any> {
    if (!options.globals) {
      options.globals = API.globals;
    }
    return await API.pyodide_code.eval_code_async(
      code,
      options.globals,
      options.locals,
    );
  }

  /**
   * Registers the JavaScript object ``module`` as a JavaScript module named
   * ``name``. This module can then be imported from Python using the standard
   * Python import system. If another module by the same name has already been
   * imported, this won't have much effect unless you also delete the imported
   * module from :py:data:`sys.modules`. This calls
   * :func:`~pyodide.ffi.register_js_module`.
   *
   * @param name Name of the JavaScript module to add
   * @param module JavaScript object backing the module
   */
  static registerJsModule(name: string, module: object) {
    API.pyodide_ffi.register_js_module(name, module);
  }
  /**
   * Unregisters a JavaScript module with given name that has been previously
   * registered with :js:func:`pyodide.registerJsModule` or
   * :func:`~pyodide.ffi.register_js_module`. If a JavaScript module with that
   * name does not already exist, will throw an error. Note that if the module has
   * already been imported, this won't have much effect unless you also delete the
   * imported module from :py:data:`sys.modules`. This calls
   * :func:`~pyodide.ffi.unregister_js_module`.
   *
   * @param name Name of the JavaScript module to remove
   */
  static unregisterJsModule(name: string) {
    API.pyodide_ffi.unregister_js_module(name);
  }

  /**
   * Convert a JavaScript object to a Python object as best as possible.
   *
   * This is similar to :py:meth:`~pyodide.ffi.JsProxy.to_py` but for use from
   * JavaScript. If the object is immutable or a :js:class:`~pyodide.ffi.PyProxy`,
   * it will be returned unchanged. If the object cannot be converted into Python,
   * it will be returned unchanged.
   *
   * See :ref:`type-translations-jsproxy-to-py` for more information.
   *
   * @param obj The object to convert.
   * @param options
   * @returns The object converted to Python.
   */
  static toPy(
    obj: any,
    {
      depth,
      defaultConverter,
    }: {
      /**
       *  Optional argument to limit the depth of the conversion.
       */
      depth: number;
      /**
       * Optional argument to convert objects with no default conversion. See the
       * documentation of :py:meth:`~pyodide.ffi.JsProxy.to_py`.
       */
      defaultConverter?: (
        value: any,
        converter: (value: any) => any,
        cacheConversion: (input: any, output: any) => void,
      ) => any;
    } = { depth: -1 },
  ): any {
    // No point in converting these, it'd be dumb to proxy them so they'd just
    // get converted back by `js2python` at the end
    switch (typeof obj) {
      case "string":
      case "number":
      case "boolean":
      case "bigint":
      case "undefined":
        return obj;
    }
    if (!obj || API.isPyProxy(obj)) {
      return obj;
    }
    let obj_id = 0;
    let py_result = 0;
    let result = 0;
    try {
      obj_id = Hiwire.new_value(obj);
      try {
        py_result = Module.js2python_convert(obj_id, {
          depth,
          defaultConverter,
        });
      } catch (e) {
        if (e instanceof Module._PropagatePythonError) {
          Module._pythonexc2js();
        }
        throw e;
      }
      if (Module._JsProxy_Check(py_result)) {
        // Oops, just created a JsProxy. Return the original object.
        return obj;
        // return Module.pyproxy_new(py_result);
      }
      result = Module._python2js(py_result);
      if (result === 0) {
        Module._pythonexc2js();
      }
    } finally {
      Hiwire.decref(obj_id);
      Module._Py_DecRef(py_result);
    }
    return Hiwire.pop_value(result);
  }

  /**
   * Imports a module and returns it.
   *
   * .. admonition:: Warning
   *    :class: warning
   *
   *    This function has a completely different behavior than the old removed pyimport function!
   *
   *    ``pyimport`` is roughly equivalent to:
   *
   *    .. code-block:: js
   *
   *      pyodide.runPython(`import ${pkgname}; ${pkgname}`);
   *
   *    except that the global namespace will not change.
   *
   *    Example:
   *
   *    .. code-block:: js
   *
   *      let sysmodule = pyodide.pyimport("sys");
   *      let recursionLimit = sysmodule.getrecursionlimit();
   *
   * @param mod_name The name of the module to import
   * @returns A PyProxy for the imported module
   */
  static pyimport(mod_name: string): PyProxy {
    return API.importlib.import_module(mod_name);
  }

  /**
   * Unpack an archive into a target directory.
   *
   * @param buffer The archive as an :js:class:`ArrayBuffer` or :js:class:`TypedArray`.
   * @param format The format of the archive. Should be one of the formats
   * recognized by :py:func:`shutil.unpack_archive`. By default the options are
   * ``'bztar'``, ``'gztar'``, ``'tar'``, ``'zip'``, and ``'wheel'``. Several
   * synonyms are accepted for each format, e.g., for ``'gztar'`` any of
   * ``'.gztar'``, ``'.tar.gz'``, ``'.tgz'``, ``'tar.gz'`` or ``'tgz'`` are
   * considered to be
   * synonyms.
   *
   * @param options
   * @param options.extractDir The directory to unpack the archive into. Defaults
   * to the working directory.
   */
  static unpackArchive(
    buffer: TypedArray | ArrayBuffer,
    format: string,
    options: {
      extractDir?: string;
    } = {},
  ) {
    if (
      !ArrayBuffer.isView(buffer) &&
      API.getTypeTag(buffer) !== "[object ArrayBuffer]"
    ) {
      throw new TypeError(
        `Expected argument 'buffer' to be an ArrayBuffer or an ArrayBuffer view`,
      );
    }
    API.typedArrayAsUint8Array(buffer);

    let extract_dir = options.extractDir;
    API.package_loader.unpack_buffer.callKwargs({
      buffer,
      format,
      extract_dir,
      installer: "pyodide.unpackArchive",
    });
  }

  /**
   * Mounts a :js:class:`FileSystemDirectoryHandle` into the target directory.
   *
   * @param path The absolute path in the Emscripten file system to mount the
   * native directory. If the directory does not exist, it will be created. If it
   * does exist, it must be empty.
   * @param fileSystemHandle A handle returned by ``navigator.storage.getDirectory()``
   * or ``window.showDirectoryPicker()``.
   */
  static async mountNativeFS(
    path: string,
    fileSystemHandle: FileSystemDirectoryHandle,
    // TODO: support sync file system
    // sync: boolean = false
  ): Promise<NativeFS> {
    if (fileSystemHandle.constructor.name !== "FileSystemDirectoryHandle") {
      throw new TypeError(
        `Expected argument 'fileSystemHandle' to be a FileSystemDirectoryHandle`,
      );
    }

    if (Module.FS.findObject(path) == null) {
      Module.FS.mkdirTree(path);
    }

    Module.FS.mount(
      Module.FS.filesystems.NATIVEFS_ASYNC,
      { fileSystemHandle: fileSystemHandle },
      path,
    );

    // sync native ==> browser
    await new Promise((resolve, _) => Module.FS.syncfs(true, resolve));

    return {
      // sync browser ==> native
      syncfs: async () =>
        new Promise((resolve, _) => Module.FS.syncfs(false, resolve)),
    };
  }

  /**
   * Tell Pyodide about Comlink.
   * Necessary to enable importing Comlink proxies into Python.
   */
  static registerComlink(Comlink: any) {
    API._Comlink = Comlink;
  }

  /**
   * Sets the interrupt buffer to be ``interrupt_buffer``. This is only useful
   * when Pyodide is used in a webworker. The buffer should be a
   * :js:class:`SharedArrayBuffer` shared with the main browser thread (or another
   * worker). In that case, signal ``signum`` may be sent by writing ``signum``
   * into the interrupt buffer. If ``signum`` does not satisfy 0 < ``signum`` < 65
   * it will be silently ignored.
   *
   * You can disable interrupts by calling ``setInterruptBuffer(undefined)``.
   *
   * If you wish to trigger a :py:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt`, write ``SIGINT`` (a 2)
   * into the interrupt buffer.
   *
   * By default ``SIGINT`` raises a :py:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` and all other signals
   * are ignored. You can install custom signal handlers with the signal module.
   * Even signals that normally have special meaning and can't be overridden like
   * ``SIGKILL`` and ``SIGSEGV`` are ignored by default and can be used for any
   * purpose you like.
   */
  static setInterruptBuffer(interrupt_buffer: TypedArray) {
    Module.HEAP8[Module._Py_EMSCRIPTEN_SIGNAL_HANDLING] = !!interrupt_buffer;
    Module.Py_EmscriptenSignalBuffer = interrupt_buffer;
  }

  /**
   * Throws a :py:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` error if a :py:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` has
   * been requested via the interrupt buffer.
   *
   * This can be used to enable keyboard interrupts during execution of JavaScript
   * code, just as :c:func:`PyErr_CheckSignals` is used to enable keyboard interrupts
   * during execution of C code.
   */
  static checkInterrupt() {
    if (Module.__PyErr_CheckSignals()) {
      Module._pythonexc2js();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Is ``jsobj`` a :js:class:`~pyodide.ffi.PyProxy`?
   * @deprecated Use :js:class:`obj instanceof pyodide.ffi.PyProxy <pyodide.ffi.PyProxy>` instead.
   * @param jsobj Object to test.
   */
  static isPyProxy(jsobj: any): jsobj is PyProxy {
    console.warn(
      "pyodide.isPyProxy() is deprecated. Use `instanceof pyodide.ffi.PyProxy` instead.",
    );
    this.isPyProxy = API.isPyProxy;
    return API.isPyProxy(jsobj);
  }

  /**
   * An alias for :js:class:`pyodide.ffi.PyBufferView`.
   *
   * @hidetype
   * @alias
   * @doc_kind class
   * @deprecated
   */
  static get PyBuffer() {
    console.warn(
      "pyodide.PyBuffer is deprecated. Use `pyodide.ffi.PyBufferView` instead.",
    );
    Object.defineProperty(this, "PyBuffer", { value: PyBufferView });
    return PyBufferView;
  }

  /**
   * An alias for :js:class:`pyodide.ffi.PyBuffer`.
   *
   * @hidetype
   * @alias
   * @doc_kind class
   * @deprecated
   */

  static get PyProxyBuffer() {
    console.warn(
      "pyodide.PyProxyBuffer is deprecated. Use `pyodide.ffi.PyBuffer` instead.",
    );
    Object.defineProperty(this, "PyProxyBuffer", { value: PyBuffer });
    return PyBuffer;
  }

  /**
   * An alias for :js:class:`pyodide.ffi.PyBuffer`.
   *
   * @hidetype
   * @alias
   * @doc_kind class
   * @deprecated
   */
  static get PythonError() {
    console.warn(
      "pyodide.PythonError is deprecated. Use `pyodide.ffi.PythonError` instead.",
    );
    Object.defineProperty(this, "PythonError", { value: PythonError });
    return PythonError;
  }
}

/** @hidetype */
export type PyodideInterface = typeof PyodideAPI;

/** @private */
API.makePublicAPI = function () {
  // Create a copy of PyodideAPI that is an object instead of a class. This
  // displays a bit better in debuggers / consoles.
  let d = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(PyodideAPI);
  // @ts-ignore
  delete d["prototype"];
  const pyodideAPI = Object.create({}, d);
  API.public_api = pyodideAPI;
  pyodideAPI.FS = Module.FS;
  pyodideAPI.PATH = Module.PATH;
  pyodideAPI.ERRNO_CODES = Module.ERRNO_CODES;
  pyodideAPI._module = Module;
  pyodideAPI._api = API;
  return pyodideAPI;
};
