People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException; 
import java.io.InputStreamReader; 
import java.util.Scanner; 
import java.util.StringTokenizer; 
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
public class codeforces 
{ 
   static class Student{
       int x,y;
        Student(int x,int y){
            this.x=x;
            this.y=y;
            //this.z=z;
        }
    }
    static int prime[];
    static void sieveOfEratosthenes(int n) 
    { 
        // Create a boolean array "prime[0..n]" and initialize 
        // all entries it as true. A value in prime[i] will 
        // finally be false if i is Not a prime, else true. 
        int pos=0;
        prime= new int[n+1]; 
        for(int p = 2; p*p <=n; p++) 
        { 
            // If prime[p] is not changed, then it is a prime 
            if(prime[p] == 0)
            { 
                // Update all multiples of p
                prime[p]=p;
                for(int i = p*p; i <= n; i += p)
                    if(prime[i]==0)
                    prime[i] = p; 
            } 
        } 
    }
static    class Sortbyroll implements Comparator<Student> 
{ 
    // Used for sorting in ascending order of 
    // roll number 
    public int compare(Student c, Student b) 
    { 
        return c.x-b.x;
    } 
} 
static class FastReader 
    { 
        BufferedReader br; 
        StringTokenizer st; 
  
        public FastReader() 
        { 
            br = new BufferedReader(new
                     InputStreamReader(System.in)); 
        } 
  
        String next() 
        { 
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) 
            { 
                try
                { 
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine()); 
                } 
                catch (IOException  e) 
                { 
                    e.printStackTrace(); 
                } 
            } 
            return st.nextToken(); 
        } 
  
        int nextInt() 
        { 
            return Integer.parseInt(next()); 
        } 
  
        long nextLong() 
        { 
            return Long.parseLong(next()); 
        } 
  
        double nextDouble() 
        { 
            return Double.parseDouble(next()); 
        } 
  
        String nextLine() 
        { 
            String str = ""; 
            try
            { 
                str = br.readLine(); 
            } 
            catch (IOException e) 
            { 
                e.printStackTrace(); 
            } 
            return str; 
        } 
    } 
 
    static class Edge{
        int a,b;
        Edge(int a,int b){
            this.a=a;
            this.b=b;
        }
    }
    static class Trie{
        HashMap<Character,Trie>map;
         int c;
        Trie(){
            map=new HashMap<>();
            //z=null;
            //o=null;
            c=0;
        }
    }
    //static long ans;
    static int parent[];
    static int rank[];
    static int b[][];
    static int bo[];
    static int ho[];
    static int seg[];
    //static int pos;
   // static long mod=1000000007;
    //static int dp[][];
    static HashMap<Integer,Integer>map;
    static PriorityQueue<Student>q=new PriorityQueue<>();
    //static Stack<Integer>st;
   // static ArrayList<Character>ans;
    static ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>>adj;
    //static long ans;
    static Trie root;
    static long fac[];
    static int gw,gb;
    static long mod=(long)(1000000007);
    //static int ans;
    static void solve()throws IOException{
        FastReader sc=new FastReader();
        int n,i,xor=0,x;
        n=sc.nextInt();
        for(i=0;i<n;i++){
            x=sc.nextInt();
            xor=xor^x;
        }
        int pre[]=new int[n];
        for(i=1;i<=n-1;i++)
            pre[i]=pre[i-1]^i;
        for(i=2;i<n;i++){
            x=n/i;
            x-=1;
            if(x%2!=0)
                xor=xor^pre[i-1];
            if(n%i!=0)
                xor=xor^pre[n%i];
            xor=xor^pre[i-1];
        }
        xor=xor^pre[n-1];
        System.out.println(xor);
    }
    static int tr(int i,int n,int dp[][],int a[],int h,int l,int r,int in){
        if(i>=n)
            return 0;
        if(dp[i][in]!=-1)
            return dp[i][in];
        int mod1,mod2,ans1=0,ans2=0;
        mod1=(a[i]+in)%h;
        if(mod1>=l&&mod1<=r)
            ans1=1+tr(i+1,n,dp,a,h,l,r,mod1);
        else
            ans1=tr(i+1,n,dp,a,h,l,r,mod1);
        mod2=(a[i]+in-1)%h;
        if(mod2>=l&&mod2<=r)
            ans2=1+tr(i+1,n,dp,a,h,l,r,mod2);
        else
            ans2=tr(i+1,n,dp,a,h,l,r,mod2);
        dp[i][in]=Math.max(ans1,ans2);
        return dp[i][in];
    }
    static long nCr(long n, long r, 
                                    long p) 
    { 
        return (fac[(int)n]* modInverse(fac[(int)r], p) 
                % p * modInverse(fac[(int)(n-r)], p) 
                                    % p) % p; 
    } 
    //static int prime[];
    //static int dp[];
    public static void main(String[] args){
        //long sum=0;
        try {
                codeforces.solve();
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
    }
       static long modInverse(long n, long p) 
    { 
        return power(n, p-(long)2,p); 
    } 
 static long power(long x, long y, long p) 
{ 
    long res = 1;      // Initialize result 
  
    x = x % p;  // Update x if it is more than or  
                // equal to p 
  
    while (y > 0) 
    { 
        // If y is odd, multiply x with result 
        if (y %(long)2!=0) 
            res = (res*x) % p; 
  
        // y must be even now 
        y = y>>1; // y = y/2 
        x = (x*x) % p;   
    } 
    return res%p;
 }
    /*public static long power(long x,long a) {
		if(a==0) return 1;
		if(a%2==1)return (x*1L*power(x,a-1))%mod;
		return (power((int)((x*1L*x)%mod),a/2))%mod;
	}*/
   static int find(int x) 
    { 
        // Finds the representative of the set 
        // that x is an element of 
        while(parent[x]!=x) 
        { 
            // if x is not the parent of itself 
            // Then x is not the representative of 
            // his set,
            x=parent[x];
  
            // so we recursively call Find on its parent 
            // and move i's node directly under the 
            // representative of this set 
        } 
  
        return x; 
    }
    static void union(int x, int y) 
    { 
        // Find representatives of two sets 
        int xRoot = find(x), yRoot = find(y); 
  
        // Elements are in the same set, no need 
        // to unite anything. 
        if (xRoot == yRoot) 
            return; 
  
         // If x's rank is less than y's rank 
        if (rank[xRoot] < rank[yRoot]) 
  
            // Then move x under y  so that depth 
            // of tree remains less 
            parent[xRoot] = yRoot; 
  
        // Else if y's rank is less than x's rank 
        else if (rank[yRoot] < rank[xRoot]) 
  
            // Then move y under x so that depth of 
            // tree remains less 
            parent[yRoot] = xRoot; 
  
        else // if ranks are the same 
        { 
            // Then move y under x (doesn't matter 
            // which one goes where) 
            parent[yRoot] = xRoot; 
  
            // And increment the the result tree's 
            // rank by 1 
            rank[xRoot] = rank[xRoot] + 1; 
        } 
    } 
    static long gcd(long a, long b) 
    { 
        if (a == 0){ 
             //ans+=b;
            return b;
        }
        return gcd(b % a, a); 
    }
}