People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3
//################################################################################################################
import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;

//################################################################################################################
public class R242D2C {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		R242D2C c = new R242D2C();
		InputReader1 reader = c.new InputReader1(System.in);
		OutputWriter writer = c.new OutputWriter(System.out);
		// think about the brute-force approach
		// read input
		// code boundary conditions
		int n = reader.readInt();
		int pxors = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			int pi = reader.readInt();
			pxors ^= pi;
		}
		int[] ixors = new int[n];
		ixors[0] = 0;
		// System.out.print("0 ");
		for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
			ixors[i] = i ^ ixors[i - 1];
			// System.out.print(ixors[i] + " ");
		}
		// System.out.println();
		int ans = 0;
		for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
			int div = n / i;
			int rem = n % i;
			if (div % 2 != 0) {
				ans ^= ixors[i - 1];
			}
			if (rem != 0) {
				ans ^= ixors[rem];
			}
			// System.out.println("ans : " + ans);
		}
		ans ^= pxors;
		writer.println(ans);
		reader.close();
		writer.close();
	}

	class InputReader1 {
		// private final boolean finished = false;

		private InputStream stream;
		private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
		private int curChar;
		private int numChars;

		public InputReader1(InputStream stream) {
			this.stream = stream;
		}

		public int read() {
			if (numChars == -1)
				throw new InputMismatchException();
			if (curChar >= numChars) {
				curChar = 0;
				try {
					numChars = stream.read(buf);
				} catch (IOException e) {
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				}
				if (numChars <= 0)
					return -1;
			}
			return buf[curChar++];
		}

		public int peek() {
			if (numChars == -1)
				return -1;
			if (curChar >= numChars) {
				curChar = 0;
				try {
					numChars = stream.read(buf);
				} catch (IOException e) {
					return -1;
				}
				if (numChars <= 0)
					return -1;
			}
			return buf[curChar];
		}

		public int readInt() {
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			int sgn = 1;
			if (c == '-') {
				sgn = -1;
				c = read();
			}
			int res = 0;
			do {
				if (c < '0' || c > '9')
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				res *= 10;
				res += c - '0';
				c = read();
			} while (!isSpaceChar(c));
			return res * sgn;
		}

		public long readLong() {
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			int sgn = 1;
			if (c == '-') {
				sgn = -1;
				c = read();
			}
			long res = 0;
			do {
				if (c < '0' || c > '9')
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				res *= 10;
				res += c - '0';
				c = read();
			} while (!isSpaceChar(c));
			return res * sgn;
		}

		public String readString() {
			int length = readInt();
			if (length < 0)
				return null;
			byte[] bytes = new byte[length];
			for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
				bytes[i] = (byte) read();
			try {
				return new String(bytes, "UTF-8");
			} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
				return new String(bytes);
			}
		}

		public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
			return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
		}

		private String readLine0() {
			StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
			int c = read();
			while (c != '\n' && c != -1) {
				if (c != '\r')
					buf.appendCodePoint(c);
				c = read();
			}
			return buf.toString();
		}

		public String readLine() {
			String s = readLine0();
			while (s.trim().length() == 0)
				s = readLine0();
			return s;
		}

		public String readLine(boolean ignoreEmptyLines) {
			if (ignoreEmptyLines)
				return readLine();
			else
				return readLine0();
		}

		public BigInteger readBigInteger() {
			try {
				return new BigInteger(readString());
			} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
				throw new InputMismatchException();
			}
		}

		public char readCharacter() {
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			return (char) c;
		}

		public double readDouble() {
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			int sgn = 1;
			if (c == '-') {
				sgn = -1;
				c = read();
			}
			double res = 0;
			while (!isSpaceChar(c) && c != '.') {
				if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
					return res * Math.pow(10, readInt());
				if (c < '0' || c > '9')
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				res *= 10;
				res += c - '0';
				c = read();
			}
			if (c == '.') {
				c = read();
				double m = 1;
				while (!isSpaceChar(c)) {
					if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
						return res * Math.pow(10, readInt());
					if (c < '0' || c > '9')
						throw new InputMismatchException();
					m /= 10;
					res += (c - '0') * m;
					c = read();
				}
			}
			return res * sgn;
		}

		public boolean isExhausted() {
			int value;
			while (isSpaceChar(value = peek()) && value != -1)
				read();
			return value == -1;
		}

		public String next() {
			return readString();
		}

		public boolean readBoolean() {
			return readInt() == 1;
		}

		public void close() {
			try {
				stream.close();
			} catch (IOException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
	}

	class OutputWriter {
		private final PrintWriter writer;

		public OutputWriter(OutputStream stream) {
			writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(
					stream)));
		}

		public OutputWriter(Writer writer) {
			this.writer = new PrintWriter(writer);
		}

		public void println(String s) {
			writer.println(s);
		}

		public void println(int x) {
			writer.println(x);
		}

		public void print(int x) {
			writer.print(x);
		}

		public void println(long x) {
			writer.println(x);
		}

		public void printSpace() {
			writer.print(" ");
		}

		public void close() {
			writer.close();
		}
	}
}
