Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
/*******************************************************************************
 * author  : dante1
 * created : 12/02/2021 20:20
 *******************************************************************************/
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
// import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.*;

public class b {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int T = 1;
    TEST:
        while (T-- > 0) {
            int n = in.nextInt(), q = in.nextInt(), k = in.nextInt();
            int[] a = in.readIntArray(n);
            while (q-- > 0) {
                int l = in.nextInt()-1, r = in.nextInt()-1;
                if (a[r] > k) {
                    out.println(0);
                    continue;
                }
                long cnt = k + a[r]-a[l]-(2*(r-l+1)-1);
                out.println(cnt);
            }
        }
        out.flush();
    }

    // Handle I/O
    static int MOD = (int) (1e9 + 7);
    static FastScanner in = new FastScanner();
    static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedOutputStream(System.out));
    static class FastScanner {
        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;
        public FastScanner() {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
            st = null;
        }

        String next() {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens()) {
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        int[] readIntArray(int size) {
            int[] arr = new int[size];
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                arr[i] = nextInt();
            }
            return arr;
        }

        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        long[] readLongArray(int size) {
            long[] arr = new long[size];
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                arr[i] = nextLong();
            }
            return arr;
        }

        double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        double[] readDoubleArray(int size) {
            double[] arr = new double[size];
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                arr[i] = nextDouble();
            }
            return arr;
        }
    }
}
