Let's call an undirected graph of n vertices p-interesting, if the following conditions fulfill: 

  * the graph contains exactly 2n + p edges; 
  * the graph doesn't contain self-loops and multiple edges; 
  * for any integer k (1 ≤ k ≤ n), any subgraph consisting of k vertices contains at most 2k + p edges. 



A subgraph of a graph is some set of the graph vertices and some set of the graph edges. At that, the set of edges must meet the condition: both ends of each edge from the set must belong to the chosen set of vertices. 

Your task is to find a p-interesting graph consisting of n vertices.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5) — the number of tests in the input. Next t lines each contains two space-separated integers: n, p (5 ≤ n ≤ 24; p ≥ 0; <image>) — the number of vertices in the graph and the interest value for the appropriate test. 

It is guaranteed that the required graph exists.

Output

For each of the t tests print 2n + p lines containing the description of the edges of a p-interesting graph: the i-th line must contain two space-separated integers ai, bi (1 ≤ ai, bi ≤ n; ai ≠ bi) — two vertices, connected by an edge in the resulting graph. Consider the graph vertices numbered with integers from 1 to n. 

Print the answers to the tests in the order the tests occur in the input. If there are multiple solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

1
6 0


Output

1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
3 4
3 5
3 6
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.io.InputStream;

/**
 * Built using CHelper plug-in
 * Actual solution is at the top
 * @author Nguyen Trung Hieu - vuondenthanhcong11@yahoo.com
 */
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InputStream inputStream = System.in;
        OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
        InputReader in = new InputReader(inputStream);
        OutputWriter out = new OutputWriter(outputStream);
        TaskC solver = new TaskC();
        solver.solve(1, in, out);
        out.close();
    }
}

class TaskC {
    public void solve(int testNumber, InputReader in, OutputWriter out) {
        int testCase = in.readInt();
        for (int test = 0; test < testCase; test++) {
            int count = in.readInt();
            int p = in.readInt();
            int total = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                for (int j = i + 1; j < count; j++) {
                    out.printLine((i + 1) + " " + (j + 1));
                    total++;
                    if (total == 2 * count + p)
                        break;
                }
                if (total == 2 * count + p)
                    break;
            }
        }
    }
}

class InputReader {
    private InputStream stream;
    private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
    private int curChar;
    private int numChars;
    private SpaceCharFilter filter;

    public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
        this.stream = stream;
    }

    public int read() {
        if (numChars == -1)
            throw new InputMismatchException();
        if (curChar >= numChars) {
            curChar = 0;
            try {
                numChars = stream.read(buf);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            }
            if (numChars <= 0)
                return -1;
        }
        return buf[curChar++];
    }

    public int readInt() {
        int c = read();
        while (isSpaceChar(c))
            c = read();
        int sgn = 1;
        if (c == '-') {
            sgn = -1;
            c = read();
        }
        int res = 0;
        do {
            if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            res *= 10;
            res += c - '0';
            c = read();
        } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
        return res * sgn;
    }

    public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
        if (filter != null)
            return filter.isSpaceChar(c);
        return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
    }

    public interface SpaceCharFilter {
        public boolean isSpaceChar(int ch);
    }

    }

class OutputWriter {
    private final PrintWriter writer;

    public OutputWriter(OutputStream outputStream) {
        writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream)));
    }

    public OutputWriter(Writer writer) {
        this.writer = new PrintWriter(writer);
    }

    public void print(Object...objects) {
        for (int i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) {
            if (i != 0)
                writer.print(' ');
            writer.print(objects[i]);
        }
    }

    public void printLine(Object...objects) {
        print(objects);
        writer.println();
    }

    public void close() {
        writer.close();
    }

}
