Let's call an undirected graph of n vertices p-interesting, if the following conditions fulfill: 

  * the graph contains exactly 2n + p edges; 
  * the graph doesn't contain self-loops and multiple edges; 
  * for any integer k (1 ≤ k ≤ n), any subgraph consisting of k vertices contains at most 2k + p edges. 



A subgraph of a graph is some set of the graph vertices and some set of the graph edges. At that, the set of edges must meet the condition: both ends of each edge from the set must belong to the chosen set of vertices. 

Your task is to find a p-interesting graph consisting of n vertices.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5) — the number of tests in the input. Next t lines each contains two space-separated integers: n, p (5 ≤ n ≤ 24; p ≥ 0; <image>) — the number of vertices in the graph and the interest value for the appropriate test. 

It is guaranteed that the required graph exists.

Output

For each of the t tests print 2n + p lines containing the description of the edges of a p-interesting graph: the i-th line must contain two space-separated integers ai, bi (1 ≤ ai, bi ≤ n; ai ≠ bi) — two vertices, connected by an edge in the resulting graph. Consider the graph vertices numbered with integers from 1 to n. 

Print the answers to the tests in the order the tests occur in the input. If there are multiple solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

1
6 0


Output

1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
3 4
3 5
3 6
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class SearchingForGraph
{
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
	{
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
		int tc = sc.nextInt();
		
		while(tc-->0)
		{
			int n = sc.nextInt();
			int p = sc.nextInt();
			
			int count = 0;
			boolean bb = true;
			for (int i = 1; bb && i < n; i++)
				for (int j = i+1; j <= n; j++)
				{
					count++;
					System.out.println(i + " " + j);
					if(count == 2*n + p)
					{
						bb = false;
						break;
					}
				}
		}
	}
	
	static class Scanner 
	{
		StringTokenizer st;
		BufferedReader br;

		public Scanner(InputStream s){	br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));}

		public String next() throws IOException 
		{
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens()) 
				st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
			return st.nextToken();
		}

		public int nextInt() throws IOException {return Integer.parseInt(next());}
		
		public long nextLong() throws IOException {return Long.parseLong(next());}

		public String nextLine() throws IOException {return br.readLine();}
		
		public double nextDouble() throws IOException
		{
			String x = next();
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0");
			double res = 0, f = 1;
			boolean dec = false, neg = false;
			int start = 0;
			if(x.charAt(0) == '-')
			{
				neg = true;
				start++;
			}
			for(int i = start; i < x.length(); i++)
				if(x.charAt(i) == '.')
				{
					res = Long.parseLong(sb.toString());
					sb = new StringBuilder("0");
					dec = true;
				}
				else
				{
					sb.append(x.charAt(i));
					if(dec)
						f *= 10;
				}
			res += Long.parseLong(sb.toString()) / f;
			return res * (neg?-1:1);
		}
		
		public boolean ready() throws IOException {return br.ready();}


	}
}
