People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.PriorityQueue;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.TreeSet;

/**
 * 4 4
 * 1 5 3 4
 * 1 2
 * 1 3
 * 2 3
 * 3 3
 *
 *
 * @author pttrung
 */
public class A {

    public static long Mod = (long) (1e9 + 7);
    public static int[][] dp1, dp2;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {

        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        Scanner in = new Scanner();
        int n = in.nextInt();
        int[]xor = new int[n + 1];
        for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
            xor[i] = i ^ xor[i - 1];
        }
        int result = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
            result ^= in.nextInt();
        }
        for(int i = 2; i <= n; i++){
            int v = n/i;
            if(v % 2 != 0){
                result ^= xor[i - 1];
            }
            result ^= xor[n % i];
        }
        out.println(result);
        out.close();
    }

    public static long pow(int a, int b, long mod) {
        if (b == 0) {
            return 1;
        }
        if (b == 1) {
            return a;
        }
        long v = pow(a, b / 2, mod);
        if (b % 2 == 0) {
            return (v * v) % mod;
        } else {
            return (((v * v) % mod) * a) % mod;
        }
    }

    public static int[][] powSquareMatrix(int[][] A, long p) {
        int[][] unit = new int[A.length][A.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < unit.length; i++) {
            unit[i][i] = 1;
        }
        if (p == 0) {
            return unit;
        }
        int[][] val = powSquareMatrix(A, p / 2);
        if (p % 2 == 0) {
            return mulMatrix(val, val);
        } else {
            return mulMatrix(A, mulMatrix(val, val));
        }

    }

    public static int[][] mulMatrix(int[][] A, int[][] B) {
        int[][] result = new int[A.length][B[0].length];
        for (int i = 0; i < result.length; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < result[0].length; j++) {
                long temp = 0;
                for (int k = 0; k < A[0].length; k++) {

                    temp += ((long) A[i][k] * B[k][j] % Mod);
                    temp %= Mod;
                }
                temp %= Mod;
                result[i][j] = (int) temp;
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    public static boolean nextPer(int[] data) {
        int i = data.length - 1;
        while (i > 0 && data[i] < data[i - 1]) {
            i--;
        }
        if (i == 0) {
            return false;
        }
        int j = data.length - 1;
        while (data[j] < data[i - 1]) {
            j--;
        }
        int temp = data[i - 1];
        data[i - 1] = data[j];
        data[j] = temp;
        Arrays.sort(data, i, data.length);
        return true;




    }

    static class FT {

        int[] data;

        FT(int n) {
            data = new int[n];
        }

        void update(int index, int val) {
            // System.out.println("UPDATE INDEX " + index);
            while (index < data.length) {
                data[index] += val;
                index += index & (-index);

                //    System.out.println("NEXT " +index);
            }
        }

        int get(int index) {
            //  System.out.println("GET INDEX " + index);
            int result = 0;
            while (index > 0) {
                result += data[index];
                index -= index & (-index);
                // System.out.println("BACK " + index);
            }
            return result;
        }
    }

    static long gcd(long a, long b) {
        if (b == 0) {
            return a;
        } else {
            return gcd(b, a % b);
        }
    }

    static long pow(long a, int b) {
        if (b == 0) {
            return 1;
        }
        if (b == 1) {
            return a;
        }
        long val = pow(a, b / 2);
        if (b % 2 == 0) {

            return val * val % Mod;
        } else {
            return (val * val % Mod) * a % Mod;
        }
    }

//    static Point intersect(Point a, Point b, Point c) {
//        double D = cross(a, b);
//        if (D != 0) {
//            return new Point(cross(c, b) / D, cross(a, c) / D);
//        }
//        return null;
//    }
//
//    static Point convert(Point a, double angle) {
//        double x = a.x * cos(angle) - a.y * sin(angle);
//        double y = a.x * sin(angle) + a.y * cos(angle);
//        return new Point(x, y);
//    }
    static Point minus(Point a, Point b) {
        return new Point(a.x - b.x, a.y - b.y);
    }
//
//    static Point add(Point a, Point b) {
//        return new Point(a.x + b.x, a.y + b.y);
//    }
//

    /**
     * Cross product ab*ac
     *
     * @param a
     * @param b
     * @param c
     * @return
     */
    static double cross(Point a, Point b, Point c) {
        Point ab = new Point(b.x - a.x, b.y - a.y);
        Point ac = new Point(c.x - a.x, c.y - a.y);
        return cross(ab, ac);
    }

    static double cross(Point a, Point b) {
        return a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x;
    }

    /**
     * Dot product ab*ac;
     *
     * @param a
     * @param b
     * @param c
     * @return
     */
    static long dot(Point a, Point b, Point c) {
        Point ab = new Point(b.x - a.x, b.y - a.y);
        Point ac = new Point(c.x - a.x, c.y - a.y);
        return dot(ab, ac);
    }

    static long dot(Point a, Point b) {
        long total = a.x * b.x;
        total += a.y * b.y;
        return total;
    }

    static double dist(Point a, Point b) {
        long total = (a.x - b.x) * (a.x - b.x) + (a.y - b.y) * (a.y - b.y);
        return Math.sqrt(total);
    }

    static long norm(Point a) {
        long result = a.x * a.x;
        result += a.y * a.y;
        return result;
    }

    static double dist(Point a, Point b, Point x, boolean isSegment) {
        double dist = cross(a, b, x) / dist(a, b);
        // System.out.println("DIST " + dist);

        if (isSegment) {
            Point ab = new Point(b.x - a.x, b.y - a.y);

            long dot1 = dot(a, b, x);
            long norm = norm(ab);
            double u = (double) dot1 / norm;
            if (u < 0) {
                return dist(a, x);
            }

            if (u > 1) {
                return dist(b, x);
            }
        }
        return Math.abs(dist);




    }

    static class Point {

        int x, y;

        public Point(int x, int y) {
            this.x = x;
            this.y = y;
        }
    }

    static class Scanner {

        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;

        public Scanner() throws FileNotFoundException {
            //System.setOut(new PrintStream(new BufferedOutputStream(System.out), true));
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
            //br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(new File("A-large (2).in")));
        }

        public String next() {


            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens()) {
                try {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException();
                }
            }
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        public long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        public int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        public double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        public String nextLine() {
            st = null;
            try {
                return br.readLine();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new RuntimeException();
            }
        }

        public boolean endLine() {
            try {
                String next = br.readLine();
                while (next != null && next.trim().isEmpty()) {
                    next = br.readLine();
                }
                if (next == null) {
                    return true;
                }
                st = new StringTokenizer(next);
                return st.hasMoreTokens();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new RuntimeException();
            }
        }
    }
}
