Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
''' ===============================
    -- @uthor : Kaleab Asfaw
    -- Handle : kaleabasfaw2010
    -- Bio    : High-School Student
    ==============================='''

# Fast IO
import sys
import os
from io import BytesIO, IOBase
BUFSIZE = 8192
class FastIO(IOBase):
    newlines = 0
    def __init__(self, file): self._fd = file.fileno(); self.buffer = BytesIO(); self.writable = "x" in file.mode or "r" not in file.mode; self.write = self.buffer.write if self.writable else None
    def read(self):
        while True:
            b = os.read(self._fd, max(os.fstat(self._fd).st_size, BUFSIZE))
            if not b: break
            ptr = self.buffer.tell(); self.buffer.seek(0, 2), self.buffer.write(b), self.buffer.seek(ptr)
        self.newlines = 0; return self.buffer.read()
    def readline(self):
        while self.newlines == 0:
            b = os.read(self._fd, max(os.fstat(self._fd).st_size, BUFSIZE)); self.newlines = b.count(b"\n") + (not b); ptr = self.buffer.tell(); self.buffer.seek(0, 2), self.buffer.write(b), self.buffer.seek(ptr)
        self.newlines -= 1; return self.buffer.readline()
    def flush(self):
        if self.writable: os.write(self._fd, self.buffer.getvalue()); self.buffer.truncate(0), self.buffer.seek(0)
class IOWrapper(IOBase):
    def __init__(self, file): self.buffer = FastIO(file); self.flush = self.buffer.flush; self.writable = self.buffer.writable; self.write = lambda s: self.buffer.write(s.encode("ascii")); self.read = lambda: self.buffer.read().decode("ascii"); self.readline = lambda: self.buffer.readline().decode("ascii")
sys.stdin, sys.stdout = IOWrapper(sys.stdin), IOWrapper(sys.stdout); input = lambda: sys.stdin.readline().rstrip("\r\n")
# Others
# from math import floor, ceil, gcd
# from decimal import Decimal as d
mod = 10**9+7
def lcm(x, y): return (x * y) / (gcd(x, y))
def fact(x, mod=mod):
    ans = 1
    for i in range(1, x+1): ans = (ans * i) % mod
    return ans
def arr2D(n, m, default=0): return [[default for j in range(m)] for i in range(n)]
def arr3D(n, m, r, default=0): return [[[default for k in range(r)] for j in range(m)] for i in range(n)]
def sortDictV(x): return {k: v for k, v in sorted(x.items(), key = lambda item : item[1])}
class DSU:
    def __init__(self, length): self.length = length; self.parent = [-1] * self.length  # O(log(n))
    def getParent(self, node, start):  # O(log(n))
        if node >= self.length: return False
        if self.parent[node] < 0:
            if start != node: self.parent[start] = node
            return node
        return self.getParent(self.parent[node], start)
    def union(self, node1, node2):  # O(log(n))
        parent1 = self.getParent(node1, node1); parent2 = self.getParent(node2, node2)
        if parent1 == parent2: return False
        elif self.parent[parent1] <= self.parent[parent2]: self.parent[parent1] += self.parent[parent2]; self.parent[parent2] = parent1
        else: self.parent[parent2] += self.parent[parent1]; self.parent[parent1] = parent2
        return True
    def getCount(self, node):  return -self.parent[self.getParent(node, node)] # O(log(n))

def exact(num):
    if abs(num - round(num)) <= 10**(-9):return round(num)
    return num

def solve(n, m, k, lst, q):
    lst1 = []
    # if lst[0] >= 2:
    #     lst = [0] + lst
    # if lst[-1] < k:
    #     lst.append(k+1)
    lst = [0] + lst + [k+1]
    for i in range(1, len(lst)-1):
        lst1.append((lst[i] - lst[i-1]) + (lst[i+1] - lst[i]) - 2)
    
    # print(lst1)

    pre =[lst1[0]]

    for i in lst1[1:]:
        pre.append(pre[-1] + i)
    # print(pre)

    lst = lst[1:-1]
    for i in q:
        if i[0] == i[1]:
            print(k-1)
        else:
            # print(i, lst[i[0]-1] - 1,k - lst[i[1]-1], pre  )
            val = (lst[i[0]-1] - 1) + (k - lst[i[1]-1]) + (lst[i[0]] - lst[i[0]-1]) + (lst[i[1]-1] - lst[i[1]-2]) - 2
            # print(val, pre[i[1]-1],  pre[i[0]-1], end=" ")
            # print(val, end=" ")
            if i[1] - i[0] > 1:
                val += pre[i[1]-2] - pre[i[0]-1]
            print(val)
n, m, k = list(map(int, input().split()))
lst = list(map(int, input().split()))
q = []
for i in range(m):
    q.append(list(map(int, input().split())))
solve(n, m, k, lst, q)