Let's call an undirected graph of n vertices p-interesting, if the following conditions fulfill: 

  * the graph contains exactly 2n + p edges; 
  * the graph doesn't contain self-loops and multiple edges; 
  * for any integer k (1 ≤ k ≤ n), any subgraph consisting of k vertices contains at most 2k + p edges. 



A subgraph of a graph is some set of the graph vertices and some set of the graph edges. At that, the set of edges must meet the condition: both ends of each edge from the set must belong to the chosen set of vertices. 

Your task is to find a p-interesting graph consisting of n vertices.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5) — the number of tests in the input. Next t lines each contains two space-separated integers: n, p (5 ≤ n ≤ 24; p ≥ 0; <image>) — the number of vertices in the graph and the interest value for the appropriate test. 

It is guaranteed that the required graph exists.

Output

For each of the t tests print 2n + p lines containing the description of the edges of a p-interesting graph: the i-th line must contain two space-separated integers ai, bi (1 ≤ ai, bi ≤ n; ai ≠ bi) — two vertices, connected by an edge in the resulting graph. Consider the graph vertices numbered with integers from 1 to n. 

Print the answers to the tests in the order the tests occur in the input. If there are multiple solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

1
6 0


Output

1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
3 4
3 5
3 6
import static java.lang.Math.*;
import static java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis;
import static java.lang.System.exit;
import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;
import static java.util.Arrays.sort;
import static java.util.Arrays.binarySearch;
import static java.util.Arrays.fill;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        new Main().run();       
    }

    BufferedReader in;
    PrintWriter out;
    StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("");

    private void run() throws IOException {
        if (new File("input.txt").exists())
            in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt"));
        else
            in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        solve();
        in.close();
        out.close();
    }
    
    
    private void solve() throws IOException {
        
        int T = nextInt();
        for (int t = 0; t < T; t++) {
            int n = nextInt();
            int p = nextInt();
            boolean a[][] = new boolean[n][n];
            int k = 1;
            while ((k * (k - 1) / 2) < k * 2 + p) {
                for (int i = 0; i < k - 1; i++)
                    a[i][k - 1] = true;
                k++;
            }
            if (k <= n) {
                int m = k * 2 + p - ((k - 1) * (k - 2) / 2);
                for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
                    a[i][k - 1] = true;
                k++;
            }
            for (int j = k; j <= n; j++) {
                for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
                    a[i][j - 1] = true;
            }
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
                    if (a[i][j])
                        out.println((i + 1) + " " + (j + 1));
        }
        
    }
    
    void chk(boolean b) {
        if (b)
            return;
        System.out.println(new Error().getStackTrace()[1]);
        exit(999);
    }
    void deb(String fmt, Object... args) {
        System.out.printf(Locale.US, fmt + "%n", args);
    }
    String nextToken() throws IOException {
        while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
            st = new StringTokenizer(in.readLine());
        return st.nextToken();
    }
    int nextInt() throws IOException {
        return Integer.parseInt(nextToken());
    }
    long nextLong() throws IOException {
        return Long.parseLong(nextToken());
    }
    double nextDouble() throws IOException {
        return Double.parseDouble(nextToken());
    }
    String nextLine() throws IOException {
        st = new StringTokenizer("");
        return in.readLine();
    }
    boolean EOF() throws IOException {
        while (!st.hasMoreTokens()) {
            String s = in.readLine();
            if (s == null)
                return true;
            st = new StringTokenizer(s);
        }
        return false;
    }
}
