Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
//package codeforces;
import java.util.*;
public class solution {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		//System.out.println(2&4);
		Scanner s=new Scanner(System.in);
		int t=1;
		for(int tt=0;tt<t;tt++) {
			int n=s.nextInt(),q=s.nextInt(),k=s.nextInt();
			int a[]=new int[n];
			for(int i=0;i<n;i++) {
				a[i]=s.nextInt();
			}
			for(int i=0;i<q;i++) {
				//long ans=0;
				int l=s.nextInt()-1;
				int r=s.nextInt()-1;
				System.out.println(k+a[r]-a[l]+1 -2*(r-l+1));
				//System.out.println(ans);
			}
			
		}
		s.close();
	}

	static void sort(int[] a) {
		ArrayList<Integer> l=new ArrayList<>();
		for (int i:a) l.add(i);
		Collections.sort(l);
		for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) a[i]=l.get(i);
	}
	
}

