Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Scanner sc = new Scanner();
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int n = sc.nextInt(), q = sc.nextInt(), k = sc.nextInt();
        int[] x = sc.nextIntArray(n);
        long[] cum = new long[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            int b = (i == 0 ? 0 : x[i - 1]);
            int a = (i == n - 1 ? (k + 1) : x[i + 1]);
            cum[i] = a - b - 2;
            if (i != 0) cum[i] += cum[i - 1];
        }
        while (q-- > 0) {
            int l = sc.nextInt() - 1, r = sc.nextInt() - 1;
            if (l == r) {
                out.println(k - 1);
                continue;
            }
            long mid = (cum[r - 1] - cum[l]);
            long first = x[l + 1] - 2, last = k - x[r - 1] - 1;
            out.println(first + last + mid);
        }
        out.flush();
        out.close();
    }


    static class Scanner {
        StringTokenizer st;
        BufferedReader br;

        public Scanner() {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        }

        public Scanner(String s) throws FileNotFoundException {
            br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(s));
        }

        public String next() throws IOException {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
                st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        public int nextInt() throws IOException {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        public int[] nextIntArray(int n) throws IOException {
            int[] ans = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                ans[i] = nextInt();
            return ans;
        }

        public long[] nextLongArray(int n) throws IOException {
            long[] ans = new long[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                ans[i] = nextLong();
            return ans;
        }

        public Integer[] nextIntegerArray(int n) throws IOException {
            Integer[] ans = new Integer[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                ans[i] = nextInt();
            return ans;
        }

        public char nextChar() throws IOException {
            return next().charAt(0);
        }

        public long nextLong() throws IOException {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        public String nextLine() throws IOException {
            return br.readLine();
        }

        public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        public boolean ready() throws IOException {
            return br.ready();
        }


    }
}