Vasya commutes by train every day. There are n train stations in the city, and at the i-th station it's possible to buy only tickets to stations from i + 1 to ai inclusive. No tickets are sold at the last station.

Let ρi, j be the minimum number of tickets one needs to buy in order to get from stations i to station j. As Vasya is fond of different useless statistic he asks you to compute the sum of all values ρi, j among all pairs 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n.

Input

The first line of the input contains a single integer n (2 ≤ n ≤ 100 000) — the number of stations.

The second line contains n - 1 integer ai (i + 1 ≤ ai ≤ n), the i-th of them means that at the i-th station one may buy tickets to each station from i + 1 to ai inclusive.

Output

Print the sum of ρi, j among all pairs of 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n.

Examples

Input

4
4 4 4


Output

6


Input

5
2 3 5 5


Output

17

Note

In the first sample it's possible to get from any station to any other (with greater index) using only one ticket. The total number of pairs is 6, so the answer is also 6.

Consider the second sample: 

  * ρ1, 2 = 1
  * ρ1, 3 = 2
  * ρ1, 4 = 3
  * ρ1, 5 = 3
  * ρ2, 3 = 1
  * ρ2, 4 = 2
  * ρ2, 5 = 2
  * ρ3, 4 = 1
  * ρ3, 5 = 1
  * ρ4, 5 = 1



Thus the answer equals 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 17.
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;
import java.security.KeyStore.Entry;
import java.util.*;

public class CODEFORCES {
	private InputStream is;
	private PrintWriter out;
	
	long arr[] = new long[1000000];
	long merge(long a,long b){
		if(a>>32>b>>32)
			return a;
		else if(a>>32<b>>32)
			return b;
		else if(((int)a)>((int)b))
			return b;
		return a;
	}
	void update(int l,int r,int c,int ind,int val){
		if(l==r){
			long i = ind;
			long v = val;
			arr[c] = v<<32|i;
			return ;
		}
		int mid = (l+r)>>1;
		if(mid>=ind)
			update(l,mid,2*c+1,ind,val);
		else
			update(mid+1,r,2*c+2,ind,val);
		arr[c] = merge(arr[2*c+1],arr[2*c+2]);
	}
	long get(int l,int r,int c,int x,int y){
		if(l>r||x>y||l>y||x>r)
			return 0;
		if(x<=l&&y>=r)
			return arr[c];
		int mid = (l+r)>>1;
		return merge(get(l,mid,2*c+1,x,y),get(mid+1,r,2*c+2,x,y));
	}
	void solve() {
		int n = ni();
		int arr[] = new int[n-1];
		for(int i=0;i<n-1;i++)
			arr[i] = ni()-1;
		long dp[] = new long[n-1];
		long ans = 1;
		for(int i=n-2;i>=0;i--){
			if(i==n-2){
				dp[i]++;
				update(0,n-1,0,i,arr[i]);
				continue;
			}
			long an = get(0,n-1,0,i+1,arr[i]);
			update(0,n-1,0,i,arr[i]);
			int sou = (int)an;
			dp[i]+=sou-i;
			dp[i]-=arr[i]-sou;
			dp[i]+=dp[sou]+(n-1-sou);
			ans+=dp[i];
		}
		out.println(ans);
	}

	void run() throws Exception {
		is = System.in;
		out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
		long s = System.currentTimeMillis();
		solve();
		out.flush();
		tr(System.currentTimeMillis() - s + "ms");
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		new Thread(null, new Runnable() {
			public void run() {
				try {
					new CODEFORCES().run();
				} catch (Exception e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			}
		}, "1", 1 << 26).start();
	}

	// To Get Input
	// Some Buffer Methods
	private byte[] inbuf = new byte[1024];
	public int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;

	private int readByte() {
		if (lenbuf == -1)
			throw new InputMismatchException();
		if (ptrbuf >= lenbuf) {
			ptrbuf = 0;
			try {
				lenbuf = is.read(inbuf);
			} catch (IOException e) {
				throw new InputMismatchException();
			}
			if (lenbuf <= 0)
				return -1;
		}
		return inbuf[ptrbuf++];
	}

	private boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
		return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126);
	}

	private int skip() {
		int b;
		while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b))
			;
		return b;
	}

	private double nd() {
		return Double.parseDouble(ns());
	}

	private char nc() {
		return (char) skip();
	}

	private String ns() {
		int b = skip();
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		while (!(isSpaceChar(b))) { // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != '
									// ')
			sb.appendCodePoint(b);
			b = readByte();
		}
		return sb.toString();
	}

	private char[] ns(int n) {
		char[] buf = new char[n];
		int b = skip(), p = 0;
		while (p < n && !(isSpaceChar(b))) {
			buf[p++] = (char) b;
			b = readByte();
		}
		return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);
	}

	private char[][] nm(int n, int m) {
		char[][] map = new char[n][];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			map[i] = ns(m);
		return map;
	}

	private int[] na(int n) {
		int[] a = new int[n];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			a[i] = ni();
		return a;
	}

	private int ni() {
		int num = 0, b;
		boolean minus = false;
		while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'))
			;
		if (b == '-') {
			minus = true;
			b = readByte();
		}

		while (true) {
			if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
				num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
			} else {
				return minus ? -num : num;
			}
			b = readByte();
		}
	}

	private long nl() {
		long num = 0;
		int b;
		boolean minus = false;
		while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'))
			;
		if (b == '-') {
			minus = true;
			b = readByte();
		}

		while (true) {
			if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
				num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
			} else {
				return minus ? -num : num;
			}
			b = readByte();
		}
	}

	private boolean oj = System.getProperty("ONLINE_JUDGE") != null;

	private void tr(Object... o) {
		if (!oj)
			System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(o));
	}
}