Let's call an undirected graph of n vertices p-interesting, if the following conditions fulfill: 

  * the graph contains exactly 2n + p edges; 
  * the graph doesn't contain self-loops and multiple edges; 
  * for any integer k (1 ≤ k ≤ n), any subgraph consisting of k vertices contains at most 2k + p edges. 



A subgraph of a graph is some set of the graph vertices and some set of the graph edges. At that, the set of edges must meet the condition: both ends of each edge from the set must belong to the chosen set of vertices. 

Your task is to find a p-interesting graph consisting of n vertices.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5) — the number of tests in the input. Next t lines each contains two space-separated integers: n, p (5 ≤ n ≤ 24; p ≥ 0; <image>) — the number of vertices in the graph and the interest value for the appropriate test. 

It is guaranteed that the required graph exists.

Output

For each of the t tests print 2n + p lines containing the description of the edges of a p-interesting graph: the i-th line must contain two space-separated integers ai, bi (1 ≤ ai, bi ≤ n; ai ≠ bi) — two vertices, connected by an edge in the resulting graph. Consider the graph vertices numbered with integers from 1 to n. 

Print the answers to the tests in the order the tests occur in the input. If there are multiple solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

1
6 0


Output

1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
3 4
3 5
3 6
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.math.*;
import static java.lang.Integer.*;
import static java.lang.Double.*;
import java.lang.Math.*;

public class searching_for_graph {

	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		new searching_for_graph().run();
	}

	public void run() throws Exception {
		FastIO file = new FastIO();
		int t = file.nextInt();
		while (t-- > 0) {
			int n = file.nextInt();
			int p = file.nextInt();
			int i = 1;
			int j = 1;
			for (int tt = 0; tt < 2 * n + p; tt++) {
				if (i == j) {
					tt--;
					j++;
					if (j == n + 1)
						j = 1;
					if (j == 1) {
						i++;
						j = i + 1;
					}
				} else {
					System.out.println(i + " " + j);
					j++;
					if (j == n + 1)
						j = 1;
					if (j == 1) {
						i++;
						j = i + 1;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		file.out.flush();
	}

	public static class FastIO {
		BufferedReader br;
		StringTokenizer st;
		PrintWriter out;

		public FastIO() {
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
			out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
		}

		String next() {
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
				try {
					st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
				} catch (IOException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			}
			return st.nextToken();
		}

		int nextInt() {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}

		long nextLong() {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}

		double nextDouble() {
			return Double.parseDouble(next());
		}

		String nextLine() {
			String str = "";
			try {
				str = br.readLine();
			} catch (IOException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			return str;
		}

		void print(Object o) {
			out.print(o);
		}

		void println(Object o) {
			out.println(o);
		}

		void printf(String s, Object... o) {
			out.printf(s, o);
		}
	}

	public static long pow(long n, long p, long mod) {
		if (p == 0)
			return 1;
		if (p == 1)
			return n % mod;
		if (p % 2 == 0) {
			long temp = pow(n, p / 2, mod);
			return (temp * temp) % mod;
		} else {
			long temp = pow(n, (p - 1) / 2, mod);
			temp = (temp * temp) % mod;
			return (temp * n) % mod;

		}
	}

	public static long pow(long n, long p) {
		if (p == 0)
			return 1;
		if (p == 1)
			return n;
		if (p % 2 == 0) {
			long temp = pow(n, p / 2);
			return (temp * temp);
		} else {
			long temp = pow(n, (p - 1) / 2);
			temp = (temp * temp);
			return (temp * n);

		}
	}

	public static long gcd(long x, long y) {
		if (x == 0)
			return y;
		else
			return gcd(y % x, x);
	}

	public static boolean isPrime(int n) {
		if (n <= 1)
			return false;
		if (n <= 3)
			return true;

		if (n % 2 == 0 || n % 3 == 0)
			return false;

		for (int i = 5; i * i <= n; i = i + 6)
			if (n % i == 0 || n % (i + 2) == 0)
				return false;

		return true;
	}
}
