Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Contest701B
{
	static class InputReader {
		BufferedReader reader;
		StringTokenizer tokenizer;
		public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
			reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream), 32768);
			tokenizer = null;
		}
		String next() { // reads in the next string
			while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
				try {
					tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
				} catch (IOException e) {
					throw new RuntimeException(e);
				}
			}
			return tokenizer.nextToken();
		}
		public int nextInt() { // reads in the next int
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}
		public long nextLong() { // reads in the next long
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}
		public double nextDouble() { // reads in the next double
			return Double.parseDouble(next());
			}
		}
	static InputReader r = new InputReader(System.in);
	static PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
			int n = r.nextInt();
			int q = r.nextInt();
			int k = r.nextInt();
			int[] a = new int[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
			{
				a[i] = r.nextInt();
			}
			for (int i = 0; i < q; i ++)
			{
				int left = r.nextInt();
				int right = r.nextInt();
				pw.println(a[right-1]+k-a[left-1]-1-2*(right-left+1)+2);
			}
		
		pw.close();
	}
}