Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
 ######      ###      #######    #######    ##      #     #####        ###     ##### 
 #     #    #   #          #        #       # #     #    #     #      #   #     ###  
 #     #   #     #        #         #       #  #    #   #       #    #     #    ###  
 ######   #########      #          #       #   #   #   #           #########    #   
 ######   #########     #           #       #    #  #   #           #########    #   
 #     #  #       #    #            #       #     # #   #    ####   #       #    #   
 #     #  #       #   #             #       #      ##   #    #  #   #       #        
 ######   #       #  #######     #######    #       #    #####  #   #       #    #   

# from __future__ import print_function # for PyPy2
from collections import Counter, OrderedDict
from itertools import permutations as perm
from fractions import Fraction
from collections import deque
from sys import stdin
from bisect import *
from heapq import *
from math import *

g   = lambda : stdin.readline().strip()
gl  = lambda : g().split()
gil = lambda : [int(var) for var in gl()]
gfl = lambda : [float(var) for var in gl()]
gcl = lambda : list(g())
gbs = lambda : [int(var) for var in g()]
mod = int(1e9)+7
inf = float("inf")                      

n, q, k = gil()
a = gil()+[k+1]
ans = []
for i in range(n):
	prev = a[i-1] if i else 0
	ans.append(a[i+1]-prev-1)

# print(ans)

pre = ans[:]

for i in range(1, n):
	pre[i] += pre[i-1]


for _ in range(q):
	l, r = gil()
	l -= 1
	r -= 1
	if l == r:
		print(k-1)
	else:
		v = pre[r]
		if l:
			v -= pre[l-1]

		if l:
			v += a[l-1]

		if r+1 < n:
			v += k-a[r+1]+1

		v -= (r-l+1)
		print(v)


