Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.math.*;
import java.math.BigInteger; 
//import javafx.util.*; 
public final class B
{    
	static StringBuilder ans=new StringBuilder();
	static FastReader in=new FastReader();
	static ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> g;	
	static long mod=1000000007;
	static int D1[],D2[],par[];
	static boolean set[],G[][];
	public static void main(String args[])throws IOException
	{  
		
			int N=i(),Q=i();
			long K=l();
			long A[]=new long[N+2];
			long pre[]=new long[N+1];
			A[0]=1;
			A[N+1]=K;
			for(int i=1; i<=N; i++)
			{
				A[i]=l();
			}
			//print(A);
			for(int i=1; i<=N; i++)
			{
				long a=A[i]-A[i-1]-1,b=A[i+1]-A[i]-1;
				pre[i]=Math.max(0, a)+Math.max(0, b);
				pre[i]+=pre[i-1];
			}
		//print(pre);
			while(Q-->0)
			{
				int l=i(),r=i();
				if(l==r)System.out.println(K-1);
				else
				{
					long s=pre[r-1]-pre[l];
					//System.out.println(s);
					long a=A[l]-1,b=A[l+1]-A[l]-1;
					//System.out.println(a+" "+b);
					s+=Math.max(0, a)+Math.max(0, b);
					a=A[r]-A[r-1]-1;b=K-A[r];
					//System.out.println(a+" "+b);
					s+= Math.max(0, a)+Math.max(0, b);
					System.out.println(s);
				}
			
		}
	}
	static long steps(long b,long l,long a)
	{
		int c=0;
		while(a>0)
		{
			a/=l;
			c++;
		}
		return (l-b)+c;
	}
	static int find(int a)
	{
		if(par[a]<0)return a;
		return par[a]=find(par[a]);
	}
	static void union(int a,int b)
	{
		a=find(a);
		b=find(b);
		if(a!=b)
		{
			par[a]+=par[b]; //transfers the size
			par[b]=a;       //changes the parent
		}
	}
	static ArrayList<Integer> IND(int B[],HashMap<Integer,Integer> mp)
	{
		ArrayList<Integer> A=new ArrayList<>();
		for(int i:B)
		{
			if(mp.containsKey(i))
			{
				A.add(i);
				int f=mp.get(i)-1;
				if(f==0)
					mp.remove(i);
				else mp.put(i, f);		
			}
		}
		return A;
	}
	static HashMap<Integer,Integer> hash(int A[],int index)
	{
		HashMap<Integer,Integer> mp=new HashMap<Integer,Integer>();
		for(int i=index; i<A.length; i++)
		{
			int f=mp.getOrDefault(A[i], 0)+1;
			mp.put(A[i], f);
		}
		return mp;
	}
	static void swap(char A[],int a,int b)
	{
		char ch=A[a];
		A[a]=A[b];
		A[b]=ch;
	}

	static long lower_Bound(long A[],int low,int high, long x) 
	{ 
		if (low > high) 
			if (x >= A[high]) 
				return A[high]; 

		int mid = (low + high) / 2; 

		if (A[mid] == x) 
			return A[mid]; 

		if (mid > 0 && A[mid - 1] <= x && x < A[mid]) 
			return A[mid - 1]; 

		if (x < A[mid]) 
			return lower_Bound( A, low, mid - 1, x); 

		return lower_Bound(A, mid + 1, high, x); 
	} 
	static void sort(long[] a) //check for long
	{
		ArrayList<Long> l=new ArrayList<>();
		for (long i:a) l.add(i);
		Collections.sort(l);
		for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) a[i]=l.get(i);
	}
	static void setGraph(int N)
	{
		//set=new boolean[N+1];
		//size=new int[N+1];
		//par=new int[N+1];
		g=new ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>>();
		//tg=new ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>>();
		for(int i=0; i<=N; i++)
		{
			g.add(new ArrayList<Integer>());
			//tg.add(new ArrayList<Integer>());
		}
	}

	static  long pow(long a,long b)
	{
		long mod=1000000007;
		long pow=1;
		long x=a;
		while(b!=0)
		{
			if((b&1)!=0)pow=(pow*x)%mod;
			x=(x*x)%mod;
			b/=2;
		}
		return pow;
	}
	static long toggleBits(long x)//one's complement || Toggle bits
	{
		int n=(int)(Math.floor(Math.log(x)/Math.log(2)))+1;

		return ((1<<n)-1)^x;
	}
	static int countBits(long a)
	{
		return (int)(Math.log(a)/Math.log(2)+1);
	}
	static void sort(int[] a) {
		ArrayList<Integer> l=new ArrayList<>();
		for (int i:a) l.add(i);
		Collections.sort(l);
		for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) a[i]=l.get(i);
	}
	static boolean isPrime(long N)
	{
		if (N<=1)  return false; 
		if (N<=3)  return true; 
		if (N%2 == 0 || N%3 == 0) return false; 
		for (int i=5; i*i<=N; i=i+6) 
			if (N%i == 0 || N%(i+2) == 0) 
				return false; 
		return true; 
	}
	static long GCD(long a,long b) 
	{
		if(b==0)
		{
			return a;
		}
		else return GCD(b,a%b );
	}

	//Debugging Functions Starts

	static void print(char A[])
	{
		for(char c:A)System.out.print(c+" ");
		System.out.println();
	}
	static void print(boolean A[])
	{
		for(boolean c:A)System.out.print(c+" ");
		System.out.println();
	}
	static void print(int A[])
	{
		for(int a:A)System.out.print(a+" ");
		System.out.println();	
	}
	static void print(long A[])
	{
		for(long i:A)System.out.print(i+ " ");
		System.out.println();

	}
	static void print(ArrayList<Integer> A)
	{
		for(int a:A)System.out.print(a+" ");
		System.out.println();
	}

	//Debugging Functions END
	//----------------------
	//IO FUNCTIONS STARTS
	static HashMap<Integer,Integer> Hash(int A[])
	{
		HashMap<Integer,Integer> mp=new HashMap<>();
		for(int a:A)
		{
			int f=mp.getOrDefault(a,0)+1;
			mp.put(a, f);
		}
		return mp;
	}
	static int i()
	{
		return in.nextInt();
	}

	static long l()
	{
		return in.nextLong();
	}

	static int[] input(int N){
		int A[]=new int[N];
		for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
		{
			A[i]=in.nextInt();
		}
		return A;
	}

	static long[] inputLong(int N)     {
		long A[]=new long[N];
		for(int i=0; i<A.length; i++)A[i]=in.nextLong();
		return A;
	}

	//IO FUNCTIONS END

}

class paint implements Comparable<paint>
{
	int color,index;
	paint(int c,int i)
	{
		color=c;
		index=i;
	}
	public int compareTo(paint X)
	{
		return this.color-X.color;
	}
}
//Code For FastReader
//Code For FastReader
//Code For FastReader
//Code For FastReader
class FastReader
{
	BufferedReader br;
	StringTokenizer st;
	public FastReader()
	{
		br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
	}

	String next()
	{
		while(st==null || !st.hasMoreElements())
		{
			try
			{
				st=new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
			}
			catch(IOException e)
			{
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
		return st.nextToken();
	}

	int nextInt()
	{
		return Integer.parseInt(next());
	}

	long nextLong()
	{
		return Long.parseLong(next());
	}

	double nextDouble()
	{
		return Double.parseDouble(next());
	}

	String nextLine()
	{
		String str="";
		try
		{
			str=br.readLine();
		}
		catch (IOException e)
		{
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		return str;
	}

}