Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
import java.util.*;

import javax.sound.midi.Track;

import java.io.*;

public class tr0 {
	static PrintWriter out;
	static StringBuilder sb;
	static long mod = (long) 1e9 + 7;
	static long inf = (long) 1e16;
	static int n, m, k, y, h, s;
	static ArrayList<Integer>[] ad, adA, adB;
	static long[][][] memoS, memoN;
	static boolean vis[];
	static long[] f, inv, ncr[];
	static HashMap<Integer, Integer> hm;
	static int[] pre, suf, Smax[], Smin[];
	static int idmax, idmin;
	static ArrayList<Integer> av;
	static HashMap<Integer, Integer> mm;
	static boolean[] corr;
	static int[] lazy[], lazyCount;
	static int[] a, in;
	static char[][] g;
	static int ave;
	static ArrayList<Integer> gl;

	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
		int n = sc.nextInt();
		int q = sc.nextInt();
		int k = sc.nextInt();
		int[] a = sc.nextArrInt(n);
		long[] val = new long[n];
		for (int i = 1; i < n - 1; i++) {
			int nxt = a[i + 1];
			int prev = a[i - 1];
			val[i] = nxt - prev - 2;
			val[i] += val[i - 1];
		}
		//System.out.println(Arrays.toString(val));
		while (q-- > 0) {
			int l = sc.nextInt() - 1;
			int r = sc.nextInt() - 1;
			long ans = 0;
			if (l == r) {
				ans = k - 1;
			} else {
				ans = k - a[r - 1] - 1 + a[l + 1] - 2;
			}
			if (r > l) {
				ans += val[r - 1] - val[l];
			}
			out.println(ans);
		}
		out.flush();
	}

	static class Scanner {
		StringTokenizer st;
		BufferedReader br;

		public Scanner(InputStream system) {
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(system));
		}

		public Scanner(String file) throws Exception {
			br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
		}

		public String next() throws IOException {
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
				st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
			return st.nextToken();
		}

		public String nextLine() throws IOException {
			return br.readLine();
		}

		public int nextInt() throws IOException {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}

		public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
			return Double.parseDouble(next());
		}

		public char nextChar() throws IOException {
			return next().charAt(0);
		}

		public Long nextLong() throws IOException {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}

		public int[] nextArrInt(int n) throws IOException {
			int[] a = new int[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextInt();
			return a;
		}

		public long[] nextArrLong(int n) throws IOException {
			long[] a = new long[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = nextLong();
			return a;
		}

		public int[] nextArrIntSorted(int n) throws IOException {
			int[] a = new int[n];
			Integer[] a1 = new Integer[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a1[i] = nextInt();
			Arrays.sort(a1);
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = a1[1].intValue();
			return a;
		}

		public long[] nextArrLongSorted(int n) throws IOException {
			long[] a = new long[n];
			Long[] a1 = new Long[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a1[i] = nextLong();
			Arrays.sort(a1);
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
				a[i] = a1[1].longValue();
			return a;
		}

		public boolean ready() throws IOException {
			return br.ready();
		}

		public void waitForInput() throws InterruptedException {
			Thread.sleep(3000);
		}
	}
}