Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].

from __future__ import division
import sys
input = sys.stdin.readline
import math
from math import sqrt, floor, ceil
from collections import Counter


############ ---- Input Functions ---- ############
def inp():
    return(int(input()))
def inlt():
    return(list(map(int,input().split())))
def insr():
    s = input()
    return(list(s[:len(s) - 1]))
def invr():
    return(map(int,input().split()))
def insr2():
    s = input()
    return(s.split(" "))

def prime_factorization(n):

    if n == 1:
        return [1]

    ans=[]
    i = 2
    cap = sqrt(n)
    while i <= cap:
        if n % i == 0:
            ans.append(i)
            n = n//i
            cap=sqrt(n)
        else:
            i += 1
    if n > 1:
        ans.append(n)
    return ans

def binomial(n, k):
    if n == 1 or n == k:
        return 1

    if k > n:
        return 0       
    else:
        a = math.factorial(n)
        b = math.factorial(k)
        c = math.factorial(n-k)
        div = a // (b * c)
        return div 


n,q,k= invr()
arr=invr()

for _ in range(q):
    l,r = invr()

    ones = arr[l-1]-1 + k-arr[r-1]
    zeros = r-l+1
    twos = k-ones-zeros
    ans = ones+2*twos

    print ans

    