People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3



import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;
import java.util.*;


// author @mdazmat9
public  class codeforces{
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int test = 1;
        for (int ind = 0; ind < test; ind++) {
            int n=sc.nextInt();
            long [] a=new long[n];
            a[0]=0;
            for (int i=1;i<n;++i){
                a[i]=a[i-1]^i;
            }

            long x=0,y=0,res=0,mod;
            for(int i=1;i<=n;++i){
                x^=sc.nextLong();
                res =n/(i);
                mod=n%(i);
                if((res%2)==1){
                    y^=a[i-1];
                }
                y^=a[(int)mod];
            }

            out.println((x^y));

        }
        out.flush();
    }



    static   void shuffle(int[] a) {
        int n = a.length;
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            int r = i + (int) (Math.random() * (n - i));
            int tmp = a[i];
            a[i] = a[r];
            a[r] = tmp;
        }
    }
    static long gcd(long a , long b)
    {
        if(b == 0)
            return a;
        return gcd(b , a % b);
    }

}
class Scanner {
    public BufferedReader reader;
    public StringTokenizer st;

    public Scanner(InputStream stream) {
        reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream));
        st = null;
    }

    public String next() {
        while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens()) {
            try {
                String line = reader.readLine();
                if (line == null) return null;
                st = new StringTokenizer(line);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw (new RuntimeException());
            }
        }
        return st.nextToken();
    }

    public int nextInt() {
        return Integer.parseInt(next());
    }

    public long nextLong() {
        return Long.parseLong(next());
    }

    public double nextDouble() {
        return Double.parseDouble(next());
    }
}

class OutputWriter {
    BufferedWriter writer;

    public OutputWriter(OutputStream stream) {
        writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(stream));
    }

    public void print(int i) throws IOException {
        writer.write(i);
    }

    public void print(String s) throws IOException {
        writer.write(s);
    }

    public void print(char[] c) throws IOException {
        writer.write(c);
    }

    public void close() throws IOException {
        writer.close();
    }

}