Let's call an undirected graph of n vertices p-interesting, if the following conditions fulfill: 

  * the graph contains exactly 2n + p edges; 
  * the graph doesn't contain self-loops and multiple edges; 
  * for any integer k (1 ≤ k ≤ n), any subgraph consisting of k vertices contains at most 2k + p edges. 



A subgraph of a graph is some set of the graph vertices and some set of the graph edges. At that, the set of edges must meet the condition: both ends of each edge from the set must belong to the chosen set of vertices. 

Your task is to find a p-interesting graph consisting of n vertices.

Input

The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5) — the number of tests in the input. Next t lines each contains two space-separated integers: n, p (5 ≤ n ≤ 24; p ≥ 0; <image>) — the number of vertices in the graph and the interest value for the appropriate test. 

It is guaranteed that the required graph exists.

Output

For each of the t tests print 2n + p lines containing the description of the edges of a p-interesting graph: the i-th line must contain two space-separated integers ai, bi (1 ≤ ai, bi ≤ n; ai ≠ bi) — two vertices, connected by an edge in the resulting graph. Consider the graph vertices numbered with integers from 1 to n. 

Print the answers to the tests in the order the tests occur in the input. If there are multiple solutions, you can print any of them.

Examples

Input

1
6 0


Output

1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
2 3
2 4
2 5
2 6
3 4
3 5
3 6
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;
public class Euler {
	
	public static void main(String[] args){
		
		FastReader in = new FastReader();
		PrintWriter o = new PrintWriter(System.out);
		
		int t = in.nextInt();
		
		while (t-- > 0) {
			
			int n = in.nextInt();
			int p = in.nextInt();
			
			int total = 2 * n + p;
			
			for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
				
				for (int j = i + 1; j <= n; j++) {
					
					if (total-- > 0) {
						
						o.println(i + " " + j);
						
					}
					
				}
				
			}
			
			
			
		}
		
		
		
		
		o.flush();
		o.close();
		return;
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
	}
	
	static class FastReader {
		BufferedReader br;
		StringTokenizer st;
 
		public FastReader() {
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		}
 
		String next() {
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
				try {
					st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
				} catch (IOException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			}
			return st.nextToken();
		}
 
		int nextInt() {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}
 
		long nextLong() {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}
 
		double nextDouble() {
			return Double.parseDouble(next());
		}
 
		String nextLine() {
			String str = "";
			try {
				str = br.readLine();
			} catch (IOException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			return str;
		}
	}
 
}
