People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much. You can see some of them below.

Imagine you are given a sequence of positive integer numbers p1, p2, ..., pn. Lets write down some magic formulas:

<image><image>

Here, "mod" means the operation of taking the residue after dividing.

The expression <image> means applying the bitwise xor (excluding "OR") operation to integers x and y. The given operation exists in all modern programming languages. For example, in languages C++ and Java it is represented by "^", in Pascal — by "xor".

People in the Tomskaya region like magic formulas very much, but they don't like to calculate them! Therefore you are given the sequence p, calculate the value of Q.

Input

The first line of the input contains the only integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 106). The next line contains n integers: p1, p2, ..., pn (0 ≤ pi ≤ 2·109).

Output

The only line of output should contain a single integer — the value of Q.

Examples

Input

3
1 2 3


Output

3
// package a2oj_Ladder_C;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.TreeSet;

public class Magic424C {
	InputStream is;
	PrintWriter out;
	String INPUT = "";


	int mod = (int)(Math.pow(10,9)+7);

	long gcd(long a, long b) 
	{ 
		if (b == 0) 
			return a; 
		return gcd(b, a % b);  
	} 
	int d = 0;
	void solve()
	{	
		int n = ni();
		int a[] = na(n);
		
		long f[] = new long[n+1];
		long p = 0;
		for(int i : a) p = p^i;
		
		for(int i = 1 ; i<=n ; i++) 
			f[i] = f[i-1]^i;
		
		// out.println(p);
		long res = 0;
		for(int i = 1 ; i<=n ; i++) {
			int r = n/i;
			if(r%2 == 0) p = p^f[n%i];
			else p = p^f[i-1]^f[n%i];
		}
		out.println(p);
	}


	void run() throws Exception
	{
		is = INPUT.isEmpty() ? System.in : new ByteArrayInputStream(INPUT.getBytes());
		out = new PrintWriter(System.out);

		long s = System.currentTimeMillis();
		solve();
		out.flush();
		if(!INPUT.isEmpty())tr(System.currentTimeMillis()-s+"ms");
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { new Magic424C().run(); }

	private byte[] inbuf = new byte[1024];
	public int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;

	private int readByte()
	{
		if(lenbuf == -1)throw new InputMismatchException();
		if(ptrbuf >= lenbuf){
			ptrbuf = 0;
			try { lenbuf = is.read(inbuf); } catch (IOException e) { throw new InputMismatchException(); }
			if(lenbuf <= 0)return -1;
		}
		return inbuf[ptrbuf++];
	}

	private boolean isSpaceChar(int c) { return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126); }
	private int skip() { int b; while((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b)); return b; }

	private double nd() { return Double.parseDouble(ns()); }
	private char nc() { return (char)skip(); }

	private String ns()
	{
		int b = skip();
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		while(!(isSpaceChar(b))){ // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != ' ')
			sb.appendCodePoint(b);
			b = readByte();
		}
		return sb.toString();
	}

	private char[] ns(int n)
	{
		char[] buf = new char[n];
		int b = skip(), p = 0;
		while(p < n && !(isSpaceChar(b))){
			buf[p++] = (char)b;
			b = readByte();
		}
		return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);
	}

	private char[][] nm(int n, int m)
	{
		char[][] map = new char[n][];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)map[i] = ns(m);
		return map;
	}

	private int[] na(int n)
	{
		int[] a = new int[n];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++)a[i] = ni();
		return a;
	}
	
	private int[][] na(int n , int m)
	{
		int[][] a = new int[n][m];
		for(int i = 0;i < n;i++) 
			for(int j = 0 ; j<m ; j++) a[i][j] = ni();
		return a;
	}

	private int ni()
	{
		int num = 0, b;
		boolean minus = false;
		while((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'));
		if(b == '-'){
			minus = true;
			b = readByte();
		}

		while(true){
			if(b >= '0' && b <= '9'){
				num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
			}else{
				return minus ? -num : num;
			}
			b = readByte();
		}
	}

	private long nl()
	{
		long num = 0;
		int b;
		boolean minus = false;
		while((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'));
		if(b == '-'){
			minus = true;
			b = readByte();
		}

		while(true){
			if(b >= '0' && b <= '9'){
				num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
			}else{
				return minus ? -num : num;
			}
			b = readByte();
		}
	}

	void display2D(int a[][]) {
		for(int i[] : a) {
			for(int j : i) {
				out.print(j+" ");
			}
			out.println();
		}
	}

	int[][] creategraph(int n , int m) {
		int g[][] = new int[n+1][];

		int from[] = new int[m];
		int to[] = new int[m];
		int ct[] = new int[n+1];

		for(int i = 0 ; i<m; i++) {
			from[i] = ni();
			to[i] = ni();
			ct[from[i]]++;
			ct[to[i]]++;
		}

		int parent[] = new int[n+1];

		for(int i = 0 ; i<n+1 ; i++) g[i] = new int[ct[i]];

		for(int i = 0 ; i<m ; i++) {
			g[from[i]][--ct[from[i]]] = to[i];
			g[to[i]][--ct[to[i]]] = from[i];
		}

		return g;
	}

	private static void tr(Object... o) { System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(o)); }
}