People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3
//package clipse;


import java.util.*;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;




public class AA
{
	
	static StringBuilder sb;
	static dsu dsu;
	static long fact[];
	static int mod=(int)(1e9+7);
	static long sum=(long)(1073741824);
	static long A[];
	static long B[];
	static long ans[];
	
	
	
	static void solve() 
    {
		int n=i();
		int A[]=new int[n];
		long xor=0;
		
		for(int i=0;i<n;i++) {
		A[i]=i();
		xor^=A[i];
		
		}
		int number[]=new int[n+1];
		for(int i=0;i<=n;i++)
		{
			if(i==0)
			number[i]=0;
			else
				number[i]=i^number[i-1];
		}
		
		
		long X=0;
		for(int i=2;i<=n;i++)
		{
			int remaing=(n);
			
			int times=remaing/i;
			int modul=remaing%i;
			if(times%2==0)
			{
				X=X^number[modul];
				
			}else
			{
			X=X^number[modul]^number[i-1];	
			}
			
		}
		//System.out.println(X);
		System.out.println(xor^X);
		
		
    }
	
	
	
	
	 public static void main(String[] args) 
	 {
	         sb=new StringBuilder();
	  
	        
	         
	        int test=1;
	        while(test-->0) 
	        {
	        	
	    		
	        	 solve();
	        }
	        
	         System.out.println(sb);
	         
	 }
     
	     /*    fact=new long[(int)1e6+10];
	         fact[0]=fact[1]=1;
	         for(int i=2;i<fact.length;i++)
	         {
	        	fact[i]=((long)(i%mod)*1L*(long)(fact[i-1]%mod))%mod; 
	         }*/
//*******************************************NCR%P*******************************************************	 
	 static long ncr(int n, int r)
	 {
		 if(r>n)
			 return (long)0;
		 
		 long res=fact[n]%mod;
		 //System.out.println(res);
		 res=((long)(res%mod)*(long)(p(fact[r],mod-2)%mod))%mod;
		 res=((long)(res%mod)*(long)(p(fact[n-r],mod-2)%mod))%mod;
		 //System.out.println(res);
		 return res;
		
		 
	 }
		static long p(long x, long y)//POWER FXN //
		{
			if(y==0)
				return 1;
			
			long res=1;
			while(y>0)
			{
				if(y%2==1)
				{
					res=(res*x)%mod;
					y--;
				}
				
				x=(x*x)%mod;
				y=y/2;
				
				
			}
			return res;
		}
		

//*******************************************END*******************************************************
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 
	 //*********************************Disjoint set union*************************//
	 static class dsu
	 {
		 int parent[];
		 dsu(int n)
		 {
			 parent=new int[n];
			 for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
				 parent[i]=-1;
		 }
		 int find(int a)
		 {
			 if(parent[a]<0)
				 return a;
			 else
			 {
				 int x=find(parent[a]);
				 parent[a]=x;
				 return x;
			 }
		 }
		 void merge(int a,int b)
		 {
			 a=find(a);
			 b=find(b);
			 if(a==b)
				 return;
			 parent[b]=a;
		 }
	 }
	 
	 
	 
//*******************************************PRIME FACTORIZE *****************************************************************************************************//
	 static TreeMap<Integer,Integer> prime(long n)
	 {
		 TreeMap<Integer,Integer>h=new TreeMap<>();
		 long num=n;
		 for(int i=2;i<=Math.sqrt(num);i++)
		 {
			 if(n%i==0)
			 {
				 int nt=0;
				 while(n%i==0) {
					 n=n/i;
					 nt++;
				 }
				 h.put(i, nt);
			 }
		 }
		 if(n!=1)
			 h.put((int)n, 1);
		 return h;
		 
	 }
	 
	
	
//*************CLASS PAIR ***********************************************************************************************************************************************
	    static class pair implements Comparable<pair>
	    {
	        int x;
	        int y;

	        pair(int x, int y) {
	            this.x = x;
	            this.y = y;
	        }
	        public int compareTo(pair o)
	        {
	        	return y-o.y;
	        	
	        }
			
	       
	    }
//*************CLASS PAIR *****************************************************************************************************************************************************
	
	
	

    static class InputReader {
        private InputStream stream;
        private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
        private int curChar;
        private int numChars;
        private SpaceCharFilter filter;

        public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
            this.stream = stream;
        }

        public int read() {
            if (numChars == -1)
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            if (curChar >= numChars) {
                curChar = 0;
                try {
                    numChars = stream.read(buf);
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                }
                if (numChars <= 0)
                    return -1;
            }
            return buf[curChar++];
        }

        public int Int() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            int res = 0;
            do {
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res * sgn;
        }

        public String String() {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
            do {
                res.appendCodePoint(c);
                c = read();
            } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res.toString();
        }

        public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
            if (filter != null)
                return filter.isSpaceChar(c);
            return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
        }

        public String next() {
            return String();
        }

        public interface SpaceCharFilter {
            public boolean isSpaceChar(int ch);
        }
    }

    static class OutputWriter {
        private final PrintWriter writer;

        public OutputWriter(OutputStream outputStream) {
            writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream)));
        }

        public OutputWriter(Writer writer) {
            this.writer = new PrintWriter(writer);
        }

        public void print(Object... objects) {
            for (int i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) {
                if (i != 0)
                    writer.print(' ');
                writer.print(objects[i]);
            }
        }

        public void printLine(Object... objects) {
            print(objects);
            writer.println();
        }

        public void close() {
            writer.close();
        }

        public void flush() {
            writer.flush();
        }
    }

    static InputReader in = new InputReader(System.in);
    static OutputWriter out = new OutputWriter(System.out);
   

    public static int[] sort(int[] a) {
        int n = a.length;
        ArrayList<Integer> l = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i : a)
            l.add(i);
        Collections.sort(l);
        for (int i = 0; i < l.size(); i++)
            a[i] = l.get(i);
        return a;
    }

    public static long pow(long x, long y) {
        long res = 1;
        while (y > 0) {
            if (y % 2 != 0) {
                res = (res * x);// % modulus;
                y--;

            }
            x = (x * x);// % modulus;
            y = y / 2;
        }
        return res;
    }
//GCD___+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    public static long gcd(long x, long y) {
        if (x == 0)
            return y;
        else
            return gcd(y % x, x);
    }
    //****************LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE   *************************************************************************************************************************************

    public static long lcm(long x, long y) {
        return (x * (y / gcd(x, y)));
    }
//INPUT PATTERN******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
    public static int i() {
        return in.Int();
    }

    public static long l() {
        String s = in.String();
        return Long.parseLong(s);
    }

    public static String s() {
        return in.String();
    }

    public static int[] readArray(int n) {
        int A[] = new int[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            A[i] = i();
        }
        return A;
    }

    public static long[] readArray(long n) {
        long A[] = new long[(int) n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            A[i] = l();
        }
        return A;
    }

}






	