Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
//_________________________________________________________________
public class Main {



    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        File file = new File("input.txt");
        FastScanner sc = new FastScanner();
//                Scanner sc= new Scanner(file);
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
//        int t=sc.nextInt();
//        outer:while (t-->=1){
            int n=sc.nextInt(),q=sc.nextInt(),k=sc.nextInt();
            int a[]=sc.readArray(n);
            int fre[]= new int[n];
            if(n>1)fre[0]=Math.min(k,a[1]-1)-1;
        for (int i=1;i<n-1;i++){
            fre[i]=(a[i+1]-a[i-1]-2);
        }
        if(n>1)fre[n-1]=(k-a[n-2]-1);
        for (int i=1;i<n;i++){
            fre[i]=(fre[i]+fre[i-1]);
        }
        outer:while (q-->=1){
                int l=sc.nextInt(),r=sc.nextInt();
                if (l==r){
                    System.out.println(k-1);
                    continue outer;
                }
                l--;
                r--;
                int sum=0;
                sum+=a[l+1]-2;
                sum+=(k-a[r-1]-1);
                l++;
                r--;
                if (r>=l)sum+=(fre[r]-fre[l-1]);
                System.out.println(sum);
            }
        out.flush();
    }
    //------------------------------------if-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    static void sort(int[] a) {
        ArrayList<Integer> l = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i : a) l.add(i);
        Collections.sort(l);
        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i] = l.get(i);
    }
    static String sortString(String s) {
        char temp[] = s.toCharArray();
        Arrays.sort(temp);
        return new String(temp);
    }
    static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair> {
        long a;
        int b;

        public Pair(long a, int b) {
            this.a = a;
            this.b = b;
        }
        //        to sort first part
        public int compareTo(Pair other) {
            if (this.a == other.a) return other.b > this.b ? -1 : 1;
            else if (this.a < other.a) return 1;
            else return -1;
        }
//        public int compareTo(Pair other) {
//            if (this.b == other.b) return 0;
//            if (this.b < other.b) return 1;
//            else return -1;
//        }
        //sort on the basis of first part only
//        public int compareTo(Pair other) {
//            if (this.a == other.a) return 0;
//            else if (this.a > other.a) return 1;
//            else return -1;
//        }

    }
    static int[] frequency(String s){
        int fre[]= new int[26];
        for (int i=0;i<s.length();i++){
            fre[s.charAt(i)-'a']++;
        }
        return fre;
    }
    static int mod =(int)1e9;
    static long mod(long x) {
        return ((x % mod + mod) % mod);
    }
    static long add(long x, long y) {
        return mod(mod(x) + mod(y));
    }
    static long mul(long x, long y) {
        return mod(mod(x) * mod(y));
    }
    static int[] find(int n, int start, int diff) {
        int a[] = new int[n];
        a[0] = start;
        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) a[i] = a[i - 1] + diff;
        return a;
    }
    static void swap(int a, int b) {
        int c = a;
        a = b;
        b = c;
    }
    static void printArray(int a[]) {
        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
            System.out.print(a[i] + " ");
        }
    }
    static boolean sorted(int a[]) {
        int n = a.length;
        boolean flag = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
            if (a[i] > a[i + 1]) flag = false;
        }
        if (flag) return true;
        else return false;
    }
    public static int findlog(long n) {
        if (n == 0)
            return 0;

        if (n == 1)
            return 0;
        if (n == 2)
            return 1;
        double num = Math.log(n);
        double den = Math.log(2);
        if (den == 0)
            return 0;
        return (int) (num / den);
    }
    public static long gcd(long a, long b) {
        if (b % a == 0)
            return a;
        return gcd(b % a, a);
    }
    public static int gcdInt(int a, int b) {

        if (b % a == 0)
            return a;

        return gcdInt(b % a, a);

    }
    static void sortReverse(int[] a) {
        ArrayList<Integer> l = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i : a) l.add(i);
        //        Collections.sort.(l);
        Collections.sort(l, Collections.reverseOrder());
        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i] = l.get(i);
    }
    static class FastScanner {
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("");

        String next() {
            while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        int[] readArray(int n) {
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = nextInt();
            return a;
        }

        long[] readArrayLong(long n) {
            long[] a = new long[(int) n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = nextLong();
            return a;
        }

        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
    }
}