Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;


public class Main {
	



public static void main(String[] args){
 
   new Thread(null, null, "Anshum Gupta", 99999999) {
        public void run() {
            try {
                solve();
            } catch(Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
                System.exit(1);
            }
        }
    }.start();
}
 

static final long INF_LONG = (long)(1e18 + 5), MOD = (long)1e9 + 7;//998244353; 
static final int MXN = (int)(1001), MXV = (int)(2e5 + 5), log = 18, INF = (int)1e9 + 500;
static ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> adj;
static boolean[][] vis;
static char[] S;
static int[] A, lpf;
static int[] dp;
static int N, M, K, Q, H, W;


public static void solve() throws Exception {
	   // solve the problem here
		s = new MyScanner();
   		out = new MyWriter(new BufferedOutputStream(System.out));
   		
        int T = 1;//s.nextInt();
        
        for(int i = 1; i <= T; i++) testcase();
          
        out.flush();
        out.close();
}




static void testcase() {
	
	int N = s.nextInt();
	int Q = s.nextInt();
	int K = s.nextInt();
	
	int[] A = s.nextIntArray(N);
	
	for(int i = 0; i < Q; i++) {
		
		int l = s.nextInt() - 1, r = s.nextInt() - 1;
		
//		long ans = 0;
		
		// A[l+1] - 0 + A[l+2] - A[l] + A[l+3] - A[l+1] + ... + A[r] - A[r - 2] + K - A[r - 1]
		// sum(A[l+1..r]) + K - (sum[l..r-1]) - 2 * (r - l + 1)
		long ans =  K + A[r] - A[l] - 2 * (r - l + 1);
		
//		for(int j = l; j <= r; j++) {
//			
//			int prev = j > l ? A[j - 1] : 0;
//			int next = j < r ? A[j + 1] : K + 1;
//			// possible are from [prev+1...next-1], and cannot be A[j]
//			ans += next - prev - 2;
//			
//		}
		
		out.println(++ans);
		
	}
	
}




public static MyWriter out;
public static MyScanner s;
static void shuffleArray(int[] a) {
	Random random = new Random();
	for (int i = a.length-1; i > 0; i--) {
		int index = random.nextInt(i + 1);
		int tmp = a[index];
		a[index] = a[i];
		a[i] = tmp;
	}
}
static void shuffleSort(int[] a) {
	shuffleArray(a);
	Arrays.parallelSort(a);
}

static void shuffleArray(long[] a) {
	Random random = new Random();
	for (int i = a.length-1; i > 0; i--) {
		int index = random.nextInt(i + 1);
		long tmp = a[index];
		a[index] = a[i];
		a[i] = tmp;
	}
}
static void shuffleSort(long[] a) {
	shuffleArray(a);
	Arrays.parallelSort(a);
}

static void reverse(int[] a) {
	int[] copy = Arrays.copyOf(a, a.length);
	for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
		a[a.length - 1 - i] = copy[i];
	}
}

static class MyScanner {
 
    BufferedReader br;
    StringTokenizer st;
 
    public MyScanner() {
        br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
    }
    public MyScanner(String fileName) {
    	try {
			br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fileName));
		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
    }
    String next() {
        while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
            try {
                st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        return st.nextToken();
    }
 
    int nextInt() { return Integer.parseInt(next()); }
    long nextLong() { return Long.parseLong(next()); }
    double nextDouble() { return Double.parseDouble(next()); }
    int[] nextIntArray(int n){
    	int[] a = new int[n];
    	for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    		a[i] = this.nextInt();
    	}
    	return a;
    }
    long[] nextlongArray(int n) {
    	long[] a = new long[n];
    	for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    		a[i] = this.nextLong();
    	}
    	return a;
    }
    Integer[] nextIntegerArray(int n){
    	Integer[]a = new Integer[n];
    	for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
    		a[i] = this.nextInt();
    	}
    	return a;
    }
    Long[] nextLongArray(int n) {
    	Long[]a = new Long[n];
    	for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
    		a[i] = this.nextLong();
    	}
    	return a;
    }
    char[][] next2DCharArray(int n, int m){
    	char[][]arr = new char[n][m];
    	for(int i=0; i<n; i++) {
    		arr[i] = this.next().toCharArray();
    	}
    	return arr;
    }
    ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> readUndirectedUnweightedGraph(int n, int m) {
    	ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>>adj = new ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>>();
    	for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)adj.add(new ArrayList<Integer>());
    	for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    		int u = s.nextInt();
    		int v = s.nextInt();
    		u--; v--;
    		adj.get(u).add(v);
    		adj.get(v).add(u);
    	}
    	return adj;
    }
    ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> readDirectedUnweightedGraph(int n, int m) {
    	ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>>adj = new ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>>();
    	for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)adj.add(new ArrayList<Integer>());
    	for(int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
    		int u = s.nextInt();
    		int v = s.nextInt();
    		u--; v--;
    		adj.get(u).add(v);
    	}
    	return adj;
    }
    String nextLine(){
        String str = "";
        try {
            str = br.readLine();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return str;
    }
}
 
static class MyWriter extends PrintWriter {
    MyWriter(OutputStream out) {
        super(out);
    }
    void println(int[] x) {
        println(x, " ");
    }
    void println(int[] x, String delimiter) {
        if (x.length > 0) {
            print(x[0]);
            for (int i = 1; i < x.length; i++) {
                print(delimiter);
                print(x[i]);
            }
        }
        println();
    }
    void println(long[] x) {
        println(x, " ");
    }
    void println(long[] x, String delimiter) {
        if (x.length > 0) {
            print(x[0]);
            for (int i = 1; i < x.length; i++) {
                print(delimiter);
                print(x[i]);
            }
        }
        println();
    }
    void println(Iterable<?> iterable) {
        println(iterable, " ");
    }
    void println(Iterable<?> iterable, String delimiter) {
        Iterator<?> i = iterable.iterator();
        if (i.hasNext()) {
            print(i.next());
            while (i.hasNext()) {
                print(delimiter);
                print(i.next());
            }
        }
        println();
    }
    void printLines(int[] x) {
        println(x, System.lineSeparator());
    }
    void printLines(long[] x) {
        println(x, System.lineSeparator());
    }
    void printLines(Iterable<?> iterable) {
        println(iterable, System.lineSeparator());
    }
}
 
}