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A 57-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with upper abdominal pain. He reports a 3-month history of mild epigastric pain that improves with meals. He has lost 15 pounds since his symptoms started. His past medical history is notable for gynecomastia in the setting of a prolactinoma for which he underwent surgical resection over 10 years prior. He has a 15-pack-year smoking history, a history of heroin abuse, and is on methadone. His family history is notable for parathyroid adenoma in his father. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 125/80 mmHg, pulse is 78/min, and respirations are 18/min. This patient’s symptoms are most likely due to elevations in a substance with which of the following functions?
Options:
{'A': 'Decrease gastric acid secretion', 'B': 'Decrease gastrin secretion', 'C': 'Increase pancreatic bicarbonate secretion', 'D': 'Increase pancreatic exocrine secretion', 'E': 'Promote gastric mucosal growth'} | {'A': 'Decrease gastric acid secretion', 'B': 'Decrease gastrin secretion', 'C': 'Increase pancreatic bicarbonate secretion', 'D': 'Increase pancreatic exocrine secretion', 'E': 'Promote gastric mucosal growth'} | Promote gastric mucosal growth | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 57-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with upper abdominal pain. He reports a 3-month history of mild epigastric pain that improves with meals. He has lost 15 pounds since his symptoms started. His past medical history is notable for gynecomastia in the setting of a prolactinoma for which he underwent surgical resection over 10 years prior. He has a 15-pack-year smoking history, a history of heroin abuse, and is on methadone. His family history is notable for parathyroid adenoma in his father. His temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 125/80 mmHg, pulse is 78/min, and respirations are 18/min. This patient’s symptoms are most likely due to elevations in a substance with which of the following functions?
Options:
{'A': 'Decrease gastric acid secretion', 'B': 'Decrease gastrin secretion', 'C': 'Increase pancreatic bicarbonate secretion', 'D': 'Increase pancreatic exocrine secretion', 'E': 'Promote gastric mucosal growth'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Promote gastric mucosal growth<|eot_id|> |
A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 36 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of worsening pelvic pain for 2 hours. Three days ago, she had a burning sensation with urination that resolved spontaneously. She has nausea and has vomited fluid twice on her way to the hospital. She appears ill. Her temperature is 39.7°C (103.5°F), pulse is 125/min, respirations are 33/min, and blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg. Abdominal examination shows diffuse tenderness. No contractions are felt. Speculum examination shows pooling of nonbloody, malodorous fluid in the vaginal vault. The cervix is not effaced or dilated. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 14 g/dL, a leukocyte count of 16,000/mm3, and a platelet count of 250,000/mm3. Fetal heart rate is 148/min and reactive with no decelerations. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
{'A': 'Administer intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin and perform C-section', 'B': 'Expectant management', 'C': 'Administer oral azithromycin and induce labor', 'D': 'Administer intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin and induce labor', 'E': 'Perform C-section'} | {'A': 'Administer intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin and perform C-section', 'B': 'Expectant management', 'C': 'Administer oral azithromycin and induce labor', 'D': 'Administer intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin and induce labor', 'E': 'Perform C-section'} | Administer intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin and induce labor | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 36 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of worsening pelvic pain for 2 hours. Three days ago, she had a burning sensation with urination that resolved spontaneously. She has nausea and has vomited fluid twice on her way to the hospital. She appears ill. Her temperature is 39.7°C (103.5°F), pulse is 125/min, respirations are 33/min, and blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg. Abdominal examination shows diffuse tenderness. No contractions are felt. Speculum examination shows pooling of nonbloody, malodorous fluid in the vaginal vault. The cervix is not effaced or dilated. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 14 g/dL, a leukocyte count of 16,000/mm3, and a platelet count of 250,000/mm3. Fetal heart rate is 148/min and reactive with no decelerations. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
{'A': 'Administer intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin and perform C-section', 'B': 'Expectant management', 'C': 'Administer oral azithromycin and induce labor', 'D': 'Administer intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin and induce labor', 'E': 'Perform C-section'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Administer intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin and induce labor<|eot_id|> |
A previously healthy 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 2-day history of itchy rash and swelling on his left lower leg. His mother says the boy complained of an insect bite while playing outdoors 3 days before the onset of the lesion. His immunizations are up-to-date. He is at the 50th percentile for height and the 85th percentile for weight. He has no known allergies. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 120/min, and blood pressure is 95/60 mm Hg. The lower left leg is swollen and tender with erythema that has sharply defined borders. There is also a narrow red line with a raised border that extends from the lower leg to the groin. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?
Options:
{'A': 'Staphylococcus aureus infection', 'B': 'Sporothrix schenckii infection', 'C': 'Contact dermatitis', 'D': 'Vasculitis', 'E': 'Streptococcus pyogenes infection\n"'} | {'A': 'Staphylococcus aureus infection', 'B': 'Sporothrix schenckii infection', 'C': 'Contact dermatitis', 'D': 'Vasculitis', 'E': 'Streptococcus pyogenes infection\n"'} | Streptococcus pyogenes infection
" | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A previously healthy 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 2-day history of itchy rash and swelling on his left lower leg. His mother says the boy complained of an insect bite while playing outdoors 3 days before the onset of the lesion. His immunizations are up-to-date. He is at the 50th percentile for height and the 85th percentile for weight. He has no known allergies. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 120/min, and blood pressure is 95/60 mm Hg. The lower left leg is swollen and tender with erythema that has sharply defined borders. There is also a narrow red line with a raised border that extends from the lower leg to the groin. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?
Options:
{'A': 'Staphylococcus aureus infection', 'B': 'Sporothrix schenckii infection', 'C': 'Contact dermatitis', 'D': 'Vasculitis', 'E': 'Streptococcus pyogenes infection\n"'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Streptococcus pyogenes infection
"<|eot_id|> |
A 12-month-old child passed away after suffering from craniofacial abnormalities, neurologic dysfunction, and hepatomegaly. Analysis of the child’s blood plasma shows an increase in very long chain fatty acids. The cellular analysis demonstrates dysfunction of an organelle responsible for the breakdown of these fatty acids within the cell. Postmortem, the child is diagnosed with Zellweger syndrome. The family is informed about the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of the disease and their carrier status. Which of the following processes is deficient in the dysfunctional organelle in this disease?
Options:
{'A': 'Beta-oxidation', 'B': 'Transcription', 'C': 'Translation', 'D': 'Ubiquitination', 'E': 'Phosphorylation'} | {'A': 'Beta-oxidation', 'B': 'Transcription', 'C': 'Translation', 'D': 'Ubiquitination', 'E': 'Phosphorylation'} | Beta-oxidation | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 12-month-old child passed away after suffering from craniofacial abnormalities, neurologic dysfunction, and hepatomegaly. Analysis of the child’s blood plasma shows an increase in very long chain fatty acids. The cellular analysis demonstrates dysfunction of an organelle responsible for the breakdown of these fatty acids within the cell. Postmortem, the child is diagnosed with Zellweger syndrome. The family is informed about the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern of the disease and their carrier status. Which of the following processes is deficient in the dysfunctional organelle in this disease?
Options:
{'A': 'Beta-oxidation', 'B': 'Transcription', 'C': 'Translation', 'D': 'Ubiquitination', 'E': 'Phosphorylation'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Beta-oxidation<|eot_id|> |
A 55-year-old caucasian man presents to his primary care physician with a complaint of double vision, which started suddenly with no precipitating trauma. Twelve years ago, he presented to his physician with painful vision loss, which has since resolved. Since that initial episode, he had numerous episodes early-on in his disease course: two additional episodes of painful vision loss, as well as three episodes of right arm weakness and three episodes of urinary retention requiring catheterization. All of his prior episodes responded to supportive therapy and steroids. Which of the following features of this patient's disease is linked to a more benign disease course?
Options:
{'A': 'Age at onset', 'B': 'Race', 'C': 'Initial presenting symptoms', 'D': 'Gender', 'E': 'Number of episodes early in the disease'} | {'A': 'Age at onset', 'B': 'Race', 'C': 'Initial presenting symptoms', 'D': 'Gender', 'E': 'Number of episodes early in the disease'} | Initial presenting symptoms | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 55-year-old caucasian man presents to his primary care physician with a complaint of double vision, which started suddenly with no precipitating trauma. Twelve years ago, he presented to his physician with painful vision loss, which has since resolved. Since that initial episode, he had numerous episodes early-on in his disease course: two additional episodes of painful vision loss, as well as three episodes of right arm weakness and three episodes of urinary retention requiring catheterization. All of his prior episodes responded to supportive therapy and steroids. Which of the following features of this patient's disease is linked to a more benign disease course?
Options:
{'A': 'Age at onset', 'B': 'Race', 'C': 'Initial presenting symptoms', 'D': 'Gender', 'E': 'Number of episodes early in the disease'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Initial presenting symptoms<|eot_id|> |
A previously healthy 57-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of acute retrosternal chest pain that radiates to his back. The pain started suddenly while he was having dinner. A few moments prior to the onset of the pain, he experienced discomfort when trying to eat or drink anything. On the way to the hospital he took a sublingual nitrate tablet that he had at home, which helped relieve the pain. His pulse is 80/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 144/88 mm Hg. Examination shows no other abnormalities. An ECG shows a normal sinus rhythm with no ST-segment abnormalities. An esophagogram is done and shows areas of diffuse, uncoordinated spasms in several segments along the length of the esophagus. This patient's condition is most likely to show which of the following findings?
Options:
{'A': 'Esophageal manometry shows simultaneous multi-peak contractions', 'B': 'Endoscopy shows multiple mucosal erosions', 'C': 'Ultrasonography shows a mass at the gastroesophageal junction', 'D': 'Serology shows elevated CK-MB levels', 'E': 'Esophageal manometry shows hypertensive contractions'} | {'A': 'Esophageal manometry shows simultaneous multi-peak contractions', 'B': 'Endoscopy shows multiple mucosal erosions', 'C': 'Ultrasonography shows a mass at the gastroesophageal junction', 'D': 'Serology shows elevated CK-MB levels', 'E': 'Esophageal manometry shows hypertensive contractions'} | Esophageal manometry shows simultaneous multi-peak contractions | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A previously healthy 57-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of acute retrosternal chest pain that radiates to his back. The pain started suddenly while he was having dinner. A few moments prior to the onset of the pain, he experienced discomfort when trying to eat or drink anything. On the way to the hospital he took a sublingual nitrate tablet that he had at home, which helped relieve the pain. His pulse is 80/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 144/88 mm Hg. Examination shows no other abnormalities. An ECG shows a normal sinus rhythm with no ST-segment abnormalities. An esophagogram is done and shows areas of diffuse, uncoordinated spasms in several segments along the length of the esophagus. This patient's condition is most likely to show which of the following findings?
Options:
{'A': 'Esophageal manometry shows simultaneous multi-peak contractions', 'B': 'Endoscopy shows multiple mucosal erosions', 'C': 'Ultrasonography shows a mass at the gastroesophageal junction', 'D': 'Serology shows elevated CK-MB levels', 'E': 'Esophageal manometry shows hypertensive contractions'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Esophageal manometry shows simultaneous multi-peak contractions<|eot_id|> |
A 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up of a wound on his ankle. He had a pedestrian accident 3 days ago which caused a skin defect on the dorsal side of his left ankle. The lesion was cleaned, debrided, and observed over the past 3 days. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no signs of local infection. A photograph of the lesion is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate surgical management?
Options:
{'A': 'Free tissue transfer flap', 'B': 'Full-thickness skin graft', 'C': 'Musculocutaneous flap', 'D': 'Primary closure', 'E': 'Split-thickness skin graft'} | {'A': 'Free tissue transfer flap', 'B': 'Full-thickness skin graft', 'C': 'Musculocutaneous flap', 'D': 'Primary closure', 'E': 'Split-thickness skin graft'} | Split-thickness skin graft | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up of a wound on his ankle. He had a pedestrian accident 3 days ago which caused a skin defect on the dorsal side of his left ankle. The lesion was cleaned, debrided, and observed over the past 3 days. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no signs of local infection. A photograph of the lesion is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate surgical management?
Options:
{'A': 'Free tissue transfer flap', 'B': 'Full-thickness skin graft', 'C': 'Musculocutaneous flap', 'D': 'Primary closure', 'E': 'Split-thickness skin graft'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Split-thickness skin graft<|eot_id|> |
A 71-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he is increasingly troubled by a tremor in his hands. He says that the tremor is worse when he is resting and gets better when he reaches for objects. His wife reports that he has been slowing in his movements and also has difficulty starting to walk. His steps have been short and unsteady even when he is able to initiate movement. Physical exam reveals rigidity in his muscles when tested for active range of motion. Histology in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following findings?
Options:
{'A': 'Alpha-synuclein', 'B': 'Intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau', 'C': 'Hyperphosphorylated tau inclusion bodies', 'D': 'Large intracellular vacuoles', 'E': 'Perivascular inflammation'} | {'A': 'Alpha-synuclein', 'B': 'Intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau', 'C': 'Hyperphosphorylated tau inclusion bodies', 'D': 'Large intracellular vacuoles', 'E': 'Perivascular inflammation'} | Alpha-synuclein | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 71-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he is increasingly troubled by a tremor in his hands. He says that the tremor is worse when he is resting and gets better when he reaches for objects. His wife reports that he has been slowing in his movements and also has difficulty starting to walk. His steps have been short and unsteady even when he is able to initiate movement. Physical exam reveals rigidity in his muscles when tested for active range of motion. Histology in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following findings?
Options:
{'A': 'Alpha-synuclein', 'B': 'Intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau', 'C': 'Hyperphosphorylated tau inclusion bodies', 'D': 'Large intracellular vacuoles', 'E': 'Perivascular inflammation'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Alpha-synuclein<|eot_id|> |
A 7-month-old boy presents with fever, chills, cough, runny nose, and watery eyes. His elder brother is having similar symptoms. Past medical history is unremarkable. The patient is diagnosed with an influenza virus infection. Assuming that this is the child’s first exposure to the influenza virus, which of the following immune mechanisms will most likely function to combat this infection?
Options:
{'A': 'Natural killer cell-induced lysis of virus infected cells', 'B': 'Presentation of viral peptides on MHC- class I of CD4+ T cells', 'C': 'Binding of virus-specific immunoglobulins to free virus', 'D': 'Complement-mediated lysis of virus infected cells', 'E': 'Eosinophil-mediated lysis of virus infected cells'} | {'A': 'Natural killer cell-induced lysis of virus infected cells', 'B': 'Presentation of viral peptides on MHC- class I of CD4+ T cells', 'C': 'Binding of virus-specific immunoglobulins to free virus', 'D': 'Complement-mediated lysis of virus infected cells', 'E': 'Eosinophil-mediated lysis of virus infected cells'} | Natural killer cell-induced lysis of virus infected cells | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 7-month-old boy presents with fever, chills, cough, runny nose, and watery eyes. His elder brother is having similar symptoms. Past medical history is unremarkable. The patient is diagnosed with an influenza virus infection. Assuming that this is the child’s first exposure to the influenza virus, which of the following immune mechanisms will most likely function to combat this infection?
Options:
{'A': 'Natural killer cell-induced lysis of virus infected cells', 'B': 'Presentation of viral peptides on MHC- class I of CD4+ T cells', 'C': 'Binding of virus-specific immunoglobulins to free virus', 'D': 'Complement-mediated lysis of virus infected cells', 'E': 'Eosinophil-mediated lysis of virus infected cells'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Natural killer cell-induced lysis of virus infected cells<|eot_id|> |
A scientist is trying to determine the proportion of white-eyed fruit flies in the environment. The white-eyed allele was found to be dominant to the red-eyed allele. The frequency of the red-eyed allele is 0.1. What is the proportion of flies who have white-eyes if the population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?
Options:
{'A': '1%', 'B': '10%', 'C': '18%', 'D': '81%', 'E': '99%'} | {'A': '1%', 'B': '10%', 'C': '18%', 'D': '81%', 'E': '99%'} | 99% | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A scientist is trying to determine the proportion of white-eyed fruit flies in the environment. The white-eyed allele was found to be dominant to the red-eyed allele. The frequency of the red-eyed allele is 0.1. What is the proportion of flies who have white-eyes if the population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium?
Options:
{'A': '1%', 'B': '10%', 'C': '18%', 'D': '81%', 'E': '99%'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
99%<|eot_id|> |
A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of increasing shortness of breath and chest pain. He has had a productive cough with foul-smelling sputum for 1 week. He has gastritis as well as advanced Parkinson disease and currently lives in an assisted-living community. He smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years but quit 5 years ago. He has a 30-year history of alcohol abuse but has not consumed any alcohol in the past 5 years. His temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), he is tachycardic and tachypneic and his oxygen saturation is 77% on room air. Auscultation of the lung shows rales and decreased breath sounds over the right upper lung field. Examination shows a resting tremor. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 38%
Leukocyte count 17,000/mm3
Platelet count 210,000/mm3
Lactic acid 4.1 mmol/L (N=0.5–1.5)
A x-ray of the chest shows infiltrates in the right upper lobe. Which of the following is the most significant predisposing factor for this patient's respiratory symptoms?"
Options:
{'A': 'Living in an assisted-living community', 'B': 'Tobacco use history', 'C': 'Past history of alcohol abuse', 'D': 'Gastritis', 'E': 'Parkinson disease\n"'} | {'A': 'Living in an assisted-living community', 'B': 'Tobacco use history', 'C': 'Past history of alcohol abuse', 'D': 'Gastritis', 'E': 'Parkinson disease\n"'} | Parkinson disease
" | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of increasing shortness of breath and chest pain. He has had a productive cough with foul-smelling sputum for 1 week. He has gastritis as well as advanced Parkinson disease and currently lives in an assisted-living community. He smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years but quit 5 years ago. He has a 30-year history of alcohol abuse but has not consumed any alcohol in the past 5 years. His temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), he is tachycardic and tachypneic and his oxygen saturation is 77% on room air. Auscultation of the lung shows rales and decreased breath sounds over the right upper lung field. Examination shows a resting tremor. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 38%
Leukocyte count 17,000/mm3
Platelet count 210,000/mm3
Lactic acid 4.1 mmol/L (N=0.5–1.5)
A x-ray of the chest shows infiltrates in the right upper lobe. Which of the following is the most significant predisposing factor for this patient's respiratory symptoms?"
Options:
{'A': 'Living in an assisted-living community', 'B': 'Tobacco use history', 'C': 'Past history of alcohol abuse', 'D': 'Gastritis', 'E': 'Parkinson disease\n"'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Parkinson disease
"<|eot_id|> |
At postpartum physical examination, a newborn is found to have male external genitalia. Scrotal examination shows a single palpable testicle in the right hemiscrotum. Ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis shows an undescended left testis, seminal vesicles, uterus, and fallopian tubes. Chromosomal analysis shows a 46, XY karyotype. Which of the following sets of changes is most likely to be found in this newborn?
$$$ SRY-gene activity %%% Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF) %%% Testosterone %%% Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) $$$
Options:
{'A': '↓ ↓ ↓ ↓', 'B': 'Normal normal ↑ ↑', 'C': '↓ ↓ normal normal', 'D': 'Normal ↓ normal normal', 'E': 'Normal normal normal ↓'} | {'A': '↓ ↓ ↓ ↓', 'B': 'Normal normal ↑ ↑', 'C': '↓ ↓ normal normal', 'D': 'Normal ↓ normal normal', 'E': 'Normal normal normal ↓'} | Normal ↓ normal normal | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
At postpartum physical examination, a newborn is found to have male external genitalia. Scrotal examination shows a single palpable testicle in the right hemiscrotum. Ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis shows an undescended left testis, seminal vesicles, uterus, and fallopian tubes. Chromosomal analysis shows a 46, XY karyotype. Which of the following sets of changes is most likely to be found in this newborn?
$$$ SRY-gene activity %%% Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF) %%% Testosterone %%% Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) $$$
Options:
{'A': '↓ ↓ ↓ ↓', 'B': 'Normal normal ↑ ↑', 'C': '↓ ↓ normal normal', 'D': 'Normal ↓ normal normal', 'E': 'Normal normal normal ↓'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Normal ↓ normal normal<|eot_id|> |
A 7-year-old boy presents with frequent episodes of blanking out or daydreaming. Each episode lasts for less than 10 seconds. During the episode, he is unaware of what is going on around him and does not respond to questions or calling his name. After the episode, he continues whatever he was doing before. An EEG is performed during one of these episodes, which shows generalized 3–4 Hz 'spike-and-dome' wave complexes. What is the mechanism of action of the drug recommended to treat this patient’s condition?
Options:
{'A': 'Inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels', 'B': 'Inhibits release of excitatory amino acid glutamate', 'C': 'Inhibits neuronal GABA receptors', 'D': 'Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels', 'E': 'Potentiates GABA transmission'} | {'A': 'Inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels', 'B': 'Inhibits release of excitatory amino acid glutamate', 'C': 'Inhibits neuronal GABA receptors', 'D': 'Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels', 'E': 'Potentiates GABA transmission'} | Inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 7-year-old boy presents with frequent episodes of blanking out or daydreaming. Each episode lasts for less than 10 seconds. During the episode, he is unaware of what is going on around him and does not respond to questions or calling his name. After the episode, he continues whatever he was doing before. An EEG is performed during one of these episodes, which shows generalized 3–4 Hz 'spike-and-dome' wave complexes. What is the mechanism of action of the drug recommended to treat this patient’s condition?
Options:
{'A': 'Inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels', 'B': 'Inhibits release of excitatory amino acid glutamate', 'C': 'Inhibits neuronal GABA receptors', 'D': 'Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels', 'E': 'Potentiates GABA transmission'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels<|eot_id|> |
An 18-year-old man presents to his primary care provider before leaving for college. He has no complaints. His past medical history is significant for asthma, acne vulgaris, and infectious mononucleosis at age 16. His home medications include doxycycline and albuterol as needed. His family history is significant for colon cancer in his father at age 50, his paternal grandfather at age 55, and an uncle at age 45. His father underwent testing for mutations in the APC gene, which were negative. There is no family history of dental abnormalities or other malignancy. The patient denies any recent weight loss, abdominal pain, hematochezia, melena, or other changes in the appearance of his stools. This patient should be screened for colorectal cancer (CRC) under which of the following protocols?
Options:
{'A': 'Colonoscopy every 1-2 years beginning at age 25', 'B': 'Colonoscopy every 5 years beginning at age 40', 'C': 'Colonoscopy every 10 years beginning at age 40', 'D': 'Colonoscopy every 10 years beginning at age 50', 'E': 'Prophylactic colectomy'} | {'A': 'Colonoscopy every 1-2 years beginning at age 25', 'B': 'Colonoscopy every 5 years beginning at age 40', 'C': 'Colonoscopy every 10 years beginning at age 40', 'D': 'Colonoscopy every 10 years beginning at age 50', 'E': 'Prophylactic colectomy'} | Colonoscopy every 1-2 years beginning at age 25 | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
An 18-year-old man presents to his primary care provider before leaving for college. He has no complaints. His past medical history is significant for asthma, acne vulgaris, and infectious mononucleosis at age 16. His home medications include doxycycline and albuterol as needed. His family history is significant for colon cancer in his father at age 50, his paternal grandfather at age 55, and an uncle at age 45. His father underwent testing for mutations in the APC gene, which were negative. There is no family history of dental abnormalities or other malignancy. The patient denies any recent weight loss, abdominal pain, hematochezia, melena, or other changes in the appearance of his stools. This patient should be screened for colorectal cancer (CRC) under which of the following protocols?
Options:
{'A': 'Colonoscopy every 1-2 years beginning at age 25', 'B': 'Colonoscopy every 5 years beginning at age 40', 'C': 'Colonoscopy every 10 years beginning at age 40', 'D': 'Colonoscopy every 10 years beginning at age 50', 'E': 'Prophylactic colectomy'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Colonoscopy every 1-2 years beginning at age 25<|eot_id|> |
A 3175-g (7-lb) female newborn is delivered at term. Initial examination shows a distended abdomen and a flat perineal region without an opening. A dark green discharge is coming out of the vulva. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Meconium ileus', 'B': 'Hirschsprung disease', 'C': 'Imperforate anus', 'D': 'Colonic atresia', 'E': 'Meconium plug syndrome\n"'} | {'A': 'Meconium ileus', 'B': 'Hirschsprung disease', 'C': 'Imperforate anus', 'D': 'Colonic atresia', 'E': 'Meconium plug syndrome\n"'} | Imperforate anus | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 3175-g (7-lb) female newborn is delivered at term. Initial examination shows a distended abdomen and a flat perineal region without an opening. A dark green discharge is coming out of the vulva. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Meconium ileus', 'B': 'Hirschsprung disease', 'C': 'Imperforate anus', 'D': 'Colonic atresia', 'E': 'Meconium plug syndrome\n"'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Imperforate anus<|eot_id|> |
A 2-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of bilateral hand pain and swelling. Her parents say the pain began 1 week ago and has gotten progressively worse. Two weeks ago, the patient had a low-grade fever and lace-like rash on her arms and trunk for several days. The patient appears to be in distress. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.4°F), pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 25/min. The dorsum of her hands and fingers are erythematous, swollen, warm, and tender to palpation. Her hemoglobin concentration is 9.1 g/dL and leukocyte count is 8,000/mm3. A peripheral blood smear is shown. Which of the following interventions is most appropriate to prevent a recurrence of this patient's symptoms?
Options:
{'A': 'Blood transfusions', 'B': 'Hydroxyurea', 'C': 'Regular red cell exchange transfusions', 'D': 'Prophylactic penicillin', 'E': 'IV cefazolin'} | {'A': 'Blood transfusions', 'B': 'Hydroxyurea', 'C': 'Regular red cell exchange transfusions', 'D': 'Prophylactic penicillin', 'E': 'IV cefazolin'} | Hydroxyurea | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 2-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of bilateral hand pain and swelling. Her parents say the pain began 1 week ago and has gotten progressively worse. Two weeks ago, the patient had a low-grade fever and lace-like rash on her arms and trunk for several days. The patient appears to be in distress. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.4°F), pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 25/min. The dorsum of her hands and fingers are erythematous, swollen, warm, and tender to palpation. Her hemoglobin concentration is 9.1 g/dL and leukocyte count is 8,000/mm3. A peripheral blood smear is shown. Which of the following interventions is most appropriate to prevent a recurrence of this patient's symptoms?
Options:
{'A': 'Blood transfusions', 'B': 'Hydroxyurea', 'C': 'Regular red cell exchange transfusions', 'D': 'Prophylactic penicillin', 'E': 'IV cefazolin'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Hydroxyurea<|eot_id|> |
A 55-year-old woman presents with fatigue, shortness of breath during ordinary activities, and occasional fluttering in her chest. She denies chest pain or lower extremity edema. She has no prior medical history. She does not smoke but drinks alcohol socially. Her blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, her temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), and her radial pulse is 95/min and regular. On physical examination, lungs are clear to auscultation, the apical impulse is slightly displaced, and a III/VI holosystolic murmur is audible at the apex and radiates to the axilla. Transthoracic echocardiography shows the presence of mitral regurgitation and an ejection fraction of 60 %. Which of the following is the optimal therapy for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Emergency surgery', 'B': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers', 'C': 'ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and surgery', 'D': 'Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation', 'E': 'Observation and echocardiographic followup'} | {'A': 'Emergency surgery', 'B': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers', 'C': 'ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and surgery', 'D': 'Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation', 'E': 'Observation and echocardiographic followup'} | ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and surgery | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 55-year-old woman presents with fatigue, shortness of breath during ordinary activities, and occasional fluttering in her chest. She denies chest pain or lower extremity edema. She has no prior medical history. She does not smoke but drinks alcohol socially. Her blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, her temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), and her radial pulse is 95/min and regular. On physical examination, lungs are clear to auscultation, the apical impulse is slightly displaced, and a III/VI holosystolic murmur is audible at the apex and radiates to the axilla. Transthoracic echocardiography shows the presence of mitral regurgitation and an ejection fraction of 60 %. Which of the following is the optimal therapy for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Emergency surgery', 'B': 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers', 'C': 'ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and surgery', 'D': 'Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation', 'E': 'Observation and echocardiographic followup'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and surgery<|eot_id|> |
A 59-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-year history of progressive shortness of breath and nonproductive cough. Pulmonary examination shows bibasilar inspiratory crackles. An x-ray of the chest shows multiple nodular opacities in the upper lobes and calcified hilar nodules. Pulmonary functions tests show an FEV1:FVC ratio of 80% and a severely decreased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. A biopsy specimen of a lung nodule shows weakly birefringent needles surrounded by concentric layers of hyalinized collagen. The patient has most likely been exposed to which of the following?
Options:
{'A': 'Beryllium', 'B': 'Crystalline silica', 'C': 'Moldy hay', 'D': 'Carbon dust', 'E': 'Asbestos fibers'} | {'A': 'Beryllium', 'B': 'Crystalline silica', 'C': 'Moldy hay', 'D': 'Carbon dust', 'E': 'Asbestos fibers'} | Crystalline silica | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 59-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-year history of progressive shortness of breath and nonproductive cough. Pulmonary examination shows bibasilar inspiratory crackles. An x-ray of the chest shows multiple nodular opacities in the upper lobes and calcified hilar nodules. Pulmonary functions tests show an FEV1:FVC ratio of 80% and a severely decreased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. A biopsy specimen of a lung nodule shows weakly birefringent needles surrounded by concentric layers of hyalinized collagen. The patient has most likely been exposed to which of the following?
Options:
{'A': 'Beryllium', 'B': 'Crystalline silica', 'C': 'Moldy hay', 'D': 'Carbon dust', 'E': 'Asbestos fibers'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Crystalline silica<|eot_id|> |
A 33-year-old man with recently diagnosed testicular cancer visits his oncologist to discuss the treatment plan. His left testicle was removed after a thorough workup of a lump. A pelvic CT showed no enlarged lymph nodes and a simple orchiectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection was completed. The final diagnosis was stage IB non-seminoma testicular cancer (pT2N0Mn/a). A combination of different chemotherapeutic medications is recommended including bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin. Each of the antineoplastic drugs has a different mechanism of action; each drug targets cancer cells at a specific phase in the cell cycle and works by inhibiting a major cellular process. Which of the following enzymes would be affected by bleomycin?
Options:
{'A': 'DNA polymerase β', 'B': 'DNA polymerase III', 'C': 'Thymidylate synthase', 'D': 'Ribonucleotide reductase', 'E': 'Dihydrofolate reductase'} | {'A': 'DNA polymerase β', 'B': 'DNA polymerase III', 'C': 'Thymidylate synthase', 'D': 'Ribonucleotide reductase', 'E': 'Dihydrofolate reductase'} | DNA polymerase β | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 33-year-old man with recently diagnosed testicular cancer visits his oncologist to discuss the treatment plan. His left testicle was removed after a thorough workup of a lump. A pelvic CT showed no enlarged lymph nodes and a simple orchiectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection was completed. The final diagnosis was stage IB non-seminoma testicular cancer (pT2N0Mn/a). A combination of different chemotherapeutic medications is recommended including bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin. Each of the antineoplastic drugs has a different mechanism of action; each drug targets cancer cells at a specific phase in the cell cycle and works by inhibiting a major cellular process. Which of the following enzymes would be affected by bleomycin?
Options:
{'A': 'DNA polymerase β', 'B': 'DNA polymerase III', 'C': 'Thymidylate synthase', 'D': 'Ribonucleotide reductase', 'E': 'Dihydrofolate reductase'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
DNA polymerase β<|eot_id|> |
A pharmaceutical company is testing a new antidepressant. During phase I of the drug trial, healthy volunteers are recruited, and the effects of the drug on the cardiovascular system are studied. A graphical representation of the volume-pressure relationship of the left ventricle of the heart is given below with the dashed line representing post medication changes. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of the drug being studied?
Options:
{'A': 'Selective AT1 receptor blockade', 'B': 'Gs-coupled receptor activation', 'C': 'Gq-coupled receptor activation', 'D': 'M2 receptor activation', 'E': 'Delaying phase 0 of the pacemaker action potential'} | {'A': 'Selective AT1 receptor blockade', 'B': 'Gs-coupled receptor activation', 'C': 'Gq-coupled receptor activation', 'D': 'M2 receptor activation', 'E': 'Delaying phase 0 of the pacemaker action potential'} | Gq-coupled receptor activation | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A pharmaceutical company is testing a new antidepressant. During phase I of the drug trial, healthy volunteers are recruited, and the effects of the drug on the cardiovascular system are studied. A graphical representation of the volume-pressure relationship of the left ventricle of the heart is given below with the dashed line representing post medication changes. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of the drug being studied?
Options:
{'A': 'Selective AT1 receptor blockade', 'B': 'Gs-coupled receptor activation', 'C': 'Gq-coupled receptor activation', 'D': 'M2 receptor activation', 'E': 'Delaying phase 0 of the pacemaker action potential'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Gq-coupled receptor activation<|eot_id|> |
A 22-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine physical examination. He feels well. He has no history of major medical illness and takes no medications. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies, including a complete blood count and a standard electrolyte panel, are within normal limits. Urine dipstick is negative for glucose; a reducing substance test result of the urine is positive. Which of the following is the most appropriate dietary recommendation for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Eliminate fructose and sucrose', 'B': 'Decrease purine intake', 'C': 'No changes needed', 'D': 'Eliminate galactose and lactose', 'E': 'Increase intake of ketogenic amino acids'} | {'A': 'Eliminate fructose and sucrose', 'B': 'Decrease purine intake', 'C': 'No changes needed', 'D': 'Eliminate galactose and lactose', 'E': 'Increase intake of ketogenic amino acids'} | No changes needed | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 22-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine physical examination. He feels well. He has no history of major medical illness and takes no medications. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies, including a complete blood count and a standard electrolyte panel, are within normal limits. Urine dipstick is negative for glucose; a reducing substance test result of the urine is positive. Which of the following is the most appropriate dietary recommendation for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Eliminate fructose and sucrose', 'B': 'Decrease purine intake', 'C': 'No changes needed', 'D': 'Eliminate galactose and lactose', 'E': 'Increase intake of ketogenic amino acids'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
No changes needed<|eot_id|> |
A 39-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist for a routine visit. She has no complaints during this visit. She had an abnormal pap test 6 years ago that showed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. The sample was negative for human papillomavirus. On her follow-up Pap test 3 years later, there was no abnormality. The latest pap test results show atypical glandular cells with reactive changes in the cervical epithelium. The gynecologist decides to perform a colposcopy, and some changes are noted in this study of the cervical epithelium. The biopsy shows dysplastic changes in the epithelial cells. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Loop electrosurgical excision procedure', 'B': 'Cold knife conization', 'C': 'Follow-up pap smear in one year', 'D': 'Follow-up pap smear in 3 years', 'E': 'Repeat colposcopy in 6 months'} | {'A': 'Loop electrosurgical excision procedure', 'B': 'Cold knife conization', 'C': 'Follow-up pap smear in one year', 'D': 'Follow-up pap smear in 3 years', 'E': 'Repeat colposcopy in 6 months'} | Cold knife conization | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 39-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist for a routine visit. She has no complaints during this visit. She had an abnormal pap test 6 years ago that showed atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. The sample was negative for human papillomavirus. On her follow-up Pap test 3 years later, there was no abnormality. The latest pap test results show atypical glandular cells with reactive changes in the cervical epithelium. The gynecologist decides to perform a colposcopy, and some changes are noted in this study of the cervical epithelium. The biopsy shows dysplastic changes in the epithelial cells. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Loop electrosurgical excision procedure', 'B': 'Cold knife conization', 'C': 'Follow-up pap smear in one year', 'D': 'Follow-up pap smear in 3 years', 'E': 'Repeat colposcopy in 6 months'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Cold knife conization<|eot_id|> |
A medicine resident on her nephrology rotation notices that she has received more alerts of high serum potassium levels on her patients through the hospital electronic medical record despite her census not having changed. On inspection of the laboratory result reports, critical alert markers are seen for potassium values greater than 5.5 mEq/L 3 days ago, whereas the same alerts are seen for values > 5.0 mEq/L since yesterday. One of her patient's nurses asks if the patient should get an electrocardiogram. How has the potassium value reporting been affected?
Options:
{'A': 'Sensitivity decreased and specificity decreased', 'B': 'Sensitivity decreased and specificity increased', 'C': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased', 'D': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity increased', 'E': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity unchanged'} | {'A': 'Sensitivity decreased and specificity decreased', 'B': 'Sensitivity decreased and specificity increased', 'C': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased', 'D': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity increased', 'E': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity unchanged'} | Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A medicine resident on her nephrology rotation notices that she has received more alerts of high serum potassium levels on her patients through the hospital electronic medical record despite her census not having changed. On inspection of the laboratory result reports, critical alert markers are seen for potassium values greater than 5.5 mEq/L 3 days ago, whereas the same alerts are seen for values > 5.0 mEq/L since yesterday. One of her patient's nurses asks if the patient should get an electrocardiogram. How has the potassium value reporting been affected?
Options:
{'A': 'Sensitivity decreased and specificity decreased', 'B': 'Sensitivity decreased and specificity increased', 'C': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased', 'D': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity increased', 'E': 'Sensitivity increased and specificity unchanged'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased<|eot_id|> |
A 2-week-old newborn girl is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination after the initial newborn examination showed asymmetry of the legs. She was born at term to a 26-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2. Pregnancy was complicated by a breech presentation and treated with an emergency lower-segment transverse cesarean section. The newborn's head circumference is 35 cm (13.7 in). She is at the 60th percentile for length and 75th percentile for weight. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. The spine and overlying skin do not indicate significant abnormalities. Abduction of the right hip after cupping the pelvis and flexing the right hip and knee causes a palpable clunk. The feet exhibit no deformities. Ultrasonography of the hip revealed a 50° angle between the lines along the bone acetabulum and the ilium. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
{'A': 'Immobilize the hips with a spica cast', 'B': 'Obtain an MRI of the right hip', 'C': 'Obtain an X-ray of the right hip', 'D': 'Reassure the mother and schedule follow-up appointment in 4 weeks', 'E': 'Treat using a harness'} | {'A': 'Immobilize the hips with a spica cast', 'B': 'Obtain an MRI of the right hip', 'C': 'Obtain an X-ray of the right hip', 'D': 'Reassure the mother and schedule follow-up appointment in 4 weeks', 'E': 'Treat using a harness'} | Treat using a harness | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 2-week-old newborn girl is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination after the initial newborn examination showed asymmetry of the legs. She was born at term to a 26-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2. Pregnancy was complicated by a breech presentation and treated with an emergency lower-segment transverse cesarean section. The newborn's head circumference is 35 cm (13.7 in). She is at the 60th percentile for length and 75th percentile for weight. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. The spine and overlying skin do not indicate significant abnormalities. Abduction of the right hip after cupping the pelvis and flexing the right hip and knee causes a palpable clunk. The feet exhibit no deformities. Ultrasonography of the hip revealed a 50° angle between the lines along the bone acetabulum and the ilium. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
{'A': 'Immobilize the hips with a spica cast', 'B': 'Obtain an MRI of the right hip', 'C': 'Obtain an X-ray of the right hip', 'D': 'Reassure the mother and schedule follow-up appointment in 4 weeks', 'E': 'Treat using a harness'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Treat using a harness<|eot_id|> |
A 64-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of vulvar itching and dryness. During this period, she has also had pain during sexual intercourse but no postcoital bleeding. Her last menstrual period was at the age of 51 years. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and her only medication is metformin. Pelvic examination shows atrophic labial folds. There are excoriation marks and a well-demarcated, white plaque on the vulva. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. The results of biopsy rule out cancer. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment for this patient's lesions?
Options:
{'A': 'Topical fluconazole', 'B': 'Topical clobetasol', 'C': 'Topical progesterone', 'D': 'Topical estrogen', 'E': 'Phototherapy'} | {'A': 'Topical fluconazole', 'B': 'Topical clobetasol', 'C': 'Topical progesterone', 'D': 'Topical estrogen', 'E': 'Phototherapy'} | Topical clobetasol | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 64-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of vulvar itching and dryness. During this period, she has also had pain during sexual intercourse but no postcoital bleeding. Her last menstrual period was at the age of 51 years. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and her only medication is metformin. Pelvic examination shows atrophic labial folds. There are excoriation marks and a well-demarcated, white plaque on the vulva. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. The results of biopsy rule out cancer. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment for this patient's lesions?
Options:
{'A': 'Topical fluconazole', 'B': 'Topical clobetasol', 'C': 'Topical progesterone', 'D': 'Topical estrogen', 'E': 'Phototherapy'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Topical clobetasol<|eot_id|> |
A 3-day-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of irritability and feeding intolerance for 1 day. His temperature is 39.2°C (102.6°F). Physical examination shows a bulging anterior fontanelle. A photomicrograph of a Gram stain of the cerebrospinal fluid is shown. Further evaluation shows that the organism expresses the K1 capsular polysaccharide. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen?
Options:
{'A': 'Escherichia coli', 'B': 'Listeria monocytogenes', 'C': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'D': 'Salmonella typhi', 'E': 'Streptococcus agalactiae'} | {'A': 'Escherichia coli', 'B': 'Listeria monocytogenes', 'C': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'D': 'Salmonella typhi', 'E': 'Streptococcus agalactiae'} | Escherichia coli | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 3-day-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of irritability and feeding intolerance for 1 day. His temperature is 39.2°C (102.6°F). Physical examination shows a bulging anterior fontanelle. A photomicrograph of a Gram stain of the cerebrospinal fluid is shown. Further evaluation shows that the organism expresses the K1 capsular polysaccharide. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen?
Options:
{'A': 'Escherichia coli', 'B': 'Listeria monocytogenes', 'C': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'D': 'Salmonella typhi', 'E': 'Streptococcus agalactiae'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Escherichia coli<|eot_id|> |
A scientist is researching the long term effects of the hepatitis viruses on hepatic tissue. She finds that certain strains are oncogenic and increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, they appear to do so via different mechanisms. Which of the following answer choices correctly pairs the hepatitis virus with the correct oncogenic process?
Options:
{'A': 'Hepatitis A virus - chronic inflammation', 'B': 'Hepatitis A virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome', 'C': 'Hepatitis B virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome', 'D': 'Hepatitis C virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome', 'E': 'Hepatitis E virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome'} | {'A': 'Hepatitis A virus - chronic inflammation', 'B': 'Hepatitis A virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome', 'C': 'Hepatitis B virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome', 'D': 'Hepatitis C virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome', 'E': 'Hepatitis E virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome'} | Hepatitis B virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A scientist is researching the long term effects of the hepatitis viruses on hepatic tissue. She finds that certain strains are oncogenic and increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, they appear to do so via different mechanisms. Which of the following answer choices correctly pairs the hepatitis virus with the correct oncogenic process?
Options:
{'A': 'Hepatitis A virus - chronic inflammation', 'B': 'Hepatitis A virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome', 'C': 'Hepatitis B virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome', 'D': 'Hepatitis C virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome', 'E': 'Hepatitis E virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Hepatitis B virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome<|eot_id|> |
A 7-year-old boy is rushed to the urgent care department from a friend’s birthday party with breathing trouble. He is immediately placed on supplemental oxygen therapy. The patient’s father explains that peanut butter treats were served at the event, but he reported not having witnessed his son actually eat one. During the party, the patient approached his father with facial flushing, difficulty breathing, and itching of his face and neck. The patient was born at 40 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He has met all age-related developmental milestones and is fully vaccinated. His past medical history is significant for peanut allergy and asthma. He carries an emergency inhaler. Family history is noncontributory. The patient’s vitals signs include a blood pressure of 110/85 mm Hg, a heart rate of 110/min, a respiratory rate of 25/min, and a temperature of 37.2°C (99.0°F). Physical examination reveals severe facial edema and severe audible stridor in both lungs. Which of the following types of hypersensitivity reaction is the most likely in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Type 1–anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'Type 2–cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Type 3–immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction', 'D': 'Type 4–cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Mixed anaphylactic and cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction'} | {'A': 'Type 1–anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'Type 2–cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Type 3–immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction', 'D': 'Type 4–cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Mixed anaphylactic and cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction'} | Type 1–anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 7-year-old boy is rushed to the urgent care department from a friend’s birthday party with breathing trouble. He is immediately placed on supplemental oxygen therapy. The patient’s father explains that peanut butter treats were served at the event, but he reported not having witnessed his son actually eat one. During the party, the patient approached his father with facial flushing, difficulty breathing, and itching of his face and neck. The patient was born at 40 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He has met all age-related developmental milestones and is fully vaccinated. His past medical history is significant for peanut allergy and asthma. He carries an emergency inhaler. Family history is noncontributory. The patient’s vitals signs include a blood pressure of 110/85 mm Hg, a heart rate of 110/min, a respiratory rate of 25/min, and a temperature of 37.2°C (99.0°F). Physical examination reveals severe facial edema and severe audible stridor in both lungs. Which of the following types of hypersensitivity reaction is the most likely in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Type 1–anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'Type 2–cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction', 'C': 'Type 3–immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction', 'D': 'Type 4–cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Mixed anaphylactic and cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Type 1–anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction<|eot_id|> |
A 57-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with a chief complaint of feeling tired all the time. She states her symptoms began several months ago, around the time that her husband committed suicide. Since then she has had thoughts of joining her husband. She complains of feeling excessively weak and states that she no longer has enough energy to go to the gym which she attributes to her 15 pound weight gain over the last month. The patient's medical history includes joint pain, a skin rash that recently resolved, obstructive sleep apnea, and metabolic syndrome. The patient takes ibuprofen and omeprazole as needed but otherwise cannot remember any other medications that she takes. On physical exam you note an overweight woman who has an overall depressed affect. The patient's cardiac exam reveals a normal rate and rhythm. The pulmonary exam reveals bilateral clear lung fields with good air movement. The patient's skin is very dry and tight appearing and her hair is coarse. Overall the patient appears somewhat unkempt.
Laboratory work is performed and reveals the following:
Hemoglobin: 13.0 g/dL
Hematocrit: 37%
Leukocyte count: 4,500 cells/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelets: 250,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 140 mEq/L
K+: 4.4 mEq/L
Cl-: 102 mEq/L
BUN: 15 mg/dL
Glucose: 122 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: 5.3 µU/mL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
AST: 11 U/L
ALT: 13 U/L
Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be abnormal in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Anti-DNA topoisomerase antibodies', 'B': 'Anti-nuclear antibodies', 'C': 'Anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies', 'D': 'Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies', 'E': '5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in CSF'} | {'A': 'Anti-DNA topoisomerase antibodies', 'B': 'Anti-nuclear antibodies', 'C': 'Anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies', 'D': 'Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies', 'E': '5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in CSF'} | Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 57-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with a chief complaint of feeling tired all the time. She states her symptoms began several months ago, around the time that her husband committed suicide. Since then she has had thoughts of joining her husband. She complains of feeling excessively weak and states that she no longer has enough energy to go to the gym which she attributes to her 15 pound weight gain over the last month. The patient's medical history includes joint pain, a skin rash that recently resolved, obstructive sleep apnea, and metabolic syndrome. The patient takes ibuprofen and omeprazole as needed but otherwise cannot remember any other medications that she takes. On physical exam you note an overweight woman who has an overall depressed affect. The patient's cardiac exam reveals a normal rate and rhythm. The pulmonary exam reveals bilateral clear lung fields with good air movement. The patient's skin is very dry and tight appearing and her hair is coarse. Overall the patient appears somewhat unkempt.
Laboratory work is performed and reveals the following:
Hemoglobin: 13.0 g/dL
Hematocrit: 37%
Leukocyte count: 4,500 cells/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelets: 250,000/mm^3
Serum:
Na+: 140 mEq/L
K+: 4.4 mEq/L
Cl-: 102 mEq/L
BUN: 15 mg/dL
Glucose: 122 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: 5.3 µU/mL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
AST: 11 U/L
ALT: 13 U/L
Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be abnormal in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Anti-DNA topoisomerase antibodies', 'B': 'Anti-nuclear antibodies', 'C': 'Anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies', 'D': 'Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies', 'E': '5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in CSF'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies<|eot_id|> |
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after having been diagnosed with stage II adenocarcinoma of the left lower lung lobe without evidence of distant metastases 1 week ago following an evaluation for a chronic cough. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 40 years. His current medications include metformin, sitagliptin, and enalapril. He is 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 65 kg (143 lb); BMI is 20.7 kg/m2. He appears lethargic. Vital signs are within normal limits. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 98%. Examination shows inspiratory wheezing at the left lung base. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. A complete blood count and serum concentrations of electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, and liver enzymes are within the reference range. Spirometry shows an FEV1 of 1.6 L. The diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is 66% of predicted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Schedule lobectomy', 'B': 'Radiation therapy', 'C': 'Schedule a wedge resection', 'D': 'Administer cisplatin and etoposide', 'E': 'Administer cisplatin and vinorelbine'} | {'A': 'Schedule lobectomy', 'B': 'Radiation therapy', 'C': 'Schedule a wedge resection', 'D': 'Administer cisplatin and etoposide', 'E': 'Administer cisplatin and vinorelbine'} | Schedule lobectomy | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after having been diagnosed with stage II adenocarcinoma of the left lower lung lobe without evidence of distant metastases 1 week ago following an evaluation for a chronic cough. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 40 years. His current medications include metformin, sitagliptin, and enalapril. He is 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 65 kg (143 lb); BMI is 20.7 kg/m2. He appears lethargic. Vital signs are within normal limits. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 98%. Examination shows inspiratory wheezing at the left lung base. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. A complete blood count and serum concentrations of electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, and liver enzymes are within the reference range. Spirometry shows an FEV1 of 1.6 L. The diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is 66% of predicted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Schedule lobectomy', 'B': 'Radiation therapy', 'C': 'Schedule a wedge resection', 'D': 'Administer cisplatin and etoposide', 'E': 'Administer cisplatin and vinorelbine'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Schedule lobectomy<|eot_id|> |
A 78-year-old male comes to the physician’s office for a routine check-up. He complains of increased lower extremity swelling, inability to climb the one flight of stairs in his home, and waking up in the middle of the night 2-3 times gasping for breath. He has had to increase the number of pillows on which he sleeps at night. These symptoms started 9 months ago and have been progressing. The doctor starts him on a medication regimen, one of which changes his Starling curve from A to B as shown in the Figure. Which of the following medications is most consistent with this mechanism of action?
Options:
{'A': 'Metoprolol', 'B': 'Furosemide', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Aspirin', 'E': 'Digoxin'} | {'A': 'Metoprolol', 'B': 'Furosemide', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Aspirin', 'E': 'Digoxin'} | Digoxin | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 78-year-old male comes to the physician’s office for a routine check-up. He complains of increased lower extremity swelling, inability to climb the one flight of stairs in his home, and waking up in the middle of the night 2-3 times gasping for breath. He has had to increase the number of pillows on which he sleeps at night. These symptoms started 9 months ago and have been progressing. The doctor starts him on a medication regimen, one of which changes his Starling curve from A to B as shown in the Figure. Which of the following medications is most consistent with this mechanism of action?
Options:
{'A': 'Metoprolol', 'B': 'Furosemide', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Aspirin', 'E': 'Digoxin'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Digoxin<|eot_id|> |
A 28-year-old female presents to her primary care provider for headache. The patient reports that every few weeks she has an episode of right-sided, throbbing headache. The episodes began several years ago and are accompanied by nausea and bright spots in her vision. The headache usually subsides if she lies still in a dark, quiet room for several hours. The patient denies any weakness, numbness, or tingling during these episodes. Her past medical history is significant for acne, hypothyroidism, obesity, and endometriosis. Her home medications include levothyroxine, oral contraceptive pills, and topical tretinoin. She has two glasses of wine with dinner several nights a week and has never smoked. She works as a receptionist at a marketing company. On physical exam, the patient has no focal neurologic deficits. A CT of the head is performed and shows no acute abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient during these episodes?
Options:
{'A': 'Acetazolamide', 'B': 'High-flow oxygen', 'C': 'Verapamil', 'D': 'Sumatriptan', 'E': 'Topiramate'} | {'A': 'Acetazolamide', 'B': 'High-flow oxygen', 'C': 'Verapamil', 'D': 'Sumatriptan', 'E': 'Topiramate'} | Sumatriptan | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 28-year-old female presents to her primary care provider for headache. The patient reports that every few weeks she has an episode of right-sided, throbbing headache. The episodes began several years ago and are accompanied by nausea and bright spots in her vision. The headache usually subsides if she lies still in a dark, quiet room for several hours. The patient denies any weakness, numbness, or tingling during these episodes. Her past medical history is significant for acne, hypothyroidism, obesity, and endometriosis. Her home medications include levothyroxine, oral contraceptive pills, and topical tretinoin. She has two glasses of wine with dinner several nights a week and has never smoked. She works as a receptionist at a marketing company. On physical exam, the patient has no focal neurologic deficits. A CT of the head is performed and shows no acute abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient during these episodes?
Options:
{'A': 'Acetazolamide', 'B': 'High-flow oxygen', 'C': 'Verapamil', 'D': 'Sumatriptan', 'E': 'Topiramate'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Sumatriptan<|eot_id|> |
A 71-year-old woman presents to the clinic after an X-ray that revealed compression fractures of her L1 and L2 vertebral bodies due to osteoporotic changes. The patient has a history of hypertension for which she takes hydrochlorothiazide, and rheumatoid arthritis, for which she has been taking prednisone for the last 2 years. The patient states that she had a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan 3 years ago that was normal and attributes that finding to regularly taking calcium and vitamin D supplements since then. The patient states that her pain from the fractures is stopping her from participating in her regular activities, such as exercising and gardening. Which of the following is the main cause of her osteoporosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Decreased estrogen levels', 'B': 'Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) therapy', 'C': 'Calcium malabsorption', 'D': 'Bone depletion due to chronic corticosteroid use', 'E': 'Undiagnosed hyperparathyroidism'} | {'A': 'Decreased estrogen levels', 'B': 'Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) therapy', 'C': 'Calcium malabsorption', 'D': 'Bone depletion due to chronic corticosteroid use', 'E': 'Undiagnosed hyperparathyroidism'} | Bone depletion due to chronic corticosteroid use | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 71-year-old woman presents to the clinic after an X-ray that revealed compression fractures of her L1 and L2 vertebral bodies due to osteoporotic changes. The patient has a history of hypertension for which she takes hydrochlorothiazide, and rheumatoid arthritis, for which she has been taking prednisone for the last 2 years. The patient states that she had a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan 3 years ago that was normal and attributes that finding to regularly taking calcium and vitamin D supplements since then. The patient states that her pain from the fractures is stopping her from participating in her regular activities, such as exercising and gardening. Which of the following is the main cause of her osteoporosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Decreased estrogen levels', 'B': 'Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) therapy', 'C': 'Calcium malabsorption', 'D': 'Bone depletion due to chronic corticosteroid use', 'E': 'Undiagnosed hyperparathyroidism'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Bone depletion due to chronic corticosteroid use<|eot_id|> |
A 31-year-old female receives a kidney transplant for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Three weeks later, the patient experiences acute, T-cell mediated rejection of the allograft and is given sirolimus. Which of the following are side effects of this medication?
Options:
{'A': 'Nephrotoxicity, hypertension', 'B': 'Pancreatitis', 'C': 'Hyperlipidemia, thrombocytopenia', 'D': 'Cytokine release syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Nephrotoxicity, gingival hyperplasia'} | {'A': 'Nephrotoxicity, hypertension', 'B': 'Pancreatitis', 'C': 'Hyperlipidemia, thrombocytopenia', 'D': 'Cytokine release syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Nephrotoxicity, gingival hyperplasia'} | Hyperlipidemia, thrombocytopenia | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 31-year-old female receives a kidney transplant for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Three weeks later, the patient experiences acute, T-cell mediated rejection of the allograft and is given sirolimus. Which of the following are side effects of this medication?
Options:
{'A': 'Nephrotoxicity, hypertension', 'B': 'Pancreatitis', 'C': 'Hyperlipidemia, thrombocytopenia', 'D': 'Cytokine release syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Nephrotoxicity, gingival hyperplasia'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Hyperlipidemia, thrombocytopenia<|eot_id|> |
A 25-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of dysuria and increased urinary frequency. Her urinalysis results are negative for nitrites. Urine microscopy shows the findings in figure A.
What is the most likely cause underlying her symptoms?
Options:
{'A': 'E. coli infection', 'B': 'S. saprophyticus infection', 'C': 'Acute tubular necrosis', 'D': 'Renal calculi', 'E': 'Enterococci infection'} | {'A': 'E. coli infection', 'B': 'S. saprophyticus infection', 'C': 'Acute tubular necrosis', 'D': 'Renal calculi', 'E': 'Enterococci infection'} | S. saprophyticus infection | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 25-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of dysuria and increased urinary frequency. Her urinalysis results are negative for nitrites. Urine microscopy shows the findings in figure A.
What is the most likely cause underlying her symptoms?
Options:
{'A': 'E. coli infection', 'B': 'S. saprophyticus infection', 'C': 'Acute tubular necrosis', 'D': 'Renal calculi', 'E': 'Enterococci infection'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
S. saprophyticus infection<|eot_id|> |
A 31-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of low-grade intermittent fever, dyspnea, and chest pain that worsens on deep inspiration. Over the past 4 weeks, she has had pain in her wrists and the fingers of both hands. During this period, she has also had difficulties working on her computer due to limited range of motion in her fingers, which tends to be more severe in the morning. Her temperature is 37.7°C (99.8°F). Physical examination shows a high-pitched scratching sound over the left sternal border. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to reveal which of the following findings?
Options:
{'A': 'Mutation of the HFE gene', 'B': 'Blood urea nitrogen level > 60 mg/dL', 'C': 'Decreased C3 complement levels', 'D': 'Increased titer of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies', 'E': 'Coxsackie virus RNA'} | {'A': 'Mutation of the HFE gene', 'B': 'Blood urea nitrogen level > 60 mg/dL', 'C': 'Decreased C3 complement levels', 'D': 'Increased titer of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies', 'E': 'Coxsackie virus RNA'} | Increased titer of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 31-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of low-grade intermittent fever, dyspnea, and chest pain that worsens on deep inspiration. Over the past 4 weeks, she has had pain in her wrists and the fingers of both hands. During this period, she has also had difficulties working on her computer due to limited range of motion in her fingers, which tends to be more severe in the morning. Her temperature is 37.7°C (99.8°F). Physical examination shows a high-pitched scratching sound over the left sternal border. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to reveal which of the following findings?
Options:
{'A': 'Mutation of the HFE gene', 'B': 'Blood urea nitrogen level > 60 mg/dL', 'C': 'Decreased C3 complement levels', 'D': 'Increased titer of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies', 'E': 'Coxsackie virus RNA'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Increased titer of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies<|eot_id|> |
A 2-year-old boy presents with multiple skin abscesses caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Past medical history is significant for recurrent infections by the same organism. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test demonstrates an inability to kill microbes. Which of the following defect is most likely responsible for the findings in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Deficiency of CD40L on activated T cells', 'B': 'Tyrosine kinase deficiency blocking B cell maturation', 'C': 'Inability to generate the microbicidal respiratory burst', 'D': 'Inability to fuse lysosomes with phagosomes', 'E': 'MHC class II deficiency'} | {'A': 'Deficiency of CD40L on activated T cells', 'B': 'Tyrosine kinase deficiency blocking B cell maturation', 'C': 'Inability to generate the microbicidal respiratory burst', 'D': 'Inability to fuse lysosomes with phagosomes', 'E': 'MHC class II deficiency'} | Inability to generate the microbicidal respiratory burst | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 2-year-old boy presents with multiple skin abscesses caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Past medical history is significant for recurrent infections by the same organism. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test demonstrates an inability to kill microbes. Which of the following defect is most likely responsible for the findings in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Deficiency of CD40L on activated T cells', 'B': 'Tyrosine kinase deficiency blocking B cell maturation', 'C': 'Inability to generate the microbicidal respiratory burst', 'D': 'Inability to fuse lysosomes with phagosomes', 'E': 'MHC class II deficiency'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Inability to generate the microbicidal respiratory burst<|eot_id|> |
A 23-year-old active college student has a sudden loss of consciousness 40 minutes after he was playing basketball with his team. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is administered by bystanders. On arrival of emergency medical professionals, he regains his consciousness. He has no past medical history. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. His family history is positive for a cousin who died suddenly in his youth. On physical examination, a systolic ejection murmur is audible on the left lower sternal border. ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy and echocardiography shows asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Which of the following decreases the pressure gradient between the aorta and the left ventricle in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'High-dose diuretics', 'B': 'Digoxin', 'C': 'Nitroglycerin', 'D': 'Metoprolol', 'E': 'Forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway'} | {'A': 'High-dose diuretics', 'B': 'Digoxin', 'C': 'Nitroglycerin', 'D': 'Metoprolol', 'E': 'Forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway'} | Metoprolol | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 23-year-old active college student has a sudden loss of consciousness 40 minutes after he was playing basketball with his team. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is administered by bystanders. On arrival of emergency medical professionals, he regains his consciousness. He has no past medical history. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. His family history is positive for a cousin who died suddenly in his youth. On physical examination, a systolic ejection murmur is audible on the left lower sternal border. ECG shows left ventricular hypertrophy and echocardiography shows asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Which of the following decreases the pressure gradient between the aorta and the left ventricle in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'High-dose diuretics', 'B': 'Digoxin', 'C': 'Nitroglycerin', 'D': 'Metoprolol', 'E': 'Forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Metoprolol<|eot_id|> |
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents for concern of general fatigue and recurrent abdominal pain. You learn that his medical history is otherwise unremarkable and that these symptoms started about 3 months ago after they moved to a different house. Based on clinical suspicion labs are obtained that reveal a microcytic anemia with high-normal levels of ferritin. Examination of a peripheral blood smear shows findings that are demonstrated in the figure provided. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism responsible for the anemia in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Deletion of beta hemaglobin gene', 'B': 'Chronic loss of blood through GI tract', 'C': 'X-linked mutation of ALA synthetase', 'D': 'Inflammation due to occult abdominal malignancy', 'E': 'Inhibition of ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase'} | {'A': 'Deletion of beta hemaglobin gene', 'B': 'Chronic loss of blood through GI tract', 'C': 'X-linked mutation of ALA synthetase', 'D': 'Inflammation due to occult abdominal malignancy', 'E': 'Inhibition of ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase'} | Inhibition of ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents for concern of general fatigue and recurrent abdominal pain. You learn that his medical history is otherwise unremarkable and that these symptoms started about 3 months ago after they moved to a different house. Based on clinical suspicion labs are obtained that reveal a microcytic anemia with high-normal levels of ferritin. Examination of a peripheral blood smear shows findings that are demonstrated in the figure provided. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism responsible for the anemia in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Deletion of beta hemaglobin gene', 'B': 'Chronic loss of blood through GI tract', 'C': 'X-linked mutation of ALA synthetase', 'D': 'Inflammation due to occult abdominal malignancy', 'E': 'Inhibition of ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Inhibition of ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase<|eot_id|> |
A 4-day-old girl presents with jaundice for the last 2 days. Although the patient’s parents were initially told that it was neonatal jaundice and would resolve quickly, they think that the yellow color of the patient’s skin appears to be more obvious today. The patient’s mother reports that the girl eats well, has normal stool and urine color. It’s her first child from the first healthy pregnancy. The patient was born at term via a spontaneous transvaginal delivery without any complications. Family history is significant for a paternal aunt who had 2 babies who died as infants from unknown causes and for a maternal uncle who has unexplained jaundice. On physical examination, the patient is awake, calm, and appears healthy except for the yellow tone of the skin and scleral icterus. Laboratory findings are significant for an elevated level of unconjugated bilirubin. A complete blood count and other routine biochemical blood tests are within expected parameters. The patient is treated with phototherapy, but her hyperbilirubinemia becomes more severe. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of treatment in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Continuation of phototherapy', 'B': 'Phenobarbital', 'C': 'Plasma exchange transfusion', 'D': 'No further treatment needed', 'E': 'Furosemide'} | {'A': 'Continuation of phototherapy', 'B': 'Phenobarbital', 'C': 'Plasma exchange transfusion', 'D': 'No further treatment needed', 'E': 'Furosemide'} | Plasma exchange transfusion | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 4-day-old girl presents with jaundice for the last 2 days. Although the patient’s parents were initially told that it was neonatal jaundice and would resolve quickly, they think that the yellow color of the patient’s skin appears to be more obvious today. The patient’s mother reports that the girl eats well, has normal stool and urine color. It’s her first child from the first healthy pregnancy. The patient was born at term via a spontaneous transvaginal delivery without any complications. Family history is significant for a paternal aunt who had 2 babies who died as infants from unknown causes and for a maternal uncle who has unexplained jaundice. On physical examination, the patient is awake, calm, and appears healthy except for the yellow tone of the skin and scleral icterus. Laboratory findings are significant for an elevated level of unconjugated bilirubin. A complete blood count and other routine biochemical blood tests are within expected parameters. The patient is treated with phototherapy, but her hyperbilirubinemia becomes more severe. Which of the following is the most appropriate course of treatment in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Continuation of phototherapy', 'B': 'Phenobarbital', 'C': 'Plasma exchange transfusion', 'D': 'No further treatment needed', 'E': 'Furosemide'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Plasma exchange transfusion<|eot_id|> |
An 8-month-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his parents with a 12-hour history of fever and coughing. He has also been experiencing intermittent diarrhea and skin abscesses since birth. Otherwise, he has been meeting developmental milestones as expected. Analysis of this patient's sputum reveals acute angle branching fungi, and culture shows gram-positive cocci in clusters. A flow cytometry reduction test was obtained that confirmed the diagnosis. Which of the following processes is most likely defective in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Actin polymerization', 'B': 'Leukocyte migration', 'C': 'Maturation of B-cells', 'D': 'Transforming oxygen into superoxide radicals', 'E': 'Transforming superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide'} | {'A': 'Actin polymerization', 'B': 'Leukocyte migration', 'C': 'Maturation of B-cells', 'D': 'Transforming oxygen into superoxide radicals', 'E': 'Transforming superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide'} | Transforming oxygen into superoxide radicals | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
An 8-month-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his parents with a 12-hour history of fever and coughing. He has also been experiencing intermittent diarrhea and skin abscesses since birth. Otherwise, he has been meeting developmental milestones as expected. Analysis of this patient's sputum reveals acute angle branching fungi, and culture shows gram-positive cocci in clusters. A flow cytometry reduction test was obtained that confirmed the diagnosis. Which of the following processes is most likely defective in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Actin polymerization', 'B': 'Leukocyte migration', 'C': 'Maturation of B-cells', 'D': 'Transforming oxygen into superoxide radicals', 'E': 'Transforming superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Transforming oxygen into superoxide radicals<|eot_id|> |
A 61-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 1 week after undergoing right-sided radical mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. She says that she has been unable to comb her hair with her right hand since the surgery. Physical examination shows shoulder asymmetry. She is unable to abduct her right arm above 90 degrees. When she pushes against a wall, there is protrusion of the medial aspect of the right scapula. Injury to which of the following nerves is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?
Options:
{'A': 'Upper trunk of the brachial plexus', 'B': 'Axillary nerve', 'C': 'Long thoracic nerve', 'D': 'Suprascapular nerve', 'E': 'Thoracodorsal nerve'} | {'A': 'Upper trunk of the brachial plexus', 'B': 'Axillary nerve', 'C': 'Long thoracic nerve', 'D': 'Suprascapular nerve', 'E': 'Thoracodorsal nerve'} | Long thoracic nerve | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 61-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 1 week after undergoing right-sided radical mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. She says that she has been unable to comb her hair with her right hand since the surgery. Physical examination shows shoulder asymmetry. She is unable to abduct her right arm above 90 degrees. When she pushes against a wall, there is protrusion of the medial aspect of the right scapula. Injury to which of the following nerves is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?
Options:
{'A': 'Upper trunk of the brachial plexus', 'B': 'Axillary nerve', 'C': 'Long thoracic nerve', 'D': 'Suprascapular nerve', 'E': 'Thoracodorsal nerve'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Long thoracic nerve<|eot_id|> |
A 50-year-old man with a history of stage 4 kidney disease was admitted to the hospital for an elective hemicolectomy. His past medical history is significant for severe diverticulitis. After the procedure he becomes septic and was placed on broad spectrum antibiotics. On morning rounds, he appear weak and complains of fatigue and nausea. His words are soft and he has difficulty answering questions. His temperature is 38.9°C (102.1°C), heart rate is 110/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, blood pressure 90/65 mm Hg, and saturation is 89% on room air. On physical exam, his mental status appears altered. He has a bruise on his left arm that spontaneously appeared overnight. His cardiac exam is positive for a weak friction rub. Blood specimens are collected and sent for evaluation. An ECG is performed (see image). What therapy will this patient most likely receive next?
Options:
{'A': 'Perform a STAT pericardiocentesis', 'B': 'Treat the patient with cyclophosphamide and prednisone', 'C': 'Send the patient for hemodialysis', 'D': 'Prepare the patient for renal transplant', 'E': 'Treat the patient with aspirin'} | {'A': 'Perform a STAT pericardiocentesis', 'B': 'Treat the patient with cyclophosphamide and prednisone', 'C': 'Send the patient for hemodialysis', 'D': 'Prepare the patient for renal transplant', 'E': 'Treat the patient with aspirin'} | Send the patient for hemodialysis | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 50-year-old man with a history of stage 4 kidney disease was admitted to the hospital for an elective hemicolectomy. His past medical history is significant for severe diverticulitis. After the procedure he becomes septic and was placed on broad spectrum antibiotics. On morning rounds, he appear weak and complains of fatigue and nausea. His words are soft and he has difficulty answering questions. His temperature is 38.9°C (102.1°C), heart rate is 110/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, blood pressure 90/65 mm Hg, and saturation is 89% on room air. On physical exam, his mental status appears altered. He has a bruise on his left arm that spontaneously appeared overnight. His cardiac exam is positive for a weak friction rub. Blood specimens are collected and sent for evaluation. An ECG is performed (see image). What therapy will this patient most likely receive next?
Options:
{'A': 'Perform a STAT pericardiocentesis', 'B': 'Treat the patient with cyclophosphamide and prednisone', 'C': 'Send the patient for hemodialysis', 'D': 'Prepare the patient for renal transplant', 'E': 'Treat the patient with aspirin'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Send the patient for hemodialysis<|eot_id|> |
A 53-year-old man comes to the physician for recurring fever and night sweats for the past 6 months. The fevers persist for 7 to 10 days and then subside completely for about a week before returning again. During this period, he has also noticed two painless lumps on his neck that have gradually increased in size. Over the past year, he has had an 8.2-kg (18.1 lbs) weight loss. Two years ago, he had a severe sore throat and fever, which was diagnosed as infectious mononucleosis. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 10 years. He does not drink alcohol. His job involves monthly international travel to Asia and Africa. He takes no medications. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 105/60 mm Hg. Physical examination shows 2 enlarged, nontender, fixed cervical lymph nodes on each side of the neck. Microscopic examination of a specimen obtained on biopsy of a cervical lymph node is shown. Which of the following additional findings is most likely present in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Anti-viral capsid antigen IgG and IgM positive', 'B': 'CD15/30 positive cells', 'C': 'Auer rods on peripheral smear', 'D': 'Leukocyte count > 500,000/μL', 'E': 'Acid fast bacilli in the sputum'} | {'A': 'Anti-viral capsid antigen IgG and IgM positive', 'B': 'CD15/30 positive cells', 'C': 'Auer rods on peripheral smear', 'D': 'Leukocyte count > 500,000/μL', 'E': 'Acid fast bacilli in the sputum'} | CD15/30 positive cells | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 53-year-old man comes to the physician for recurring fever and night sweats for the past 6 months. The fevers persist for 7 to 10 days and then subside completely for about a week before returning again. During this period, he has also noticed two painless lumps on his neck that have gradually increased in size. Over the past year, he has had an 8.2-kg (18.1 lbs) weight loss. Two years ago, he had a severe sore throat and fever, which was diagnosed as infectious mononucleosis. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 10 years. He does not drink alcohol. His job involves monthly international travel to Asia and Africa. He takes no medications. His temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 105/60 mm Hg. Physical examination shows 2 enlarged, nontender, fixed cervical lymph nodes on each side of the neck. Microscopic examination of a specimen obtained on biopsy of a cervical lymph node is shown. Which of the following additional findings is most likely present in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Anti-viral capsid antigen IgG and IgM positive', 'B': 'CD15/30 positive cells', 'C': 'Auer rods on peripheral smear', 'D': 'Leukocyte count > 500,000/μL', 'E': 'Acid fast bacilli in the sputum'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
CD15/30 positive cells<|eot_id|> |
A 55-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis is admitted to the hospital for routine evaluation before liver transplantation. The physician asks the patient to stop eating 10 hours before surgery. Which of the following structures contributes directly to preventing fasting hypoglycemia by producing glucose in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Red blood cells', 'B': 'Skeletal muscle', 'C': 'Skin', 'D': 'Intestine', 'E': 'Adrenal cortex'} | {'A': 'Red blood cells', 'B': 'Skeletal muscle', 'C': 'Skin', 'D': 'Intestine', 'E': 'Adrenal cortex'} | Intestine | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 55-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis is admitted to the hospital for routine evaluation before liver transplantation. The physician asks the patient to stop eating 10 hours before surgery. Which of the following structures contributes directly to preventing fasting hypoglycemia by producing glucose in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Red blood cells', 'B': 'Skeletal muscle', 'C': 'Skin', 'D': 'Intestine', 'E': 'Adrenal cortex'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Intestine<|eot_id|> |
A 72-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after an episode of hemoptysis. He has a chronic cough that is productive of copious sputum. Six years ago, he had a stroke that left him with difficulty swallowing. He smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years, but quit 2 years ago. His respirations are 25/min and labored. Physical examination shows digital clubbing. An x-ray of the chest shows tram track opacities in the lower lung fields. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Lung cancer', 'B': 'Chronic bronchitis', 'C': 'Aspiration pneumonia', 'D': 'Emphysema', 'E': 'Bronchiectasis'} | {'A': 'Lung cancer', 'B': 'Chronic bronchitis', 'C': 'Aspiration pneumonia', 'D': 'Emphysema', 'E': 'Bronchiectasis'} | Bronchiectasis | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 72-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after an episode of hemoptysis. He has a chronic cough that is productive of copious sputum. Six years ago, he had a stroke that left him with difficulty swallowing. He smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years, but quit 2 years ago. His respirations are 25/min and labored. Physical examination shows digital clubbing. An x-ray of the chest shows tram track opacities in the lower lung fields. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Lung cancer', 'B': 'Chronic bronchitis', 'C': 'Aspiration pneumonia', 'D': 'Emphysema', 'E': 'Bronchiectasis'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Bronchiectasis<|eot_id|> |
One week after an aortic valve replacement surgery, a 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency room 30 minutes after the onset of severe, sharp chest pain. He appears pale and dyspneic but is alert, oriented, and speaks in full sentences. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 192/min and thready, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. Faint rales can be heard in the lower lung fields on both sides on auscultation. There is a midline thoracotomy scar with mild reddening but without warmth or discharge. A portion of an ECG is shown. The pattern remains unchanged after 1 minute. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention?
Options:
{'A': 'Epinephrine', 'B': 'Synchronized cardioversion', 'C': 'Vagal maneuvers', 'D': 'Administer magnesium sulfate', 'E': 'Administer amiodarone'} | {'A': 'Epinephrine', 'B': 'Synchronized cardioversion', 'C': 'Vagal maneuvers', 'D': 'Administer magnesium sulfate', 'E': 'Administer amiodarone'} | Synchronized cardioversion | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
One week after an aortic valve replacement surgery, a 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency room 30 minutes after the onset of severe, sharp chest pain. He appears pale and dyspneic but is alert, oriented, and speaks in full sentences. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 192/min and thready, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. Faint rales can be heard in the lower lung fields on both sides on auscultation. There is a midline thoracotomy scar with mild reddening but without warmth or discharge. A portion of an ECG is shown. The pattern remains unchanged after 1 minute. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention?
Options:
{'A': 'Epinephrine', 'B': 'Synchronized cardioversion', 'C': 'Vagal maneuvers', 'D': 'Administer magnesium sulfate', 'E': 'Administer amiodarone'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Synchronized cardioversion<|eot_id|> |
A 29-year-old woman comes to her primary care physician hoping she is pregnant. She reports that she had been taking oral contraceptive pills, but she stopped when she began trying to get pregnant about 7 months ago. Since then she has not had her period. She took a few home pregnancy tests that were negative, but she feels they could be wrong. She says she has gained 4 lbs in the past month, and her breasts feel full. Today, she expressed milk from her nipples. She complains of fatigue, which she attributes to stress at work, and headaches, to which she says “my sister told me she had headaches when she was pregnant.” She denies spotting or vaginal discharge. Her last menstrual period was at age 22, prior to starting oral contraceptive pills. Her medical and surgical history are non-significant. She has no history of sexually transmitted infections. She reports she and her husband are having intercourse 3-4 times a week. Her family history is significant for breast cancer in her mother and an aunt who died of ovarian cancer at 55. On physical examination, no breast masses are appreciated, but compression of the nipples produces whitish discharge bilaterally. A bimanual pelvic examination is normal. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the best initial step in management for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Mammogram', 'B': 'Magnetic resonance imaging of the head', 'C': 'Pelvic ultrasound', 'D': 'Serum follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone ratio', 'E': 'Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level'} | {'A': 'Mammogram', 'B': 'Magnetic resonance imaging of the head', 'C': 'Pelvic ultrasound', 'D': 'Serum follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone ratio', 'E': 'Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level'} | Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 29-year-old woman comes to her primary care physician hoping she is pregnant. She reports that she had been taking oral contraceptive pills, but she stopped when she began trying to get pregnant about 7 months ago. Since then she has not had her period. She took a few home pregnancy tests that were negative, but she feels they could be wrong. She says she has gained 4 lbs in the past month, and her breasts feel full. Today, she expressed milk from her nipples. She complains of fatigue, which she attributes to stress at work, and headaches, to which she says “my sister told me she had headaches when she was pregnant.” She denies spotting or vaginal discharge. Her last menstrual period was at age 22, prior to starting oral contraceptive pills. Her medical and surgical history are non-significant. She has no history of sexually transmitted infections. She reports she and her husband are having intercourse 3-4 times a week. Her family history is significant for breast cancer in her mother and an aunt who died of ovarian cancer at 55. On physical examination, no breast masses are appreciated, but compression of the nipples produces whitish discharge bilaterally. A bimanual pelvic examination is normal. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the best initial step in management for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Mammogram', 'B': 'Magnetic resonance imaging of the head', 'C': 'Pelvic ultrasound', 'D': 'Serum follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone ratio', 'E': 'Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level<|eot_id|> |
A 32-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her neighbors 30 minutes after they found her unconscious in her yard. Her neighbors report that she has been spending more time at home by herself because she recently lost her job. On arrival, she is unable to provide a history. She appears anxious. Her pulse is 76/min, respirations are 13/min, and blood pressure is 114/72 mm Hg. Examination shows significant weakness of the left upper and lower extremities. She is unable to plantarflex the ankle while supine. She is able to stand on her toes. Her gait is unsteady. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ and symmetric. A CT scan of the head shows no abnormalities. An MRI of the brain and MR angiography show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Conversion disorder', 'B': 'Malingering', 'C': 'Somatic symptom disorder', 'D': 'Acute stress disorder', 'E': 'Acute hemorrhagic stroke'} | {'A': 'Conversion disorder', 'B': 'Malingering', 'C': 'Somatic symptom disorder', 'D': 'Acute stress disorder', 'E': 'Acute hemorrhagic stroke'} | Conversion disorder | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 32-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her neighbors 30 minutes after they found her unconscious in her yard. Her neighbors report that she has been spending more time at home by herself because she recently lost her job. On arrival, she is unable to provide a history. She appears anxious. Her pulse is 76/min, respirations are 13/min, and blood pressure is 114/72 mm Hg. Examination shows significant weakness of the left upper and lower extremities. She is unable to plantarflex the ankle while supine. She is able to stand on her toes. Her gait is unsteady. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ and symmetric. A CT scan of the head shows no abnormalities. An MRI of the brain and MR angiography show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Conversion disorder', 'B': 'Malingering', 'C': 'Somatic symptom disorder', 'D': 'Acute stress disorder', 'E': 'Acute hemorrhagic stroke'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Conversion disorder<|eot_id|> |
А 41-уеаr-old woman рrеѕеnts to thе offісе wіth a сomрlаіnt of а hеаdасhе for 1 month and a еріѕodе of аbnormаl bodу movеmеnt. The headaches are more severe іn thе mornіng, moѕtlу after waking up. Ѕhе doеѕn’t give a history of any mајor іllnеѕѕ or trauma in the past. Неr vіtаlѕ ѕіgnѕ include: blood рrеѕѕurе 160/80 mm Нg, рulѕе 58/mіn, tеmреrаturе 36.5°C (97.8°F), аnd rеѕріrаtorу rаtе 11/mіn. Оn fundoscopic ехаmіnаtіon, mіld раріllеdеmа is present. Her рuріlѕ аrе еquаl аnd rеасtіvе to lіght. No foсаl nеurologісаl dеfісіt сan bе еlісіtеd. A contrast computed tomography scan of the head is shown in the picture. Which of the following is the most likely biopsy finding in this case?
Options:
{'A': 'Oligodendrocytes with round nuclei and clear surrounding cytoplasm giving a fried-egg appearance', 'B': 'Closely arranged thin walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma', 'C': 'Pseudopalisading pleomorphic tumor cells', 'D': 'Spindle cells concentrically arranged in whorled pattern with laminated calcification', 'E': 'Large quantities of lymphocytes without a particular growth pattern'} | {'A': 'Oligodendrocytes with round nuclei and clear surrounding cytoplasm giving a fried-egg appearance', 'B': 'Closely arranged thin walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma', 'C': 'Pseudopalisading pleomorphic tumor cells', 'D': 'Spindle cells concentrically arranged in whorled pattern with laminated calcification', 'E': 'Large quantities of lymphocytes without a particular growth pattern'} | Spindle cells concentrically arranged in whorled pattern with laminated calcification | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
А 41-уеаr-old woman рrеѕеnts to thе offісе wіth a сomрlаіnt of а hеаdасhе for 1 month and a еріѕodе of аbnormаl bodу movеmеnt. The headaches are more severe іn thе mornіng, moѕtlу after waking up. Ѕhе doеѕn’t give a history of any mајor іllnеѕѕ or trauma in the past. Неr vіtаlѕ ѕіgnѕ include: blood рrеѕѕurе 160/80 mm Нg, рulѕе 58/mіn, tеmреrаturе 36.5°C (97.8°F), аnd rеѕріrаtorу rаtе 11/mіn. Оn fundoscopic ехаmіnаtіon, mіld раріllеdеmа is present. Her рuріlѕ аrе еquаl аnd rеасtіvе to lіght. No foсаl nеurologісаl dеfісіt сan bе еlісіtеd. A contrast computed tomography scan of the head is shown in the picture. Which of the following is the most likely biopsy finding in this case?
Options:
{'A': 'Oligodendrocytes with round nuclei and clear surrounding cytoplasm giving a fried-egg appearance', 'B': 'Closely arranged thin walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma', 'C': 'Pseudopalisading pleomorphic tumor cells', 'D': 'Spindle cells concentrically arranged in whorled pattern with laminated calcification', 'E': 'Large quantities of lymphocytes without a particular growth pattern'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Spindle cells concentrically arranged in whorled pattern with laminated calcification<|eot_id|> |
A 19-year-old South Asian male presents to the family physician concerned that he is beginning to go bald. He is especially troubled because his father and grandfather "went completely bald by the age of 25," and he is willing to try anything to prevent his hair loss. The family physician prescribes a medication that prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Which of the following enzymes is inhibited by this medication?
Options:
{'A': 'Desmolase', 'B': 'Aromatase', 'C': '5-alpha-reductase', 'D': 'cGMP phosophodiesterase', 'E': 'Cyclooxygenase 2'} | {'A': 'Desmolase', 'B': 'Aromatase', 'C': '5-alpha-reductase', 'D': 'cGMP phosophodiesterase', 'E': 'Cyclooxygenase 2'} | 5-alpha-reductase | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 19-year-old South Asian male presents to the family physician concerned that he is beginning to go bald. He is especially troubled because his father and grandfather "went completely bald by the age of 25," and he is willing to try anything to prevent his hair loss. The family physician prescribes a medication that prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. Which of the following enzymes is inhibited by this medication?
Options:
{'A': 'Desmolase', 'B': 'Aromatase', 'C': '5-alpha-reductase', 'D': 'cGMP phosophodiesterase', 'E': 'Cyclooxygenase 2'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
5-alpha-reductase<|eot_id|> |
A 44-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He had not seen his primary care physician for 7 years. He has no complaints other than feeling easily fatigued. He has no significant medical history. He reports drinking half a pint of liquor a day. His temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), pulse is 65/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, and blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows reddish color to both of his palms. His abdomen has no focal tenderness but is difficult to assess due to distention. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.0 g/dL
Hematocrit 33%
Leukocyte count 5,000/mm3
Platelet count 60,000/mm3
Serum
Na+ 135 mEq/L
K+ 4.5 mEq/L
Cl- 100 mEq/L
HCO3- 24 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 15 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL
Total bilirubin 3.0 mg/dL
AST 112 U/L
ALT 80 U/L
Alkaline phosphatase 130 U/L
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's thrombocytopenia?"
Options:
{'A': 'Bone marrow infiltration', 'B': 'Uremia', 'C': 'Decreased protein synthesis', 'D': 'Hypersplenism', 'E': 'Autoimmune antibodies'} | {'A': 'Bone marrow infiltration', 'B': 'Uremia', 'C': 'Decreased protein synthesis', 'D': 'Hypersplenism', 'E': 'Autoimmune antibodies'} | Hypersplenism | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 44-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He had not seen his primary care physician for 7 years. He has no complaints other than feeling easily fatigued. He has no significant medical history. He reports drinking half a pint of liquor a day. His temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), pulse is 65/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, and blood pressure is 120/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows reddish color to both of his palms. His abdomen has no focal tenderness but is difficult to assess due to distention. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.0 g/dL
Hematocrit 33%
Leukocyte count 5,000/mm3
Platelet count 60,000/mm3
Serum
Na+ 135 mEq/L
K+ 4.5 mEq/L
Cl- 100 mEq/L
HCO3- 24 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 15 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL
Total bilirubin 3.0 mg/dL
AST 112 U/L
ALT 80 U/L
Alkaline phosphatase 130 U/L
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's thrombocytopenia?"
Options:
{'A': 'Bone marrow infiltration', 'B': 'Uremia', 'C': 'Decreased protein synthesis', 'D': 'Hypersplenism', 'E': 'Autoimmune antibodies'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Hypersplenism<|eot_id|> |
A 45-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of polyuria, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status for 4 hours. On arrival, she is unconscious. Treatment with a drug is begun that increases glucose transport to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Which of the following cellular events is most likely to also occur in response to this drug?
Options:
{'A': 'Dephosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase', 'B': 'Upregulation of glucose transporter type 3 expression', 'C': 'Cleavage of UDP from UDP-glucose', 'D': 'Increased activity of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases', 'E': 'Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase'} | {'A': 'Dephosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase', 'B': 'Upregulation of glucose transporter type 3 expression', 'C': 'Cleavage of UDP from UDP-glucose', 'D': 'Increased activity of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases', 'E': 'Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase'} | Dephosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 45-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of polyuria, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status for 4 hours. On arrival, she is unconscious. Treatment with a drug is begun that increases glucose transport to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Which of the following cellular events is most likely to also occur in response to this drug?
Options:
{'A': 'Dephosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase', 'B': 'Upregulation of glucose transporter type 3 expression', 'C': 'Cleavage of UDP from UDP-glucose', 'D': 'Increased activity of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases', 'E': 'Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Dephosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase<|eot_id|> |
A 37-year-old woman comes for a follow-up prenatal visit at 18 weeks' gestation. At 12 weeks' gestation, ultrasonography showed increased nuchal translucency and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was decreased by 2 standard deviations. Chorionic villus sampling showed a 47, XX karyotype. During this visit, ultrasonography shows a hypoplastic nasal bone, shortened femur length, shortened middle phalanges of the fifth digits with clinodactyly. A quadruple marker test would most likely show which of the following sets of findings?
$$$ α-Fetoprotein (AFP) %%% Estriol %%% β-Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) %%% Inhibin A $$$
Options:
{'A': '↓ ↓ ↓ normal', 'B': '↓ ↓ ↑ ↑', 'C': 'Normal normal normal normal', 'D': '↓ ↓ ↓ ↓', 'E': '↑ normal normal normal'} | {'A': '↓ ↓ ↓ normal', 'B': '↓ ↓ ↑ ↑', 'C': 'Normal normal normal normal', 'D': '↓ ↓ ↓ ↓', 'E': '↑ normal normal normal'} | ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 37-year-old woman comes for a follow-up prenatal visit at 18 weeks' gestation. At 12 weeks' gestation, ultrasonography showed increased nuchal translucency and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was decreased by 2 standard deviations. Chorionic villus sampling showed a 47, XX karyotype. During this visit, ultrasonography shows a hypoplastic nasal bone, shortened femur length, shortened middle phalanges of the fifth digits with clinodactyly. A quadruple marker test would most likely show which of the following sets of findings?
$$$ α-Fetoprotein (AFP) %%% Estriol %%% β-Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) %%% Inhibin A $$$
Options:
{'A': '↓ ↓ ↓ normal', 'B': '↓ ↓ ↑ ↑', 'C': 'Normal normal normal normal', 'D': '↓ ↓ ↓ ↓', 'E': '↑ normal normal normal'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
↓ ↓ ↑ ↑<|eot_id|> |
A 60-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by police officers because he was acting strangely in public. The patient was found talking nonsensically to characters on cereal boxes in the store. Past medical history is significant for multiple hospitalizations for alcohol-related injuries and seizures. The patient’s vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a disheveled male who is oriented to person, but not time or place. Neurologic examination shows nystagmus and severe gait ataxia. A T1/T2 MRI is performed and demonstrates evidence of damage to the mammillary bodies. The patient is given the appropriate treatment for recovering most of his cognitive functions. However, significant short-term memory deficits persist. The patient remembers events from his past such as the school and college he attended, his current job, and the names of family members quite well. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Delirium', 'B': 'Delirium tremens', 'C': "Korsakoff's syndrome", 'D': 'Schizophrenia', 'E': 'Wernicke encephalopathy'} | {'A': 'Delirium', 'B': 'Delirium tremens', 'C': "Korsakoff's syndrome", 'D': 'Schizophrenia', 'E': 'Wernicke encephalopathy'} | Korsakoff's syndrome | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 60-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by police officers because he was acting strangely in public. The patient was found talking nonsensically to characters on cereal boxes in the store. Past medical history is significant for multiple hospitalizations for alcohol-related injuries and seizures. The patient’s vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a disheveled male who is oriented to person, but not time or place. Neurologic examination shows nystagmus and severe gait ataxia. A T1/T2 MRI is performed and demonstrates evidence of damage to the mammillary bodies. The patient is given the appropriate treatment for recovering most of his cognitive functions. However, significant short-term memory deficits persist. The patient remembers events from his past such as the school and college he attended, his current job, and the names of family members quite well. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Delirium', 'B': 'Delirium tremens', 'C': "Korsakoff's syndrome", 'D': 'Schizophrenia', 'E': 'Wernicke encephalopathy'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Korsakoff's syndrome<|eot_id|> |
A 52-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for a routine examination. He feels tired and has aches most days and is concerned that he has gained a little weight since his last appointment. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia, for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide and atorvastatin. Family history is positive for alcoholic cirrhosis in his father. The patient drinks several beers every night and multiple glasses of wine on the weekends. On physical examination, he appears obese with labored breathing. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm, and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Weight loss and abstaining from alcohol are discussed. He is receptive to weight loss measures including a low-salt, high-vegetable diet, but he is uninterested in cutting back on alcohol consumption. Which of the following best describes his stage of overcoming addiction?
Options:
{'A': 'Relapse', 'B': 'Maintenance', 'C': 'Precontemplation', 'D': 'Contemplation', 'E': 'Preparation'} | {'A': 'Relapse', 'B': 'Maintenance', 'C': 'Precontemplation', 'D': 'Contemplation', 'E': 'Preparation'} | Precontemplation | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 52-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for a routine examination. He feels tired and has aches most days and is concerned that he has gained a little weight since his last appointment. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia, for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide and atorvastatin. Family history is positive for alcoholic cirrhosis in his father. The patient drinks several beers every night and multiple glasses of wine on the weekends. On physical examination, he appears obese with labored breathing. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm, and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Weight loss and abstaining from alcohol are discussed. He is receptive to weight loss measures including a low-salt, high-vegetable diet, but he is uninterested in cutting back on alcohol consumption. Which of the following best describes his stage of overcoming addiction?
Options:
{'A': 'Relapse', 'B': 'Maintenance', 'C': 'Precontemplation', 'D': 'Contemplation', 'E': 'Preparation'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Precontemplation<|eot_id|> |
A 13-year-old girl presents after losing consciousness during class 30 minutes ago. According to her friends, she was doing okay since morning, and nobody noticed anything abnormal. The patient’s mother says that her daughter does not have any medical conditions. She also says that the patient has always been healthy but has recently lost weight even though she was eating as usual. Her vital signs are a blood pressure of 100/78 mm Hg, a pulse of 89/min, and a temperature of 37.2°C (99.0°F). Her breathing is rapid but shallow. Fingerstick glucose is 300 mg/dL. Blood is drawn for additional lab tests, and she is started on intravenous insulin and normal saline. Which of the following HLA subtypes is associated with this patient’s most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'A3', 'B': 'B8', 'C': 'DR3', 'D': 'B27', 'E': 'DR5'} | {'A': 'A3', 'B': 'B8', 'C': 'DR3', 'D': 'B27', 'E': 'DR5'} | DR3 | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 13-year-old girl presents after losing consciousness during class 30 minutes ago. According to her friends, she was doing okay since morning, and nobody noticed anything abnormal. The patient’s mother says that her daughter does not have any medical conditions. She also says that the patient has always been healthy but has recently lost weight even though she was eating as usual. Her vital signs are a blood pressure of 100/78 mm Hg, a pulse of 89/min, and a temperature of 37.2°C (99.0°F). Her breathing is rapid but shallow. Fingerstick glucose is 300 mg/dL. Blood is drawn for additional lab tests, and she is started on intravenous insulin and normal saline. Which of the following HLA subtypes is associated with this patient’s most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'A3', 'B': 'B8', 'C': 'DR3', 'D': 'B27', 'E': 'DR5'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
DR3<|eot_id|> |
A 34-year-old man was brought into the emergency room after he was found running in the streets. Upon arrival to the emergency room, he keeps screaming, “they are eating me alive," and swatting his hands. He reports that there are spiders crawling all over him. His girlfriend, who arrives shortly after, claims that he has been forgetful and would forget his keys from time to time. He denies weight loss, fever, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, or urinary changes but endorses chest pain. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 160/110 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98%. He becomes increasingly agitated as he believes the healthcare providers are trying to sacrifice him to the “spider gods.” What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?
Options:
{'A': 'Cocaine use', 'B': 'Narcolepsy', 'C': 'Pick disease', 'D': 'Schizophrenia', 'E': 'Temporal lobe epilepsy'} | {'A': 'Cocaine use', 'B': 'Narcolepsy', 'C': 'Pick disease', 'D': 'Schizophrenia', 'E': 'Temporal lobe epilepsy'} | Cocaine use | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 34-year-old man was brought into the emergency room after he was found running in the streets. Upon arrival to the emergency room, he keeps screaming, “they are eating me alive," and swatting his hands. He reports that there are spiders crawling all over him. His girlfriend, who arrives shortly after, claims that he has been forgetful and would forget his keys from time to time. He denies weight loss, fever, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, or urinary changes but endorses chest pain. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 160/110 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98%. He becomes increasingly agitated as he believes the healthcare providers are trying to sacrifice him to the “spider gods.” What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?
Options:
{'A': 'Cocaine use', 'B': 'Narcolepsy', 'C': 'Pick disease', 'D': 'Schizophrenia', 'E': 'Temporal lobe epilepsy'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Cocaine use<|eot_id|> |
A 75-year-old Caucasian man presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. The patient states he was at home eating dinner when he began to experience severe abdominal pain. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. He lives at home alone, smokes cigarettes, and drinks 1 to 2 alcoholic drinks per day. The patient is given IV morphine and an ultrasound is obtained demonstrating a dilated abdominal aorta. The patient states that his father died of a similar finding and is concerned about his prognosis. Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for this patient's presentation?
Options:
{'A': 'Atherosclerosis', 'B': 'Caucasian race', 'C': 'Cigarette smoking', 'D': 'Family history', 'E': 'Male gender and age'} | {'A': 'Atherosclerosis', 'B': 'Caucasian race', 'C': 'Cigarette smoking', 'D': 'Family history', 'E': 'Male gender and age'} | Cigarette smoking | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 75-year-old Caucasian man presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. The patient states he was at home eating dinner when he began to experience severe abdominal pain. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. He lives at home alone, smokes cigarettes, and drinks 1 to 2 alcoholic drinks per day. The patient is given IV morphine and an ultrasound is obtained demonstrating a dilated abdominal aorta. The patient states that his father died of a similar finding and is concerned about his prognosis. Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for this patient's presentation?
Options:
{'A': 'Atherosclerosis', 'B': 'Caucasian race', 'C': 'Cigarette smoking', 'D': 'Family history', 'E': 'Male gender and age'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Cigarette smoking<|eot_id|> |
A 78-year-old man is brought to the physician by his daughter for a follow-up examination. The daughter noticed that he has gradually become more forgetful and withdrawn over the last year. He frequently misplaces his car keys and forgets the names of his neighbors, whom he has known for 30 years. He has difficulty recalling his address and telephone number. He recently had an episode of urinary and fecal incontinence. Last week, his neighbor found him wandering the parking lot of the grocery store. He has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. He had smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years but quit 18 years ago. His current medications include hydrochlorothiazide and atorvastatin. He appears healthy; BMI is 23 kg/m2. His temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F), pulse is 86/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 136/84 mm Hg. Mini-mental state examination score is 19/30. He is not bothered by his forgetfulness. Cranial nerves II–XII are intact. He has 5/5 strength and full sensation to light touch in all extremities. His patellar, Achilles, and biceps reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. His gait is steady. MRI scan of the brain shows ventriculomegaly and prominent cerebral sulci. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?
Options:
{'A': 'Donepezil', 'B': 'Thiamine', 'C': 'Acetazolamide', 'D': 'Sertraline', 'E': 'Memantine\n"'} | {'A': 'Donepezil', 'B': 'Thiamine', 'C': 'Acetazolamide', 'D': 'Sertraline', 'E': 'Memantine\n"'} | Donepezil | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 78-year-old man is brought to the physician by his daughter for a follow-up examination. The daughter noticed that he has gradually become more forgetful and withdrawn over the last year. He frequently misplaces his car keys and forgets the names of his neighbors, whom he has known for 30 years. He has difficulty recalling his address and telephone number. He recently had an episode of urinary and fecal incontinence. Last week, his neighbor found him wandering the parking lot of the grocery store. He has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. He had smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years but quit 18 years ago. His current medications include hydrochlorothiazide and atorvastatin. He appears healthy; BMI is 23 kg/m2. His temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F), pulse is 86/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 136/84 mm Hg. Mini-mental state examination score is 19/30. He is not bothered by his forgetfulness. Cranial nerves II–XII are intact. He has 5/5 strength and full sensation to light touch in all extremities. His patellar, Achilles, and biceps reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. His gait is steady. MRI scan of the brain shows ventriculomegaly and prominent cerebral sulci. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?
Options:
{'A': 'Donepezil', 'B': 'Thiamine', 'C': 'Acetazolamide', 'D': 'Sertraline', 'E': 'Memantine\n"'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Donepezil<|eot_id|> |
A 57-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with progressive right foot swelling, redness, and malaise. He reports seeing a blister on his forefoot several months ago after he started using new work boots. He has dressed the affected area daily with bandages; however, healing has not occurred. He has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 2 chronic kidney disease. He has smoked 20 to 30 cigarettes daily for the past 25 years. Vital signs are a temperature of 38.1°C (100.58°F), blood pressure of 110/70 mm Hg, and pulse of 102/minute. On physical examination, there is a malodorous right foot ulcer overlying the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Fluctuance and erythema extend 3 cm beyond the ulcer border. Moderate pitting edema is notable over the remaining areas of the foot and ankle. Which of the following is the best initial step for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Graded compression stockings', 'B': 'Superficial swabs', 'C': 'Antibiotics and supportive care', 'D': 'Endovascular intervention', 'E': 'Minor amputation'} | {'A': 'Graded compression stockings', 'B': 'Superficial swabs', 'C': 'Antibiotics and supportive care', 'D': 'Endovascular intervention', 'E': 'Minor amputation'} | Antibiotics and supportive care | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 57-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with progressive right foot swelling, redness, and malaise. He reports seeing a blister on his forefoot several months ago after he started using new work boots. He has dressed the affected area daily with bandages; however, healing has not occurred. He has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 2 chronic kidney disease. He has smoked 20 to 30 cigarettes daily for the past 25 years. Vital signs are a temperature of 38.1°C (100.58°F), blood pressure of 110/70 mm Hg, and pulse of 102/minute. On physical examination, there is a malodorous right foot ulcer overlying the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Fluctuance and erythema extend 3 cm beyond the ulcer border. Moderate pitting edema is notable over the remaining areas of the foot and ankle. Which of the following is the best initial step for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Graded compression stockings', 'B': 'Superficial swabs', 'C': 'Antibiotics and supportive care', 'D': 'Endovascular intervention', 'E': 'Minor amputation'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Antibiotics and supportive care<|eot_id|> |
A 24-year-old healthy male presents to the emergency room complaining of severe abdominal pain. He reports that he was playing rugby for his college team when he was tackled on his left side by a member of the opposing team. He is currently experiencing severe left upper abdominal pain and left shoulder pain. A review of his medical record reveals that he was seen by his primary care physician two weeks ago for mononucleosis. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 90/50 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 26/min. He becomes increasingly lethargic over the course of the examination. He demonstrates exquisite tenderness to palpation over the left 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs as well as rebound tenderness in the abdomen. He is eventually stabilized and undergoes definitive operative management. After this patient recovers, which of the following is most likely to be found on a peripheral blood smear in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Basophilic nuclear remnants', 'B': 'Erythrocyte fragments', 'C': 'Erythrocytes lacking central pallor', 'D': 'Inclusions of denatured hemoglobin', 'E': 'Basophilic stippling'} | {'A': 'Basophilic nuclear remnants', 'B': 'Erythrocyte fragments', 'C': 'Erythrocytes lacking central pallor', 'D': 'Inclusions of denatured hemoglobin', 'E': 'Basophilic stippling'} | Basophilic nuclear remnants | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 24-year-old healthy male presents to the emergency room complaining of severe abdominal pain. He reports that he was playing rugby for his college team when he was tackled on his left side by a member of the opposing team. He is currently experiencing severe left upper abdominal pain and left shoulder pain. A review of his medical record reveals that he was seen by his primary care physician two weeks ago for mononucleosis. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 90/50 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 26/min. He becomes increasingly lethargic over the course of the examination. He demonstrates exquisite tenderness to palpation over the left 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs as well as rebound tenderness in the abdomen. He is eventually stabilized and undergoes definitive operative management. After this patient recovers, which of the following is most likely to be found on a peripheral blood smear in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Basophilic nuclear remnants', 'B': 'Erythrocyte fragments', 'C': 'Erythrocytes lacking central pallor', 'D': 'Inclusions of denatured hemoglobin', 'E': 'Basophilic stippling'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Basophilic nuclear remnants<|eot_id|> |
A 70-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination of diffuse exertional chest pain which he has successfully been treating with sublingual nitroglycerin for the past year. The patient has been taking lisinopril daily for essential hypertension. His pulse is 75/min and regular, and blood pressure is 155/90 mm Hg. Cardiac and pulmonary examination show no abnormalities; there is no peripheral edema. A decrease of which of the following is the most likely explanation for the improvement of this patient's chest pain?
Options:
{'A': 'Ventricular compliance', 'B': 'Peripheral arterial resistance', 'C': 'Electrical conduction speed', 'D': 'Venous pooling', 'E': 'End-diastolic pressure'} | {'A': 'Ventricular compliance', 'B': 'Peripheral arterial resistance', 'C': 'Electrical conduction speed', 'D': 'Venous pooling', 'E': 'End-diastolic pressure'} | End-diastolic pressure | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 70-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination of diffuse exertional chest pain which he has successfully been treating with sublingual nitroglycerin for the past year. The patient has been taking lisinopril daily for essential hypertension. His pulse is 75/min and regular, and blood pressure is 155/90 mm Hg. Cardiac and pulmonary examination show no abnormalities; there is no peripheral edema. A decrease of which of the following is the most likely explanation for the improvement of this patient's chest pain?
Options:
{'A': 'Ventricular compliance', 'B': 'Peripheral arterial resistance', 'C': 'Electrical conduction speed', 'D': 'Venous pooling', 'E': 'End-diastolic pressure'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
End-diastolic pressure<|eot_id|> |
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of fever, productive cough, and shortness of breath. Since birth, he has had multiple respiratory infections requiring treatment with antibiotics. His immunizations are up-to-date. He is in the 10th percentile for height and weight. His temperature is 38°C (100.3°F). Examination detects diffuse bilateral wheezing and cervical lymphadenopathy. Flow cytometric analysis of a serum sample from the patient fails to fluoresce after incubation with dihydrorhodamine. This patient is at greatest risk of infection with which of the following organisms?
Options:
{'A': 'Enterococcus faecium', 'B': 'Serratia marcescens', 'C': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'D': 'Clostridioides difficile', 'E': 'Streptococcus pyogenes'} | {'A': 'Enterococcus faecium', 'B': 'Serratia marcescens', 'C': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'D': 'Clostridioides difficile', 'E': 'Streptococcus pyogenes'} | Serratia marcescens | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of fever, productive cough, and shortness of breath. Since birth, he has had multiple respiratory infections requiring treatment with antibiotics. His immunizations are up-to-date. He is in the 10th percentile for height and weight. His temperature is 38°C (100.3°F). Examination detects diffuse bilateral wheezing and cervical lymphadenopathy. Flow cytometric analysis of a serum sample from the patient fails to fluoresce after incubation with dihydrorhodamine. This patient is at greatest risk of infection with which of the following organisms?
Options:
{'A': 'Enterococcus faecium', 'B': 'Serratia marcescens', 'C': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'D': 'Clostridioides difficile', 'E': 'Streptococcus pyogenes'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Serratia marcescens<|eot_id|> |
A 69-year-old man is brought by his son to the emergency department with weakness in his right arm and leg. The man insists that he is fine and blames his son for "creating panic". Four hours ago the patient was having tea with his wife when he suddenly dropped his teacup. He has had difficulty moving his right arm since then and cannot walk because his right leg feels stuck. He has a history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, for which he currently takes lisinopril and atorvastatin, respectively. He is allergic to aspirin and peanuts. A computerized tomography (CT) scan shows evidence of an ischemic stroke. Which medication would most likely prevent such attacks in this patient in the future?
Options:
{'A': 'Abciximab', 'B': 'Alteplase', 'C': 'Urokinase', 'D': 'Celecoxib', 'E': 'Clopidogrel'} | {'A': 'Abciximab', 'B': 'Alteplase', 'C': 'Urokinase', 'D': 'Celecoxib', 'E': 'Clopidogrel'} | Clopidogrel | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 69-year-old man is brought by his son to the emergency department with weakness in his right arm and leg. The man insists that he is fine and blames his son for "creating panic". Four hours ago the patient was having tea with his wife when he suddenly dropped his teacup. He has had difficulty moving his right arm since then and cannot walk because his right leg feels stuck. He has a history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, for which he currently takes lisinopril and atorvastatin, respectively. He is allergic to aspirin and peanuts. A computerized tomography (CT) scan shows evidence of an ischemic stroke. Which medication would most likely prevent such attacks in this patient in the future?
Options:
{'A': 'Abciximab', 'B': 'Alteplase', 'C': 'Urokinase', 'D': 'Celecoxib', 'E': 'Clopidogrel'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Clopidogrel<|eot_id|> |
A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of double vision, difficulty climbing stairs, and weakness when trying to brush her hair. She reports that these symptoms are worse after she exercises and disappear after she rests for a few hours. Physical examination shows drooping of her right upper eyelid that worsens when the patient is asked to gaze at the ceiling for 2 minutes. There is diminished motor strength in the upper extremities. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Myasthenia gravis', 'B': 'Polymyositis', 'C': 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'D': 'Guillain-Barré syndrome', 'E': 'Multiple sclerosis'} | {'A': 'Myasthenia gravis', 'B': 'Polymyositis', 'C': 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'D': 'Guillain-Barré syndrome', 'E': 'Multiple sclerosis'} | Myasthenia gravis | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of double vision, difficulty climbing stairs, and weakness when trying to brush her hair. She reports that these symptoms are worse after she exercises and disappear after she rests for a few hours. Physical examination shows drooping of her right upper eyelid that worsens when the patient is asked to gaze at the ceiling for 2 minutes. There is diminished motor strength in the upper extremities. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Myasthenia gravis', 'B': 'Polymyositis', 'C': 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'D': 'Guillain-Barré syndrome', 'E': 'Multiple sclerosis'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Myasthenia gravis<|eot_id|> |
A 52-year-old woman complains of intermittent diffuse abdominal pain that becomes worse after eating meals and several episodes of diarrhea, the last of which was bloody. These symptoms have been present for the previous 6 months but have worsened recently. She has had significant weight loss since the onset of symptoms. Her past medical history includes systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which has been difficult to manage medically. Vital signs include a blood pressure of 100/70 mm Hg, temperature of 37.1°C (98.8 °F), and pulse of 95/min. On physical examination, the patient appears to be in severe pain, and there is mild diffuse abdominal tenderness. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Gastroenteritis', 'B': 'Ischemic bowel disease', 'C': 'Ulcerative colitis', 'D': 'Small bowel obstruction', 'E': 'Acute pancreatitis'} | {'A': 'Gastroenteritis', 'B': 'Ischemic bowel disease', 'C': 'Ulcerative colitis', 'D': 'Small bowel obstruction', 'E': 'Acute pancreatitis'} | Ischemic bowel disease | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 52-year-old woman complains of intermittent diffuse abdominal pain that becomes worse after eating meals and several episodes of diarrhea, the last of which was bloody. These symptoms have been present for the previous 6 months but have worsened recently. She has had significant weight loss since the onset of symptoms. Her past medical history includes systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which has been difficult to manage medically. Vital signs include a blood pressure of 100/70 mm Hg, temperature of 37.1°C (98.8 °F), and pulse of 95/min. On physical examination, the patient appears to be in severe pain, and there is mild diffuse abdominal tenderness. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Gastroenteritis', 'B': 'Ischemic bowel disease', 'C': 'Ulcerative colitis', 'D': 'Small bowel obstruction', 'E': 'Acute pancreatitis'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Ischemic bowel disease<|eot_id|> |
A 31-year-old male comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of blisters and brownish discoloration of urine. His symptoms appeared after he returned from a 4-day trip with his friends in Florida. He has had similar episodes of blistering twice in the past three years. Each episode resolved spontaneously after a few weeks. Examination shows vesicles and bullae on the face and the dorsal surfaces of his hands and forearms. His condition is most likely caused by a defect in which of the following enzymes?
Options:
{'A': 'Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase', 'B': 'Uroporphyrinogen III synthase', 'C': 'Porphobilinogen deaminase', 'D': 'Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase', 'E': 'Aminolevulinic acid synthase'} | {'A': 'Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase', 'B': 'Uroporphyrinogen III synthase', 'C': 'Porphobilinogen deaminase', 'D': 'Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase', 'E': 'Aminolevulinic acid synthase'} | Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 31-year-old male comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of blisters and brownish discoloration of urine. His symptoms appeared after he returned from a 4-day trip with his friends in Florida. He has had similar episodes of blistering twice in the past three years. Each episode resolved spontaneously after a few weeks. Examination shows vesicles and bullae on the face and the dorsal surfaces of his hands and forearms. His condition is most likely caused by a defect in which of the following enzymes?
Options:
{'A': 'Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase', 'B': 'Uroporphyrinogen III synthase', 'C': 'Porphobilinogen deaminase', 'D': 'Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase', 'E': 'Aminolevulinic acid synthase'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase<|eot_id|> |
A 21-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of right leg pain. The pain is worse while walking and improves when resting. Eight months ago, she was diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism and was started on warfarin. Anticoagulant therapy was discontinued two months ago. Her mother had systemic lupus erythematosus. On examination, her right calf is diffusely erythematous, swollen, and tender. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. On duplex ultrasonography, the right popliteal vein is not compressible. Laboratory studies show an elevated serum level of D-dimer and insensitivity to activated protein C. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?
Options:
{'A': 'Protein S deficiency', 'B': 'Elevated coagulation factor VIII levels', 'C': 'Mutation of prothrombin', 'D': 'Mutation of coagulation factor V', 'E': 'Deficiency of protein C\n"'} | {'A': 'Protein S deficiency', 'B': 'Elevated coagulation factor VIII levels', 'C': 'Mutation of prothrombin', 'D': 'Mutation of coagulation factor V', 'E': 'Deficiency of protein C\n"'} | Mutation of coagulation factor V | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 21-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of right leg pain. The pain is worse while walking and improves when resting. Eight months ago, she was diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism and was started on warfarin. Anticoagulant therapy was discontinued two months ago. Her mother had systemic lupus erythematosus. On examination, her right calf is diffusely erythematous, swollen, and tender. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. On duplex ultrasonography, the right popliteal vein is not compressible. Laboratory studies show an elevated serum level of D-dimer and insensitivity to activated protein C. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?
Options:
{'A': 'Protein S deficiency', 'B': 'Elevated coagulation factor VIII levels', 'C': 'Mutation of prothrombin', 'D': 'Mutation of coagulation factor V', 'E': 'Deficiency of protein C\n"'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Mutation of coagulation factor V<|eot_id|> |
A 45-year-old man with a 15-pack-year smoking history is referred for pulmonary function testing. On physical exam, he appears barrel-chested and mildly overweight, but breathes normally. Which of the following tests will most accurately measure his total lung capacity?
Options:
{'A': 'Spirometry', 'B': 'Open-circuit nitrogen washout', 'C': 'Body plethysmography', 'D': 'Closed-circuit helium dilution', 'E': 'Exhaled nitric oxide'} | {'A': 'Spirometry', 'B': 'Open-circuit nitrogen washout', 'C': 'Body plethysmography', 'D': 'Closed-circuit helium dilution', 'E': 'Exhaled nitric oxide'} | Body plethysmography | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 45-year-old man with a 15-pack-year smoking history is referred for pulmonary function testing. On physical exam, he appears barrel-chested and mildly overweight, but breathes normally. Which of the following tests will most accurately measure his total lung capacity?
Options:
{'A': 'Spirometry', 'B': 'Open-circuit nitrogen washout', 'C': 'Body plethysmography', 'D': 'Closed-circuit helium dilution', 'E': 'Exhaled nitric oxide'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Body plethysmography<|eot_id|> |
A 5-day-old male is brought to your office by his mother. The infant is experiencing bilious vomiting, abdominal distension, and overall failure to thrive. A contrast enema shows a transition point at the transverse colon between dilated ascending colon and non-distended distal portion of the colon. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient's disease?
Options:
{'A': 'Muscle hypertrophy', 'B': 'Mechanical bowel obstruction', 'C': 'CFTR gene mutation', 'D': 'Meiotic nondisjunction', 'E': 'Failure of neural crest cell migration'} | {'A': 'Muscle hypertrophy', 'B': 'Mechanical bowel obstruction', 'C': 'CFTR gene mutation', 'D': 'Meiotic nondisjunction', 'E': 'Failure of neural crest cell migration'} | Failure of neural crest cell migration | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 5-day-old male is brought to your office by his mother. The infant is experiencing bilious vomiting, abdominal distension, and overall failure to thrive. A contrast enema shows a transition point at the transverse colon between dilated ascending colon and non-distended distal portion of the colon. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient's disease?
Options:
{'A': 'Muscle hypertrophy', 'B': 'Mechanical bowel obstruction', 'C': 'CFTR gene mutation', 'D': 'Meiotic nondisjunction', 'E': 'Failure of neural crest cell migration'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Failure of neural crest cell migration<|eot_id|> |
An 83-year-old woman with a past medical history of poorly controlled diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and recurrent urinary tract infections is brought to the emergency room by her husband due to confusion, generalized malaise and weakness, nausea, and mild lower abdominal pain. Her medications include metformin and glyburide, atorvastatin, lisinopril, and hydrochlorothiazide. At presentation, her oral temperature is 38.9°C (102.2°F), the pulse is 122/min, blood pressure is 93/40 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation is 96% on room air. On physical examination, she is breathing rapid shallow breaths but does not have any rales or crackles on pulmonary auscultation. No murmurs are heard on cardiac auscultation and femoral pulses are bounding. Her skin is warm, flushed, and dry to touch. There is trace bilateral pedal edema present. Her abdomen is soft and non-distended, but she has some involuntary guarding on palpation of the suprapubic region. ECG shows normal amplitude sinus tachycardia without evidence of ST-segment changes or T-wave inversions. Which of the following would most likely be the relative pulmonary artery catheterization measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), mixed venous oxygen saturation (SaO2), calculated cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Decreased PCWP; normal SaO2; decreased CO; and decreased SVR', 'B': 'Decreased PCWP; decreased SaO2; decreased CO; increased SVR', 'C': 'Normal PCWP; normal SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR', 'D': 'Decreased PCWP; slightly increased SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR', 'E': 'Increased PCWP; decreased SaO2; decreased CO; increased SVR'} | {'A': 'Decreased PCWP; normal SaO2; decreased CO; and decreased SVR', 'B': 'Decreased PCWP; decreased SaO2; decreased CO; increased SVR', 'C': 'Normal PCWP; normal SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR', 'D': 'Decreased PCWP; slightly increased SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR', 'E': 'Increased PCWP; decreased SaO2; decreased CO; increased SVR'} | Decreased PCWP; slightly increased SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
An 83-year-old woman with a past medical history of poorly controlled diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and recurrent urinary tract infections is brought to the emergency room by her husband due to confusion, generalized malaise and weakness, nausea, and mild lower abdominal pain. Her medications include metformin and glyburide, atorvastatin, lisinopril, and hydrochlorothiazide. At presentation, her oral temperature is 38.9°C (102.2°F), the pulse is 122/min, blood pressure is 93/40 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation is 96% on room air. On physical examination, she is breathing rapid shallow breaths but does not have any rales or crackles on pulmonary auscultation. No murmurs are heard on cardiac auscultation and femoral pulses are bounding. Her skin is warm, flushed, and dry to touch. There is trace bilateral pedal edema present. Her abdomen is soft and non-distended, but she has some involuntary guarding on palpation of the suprapubic region. ECG shows normal amplitude sinus tachycardia without evidence of ST-segment changes or T-wave inversions. Which of the following would most likely be the relative pulmonary artery catheterization measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), mixed venous oxygen saturation (SaO2), calculated cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Decreased PCWP; normal SaO2; decreased CO; and decreased SVR', 'B': 'Decreased PCWP; decreased SaO2; decreased CO; increased SVR', 'C': 'Normal PCWP; normal SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR', 'D': 'Decreased PCWP; slightly increased SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR', 'E': 'Increased PCWP; decreased SaO2; decreased CO; increased SVR'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Decreased PCWP; slightly increased SaO2; increased CO; decreased SVR<|eot_id|> |
A 4-month-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was born at 36 weeks' gestation. The mother has had no prenatal care. His 6-year-old sister has a history of osteosarcoma. He is exclusively breast fed. He is at the 60th percentile for height and weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows inward deviation of the right eye. Indirect ophthalmoscopy shows a white reflex in the right eye and a red reflex in the left eye. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
{'A': 'Screen for galactosemia', 'B': 'Visual training exercises', 'C': 'CT scan of the eye', 'D': 'Fundus examination', 'E': 'Serum rubella titers'} | {'A': 'Screen for galactosemia', 'B': 'Visual training exercises', 'C': 'CT scan of the eye', 'D': 'Fundus examination', 'E': 'Serum rubella titers'} | Fundus examination | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 4-month-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was born at 36 weeks' gestation. The mother has had no prenatal care. His 6-year-old sister has a history of osteosarcoma. He is exclusively breast fed. He is at the 60th percentile for height and weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows inward deviation of the right eye. Indirect ophthalmoscopy shows a white reflex in the right eye and a red reflex in the left eye. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
{'A': 'Screen for galactosemia', 'B': 'Visual training exercises', 'C': 'CT scan of the eye', 'D': 'Fundus examination', 'E': 'Serum rubella titers'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Fundus examination<|eot_id|> |
A 73-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her son because of increasing forgetfulness over the past 2 years. Initially, she used to misplace keys and forget her dog's name or her phone number. Now, she often forgets about what she has seen on television or read about the day before. She used to go for a walk every morning but stopped one month ago after she became lost on her way back home. Her son has prevented her from cooking because she has had episodes of leaving the gas stove oven on after making a meal. She becomes agitated when asked questions directly but is unconcerned when her son reports her history and says he is overprotective of her. She has hypertension, coronary artery disease, and hypercholesterolemia. Current medications include aspirin, enalapril, carvedilol, and atorvastatin. She is alert and oriented to place and person but not to time. Vital signs are within normal limits. Short- and long-term memory deficits are present. Her speech rhythm is normal but is frequently interrupted as she thinks of words to frame her sentences. She makes multiple errors while performing serial sevens. Her clock drawing is impaired and she draws 14 numbers. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Normal pressure hydrocephalus', 'B': 'Lewy-body dementia', 'C': 'Frontotemporal dementia', 'D': 'Creutzfeld-Jakob disease', 'E': 'Alzheimer disease'} | {'A': 'Normal pressure hydrocephalus', 'B': 'Lewy-body dementia', 'C': 'Frontotemporal dementia', 'D': 'Creutzfeld-Jakob disease', 'E': 'Alzheimer disease'} | Alzheimer disease | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 73-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her son because of increasing forgetfulness over the past 2 years. Initially, she used to misplace keys and forget her dog's name or her phone number. Now, she often forgets about what she has seen on television or read about the day before. She used to go for a walk every morning but stopped one month ago after she became lost on her way back home. Her son has prevented her from cooking because she has had episodes of leaving the gas stove oven on after making a meal. She becomes agitated when asked questions directly but is unconcerned when her son reports her history and says he is overprotective of her. She has hypertension, coronary artery disease, and hypercholesterolemia. Current medications include aspirin, enalapril, carvedilol, and atorvastatin. She is alert and oriented to place and person but not to time. Vital signs are within normal limits. Short- and long-term memory deficits are present. Her speech rhythm is normal but is frequently interrupted as she thinks of words to frame her sentences. She makes multiple errors while performing serial sevens. Her clock drawing is impaired and she draws 14 numbers. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Normal pressure hydrocephalus', 'B': 'Lewy-body dementia', 'C': 'Frontotemporal dementia', 'D': 'Creutzfeld-Jakob disease', 'E': 'Alzheimer disease'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Alzheimer disease<|eot_id|> |
A 74-year-old right-handed woman was referred to the hospital due to concerns of a stroke. In the emergency department, the initial vital signs included blood pressure of 159/98 mm Hg, heart rate of 88/min, and respiratory rate of 20/min. She exhibited paucity of speech and apathy to her condition, although she complied with her physical examination. The initial neurologic evaluation included the following results:
Awake, alert, and oriented to person, place, and time
No visual field deficits
Right-sided gaze deviation with full range of motion with doll’s head maneuver
No facial asymmetry
Grossly intact hearing
No tongue deviation, equal palatal elevation, and good guttural sound production
Absent pronator or lower extremity drift
Decreased sensation to light touch on the right leg
Normal appreciation of light touch, pressure, and pain
Normal proprioception and kinesthesia
Manual muscle testing:
5+ right and left upper extremities
5+ right hip, thigh, leg, and foot
3+ left hip and thigh
2+ left leg and foot
A head computed tomography (CT) scan and a head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed areas of ischemia. Which artery is the most likely site of occlusion?
Options:
{'A': 'Right anterior cerebral artery', 'B': 'Right middle cerebral artery stem (M1)', 'C': 'Superior division of the right middle cerebral artery', 'D': 'Inferior division of the right middle cerebral artery', 'E': 'Inferior division of the left middle cerebral artery'} | {'A': 'Right anterior cerebral artery', 'B': 'Right middle cerebral artery stem (M1)', 'C': 'Superior division of the right middle cerebral artery', 'D': 'Inferior division of the right middle cerebral artery', 'E': 'Inferior division of the left middle cerebral artery'} | Right anterior cerebral artery | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 74-year-old right-handed woman was referred to the hospital due to concerns of a stroke. In the emergency department, the initial vital signs included blood pressure of 159/98 mm Hg, heart rate of 88/min, and respiratory rate of 20/min. She exhibited paucity of speech and apathy to her condition, although she complied with her physical examination. The initial neurologic evaluation included the following results:
Awake, alert, and oriented to person, place, and time
No visual field deficits
Right-sided gaze deviation with full range of motion with doll’s head maneuver
No facial asymmetry
Grossly intact hearing
No tongue deviation, equal palatal elevation, and good guttural sound production
Absent pronator or lower extremity drift
Decreased sensation to light touch on the right leg
Normal appreciation of light touch, pressure, and pain
Normal proprioception and kinesthesia
Manual muscle testing:
5+ right and left upper extremities
5+ right hip, thigh, leg, and foot
3+ left hip and thigh
2+ left leg and foot
A head computed tomography (CT) scan and a head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed areas of ischemia. Which artery is the most likely site of occlusion?
Options:
{'A': 'Right anterior cerebral artery', 'B': 'Right middle cerebral artery stem (M1)', 'C': 'Superior division of the right middle cerebral artery', 'D': 'Inferior division of the right middle cerebral artery', 'E': 'Inferior division of the left middle cerebral artery'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Right anterior cerebral artery<|eot_id|> |
An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of abnormal movements of his limbs. For the past four days, he has had uncontrolled jerking movements of his arms and legs and has been dropping cups and toys. His symptoms are worse when he is excited and improve while he is asleep. During the same time period, he has become increasingly irritable and tearful. He had a sore throat 6 weeks ago that resolved without treatment. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.2°F). Examination shows occasional grimacing with involuntary jerking movements of his limbs. Muscle strength and tone are decreased in all extremities. When he grips the physician's index and middle fingers with his hands, his grip increases and decreases continuously. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following complications?
Options:
{'A': 'Extraneural metastasis', 'B': 'Early-onset dementia', 'C': 'Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder', 'D': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'E': 'Mitral regurgitation'} | {'A': 'Extraneural metastasis', 'B': 'Early-onset dementia', 'C': 'Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder', 'D': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'E': 'Mitral regurgitation'} | Mitral regurgitation | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of abnormal movements of his limbs. For the past four days, he has had uncontrolled jerking movements of his arms and legs and has been dropping cups and toys. His symptoms are worse when he is excited and improve while he is asleep. During the same time period, he has become increasingly irritable and tearful. He had a sore throat 6 weeks ago that resolved without treatment. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.2°F). Examination shows occasional grimacing with involuntary jerking movements of his limbs. Muscle strength and tone are decreased in all extremities. When he grips the physician's index and middle fingers with his hands, his grip increases and decreases continuously. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following complications?
Options:
{'A': 'Extraneural metastasis', 'B': 'Early-onset dementia', 'C': 'Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder', 'D': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'E': 'Mitral regurgitation'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Mitral regurgitation<|eot_id|> |
A 62-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for her annual check-up. She has no current complaints and says that she has been healthy over the last year. Her past medical history is significant for obesity and diabetes that is well controlled on metformin. She does not smoke and drinks socially. Selected lab results are shown below:
High-density lipoprotein: 48 mg/dL
Low-density lipoprotein: 192 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 138 mg/dL
Given these results, the patient is placed on the drug that will be the best therapy for these findings. Which of the following is a potential side effect of this treatment?
Options:
{'A': 'Gallstones', 'B': 'Gastrointestinal upset', 'C': 'Hepatotoxicity', 'D': 'Malabsorption', 'E': 'Pruritus'} | {'A': 'Gallstones', 'B': 'Gastrointestinal upset', 'C': 'Hepatotoxicity', 'D': 'Malabsorption', 'E': 'Pruritus'} | Hepatotoxicity | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 62-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for her annual check-up. She has no current complaints and says that she has been healthy over the last year. Her past medical history is significant for obesity and diabetes that is well controlled on metformin. She does not smoke and drinks socially. Selected lab results are shown below:
High-density lipoprotein: 48 mg/dL
Low-density lipoprotein: 192 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 138 mg/dL
Given these results, the patient is placed on the drug that will be the best therapy for these findings. Which of the following is a potential side effect of this treatment?
Options:
{'A': 'Gallstones', 'B': 'Gastrointestinal upset', 'C': 'Hepatotoxicity', 'D': 'Malabsorption', 'E': 'Pruritus'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Hepatotoxicity<|eot_id|> |
A 34-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after being bitten by a rattlesnake. He was hiking in the Arizona desert when he accidentally stepped on the snake and it bit his right leg. His pulse is 135/min and blood pressure is 104/81 mm Hg. Examination shows right lower leg swelling, ecchymosis, and blistering. Right ankle dorsiflexion elicits severe pain. A manometer inserted in the lateral compartment of the lower leg shows an intracompartmental pressure of 67 mm Hg. In addition to administration of the antivenom, the patient undergoes fasciotomy. Two weeks later, he reports difficulty in walking. Neurologic examination shows a loss of sensation over the lower part of the lateral side of the right leg and the dorsum of the right foot. Right foot eversion is 1/5. There is no weakness in dorsiflexion. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Tibial nerve', 'B': 'Sural nerve', 'C': 'Deep peroneal nerve', 'D': 'Superficial peroneal nerve', 'E': 'Saphenous nerve'} | {'A': 'Tibial nerve', 'B': 'Sural nerve', 'C': 'Deep peroneal nerve', 'D': 'Superficial peroneal nerve', 'E': 'Saphenous nerve'} | Superficial peroneal nerve | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 34-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after being bitten by a rattlesnake. He was hiking in the Arizona desert when he accidentally stepped on the snake and it bit his right leg. His pulse is 135/min and blood pressure is 104/81 mm Hg. Examination shows right lower leg swelling, ecchymosis, and blistering. Right ankle dorsiflexion elicits severe pain. A manometer inserted in the lateral compartment of the lower leg shows an intracompartmental pressure of 67 mm Hg. In addition to administration of the antivenom, the patient undergoes fasciotomy. Two weeks later, he reports difficulty in walking. Neurologic examination shows a loss of sensation over the lower part of the lateral side of the right leg and the dorsum of the right foot. Right foot eversion is 1/5. There is no weakness in dorsiflexion. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Tibial nerve', 'B': 'Sural nerve', 'C': 'Deep peroneal nerve', 'D': 'Superficial peroneal nerve', 'E': 'Saphenous nerve'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Superficial peroneal nerve<|eot_id|> |
A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 36 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department for 2 hours of contractions. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. The contractions occur once every 20–30 minutes, last less than 30 seconds, and have been consistent in intensity and duration since onset. During that time there has been an increase in fetal movements. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 104/76 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows clear cervical mucus and a firm uterus consistent in size with a 36-week gestation. The cervix is 0% effaced and undilated; the vertex is at -3 station. The fetal heart rate is reassuring. After an hour of monitoring in the emergency department, the character of the contractions and pelvic examination findings remain unchanged. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
Options:
{'A': 'Administer tocolytics', 'B': 'Offer local or regional anesthesia', 'C': 'Admit for continuous monitoring', 'D': 'Reassurance and discharge', 'E': 'Perform cesarean delivery'} | {'A': 'Administer tocolytics', 'B': 'Offer local or regional anesthesia', 'C': 'Admit for continuous monitoring', 'D': 'Reassurance and discharge', 'E': 'Perform cesarean delivery'} | Reassurance and discharge | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 36 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department for 2 hours of contractions. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. The contractions occur once every 20–30 minutes, last less than 30 seconds, and have been consistent in intensity and duration since onset. During that time there has been an increase in fetal movements. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 104/76 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows clear cervical mucus and a firm uterus consistent in size with a 36-week gestation. The cervix is 0% effaced and undilated; the vertex is at -3 station. The fetal heart rate is reassuring. After an hour of monitoring in the emergency department, the character of the contractions and pelvic examination findings remain unchanged. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
Options:
{'A': 'Administer tocolytics', 'B': 'Offer local or regional anesthesia', 'C': 'Admit for continuous monitoring', 'D': 'Reassurance and discharge', 'E': 'Perform cesarean delivery'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Reassurance and discharge<|eot_id|> |
A 10-month-old boy is admitted to the pediatric intensive care ward because of progressive dyspnea and fever. For the past 2 weeks, he was unsuccessfully treated for an upper respiratory tract infection with ampicillin. He has a history of neonatal sepsis, frequent respiratory tract infections since the age of 3 months, and recurrent otitis media. He was born full-term vaginally to a consanguineous couple from an uncomplicated pregnancy. He received routine immunizations until 6 months of age. The patient’s vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 70/40 mm Hg, heart rate is 138/min, respiratory rate is 39/min, and temperature is 39.5℃ (103.1 ℉). Physical examination reveals cyanosis, nasal flare, intercostal retractions, and bilaterally decreased breath sounds with crackles heard over the lower lobes on auscultation. The chest X-ray confirms bilateral lower lobe pneumonia. The blood count shows the following findings:
Erythrocytes 4.1 x 106/mm3
Hgb 13 g/dL
Total leukocyte count 41,100/mm3
Neutrophils 74%
Lymphocytes 14%
Eosinophils 2%
Monocytes 10%
Basophils 0%
Platelet count 210,000/mm3
The patient is diagnosed with bilateral community-acquired lower lobe pneumonia and prescribed antibiotics. An immunological workup is performed to assess the patient’s immunity:
Measurement Result Normal range
Antibodies
Total serum IgG 22.0 mg/dL 231–1,411 mg/dL
Serum IgA 59.3 mg/dL 0–83 mg/dL
Serum IgM 111.9 mg/dL 0–145 mg/dL
Lymphocyte flow cytometry
CD3+ cells 2.2% 60–85%
CD19+ cells 95.1% 8–20%
CD16/CD56+ cells 0.1% 3–30%
Which of the following procedures is the option of choice for the further management of this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Periodical prophylactic antibiotic administration', 'B': 'Periodical intravenous immune globulin administration', 'C': 'Thymectomy', 'D': 'Bone marrow transplantation', 'E': 'Chemotherapy'} | {'A': 'Periodical prophylactic antibiotic administration', 'B': 'Periodical intravenous immune globulin administration', 'C': 'Thymectomy', 'D': 'Bone marrow transplantation', 'E': 'Chemotherapy'} | Bone marrow transplantation | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 10-month-old boy is admitted to the pediatric intensive care ward because of progressive dyspnea and fever. For the past 2 weeks, he was unsuccessfully treated for an upper respiratory tract infection with ampicillin. He has a history of neonatal sepsis, frequent respiratory tract infections since the age of 3 months, and recurrent otitis media. He was born full-term vaginally to a consanguineous couple from an uncomplicated pregnancy. He received routine immunizations until 6 months of age. The patient’s vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 70/40 mm Hg, heart rate is 138/min, respiratory rate is 39/min, and temperature is 39.5℃ (103.1 ℉). Physical examination reveals cyanosis, nasal flare, intercostal retractions, and bilaterally decreased breath sounds with crackles heard over the lower lobes on auscultation. The chest X-ray confirms bilateral lower lobe pneumonia. The blood count shows the following findings:
Erythrocytes 4.1 x 106/mm3
Hgb 13 g/dL
Total leukocyte count 41,100/mm3
Neutrophils 74%
Lymphocytes 14%
Eosinophils 2%
Monocytes 10%
Basophils 0%
Platelet count 210,000/mm3
The patient is diagnosed with bilateral community-acquired lower lobe pneumonia and prescribed antibiotics. An immunological workup is performed to assess the patient’s immunity:
Measurement Result Normal range
Antibodies
Total serum IgG 22.0 mg/dL 231–1,411 mg/dL
Serum IgA 59.3 mg/dL 0–83 mg/dL
Serum IgM 111.9 mg/dL 0–145 mg/dL
Lymphocyte flow cytometry
CD3+ cells 2.2% 60–85%
CD19+ cells 95.1% 8–20%
CD16/CD56+ cells 0.1% 3–30%
Which of the following procedures is the option of choice for the further management of this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Periodical prophylactic antibiotic administration', 'B': 'Periodical intravenous immune globulin administration', 'C': 'Thymectomy', 'D': 'Bone marrow transplantation', 'E': 'Chemotherapy'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Bone marrow transplantation<|eot_id|> |
Six days after undergoing an elective hip replacement surgery, a 79-year-old man develops dysuria, flank pain, and fever. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F). Examination shows marked tenderness in the right costovertebral area. Treatment with an antibiotic is begun, but his symptoms do not improve. Further evaluation shows that the causal organism produces an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic via phosphorylation. An agent from which of the following classes of antibiotics was most likely administered?
Options:
{'A': 'Aminoglycosides', 'B': 'Tetracyclines', 'C': 'Glycopeptides', 'D': 'Fluoroquinolones', 'E': 'Macrolides'} | {'A': 'Aminoglycosides', 'B': 'Tetracyclines', 'C': 'Glycopeptides', 'D': 'Fluoroquinolones', 'E': 'Macrolides'} | Aminoglycosides | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Six days after undergoing an elective hip replacement surgery, a 79-year-old man develops dysuria, flank pain, and fever. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F). Examination shows marked tenderness in the right costovertebral area. Treatment with an antibiotic is begun, but his symptoms do not improve. Further evaluation shows that the causal organism produces an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic via phosphorylation. An agent from which of the following classes of antibiotics was most likely administered?
Options:
{'A': 'Aminoglycosides', 'B': 'Tetracyclines', 'C': 'Glycopeptides', 'D': 'Fluoroquinolones', 'E': 'Macrolides'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Aminoglycosides<|eot_id|> |
An 11-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents with the complaint of progressive behavioral problems for the last 2 years. His parents report that he always looks restless at home and is never quiet. His school teachers frequently complain that he cannot remain seated for long during class, often leaving his seat to move around the classroom. A detailed history of his symptoms suggests a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The parents report that he has taken advantage of behavioral counseling several times without improvement. The pediatrician considers pharmacotherapy and plans to start methylphenidate at a low dose, followed by regular follow-up. Based on the side effect profile of the medication, which of the following components of the patient’s medical history should the pediatrician obtain before starting the drug?
Options:
{'A': 'Past history of recurrent wheezing', 'B': 'Past history of Kawasaki disease', 'C': 'Past history of recurrent fractures', 'D': 'Past history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'E': 'Past history of Guillain-Barré syndrome'} | {'A': 'Past history of recurrent wheezing', 'B': 'Past history of Kawasaki disease', 'C': 'Past history of recurrent fractures', 'D': 'Past history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'E': 'Past history of Guillain-Barré syndrome'} | Past history of Kawasaki disease | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
An 11-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents with the complaint of progressive behavioral problems for the last 2 years. His parents report that he always looks restless at home and is never quiet. His school teachers frequently complain that he cannot remain seated for long during class, often leaving his seat to move around the classroom. A detailed history of his symptoms suggests a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The parents report that he has taken advantage of behavioral counseling several times without improvement. The pediatrician considers pharmacotherapy and plans to start methylphenidate at a low dose, followed by regular follow-up. Based on the side effect profile of the medication, which of the following components of the patient’s medical history should the pediatrician obtain before starting the drug?
Options:
{'A': 'Past history of recurrent wheezing', 'B': 'Past history of Kawasaki disease', 'C': 'Past history of recurrent fractures', 'D': 'Past history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'E': 'Past history of Guillain-Barré syndrome'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Past history of Kawasaki disease<|eot_id|> |
A 7-year-old boy and the rest of his family visit a physician for a physical after migrating to the United States. His mother reports that her son is always fatigued and has no energy to play like the other kids in their remote village in Nigeria. He was born at 39 weeks via spontaneous vaginal delivery and is meeting all developmental milestones. He is behind on most of his vaccines, and they develop a plan to get him caught up. On examination, the boy presents with jaundice, mild hepatomegaly, and tachycardia. A CBC with manual differential reveals atypical appearing red blood cells. The physician takes time to review the lab work results with the mother, and he discusses her son’s diagnosis. It is expected that one molecule at the biochemical level should be high. Which of the following best describes this molecule and its significance in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Pathological; an intermediate of glycolysis', 'B': 'Physiological; an intermediate of gluconeogenesis', 'C': 'Pathological; an intermediate of the Krebs cycle', 'D': 'Physiological; an intermediate of the Krebs cycle', 'E': 'Physiological; found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space'} | {'A': 'Pathological; an intermediate of glycolysis', 'B': 'Physiological; an intermediate of gluconeogenesis', 'C': 'Pathological; an intermediate of the Krebs cycle', 'D': 'Physiological; an intermediate of the Krebs cycle', 'E': 'Physiological; found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space'} | Pathological; an intermediate of glycolysis | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 7-year-old boy and the rest of his family visit a physician for a physical after migrating to the United States. His mother reports that her son is always fatigued and has no energy to play like the other kids in their remote village in Nigeria. He was born at 39 weeks via spontaneous vaginal delivery and is meeting all developmental milestones. He is behind on most of his vaccines, and they develop a plan to get him caught up. On examination, the boy presents with jaundice, mild hepatomegaly, and tachycardia. A CBC with manual differential reveals atypical appearing red blood cells. The physician takes time to review the lab work results with the mother, and he discusses her son’s diagnosis. It is expected that one molecule at the biochemical level should be high. Which of the following best describes this molecule and its significance in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Pathological; an intermediate of glycolysis', 'B': 'Physiological; an intermediate of gluconeogenesis', 'C': 'Pathological; an intermediate of the Krebs cycle', 'D': 'Physiological; an intermediate of the Krebs cycle', 'E': 'Physiological; found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Pathological; an intermediate of glycolysis<|eot_id|> |
A 63-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has had numbness and burning sensation in her feet for 4 months. The pain is worse at rest and while sleeping. She has hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include insulin, metformin, and atorvastatin. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 33 years. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 88/min, and blood pressure is 124/88 mm Hg. Examination shows full muscle strength and normal muscle tone in all extremities. Sensation to pinprick, light touch, and vibration is decreased over the soles of both feet. Ankle jerk is 1+ bilaterally. Biceps and triceps reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Babinski sign is negative bilaterally. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.2 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 93 μm3
Hemoglobin A1C 8.2 %
Serum
Glucose 188 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"
Options:
{'A': 'Ankle-brachial index', 'B': 'MRI with contrast of the spine', 'C': 'Nerve conduction studies', 'D': 'Vitamin B12 therapy', 'E': 'Venlafaxine therapy'} | {'A': 'Ankle-brachial index', 'B': 'MRI with contrast of the spine', 'C': 'Nerve conduction studies', 'D': 'Vitamin B12 therapy', 'E': 'Venlafaxine therapy'} | Venlafaxine therapy | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 63-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has had numbness and burning sensation in her feet for 4 months. The pain is worse at rest and while sleeping. She has hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include insulin, metformin, and atorvastatin. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 33 years. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 88/min, and blood pressure is 124/88 mm Hg. Examination shows full muscle strength and normal muscle tone in all extremities. Sensation to pinprick, light touch, and vibration is decreased over the soles of both feet. Ankle jerk is 1+ bilaterally. Biceps and triceps reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Babinski sign is negative bilaterally. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.2 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume 93 μm3
Hemoglobin A1C 8.2 %
Serum
Glucose 188 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"
Options:
{'A': 'Ankle-brachial index', 'B': 'MRI with contrast of the spine', 'C': 'Nerve conduction studies', 'D': 'Vitamin B12 therapy', 'E': 'Venlafaxine therapy'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Venlafaxine therapy<|eot_id|> |
Several hours after vaginal delivery, a male newborn delivered at full-term develops tachycardia and tachypnea. His blood pressure is within normal limits. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 79% in the right hand and 61% in the left foot. Physical examination shows bluish discoloration of the face and trunk, supraclavicular and intercostal retractions, and a machine-like murmur over the precordium. Bedside echocardiography shows pulmonary and systemic circulation are in parallel rather than in series. What is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Sildenafil', 'B': 'Alprostadil', 'C': 'Metoprolol', 'D': 'Indomethacin', 'E': 'Dopamine'} | {'A': 'Sildenafil', 'B': 'Alprostadil', 'C': 'Metoprolol', 'D': 'Indomethacin', 'E': 'Dopamine'} | Alprostadil | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Several hours after vaginal delivery, a male newborn delivered at full-term develops tachycardia and tachypnea. His blood pressure is within normal limits. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 79% in the right hand and 61% in the left foot. Physical examination shows bluish discoloration of the face and trunk, supraclavicular and intercostal retractions, and a machine-like murmur over the precordium. Bedside echocardiography shows pulmonary and systemic circulation are in parallel rather than in series. What is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Sildenafil', 'B': 'Alprostadil', 'C': 'Metoprolol', 'D': 'Indomethacin', 'E': 'Dopamine'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Alprostadil<|eot_id|> |
A 48-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after the sudden onset of chest pain and shortness of breath. He describes the pain as severe and occasionally migrating to his left arm and back. He has hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. On exam, he is in severe distress. His pulse is 105/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 170/90 mm Hg. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia and left ventricular hypertrophy. A CT scan of the chest is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
{'A': 'Begin heparin therapy', 'B': 'Surgical intervention only', 'C': 'Administer labetalol', 'D': 'Administer tissue plasminogen activator', 'E': 'Administer aspirin'} | {'A': 'Begin heparin therapy', 'B': 'Surgical intervention only', 'C': 'Administer labetalol', 'D': 'Administer tissue plasminogen activator', 'E': 'Administer aspirin'} | Administer labetalol | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 48-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after the sudden onset of chest pain and shortness of breath. He describes the pain as severe and occasionally migrating to his left arm and back. He has hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. On exam, he is in severe distress. His pulse is 105/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 170/90 mm Hg. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia and left ventricular hypertrophy. A CT scan of the chest is shown. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Options:
{'A': 'Begin heparin therapy', 'B': 'Surgical intervention only', 'C': 'Administer labetalol', 'D': 'Administer tissue plasminogen activator', 'E': 'Administer aspirin'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Administer labetalol<|eot_id|> |
A 29-year-old woman presents with a skin rash that has spread on her arm over the last few days. She also complains of fever, headache, joint pain, and stiffness of the neck associated with the onset of the rash. On physical examination, there is an annular, red rash with a clear area in the center similar to a bull’s-eye (see image). The patient says she went on a camping trip to Connecticut last month but does not remember being bitten by an insect. Which of the following could result if this condition remains untreated in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Necrotizing fasciitis', 'B': 'Bell’s palsy', 'C': 'Pseudomembranous colitis', 'D': 'Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis', 'E': 'Mitral valve prolapse'} | {'A': 'Necrotizing fasciitis', 'B': 'Bell’s palsy', 'C': 'Pseudomembranous colitis', 'D': 'Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis', 'E': 'Mitral valve prolapse'} | Bell’s palsy | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 29-year-old woman presents with a skin rash that has spread on her arm over the last few days. She also complains of fever, headache, joint pain, and stiffness of the neck associated with the onset of the rash. On physical examination, there is an annular, red rash with a clear area in the center similar to a bull’s-eye (see image). The patient says she went on a camping trip to Connecticut last month but does not remember being bitten by an insect. Which of the following could result if this condition remains untreated in this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Necrotizing fasciitis', 'B': 'Bell’s palsy', 'C': 'Pseudomembranous colitis', 'D': 'Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis', 'E': 'Mitral valve prolapse'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Bell’s palsy<|eot_id|> |
A 75-year-old man presents to the physician because of bloody urine, which has occurred several times over the past month. He has no dysuria, flank pain, nausea, or vomiting. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. He is a 40-pack-year smoker. The vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam shows no abnormalities except generalized lung wheezing. The laboratory test results are as follows:
Urine
Blood 3+
RBC > 100/hpf
WBC 1–2/hpf
RBC casts Negative
Bacteria Not seen
Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic study at this time?
Options:
{'A': 'Chest X-ray', 'B': 'Computed tomography (CT) urogram', 'C': 'Cystoscopy', 'D': 'Intravenous (IV) pyelography', 'E': 'Ureteroscopy'} | {'A': 'Chest X-ray', 'B': 'Computed tomography (CT) urogram', 'C': 'Cystoscopy', 'D': 'Intravenous (IV) pyelography', 'E': 'Ureteroscopy'} | Cystoscopy | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 75-year-old man presents to the physician because of bloody urine, which has occurred several times over the past month. He has no dysuria, flank pain, nausea, or vomiting. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. He is a 40-pack-year smoker. The vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam shows no abnormalities except generalized lung wheezing. The laboratory test results are as follows:
Urine
Blood 3+
RBC > 100/hpf
WBC 1–2/hpf
RBC casts Negative
Bacteria Not seen
Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic study at this time?
Options:
{'A': 'Chest X-ray', 'B': 'Computed tomography (CT) urogram', 'C': 'Cystoscopy', 'D': 'Intravenous (IV) pyelography', 'E': 'Ureteroscopy'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Cystoscopy<|eot_id|> |
An 18-year-old college student presents to the ED straight from chemistry lab where he ingested an unknown compound. He complains of a headache, and is flushed, tachypneic and tachycardic. Suspecting cyanide poisoning, you administer amyl nitrite which causes which of the following?
Options:
{'A': 'Oxidation of ferrous iron in hemoglobin to ferric iron', 'B': 'A decrease in serum methemoglobin levels', 'C': 'Formation of thiocyanate', 'D': 'Chelation of the residue', 'E': 'Increase in intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio'} | {'A': 'Oxidation of ferrous iron in hemoglobin to ferric iron', 'B': 'A decrease in serum methemoglobin levels', 'C': 'Formation of thiocyanate', 'D': 'Chelation of the residue', 'E': 'Increase in intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio'} | Oxidation of ferrous iron in hemoglobin to ferric iron | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
An 18-year-old college student presents to the ED straight from chemistry lab where he ingested an unknown compound. He complains of a headache, and is flushed, tachypneic and tachycardic. Suspecting cyanide poisoning, you administer amyl nitrite which causes which of the following?
Options:
{'A': 'Oxidation of ferrous iron in hemoglobin to ferric iron', 'B': 'A decrease in serum methemoglobin levels', 'C': 'Formation of thiocyanate', 'D': 'Chelation of the residue', 'E': 'Increase in intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Oxidation of ferrous iron in hemoglobin to ferric iron<|eot_id|> |
A 72-year-old obese man presents as a new patient to his primary care physician because he has been feeling tired and short of breath after recently moving to Denver. He is a former 50 pack-year smoker and has previously had deep venous thrombosis. Furthermore, he previously had a lobe of the lung removed due to lung cancer. Finally, he has a family history of a progressive restrictive lung disease. Laboratory values are obtained as follows:
Oxygen tension in inspired air = 130 mmHg
Alveolar carbon dioxide tension = 48 mmHg
Arterial oxygen tension = 58 mmHg
Respiratory exchange ratio = 0.80
Respiratory rate = 20/min
Tidal volume = 500 mL
Which of the following mechanisms is consistent with these values?
Options:
{'A': 'High altitude', 'B': 'Hypoventilation', 'C': 'Pulmonary fibrosis', 'D': 'Shunt physiology', 'E': 'V/Q mismatch'} | {'A': 'High altitude', 'B': 'Hypoventilation', 'C': 'Pulmonary fibrosis', 'D': 'Shunt physiology', 'E': 'V/Q mismatch'} | High altitude | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 72-year-old obese man presents as a new patient to his primary care physician because he has been feeling tired and short of breath after recently moving to Denver. He is a former 50 pack-year smoker and has previously had deep venous thrombosis. Furthermore, he previously had a lobe of the lung removed due to lung cancer. Finally, he has a family history of a progressive restrictive lung disease. Laboratory values are obtained as follows:
Oxygen tension in inspired air = 130 mmHg
Alveolar carbon dioxide tension = 48 mmHg
Arterial oxygen tension = 58 mmHg
Respiratory exchange ratio = 0.80
Respiratory rate = 20/min
Tidal volume = 500 mL
Which of the following mechanisms is consistent with these values?
Options:
{'A': 'High altitude', 'B': 'Hypoventilation', 'C': 'Pulmonary fibrosis', 'D': 'Shunt physiology', 'E': 'V/Q mismatch'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
High altitude<|eot_id|> |
A 20-year-old man presents to his physician with diarrhea, vomiting, and fever for the past 2 days. After laboratory evaluation, he is diagnosed with bacterial gastroenteritis. The man is a microbiology major and knows that the human gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin are lined by epithelia which act as a barrier against several infective microorganisms. He also knows that there are specific T cells in these epithelia that play a part in innate immunity and in recognition of microbial lipids. Which of the following types of T cells is the man thinking of?
Options:
{'A': 'Naïve T cells', 'B': 'Natural killer T cells', 'C': 'Αβ T cells', 'D': 'γδ T cells', 'E': 'Regulatory T cells'} | {'A': 'Naïve T cells', 'B': 'Natural killer T cells', 'C': 'Αβ T cells', 'D': 'γδ T cells', 'E': 'Regulatory T cells'} | γδ T cells | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 20-year-old man presents to his physician with diarrhea, vomiting, and fever for the past 2 days. After laboratory evaluation, he is diagnosed with bacterial gastroenteritis. The man is a microbiology major and knows that the human gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin are lined by epithelia which act as a barrier against several infective microorganisms. He also knows that there are specific T cells in these epithelia that play a part in innate immunity and in recognition of microbial lipids. Which of the following types of T cells is the man thinking of?
Options:
{'A': 'Naïve T cells', 'B': 'Natural killer T cells', 'C': 'Αβ T cells', 'D': 'γδ T cells', 'E': 'Regulatory T cells'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
γδ T cells<|eot_id|> |
One day after undergoing surgery for a traumatic right pelvic fracture, a 73-year-old man has pain over his buttocks and scrotum and urinary incontinence. Physical examination shows right-sided perineal hypesthesia and absence of anal sphincter contraction when the skin around the anus is touched. This patient is most likely to have which of the following additional neurological deficits?
Options:
{'A': 'Paralysis of hip adductors', 'B': 'Absent reflex erection', 'C': 'Impaired hip flexion', 'D': 'Impaired psychogenic erection', 'E': 'Absent cremasteric reflex'} | {'A': 'Paralysis of hip adductors', 'B': 'Absent reflex erection', 'C': 'Impaired hip flexion', 'D': 'Impaired psychogenic erection', 'E': 'Absent cremasteric reflex'} | Absent reflex erection | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
One day after undergoing surgery for a traumatic right pelvic fracture, a 73-year-old man has pain over his buttocks and scrotum and urinary incontinence. Physical examination shows right-sided perineal hypesthesia and absence of anal sphincter contraction when the skin around the anus is touched. This patient is most likely to have which of the following additional neurological deficits?
Options:
{'A': 'Paralysis of hip adductors', 'B': 'Absent reflex erection', 'C': 'Impaired hip flexion', 'D': 'Impaired psychogenic erection', 'E': 'Absent cremasteric reflex'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Absent reflex erection<|eot_id|> |
A 67-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her caretakers for a change in behavior. The patient lives in a nursing home and was noted to have abnormal behavior, urinary incontinence, and trouble walking. The patient has been admitted to the hospital before for what seems to be negligence from her caretakers. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.
Serum:
Na+: 120 mEq/L
Cl-: 98 mEq/L
K+: 4.3 mEq/L
HCO3-: 25 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 99 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
Urinalysis is notable for bacteruria without pyuria or nitrates. Physical exam is notable for a confused woman who is unable to answer questions appropriately. She states she has no pain or symptoms and is not sure why she is here. She thinks the year is 1982. Which of the following complications could be seen with treatment of this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Autoimmune pontine demyelination', 'B': 'Central nervous system infection', 'C': 'Cerebral edema', 'D': 'Diarrhea and flora destruction', 'E': 'Osmotic demyelination'} | {'A': 'Autoimmune pontine demyelination', 'B': 'Central nervous system infection', 'C': 'Cerebral edema', 'D': 'Diarrhea and flora destruction', 'E': 'Osmotic demyelination'} | Osmotic demyelination | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 67-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her caretakers for a change in behavior. The patient lives in a nursing home and was noted to have abnormal behavior, urinary incontinence, and trouble walking. The patient has been admitted to the hospital before for what seems to be negligence from her caretakers. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.
Serum:
Na+: 120 mEq/L
Cl-: 98 mEq/L
K+: 4.3 mEq/L
HCO3-: 25 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 99 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
Urinalysis is notable for bacteruria without pyuria or nitrates. Physical exam is notable for a confused woman who is unable to answer questions appropriately. She states she has no pain or symptoms and is not sure why she is here. She thinks the year is 1982. Which of the following complications could be seen with treatment of this patient?
Options:
{'A': 'Autoimmune pontine demyelination', 'B': 'Central nervous system infection', 'C': 'Cerebral edema', 'D': 'Diarrhea and flora destruction', 'E': 'Osmotic demyelination'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Osmotic demyelination<|eot_id|> |
A 67-year-old woman presents with her husband because of left leg pain and swelling of 3 days’ duration. He has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and recent hospitalization for congestive heart failure exacerbation. On physical examination, the left calf is 4 cm greater in circumference than the right. Pitting edema is present on the left leg and there are superficial dilated veins. Venous duplex ultrasound shows an inability to fully compress the lumen of the profunda femoris vein. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Superficial venous thrombophlebitis', 'B': 'Erythema nodosum', 'C': 'Lymphangitis', 'D': 'Deep venous thrombosis', 'E': 'Ruptured popliteal cyst'} | {'A': 'Superficial venous thrombophlebitis', 'B': 'Erythema nodosum', 'C': 'Lymphangitis', 'D': 'Deep venous thrombosis', 'E': 'Ruptured popliteal cyst'} | Deep venous thrombosis | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 67-year-old woman presents with her husband because of left leg pain and swelling of 3 days’ duration. He has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and recent hospitalization for congestive heart failure exacerbation. On physical examination, the left calf is 4 cm greater in circumference than the right. Pitting edema is present on the left leg and there are superficial dilated veins. Venous duplex ultrasound shows an inability to fully compress the lumen of the profunda femoris vein. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Superficial venous thrombophlebitis', 'B': 'Erythema nodosum', 'C': 'Lymphangitis', 'D': 'Deep venous thrombosis', 'E': 'Ruptured popliteal cyst'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Deep venous thrombosis<|eot_id|> |
A 74-year-old female is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-week history of increasing weakness and chills. She also notes difficulty breathing for the last three days. Eight weeks ago, she underwent left hemicolectomy for adenocarcinoma of the colon. She subsequently developed a severe urinary tract infection, was treated in the intensive care unit for four days, and was discharged from the hospital three weeks ago. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis with lumbar pain, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 50 years. She does not drink alcohol and has never used illicit drugs. Current medications include warfarin, metformin, lisinopril, and aspirin. She appears lethargic and has a large conjunctival hemorrhage in her left eye. Her temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), pulse is 112/min, respirations are 25/min, and blood pressure is 126/79 mm Hg. Cardiac auscultation reveals a new holosystolic murmur over the apex. Abdominal examination shows mild, diffuse tenderness throughout the upper quadrants and a well-healed 12-cm paramedian scar. There are multiple tender nodules on the palmar surface of her fingertips. Funduscopic examination shows retinal hemorrhages with pale centers. An ECG shows atrial fibrillation and right bundle branch block. Which of the following is the most likely underlying etiology of this patient's condition?
Options:
{'A': 'Pulmonary metastases', 'B': 'Streptococcus sanguinis infection', 'C': 'Cardiobacterium hominis infection', 'D': 'Aspergillus fumigatus infection', 'E': 'Enterococcus faecalis infection'} | {'A': 'Pulmonary metastases', 'B': 'Streptococcus sanguinis infection', 'C': 'Cardiobacterium hominis infection', 'D': 'Aspergillus fumigatus infection', 'E': 'Enterococcus faecalis infection'} | Enterococcus faecalis infection | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 74-year-old female is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-week history of increasing weakness and chills. She also notes difficulty breathing for the last three days. Eight weeks ago, she underwent left hemicolectomy for adenocarcinoma of the colon. She subsequently developed a severe urinary tract infection, was treated in the intensive care unit for four days, and was discharged from the hospital three weeks ago. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis with lumbar pain, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 50 years. She does not drink alcohol and has never used illicit drugs. Current medications include warfarin, metformin, lisinopril, and aspirin. She appears lethargic and has a large conjunctival hemorrhage in her left eye. Her temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), pulse is 112/min, respirations are 25/min, and blood pressure is 126/79 mm Hg. Cardiac auscultation reveals a new holosystolic murmur over the apex. Abdominal examination shows mild, diffuse tenderness throughout the upper quadrants and a well-healed 12-cm paramedian scar. There are multiple tender nodules on the palmar surface of her fingertips. Funduscopic examination shows retinal hemorrhages with pale centers. An ECG shows atrial fibrillation and right bundle branch block. Which of the following is the most likely underlying etiology of this patient's condition?
Options:
{'A': 'Pulmonary metastases', 'B': 'Streptococcus sanguinis infection', 'C': 'Cardiobacterium hominis infection', 'D': 'Aspergillus fumigatus infection', 'E': 'Enterococcus faecalis infection'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Enterococcus faecalis infection<|eot_id|> |
A 27-year-old woman presents to your office complaining of right arm numbness and weakness. Her past medical history is unremarkable. Her family history, however, is significant for the unexpected death of both her parents at age 59 in a motor vehicle accident last week. On physical exam, her bicep, brachioradialis, and patellar reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. CNS imaging shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Conversion disorder', 'B': 'Vitamin B12 deficiency', 'C': 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'D': 'Arnold-Chiari malformation', 'E': 'Multiple sclerosis'} | {'A': 'Conversion disorder', 'B': 'Vitamin B12 deficiency', 'C': 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'D': 'Arnold-Chiari malformation', 'E': 'Multiple sclerosis'} | Conversion disorder | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 27-year-old woman presents to your office complaining of right arm numbness and weakness. Her past medical history is unremarkable. Her family history, however, is significant for the unexpected death of both her parents at age 59 in a motor vehicle accident last week. On physical exam, her bicep, brachioradialis, and patellar reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. CNS imaging shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'Conversion disorder', 'B': 'Vitamin B12 deficiency', 'C': 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'D': 'Arnold-Chiari malformation', 'E': 'Multiple sclerosis'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Conversion disorder<|eot_id|> |
A 16-year-old teenager is brought to the pediatrician’s office by her mother. The mother expresses concerns about her daughter’s health because she has not achieved menarche. The daughter confirms this and upon further questioning, denies any significant weight loss, changes in mood, or changes in her appetite. She denies being sexually active. She is a good student who works hard and enjoys competing in sports. She was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery at 39 weeks. There some discussion about mild birth defects, but her mother never followed up and can not recall the specifics. Her vaccines are up to date and she has met all developmental milestones. Past medical history and family history are benign. She has a heart rate of 90/min, respiratory rate of 17/min, blood pressure of 110/65 mm Hg, and temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, the patient is short in stature at the 33rd percentile in height. Additionally, she has some excessive skin in the neck and has a broad chest with widely spaced nipples. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following genetic abnormalities is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?
Options:
{'A': '45,X0', 'B': '45,XX, t(14;21)', 'C': 'Trisomy 21', 'D': '47,XXY', 'E': '21-hydroxylase deficiency'} | {'A': '45,X0', 'B': '45,XX, t(14;21)', 'C': 'Trisomy 21', 'D': '47,XXY', 'E': '21-hydroxylase deficiency'} | 45,X0 | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 16-year-old teenager is brought to the pediatrician’s office by her mother. The mother expresses concerns about her daughter’s health because she has not achieved menarche. The daughter confirms this and upon further questioning, denies any significant weight loss, changes in mood, or changes in her appetite. She denies being sexually active. She is a good student who works hard and enjoys competing in sports. She was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery at 39 weeks. There some discussion about mild birth defects, but her mother never followed up and can not recall the specifics. Her vaccines are up to date and she has met all developmental milestones. Past medical history and family history are benign. She has a heart rate of 90/min, respiratory rate of 17/min, blood pressure of 110/65 mm Hg, and temperature of 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, the patient is short in stature at the 33rd percentile in height. Additionally, she has some excessive skin in the neck and has a broad chest with widely spaced nipples. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following genetic abnormalities is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?
Options:
{'A': '45,X0', 'B': '45,XX, t(14;21)', 'C': 'Trisomy 21', 'D': '47,XXY', 'E': '21-hydroxylase deficiency'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
45,X0<|eot_id|> |
A 62-year-old Caucasian male receiving treatment for stable angina experiences intermittent throbbing headaches. What is the most likely cause?
Options:
{'A': 'Transient ischemic attack', 'B': 'Elevated creatine kinase', 'C': 'Beta adrenergic inactivation', 'D': 'Acute hemorrhage', 'E': 'Vasodilation of cerebral arteries'} | {'A': 'Transient ischemic attack', 'B': 'Elevated creatine kinase', 'C': 'Beta adrenergic inactivation', 'D': 'Acute hemorrhage', 'E': 'Vasodilation of cerebral arteries'} | Vasodilation of cerebral arteries | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 62-year-old Caucasian male receiving treatment for stable angina experiences intermittent throbbing headaches. What is the most likely cause?
Options:
{'A': 'Transient ischemic attack', 'B': 'Elevated creatine kinase', 'C': 'Beta adrenergic inactivation', 'D': 'Acute hemorrhage', 'E': 'Vasodilation of cerebral arteries'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Vasodilation of cerebral arteries<|eot_id|> |
A 14-year-old girl presents to her pediatrician with complaints of repeated jerking of her neck for the past 2 years. Initially, her parents considered it a sign of discomfort in her neck, but later they noticed that the jerking was more frequent when she was under emotional stress or when she was fatigued. The patient says she can voluntarily control the jerking in some social situations, but when she is under stress, she feels the urge to jerk her neck and she feels better after that. The parents also report that during the past year, there have even been a few weeks when the frequency of the neck jerking had decreased drastically, only to increase again afterwards. On physical examination, she is a physically healthy female with normal vital signs. Her neurologic examination is normal. The pediatrician also notes that when he makes certain movements, the patient partially imitates these movements. The parents are very much concerned about her abnormal movements and insist on a complete diagnostic work-up. After a detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations, the pediatrician confirms the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. The presence of which of the following findings is most likely to confirm the pediatrician’s diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'History of repeated bouts of unprovoked obscene speech over the past year', 'B': 'Rigidity and bradykinesia', 'C': 'Low serum ceruloplasmin level', 'D': 'Decreased caudate volumes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain', 'E': 'Increased activity in frontal subcortical regions in positron-emission tomography (PET) study'} | {'A': 'History of repeated bouts of unprovoked obscene speech over the past year', 'B': 'Rigidity and bradykinesia', 'C': 'Low serum ceruloplasmin level', 'D': 'Decreased caudate volumes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain', 'E': 'Increased activity in frontal subcortical regions in positron-emission tomography (PET) study'} | History of repeated bouts of unprovoked obscene speech over the past year | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
A 14-year-old girl presents to her pediatrician with complaints of repeated jerking of her neck for the past 2 years. Initially, her parents considered it a sign of discomfort in her neck, but later they noticed that the jerking was more frequent when she was under emotional stress or when she was fatigued. The patient says she can voluntarily control the jerking in some social situations, but when she is under stress, she feels the urge to jerk her neck and she feels better after that. The parents also report that during the past year, there have even been a few weeks when the frequency of the neck jerking had decreased drastically, only to increase again afterwards. On physical examination, she is a physically healthy female with normal vital signs. Her neurologic examination is normal. The pediatrician also notes that when he makes certain movements, the patient partially imitates these movements. The parents are very much concerned about her abnormal movements and insist on a complete diagnostic work-up. After a detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations, the pediatrician confirms the diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. The presence of which of the following findings is most likely to confirm the pediatrician’s diagnosis?
Options:
{'A': 'History of repeated bouts of unprovoked obscene speech over the past year', 'B': 'Rigidity and bradykinesia', 'C': 'Low serum ceruloplasmin level', 'D': 'Decreased caudate volumes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain', 'E': 'Increased activity in frontal subcortical regions in positron-emission tomography (PET) study'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
History of repeated bouts of unprovoked obscene speech over the past year<|eot_id|> |
Laboratory studies, including serum vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations, are within normal limits. A lumbar puncture is performed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is most likely to show which of the following?
Options:
{'A': 'Antiganglioside GM1 antibodies', 'B': 'Increased α-synuclein protein concentration', 'C': 'Increased 14-3-3 protein concentration', 'D': 'Oligoclonal bands', 'E': 'Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies'} | {'A': 'Antiganglioside GM1 antibodies', 'B': 'Increased α-synuclein protein concentration', 'C': 'Increased 14-3-3 protein concentration', 'D': 'Oligoclonal bands', 'E': 'Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies'} | Increased 14-3-3 protein concentration | <|start_header_id|>system<|end_header_id|>
The following are multiple choice questions about medical knowledge. Solve them in a step-by-step fashion, starting by summarizing the available information. Output a single option from the four options as the final answer.<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>
Laboratory studies, including serum vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations, are within normal limits. A lumbar puncture is performed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is most likely to show which of the following?
Options:
{'A': 'Antiganglioside GM1 antibodies', 'B': 'Increased α-synuclein protein concentration', 'C': 'Increased 14-3-3 protein concentration', 'D': 'Oligoclonal bands', 'E': 'Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies'}<|eot_id|>
<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>
Increased 14-3-3 protein concentration<|eot_id|> |