During the loading of the game "Dungeons and Candies" you are required to get descriptions of k levels from the server. Each description is a map of an n × m checkered rectangular field. Some cells of the field contain candies (each cell has at most one candy). An empty cell is denoted as "." on the map, but if a cell has a candy, it is denoted as a letter of the English alphabet. A level may contain identical candies, in this case the letters in the corresponding cells of the map will be the same.

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When you transmit information via a network, you want to minimize traffic — the total size of the transferred data. The levels can be transmitted in any order. There are two ways to transmit the current level A:

  1. You can transmit the whole level A. Then you need to transmit n·m bytes via the network. 
  2. You can transmit the difference between level A and some previously transmitted level B (if it exists); this operation requires to transmit dA, B·w bytes, where dA, B is the number of cells of the field that are different for A and B, and w is a constant. Note, that you should compare only the corresponding cells of levels A and B to calculate dA, B. You cannot transform the maps of levels, i.e. rotate or shift them relatively to each other. 



Your task is to find a way to transfer all the k levels and minimize the traffic.

Input

The first line contains four integers n, m, k, w (1 ≤ n, m ≤ 10; 1 ≤ k, w ≤ 1000). Then follows the description of k levels. Each level is described by n lines, each line contains m characters. Each character is either a letter of the English alphabet or a dot ("."). Please note that the case of the letters matters.

Output

In the first line print the required minimum number of transferred bytes.

Then print k pairs of integers x1, y1, x2, y2, ..., xk, yk, describing the way to transfer levels. Pair xi, yi means that level xi needs to be transferred by way yi. If yi equals 0, that means that the level must be transferred using the first way, otherwise yi must be equal to the number of a previously transferred level. It means that you will transfer the difference between levels yi and xi to transfer level xi. Print the pairs in the order of transferring levels. The levels are numbered 1 through k in the order they follow in the input.

If there are multiple optimal solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

2 3 3 2
A.A
...
A.a
..C
X.Y
...


Output

14
1 0
2 1
3 1


Input

1 1 4 1
A
.
B
.


Output

3
1 0
2 0
4 2
3 0


Input

1 3 5 2
ABA
BBB
BBA
BAB
ABB


Output

11
1 0
3 1
2 3
4 2
5 1
import static java.lang.Math.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class C {

	public void solve() throws Exception {
		
		int n = nextInt(), m = nextInt(), k = nextInt(), w = nextInt();
		int sz = n*m;
		int[][] maps = new int[k][sz];
		for (int i=0; i<k; ++i) for (int j=0; j<sz; ++j) maps[i][j] = nextNonWhitespaceChar();
		
		int[][] diff = new int[k+1][k+1];
		List<Integer>[] neig = new LinkedList[k+1];
		for (int i=0; i<k+1; ++i) {
			neig[i] = new LinkedList<Integer>();
		}
		for (int i=0; i<k; ++i) {
			diff[i][k] = diff[k][i] = sz;
			neig[k].add(i);
		}
		for (int i=0; i<k; ++i) for (int j=i+1; j<k; ++j) {
			int d = 0;
			for (int a=0; a<sz; ++a) {
				if (maps[i][a] != maps[j][a]) d+=w;
				if (d>=sz) break;
			}
			if (d<sz) {
				diff[i][j] = diff[j][i] = d;
				neig[i].add(j);
				neig[j].add(i);
			}
		}

		
		PriorityQueue<Edge> edges = new PriorityQueue<Edge>();
		for (int i=0; i<k; ++i) {
			Edge e = new Edge();
			e.i = k;
			e.j = i;
			e.w = sz;
			edges.add(e);
		}
		boolean[] was = new boolean[k+1];
		was[k] = true;
		int[] resa = new int[k];
		int[] resb = new int[k];
		int cnt = 0;
		int sum = 0;
		
		out: while (!edges.isEmpty()) {
			Edge e = edges.poll();
			int v = 0;
			if (!was[e.j]) {
				resa[cnt] = e.j + 1;
				resb[cnt++] = e.w >= sz ? 0 : (e.i + 1);
				sum += e.w;
				was[e.j] = true;
				v = e.j;
			} else if (!was[e.i]) {
				resa[cnt] = e.i + 1;
				resb[cnt++] = e.w >= sz ? 0 : (e.j + 1);
				sum += e.w;
				was[e.i] = true;
				v = e.i;
			} else {
				continue out;
			}
			if (cnt == k) break out;
			for (int ng: neig[v]) {
				if (!was[ng]) {
					Edge ee = new Edge();
					ee.i = v;
					ee.j = ng;
					ee.w = diff[v][ng];
					edges.add(ee);
				}
			}
			
		}
		
		println(sum);
		for (int i=0; i<k; ++i) println(resa[i], resb[i]);
		
	}
	
	
	
	
	class Edge implements Comparable<Edge> {
		int w, i, j;

		@Override
		public int compareTo(Edge arg0) {
			if (w == arg0.w) return i == arg0.i ? (j - arg0.j) : (i - arg0.i);
			return w - arg0.w;
		}
		
		@Override
		public String toString() {
			return i + "," + j + ", " + w;
		}
	}
	
	
	

	

	////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
	
	boolean showDebug = true;
	static boolean useFiles = false;
	static String inFile = "input.txt";
	static String outFile = "output.txt";

	double EPS = 1e-7;
	int INF = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
	long INFL = Long.MAX_VALUE;
	double INFD = Double.MAX_VALUE;

	
	int absPos(int num) {
		return num<0 ? 0:num;
	}
	long absPos(long num) {
		return num<0 ? 0:num;
	}
	double absPos(double num) {
		return num<0 ? 0:num;
	}
	
	int min(int... nums) {
		int r = nums[0];
		for (int i=1; i<nums.length; ++i)
			if (nums[i]<r) r=nums[i];
		return r;
	}
	int max(int... nums) {
		int r = nums[0];
		for (int i=1; i<nums.length; ++i)
			if (nums[i]>r) r=nums[i];
		return r;
	}
	long minL(long... nums) {
		long r = nums[0];
		for (int i=1; i<nums.length; ++i)
			if (nums[i]<r) r=nums[i];
		return r;
	}
	long maxL(long... nums) {
		long r = nums[0];
		for (int i=1; i<nums.length; ++i)
			if (nums[i]>r) r=nums[i];
		return r;
	}
	double minD(double... nums) {
		double r = nums[0];
		for (int i=1; i<nums.length; ++i)
			if (nums[i]<r) r=nums[i];
		return r;
	}
	double maxD(double... nums) {
		double r = nums[0];
		for (int i=1; i<nums.length; ++i)
			if (nums[i]>r) r=nums[i];
		return r;
	}
	
	long sumArr(int[] arr) {
		long res = 0;
		for (int i=0; i<arr.length; ++i)
			res+=arr[i];
		return res;
	}
	long sumArr(long[] arr) {
		long res = 0;
		for (int i=0; i<arr.length; ++i)
			res+=arr[i];
		return res;
	}
	double sumArr(double[] arr) {
		double res = 0;
		for (int i=0; i<arr.length; ++i)
			res+=arr[i];
		return res;
	}

	long partsFitCnt(long partSize, long wholeSize) {
		return (partSize+wholeSize-1)/partSize;
	}

	boolean odd(long num) {
		return (num&1)==1;
	}
	
	boolean hasBit(int num, int pos) {
		return (num&(1<<pos))>0;
	}

	boolean isLetter(char c) {
		return (c>='a' && c<='z') || (c>='A' && c<='Z');
	}
	boolean isLowercase(char c) {
		return (c>='a' && c<='z');
	}
	boolean isUppercase(char c) {
		return (c>='A' && c<='Z');
	}
	boolean isDigit(char c) {
		return (c>='0' && c<='9');
	}
	
	boolean charIn(String chars, String s) {
		if (s==null) return false;
		if (chars==null || chars.equals("")) return true;
		for (int i=0; i<s.length(); ++i)
			for (int j=0; j<chars.length(); ++j)
				if (chars.charAt(j)==s.charAt(i)) return true;
		return false;
	}
	
	String stringn(String s, int n) {
		if (n<1 || s==null) return "";
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(s.length()*n);
		for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) sb.append(s);
		return sb.toString();
	}
	String str(Object o) {
		if (o==null) return "";
		return o.toString();
	}


	long timer = System.currentTimeMillis();
	void startTimer() {
		timer = System.currentTimeMillis();
	}
	void stopTimer() {
		System.err.println("time: "+(System.currentTimeMillis()-timer)/1000.0);
	}


	static class InputReader {
		private byte[] buf;
		private int bufPos = 0, bufLim = -1;
		private InputStream stream;
		public InputReader(InputStream stream, int size) {
			buf = new byte[size];
			this.stream = stream;
		}
		private void fillBuf() throws IOException {
			bufLim = stream.read(buf);
			bufPos = 0;
		}
		char read() throws IOException {
			if (bufPos>=bufLim) fillBuf(); 
			return (char)buf[bufPos++];
		}
		boolean hasInput() throws IOException {
			if (bufPos>=bufLim) fillBuf();
			return bufPos<bufLim;
		}
	}
	
	static InputReader inputReader;
	static BufferedWriter outputWriter;

	char nextChar() throws IOException {
		return inputReader.read();
	}
	char nextNonWhitespaceChar() throws IOException {
		char c = inputReader.read();
		while (c<=' ') c=inputReader.read();
		return c;
	}
	String nextWord() throws IOException {
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		char c = inputReader.read();
		while (c<=' ') c=inputReader.read();
		while (c>' ') {
			sb.append(c);
			c = inputReader.read();
		}
		return new String(sb);
	}
	String nextLine() throws IOException {
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		char c = inputReader.read();
		while (c<=' ') c=inputReader.read();
		while (c!='\n' && c!='\r') {
			sb.append(c);
			c = inputReader.read();
		}
		return new String(sb);
	}
	int nextInt() throws IOException {
		int r = 0;
		char c = nextNonWhitespaceChar();
		boolean neg = false;
		if (c=='-') neg=true;
		else r=c-48;
		c = nextChar();
		while (c>='0' && c<='9') {
			r*=10;
			r+=c-48;
			c=nextChar();
		}
		return neg ? -r:r;
	}
	long nextLong() throws IOException {
		long r = 0;
		char c = nextNonWhitespaceChar();
		boolean neg = false;
		if (c=='-') neg=true;
		else r = c-48;
		c = nextChar();
		while (c>='0' && c<='9') {
			r*=10L;
			r+=c-48L;
			c=nextChar();
		}
		return neg ? -r:r;
	}
	double nextDouble() throws NumberFormatException, IOException {
		return Double.parseDouble(nextWord());
	}
	int[] nextArr(int size) throws NumberFormatException, IOException {
		int[] arr = new int[size];
		for (int i=0; i<size; ++i)
			arr[i] = nextInt();
		return arr;
	}
	long[] nextArrL(int size) throws NumberFormatException, IOException {
		long[] arr = new long[size];
		for (int i=0; i<size; ++i)
			arr[i] = nextLong();
		return arr;
	}
	double[] nextArrD(int size) throws NumberFormatException, IOException {
		double[] arr = new double[size];
		for (int i=0; i<size; ++i)
			arr[i] = nextDouble();
		return arr;
	}
	String[] nextArrS(int size) throws NumberFormatException, IOException {
		String[] arr = new String[size];
		for (int i=0; i<size; ++i)
			arr[i] = nextWord();
		return arr;
	}
	char[] nextArrCh(int size) throws IOException {
		char[] arr = new char[size];
		for (int i=0; i<size; ++i)
			arr[i] = nextNonWhitespaceChar();
		return arr;
	}
	char[][] nextArrCh(int rows, int columns) throws IOException {
		char[][] arr = new char[rows][columns];
		for (int i=0; i<rows; ++i)
			for (int j=0; j<columns; ++j)
				arr[i][j] = nextNonWhitespaceChar();
		return arr;
	}
	char[][] nextArrChBorders(int rows, int columns, char border) throws IOException {
		char[][] arr = new char[rows+2][columns+2];
		for (int i=1; i<=rows; ++i)
			for (int j=1; j<=columns; ++j)
				arr[i][j] = nextNonWhitespaceChar();
		for (int i=0; i<columns+2; ++i) {
			arr[0][i] = border;
			arr[rows+1][i] = border;
		}
		for (int i=0; i<rows+2; ++i) {
			arr[i][0] = border;
			arr[i][columns+1] = border;
		}
		return arr;
	}

	void printf(String format, Object... args) throws IOException {
		outputWriter.write(String.format(format, args));
	}
	void print(Object o) throws IOException {
		outputWriter.write(o.toString());
	}
	void println(Object o) throws IOException {
		outputWriter.write(o.toString());
		outputWriter.newLine();
	}
	void print(Object... o) throws IOException {
		for (int i=0; i<o.length; ++i) {
			if (i!=0) outputWriter.write(' ');
			outputWriter.write(o[i].toString());
		}
	}
	void println(Object... o) throws IOException {
		print(o);
		outputWriter.newLine();
	}
	void printn(Object o, int n) throws IOException {
		String s = o.toString();
		for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
			outputWriter.write(s);
			if (i!=n-1) outputWriter.write(' ');
		}
	}
	void printnln(Object o, int n) throws IOException {
		printn(o, n);
		outputWriter.newLine();
	}
	void printArr(int[] arr) throws IOException {
		for (int i=0; i<arr.length; ++i) {
			if (i!=0) outputWriter.write(' ');
			outputWriter.write(Integer.toString(arr[i]));
		}
	}
	void printArr(long[] arr) throws IOException {
		for (int i=0; i<arr.length; ++i) {
			if (i!=0) outputWriter.write(' ');
			outputWriter.write(Long.toString(arr[i]));
		}
	}
	void printArr(double[] arr) throws IOException {
		for (int i=0; i<arr.length; ++i) {
			if (i!=0) outputWriter.write(' ');
			outputWriter.write(Double.toString(arr[i]));
		}
	}
	void printArr(String[] arr) throws IOException {
		for (int i=0; i<arr.length; ++i) {
			if (i!=0) outputWriter.write(' ');
			outputWriter.write(arr[i]);
		}
	}
	void printlnArr(int[] arr) throws IOException {
		printArr(arr);
		outputWriter.newLine();
	}
	void printlnArr(long[] arr) throws IOException {
		printArr(arr);
		outputWriter.newLine();
	}
	void printlnArr(double[] arr) throws IOException {
		printArr(arr);
		outputWriter.newLine();
	}
	void printlnArr(String[] arr) throws IOException {
		printArr(arr);
		outputWriter.newLine();
	}
	void halt(Object... o) throws IOException {
		if (o.length!=0) println(o);
		outputWriter.flush(); outputWriter.close();
		System.exit(0);
	}
	
	void debug(Object... o) {
		if (showDebug) System.err.println(Arrays.deepToString(o));
	}


	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		Locale.setDefault(Locale.US);
		if (!useFiles) {
			inputReader = new InputReader(System.in, 1<<16);
			outputWriter = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out), 1<<16);
		} else {
			inputReader = new InputReader(new FileInputStream(new File(inFile)), 1<<16);
			outputWriter = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(new File(outFile))), 1<<16);
		}
		new C().solve();
		outputWriter.flush(); outputWriter.close();
	}
}
