Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
import java.io.BufferedReader; 
import java.io.IOException; 
import java.io.InputStreamReader; 
import java.util.Scanner; 
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.util.*;
public class cf1{
   static class FastReader 
    { 
        BufferedReader br; 
        StringTokenizer st; 
 
        public FastReader() 
        { 
            br = new BufferedReader(new
                     InputStreamReader(System.in)); 
        } 
 
        String next() 
        { 
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) 
            { 
                try
                { 
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine()); 
                } 
                catch (IOException  e) 
                { 
                    e.printStackTrace(); 
                } 
            } 
            return st.nextToken(); 
        } 
 
        int nextInt() 
        { 
            return Integer.parseInt(next()); 
        } 
 
        long nextLong() 
        { 
            return Long.parseLong(next()); 
        } 
 
        double nextDouble() 
        { 
            return Double.parseDouble(next()); 
        } 
 
        String nextLine() 
        { 
            String str = ""; 
            try
            { 
                str = br.readLine(); 
            } 
            catch (IOException e) 
            { 
                e.printStackTrace(); 
            } 
            return str; 
        } 
    } 
    public static void main(String args[]){
        FastReader sc=new FastReader();
        int n=sc.nextInt();
        int q=sc.nextInt();
        int k=sc.nextInt();
        StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder();
        int ar[]=new int[n+1];
        for(int i=1;i<n+1;i++){ar[i]=sc.nextInt();}
        int y[]=new int[n+1];
        long z[]=new long[n+1];
        for(int i=1;i<n;i++){
         y[i]=ar[i+1]-ar[i-1]-2;
        }
        for(int i=1;i<n+1;i++){z[i]=y[i]+z[i-1];}
        
        while(q-->0){
         int l=sc.nextInt();
         int r=sc.nextInt();
         long ans=0;
         if(l==r){
            ans=k-1;
            }
          else{
              ans=z[r]-y[r]-y[l]-z[l-1];
              ans+=ar[l+1]-2;
              ans+=k-ar[r-1]-1;
            }  
            sb.append(ans);
            sb.append("\n");
        }
        System.out.println(sb.toString());
   }
}