People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3
/*
 * Remember a 7.0 student can know more than a 10.0 student.
 * Grades don't determine intelligence, they test obedience. 
 * I Never Give Up.
 */
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

import javafx.util.Pair;
import static java.lang.System.out;
import static java.util.Arrays.*;
import static java.lang.Math.*;
public class ContestMain {
	private static Reader in=new Reader();
	private static StringBuilder ans=new StringBuilder();
	private static long MOD=1000000007;//10^9+7 
	private static final int N=10000000;
//	private static final double PI=3.1415;
//	private static ArrayList<Integer> v[]=new ArrayList[N];
//	private static int color[]=new int[N]; //For Graph Coloring
//	private static boolean mark[]=new boolean[N];
//	private static BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
//	private static void dfs(int node){mark[node]=true;for(int x:v[node]){if(!mark[x]){dfs(x);}}}
	private static long powmod(long x,long n,long m){
		if(n==0)return 1;
		else if(n%2==0)return(powmod((x*x)%m,n/2,m));
		else return (x*(powmod((x*x)%m,(n-1)/2,m)))%m;
	}
	public static void solve(){
		
	}
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
		int n=in.nextInt();
		  long xor[]=new long[n+1];
		  long res=0;
		  for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
			  res=res^in.nextLong();
		  for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
			  xor[i]=xor[i-1]^i;
		  int q,r;
		  for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
			  q=n/i;
		      r=n%i;
		      res=res^xor[r];
		      if(q%2==1)res=res^xor[i-1];
		  }
		  out.println(res);
	}
	static class Reader{
        BufferedReader br;
        StringTokenizer st;
 
        public Reader()
        {
            br = new BufferedReader(new
                     InputStreamReader(System.in));
        }
 
        String next()
        {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements())
            {
                try
                {
                    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                }
                catch (IOException  e)
                {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return st.nextToken();
        }
 
        int nextInt()
        {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }
 
        long nextLong()
        {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
 
        double nextDouble()
        {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }
 
        String nextLine()
        {
            String str = "";
            try
            {
                str = br.readLine();
            }
            catch (IOException e)
            {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return str;
        }
    }
}  