Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
#########################################################################################################\
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###################################The_Apurv_Rathore#####################################################
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import sys,os,io
from sys import stdin
from math import log, gcd, ceil
from collections import defaultdict, deque, Counter
from heapq import heappush, heappop
from bisect import bisect_left , bisect_right
import math 


alphabets = list('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')


def isPrime(x):
    for i in range(2,x):
        if i*i>x:
            break
        if (x%i==0):
            return False
    return True
def ncr(n, r, p):  
    num = den = 1
    for i in range(r):
        num = (num * (n - i)) % p
        den = (den * (i + 1)) % p
    return (num * pow(den,
                      p - 2, p)) % p
def primeFactors(n): 
    l = []
    while n % 2 == 0: 
        l.append(2)
        n = n / 2
    for i in range(3,int(math.sqrt(n))+1,2): 
        while n % i== 0: 
            l.append(int(i))
            n = n / i 
    if n > 2: 
        l.append(n)
    return list(set(l))
def power(x, y, p) : 
	res = 1
	x = x % p 
	if (x == 0) : 
		return 0
	while (y > 0) : 
		if ((y & 1) == 1) : 
			res = (res * x) % p 
		y = y >> 1	 # y = y/2 
		x = (x * x) % p 		
	return res 
def SieveOfEratosthenes(n):
    prime = [True for i in range(n+1)]
    p = 2
    while (p * p <= n):
        if (prime[p] == True):
            for i in range(p * p, n+1, p):
                prime[i] = False
        p += 1
    return prime
def countdig(n):
    c = 0
    while (n > 0):
        n //= 10
        c += 1
    return c
def si():
    return input()
def prefix_sum(arr):
    r = [0] * (len(arr)+1)
    for i, el in enumerate(arr):
        r[i+1] = r[i] + el
    return r
def divideCeil(n,x):
    if (n%x==0):
        return n//x
    return n//x+1
def ii():
    return int(input())
def li():
    return list(map(int,input().split()))
def ws(s): sys.stdout.write(s + '\n')
def wi(n): sys.stdout.write(str(n) + '\n')
def wia(a): sys.stdout.write(' '.join([str(x) for x in a]) + '\n')
def power_set(L):
    """
    L is a list.
    The function returns the power set, but as a list of lists.
    """
    cardinality=len(L)
    n=2 ** cardinality
    powerset = []
    
    for i in range(n):
        a=bin(i)[2:]
        subset=[]
        for j in range(len(a)):
            if a[-j-1]=='1':
                subset.append(L[j])
        powerset.append(subset)
        
    #the function could stop here closing with
    #return powerset

    powerset_orderred=[]
    for k in range(cardinality+1):
        for w in powerset:
            if len(w)==k:
                powerset_orderred.append(w)
        
    return powerset_orderred
def fastPlrintNextLines(a):
    # 12
    # 3
    # 1
    #like this
    #a is list of strings
    print('\n'.join(map(str,a)))

#__________________________TEMPLATE__________________OVER_______________________________________________________


if(os.path.exists('input.txt')):
    sys.stdin = open("input.txt","r") ; sys.stdout = open("output.txt","w") 
else:
    input = io.BytesIO(os.read(0, os.fstat(0).st_size)).readline
t = 1
# t = int(input())
for _ in range(t):
    n,q,k = li()
    a = li()
    a = [1]+a+[k]



    variance = [0]*(n+2)

    for i in range(1,n+1):
        variance[i] = a[i]-a[i-1]-1
        variance[i] += a[i+1]-a[i]-1
    for i in range(1,n+2):
        variance[i]+=variance[i-1]
    for i in range(q):
        left,right = li()
        ans = 0
        
        ans = variance[right]-variance[left-1]
        
    
        ans+=a[left-1]
    
        ans+=k-a[right+1]+1
        print(ans)
        

        