People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;
 
public class Main{
    public static int mod=(int)Math.pow(10,9)+7;
    public static void main (String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception{
        //BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        InputReader in=new InputReader(System.in);
        PrintWriter out=new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int n = in.readInt();
        int[] xor = new int[n+1];
        int ans =  0;
        for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
            int x = in.readInt();
            ans^=x;
            xor[i+1] = xor[i] ^ (i+1);
            if((n/(i+1))%2==0){
                ans^= xor[n%(i+1)];
            }else ans = ans ^ xor[n%(i+1)] ^ xor[i];
        }
        out.println(ans);
        out.flush();
    }
    static final class InputReader{
        private final InputStream stream;
        private final byte[] buf=new byte[1024];
        private int curChar;
        private int numChars;
        public InputReader(InputStream stream){this.stream=stream;}
        private int read()throws IOException{
            if(curChar>=numChars){
                curChar=0;
                numChars=stream.read(buf);
                if(numChars<=0)
                    return -1;
            }
            return buf[curChar++];
        }
        public final int readInt()throws IOException{return (int)readLong();}
        public final long readLong()throws IOException{
            int c=read();
            while(isSpaceChar(c)){
                c=read();
                if(c==-1) throw new IOException();
            }
            boolean negative=false;
            if(c=='-'){
                negative=true;
                c=read();
            }
            long res=0;
            do{
                if(c<'0'||c>'9')throw new InputMismatchException();
                res*=10;
                res+=(c-'0');
                c=read();
            }while(!isSpaceChar(c));
            return negative?(-res):(res);
        }
        public final int[] readIntBrray(int size)throws IOException{
            int[] arr=new int[size];
            for(int i=0;i<size;i++)arr[i]=readInt();
            return arr;
        }
        public final String readString()throws IOException{
            int c=read();
            while(isSpaceChar(c))c=read();
            StringBuilder res=new StringBuilder();
            do{
                res.append((char)c);
                c=read();
            }while(!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res.toString();
        }
        public final String readLine()throws IOException{
            int c=read();
            while(isSpaceChar(c))c=read();
            StringBuilder res=new StringBuilder();
            do{
                res.append((char)c);
                c=read();
            }while(!isSpaceChar(c));
            return res.toString();
        }
        private boolean isSpaceChar(int c){
            return c==' '||c=='\n'||c=='\r'||c=='\t'||c==-1;
        }
    }
}