Let's call an undirected graph of n vertices p-interesting, if the following conditions fulfill: 

  * the graph contains exactly 2n + p edges; 
  * the graph doesn't contain self-loops and multiple edges; 
  * for any integer k (1 ≤ k ≤ n), any subgraph consisting of k vertices contains at most 2k + p edges. 



A subgraph of a graph is some set of the graph vertices and some set of the graph edges. At that, the set of edges must meet the condition: both ends of each edge from the set must belong to the chosen set of vertices. 

Your task is to find a p-interesting graph consisting of n vertices.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5) — the number of tests in the input. Next t lines each contains two space-separated integers: n, p (5 ≤ n ≤ 24; p ≥ 0; <image>) — the number of vertices in the graph and the interest value for the appropriate test. 

It is guaranteed that the required graph exists.

Output

For each of the t tests print 2n + p lines containing the description of the edges of a p-interesting graph: the i-th line must contain two space-separated integers ai, bi (1 ≤ ai, bi ≤ n; ai ≠ bi) — two vertices, connected by an edge in the resulting graph. Consider the graph vertices numbered with integers from 1 to n. 

Print the answers to the tests in the order the tests occur in the input. If there are multiple solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

1
6 0


Output

1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
3 4
3 5
3 6
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;

public class Main {

	static class FastScanner {
		BufferedReader s;
		StringTokenizer st;

		public FastScanner(InputStream InputStream) {
			st = new StringTokenizer("");
			s = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(InputStream));
		}

		public FastScanner(File f) throws FileNotFoundException {
			st = new StringTokenizer("");
			s = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(f));
		}

		public int nextInt() throws IOException {
			if (st.hasMoreTokens())
				return Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
			else {
				st = new StringTokenizer(s.readLine());
				return nextInt();
			}
		}

		public BigInteger big() throws IOException {
			if (st.hasMoreTokens())
				return new BigInteger(st.nextToken());
			else {
				st = new StringTokenizer(s.readLine());
				return big();
			}
		}

		public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
			if (st.hasMoreTokens())
				return Double.parseDouble(st.nextToken());
			else {
				st = new StringTokenizer(s.readLine());
				return nextDouble();
			}
		}

		public long nextLong() throws IOException {
			if (st.hasMoreTokens())
				return Long.parseLong(st.nextToken());
			else {
				st = new StringTokenizer(s.readLine());
				return nextLong();
			}
		}

		public String next() throws IOException {
			if (st.hasMoreTokens())
				return st.nextToken();
			else {
				st = new StringTokenizer(s.readLine());
				return next();
			}

		}

		public String nextLine() throws IOException {
			return s.readLine();
		}

		public void close() throws IOException {
			s.close();
		}

	}

	public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception {
		FastScanner in = new FastScanner(System.in);
		int test = in.nextInt();
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("");
		while(test-- > 0) {
			int n = in.nextInt(), p = in.nextInt();
			int val = 2 *n + p;
			boolean flag = false;
			for(int x = 1; x < n; x++) {
				for(int y = x + 1; y <= n; y++) {
					sb.append(x + " " + y + "\n");
					if(--val == 0) {
						flag = true;
						break;
					}
				}
				if(flag)
					break;
			}
		}
		System.out.println(sb);
	}
	
}