Given a positive integer k, two arrays are called k-similar if:

  * they are strictly increasing; 
  * they have the same length; 
  * all their elements are positive integers between 1 and k (inclusive); 
  * they differ in exactly one position. 



You are given an integer k, a strictly increasing array a and q queries. For each query, you are given two integers l_i ≤ r_i. Your task is to find how many arrays b exist, such that b is k-similar to array [a_{l_i},a_{l_i+1}…,a_{r_i}]. 

Input

The first line contains three integers n, q and k (1≤ n, q ≤ 10^5, n≤ k ≤ 10^9) — the length of array a, the number of queries and number k.

The second line contains n integers a_1, a_2, …,a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ k). This array is strictly increasing — a_1 < a_2 < … < a_n.

Each of the following q lines contains two integers l_i, r_i (1 ≤ l_i ≤ r_i ≤ n).

Output

Print q lines. The i-th of them should contain the answer to the i-th query.

Examples

Input


4 2 5
1 2 4 5
2 3
3 4


Output


4
3


Input


6 5 10
2 4 6 7 8 9
1 4
1 2
3 5
1 6
5 5


Output


8
9
7
6
9

Note

In the first example:

In the first query there are 4 arrays that are 5-similar to [2,4]: [1,4],[3,4],[2,3],[2,5].

In the second query there are 3 arrays that are 5-similar to [4,5]: [1,5],[2,5],[3,5].
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class codeforces701_B {
    private static void solve(FastIOAdapter ioAdapter) {
        int n = ioAdapter.nextInt();
        int q = ioAdapter.nextInt();
        int k = ioAdapter.nextInt();
        int[] a = ioAdapter.readArray(n);

        for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) {
            int l = ioAdapter.nextInt();
            int r = ioAdapter.nextInt();
            l--;
            r--;
            int z1 = a[l] - 1 + (k - a[r]);
            int z2 = a[r] - a[l] - (r - l);
            ioAdapter.out.println(z1 + z2 * 2);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        try (FastIOAdapter ioAdapter = new FastIOAdapter()) {
            int count = 1;
            //count = ioAdapter.nextInt();
            while (count-- > 0) {
                solve(ioAdapter);
            }
        }
    }

    static class FastIOAdapter implements AutoCloseable {
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        public PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter((System.out))));
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("");

        String next() {
            while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        int[] readArray(int n) {
            int[] a = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = nextInt();
            return a;
        }

        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        @Override
        public void close() throws Exception {
            out.flush();
            out.close();
            br.close();
        }
    }
}