Let's call an undirected graph of n vertices p-interesting, if the following conditions fulfill: 

  * the graph contains exactly 2n + p edges; 
  * the graph doesn't contain self-loops and multiple edges; 
  * for any integer k (1 ≤ k ≤ n), any subgraph consisting of k vertices contains at most 2k + p edges. 



A subgraph of a graph is some set of the graph vertices and some set of the graph edges. At that, the set of edges must meet the condition: both ends of each edge from the set must belong to the chosen set of vertices. 

Your task is to find a p-interesting graph consisting of n vertices.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5) — the number of tests in the input. Next t lines each contains two space-separated integers: n, p (5 ≤ n ≤ 24; p ≥ 0; <image>) — the number of vertices in the graph and the interest value for the appropriate test. 

It is guaranteed that the required graph exists.

Output

For each of the t tests print 2n + p lines containing the description of the edges of a p-interesting graph: the i-th line must contain two space-separated integers ai, bi (1 ≤ ai, bi ≤ n; ai ≠ bi) — two vertices, connected by an edge in the resulting graph. Consider the graph vertices numbered with integers from 1 to n. 

Print the answers to the tests in the order the tests occur in the input. If there are multiple solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

1
6 0


Output

1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
3 4
3 5
3 6
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
template <class c>
struct rge {
  c b, e;
};
template <class c>
rge<c> range(c i, c j) {
  return rge<c>{i, j};
}
template <class c>
auto dud(c* x) -> decltype(cerr << *x, 0);
template <class c>
char dud(...);
struct debug {
  ~debug() { cerr << endl; }
  template <class c>
  typename enable_if<sizeof dud<c>(0) != 1, debug&>::type operator<<(c i) {
    cerr << boolalpha << i;
    return *this;
  }
  template <class c>
  typename enable_if<sizeof dud<c>(0) == 1, debug&>::type operator<<(c i) {
    return *this << range(begin(i), end(i));
  }
  template <class c, class b>
  debug& operator<<(pair<b, c> d) {
    return *this << "(" << d.first << ", " << d.second << ")";
  }
  template <class c>
  debug& operator<<(rge<c> d) {
    *this << "[";
    for (auto it = d.b; it != d.e; ++it) *this << ", " + 2 * (it == d.b) << *it;
    return *this << "]";
  }
};
using ll = long long int;
using ld = long double;
using vi = vector<int>;
using vvi = vector<vi>;
using vll = vector<ll>;
using mii = map<int, int>;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
const int inf = 1e9;
const int N = 100005;
const ld eps = 1e-9;
const ll mod = (ll)1e9 + 7;
const ll mod2 = (ll)998244353;
void test() {
  int n, p;
  cin >> n >> p;
  int cnt = 0, f = 0;
  for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
    for (int j = i + 1; j <= n; j++) {
      cout << i << ' ' << j << '\n';
      cnt += 1;
      if (cnt == 2 * n + p) {
        f = 1;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (f) break;
  }
}
int32_t main() {
  ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(NULL), cout.tie(NULL);
  int tt = 1;
  cin >> tt;
  while (tt--) {
    test();
  }
  return 0;
}
