People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;

public class MagicFormulas {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		InputReader in = new InputReader(System.in);
		OutputWriter out = new OutputWriter(System.out);
		int n = in.readInt();
		long ans = 0;
		int j = 0;
		long x = 0;
		int xor[] = new int[1000001];
		for (int i = 1; i <= 1000000; i++) {
			xor[i] = i ^ xor[i - 1];
		}
		while (j < n) {
			x = in.readLong();
			ans = ans ^ x;
			j++;
		}
		// System.out.println(ans);
		for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
			if (n % (i * 2) >= i)
				ans ^= xor[i - 1];
			ans = ans ^ xor[n % i];
		}
		System.out.println(ans);
		out.close();
	}

	private static class InputReader {
		private InputStream stream;
		private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
		private int curChar;
		private int numChars;

		public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
			this.stream = stream;
		}

		public int read() {
			if (numChars == -1)
				throw new InputMismatchException();
			if (curChar >= numChars) {
				curChar = 0;
				try {
					numChars = stream.read(buf);
				} catch (IOException e) {
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				}
				if (numChars <= 0)
					return -1;
			}
			return buf[curChar++];
		}

		public long readLong() {
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			long sgn = 1;
			if (c == '-') {
				sgn = -1;
				c = read();
			}
			long res = 0;
			do {
				if (c < '0' || c > '9')
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				res *= 10;
				res += c - '0';
				c = read();
			} while (!isSpaceChar(c));
			return res * sgn;
		}

		public int readInt() {
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			int sgn = 1;
			if (c == '-') {
				sgn = -1;
				c = read();
			}
			int res = 0;
			do {
				if (c < '0' || c > '9')
					throw new InputMismatchException();
				res *= 10;
				res += c - '0';
				c = read();
			} while (!isSpaceChar(c));
			return res * sgn;
		}

		public String readString() {
			int c = read();
			while (isSpaceChar(c))
				c = read();
			StringBuffer res = new StringBuffer();
			do {
				res.appendCodePoint(c);
				c = read();
			} while (!isSpaceChar(c));
			return res.toString();
		}

		static boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
			return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
		}

		public String next() {
			return readString();
		}
	}

	private static class OutputWriter {
		private final PrintWriter writer;

		public OutputWriter(OutputStream outputStream) {
			writer = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
		}

		public OutputWriter(Writer writer) {
			this.writer = new PrintWriter(writer);
		}

		public void print(Object... objects) {
			for (int i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) {
				if (i != 0)
					writer.print(' ');
				writer.print(objects[i]);
			}
		}

		public void printLine(Object... objects) {
			print(objects);
			writer.println();
		}

		public void close() {
			writer.close();
		}
	}
}