Let's call an undirected graph of n vertices p-interesting, if the following conditions fulfill: 

  * the graph contains exactly 2n + p edges; 
  * the graph doesn't contain self-loops and multiple edges; 
  * for any integer k (1 ≤ k ≤ n), any subgraph consisting of k vertices contains at most 2k + p edges. 



A subgraph of a graph is some set of the graph vertices and some set of the graph edges. At that, the set of edges must meet the condition: both ends of each edge from the set must belong to the chosen set of vertices. 

Your task is to find a p-interesting graph consisting of n vertices.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5) — the number of tests in the input. Next t lines each contains two space-separated integers: n, p (5 ≤ n ≤ 24; p ≥ 0; <image>) — the number of vertices in the graph and the interest value for the appropriate test. 

It is guaranteed that the required graph exists.

Output

For each of the t tests print 2n + p lines containing the description of the edges of a p-interesting graph: the i-th line must contain two space-separated integers ai, bi (1 ≤ ai, bi ≤ n; ai ≠ bi) — two vertices, connected by an edge in the resulting graph. Consider the graph vertices numbered with integers from 1 to n. 

Print the answers to the tests in the order the tests occur in the input. If there are multiple solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

1
6 0


Output

1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
3 4
3 5
3 6
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Main {
    
    private static void solve(InputReader in, OutputWriter out) {
        int t = in.nextInt();
        for (int i = 0; i < t; i++) {
            int n = in.nextInt();
            int p = in.nextInt();

            List<List<Integer>> g = new ArrayList<>(n + 1);
            for (int j = 0; j < n + 1; j++) {
                g.add(new LinkedList<>());
            }

            int edgesPerNode = (2 * n + p) / n, rem = (2 * n + p) % n;
            for (int nodeFrom = 1; nodeFrom <= n; nodeFrom++) {
                int nodeTo = nodeFrom;

                for (int j = 0; j < edgesPerNode; j++) {
                    nodeTo = (nodeTo == n) ? 1 : (nodeTo + 1);
                    g.get(nodeFrom).add(nodeTo);
                }

                if (rem > 0) {
                    rem--;
                    nodeTo = (nodeTo == n) ? 1 : (nodeTo + 1);
                    g.get(nodeFrom).add(nodeTo);
                }
            }

            for (int j = 1; j <= n; j++) {
                List<Integer> dst = g.get(j);
                for (int nodeTo : dst) {
                    out.println(j + " " + nodeTo);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private static void shuffleArray(int[] array) {
        int index;
        Random random = new Random();
        for (int i = array.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
            index = random.nextInt(i + 1);
            if (index != i) {
                array[index] ^= array[i];
                array[i] ^= array[index];
                array[index] ^= array[i];
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InputReader in = new InputReader(System.in);
        OutputWriter out = new OutputWriter(System.out);
        solve(in, out);
        in.close();
        out.close();
    }

    private static class InputReader {
        private BufferedReader br;
        private StringTokenizer st;

        InputReader(InputStream is) {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
            st = null;
        }

        String nextLine() {
            String line = null;
            try {
                line = br.readLine();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return line;
        }

        String next() {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens()) {
                String line = nextLine();
                if (line == null) return null;
                st = new StringTokenizer(line);
            }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        byte nextByte() {
            return Byte.parseByte(next());
        }

        short nextShort() {
            return Short.parseShort(next());
        }

        int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        void close() {
            try {
                br.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

    private static class OutputWriter {
        BufferedWriter bw;

        OutputWriter(OutputStream os) {
            bw = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(os));
        }

        void print(int i) {
            print(Integer.toString(i));
        }

        void println(int i) {
            println(Integer.toString(i));
        }

        void print(long l) {
            print(Long.toString(l));
        }

        void println(long l) {
            println(Long.toString(l));
        }

        void print(double d) {
            print(Double.toString(d));
        }

        void println(double d) {
            println(Double.toString(d));
        }

        void print(boolean b) {
            print(Boolean.toString(b));
        }

        void println(boolean b) {
            println(Boolean.toString(b));
        }

        void print(char c) {
            try {
                bw.write(c);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        void println(char c) {
            println(Character.toString(c));
        }

        void print(String s) {
            try {
                bw.write(s);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        void println(String s) {
            print(s);
            print('\n');
        }

        void close() {
            try {
                bw.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}
