People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3
/**
 * DA-IICT
 * Author : PARTH PATEL
 */
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;
import java.util.*;

import static java.util.Arrays.fill;
import static java.lang.Math.*;
import static java.util.Arrays.sort;
import static java.util.Collections.sort;


public class C424 
{

	public static long mod = 1000000007;
	public static long INF = (1L << 60);
	static FastScanner2 in = new FastScanner2();
	static OutputWriter out = new OutputWriter(System.out);
	
	public static void main(String[] args) 
	{

		int n=in.nextInt();
		int[] arr=new int[n];
		int answer=0;
		for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
			{
			arr[i]=in.nextInt();
			answer^=arr[i];
			}
		int[] prefixxor=new int[(int) (1e6+1)];
		for(int i=1;i<=1e6;i++)
		{
			prefixxor[i]=prefixxor[i-1]^i;
		}
		for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
		{
			if((n/i)%2==1)
				answer^=prefixxor[i-1];
			answer^=prefixxor[n-((n/i)*i)];
		}
		out.println(answer);
		out.close();

	}
	
	public static long pow(long x, long n) 
	{
		long res = 1;
		for (long p = x; n > 0; n >>= 1, p = (p * p)) 
		{
			if ((n & 1) != 0) 
			{
				res = (res * p);
			}
		}
		return res;
	}
	
	public static long pow(long x, long n, long mod) 
	{
		long res = 1;
		for (long p = x; n > 0; n >>= 1, p = (p * p) % mod) 
		{
			if ((n & 1) != 0) 
			{
				res = (res * p % mod);
			}
		}
		return res;
	}

	public static long gcd(long n1, long n2)
	{
		long r;
		while (n2 != 0) 
		{
			r = n1 % n2;
			n1 = n2;
			n2 = r;
		}
		return n1;
	}

	public static long lcm(long n1, long n2) 
	{
		long answer = (n1 * n2) / (gcd(n1, n2));
		return answer;
	}

	static class FastScanner2 
	{
		private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
		private int curChar;
		private int snumChars;

		public int read() 
		{
			if (snumChars == -1)
				throw new InputMismatchException();
			if (curChar >= snumChars) 
			{
				curChar = 0;
				try 
				{
					snumChars = System.in.read(buf);
				} catch (IOException e) 
				{
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				}
				if (snumChars <= 0)
					return -1;
			}
			return buf[curChar++];
		}

		public String nextLine() 
		{
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
			do 
			{
				res.appendCodePoint(c);
				c = read();
			} 
			while (!isEndOfLine(c));
			return res.toString();
		}

		public String nextString() 
		{
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
			do 
			{
				res.appendCodePoint(c);
				c = read();
			} 
			while (!isSpaceChar(c));
			return res.toString();
		}

		public long nextLong()
		{
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			int sgn = 1;
			if (c == '-') {
				sgn = -1;
				c = read();
			}
			long res = 0;
			do 
			{
				if (c < '0' || c > '9')
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				res *= 10;
				res += c - '0';
				c = read();
			} 
			while (!isSpaceChar(c));
			return res * sgn;
		}

		public int nextInt() 
		{
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			int sgn = 1;
			if (c == '-') {
				sgn = -1;
				c = read();
			}
			int res = 0;
			do 
			{
				if (c < '0' || c > '9')
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				res *= 10;
				res += c - '0';
				c = read();
			} 
			while (!isSpaceChar(c));
			return res * sgn;
		}

		public int[] nextIntArray(int n)
		{
			int[] arr = new int[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
			{
				arr[i] = nextInt();
			}
			return arr;
		}

		public long[] nextLongArray(int n)
		{
			long[] arr = new long[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
			{
				arr[i] = nextLong();
			}
			return arr;
		}

		private boolean isSpaceChar(int c)
		{
			return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
		}

		private boolean isEndOfLine(int c) 
		{
			return c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == -1;
		}
	}

	static class InputReader 
	{
		public BufferedReader reader;
		public StringTokenizer tokenizer;

		public InputReader(InputStream inputstream) 
		{
			reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputstream));
			tokenizer = null;
		}

		public String nextLine() 
		{
			String fullLine = null;
			while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens())
			{
				try 
				{
					fullLine = reader.readLine();
				} catch (IOException e)
				{
					throw new RuntimeException(e);
				}
				return fullLine;
			}
			return fullLine;
		}

		public String next()
		{
			while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) 
			{
				try 
				{
					tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
				} catch (IOException e) 
				{
					throw new RuntimeException(e);
				}
			}
			return tokenizer.nextToken();
		}

		public long nextLong() 
		{
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}

		public int[] nextIntArray(int n) 
		{
			int a[] = new int[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
			{
				a[i] = nextInt();
			}
			return a;
		}

		public long[] nextLongArray(int n)
		{
			long a[] = new long[n];
			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
			{
				a[i] = nextLong();
			}
			return a;
		}

		public int nextInt() 
		{
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}
	}

	static class OutputWriter 
	{
		private final PrintWriter writer;

		public OutputWriter(OutputStream outputStream) 
		{
			writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream)));
		}

		public OutputWriter(Writer writer)
		{
			this.writer = new PrintWriter(writer);
		}

		public void print(Object... objects)
		{
			for (int i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) 
			{
				if (i != 0)
					writer.print(' ');
				writer.print(objects[i]);
			}
		}

		public void println(Object... objects)
		{
			print(objects);
			writer.println();
		}

		public void close() 
		{
			writer.close();
		}

		public void flush() 
		{
			writer.flush();
		}
	}

}