Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

public class Main
{
	PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
	BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
    StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer("");
    String next() throws IOException {
        if (!tok.hasMoreTokens()) { tok = new StringTokenizer(in.readLine()); }
        return tok.nextToken();
    }
    int ni() throws IOException { return Integer.parseInt(next()); }
    long nl() throws IOException { return Long.parseLong(next()); }
    
    long mod=1000000007;
    
    void solve() throws IOException {
        for (int tc=1;tc>0;tc--) {
            int n=ni(),q=ni(),k=ni();
            int[]A=new int[n+1];
            for (int i=1;i<=n;i++) A[i]=ni();
            long[]SU=new long[n+1];
            long[]SD=new long[n+1];
            for (int i=1;i<n;i++) SU[i]=SU[i-1]+A[i+1]-A[i]-1;
            for (int i=2;i<=n;i++) SD[i]=SD[i-1]+A[i]-A[i-1]-1;
            
            for (int i=0;i<q;i++) {
                int u=ni(),v=ni();
                if (u==v) out.println(k-1);
                else {
                    long ans=k-A[v];
                    ans+=A[u]-1;
                    ans+=SU[v-1]-SU[u-1];
                    ans+=SD[v]-SD[u];
                    out.println(ans);
                }
            }
        }
        out.flush();
    }
    
    int gcd(int a,int b) { return(b==0?a:gcd(b,a%b)); }
    long gcd(long a,long b) { return(b==0?a:gcd(b,a%b)); }
    long mp(long a,long p) { long r=1; while(p>0) { if ((p&1)==1) r=(r*a)%mod; p>>=1; a=(a*a)%mod; } return r; }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        new Main().solve();
    }
}