Let's call an undirected graph of n vertices p-interesting, if the following conditions fulfill: 

  * the graph contains exactly 2n + p edges; 
  * the graph doesn't contain self-loops and multiple edges; 
  * for any integer k (1 ≤ k ≤ n), any subgraph consisting of k vertices contains at most 2k + p edges. 



A subgraph of a graph is some set of the graph vertices and some set of the graph edges. At that, the set of edges must meet the condition: both ends of each edge from the set must belong to the chosen set of vertices. 

Your task is to find a p-interesting graph consisting of n vertices.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5) — the number of tests in the input. Next t lines each contains two space-separated integers: n, p (5 ≤ n ≤ 24; p ≥ 0; <image>) — the number of vertices in the graph and the interest value for the appropriate test. 

It is guaranteed that the required graph exists.

Output

For each of the t tests print 2n + p lines containing the description of the edges of a p-interesting graph: the i-th line must contain two space-separated integers ai, bi (1 ≤ ai, bi ≤ n; ai ≠ bi) — two vertices, connected by an edge in the resulting graph. Consider the graph vertices numbered with integers from 1 to n. 

Print the answers to the tests in the order the tests occur in the input. If there are multiple solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

1
6 0


Output

1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
3 4
3 5
3 6
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;

public class Main {

    InputReader ir = new InputReader(System.in);
    PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
    final long kmod = 993960000099397l;

    void solve() {
        int t = ir.readInt();
        while(t-- > 0) {
            int n = ir.readInt();
            int p = ir.readInt();
            int total = 2*n + p;
            int cnt = 0;
            boolean f = false;
            for(int i = 1; i < n && !f; i++) {
                for(int j = i + 1; j <= n && !f; j++){
                    out.println(i + " " + j);
                    if(++cnt == total) {
                        f = true;
                        break;
                    }
                        
                }
            }
        }
    }

    void run() {
        solve();
        out.close();
    }
    public static void main(String args[]){
        new Main().run();
    }
}

class InputReader {
 
    private InputStream stream;
    private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
    private int curChar;
    private int numChars;
    private SpaceCharFilter filter;
 
    public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
        this.stream = stream;
    }
 
    public int read() {
        if (numChars == -1)
            throw new InputMismatchException();
        if (curChar >= numChars) {
            curChar = 0;
            try {
                numChars = stream.read(buf);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            }
            if (numChars <= 0)
                return -1;
        }
        return buf[curChar++];
    }
    public final int readInt() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            int res = 0;
            do {
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res * sgn;
    }
    public long readLong() {
        int c = read();
        while (isSpaceChar(c))
            c = read();
        int sgn = 1;
        if (c == '-') {
            sgn = -1;
            c = read();
        }
        long res = 0;
        do {
            if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            res *= 10;
            res += c - '0';
            c = read();
        } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
        return res * sgn;
    }
 
    public String readString() {
        int c = read();
        while (isSpaceChar(c))
            c = read();
        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
        do {
            res.appendCodePoint(c);
            c = read();
        } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
        return res.toString();
    }
 
    public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
        if (filter != null)
            return filter.isSpaceChar(c);
        return isWhitespace(c);
    }
        public double readDouble() {
        return Double.parseDouble(readString());
    }
 
    public static boolean isWhitespace(int c) {
        return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
    }
 
    public String next() {
        return readString();
    }
 
    public interface SpaceCharFilter {
        public boolean isSpaceChar(int ch);
    }
}